United States EPA-600/R-94" 019
Environmental Protection
A°encv February 1994
<&EPA Research and
Development
EVALUATION OF VOLATILE ORGANIC
EMISSIONS DATA FOR NONPROCESS
SOLVENT USE IN 15 COMMERCIAL AND
INDUSTRIAL BUSINESS CATEGORIES
Prepared for
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
Prepared by
Air and Energy Engineering Research
Laboratory
Research Triangle Park NC 27711
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EPA REVIEW NOTICE
This report has been reviewed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and
approved for publication. Approval does not signify that the contents necessarily
reflect the views and policy of the Agency, nor does mention of trade names or
commercial products constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.
This document is available to the public through the National Technical Informa-
tion Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161.
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EPA- 600 /R- 94-019
February 1994
EVALUATION OF VOLATILE ORGANIC EMISSIONS DATA FOR
NONPROCESS SOLVENT USE IN 15
COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL BUSINESS CATEGORIES
Prepared by:
C. M. Northeim
G. W. (Bill) Deatherage
L. A. Hollar, Jr.
Center for Environmental Analysis
Pollution Prevention Program
Research Triangle Institute
P. O. Box 12194
Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2194
EPA Cooperative Agreement No. CR 819541-01-0
Project Officer, Michael Kosusko
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Air and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
Prepared for:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Research and Development
Washington, DC 20460
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Ozone nonattainment and air toxic issues are among the most difficult environmental
problems facing the United States. Significant contributors to these environmental issues are
the volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions that result from the use of a wide range of
commercial and consumer products. Consumer products, as defined by the Clean Air Act
Amendments of 1990, include paints, coatings, and solvents. For the purposes of this
research, this definition has been interpreted as including the use of such products in
industrial applications when the product is not directly incorporated into a specific process
(nonprocess solvents).
The primary purpose of this project is to gather and evaluate existing data on
nonprocess solvents. An additional objective of this project is to identify pollution prevention
approaches and technology demonstration opportunities to enhance VOC emission reduction
efforts. This research report presents the data and information gathered for nonprocess
solvent use in the following industrial/commercial business categories:
• automotive repair;
• bakeries;
• building renovation;
• chemical manufacturing;
• electrical equipment maintenance and repair;
• florists;
• furniture repair/restoration;
• heating, ventilation, and air conditioning services;
• machine shops;
• mold release agents;
• office products;
• quick print shops;
• road paving;
• roofing; and
• textile manufacturing.
Significant effort was put into obtaining information and data on the types and
quantities of nonprocess solvents used within the 15 selected categories. Literature searches
provided little specific information on nonprocess solvent use. Contacts with trade
associations and industry representatives proved to be the best source. Even so, most
individuals that were contacted had not previously considered nonprocess solvent usage.
Therefore, information and data on specific solvent types and quantities used within the above
industrial/commercial business categories were not readily available. The information
obtained tends to be qualitative and may include subjective extrapolations.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
SECTION 1--BACKGROUND 1
SECTION 2--CATEGORY SELECTION PROCEDURE 4
SECTION 3--INFORMATION GATHERING 6
3.1 Literature Searches 6
3.1.1 Introduction 6
3.1.2 Summary 6
3.2 Trade Associations and Industry Contacts 7
SECTION 4--CURRENTLY AVAILABLE INFORMATION 13
4.1 Automotive Repair 13
4.1.1 Introduction 13
4.1.2 Nonprocess Solvent Usage 13
4.2 Bakeries 15
4.2.1 Introduction , 15
4.2.2 Nonprocess Solvent Usage 16
4.3 Building Renovation 18
4.3.1 Introduction 18
4.3.2 Nonprocess Solvent Usage 19
4.4 Chemical Manufacturing 20
4.4.1 Introduction 20
4.4.2 Nonprocess Solvent Usage 21
4.5 Electrical Equipment Maintenance and Repair 22
4.5.1 Introduction 22
4.5.2 Nonprocess Solvent Usage 22
4.6 Florists 24
4.6.1 Introduction 24
4.6.2 Nonprocess Solvent Usage 24
4.7 Furniture Repair/Restoration 24
4.7.1 Introduction 24
4.7.2 Nonprocess Solvent Usage 25
4.8 Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning Services 27
4.8.1 Introduction 27
4.8.2 Nonprocess Solvent Usage 28
4.9 Machine Shops . 31
4.9.1 Introduction 31
4.9.2 Nonprocess Solvent Usage 31
iii
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
(Cont'd)
PAGE
4.10 Mold Release Agents 33
4.10.1 Introduction 33
4.10.2 Nonprocess Solvent Usage 33
4.11 Office Products 34
4.11.1 Introduction 34
4.11.2 Nonprocess Solvent Usage 35
4.12 Quick Print Shops 37
4.12.1 Introduction 37
4.12.2 Nonprocess Solvent Usage . . . . 38
4.13 Road Paving 41
4.13.1 Introduction 41
4.13.2 Nonprocess Solvent Usage 42
4.14 Roofing 43
4.14.1 Introduction 43
4.14.2 Nonprocess Solvent Usage 44
4.15 Textile Manufacturing 45
4.15.1 Introduction 45
4.15.2 Nonprocess Solvent Usage 45
SECTION 5-ANALYSIS OF SOURCE CATEGORIES AND RANKING CRITERIA . . 48
5.1 Ranking Criteria 48
SECTION 6--REFERENCES 53
SECTION 7--BIBLIOGRAPHY 60
Appendix 1 Key Words Used in Literature Search Al-1
Appendix 2 SIC Codes Used for PTS Prompt Search A2-1
Appendix 3 Trip Reports-Automotive Repair A3-1
Appendix 4 Conversion Factors A4-1
IV
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LIST OF TABLES
PAGE
TABLE 1 Trade Associations/Industry Contacts 8
TABLE 2 Contents of Coil Cleaners 29
TABLE 3 Contents of Pens and Markers
36
TABLE 4 Criteria Used to Determine Categories for Further Evaluation . 49
TABLE 5 Selection Criteria for Industrial/Commercial Business Categories 51
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SECTION 1
BACKGROUND
The United States ozone nonattainment and air toxic issues are among the most
difficult environmental problems facing this country today. Although most of the large
stationary sources of VOC emissions are covered by existing or upcoming regulations with
the intent of reducing ambient ozone concentration. One U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) source (Kosusko, 1990) has stated that, "collectively small area sources may
contribute as much as 50 percent of VOC emissions." One of the single-largest, unregulated,
stationary sources of VOC emissions is thought to be the use of a wide range of
consumer/commercial products.
Because VOC emissions from most consumer/commercial products cannot be
controlled by traditional add-on control devices, they must be mitigated by pollution
prevention measures. Therefore, pollution prevention techniques, such as product substitution,
product reformulation, altered use procedures, and other approaches that reduce or eliminate
VOC and air toxic emissions, are ideally suited to small stationary area sources. As defined
by the Clean Air Act Amendments (CAAA) of 1990:
The term consumer or commercial product means any substance,
product (including paints, coatings and solvents), or article
(including any container or packaging) held by any person, the use,
consumption, storage, disposal, destruction, or decomposition of
which may result in the release of volatile organic compounds.
The term does not include fuels or fuel additives regulated under
Section 211, or motor vehicles, nonroad vehicles, and nonroad
engines as defined under Section 216.
One of the first steps in solving the environmental problems associated with the use of
consumer/commercial products is to conduct a study to determine types and quantities of
VOC emissions from such products. By doing so, researchers will be able to determine their
potential to contribute to increased urban ozone levels and to establish criteria for reducing
environmental impacts. Researchers have initiated numerous studies of the emissions from
various categories of traditional consumer products. The research summarized in this report
was a preliminary investigation of VOC emissions from 15 non-traditional consumer/
commercial product categories.
Traditional consumer products for the purposes of this report are considered to be such
items as personal care products (e.g., hair spray, deodorants, mouthwash), household products
(e.g., cleaners, laundry products, air fresheners), automotive care products (e.g., brake
cleaners, polishes, antifreeze), adhesives and sealants (e.g., household glue, wallpaper paste,
caulking compounds), lawn and garden care products (e.g., insecticide sprays and foggers,
1
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wood preservatives, herbicides), coatings (e.g., spray paints, paint removers and thinners), and
other miscellaneous products.
The definition of consumer/commercial products contained in the CAAA is broad in
the sense that it includes traditional consumer products as well as nontraditional1 consumer
products, such as paints, coatings, and solvents, used in commercial and industrial facilities.
Within this definition is some uncertainty or "gray area" concerning the types of materials,
products, and/or processes that should be included. Examples of this gray area include
solvent-containing roofing materials and paving asphalt. It is anticipated that as efforts
proceed in this area, the gray area will be better defined.
The focus of this report is on the use of nonprocess solvents in selected industrial and
commercial operations. Nonprocess solvents are used by industry, commercial operations,
and/or individual consumers and are not part of a manufacturing production line or
incorporated into a product (or chemically modified) as part of the manufacturing process.
Nonprocess solvents usually evaporate either during or shortly after their use. Cleaning and
lubricating solvents are generally considered nonprocess solvents. An exception to this is
in-process parts cleaning, such as vapor degreasing.
Although this research focuses on emissions of nonprocess solvents that are defined as
VOCs, information concerning the nonprocess use of 1,1,1-trichloroethane (1,1,1-TCA) and
methylene chloride (MeCl2) also has been gathered. By definition, VOCs are organic
compounds which participate in atmospheric photochemical reactions thereby contributing to
the formation of tropospheric ozone. Because these two chemicals have negligible
photochemical reactivity, they are not classified as VOCs. However, 1,1,1-TCA and MeCl2
are used in a variety of nonprocess operations. Moreover, both compounds are classified in
Section 112(a) of the CAAA of 1990 as hazardous air pollutants. 1,1,1-TCA also is classified
as a Class 1, Group V controlled substance for the purpose of protection of stratospheric
ozone while MeCl2 is considered a possible carcinogen. Therefore, for these reasons,
information concerning these two compounds has been included in the report (Federal
Register, 1992 and Sigma-Aldrich Corporation, 1993).
In previous studies of solvent use (Jones et al., 1986; Kersteter et al., 1992; Ostojic,
1979; U.S. EPA, 1989), nonprocess solvents generally were not considered or reported.
Therefore, existing information on the VOC emissions from nonprocess solvent use is not
available. In cases where a "miscellaneous solvent use" category is used, this quantity can be
significant. For example, one study (Ostojic, 1979) estimated that total solvents consumed
that cannot be attributed to any specific end use were approximately 2,000 x 10* Ib/yr.
Emissions from nonprocess solvent uses are anticipated to become a more significant
percentage of overall VOC emissions as emissions from other sources decrease due to
regulatory and/or voluntary reductions. The overall objective of this project is, therefore, not
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only to assess the uses and emissions from nonprocess solvents in selected industries, but to
identify pollution prevention and control measures that could be used to reduce these
emissions.
The primary purpose of this project is to gather and evaluate readily available data on
nonprocess solvents. Then, pollution prevention approaches and technology demonstration
opportunities will be identified to enhance research and development, facilitate industrial
efficiency, and aid in technology transfer. The purpose of this report is to summarize the
preliminary evaluation of 15 source categories, information that has been collected in the
initial steps of this project, and highlight key issues leading to further study.
Section 2 of this report describes the process used by the EPA and Research Triangle
Institute (RTI) to select the industrial/commercial business categories to be investigated in this
first-phase effort. Section 3 outlines the steps taken to obtain information and data. Section
4 presents the preliminary information and data obtained for each of the solvent use
categories. These categories are:
• automotive repair;
• bakeries;
• building renovation;
• chemical manufacturing;
• electrical equipment maintenance and repair;
• florists;
• furniture repair/restoration;
• heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) services;
• machine shops;
• mold release agents;
• office products;
• quick print shops;
• road paving;
• roofing; and
• textile manufacturing.
Section 5 presents criteria for selecting industries for the next phase of this project
(detailed industry evaluations) and an evaluation, based on these criteria, of the 15 categories
in this report. Section 6 lists documents referenced in this report, and Section 7 is a
bibliography of relevant documents and phone contacts made in the course of this effort.
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SECTION 2
CATEGORY SELECTION PROCEDURE
The first part of this project involved the development of a definition of nonprocess
solvent use and a list of industrial/commercial business categories thought to use large
quantities of nonprocess solvents. The first step that was taken in the development of
definitions and the list of industrial categories to be considered for this effort was to meet
with other researchers at EPA working on issues related to consumer/commercial products.
In an initial meeting, a representative from EPA's Office of Air Quality Planning and
Standards (OAQPS) suggested three categories of consumer/commerical products for further
investigation as part of the nonprocess solvent effort: commercial service business products,
industrial use products, and office products. The representative also described a current
OAQPS project that is being conducted on industrial cleanup solvents.
An additional meeting was held to discuss the industrial cleanup solvents project and
the potential for overlap and cooperation between that project and the nonprocess solvent
project. The scope of the cleanup solvents project includes industrial cleaning of internal
surfaces, external surfaces, and nonmetallic removable parts. The scope does not include
routine janitorial cleaning of bathrooms and offices. However, floor cleaning within industrial
facilities may be investigated. OAQPS is obtaining information for this project directly from
nine different industries, as well as from the information gathering associated with control
techniques guideline (CTG) efforts for other industries. Information is also being obtained
from a maximum achievable control technology (MACT) standard that is being developed for
use as a national emission standard for hazardous air pollutants. The methodology used to
select the nine industries was described as qualitative, not quantitative. These nine industries
and other industry categories being investigated by projects that will provide input to the
cleanup solvents project include:
• manufacture of electrical equipment;
• truck/bus body assembly;
• manufacture of scientific equipment;
• railroad maintenance;
• office furniture manufacture;
• rotogravure printing;
• photographic supplies/film;
• automotive manufacturing;
• paints and coatings manufacture;
• aerospace coatings (CTG);
• shipbuilding (CTG);
• plastic parts coating (CTG);
• automotive refinishing (CTG);
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• wood furniture coating (CTG);
offset lithography (CTG); and
• magnetic tape coating (MACT).
Additional industry categories could be evaluated as a means of confirming and/or adding to
the information that will be collected.
Using the information from these two meetings, as well as other less formal meetings
and discussions with others at EPA, information from literature sources (Jones et al., 1986;
Kersteteret al., 1992; Ostojic, 1979; U.S. EPA, 1989), and the Standard Industrial
Classification Manual (1987), a draft list of industrial/commercial categories to be considered
for the nonprocess solvent project was developed. The list includes (in alphabetical order):
• bakeries;
• building construction/renovation;
• chemical manufacturing;
• florists;
• HVAC service/repair;
• quick print facilities (including office products);
• roofing tars and/or road paving; and
• textile manufacturing.
As information and data were obtained, these categories were further divided into 13
different industry groups that are presented in Section 4 of this report Two additional
categories, automotive repair and use of mold release agents, were added at the specific
request of OAQPS at a project briefing on the first 13 categories.
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SECTION 3
INFORMATION GATHERING
3.1 LITERATURE SEARCHES
3.1.1 Introduction
To gather existing published information, several literature searches were conducted.
