United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office of the Administrator
Washington, DC 20460
Mail Code 1802
EPA 100-R-00-007
December 1999
www.epa.gov/reinvent
Project XL Progress Report
Vandenberg Air Force Base—ENWEST
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ENWEST
On March 16,1995, the Clinton Administration announced a portfolio of reinvention initia-
tives as a part of its efforts to achieve greater public health and environmental protection at a
more reasonable cost. The initiatives included Proj ect XL to be implemented by the U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and the Environmental Investment (ENWEST)
program to be implemented by the Department of Defense (DoD). Through Proj ect XL,
which stands for excellence and Leadership, EPA enters into specific project agreements
with public or private sector sponsors to test regulatory, policy, and procedural alternatives
that will produce data and experiences to help the Agency make improvements in the current
system of environmental protection. The goal of Project XL is to implement 50 projects that
will test ways of producing superior environmental performance with improved economic
efficiencies, while increasing public participation through active stakeholder processes. As of
October 1999,15 XL proj ects are in the implementation phase, and 3 5 XL proj ects are
under development. EPA Proj ect XL Progress Reports provide overviews of the status of
XL projects that are implementing Final Project Agreements (FPAs). The progress reports
are available on the Internet via EPAs Proj ect XL web site at http://www.epa.gov/Proj ect
XL. Or, hard copies may be obtained by contacting the Office of Reinvention's Project XL
general information number at 202-260-7434. Additional information on Project XL is
available on the web site or by contacting the general information number.
As part of the Clinton Administration's initiative to reinvent environmental regulations, EPA
and the DoD signed a Memorandum of Agreement (MO A) in 1995 that established how the
two agencies would interact during DoD's implementation of the ENWEST program. The
MOA established a framework for developing ENW^EST pilot programs at three to five
DoD facilities. The ENWEST program emphasizes regulatory compliance through pollution
prevention and provides an alternative to prescriptive regulatory requirements through a
performance-based environmen-
tal management system designed
to attain superior environmental
results. Vandenberg Air Force
Base (AFB) has been selected as
the prototype DoD facility to pilot
the ENWEST program and to
implement cost-effective
environmental protection.
Vandenberg
Air Force Base
California
Major Milestones
April 16, 1996
Vandenberg XL Proposal
Submitted
October 23, 1996
Stakeholder Workshop
September 2,1997
Final Project Agreement
Signed
November 30,2002
Final FPA Commitments
to be Met
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Background
The 30th Space Wing at Vandenberg AFB conducts and supports space and missile launches, operates the
Western Test Range, and responds to worldwide military contingencies. Vandenberg AFB covers more than
98,000 acres and is the Air Force's third-largest installation. It is located in Santa Barbara County on the central
coast of California, 150 miles northwest of Los Angeles.
Through this XL/ENWEST proj ect, Vandenberg AFB will upgrade ozone (O3) precursor emission controls
using money that otherwise would be spent complying with the administrative requirements of Title V of the
Clean Air Act (CAA), such as permitting, record keeping, monitoring, and training. When Vandenberg AFB
reduces ozone precursor emissions to agreed-upon levels, its current designation under Title V as a maj or
source of ozone precursor emissions will be reduced to a designation as a minor source, which will result in a
substantial reduction in compliance costs for Vandenberg AFB.
Vandenberg AFB agreed to reduce air emissions of ozone precursors—primarily nitrogen oxides (NOx) and
volatile organic compounds (VOCs)—by 10 tons or more by November 30,2002. Initially, Vandenberg AFB
focused on obtaining reductions by replacing or retrofitting boilers rated from two to five million British thermal
units per hour (MMBtu/hour). This class of boilers is Vandenberg AFB's single largest stationary source of
ozone precursors and thus offers the greatest emissions reduction potential. Because retrofit and replacement of
these boilers was projected to result in only a 3.61-ton reduction for 1999, Vandenberg AFB evaluated addi-
tional projects to assist in meeting its 10-ton reduction goal. Three projects—the use of zero-VOC paints and
coatings, consolidation of paint booth operations, and construction of a wastewater reclamation system adjacent
to a satellite launch facility—were proj ected to result in an additional emissions reduction of 1.92 tons for 1999.
In August 1999, Vandenberg AFB proposed to attain the remaining emissions reduction through an innovative
electric-vehicle program.
The Experiment
Through this XL/ENWEST project, Vandenberg AFB will achieve superior environmental performance using
money that otherwise would be spent complying with the administrative requirements of Title V of the CAA,
including permitting, record keeping, monitoring, and training.
The Flexibility
The XL/ENWEST proj ect will provide Vandenberg AFB with relief from the Santa Barbara County Air
Pollution Control District's (the District's) operating permit program for maj or stationary sources. The maj or-
source operating permit program is an EPA-approved permit program implementing EPA regulations under Title
V of the CAA. The obj ective of this operating permit program is to create a single, comprehensive permit that
includes all CAA requirements for a maj or stationary source of air pollution.
The statutory program, and EPA office administering the program, that affects the Vandenberg AFB XL/
ENWEST project are CAA programs administered by EPA's Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards.
All air quality permitting programs required to implement the CAA requirements have been delegated by EPA to
the State of California. California has delegated permitting authority to the County of Santa Barbara. Permits are
issued by the District.
Stationary Source Classification. Vandenberg AFB, like other military installations, differs from civilian or
industrial stationary sources in that the base hosts and supports a unique and wide variety of functions and
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Vandenberg XL Project 12-31-99
activities. These activities include residential housing, schools, recreational parks, wildlife reserves, shopping
centers, industrial maintenance, airfield operations, and various other mission-related activities. Vandenberg
AFB creates criteria pollutants normally associated with residential, commercial, and light industrial operations.
Most of the stationary source ozone precursor emissions (primarily NOx) are generated by boilers, furnaces,
process heaters, and internal combustion engines.
For purposes of permitting, EPA and the District historically have considered Vandenberg AFB and all of its
individual emission units to be a single stationary source. Vandenberg AFB is a military installation with aunique
space launch mission for military, commercial, and scientific proj ects. However, Vandenberg AFB does not fit
the single stationary source definition as generally applied to civilian or industrial sources.
Vandenberg AFB, in cooperation with the District and EPA Region 9, determined that, if the actual emissions
that are used to make a maj or stationary source determination for the base could be reduced to minor source
levels, then Vandenberg AFB would be eligible to comply with rules that entail a significantly diminished admin-
istrative burden. The District's Rule 370, Potential to Emit—Limitations for Part 70 Sources, allows
stationary sources that emit minor source levels of criteria air pollutants to comply with Rule 370 requirements
rather than having to obtain a Title V operating permit, thereby decreasing the permit administrative require-
ments for Vandenberg AFB.
Together, the District, EPA Region 9, and Vandenberg AFB applied EPA Maj or Source Guidance to group
different base activities (for example, hospital services and base amenities) as separate stationary sources for
purposes of Title V applicability only. In addition, the District amended its rules and regulations to exclude from
its maj or source determination emissions that meet EPAs definition of "non-road engine," including equipment
used for tactical support, infrastructure, and maintenance. These amendments are contingent upon Vandenberg
AFB meeting the FPAs milestones and ultimately reducing annual emissions of ozone precursors by at least 10
tons by November 30,2002. This regulatory flexibility allowed the XL/ENWEST proj ect to proceed and
Vandenberg AFB to be redesignated as a minor stationary source pursuant to Rule 3 70.
Permit Administrative Requirements. Vandenberg AFB will use the funds that otherwise would be spent to
comply with the administrative requirements of the maj or source operating permit program to reduce emissions
by upgrading combustion equipment on ozone precursor emission sources.
Promoting Innovation and System Change
Proj ect XL provides EPA opportunities to test and implement approaches that protect the environment and
advance collaboration with stakeholders. EPA is continually identifying specific ways in which XL proj ects are
helping to promote innovation and system change. The innovations and system changes that have emerged from
the Vandenberg AFB XL project are described below.
Administrative Burden Reduction. A number of XL proj ects are testing different approaches to reducing the
administrative permitting requirements imposed by Federal, state, and local regulations. The Vandenberg AFB
proj ect is a testbed for sector-wide burden reduction for Federally regulated entities. EPA is undertaking a
coordinated permitting reform effort. Lessons learned from the Vandenberg AFB XL/ENWEST permit
approach will be used to influence the Permit Reform Action Plan.
Federal Budget Process. ENVVEST is testing new approaches to the Federal budgeting process. In the past,
DoD's budgeting process allowed resources meant for environmental protection to be used only for meeting
legally mandated environmental protection levels. New approaches are being tested to create a budget process
that allows DoD to spend resources on pollution prevention programs, innovative technologies, and other
approaches that will cost-effectively reduce emissions below legally mandated levels.