At the Technical Information Center (TIC) on the RTT campus, seven on-line computer data
bases were utilized. At the EPA library in Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, the Air
Clearinghouse for Inventories and Emission Factors (Air CHIEF) data base was searched. An
additional EPA source, the Pollution Prevention Information Clearinghouse (PPIC), was also
searched. The Office of Waste Reduction (OWR) of the North Carolina Department of
Environment, Health, and Natural Resources maintains a library of materials related to
pollution prevention and waste minimization. A computerized index of materials enabled a
search for particular industry segments of interest Finally, data assembled in census
publications from 1987 and earlier census years were used to ascertain the size of each
industry segment.
3.1.2 Summary
Two separate computerized literature searches were conducted at the RTI TIC. The
first search employed the following data bases: Enviroline, Environmental Bibliography,
Paperchem, Pollution Abstracts, Textile Technology Digest, and World Textiles. Enviroline
and Environmental Bibliography include references to a variety of environmental issues.
Paperchem was selected for coverage in the graphic arts. Pollution Abstracts records refer to
documents with technical information on pollution, its sources, and its control. Textile
Technology Digest and World Textiles cover the various aspects of textile manufacturing and
processing.
These data bases reference such sources as dissertations, patents, books, periodicals,
papers, pamphlets, trade publications, and proceedings. Each file contains records numbering
from a few hundred thousand to nearly half a million. Key words used in the literature
searches are contained in Appendix 1.
On a separate occasion, the data base Predicasts Overview of Markets and Technology
(PTS PROMT) was searched. PTS PROMT records are indexed on event and product codes.
Event codes allow information retrieval to be limited to particular areas of concern. Product
codes are more commonly known as standard industrial classification (SIC) codes. The
search can then be limited by key words. PTS PROMT abstracts, excerpts, and full-text
records are from sources such as periodicals, news releases, and annual reports.
Approximately one-half million records are added to the data base each year.
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For this search, event codes keyed on science and research, use of materials and
supplies, and pollutants produced and recycled. Appendix 2 lists the SIC codes used in the
search and their descriptors. To further focus the search, combinations of the key words
VOC, emissions, solvent, clean, pollution, and pollution prevention were entered.
At the EPA library, the Air CHIEF data base is stored on compact disk-read only
memory (CD-ROM) format. Several sources of information are combined on the disk. This
allows easy access to information on the types and quantities of pollutants emitted from a
variety of sources. Air CHIEF includes the first volume of the EPA AP-42 document,
Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors (U.S. EPA, 1991). The Crosswalk/Air Toxic
Emission Factor data base management system is on Air CHIEF. Another source of
information on the CD-ROM is the VOC/Particulate Matter Speciation data base management
system. The first 24 reports in the series, The Locating and Estimating Emissions of. . .Series
(U.S. EPA, 1984), are also included on the disk. These documents focus on 24 toxic
pollutants and their associated source categories.
PPIC was established by the EPA in 1989 as a computerized clearinghouse dedicated
to reducing industrial pollutants through technical information transfer, education, and public
awareness. PPIC is intended to be accessible to all individuals interested in obtaining
information on pollution prevention. There are many different components of PPIC. For the
purposes of information gathering on nonprocess solvent use, the features of PPIC that were
searched were the industrial case study descriptions and the literature repository.
The OWR at the North Carolina Department of Environment, Health, and Natural
Resources has collected over 5,000 documents pertaining to waste minimization and pollution
prevention. This library consists of such sources as trade show presentations and proceedings,
journal publications, product information brochures, books, pamphlets, and video tapes. The
department maintains an index of approximately 2,800 documents in PROCITE, a data base
program for the personal computer.
Since 1967, the Census Bureau has taken an economic census every five years. Data
in the 1987 census were reported on the basis of SIC codes, The information obtained was
used to determine the relative size of each industry segment. Data from the Census of Retail
Trade, Service Industries, Manufactures, and Construction Industries were gathered.
3.2 TRADE ASSOCIATIONS AND INpySTRY£ONTACTS
The majority of the information in this report was a result of contacts with trade
associations and industrial representatives. Telephone conversations with a brief, initial list of
contacts often yielded new information. At other times, the individuals were able to provide
or list additional sources of written material. Several references to other organizations,
companies, or individuals were made. Individuals and the organizations that were contacted
are grouped by industry segment in Table 1. .
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TABLE 1
TRADE ASSOCIATIONS/INDUSTRY CONTACTS
INDUSTRY
TRADE ASSOCIATION/COMPANY
CONTACT
Automotive
Repair
Automotive Service Association
Convenient Automotive Services Institute
Crabtree Valley Exxon Service Station
Cricket Service Center
Independent Lubricant Manufacturers Association
Independent Garage Owners of North Carolina
King Auto Service
Motor Vehicles Manufacturers Association
National Institute for Automotive Service Excellence
New York State Association of Service Stations and
Repair Shops
Don Randall
Larry Northup
Woody B arbor
Jarrel Spencer
Nancy Demarko
Tom Barry
Lewis Huff
Delmar King
Jim Stiger
receptionist
Ralph Bombardier
Baking
American Bakers Association
American Institute of Baking
American Society of Baking Engineers
Bakery Equipment Manufacturing Association
Campbell Taggard
Independent Bakers Association
Independent Bakers Cooperative
Research Triangle Institute, Center for Environmental
Analysis
Retail Bakers Association
Anne Giesecke
Bill Pursley
Bob Fischer
Rolce Ricker
Perry Fischer
receptionist
Rela Twire
Wally Sanford
Peter Howstle
Building
Renovation
American Institute of Architects
American Institute of Constructors
Associated Builders and Contractors
Associated General Contractors of America
Building Research Board
Construction Specification Institute
Environmental Outfitters
National Institute of Building Sciences
Scientific Consulting Group
Siegal Environmental
Virginia Polytechnic Institute
Patrick Lalley
Christine Nimbrowski
Cheryl Harris
Don Whyte
William Hickman
Andy Lemer
George Hockett
Paul Bierman-Lytle
Neil Sandier
Joel Todd
David Gottfried
Jim Woods
Chemical
Manufac-
turing
American Chemical Society
Chemical Manufacturers Association
Materials Technology Institute of the Chemical
Process Industries
Research Triangle Institute, Center for Environmental
Analysis
Henry Saxe
Diana Artemis
Albert Krisher
Jeffrey Portzer
(continued)
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TABLE 1
TRADE ASSOCIATIONS/INDUSTRY CONTACTS
(Cont'd)
INDUSTRY
TRADE ASSOCIATION/COMPANY
CONTACT
Electrical
Equipment
Maintenance
Channel Master
Chemical Specialties Manufacturers Association
ChemTronics
Circuit City Service
National Association of Service Dealers
National Center for Manufacturing Science
Research Triangle Institute, Facilities and Maintenance
Department
United Electrical, Radio, and Machine Workers of
America
Bernard Hendricks
Paul Pierpoint
Doug Fratz
customer service
Wendell Welch
receptionist
Clair Vinton
Edd Lovette
Bob Sopansic
Carolyn Falk
Florist
Society of American Florists
Steve Daigler
Furniture
Repair/
Restoration
American Furniture Manufacturing Association
Business and Institutional Manufacturers Association
CFR Corporation
Conservation Technician
Furniture Medic
Grand Rapids Area Furniture Manufacturers
Association
National Home Furnishings Association
National Office Products Association
Smithsonian Institution
Unfinished Furniture Association
Y & J Furniture Company, Inc.
Larry Runyan
Pete Wilcox
BobBary
Terry Neely
Todd Vieyra
receptionist
Angela Arrington
Dan Scott
Don Williams
Nancy Branka
Matt Yarbrough
Heating, Air
Conditioning,
and Refrigera-
tion Service
Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute
Air Conditioning Contractors of America
American Society of Refrigerating and
Air Conditioning Engineers
Porno-Products, Inc.
La-Co Industries, Inc.
National Association of Plumbing-
Heating-Cooling Contractors
Nu-Calgon Wholesaler, Inc.
Refrigeration Engineers and Technicians
Association
Refrigeration Service Engineers Society
Research Triangle Institute, Facilities and Maintenance
Department
Stewart Hall
Virginia Chemical
receptionist
Elaine Smith
Bob Axelrod
Jim Norman
Mary Williams
customer service
Russ Chancy
Lynn White
Jim Marrela
Wilton Harris
EdMastin
Edd Lovette
Bobby Rives
customer service
customer service
(continued)
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TABLE 1
TRADE ASSOCIATIONS/INDUSTRY CONTACTS
(Cont'd)
INDUSTRY
TRADE ASSOCIATION/COMPANY
CONTACT
Machine
Shops
Association for Manufacturing Technology
Durham Technical Community College
National Tooling and Machining Association
Beth Stahmer
Dwight Tichenor
Bill Ruxton
Owen Henderson
Mold Release
Agents
Air Products & Chemicals, Inc.
Hickory Springs Manufacturing Company
North Carolina Department of Environment, Health,
and Natural Resources
Society of the Plastic Industry
Gary Andrews
Kedar Murphy
Graham Walmsley
Bob Carter
Thomas Southall
Paving
American Concrete Paving Association
American Road and Transportation Builders
Association
American Association of State Highway and
Transportation Organization
Asphalt Institute
Illinois Tollway
International Bridge, Tunnel and Turnpike Association
National Asphalt Pavement Association
Research Triangle Institute, Center for Environmental
Analysis
Bob Risser
Kent Starwalt
Amy Steiner
Bob McGinnis
Fred Waller
John Benda
Maureen Gallagher
Campbell Crawford
Greg Carter
Kevin Ours
Office
Products
3M
Borden, Inc.
Consumer Product Safety Commission
Dennison Stationary Products Company
Faber-Castell Corporation
The Gillette Company
International Business Forms Association
International Rotex, Inc.
Meade Corporation
National Association of Printing Ink Manufacturers
National Business Forms Association
Pilot Corporation
Research Triangle Institute, Center for Environmental
Analysis (
Research Triangle Institute, Center for Aerosol
Technology
Research Triangle Institute, Analytical and Chemical
Sciences
Sanford Corporation
Toxic Substances Control Act Assistance Information
Service
Deborah Bergh
customer service
reference assistant
Barbara Aquino
customer service
Joe DiMaddio
John Thompson
Jim Weller
Shawn Jones
Anne Crone
Robert Fetters
receptionist
receptionist
customer service
Bob Hetes
Phil Lawless
Kathleen Owen
Roy Foreman
Patricia Lhotka
reference assistant
10
(continued)
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TABLE 1
TRADE ASSOCIATIONS/INDUSTRY CONTACTS
(Cont'd)
INDUSTRY
TRADE ASSOCIATION/COMPANY
CONTACT
Quick Print
Shops
A.B. Dick Company
Anchor Lithkemko
Association of Reproduction Materials Manufacturers
Buyers' Lab Incorporated
Copy Pro
International Reprographics Association
National Association of Quick Printers
National Printing Equipment and Supply Association
Research Triangle Institute, Copy Center
Ricoh
Riso, Inc.
Savin Corporation
Van Son Holland Ink Corporation of America
customer service
Gloria Larson
Philip Nowers
receptionist
Brian Hecker
Mary-Jo Sager
Dan Witty
Violet Lustgarten
receptionist
Vicki Snipes
customer service
Andrew Adelson
James Dougherty
Kevin Costigan
customer service
Roofing
GAP
Georgia Pacific
National Roofing Foundation
Research Triangle Institute, Structures Department
Roof Coatings Manufacturers Association
Roofing Industry Educational Institute
Bill Woodring
Donald Shaw
Tom Shanahan
John Short
receptionist
customer service
Textiles
American Association for Textile Technology
American Association of Textile Chemists & Colorists
American Fiber Manufacturers Association
American Textile Manufacturers Institute
North Carolina State University
Textured Yarn Association
West Point Pepperell
receptionist
Jerry Tew
Bob Barker
Karil Kochenderfer
Chip Moore
Brent Smith
Jim Conner
Jean Roberts
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In addition to the telephone contacts made as part of the data gathering effort for the
automotive repair category, visits were made to two local establishments. Trip reports from
these visits are included in Appendix 3 of this report.
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SECTION 4
CURRENTLY AVAILABLE INFORMATION
Literature searches yielded little specific information on nonprocess solvent usage at
the industrial/commercial business categories. Contacts with trade associations and industry
members proved to be the best source. Even so, most individuals who were contacted had
not previously considered nonprocess solvent usage. Therefore, information and data on
specific solvent types and quantities used within the categories were not readily available.
Census data are tabulated by SIC codes. For the purposes of this report, when
referring to SIC industry numbers, the terms code, industry number, and number are
synonymous. By convention, segment will denote a more generic set
4.1 AUTOMOTIVE REPAIR
4.1.1 Introduction
A large variety of services may be offered by an automotive repair facility. In
addition to engine maintenance, these facilities may repair and service brake, cooling, air
conditioning, and electrical systems. Vehicle maintenance procedures, such as fluid and filter
changes, are also commonplace at many facilities.
These type of facilities are listed under SIC code 7538, which is described as
"establishments primarily engaged in general automotive repair." Facilities primarily engaged
in transmission repair, industrial truck repair, or lubricating services are not included in this
code (Standard Industrial Classification Manual, 1987). The 1987 census lists 55,348 general
automotive repair establishments. These facilities employed 202,564 workers and had receipts
of $11,872 million (Census of Service Industries, 1987).
t
4.1.2 Nonprocess Solvent Usage
Parts cleaning is common in many facilities and this often involves the use of a parts
washer. These washers, which may be maintained and serviced by the facility itself or by an
outside company, usually consist of a sink which covers a drum that contains solvent and a
pump with a filtered intake. The pump circulates solvent from the drum to the sink through a
flexible hose. A brush, sometimes mounted to the nozzle of the hose, is used to aid cleaning.
Many models in use have a lid that closes to reduce solvent loss through evaporation. Some
older parts washers consist of a grate over an open reservoir of solvent Self-contained
systems for immersing parts in solvent for several hours are also widely used (T. Barry,
Independent Garage Owners of North Carolina, personal communication, November 10,
1992). .
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The solvents used in parts washers can vary but most are based on petroleum
distillates. One commonly used solvent contains 85 percent petroleum distillates (Safety-
Kleen, 1990). Carburetors are usually cleaned by immersion in cleaners that may contain
other solvents. One facility that was contacted uses a product, Hydro Seal II, that is based on
2-butoxy-l-ethanol and n-methyl-pyrolidine (Radiator Specialty Company). Other carburetor
cleaners may contain MeCl2 (Jones Engineering Group, 1991).
Pellet blasting and high pressure washers (i.e., jet spray washers) are used by some
facilities to clean oil and grease from engines and transmissions (T. Barry, Independent
Garage Owners of North Carolina, personal communication, November 10, 1992). Hot tanks
are also used to clean parts. Hot aqueous detergent or caustic solution is used in jet spray
washers and hot tanks (Jones Engineering Group, 1991). Citrus-based cleaners are also being
developed; these products have yet to gain acceptance as parts cleaners in the automotive
repair industry (R. Bombardier, New York State Association of Service Stations & Repair
Shops, personal communication, November 10, 1992).
A variety of prepackaged, solvent-containing products are used at automotive repair
facilities. These include products such as brake, choke, carburetor, and fuel injection
cleaners. Fuel additives and starting fluids are also used. Many of the cleaners are in aerosol
form (see Appendix 3). Aerosol cleaners are used because they propel solvents to
hard-to-reach parts without requiring disassembly (R. Bombardier, New York State
Association of Service Stations & Repair Shops, personal communication, November 10,
1992).