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Project Commitment Summary
This table and the environmental performance section that follows summarize progress in meeting commitments
described in the FPA for Vandenberg AFB.
Commitment
Status
Emission Reduction Planning and Permitting
Vandenberg AFB will complete the initial assessment
and cost feasibility study within 30 days of executing
the FPA.
Initial assessment and cost feasibility study completed
on November 26, 1997.
The District will provide technical assistance to
Vandenberg AFB in development of Rule 1301
emission reduction plan.
The District's innovative technologies group has
provided technical assistance for the development of
the emissions reduction plan.
Vandenberg AFB will develop aRule 1301 emission
reduction plan and submit to the District no later than
November 30, 1997.
Plan and protocols submitted November 26,1997.
The District will review and approve the Rule 1301
emission reduction plan.
Plan partially approved on February 20,1998.
EPA will review and approve District rule changes.
District Rule 370 approved on December 15,1997.
District Rule 1301 approved on December 15,1997.
Source Identification and Replacement
Vandenberg AFB will complete the final evaluation of
the 24 preselected candidate boilers to determine their
eligibility and feasibility for retrofit or replacement with
low-NO technology by October 30,1998.
Vandenberg AFB submitted a final candidate boiler
list on October 29,1998.
Vandenberg AFB will retrofit or replace 3 0% of
candidate boilers by April 30,1999, and 70% of
candidate boilers by April 30,2001, with a goal of
reducing annual emissions of ozone precursors by two
tons by April 30, 2000, and by 10 tons or more by
November 30, 2002.
Vandenberg AFB retrofitted or replaced 30% (3 of
10) of the candidate boilers with low-NOx technolo-
gies by April 1998 and 70% of the candidate boilers
by April 1999. All 10 of the candidate boilers were
retrofitted or replaced by May 1999.
Vandenberg AFB will assess emission reduction
potential from solvents, surface coatings, and other
sources.
Vandenberg AFB assessed several emission reduc-
tion projects in 1999 and summarized the results in
the August 1999 semiannual progress report. Addi-
tional reductions were obtained through the use of
zero-VOC paints and coatings, consolidation of paint
booth operations, and building a wastewater recla-
mation system adjacent to a satellite launch facility.
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Commitment | Status
Reporting
Vandenberg AFB will prepare progress reports 30
days after FPA signing and every 6 months thereaf-
ter.
Initial progress report was completed on December
2, 1997.
Semiannual progress report was completed on June
29, 1998.
Semiannual progress report was completed on
January 29, 1999.
Semiannual progress report was completed on
August 3 0,1999.
Stakeholder Meetings
Vandenberg AFB will conduct public meetings.
Stakeholder updates provided at Community
Advisory Board (CAB) meetings on August 22,
1997; November 21, 1997; and June 4, 1998.
Environmental Performance
This section summarizes progress in meeting the environmental performance described in the FPA for
Vandenberg AFB.
Through the process outlined in the FPA, Vandenberg AFB agreed to five milestones. Vandenberg AFB
achieved Milestones 1 through 4 ahead of schedule and now is pursuing ways to achieve its final milestone.
The following is a summary of the progress made on each milestone.
Milestone #1: Within 30 days of execution of the FPA, Vandenberg AFB shall complete the initial assessment
and cost feasibility study.
Progress: Complete. The initial assessment and cost feasibility study was submitted on November 26,1997.
Vandenberg AFB subsequently evaluated 44 boilers rated two to five MMBtu/hour to determine which were
appropriate candidates for retrofit or replacement under the ENVVEST program. The evaluations were based
on emission reduction potential, cost, age, and overall condition of the boilers. Vandenberg AFB identified 10
"candidate boilers" that qualified for ENVVEST program funds. In addition, 15 other boilers, termed "Capital
Improvement Program" (CIP) boilers, were identified. Vandenberg AFB replaced these boilers through
attrition with funds from their infrastructure maintenance budget. The ENVVEST program quality assures the
reductions from all 25 boilers by conducting baseline and post emission tests, installing gas meters, and track-
ing emission data requirements.
Milestone #2: By April 30,1999, 30% of candidate boilers identified in Milestone #1 shall be retrofitted.
Progress: Complete. Three of the 10 candidate boilers were retrofitted or replaced by April 1998.
Milestone #3: By April 30,2000, two tons per year of emission reductions shall have been accomplished.
Progress: Complete. Vandenberg AFB projected an emissions reduction of 3.61 tons for 1999 from the
retrofit and replacement of the 10 candidate boilers (2.22 tons) and the 15 CIP boilers (1.39 tons).
Vandenberg AFB is compiling actual emissions reduction data for 1999 based on actual fuel usage.
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Milestone #4: By April 30,2001, 70% of candidate boilers identified in Milestone #1 shall be retrofitted.
Progress: Complete. Seven of the 10 candidate boilers were retrofitted or replaced by April 1999. All 10
were retrofitted or replaced by May 1999.
Nitrogen Oxide Emissions
November 30, 2002 Goal
April 30, 2000 Goal
Baseline (1996 Levels)
40
50
20
40
Tons per Year
60
80
Milestone #5: By November 30,2002, Vandenberg
AFB shall achieve a reduction in annual emissions of
ozone precursors by 10 tons or more.
Progress: Ongoing. Recognizing that the emissions
reductions achieved by controlling emissions from the
candidate and CIP boilers fell short of the 10-ton goal,
Vandenberg AFB evaluated the following proj ects to
help achieve the goal.
• Using internal combustion engine control technologies
to reduce NOx emissions from aerospace ground
equipment.
• Replacing lawn mowers and other ground mainte-
nance and irrigation equipment that utilize internal
combustion engines with electric equipment.
• Replacing a booster pump used for irrigation with a fuel-efficient, low-NOx, diesel powered internal com-
bustion engine.
• Using zero-VOC paints and coatings in corrosion control, industrial facility painting, and architectural interior
and exterior coating operations.
• Consolidating paint booth operations to include application of corrosion control coatings to reduce VOC
emissions.
• Building a wastewater reclamation system adj acent to the satellite launch facility where a large volume of
wastewater is generated, to avoid having to transport it by tanker truck to the industrial wastewater treat-
ment plant.
• Constructing sustainable military family housing and reducing the amount of natural gas and energy consump-
tion.
• Implementing an electric vehicle (EV) fleet program.
The evaluations showed that the proj ects would result in real, quantifiable, and enforceable emission reduction
potentials. However, the amount of emissions reduction potential that could be credited to the ENWEST
program as "surplus" was low. As a result, the cost per ton of emissions reductions for some projects became
cost prohibitive.
Vandenberg AFB projects an additional 1.92 tons of reductions through three of the projects listed above: the
use of zero-VOC paints and coatings (1.27 tons), consolidation of paint booth operations (0.50 tons) and
building a wastewater reclamation system adj acent to a satellite launch facility (0.15 tons). This brings the total
proj ected emissions reductions to 5.53 tons for 1999. Vandenberg AFB is determining the actual reductions
achieved based on actual fuel and paint usage.
On August 25,1999, Vandenberg AFB presented a proposal to the District for investing the balance of
ENWEST funds in an EV fleet pilot program. This program will help achieve the remaining reduction require-
ments. The District has conceptually agreed with the proposal and is currently consulting with EPA on its
merits.
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Stakeholder Participation
Vandenberg AFB has involved its stakeholders in formulating the FPA and has met with stakeholders three
times to discuss the initiative and receive input. The organizations directly involved in negotiating the FPA
included Vandenberg AFB, EPA Region 9, EPA Headquarters, Santa Barbara County Air Pollution Control
District, the Vandenberg AFB Community Advisory Board (CAB), and the District Community Advisory
Council.
The Vandenberg AFB CAB was originally organized to promote community awareness and review the reme-
dial cleanup process at Vandenberg AFB. The role of the CAB has been expanded to address negotiation and
implementation of the Vandenberg AFB XL/ENWEST project. Representatives on the CAB include resi-
dents of Santa Maria, Lompoc, Vandenberg AFB, and Santa Ynez; community service districts of Mission
Flills and Vandenberg Village; local high schools and colleges; California EPA Department of Toxic Substances
Control; Santa Barbara County Air Pollution Control District; county and city Fire Departments and Public
Works Departments; and the California Regional Water Quality Control Board.
The District Community Advisory Committee (CAC) provides advice on air quality issues to the Santa Bar-
bara Air Pollution Control District Board of Directors. Each member of the Board appoints two community
members to serve on the CAC. The CAC has formed a subcommittee to assist the District in overseeing the
execution of the FPA.