Two factors affect emissions from parts washers: evaporation from the sink and
evaporation of depleted solvent Because the exposed solvent in some older washers permits
evaporation, emissions due to this effect could be significant, whether the machine is in use
or not In newer models, the solvent returns to the reservoir by gravity; so these emissions
are likely to be much less. The second source of emissions is a result of solvent depletion as
parts are cleaned due to evaporation, splattering, and incomplete draining or carry-off.
Representatives of two facilities that were visited used sinks that were approximately 20
gallons in capacity. These representatives do not know the quantity of solvent that is lost
during use, but they stated the level of solvent is not noticeably depleted at the replacement
interval, typically 30 days (see Appendix 3). An estimate could be made using the arbitrary
assumption that 10 percent of the solvent is lost during the usage interval. One commonly
used cleaner contains 6.4 to 6.7 Ib/gal of VOC (Safety-Kleen, 1990). Assuming the depleted
solvent evaporates, a sink with 10 percent of the capacity evaporating each month would emit
approximately 157 pounds of VOC per year.
Data collected at the two facilities that were visited were extrapolated using 1987
census data to obtain industry emissions. The assumptions, data, and calculations are
included in Appendix 3. Average annual VOC losses from the solvent sinks would be 236
pounds per facility. This estimate neglects the emission contribution from older, open sinks
because the prevalence of such equipment is not known. Facility emissions from prepackaged
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products average approximately 1,300 pounds of VOC per year. An estimate of total industry
emissions can be obtained by multiplying the contribution from these sources by 55,348
facilities. The result, approximately 42,000 tons of VOC per year, compares to the published
estimate that 37,143 tons per year were emitted by this industry in 1986 (Kersteter et al.,
1992).
4.2 BAKERIES
4.2.1 Introduction
The 1987 Census of Manufactures enumerates 22,477 facilities in the SIC codes 2051,
2052, and 2053 and industry group 546. Code 2051 corresponds to facilities that produce
items such as: breads (fresh and frozen), cakes, pies, and related products. This segment
represents 11 percent of all facilities. The second code, representing 1.7 percent of the total,
includes cookie and cracker manufacturers. Manufacturers of frozen bakery products, with
the exception of bread, are included in SIC code 2053. Approximately 0.5 percent of
facilities are in this segment. Industry group 546 accounts for retail establishments where
baked goods are prepared and sold. This group represents 87 percent of all facilities. The
161,600 employees in the baking industry produce shipments valued at nearly $28 billion
(Census of Manufactures—Industry, 1987; Census of Retail Trade-Geographic, 1987;
Standard Industrial Classification Manual, 1987).
The census divides the SIC code 2051 into wholesale bakeries, grocery chain bakeries,
and retail outlet bakeries. Wholesale bakeries account for 94 percent of facilities in the
segment Only 37 facilities are retail outlet bakeries. Neither the SIC manual nor the census
documents make any qualitative distinctions between the retail outlet and the retail baking and
selling establishments. The census indicates that the former employs an average of 68 people
per facility, while the latter averages nine employees per facility (Census of Manufactures--
Industry, 1987; Census of Retail Trade-Geographic, 1987).
Whether the goods are manufactured in the retail or wholesale industry, one of two
basic processes is employed. In the first process, yeast serves as the leavening agent by
metabolizing the carbohydrates in the bread dough. Carbon dioxide, among other products, is
produced during fermentation which increases the volume of the baked good. The dough
ferments 2 to 4 hours prior to baking. Typical yeast-leavened products include breads, sweet
rolls, crackers, and pretzels (Radian Corporation, 1988).
Other products are chemically leavened with baking powder. The baking powder is
essentially sodium bicarbonate. This is reacted with an acid species which produces a gas.
Chemically-leavened goods include products such as cakes, cookies, corn bread, and some
donuts and biscuits (Radian Corporation, 1988).
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Cleaning processes at a bakery are dictated by the nature of the feed materials. Flour,
the chief ingredient, is more difficult to clean when wet than when dry. Individuals contacted
stated that cleaning is most efficiently performed without liquids. The American Bakers
Association (ABA), focusing on SIC codes 2051, 2052, and 2053, emphasizes proper cleaning
techniques. As an example, sweeping is preferred to mopping, which is preferred to using a
water spray (A. Giesecke, American Bakers Association, personal communications, July 28,
September 25, and October 28, 1992).
The ABA estimates that most bakeries (in SIC codes 2051, 2052, and 2053) use from
10,000 to 300,000 gallons of water per day for production processes and cleanup. This
corresponds to 0.2 gallons of water per loaf of bread. Up to 70 percent of the incoming
water is discharged to the sewer. The average bakery spends about $250,000 each year for
water. Association publications emphasize the potential savings that can be attained by
reducing water use. Some bakeries have cut their effluent volume by 33 to 50 percent
(A. Giesecke, American Bakers Association, personal communications, July 28, September
25, and October 28, 1992; Environmental News of the American Bakers Association, 1991;
Carawan, 1991).
The use of solvents for cleanup would only increase costs of materials and waste
treatment Additionally, the risks of using potentially toxic substances must be considered in
a food manufacturing environment Thus, more emphasis is placed on reducing effluent
volume and the biological oxygen demand loads exerted on the waste treatment plant than is
placed on solvent usage (Environmental News of the American Bakers Association, 1991;
Carawan, 1991).
4.2.2 Nonprocess Solvent Usage
Federal regulations control the use of solvents in the presence of food. To illustrate,
the fluid used for hydraulics and as a heat transfer medium in bakery equipment is often
food-grade, white mineral oil. The Food and Drug Administration or United States
Department of Agriculture mandates use of an aqueous chlorine cleaning solution (15 to 30
percent strength) in particular circumstances. All contacts stated that solvents are not used for
routine cleaning. Solvents are used during equipment repair, overhaul, and preventive
maintenance (A. Giesecke, American Bakers Association, personal communications, July 28,
September 25, and October 28, 1992).
A solvent is used to remove old lubricants, dirt, flour, grease, and other contaminants
from equipment parts during maintenance/repair. This occurs during both regularly scheduled
preventive maintenance and upon occasional equipment failure. Due to the perishable nature
of the raw materials and products, equipment downtime is minimized by preventive
maintenance of the conveyor systems. Ovens, having few moving parts, require much less
maintenance (W. Sanford, Research Triangle Institute, personal communication, November 10,
1992). The solvent is similar to that used in other industries for maintenance. Typically, a
product based on stoddard solvent derived from a particular cut in the distillation of naphtha,
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is used (B. Pursley, American Institute of Baking, personal communication, July 31, 1992,
and A. Giesecke, American Bakers Association, personal communications, July 28, September
25, and October 28, 1992). Naphtha, an intermediate mixture in the petroleum feedstock,
contains paraffins, isoparaffins, naphthenes, and aromatics. The boiling point of such a
solvent ranges from 320 to 390 °F. Stoddard solvent has a flash point of 110 °F.
Water-based cleaners are commercially available and have been evaluated by a large
wholesale baker. A spokesperson for the facility stated that based on their experience, these
products are not adequate replacements for the cleaners currently used. The water-based
products tested at this bakery did not effectively dissolve or disperse the oils and greases that
must be removed from the equipment as part of the maintenance and repair process
(P. Fischer, Campbell Taggard, personal communication, July 31, 1992).
Although packaging for baked goods is printed off-site, some bakeries print
manufacturing/expiration date codes on the package. A spokesperson for another large,
wholesale bakery stated that the facility uses two date coding systems. The VIDEOJET
system uses technology similar to computer ink-jet printers. One bakery, perhaps the largest
in the United States, used 187 gallons of ink in 1991. This system permits quick changes of
products or dates on the packaging line (C. Gjersvik, Continental Baking, personal
communication, November 10, 1992). These solvent-based inks contain methanol, methyl
ethyl ketone (MEK), and l-methoxy-2-propanol. VOC content ranges from 75 to 98 percent
by weight (VIDEOJET Systems International, Inc., 1987). The equipment is cleaned with a
product based on the aforementioned solvents and contains 100 percent VOCs (VIDEOJET
Systems International, Inc., 1985).
The second date encoding apparatus uses heat to transfer and emboss ink from a
ribbon. Although no information was obtained on VOC content, it is expected that VOC
emissions are low (C. Gjersvik, Continental Baking, personal communication, November 10,
1992).
Other contacts mentioned additional ways of including manufacturing/expiration codes.
Some twist-ties are color coded. Dates may be printed on plastic clips that are used to close
the package (P. Fischer, Campbell Taggard, personal communication, July 31, 1992).
To prevent sticking of the baked goods, oil is applied to the baking trays. Some
facilities use compressed-air spray guns to apply the oil. Others may grease trays by
manually applying solid shortening or using an oil-soaked cloth. An aerosol-dispensed
product is used in the industry with less frequency. No information on propellant
composition was obtained (W. Sanford, Research Triangle Institute, personal communication,
November 10, 1992). A wholesale baker stated that aerosol products are too expensive to
use. This contact speculated that even small, retail bakeries would realize savings by using
an alternative application technique (P. Fischer, Campbell Taggard, personal communication,
July 31, 1992).
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Periodically, baking trays must be reglazed. The service is performed by an outside
facility. Once the solvent-based coating cures, VOC emissions are negligible. Conversations
with bakeries and trade associations have not identified any members of the baking industry
that reglaze baking pans in-house (W. Sanford, Research Triangle Institute, personal
communication, November 10, 1992).
A contact from a large, wholesale bakery noted difficulties encountered during general
plant painting with solvent-based paints. Because of the necessary cleaning and subsequent
solvent disposal, this site will soon use disposable rollers and brushes (P. Fischer, Campbell
Taggard, personal communication, July 31, 1992).
The ABA noted that the use of 1,1,1-TCA-based glues for packaging is no longer
necessary because alternative products are available. A spokesperson stated that solvents are
used in the adjacent delivery truck garages for vehicle maintenance or repair. The products
are similar to those used for bakery equipment maintenance or any other vehicle repair
process (A. Giesecke, American Bakers Association, personal communications, July 28,
September 25, and October 28, 1992).
4.3 BUILDING RENOVATION
4.3.1 Introduction
Building renovations are performed by establishments classified under several different
SIC code numbers. The majority of construction businesses, 66 percent, are classified as
general contractors (GCs) for single-family housing and listed under SIC code 1521. In
addition to new construction, their operations include additions, alterations, remodeling, and
repair. The 1987 census lists 90,378 facilities which employ 396,291 individuals as
construction workers and support staff. Separate data were not available for construction
workers only. The net value of the construction is approximately $27 billion. Net value is
defined as the total value of construction less the value of subcontracted work.
Approximately 67 percent of the total value of construction is attributed to new construction.
Additions, alterations, or reconstruction accounts for 27 percent of the total. The remainder is
from maintenance and repair (Census of Construction Industries, 1987; Standard Industrial
Classification Manual, 1987).
SIC code 1522 corresponds to GCs of residential construction, other than single
family. With 8,143 facilities, it includes less than 6 percent of the total number of
establishments in the trade. Like the previous segment, construction also includes additions,
alterations, remodeling, and repair. The net value that the 61,245 construction workers
produced is approximately $6 billion (Census of Construction Industries, 1987; Standard
Industrial Classification Manual, 1987).
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GCs engaged in the construction of industrial buildings and warehouses are classified
under SIC code 1541. Construction includes additions, alterations, remodeling, and repair.
The 7,014 businesses account for just over 5 percent of the total number in the trade,
employing 110,785 construction workers. The net value of construction is approximately $11
billion (Census of Construction Industries, 1987; Standard Industrial Classification Manual,
1987).
The net construction value from the 31,337 facilities classified under SIC code 1542 is
approximately $40 billion. GCs associated with nonresidential building, other than industrial
buildings and warehouses, produce nearly 47 percent of the net value of the SIC code. The
segment employs 366,871 construction workers. As with the rest of the industry, facilities
engaged in the previously mentioned renovation tasks are included (Census of Construction
Industries, 1987; Standard Industrial Classification Manual, 1987).
The typical contractor has four employees. In the past, a GC would perform most of
the tasks associated with the construction. Now, because of the increasingly complex
building techniques, materials, and designs, more of the work is subcontracted.
Approximately 25 percent of the payment a GC receives is paid to subcontractors (Exceltech,
1990).
lust as no SIC code directly pertains to building renovation, no information specific to
this aspect of construction was acquired. However, many of the processes employed in new
construction are identical to those used during building renovation. Exceptions include,
among others, removal or stripping of paints, wallcoverings, and floor finishes. A significant
amount of data exist on both alternative building materials and the effects of building
materials on indoor air quality. By comparison, little information is available concerning
nonprocess solvent use in the building renovation industry.
4.3.2 Nonprocess Solvent Usage
Although little information is available on nonprocess solvent usage, the use of
petroleum distillates-containing solvents for paint thinning and cleanup was repeatedly
mentioned (D. Whyte, Associated Builders and Contractors, personal communication,
August 3, 1992; Ashland Chemical Company, 1986). One study concluded that, for new
construction, the painting trade generates more hazardous waste than other construction trades.
Renovation often involves removing old surface coatings from wood, concrete, and metal.
These varnishes, paints, sealers, or finishes are usually removed with a MeCl2-based stripper
(Exceltech, 1990). Several companies manufacture strippers that contain acetone, toluene,
methanol, and methylene chloride. Some formulations are available that do not contain
MeCl2. These products are based on various mixtures of acetone, methanol, toluene,
isopropyl alcohol (IPA), ethyl-3-ethoxy propionate, methyl isobutyl ketone (MEBK), hexane,
dimethyl adipate, and dimethyl glutarate (Hollar, 1992a). These products are expected to be
slower to act than the traditional formulations.
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Lacquer thinner is often used to remove excess adhesive when applying laminates to
surfaces, such as countertops. Electrical contacts are cleaned with solvents. Spackling putty,
which contains 0.03 Ib/gal of VOC, is used when installing or patching interior walls
(Hollar, 1992b). Prior to the installation of marble, the substrate is cleaned with a solvent.
Caulks that contain solvents are used to waterproof joints and seams around windows,
bathrooms, and electrical boxes. Before the caulk is applied, it may be necessary to remove
dirt and oils from the surfaces with solvents (Exceltech, 1990). Several products are
manufactured for use in the installation of ceramic tile. A finish that is said to seal and
brighten tile and grout contains glycol ether. Ceramic die mastic contains petroleum
distillates (Hollar, 1992b).
Solvent-based adhesives are used to glue vinyl baseboards to walls, carpet tiles or
vinyl composition tiles to floors, and insulation to pipes or ducts. Fittings and joints for
polyvinyl chloride (PVC) piping are fastened with an adhesive that contains MEK,
tetrahydrofuran, cyclohexanone, and acetone (N. Pendergraft, Research Triangle Institute,
personal communication, October 13, 1992; and Hollar, 1992b).
There are many products and materials commercially available that have been
reformulated to contain little or no VOC, for example, an exterior paint that contains no VOC
is a powder and is mixed with water at the construction site. Drawbacks include poor
coverage and thin consistency that results in drips and runs (D. Gottfried, Siegal
Environmental, personal communication, August 13, 1992). One major paint manufacturer
recently introduced a zero-VOC, nonpetroleum-based paint for interiors. It is available,
premixed, and in four shades of white. Tinted colors are not offered. Water-based adhesives
for carpet tiles and vinyl baseboards provide an alternative to solvent-based products.
Opportunities for solvent reduction exist in the manufacturing of adhesives for laminates, wall
coverings, and carpets. As these products are improved and gain acceptance, they are likely
to reduce the need for solvent-based cleaners (D. Gottfried, Siegal Environmental, personal
communication, August 13, 1992). The acceptance of water-based cleaners and strippers has
been hindered because, although they may be effective, they are often slower to act or require
more physical treatment than a solvent-based cleaner.
4.4 CHEMICAL MANUFACTURING
4.4.1 Introduction
Companies in the synthetic organic chemicals industry are classified under SIC codes
2865 and 2869. SIC code 2865 is described as "establishments primarily engaged in
manufacturing cyclic organic crudes and intermediates, and organic dyes and pigments."
Establishments listed under this code produce (Standard Industrial Classification Manual,
1987):
• aromatic chemicals,
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• synthetic organic dyes, and
• synthetic organic pigments.
SIC code 2869 is described as "establishments primarily engaged in manufacturing
industrial organic chemicals, not elsewhere classified." Facilities registered under this code
manufacture a variety of synthetic organic chemicals including (Standard Industrial
Classification Manual, 1987):
• aliphatic and other acyclic chemicals;
• solvents;
• polyhydric alcohols;
• synthetic perfume and flavoring materials;
• rubber processing chemicals;
• plasticizers;
• synthetic tanning agents;
• chemical warfare gases; and
• esters, amines, etc., of polyhydric alcohols and fatty and other acids.
The 1987 census lists 186 facilities under SIC code 2865. These establishments
employed 22,800 people and shipped products that were valued at $8,859.4 million. The
same census statistics cite 699 facilities under SIC code 2869 employing 100,300 people and
shipping $42,189.1 million in products (Census of Manufactures, 1987).
4.4.2 Nonprocess Solvent Usage
Representatives of various trade and professional associations, including the American
Chemical Society and the Chemical Manufacturers Association, were unable to supply any
information on the use or emission of nonprocess solvents (D. Artemis, Chemical
Manufacturing Association, personal communication, September 2, 1992; H. Saxe, American
Chemical Society, personal communication, September 3, 1992; A. Krisher, Materials
Technology Institute of the Chemical Process Industries, personal communication, September
8, 1992).
A literature search of solvent usage in this industry showed that although there is
much information on process solvents, specific information on nonprocess solvent usage
directly associated with chemical manufacturing facilities is not readily available.
Generally, chemical manufacturing facilities are large operations composed of many
smaller units. Nonprocess solvents are likely to be used extensively for both internal and
external equipment cleaning in batch and continuous operations, for routine equipment
maintenance, and for floor cleaning. In addition to units directly associated with
manufacturing chemicals, smaller units using nonprocess solvents include electrical repair,
machine shops, office facilities, paint shops, vehicle maintenance, and janitorial operations.
Based on information obtained from other industrial/commercial business categories,
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nonprocess solvent usage in chemical manufacturing facilities would include the same general
types of products and use procedures discussed in other sections of this report.
4.5 ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE AND REPAIR
4.5.1 Introduction
For purposes of this report, all electrical repair businesses were considered except
refrigeration and air conditioning repair shops, and those companies primarily engaged in the
repair of electronic computers and computer peripheral equipment.
Electrical repair shops are listed under SIC codes 7622, radio and television shops; and
7629, electrical and electronic repair shops, not elsewhere classified. SIC code 7622 is
described as "establishments primarily engaged in repairing radios, televisions, phonographs,
stereo equipment, and tape recorders," as well as those involved in installing and repairing
radio transmitting and receiving equipment or television, amateur, and citizens band antennas.
SIC code 7629 is characterized as "establishments primarily engaged in the repair of electrical
and electronic equipment, not elsewhere classified, such as electrical household appliances
and electrical and electronic industrial equipment" (Standard Industrial Classification Manual,
1987).
The 1987 census listed 15,167 establishments under these two SIC codes. In 1987,
these facilities employed 86,866 people and had receipts of $5,076 million. The census
statistics also indicate that a majority of the businesses in this industry are very small.
Specifically, 58 percent of these businesses employ fewer than five people, and 12 percent do
not operate during the entire year (Census of Service Industries, 1987).
4.5.2 Nonprocess Solvent Usage
A number of solvent cleaners may be used in electrical repair work. Before soldering,
connections need to be cleaned so that resin and flux from previous soldering work are
completely removed. Electrical components may also be contaminated with dirt, grease, or
residue left from an accidental spilling of liquid on the appliance. If this occurs, the repair
person may, instead of replacing the component, try to clean it. In all cases, aerosol cleaners
or degreasers are used. The repair person sprays relatively small amounts of the cleaners
onto cotton swabs or pieces of cloth, then wipes clean the connection or component
(W. Welch, Circuit City Service, personal communication, August 27, 1992).
These aerosol cleaners are manufactured primarily by specialty chemical
manufacturers. According to a Chemical Specialties Manufacturers Association
representative, specialty degreasers contain one of four types of chemicals:
• halogenated solvents,
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• a mixture of aromatics,
• a mixture of aliphatics, or
• oxygenated organics.
Although any of these types of cleaners may be used in the electrical repair industry,
halogenated solvents are preferred because of their high solvency and lack of residue
(D. Fratz, Chemical Specialties Manufacturers Association, personal communication,
September 8, 1992). For this reason, many aerosol cleaners used in the electrical repair
industry contain chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). The material safety data sheets (MSDSs) of
some solvent degreasers, flux cleaners, and tuner degreasers confirm this fact and show that
some also contain other solvents, such as methyl alcohol, MeCl2, 1,1,1-TCA, and/or mineral
oil (Chemtronics, 1991a-d and 1992).
Many organizations are conducting research into alternative cleaning solvents.
Currently, National Center for Manufacturing Science (NCMS) is conducting three
experiments to find alternative cleaners that can be used in the electrical manufacturing
industry. According to an NCMS representative, the results of these experiments will be
applicable to the electrical repair industry because this industry uses the same type of solvents
(C. Vinton, National Center for Manufacturing Science, personal communication, September
10, 1992).
The first NCMS experiment is a materials compatibility study in which different
materials used in electrical components are exposed to various cleaners including aqueous,
semi-aqueous, alcohol, and hydrocarbon solvents. In this study, changes in the initial and
long-term properties (e.g., weight and volume) of the material are measured. In the second
experiment, electrical components are exposed to the cleaners. The performance of these
components is tested throughout the exposure. The third experiment is designed to determine
"how clean is clean." In this test, the performance of electrical components is tested after
they are exposed to known contaminants. Through this analytical study, the researchers hope
to quantify the performance degradation caused by specific contaminants
(C. Vinton, National Center for Manufacturing Science, personal communication,
September 10, 1992).
The first two parts of the NCMS study have been completed but results of the tests
have not been released as of the publication date of this report The third experiment is
continuing and results are expected in 1995 (C. Vinton, National Center for Manufacturing
Science, personal communication, September 10, 1992).
In general, lubricants are not used in this industry. Occasionally, aerosol adhesives are
used to reattach the coverings of some appliances that may accidently detach during repair
work (W. Welch, Circuit City Service, personal communication, August 27, 1992). In some
cases, final repair work may require the use of paint for entire components or touchup.
Emissions associated with paint use in electrical equipment maintenance and repair shops are
anticipated to be small.
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4.6 FLORISTS
4.6.1 Introduction
Retail florists listed under SIC code 5992 are "establishments primarily engaged in the
retail sale of cut flowers and growing plants" (Standard Industrial Classification Manual,
1987). The 1987 census cites 26,683 establishments as employing 125,048 people and having
annual sales of $4,810.4 million (Census of Retail Trade, 1987).
4.6.2 Nonprocess Solvent Usage
Most florists do not use VOC-containing products. Nevertheless, florists were initially
considered in this study for two reasons: (1) information about the possible solvent content
of the preservatives and other products, such as floral adhesives and colorants, used by the
industry was not readily available, and (2) the amount and type of household cleaners being
used by the industry was unknown. Some household cleaners contain either nonaerosol
solvents or aerosol propellants and/or solvents. Therefore, the use of significant amounts of
these products could have possibly indicated large VOC emissions.
Florists use preservatives that are water-based solutions containing only sugars,
buffering salts, and biocides such as chlorine.
Several products are used to clean florist shops and display areas. Florists tend to
avoid the use of chemicals that may have an adverse effect on plants and flowers. Therefore,
many florists prefer to use water-based cleaning solutions for their general shop cleaning.
Although specific consumer cleaning products, such as floor cleaners or wall cleaners, may be
used, the most common cleaning products used are bleach and ammonia solutions. The use
of consumer glass cleaners is also commonplace but, according to an industry representative,
the use of these cleaners is not excessive when compared to their use in other retail
businesses (S. Daigler, Society of American Florists, personal communication, July 8, 1992).
4.7 FURNITURE REPAIR/RESTORATION
4.7.1 Introduction
The 1987 Census of Service Industries enumerates 6,144 facilities in SIC group 764.
Establishments primarily engaged in furniture repair and reupholstery are in this group.
Additional descriptors include furniture and antique refinishing, redecorating, remodeling, and
restoration. The census lists an additional 1,002 establishments that were not in business for
the entire year. Receipts for the industry were approximately $882 million. Just over 22,000
individuals were employed (Census of Service Industries—Subject Series, 1987; Standard
Industrial Classification Manual, 1987). Most of the businesses are small. Over 50 percent
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of the facilities employ fewer than three people. Only 6 percent of the establishments have
10 or more employees.
4.7.2 Nonprocess Solvent Usage
A particular subgroup of the industry includes the reconditioners of metal office
furniture. Prior to repainting, the old paint is stripped. Solvents were used in the past, but a
spokesman from the National Office Products Association stated that alternative methods are
now employed where paint is removed by sandblasting or by using plastic beadblasting
(D. Scott, National Office Products Association, personal communication, July 27, 1992).
When office furniture is reconditioned, the upholstery may be cleaned instead of
replaced. One company uses spot cleaners for highly soiled or stained areas. The cleaners
used in "spotting" contain up to 85 percent solvent. The company uses two systems for
general upholstery cleaning: an all aqueous solution or a mixture containing less than 7
percent solvent. The solvent blends used for general cleaning and spotting contain propylene
glycol and a "mineral spirits-type" solvent (B. Bary, CFR Corporation, personal
communication, September 24, 1992).
When wood furniture is refurbished, one of two approaches is taken. The traditional
approach begins by removing the old finish. Typically, this involves a solvent strip.
Products available to the consumer at hardware stores often contain MeCl2. A furniture
refinisher claimed that strippers based on this solvent are used only as a last resort. The
contact stated that because he is not able to recycle spent solvent from this type of strip,
expensive disposal costs are incurred. Typically, the refinisher uses a product consisting of
toluene, acetone, methanol, and a small percentage of MEK. Often spent lacquer thinner (a
mixture of isobutyl isobutyrate, MEK, MIBK, methanol, naphtha, and toluene) is added to the
mixture (M. Yarbrough, Y & J Furniture Company, personal communication, August 5,
1992). Other resources indicate that blends may contain toluene, xylene, acetone, ethanol,
butanol, IP A, naphtha, MEK, and esters (Kohl et al., 1984).
A furniture refinisher who was contacted uses a recirculating spray system for
stripping. The solvent is pumped from a 5-gallon reservoir and is sprayed onto the furniture.
A trough catches the solvent and returns it to the tank. The solvent is reused until the
cleaning efficiency diminishes; then it is sent to a recycler (M. Yarbrough, Y & J Furniture
Company, personal communication, August 5, 1992).
An older technique for stripping includes placing the piece of furniture in a covered
4- x 8-foot tank that holds 300 to 400 gallons of stripping solution. This solution may
contain any of the aforementioned solvents. One facility that owns dipping tanks no longer
dips furniture due to the excessive amount of solvent required, workplace exposure to
chemicals, and the fire hazard. Additionally, dipping often adversely affects glued wood
joints. Now the facility keeps 3 to 5 gallons of lacquer thinner in the bottom of the tank.
The facility places the furniture into the vessel where the solvent is brushed onto it. Then the
25
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old finish is scraped off. Occasionally, approximately 10 percent of MeCl2 is added to
remove stubborn finishes (H. Regmi, Triangle Furniture Stripping, personal communication,
November 2, 1992).
After initial cleaning or stripping of furniture, several layers of stains, sealers, and top
coats are applied with spray guns. Base coatings, such as stains, may be applied by wiping or
brushing. The upper layers are almost always sprayed to obtain a smooth finish
(M. Yarbrough, Y & J Furniture Company, personal communication, August 5, 1992). An
unsatisfactory finish could be the result of operator error; spray equipment malfunction; or
poor quality, contaminated, or old finishes. Periodically, the spray equipment is flushed with
solvents. Also, the opportunity for overspray exists at each application. Solvents are used to
remove the accumulated overspray from the spray booths. When flaws in the finish are
detected, the piece may be stripped and refmished (Kohl et al., 1984).
The furniture conservator, instead of stripping the finish, begins by applying a mild
aqueous soap solution to remove waxes, oils, and dirt Stubborn contamination is removed by
wiping with mineral spirits (T. Neely, Conservation Technician, personal communication,
August 5, 1992). When it is necessary to remove coatings that are applied over the original
finish, solvents are carefully selected and sparingly used to remove only the top coatings. A
particular solvent or blend of solvents is chosen with a high specificity for the coating that is
to be removed. The conservator selects from a wide range of solvents based on workplace
safety and finish specificity. Instead of applying new coatings to hide scratches, the
conservator may resolvate and redistribute the old finish (D. Williams, Smithsonian
Institution, personal communication, August 6, 1992). It is sometimes necessary to coat the
reconditioned furniture with a light application of wax to restore the original shine (T. Neely,
Conservation Technician, personal communication, August 5, 1992).
Alternative water-based finishes are commercially available. The use of these
materials would likely reduce the need for some solvents during stripping and finishing.
However, several problems with these products have slowed their acceptance. When wood is
in contact with water, the grain rises. Without additional sanding, the resulting finished
surface is rough. Some objections arise because of increased drying times and reduced clarity
of finish. Because of the corrosive nature of water-based products, stainless steel equipment
must be used. Stainless steel spray guns are more expensive and, because of their spark-
generating potential, this equipment should not be used with traditional, highly flammable,
solvent finishes. Therefore, a company using both water- and sol vent-based finishes would
require both types of spray guns. An additional limitation that many contacts have noted is
that water-based finishes cannot be successfully applied onto traditional solvent stains and top
coats. One refinisher stated that the furniture manufacturing industry must first adopt water-
based finishes; otherwise, subsequent applications of water-based finishes are not
recommended (M. Yarbrough, Y & J Furniture Company, personal communication, August 5,
1992).
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Alternative cleaning products are being introduced. One particular product is a terpene
derived from orange peel extracts. Applications include the cleaning of hands and lacquer
overspray. Although it is not effective at stripping all finishes, the product can be used for
preliminary cleaning (T. Vieyra, Furniture Medic, personal communication, July 29, 1992).
4.8 HEATING, VENTILATION, AND AIR CONDITIONING SERVICES
4.8.1 Introduction
For the purposes of this report, HVAC service companies are considered to be
contractors who repair commercial heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration units. In many
instances, these companies are the same contractors who install these units (B. Axelrod, Air
Conditioning Contractors of America, personal communication, September 3, 1992).