Vandenberg AFB efforts to continue stakeholder involvement include
• issuing press releases;
• running information notices in local newspapers;
• sponsoring public meetings; and
• working with the CAB and CAC.
Public meetings related to the Vandenberg AFB XL/ENVVEST proj ect began in October 1996, and will
continue every six months after execution of the FPA. The purpose of the meetings is to advise interested
members of the public on the progress toward meeting FPA goals. The meetings inform the public of the steps
taken to reduce pollution, include information on proposed steps to meet the goals of the FPA, and solicit
comment from the public.
Six-Month Outlook
The key focus areas for continued successful implementation of the FPA over the next six months will be the
following.
• Continue stakeholder meetings.
• Prepare the next XL/ENWEST proj ect semiannual progress report for February, 2000.
• Negotiate an agreement on Vandenberg AFB's proposal for an EV pilot program.
• Install a temporary EV infrastructure for the EV leaner program at Vandenberg AFB.
• Begin implementing an EV leaner program in January 2000 to help validate the applicability of EVs.
• Deploy at least 20 EVs into the light-duty vehicle fleet by the end of fiscal year 2000.
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Project Contacts
• Monte D. McVay, Vandenberg AFB, (805) 605-2015.
• Maureen Sullivan, DoD Headquarters, (703) 604-0519.
• Peter Cantle, Santa Barbara County Air Pollution Control District, (805) 961 -8827.
• Sara Segal, EPARegion 9, (415) 744-1569.
• Christopher Knopes, EPA Headquarters, (202) 260-9298.
Information Sources
The information sources used to develop this progress report include (1) discussions during a teleconference
among representatives of the U.S. EPA, Santa Barbara County Air Pollution Control District, Vandenberg
AFB, and DoD; (2) the FPA for the Vandenberg AFB XL/ENVVEST proj ect; and (3) annual and semiannual
status reports prepared by Vandenberg AFB. The information sources are current through December 1999.
Glossary
Baseline: The measure by which future environmental performance can be compared.
British Thermal Unit (Btu): A unit of heat energy equal to the amount of heat required to raise the temperature
of one pound of water by one degree Fahrenheit at sea level.
Clean Air Act (CAA): The CAA is the comprehensive Federal law that regulates air emissions from area,
stationary, and mobile sources. This law authorizes the EPA to establish National Ambient Air Quality Stan-
dards (NAAQS) to protect public health and the environment.
Criteria Air Pollutants: The CAA requires EPA to set NAAQS for certain pollutants known to be hazardous to
human health. EPA has identified and set standards to protect human health and welfare for six criteria air
pollutants—ozone, carbon monoxide, total suspended particulates, sulfur dioxide, lead, and nitrogen oxide.
EPA must describe the characteristics and potential health and welfare effects of these pollutants. It is on this
basis that standards are set or revised.
District Rule 1301: Rule 1301 was adopted by the Santa Barbara County Air Pollution Control District to
implement EPA regulations governing stationary source operating permits in Santa Barbara County.
District Rule 370: Rule 370 was adopted by all Air Quality Control Districts in California to clarify the applica-
bility of EPA regulations governing stationary source operating permits. Rule 370 defines maj or, minor, and
synthetic minor stationary source classifications (and exemptions), and therefore, spells out the requirements
that must be met by Vandenberg AFB to be eligible for designation as a minor stationary source.
Final Proj ect Agreement (FPA): The FPA outlines the details of the XL proj ect and each party's commitments.
The proj ect's sponsors, EPA, state agencies, Tribal governments, other regulators, and direct participant
stakeholders negotiate the FPA.
Maj or Stationary Source: The term used to determine the applicability of Prevention of Significant Deteriora-
tion (PSD) and New Source Review (NSR) regulations. In a nonattainment area, any stationary pollutant
source with the potential to emit more than 100 tons per year is considered a maj or stationary source. The
cutoff emissions levels are lower for more seriously polluted areas.
Media: Specific environments-air, water, soil-which are the subj ect of regulatory concern and activities.
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Memorandum of Agreement (MO A): An agreement between Federal agencies or divisions within an agency or
department that delineates tasks, jurisdictions, standard operating procedures, or other matters that the agen-
cies are duly authorized and directed to conduct.
Minor Source: New emissions sources or modifications to existing emissions sources that do not exceed
NAAQS emission levels.