Companies that operate and service large industrial refrigeration and central air conditioning
plants are not evaluated in this report.
HVAC repair companies are listed under SIC codes 1711 and 7623. SIC code 1711 is
described as "special trade contractors primarily engaged in plumbing, heating, air
conditioning, and similar work." SIC code 7623 is characterized as "establishments primarily
engaged in servicing and repairing household and commercial electrical refrigerators and air
conditioning and refrigeration equipment" (Standard Industrial Classification Manual, 1987).
The 1987 census listed 69,566 facilities under SIC code 1711. These facilities
employed 617,333 people and produced a net value of $44,517.7 million (Census of
Construction Industries, 1987). The same census statistics cite 3,565 establishments under
SIC code 7623. These businesses employed 20,512 people and had receipts of $1,521.1
million. The census reports that 55 percent of the companies in the latter SIC code employ
less than five people, and 11 percent do not operate during the entire year (Census of Service
Industries, 1987).
Residential refrigeration and air conditioning units are hermetically sealed. Although
some parts of these machines are accessible, very little repair work can be done on these
units. If a specific part, such as a condenser coil or an electrical component is not working, it
will not be repaired. Instead it will be replaced with another part. For extensive repairs, the
unit must be sent back to the manufacturer. Larger units are semihermetically sealed and
may be taken completely apart by the repair person for service work (E. Mastin, Refrigeration
Service Engineers Society, personal communication, August 25, 1992).
Electrical repair work is not done by the majority of these shops. In general, electrical
connections and electrical components, such as motors, starters, control boards, etc., are
simply replaced when they are not working (W. Harris, Refrigeration Service Engineers
Society, personal communication, August 21, 1992).
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4.8.2 Nonprocess Solvent Usage
A number of different cleaning products may be used during maintenance and repair
of heaters, air conditioners, and refrigerators. One type of cleaner removes accumulated
grease and dirt from external machinery parts. Because these cleaners are used primarily to
clean evaporator and condenser coils, they are often referred to as coil cleaners. Some coil
cleaners may also be used to clean other mechanical parts (Stewart Hall, 199la).
Coil cleaners are available in either aerosol or liquid form. The aerosols are simply
sprayed onto the coils or other machine part, and the liquid products are applied with a high-
pressure washer. Scrubbing may be required, depending on the specific cleaner used; but
after a few minutes, the cleaner is washed off with water (E. Lovette, Research Triangle
Institute, personal communication, September 8, 1992). Some liquid coil cleaners are sold as
concentrates and must be diluted with water. The manufacturer of two liquid concentrates
suggests that they be diluted with 3 to 10 parts water, depending on their intended use
(Stewart Hall, 199 Ib).
Although the contents of coil cleaners vary, they in general contain either organic
solvents or a caustic or corrosive solution. The contents of six different coil cleaners are
listed in Table 2.
Repair persons may use other cleaning solvents that are not sold as coil cleaners. One
repair person that was contacted uses an aerosol cleaner that is designed to clean the outside
surface of engines. This cleaner, which contains petroleum distillates, can also be used to
clean the exterior of any mechanical part (B. Rives, Research Triangle Institute, personal
communication, September 23, 1992). Cleaning solvents may also be used to clean parts that
have been removed from a unit. An MSDS for one cleaning solvent used for this purpose
shows that it contains aliphatic solvent naphtha, 1,1,1-TCA, perchloroethylene (perc), and
MeCl2. This solvent has a VOC content of 3.91 Ib/gal (Virginia KMP, 1991).
Lubricants often are used in the repair of heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration
units. An MSDS obtained for one common aerosol lubricant stated that it contains 50 percent
aliphatic petroleum distillates, 25 percent hydrocarbon propellants, greater than 15 percent
petroleum-based oil, and less than 20 percent of proprietary mixtures of corrosion inhibitors,
wetting agent, and fragrance (WD-40 Company, 1989). Another aerosol lubricant contains 70
to 85 percent hexane, 10 to 25 percent propane, and 10 to 25 percent isobutane according to
the MSDS (Valvoline, Inc., 1992). Although these types of aerosols are commonplace, light
machine grease may also be used as a lubricant (B. Axelrod, Air Conditioning Contractors of
America, personal communication, September 3, 1992).
Repair persons may install piping through walls, floors, and/or ceilings. After this is
done, sealants are used to prevent water or air leakage from around the pipe. Expanding
foam sealants are commonly used to accomplish this (B. Axelrod, Air Conditioning
Contractors of America, personal communication, September 3, 1992). An MSDS for one of
28
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TABLE 2
CONTENTS OF COIL CLEANERS
Product Form
Aerosol
Aerosol
Liquid
Liquid '
Liquid Concentrate
Liquid Concentrate
Contents
Alkaline Solution1
62% petroleum distillate, 17% xylene, 8% isobutane,
7% propane, 6% detergent2
Alkaline Solution3
67.5% 1,1,1-trichloroethane, 24%
5% mineral spirits4
Acidic Solution with 1.4% glycol
perchloroethane,
butyl ether5
Alkaline Solution with 2.2% glycol butyl ether and
1.9% alcohol6
'Stewart Hall Chemical Corporation. 1992c. Material Safety Data Sheet for Renewz Aerosol. Mount Vemon, NY. July 8.
2Sitoo. 1985. Material Safety Data Sheet for Engine Shampoo 35A. Warminster, PA. November.
'Nu-Calgon Wholesales, Inc. 1991. Material Safety Data Sheet for Calclean. Maryland Heights, MO. April 11.
'ERG Enterprises. 1989. Material Safety Data Sheet for Blast Off. Cincinnati, OH. January 1.
'Stewart Hall Chemical Corporation. 1992b. Material Safety Data Sheet for Con-Coil. Mount Vemon, NY. August 13.
*Stewart Hall Chemical Corporation. 1992a. Material Safety Data Sheet for Coil-Rite. Mount Vemon, NY. January 1.
29
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these products indicates that its contents are less than 30 percent hydrofluoroalkanes, less than
14 percent 4,4-diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI), and less than 14 percent higher
oligomers of MDI (Fomo Products, 1992). Aerosol coatings are also used as sealants (B.
Rives, Research Triangle Institute, personal communication, September 23, 1992). An MSDS
for one coating used as a sealant shows that it contains solvents including toluene, hexane,
1,1,1-TCA, isobutane, propane, varnish makers' and painters' (VM&P) naphtha, and petroleum
hydrocarbon oil (Drummond American Corporation, 1990).
Cements are often used by repair persons to connect pieces of PVC pipe. This
cement, applied with a small fiber swab, dissolves some of the piping and then evaporates to
fuse the two pieces of pipe (B. Axelrod, Air Conditioning Contractors of America, personal
communication, September 3, 1992). An MSDS for a PVC cement shows that it contains 55
percent MEK, 23 percent tetrahydrofuran, and 10 percent cyclohexanone (La-Co Industries,
Inc., 1990).
Sealants and adhesives may also be used if HVAC ductwork is repaired. Various
types of caulks may be used as joint sealants when constructing the ductwork. In addition,
many HVAC ducts are lined with insulation that is attached to the duct with an adhesive. In
depth, evaluation of these two products was excluded from the scope of this report since
companies that service HVAC units do not commonly repair or replace ductwork.
Penetrants are often sprayed on rusted bolts and screws to loosen them. Although
aerosol lubricants are sometimes used to accomplish this, specific products are marketed as
penetrants (E. Lovette, Research Triangle Institute, personal communication, September 8,
1992). An MSDS for one penetrant shows that it contains greater than 90 percent aliphatic
petroleum naphtha (Radiator Specialty Company, 1985).
Various aerosol coatings are used by repair persons to touch up the paint on the
external casings of many units (E. Lovette, Research Triangle Institute, personal
communication, September 8, 1992). An MSDS for three different spray paints shows that
these aerosol coatings may contain various combinations of propane, 2-methylpropane,
hexane, light aliphatic hydrocarbon, VM&P naphtha, mineral spirits, toluene, xylene, and
isopropyl acetate (Martin-Senour Company, 1992).
Certain refrigerants have been commonly used in the past for cleaning parts, as well as
for cleaning the internal system after a motor burnout The refrigerant most often used for
cleaning, CFC R-11, is no longer generally used due to a current phaseout in production and
because the 1990 CAAA prohibits the intentional release of CFC refrigerants (E. Hill,
Research Triangle Institute, personal communication, September 24, 1992; Gardner and
Baker, 1992). Nevertheless, CFC R-l 1 is not out of circulation completely, and a
representative of the Air Conditioning Contractors of America suspects that it is still being
used by a small number of repair persons (B. Axelrod, Air Conditioning Contractors of
America, personal communication, September 3, 1992).
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4.9 MACHINE SHOPS
4.9.1 Introduction
A variety of traditional mechanical machining operations are performed in most
machine shops. These operations include turning, milling, drilling, grinding, and polishing.
In addition, some shops perform electrical, chemical, and/or thermal machining operations
(Metcut Research Associates, 1972).
According to a representative from the National Tooling and Machining Association
(NTMA), machine shops are listed under SIC codes 3544 and 3599. The majority of these
businesses are registered under SIC code 3544, which is described as "establishments
commonly known as contract tool and die shops and primarily engaged in manufacturing, on
a job or order basis, special tools and fixtures for use with machine tools, hammers, die-
casting machines, and presses." SIC code 3599 is identified as "establishments primarily
engaged in manufacturing machinery and equipment and parts, not elsewhere classified," as
well as those primarily engaged in "repairing machinery and equipment parts, not elsewhere
classified, on a job or order basis for others" (O. Henderson, National Tooling and
Machining Association, personal communication, September 9, 1992; Standard Industrial
Classification Manual, 1987).
The machining industry has a large number of small companies. Approximately 68
percent of NTMA's membership, which totals over 3,100 companies, are businesses with
fewer than 50 employees (O. Henderson, National Tooling and Machining Association,
personal communication, September 9, 1992). In addition, many machining companies,
especially smaller ones, serve customers within very small niche markets (B. Ruxton,
National Tooling and Machining Association, personal communication, September 2, 1992).
The 1987 census lists 7,317 facilities under SIC code 3544. These businesses
employed 114,400 people and had product shipments valued at $7,550.1 million. Of these
establishments, only 1,517 had 20 or more employees and only 411 had 50 or more
employees. The same census lists 21,545 facilities under SIC code 3599. These facilities
employed 228,400 people and had shipments valued at $13,692 million. In this SIC code,
only 2,985 facilities had 20 or more employees (Census of Manufactures, 1987).
4.9.2 Nonprocess Solvent Usage
Machine shops commonly use solvents to clean parts for inspection, grinding, and
prior to shipping. These solvents are used primarily to remove scale (i.e., oxides) and grease.
Rust is usually mechanically removed from the parts through sandblasting or bead-blasting or
through the machining operations themselves. Two solvents that are used routinely for
cleaning purposes are 1,1,1-TCA and perc (O. Henderson, National Tooling and Machining
Association, September 9, 1992; B. Ruxton, National Tooling and Machining Association,
September 2, 1992; D. Tichenor, Durham Technical Community College, personal
31
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communication, September 9, 1992; Taylor, 1989). These two solvents are applied to the
machine parts by hand wiping, by dipping, or through the use of a vapor degreaser. The use
of degreasers is common in machine shops with 25 employees or more (O. Henderson,
National Tooling and Machining Association, personal communication, September 9, 1992;
Taylor, 1989).
For general parts cleaning, many machine shops use mineral spirits that are provided
by solvent supply and recycling companies. Parts washers are used that are similar to those
described in Section 4.1.2. These solvents, which are used to remove grease and dirt from
parts, are monitored by the supply company for contamination and replaced at regular time
intervals (O. Henderson, National Tooling and Machining Association, personal
communication, September 9, 1992).
Solvents may be found in cutting fluids and coolants. The specific type of cutting
fluid used depends on many variables including the type of machining being done, the
machining tool, and the type of material being machined. There are four basic types of
cutting fluids and coolants (University of Northern Iowa, 1990):
• straight oils,
• soluble oils,
• synthetics, and
• semisynthetics.
Some straight oils contain 100 percent petroleum oils. These oils are appropriate for
the easiest machining task. For more severe applications, straight oils containing up to 20
percent additives (e.g., fatty oils, sulfur, chlorine, and/or phosphorus) are used. For extreme
conditions, additives may exceed 20 percent Straight oils provide very good lubricity but
they are not very effective coolants. Because of this, they are usually limited to low-speed
operations (University of Northern Iowa, 1990).
Soluble oils are made up of 60 to 90 percent petroleum oil and contain an emulsifier
which makes them soluble in water. These oils are suitable for most machining operations.
They do not equal the lubricity of straight oils but they do have better cooling properties.
Because of their water content, they are formulated with additives to prevent rust formation
and rancidity. The characteristics of these oils are relatively expensive to maintain; therefore,
in most operations, they have been replaced with chemical synthetics (University of Northern
Iowa, 1990).
Synthetic cutting fluids contain no petroleum fluid and may be diluted with water.
They are easy to maintain and provide relatively good lubricity, high cooling capacity, and
corrosion prevention. They are preferred when clarity is important, for purposes of observing
the machining operation, and when less lubrication is needed (University of Northern Iowa,
1990).
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Semisynthetics contain 2 to 30 percent petroleum oil, with the oil being dispersed in
the water-soluble fluid. These fluids are used in applications that require good lubricity,
especially at high temperatures (University of Northern Iowa, 1990).
4.10 MOLD RELEASE AGENTS
4.10.1 Introduction
External mold release agents may be used in the production of plastics, metals, glass,
and rubber. For the purposes of this report, only mold release agents that are used in plastic
and plastic-foam molding were considered. Plastic molding operations include:
• . reaction injection molding,
• compression molding, and
• blown foam processes.
In each of these processes, the release agent coats the mold so that the molded product can
easily be removed in one piece. Currently, 50 American companies are registered with The
Society of the Plastics Industry, Inc. (SPI), as manufacturers of mold release agents (SPI,
1992). Data concerning the quantity of mold release agents produced is not available from
SPI. This information is also not listed in the 1987 census statistics.
4.10.2 Nonprocess Solvent Usage
External mold release agents traditionally contain a solvent-based carrier agent. These
carriers are often the CFCs R-ll or R-12, but other halogenated compounds, such as MeCl2,
are also used. Anticipating the eventual phaseout of CFCs, the plastics industry is
investigating several alternatives to these chemicals, and alternative products are currently
available in many cases.
In general, the alternatives to halogenated organic carriers can be classified into five
categories:
• petroleum-based carriers, tf v
• water-based carriers,
• semipermanent release agents,
• internal release agents, and
• atomized mold release agents.
Mold release agents that contain petroleum- or water-based carriers are marketed by a number
of companies. One company sells both types of mold release agents for use in polyurethane
foam molding, and their water-based products contain no VOC. Although these release
agents can be used in nearly every type of polyurethane foam molding operation, many of
33
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their customers prefer the solvent-based line of products since these release agents are less
expensive and flash off faster, thereby decreasing the required process time (K. Murphy, Air
Products & Chemicals, Inc., personal communication, October 10, 1992).
Silicone- or teflon-based coatings are semipermanent mold release agents. While
traditional mold release agents must be repeatedly sprayed onto the mold (e.g., before each
molding operation), semipermanent release agents are designed to be applied once and used
several times before needing to be reapplied. Nevertheless, these types of products still
contain a carrier agent (G. Walmsley, Hickory Springs Manufacturing Company, personal
communication, October 8, 1992). The MSDSs from one manufacturer show that three of
their silicone release agents contain 97 percent halogenated hydrocarbons and ether (George
Mann & Company, Inc., 1990a-c).
Internal mold release agents are contained in the plastic foam itself and, therefore, no
external release agent is needed. Based on limited investigation, no current application of this
technology was found but these types of release agents are being investigated by some
manufacturers in the industry (G. Walmsley, Hickory Springs Manufacturing Company,
personal communication, October 8, 1992).
One company has developed atomized mold release agents. In their system, low
pressure nozzles are used to atomize a mold release agent within a spray chamber. Molds are
passed through the chamber where they are coated with a layer of the release agent This
system, which has only been used in the manufacturing of in-line skate wheels, does not
require the use of solvents. Another company is currently trying to apply this technology to
other molding operations (Gardner and Baker, 1992).
Cleaning solvents may be required in molding operations. The spray guns used to
apply most mold release agents must be cleaned periodically. At the very least, these guns
are flushed out with solvent at the end of each work day. In addition, cleaning of the mold
itself is required if the plastic being molded does not separate completely from the mold or,
in the case of semipermanent molds, if the silicone coating has been scratched (G. Walmsley,
Hickory Springs Manufacturing Company, personal communication, October 8, 1992).
4.11 OFFICE PRODUCTS
4.11.1 Introduction
Office products are used in nearly all industries and, irrespective of the type of
business, most companies tend to use the same types of office products. In 1987, the value
of shipped office products in SIC codes 3951 (pens and mechanical pencils) and 3955 (carbon
paper and inked ribbons) was $1,627 million (Census of Manufactures, 1987). Items that
could potentially contain solvents include:
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• inks from pens, markers, stamp pads, and typewriter and printer ribbons;
• correction fluids;
• rubber cement and other glues;
• thinners for correction fluids and rubber cement;
• specific office cleaners, such as white-board cleaner; and
• carbon paper.
Other products not normally considered to be office supplies may also be used in an office
environment Specifically, graphic arts supplies, such as adhesive spray mounts and acrylic
spray coatings, are common.
4.11.2 Nonprocess Solvent Usage
A wide variety of inks are available for pens and markers. Information concerning the
contents of some of these inks, obtained from various MSDSs, is shown in Table 3.
Although the MSDS for ballpoint pen ink does not list the type of solvent used, it most likely
contains an organic solvent because it is suggested that ink spills be cleaned up by first
flushing with "thinner" (Pilot Corporation of America, 1991). Water-based inks, such as
those used in felt tip pens, rolling ball pens, overhead markers, and highlighters,
all contain organic solvents. These solvents, which are most often ether alcohols, diols,
and/or triols, are soluble in both water and alcohol and are used to give the inks their required
flow characteristics.
An MSDS for an ink used in printer ribbons shows that it contains unspecified
amounts of high, molecular-weight hydrocarbons that presumably have very low volatility
(International Rotex, Inc., 1990). An MSDS for a stamp pad ink did not list any of the
components (Dennison Stationery Products Company, 1992b).
Correction fluids and correction fluid thinners are made by a variety of companies.
Liquid Paper Correction Fluid is produced by The Gillette Company (Gillette). Correction
fluid is commonly available in either small (approximately one ounce) containers that include
a brush applicator or in the form of a pen-type dispenser. Prior to October 1, 1992, this
correction fluid and thinner both contained 1,1,1-TCA and had VOC contents, as defined by
Gillette, of 50 and 100 percent, by weight, respectively. Gillette is no longer producing these
products. Instead they have permanently discontinued thinner production and are
manufacturing a reformulated version of correction fluid. The new correction fluid contains
no 1,1,1-TCA and has a VOC content of 40 percent, by weight Gillette defines a VOC as a
compound containing at least one carbon atom and having a vapor pressure greater than 1mm
mercury at 20° C (0.01934 psia at 68° F) (J. Thompson, The Gillette Company, personal
communication, August 25, 1992; Wemick, 1992). The manufacturer of another correction
fluid discloses that the product has 0.224 pounds of VOC per gallon and contains unspecified
amounts of 1,1,1-TCA and mineral spirits (International Rotex, Inc., 1991). No information
was obtained on the contents of correction fluids that are dispensed from pens.
35
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TABLE 3
CONTENTS OF PENS AND MARKERS
Product
Pens
Markers
Ballpoint
Felt Tip
Felt Tip
Rolling ball
Permanent
White-board
White-board
Overhead
Highlighter
Ink Content
4.5% complex dyestuff1
water, diethylene glycol2
18-19% diethylene glycol, glycerine, and polyethylene glycol;
6% dyestuffs; 75-76% water, etc.3
14-17% diethylene glycol, glycerine, and 2-pyrrolidone; 6.5%
dyestuffs; 76.3-79.5% water4
50-70% 2-methoxyethanol, 0-35% ethyl alcohol,
0-14% 2-methoxyethyl acetate, and 0-10% r-butyrolacetone5
methyl isobutyl ketone, n-butyl acetate6
50% ethyl alcohol, 30% isopropyl alcohol, 4% pigments.7
water, propylene glycol.8
10-30% glycerine, diethylene glycol, 2-pyrrolidone, and
triethanolamine; 1.5% dyestuffs; 68-88.5% water9
'Pilot Corporation of America. 1991. Material Data Sheet for Better Retractable. TrumbuU, CT. January 14.
'Sanford Corporation. 1988. Material Safety Data Sheet for Expresso* Polymer Point Pens Extra Fine Point Bellwood, IL.
June 10.
•Pilot Corporation of America. 1990a. Material Safety Data Sheet for Fineliner, Razor Point, Razor Point H. TrumbuU, CT.
June.
'Pilot Corporation of America. 1990b. Material Safety Data Sheet for Precise Rolling Ball Ink. TrumbuU, CT. June.
'Pilot Corporation of America. 1990c. Material Safety Data Sheet for SC-UF. Trumbull, CT. December 12.
•Sanford Corporation. 1987. Material Safety Data Sheet for Expo* Dry Erase Markers Broad Tip. Bellwood, IL. April 28.
''Pilot Corporation of America. 1990e. Material Safety Data Sheet for Whytebord Marker. TrumbuU, CT. June.
'Sanford Corporation. 1989. Material Safety Data Sheet for Vis-A-Vis* Overhead Projector Pen Waterbase Fine Point.
BeUwood.JL. April 19. ' ; i
* Pilot Corporation of America. 1990d. Material Safety Data Sheet for Spotliter Ink. Trumbull, CT. June..
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An MSDS for a rubber cement and thinner show that both products contain naphtha,
n-hexane, IPA, and paraffins (Dennison Stationery Products Company, 1991 and 1992a).
A whiteboard cleaner sold by one manufacturer contains unspecified amounts of IPA
and ethylene glycol monobutyl ether (Sanford Corporation, 1990b). Other aerosol products
may also contain VOCs. One spray adhesive contains 1,1,1-TCA, isobutane, and 1,4-dioxane
while a spray coating contains toluene, xylene, ethyl benzene, acetone, isobutane, and propane
(Krylon-Hardware Program, 1992). A photo-mount product is formulated with propane, n-
hexane, acetone, and naphthol spirits and contains 5.0 Ibs/gal of VOC (3M, 1992).
Computer disk drive cleaning kits include a cleaning solution that contains 99 percent
IPA (Verbatim, 1987). A typewriter platen cleaner is manufactured that contains 1,1,1-TCA,
glycol methylene either, and sec butanol (Sanford Corporation, 1990a).
4.12 QUICK PRINT SHOPS
4.12.1 Introduction
Quick print facilities, in general, offer three services:
• photocopying,
• offset lithographic printing, and
• digital duplicating.
Photocopying is done primarily with dry-process machines but some shops use wet-process
photocopiers. Offset lithography uses small sheet-fed presses that have one to four colors.
Digital duplicating is accomplished using equipment that is somewhat similar to a
mimeograph machine. Although not in widespread use, the digital duplicator is being used by
an increasing number of quick printers. This machine prints using a stencil that is wrapped
around an ink-soaked print cylinder but, unlike a mimeograph machine, it has an automatic
stencil-making process and the ability to print at high speeds (D. Witty, National Association
of Quick Printers, personal communication, August 25, 1992; A. Adelson, Riso, Inc., personal
communication, August 26, 1992).
Many quick printers offer more elaborate services that are similar to those provided by
reprographers. Reprography shops, traditionally termed blueprint shops, offer services that
include: production of white prints, large document copying, plotting, color copying,
microfilm and slide production, and offset printing. Machines that produce blueprints or
white prints use either aqueous or anhydrous ammonia. VOCs are not used in this type of
equipment Most reprographers feel that they provide unique services to clients who are more
technically oriented than the customers seen by quick printers. Their clients are often
engineering, designing, graphic arts, and legal firms. Nevertheless, a precise distinction
between quick printers and reprographers does not exist since quick printers are, in general,
37
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updating their services and starting to compete with reprographers for the same potential
clients (M. J. Sager, International Reprographics Association, personal communication,
August 27, 1992; P. Nowers, Association of Reproduction Materials Manufacturers, personal
communication, August 21, 1992).
Quick print facilities are listed under the SIC codes 2752 and 7334. SIC code 2752,
lithographic commercial printing, is described as "establishments primarily engaged in
printing by the lithographic process" while SIC code 7334, photocopying and duplicating
services, is identified as "establishments primarily engaged in reproducing text, drawings,
plans, maps, or other copy by blueprinting, photocopying, mimeographing, or other methods
of duplication other than printing or microfilming" (Standard Industrial Classification
Manual, 1987). Quick print facilities that contain offset presses may list themselves under
SIC code 2752 but this is not true in all cases. In fact, the National Association of Quick
Printers (NAQP) advises all of its members to list their facilities under SIC code 7334
regardless of whether or not they have offset presses (V. Lustgarten, National Association of
Quick Printers, personal communication, September 10, 1992). Reprography shops are most
commonly listed under SIC code 7334 but some reprography shops may also be listed under
SIC codes 8711 and 8712, which are described as "engineering services" and "architectural
services," respectively (M.J. Sager, International Reprographics Association, personal
communication, August 27, 1992).
The 1987 census cites 982 quick print facilities under SIC code 2752 as having
receipts of $100,000 or more. In 1982, only 320 facilities had receipts of this amount All
quick print facilities under SIC code 2752 had combined receipts of $430.5 million (Census
of Manufactures, 1987). The census statistics list 4,474 establishments under SIC code 7334
in 1987. These establishments, which include reprography shops, employed 37,785 workers
and had receipts of $1,978.4 million (Census of Service Industries, 1987).
4.12.2 Nonprocess Solvent Usage
Solvents may potentially be used in both the operation and routine maintenance of
dry- and wet-process photocopiers. For either type of machine, maintenance and repair are
rarely performed by the quick printer. Instead, these operations are done by a manufacturer,
dealer, or third-party service company (D. Witty, National Association of Quick Printers,
personal communication, August 25, 1992).
Although dry-process photocopiers use dry toner in their operations, small amounts of
emitted organic vapors have been detected in at least one study of these machines. In this
study, it was speculated that the vapors are monomers from the resin in the toner powder, and
that they are more likely to be emitted as the toner powder is fixed to the paper with
heat-rolls. The study further theorized that these vapors may react with emitted ozone and
result in reaction products, such as oxygenated hydrocarbons (e.g., lower aldehydes, ketones,
and carbolic acids) (Hannsen and Andersen, 1986).
38
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Routine maintenance of dry-process photocopiers, usually done every four months,
primarily involves vacuuming accumulated toner from the machine. Methyl alcohol and
consumer glass cleaner may be used to clean external parts of the machine. Small amounts
of light machine grease, synthetic aerosol lubricant, and/or light machine oil may be used to
lubricate the internal parts of the photocopier. A belt cleaner that contains solvent may also
be used on a regular basis (B. Hecker, Copy Pro, personal communication, August 26, 1992).
Wet-process photocopiers use liquid toner and dispersant Although these
photocopiers may be more suitable for high-volume copying operations since they, in general,
last longer and require less maintenance than dry-process machines, they are not used
extensively in quick print facilities (D. Witty, National Association of Quick Printers,
personal communication, August 25, 1992, and B. Hecker, Copy Pro, personal
communications, August 26, 1992). In fact, only one American distributor of wet-process
photocopiers was found. This distributor sells its product line of wet-process photocopiers to
quick print facilities, as well as to offices and schools (K. Costigan, Savin Corporation,
personal communication, August 25, 1992).
The liquid toner used in these machines contain 75 percent, by weight, of hydrotreated
heavy naphtha (Ricoh Corporation, 1990a). The dispersant is composed of greater than 99
percent hydrotreated heavy naphtha (Ricoh Corporation, 1990b). Both the toner and
dispersant for these machines are supplied in canisters and replaced by the user, as needed.
Various studies examining emissions from wet-process photocopiers have been
conducted. Two of these studies indicate that VOC exhaust from these photocopiers is
predominantly a mixture of CIO and Cu branched alkanes, although other VOCs are present
including xylene, phthalates, isocyanates, nitropyrene, and 2,2,4-trimethyoctane (Hodgson and
Daisey, 1989; Cutter Information Corporation, 1992). Another study examined the total VOC
emissions from a wet-process photocopier and found emissions ranging from 0.222 to 0.253
grams per copied page (Kerr and Sauer, 1990). Emissions from wet-process photocopiers can
be estimated by arbitrarily assuming that 5 percent of the 5,456 facilities use this type of
equpment Assuming each facility produces 1,500 copies per day for 250 days per year,
annual VOC emissions would range from 36.5 to 41.6 tons.
Regular maintenance of wet-process photocopiers, also normally done every four
months, involves removing the toner and dispersant mixture (called the working solution)
from the tank assembly. The working solution is disposed of by the service company. The
tank assembly and development assembly are then wiped clean using cleaning dispersant.
The same lubricants that are used in dry-process machines are used in these photocopiers and,
likewise, methyl alcohol and consumer glass cleaner may be used to clean the external parts
(B. Hecker, Copy Pro, personal communication, August 26, 1992).
The small offset presses used in quick print facilities use non-heatset inks. One
manufacturer's line of rubber-based inks contain 10 to 30 percent hydrotreated petroleum
hydrocarbons and 15 to 30 percent vegetable oil. The black ink has a VOC content of 1.32
39
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Ib/gal, while the color inks have a VOC content of 1.10 to 1.60 Ibs/gal (Van Son Holland Ink
Corporation of America, 199la and b).
The fountain solutions used in these presses are often mixtures of water, IPA, and a
commercially available concentrate. At one quick print facility, the fountain solution is mixed
by combining approximately 2 fluid ounces of concentrate with 8 ounces of IPA and
10 to 15 ounces of water, depending upon the specific concentrate used (V. Snipes, Research
Triangle Institute, personal communication, September 17, 1992). One concentrate used at
this facility contains no VOC, while another contains 1 to 2 percent ethylene glycol, 1 to
2 percent glycerol, 15 to 20 percent ethylene glycol monobutyl ether, and 5 to 10 percent. IP A
(A.B. Dick Company, 1989a and b).
Although there are a wide variety of lithographic plate-making procedures, most quick
print facilities use one of three types of offset plates:
• metal surface plates,
• photopaper plates, or
• electrostatic plates.