Multi-media: Several environmental media, such as air, water, and land.
National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS): Regulations promulgated by EPA under the CAA for six
criteria pollutants—sulfur dioxide, paniculate matter, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, ozone, and lead— to
protect the public from toxic emissions to the atmosphere.
New Source Review (NSR): The NSR and PSD provisions of the CAA strive to ensure that potential new
sources of air pollution (new plants or facilities, or additions to existing ones) take proper steps to minimize
pollution levels. The goals of the NSR program are (1) to ensure that an increase in emissions due to a new
source or modification to an existing source does not significantly deteriorate air quality; (2) to ensure that
source emissions are consistent with applicable state attainment plans; (3) to ensure that air quality related
values are not negatively impacted in areas that have greater pollution problems; and (4) to establish control
technology requirements that maximize productive capacity while minimizing impacts on air quality.
Nitrogen Oxides (NOx): An air pollutant that is the result of photochemical reactions of nitric oxide in ambient
air. Typically, it is a product of combustion from transportation and stationary sources. It is a maj or contributor
to the formation of ozone in the troposphere, photochemical smog, and acid deposition.
Nonattainment Area: A geographic area in which the level of a criteria air pollutant is higher than the level
allowed by the Federal standards. A single geographic area may have acceptable levels of one criteria air
pollutant but unacceptable levels of one or more other criteria air pollutants; thus, an area can be both in
attainment and nonattainment at the same time. It has been estimated that 60% of Americans live in
nonattainment areas. Based on the severity of the problem, nonattainment areas are classified as marginal,
moderate, serious, severe, and extreme.
Non-road Engine: A term used in the CAA to refer to engines on farm and construction equipment,
gasoline-powered lawn and garden equipment, and powerboats and outboard motors.
Ozone (O3): Ozone is found in two layers of the atmosphere, the stratosphere and the troposphere. In the
stratosphere (the atmospheric layer 10 miles or more above the earth's surface) ozone is a natural form of
oxygen that provides a protective layer shielding the earth from ultraviolet radiation. In the troposphere (the
layer extending up to 10 miles from the earth's surface), ozone is a major component of photochemical smog.
It can seriously impair respiratory systems, and is one of the most widespread of all the criteria pollutants for
which the CAA required EPA to set standards. Ozone in the troposphere is produced through complex
chemical reactions of NOx, VOCs, and sunlight.
Part 70 Sources: Part 70 refers to the regulations promulgated by EPA to implement Title V of the CAA,
which are contained in Title 40, Code of Federal Regulations, Part 70. Part 70 Sources are major stationary
sources of pollutants that are subj ect to regulation under Title V.
Precursor: In photochemistry, a compound antecedent to a pollutant. For example, VOCs and NOx often react
in sunlight to form ozone or other photochemical oxidants. As such, VOCs and NOx are precursors of ozone
or other photochemical oxidants.
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Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD): The 1977 amendments to the CAA established the PSD pro-
gram, designed to help areas maintain their clean air. National policies and guidelines were developed for
managing economic growth while preventing deterioration of air quality.
Potential to Emit (PTE): A pollution source's total PTE is determined by a two-step process. First, the
source's potential emissions at maximum physical capacity are established. This is then reduced by any recog-
nized limits on the source's emissions, such as limits on rates of production, hours of operation, and type and
amount of fuel burned or materials processed. The PTE is a significant factor in regulations implementing the
Title V operating permits program.
Retrofit: To furnish with new parts or equipment not available at the time of manufacture.
Stationary Source: A stationary place or object from which pollutants are released. Stationary sources include
power plants, gas stations, incinerators, and houses.
Surplus Reductions: Reductions not required by an applicable legal requirement.
Title V of the Clean Air Act: Title V establishes a Federal operating permit program that applies to any maj or
stationary facility or source of air pollution. The purpose of the operating permits program is to ensure compli-
ance with all applicable requirements of the CAA. Under the program, permits are issued by states or, when a
state fails to carry out the CAA satisfactorily, by EPA. The permit includes information on which pollutants are
being released, how much may be released, and what kinds of steps the source's owner or operator is taking
to reduce pollution, including plans to monitor the pollution.
Volatile Organic Compound (VOC): Any organic compound that easily evaporates and participates in atmo-
spheric photochemical reactions, except those designated by EPA as having negligible photochemical reactivity.
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