Surface plates are either additive or subtractive, depending upon whether an ink-receptive
lacquer is added to the plate or removed from the plate. Additive plates are treated with an
emulsion developer, consisting of a lacquer and gum-etch in acid solution. Subtractive plates
are treated with a solvent which, according to one MSDS, contains 3 to 4 percent benzyl
alcohol (A.B. Dick Company, 1990). Photopaper plates are processed with developer, fixer,
and a stop bath. It is unlikely that any of these processing chemicals contain significant
amounts of organic solvent, since they were described by a NAQP representative as being
similar to those chemicals used to develop photographic paper. Electrostatic plates are based
on the principles of photocopiers and may use either a dry or liquid toner (D. Witty, National
Association of Quick Printers, personal communication, August 25, 1992; and Bruno, 1989).
The press blankets and the ink blades, which act as ink reservoirs, are cleaned when a
change in ink color is required and at the end of each day. Various cleaning solvents, often
termed blanket cleaners, are used. At one facility, the press operator squirts cleaning solvent
on cleanup mats that have been wrapped around the blankets. The press is then operated so
that each solvent-soaked mat rotates with the blanket and removes all residual ink in the
printing area. The ink blades are manually wiped clean using the same solvent. At this
facility, 2 to 3 fluid ounces of cleaning solvent are used each time a color station is cleaned
(V. Snipes, Research Triangle Institute, personal communication, September 17, 1992). The
VOC content of blanket cleaners can vary greatly. For example, one blanket cleaner has a
VOC content of 6.13 Ib/gal, while that of another is only 2.60 Ib/gal (Anchor Lithkemko,
1992; Van Son Holland Ink Corporation of America, 1991c).
Digital duplicators use a water-based ink which, according to an MSDS supplied by
one company, contains 17 percent mineral oil as well as an undisclosed percentage of glycerol
40
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(A. Adelson, Riso, Inc., personal communication, August 26, 1992; Riso Kagaku Corporation,
1991). A request has been made for details on how these machines are cleaned but this
information has not yet been received.
4.13 ROAD PAVING
4.13.1 Introduction
The United States Census reports that 10,986 establishments classified under SIC code
1611 were in business during 1987. This SIC code includes facilities engaged in the
construction of roads, streets, alleys, sidewalks, parkways, and airports. The census data
obtained also include companies that construct guardrails, perform highway grading, and
install highway signs. The industry employed 284,380 individuals, approximately 84 percent
of whom were directly involved in construction. The net value of construction work is
approximately $28 billion (Census of Construction—Industry Series, 1987; Standard Industrial
Classification Manual, 1987).
Generally, roads are constructed of either bituminous asphalt concrete (asphalt) or
Portland cement concrete (concrete). Asphalt is blended at a facility that may be located
several hours from the job site (K. Ours, Research Triangle Institute, personal communication,
September 17, 1992). The hot asphalt mixture (hot mix) is blended and maintained at
approximately 300° F prior to being laid and compacted. The major constituent of asphalt is
aggregate, a mixture of sand and gravel. Asphalt cement (AC), a derivative of the bottom cut
in the distillation of crude oil, serves as the binder for the aggregate. A variation is
formulated by preparing an emulsion of AC and water. Cutback asphalt is based on a
mixture of AC and kerosene or naphtha (F. Waller, Asphalt Institute, personal
communication, September 25 and November 2, 1992). Previously, cutback asphalt was
considered to be a major source of VOC emissions. In recent years, the increased use of
water-emulsified products has resulted in decreased organic emissions (Kersteter et al., 1992).
It is estimated that between 460 and 500 million tons of hot mix was prepared in
1991. This estimate does not include hot mix prepared from cutback or emulsion asphalt
Approximately 5.5 percent of the hot mix is AC (C. Campbell, National Asphalt Pavement
Association, personal communication, September 25, 1992). A different source estimates that
22.2 million tons of AC was used for paving in 1991. That same year, approximately
926,000 and 2.4 million tons of cutback and emulsion asphalt, respectively, were produced
(B. McGinnis, Asphalt Institute, personal communication, September 25, 1992).
Concrete is an inorganic mixture of portland cement, aggregate, and water. The
aggregate is a precisely controlled mixture of fine, medium, and coarse materials. This
includes sand and gravel of various sizes. Cement, a reaction product of lime and gypsum,
reacts with the water to form a medium that binds the aggregate. The mixture is prepared
away from the job site. Water is added either immediately or at the site, depending on the
41
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required mixing time. It is poured into molds, and the concrete hardens as it dries (K. Ours,
Research Triangle Institute, personal communication, September 17, 1992).
4.13.2 Nonprocess Solvent Usage
AC contains low concentrations of VOC when properly prepared. The North Carolina
Department of Transportation evaluates AC by a "loss on heating test." When heated, if
more than 0.5 percent by weight volatilizes, the AC is rejected. Realistically, VOC
concentrations in AC are on the order of 0.0025 percent (F. Waller, Asphalt Institute, personal
communications, September 25 and November 2, 1992).
Emulsion-based asphalt is prepared in a colloidal mill where the AC is dispersed into
1 to 10 micron-sized particles. Approximately 30 to 33 percent of the mix is water. An
emulsifying agent is added. The typical 5 to 5.5 percent ratio is maintained when adding
emulsified AC to aggregate. When this product cures, the water evaporates, leaving AC,
residual emulsifying agent, and aggregate (F. Waller, Asphalt Institute, personal
communications, September 25 and November 2, 1992).
When formulating cutback asphalt, approximately 20 to 45 percent by weight of
naphtha or kerosene is added to AC. Aggregate is added so the final product contains the
typical 5 to 5.5 percent solvent and AC. The solvent evaporates as the asphalt cures (B.
McGinnis, Asphalt Institute, personal communication, September 25, 1992). The impact of
the limited use of cutback asphalt is demonstrated in the following calculations. As stated
earlier, between 460 and 500 million tons of hot mix was prepared in 1991. From 5.0 to 5.5
percent of the hot mix is AC. Thus, between 23 and 27.5 million tons of AC was used in the
hot mix. Another source estimated the usage at 22.2 million tons. A simple average of the
three numbers yields 24.2 million tons of AC. An estimation of potential VOC emissions is
obtained by multiplying the tonnage of AC in hot mix by a VOC content of 0.0025 percent
This calculation yields 605 tons of VOC in 1991. An estimation of the maximum quantity of
VOC emissions can be obtained by assuming the VOC content is 0.5 percent. Similar
arithmetic indicates 121,000 tons of potential emissions.
The same calculations can be performed for cutback asphalt A source estimated the
1991 use of cutback asphalt to be approximately 926,000 tons. Assuming 33 percent of the
cutback formulation is kerosene or naphtha (containing 100 percent VOC), VOC emissions
would total nearly 306,000 tons of VOC. Although the production of cutback asphalt is less
than 4 percent of the straight AC production, emissions from cutback asphalt far exceed those
from straight AC.
Both asphalt and concrete paving rely on heavy equipment, which requires periodic
maintenance and repair. The process often involves removing oils and greases from parts.
For this purpose, it is necessary to use solvents that are commonly used in equipment
maintenance shops. These include the varsol- or mineral spirits-based products that are used
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to clean and degrease parts (K. Starwalt, American Road and Transportation Builders
Association, personal communication, July 30, 1992).
In the asphalt industry, regular equipment cleaning is performed with high-pressure
water sprays, although this may not have always been the practice. In some states,
remediation work is required at the locations where repeated equipment cleaning resulted in
ground contamination (A. Steiner, American Association of State Highway and
Transportation, personal communication, July 29, 1992).
Some construction groups coat the truck and hopper beds with diesel fuel to prevent
sticking. The asphalt absorbs any excess liquid. Diesel fuel is also used to clean hand-held
tools, such as shovels and rakes. One facility keeps the diesel fuel in a covered bucket and
reuses it for cleaning purposes until the cleaning ability is exhausted. An outside contractor
removes the spent solvent annually (J. Benda, Illinois Tollway, personal communication,
August 4, 1992).
Fresh concrete is usually removed from clothing and work equipment with water.
There is no need to use solvents for cleaning (B. Risser, American Concrete Paving
Association, personal communication, August 4, 1992).
4.14 ROOFING
4.14.1 Introduction
In 1987, the census tallied 25,673 establishments with 231,137 employees in business
under SIC code 1761. These establishments are engaged in roofing, siding, and sheet metal
work. The census places the value of the work performed at $14 billion. The census does
not provide information that is specific to the roofing industry (Census of Manufactures-
Industry Series, 1987; Standard Industrial Classification Manual, 1987).
Roof coverings vary in materials and construction. A few of the materials used
include: asphalt-type shingles, rubber, tar and gravel, plastic, metal, and foam. Tar and
gravel roofs are installed by heating coal tar or petroleum-derived asphalt and pumping it onto
the roof. The liquid is spread evenly with mops. Just before the tar cools and solidifies
(after about 30 minutes), gravel is spread over the surface (J. Short, Research Triangle
Institute, personal communications, August 4 and September 15, 1992). The main purpose of
the roofing aggregate is to provide protection from the evaporative and oxidative effects of
the sun, heat, air, and water (The Roofing Industry Educational Institute, 1987).
Rubber roofs are installed by rolling the covering onto the roof and trimming it to fit
An adhesive affixes the roof to the building and joins adjacent pieces (J. Short, Research
Triangle Institute, personal communications, August 4 and September 15, 1992).
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4.14.2 Nonprocess Solvent Usage
The asphalt used in roofing is similar to the AC used to pave roads. AC is derived
from the bottom cut in the distillation of crude oil. When properly distilled, the asphalt
contains very small amounts of VOC. Material specifications are more stringent for roofing
than for paving asphalts. For roofing, a higher viscosity AC is prepared. Two grades are
available, "dead level" and "steep." The lower viscosity AC, dead level, has a higher
viscosity than paving AC. The semisolid material is heated to 400° F and pumped to the
roof. No sand or aggregate is added until the surface cools (B. Woodring, GAP, personal
communication, September 29, 1992; and F. Waller, Asphalt Institute, personal
communications, September 25 and November 2, 1992).
Estimates have placed the amount of AC used for roofing at 3.7 million tons
(B. McGinnis, Asphalt Institute, personal communication, September 25, 1992). Assuming
VOC concentrations of 0.0025 and 0.5 percent (as stated in Section 4.13.2), potential
emissions of VOC from straight AC are 94 and 18,739 tons, respectively.
Naphtha or kerosene is used in a cutback asphalt formulation. Cutback asphalt
represents a small portion of the industry. These products are used in detail work such as
flashing. Also, water-based asphalt emulsions are used in specialty applications where the
coating is exposed, unprotected by gravel or sand. Although coal tar dominated the market
50 years ago, it is rarely used today (B. Woodring, GAP, personal communication, September
29, 1992).
For tar and gravel roof applications, nonprocess solvents are used to clean tools and
clothing. An industry-affiliated member of the Residential Roofing Committee of the Roof
Coatings Manufacturers Association (RCMA) stated that kerosene and mineral spirits are
often used. When necessary, roofing tars are thinned with mineral spirits (D. Shaw, Georgia
Pacific, personal communication, July 30, 1992). Mineral spirits is a solvent derived from a
cut in the distillation of naphtha. Boiling points range from 300 to 415 °F. Flashpoints range
from 100 to 140 °F (Budavari, 1989).
A roofing contractor was contacted by the National Roofing Foundation because the
association had limited information on cleaning solvent use within the industry. According to
the contractor, asphalt is removed from tools and building surfaces with mineral spirits.
Waterless hand cleaners are used for personal cleaning (T. Shanahan, National Roofing
Foundation, personal communication, July 30, 1992). A spokesperson from the RTI facility
maintenance department stated that tools are cleaned with varsol. The inexpensive mops are
not cleaned but are discarded (J. Short, Research Triangle Institute, personal communications,
August 4 and September 15, 1992).
The contact from the facility maintenance department continued by stating that when
rubber roofs are repaired, the area around the patch must first be cleaned to assure proper
adherence. The product used is called Black Splice Cleaner (J. Short, Research Triangle
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Institute, personal communications, August 4 and September 15, 1992). According to the
label, the product contains carbon black, heptane, EPA, and toluene. Silicon caulk is used as
an adhesive (B. Woodring, GAP, personal communication, September 29, 1992).
The spokesperson affiliated with the RCMA added that cements and coatings are being
reformulated as water-based emulsions. The contact expects the need for cleaning with
solvents to be reduced as the products are modified (D. Shaw, Georgia Pacific, personal
communication, July 30, 1992).
4.15 TEXTILE MANUFACTURING
4.15.1 Introduction
The SIC manual classifies facilities primarily engaged in the manufacture of textile
mill products in major group 22. For this document, research efforts centered on all industry
groups with the exception of group 229, miscellaneous textile goods. Examples of facilities
within group 229 and, therefore, outside the scope of study, include establishments engaged in
the manufacture of tire cord and fabrics, nonwoven fabrics, cordage and twine, nonrubberized
coated fabrics, and those not elsewhere classified. Future references to the textile industry are
pertinent to all facilities in major group 22 with the exception of industry group 229
(Standard Industrial Classification Manual, 1987).
The textile industry employs approximately 534,500 individuals in 2,010 facilities.
The net value added for the industry is nearly $23 billion (Census of Manufactures-Industry,
1987). Industry groups 221 and 222 correspond to cotton broadwoven fabric mills and
manmade fiber and silk broadwoven fabric mills, respectively. Facilities engaged in the
weaving or braiding of narrow fabrics from cotton, wool, silk, and manmade fibers are
classified as industry group 224. Industry group 223, wool broadwoven fabric mills, includes
dyeing and finishing, unlike groups 221, 222, and 224. Group 226 is for facilities engaged in
the dyeing and finishing of textiles, exclusive of broadwoven wool fabrics and knit goods
(Standard Industrial Classification Manual, 1987).
Knit goods manufacturers, dyers, and finishers are included in group 225. This group
is the largest in this industry, containing approximately 43 percent of the facilities and 33
percent of the employees in the industry. Establishments engaged in the manufacture of
carpets and rugs are classified under industry group 227. SIC group 228 includes yam and
thread mills (Standard Industrial Classification Manual, 1987; Census of Manufactures--
Industry, 1987).
4.15.2 Nonprocess Solvent Usage
Estimates have been made that nonprocess applications are responsible for 30 to 60
percent of solvent use in textile facilities (B. Smith, North Carolina State University, personal
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communication, June 29, 1992). Because textile facilities generally are large plants composed
of different types of manufacturing and support operations, nonprocess solvents are used in
many ways. Several of the support operations, such as HVAC repair, electrical repair, and
machine shops, are discussed elsewhere in this report Additionally, such facilities require
routine janitorial cleaning of the plant and associated office space. As discussed in Section
4.11, common office products also contribute to the total amount of nonprocess solvent use at
a facility. One use of solvents that is unique to the textile industry is the process of spot
cleaning fabric as it is being inspected.
Spot cleaning is a process that uses solvents to remove oil and other soils from fabric
as it passes across the inspection tables. Solvents typically used include trichloroethylene,
perc, and 1,1,1-TCA. Solvent is applied by the following methods: direct pour from the
container, contact with a solvent-soaked pad, and/or use of an electric spray gun (Textile
Research Council, 1980). Some facilities anticipate converting to a mineral spirits-based
solvent for spotting. However, its relatively slow evaporation rate poses some problems
(J. Conner, Textured Yam Association of America, personal communication, August 3, 1992).
One facility explained an option for reducing the amount of solvent used in spotting. Soap
can be added to the spot when fabric that is soiled requires further wet processing, such as
dyeing. Then the initial baths of the subsequent process will remove most stains. The
facility stated that this technique was partially responsible for reducing the quantities of
solvents used. As a result, emissions are below the reporting limit for the Toxic Release
Inventory (J. Roberts, West Point Pepperell, personal communication, August 3, 1992).
"Ringing" occurs when the solvent migrates radially from the stain; carrying the soil
and other previously hidden residues with it. It soon evaporates, leaving a ring around the
old stain area. The area must be spot cleaned again until the residue is no longer visible.
Ringing is sometimes minimized by blowing the fabric with compressed air after the solvent
is applied (Textile Research Council, 1980).
Because productivity in a textile facility depends on efficient equipment operation,
preventive maintenance schedules are in place to reduce machinery downtime. Equipment
maintenance and repair operations include the removal and replacement of lubricants.
Solvents are used to clean and degrease equipment parts (J. Tew, American Association of
Textile Chemists and Colorists, August 3, personal communication, 1992).
Unlike nearly every other operation in a plant, there is a lack of standard written
procedures for cleaning. This deficiency often results in inappropriate or excess use of
solvents (B. Smith, North Carolina State University, personal communication, June 29, 1992).
Varsol-type solvents have nearly replaced the 1,1,1-TCA that was previously used for
cleaning equipment parts. Special solvent blends are available from vendors with a flashpoint
over 140 °F. Thus, wastes resulting from cleaning with these solvents are not classified as
ignitable (J. Roberts, West Point Pepperell, personal communication, August 3, 1992).
Arrangements are sometimes made with outside services for the removal and recycle of spent
solvent
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To date, investigation by one facility into alternative parts cleaners has been
unsuccessful. A particular aqueous-based product that demonstrated promise for cleaning
applications was found to initiate equipment rust (J. Conner, Textured Yarn Association of
America, personal communication, August 3, 1992). In addition, most water-based products
that were evaluated by this facility did not cut the oils and greases as effectively as organic
solvents. Therefore, based on the level of cleanliness that is desired (or required), water-
based products are often not the first choice for companies unless there are other
considerations (e.g., regulations or environmental ethics).
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SECTION 5
ANALYSIS OF SOURCE CATEGORIES AND RANKING CRITERIA
Literature searches provided little specific information on nonprocess solvent use.
Contacts with trade associations and industrial representatives proved to be the best source of
information. Even so, most individuals contacted had not previously considered nonprocess
solvent usage. Therefore, specific information on types of solvents and quantitative data on
use within the selected industrial/commercial business categories were not readily available.
5.1 RANKING CRITERIA
The information that has been presented in the preceding section can be used along
with information that has been gathered as part of other EPA efforts to select three to six
industrial/commercial business categories for further evaluation. It will be through this
further, detailed evaluation that specific data will be obtained on quantities and types of
nonprocess solvent used.
Six criteria within four levels of consideration will be used to select categories for
further evaluation. These criteria are summarized in Table 4. The first criterion to be
considered is other research efforts being pursued by EPA. Because of the potential for
overlap and duplication of efforts between projects, evaluation of this criterion is considered
most important. Information about other EPA research projects will be gathered primarily
through contacts with EPA personnel.
The second most important criterion to be evaluated will be the potential cooperation
of the industrial/commercial category being investigated. Helpful and knowledgeable trade
associations will provide invaluable assistance in gathering information and planning a
pollution prevention demonstration. This criteria also is critically important since any
demonstration that is undertaken will require the full cooperation of a host facility.
While the first two levels of consideration are important and include issues that must
be addressed prior to conducting further research, the three criteria included within the thrid
level of consideration are also of significant importance. These three criteria are:
(1) evaluation of the potential impact on VOC emissions, (2) opportunities for pollution
prevention research, and (3) applicability of the research to other business categories will help
to determine the overall usefulness of conducting research within the category.
The proximity of facilities within each category will be the last, and least important,
criterion evaluated. Gathering information through site visits and conducting demonstration
projects will be easier and more efficient if there are facilities located near the Research
Triangle Park.
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TABLE 4
CRITERIA USED TO DETERMINE CATEGORIES FOR FURTHER EVALUATION
Level of Consideration
Criteria
Issues
Other Research Efforts
Is the category being investigated by other EPA
researchers? Will this research include an assessment
of nonprocess solvents? Can EPA dovetail its efforts?
Industrial Cooperation
Based on contacts to date, does it appear that facilities
will participate in the site assessments and
demonstrations? Have trade associations been
cooperative?
Potential Impact on VOC Emissions
Is the category a large user of nonprocess solvents?
Do nonprocess solvents account for a significant
portion of overall VOC emissions within the category?
Opportunities for Pollution Prevention Research
From efforts to date, does it appear that there are
significant opportunities for conducting successful
pollution prevention research demonstrations that show
how emissions from nonprocess solvents may be
reduced or eliminated?
Applicability of Research
Does the category use nonprocess solvents in a way
that is applicable to many other industry groups? Does
the category use nonprocess solvents in a way that is
specific to its SIC code but generally applicable to
most facilities within that code?
Proximity of Facilities
Are there facilities in the category that are within a
100-mile radius of the Research Triangle Park? Are
there facilities located in North Carolina?
-------
Table 5 lists a brief summary of the selection criteria and information gathering efforts
that pertain to each of the 15 industrial/commercial business categories. Because significant
efforts were made in the early stages of the project to avoid redundancy of research while
addressing topics of collective interest, the issue of "Other Research Efforts" has already been
addressed within this report (see Section 2). As a result, "Other Research Efforts" is not
included on Table 5.
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TABLES
SELECTION CRITERIA FOR INDUSTRIAL/COMMERCIAL BUSINESS CATEGORIES
Industry
Automobile
Rvpur
Bakeries
Budding
Renovation
ChemicsJ
Manufacturing
Electrical
Equipment
Maintenance &
Repair
Florist*
Furniture Repair
& Restoration
VOC Emission Impact
Approximately 55,000
facilities in United States.
Many small facilities that
do not use organic
solvents.
. Larger facilities have few
uses of solvents unique to
bakeries.
Variety of practice* by
many contractor!.
Potentially large.
Approximately 15,000
facilities in United States.
Very small.
Small facilities with little
access to control
techniques.
Current practices rely on
solvent-based technology.
Potation Prevention Opportunities
Nonaerosol product formulations.
Alternative cleaners.
Water-based cleaners, paints, and
thinner*.
Alternative methods for date code
printing.
Low- or no- VOC paints, coatings,
adhesives, strippers, and cleaners.
Products and procedures for cleaning,
maintenance, and general industrial
operations.
"No-clean" options.
Alternative product forms and
formulations.
Current work practice already limits
usage.
Limited to changes in work practice.
Water-based strippers, cleaners, and
finishes.
Alternative stripper and coating
formulations.
Methods used by furniture
conservators.
Relevance to Other Industries
Industrial fleet maintenance.
Parts cleaning.
Equipment/vehicle repair and
maintenance.
Facility painting.
Printing industry.
Relevant to consumer
do-it-yourself and new
construction.
Relevant to other large
industrial facilities.
Limited.
General shop cleaners are used
in other retail businesses.
Relevant to furniture
manufacturers.
Equipment cleanup issues
applicable to other industries.
Industry Cooperation
Independent Garage
Owners of NC helpful.
Industry and trade
associations helpful.
Segmentation and
specialization of industry
is a hindrance.
Trade associations not
helpful.
Trade associations
somewhat helpful but
have little available
information.
No trade association for
all facilities.
Must contact individual
facilities.
Society of American
Florists helpful.
Furniture conservators
helpful.
Refinishers acknowledge
increased attention on
solvent use.
Proximity of Facilities
Many local facilities.
174 retail baking and
selling facilities in NC.
81 NC facilities in SIC
Codes 205 1,2052, and
2053 report to TRI.
High growth in Triangle
area supports construction
and renovation.
20 NC facilities in SIC
Codes 2865 tnd 2869
report to TRI.
Both small and large
facilities are nearby.
Commonplace.
Local facilities.
(continued)
-------
TABLES
SELECTION CRITERIA FOR INDUSTRIAL/COMMERCIAL BUSINESS CATEGORIES
(Coot'd)
Industry
Hating,
Ventilation, A
AC Service
Machine Shopi
Mold Release
Agent*
Office Product!
Quick Print
Shop*
Road Paving
Roofing
Textile
Manufacturing
VOC Emission Impact
Use variety of solvents.
Cleaning solvents are a
Urge source of VOC
emissions.
SO manufacturers in the
United States.
Large users of solvents.
Large users of solvents.
From 310 to 430 K tons
VOC in 1991.
From 93 to 1 8,500 tons
VOC in 1991.
Nonprocess solvents
account for 30% to 60%
of solvent use.
PoDutfon Prevention Opportunities
Low- VOC products are available.
Alternative product forms.
Alternative use procedures.
Low- VOC cutting fluids and cleaners.
Alternative product formulations.
Low- VOC adhesives, cleaners,
coatings, and inks.
Alternative product forms.
Maintenance and cleanup.
Low- VOC fountain solutions.
Replace cutback with emulsion.
Minimize tool contamination.
Water-based cleaners.
Alternative coating for hopper and
truck beds.
Alternative roofing materials.
Minimize tool contamination.
Water-based cleaners.
Alternative products for spotting,
adhesives, cleaning, and equipment
maintenance.
Relevance to Other Industries
Required in other industries.
Metal working industry.
Very limited.
Nearly every industry.
Office environments and
printing industry.
Relevant to roofing trades.
Techniques and products similar
to road paving.
Equipment maintenance and
repair is common to other
industries.
Industry Cooperation
Two helpful trade
associations.
National Tooling A.
Machining Association
helpful.
Manufacturers and users
of mold release agents
helpful.
Some product suppliers
helpful.
National Association of
Quick Printers helpful.
Trade associations
interested in alternative
cleaners.
Industry was helpful.
NCSU's College of
Textiles, Trade
Associations, and Industry
are helpful
Proximity of Facilities
Many small and large
facilities are nearby.
Many small and large
facilities are nearby.
Only one manufacturer of
mold release agents is
located in NC.
Few local manufacturers
but many users.
Many local facilities.
Stale Department of
Transportation in Raleigh,
NC
Many local opportunities.
176 textile facilities in NC
report to TRI.
Lft
S)
-------
SECTION 6
REFERENCES
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May 15.
A.B. Dick Company. 1989b. 4-1185 Proformance Fountain Solution. Chicago, Illinois.
May 19.
A.B. Dick Company. 1990. 4-9014 Short Step Super Subtractive Offset Plate Developer.
Chicago, Illinois. May 24.
Anchor Lithkemko. 1992. A-60 Solvent. Orange Park, Florida. March 16.
Ashland Chemical Company. 1986. Mineral Spirits 66. Columbus, Ohio. March.
Bruno, M. H. 1989. Pocket Pal: A Graphic Arts Production Handbook. Fourteenth Edition,
International Paper Company, Memphis, Tennessee.
Budavari, SM ed. 1989. The Merck Index. Eleventh edition. Merck & Co., Inc. Rahway,
New Jersey.
Carawan, R. E. 1991. Liquid Assets for Your Bakery, Bank or Drain. North Carolina
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Census of Construction Industries. 1987. Department of Commerce, Washington, DC.
Census of Manufactures. 1987. Department of Commerce, Washington, DC.
Census of Retail Trade. 1987. Department of Commerce, Washington, DC.
Census of Service Industries. 1987. Department of Commerce, Washington, DC.
Cheratronics, Inc. 1991a. E-Series TF Plus. Kennesaw, Georgia. January.
Chemtronics, Inc. 1991b. Tun-O-Wash. Kennesaw, Georgia. January.
Chemtronics, Inc. I99Ic. Tuner Renu. Kennesaw, Georgia. January.
Chemtronics, Inc. 1991d. Tun-O-Power. Kennesaw, Georgia. August.
Chemtronics, Inc. 1992. Flux-Off. Kennesaw, Georgia. January.
53
-------
Cutter Information Corporation. 1992. Office Furnishings/Equipment and IAQ: Health
Impacts. Prevention, and Mitigation. Indoor Air Quality Update: A Guide to the Practical
Control of Indoor Air Problems, Arlington, Massachusetts.
Dennison Stationery Products Company. 1991. Rubber Cement Framingham,
Massachusetts. December 31.
Dennison Stationery Products Company. 1992a. Rubber Cement Thinner. Framingham,
Massachusetts. February 12.
Dennison Stationery Products Company. 1992b. Stamp Pad Inks. Framingham,
Massachusetts. February 21.
Drummond American Corporation. 1990. Outlast Vernon Hills, Illinois. December 1.
Environmental News of the American Bakers Association. 1991. E-Source, 3. Washington,
DC.
ERC Enterprises. 1989. Material Safety Data Sheet for Blast Off. Cincinnati, Ohio.
January 1.
Exceltech, Inc. 1990. Waste Audit Study. Building Construction Industry. Prepared for
Alternative Technology Division, Toxic Substances Control Program, California Department
of Health Services. Sacramento, California.
Federal Register. 1992. Protection of Stratospheric Ozone; Final Rule. Thursday, July 30.
Fomo Products, Inc. 1992. ForaofilL Norton, Ohio. March.
Gardner, D. and A. Baker. 1992. CFC Busters. Design News. August 24.
George Mann & Company, Inc. 1990a. Slide Quick Paintable Mold Release 44712.
Providence, Rhode Island. August 6.
George Mann & Company, Inc. 1990b. Slide Quick Silicone Mold Release 44612.
Providence, Rhode Island. August 6.
George Mann & Company, Inc. 1990c. Slide Quick Lecithin Mold Release 44812.
Providence, Rhode Island. August 6.
Hannsen, T. B. and B. Andersen. 1986. Ozone and Other Air Pollutants from Photocopying
Machines. American Industrial Hygiene Association. October 659-665.
54
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Hodgson, A. T., and J. M. Daisey. 1989. Source Strengths and Sources of Volatile Organic
Compounds in a New Office Building. Presented at Air & Waste Management Association's
82nd Annual Meeting & Exhibition, Anaheim, California, 89-80.7, June 25-30.
Hollar, Larry. 1992a. Memorandum. Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park,
North Carolina. December 17.
Hollar, Larry. 1992b. Memorandum. Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park,
North Carolina. December 7.
International Rotex, Inc. 1990. Black Printer Ribbon Ink. Reno, Nevada. August 27.
International Rotex, Inc. 1991. Rotex Overcoat Bond White. Reno, Nevada.
James, A., et al. 1986. Photochemically Reactive Organic Compound Emissions from
Consumer & Commercial Products. EPA-902/4-86-001. (NTIS PB88-216940). U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, New York, New York. November.
Jones Engineering Group, Inc. 1991. Guides to Pollution Prevention: The Automotive
Repair Industry. EPA/625/7-91/013. (NTIS PB91-227975). Risk Reduction Engineering
Laboratory and Center for Environmental Research Information, Cincinnati, Ohio. October.
Kerr, G., and P. Sauer. 1990. Control Strategies for Liquid Process Photocopier Emissions.
Public Works Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, pp 759-765.
Kersteter, S. L., et al. 1992. Identification and Characterization of Missing or Unaccounted
for Area Source Categories. EPA-600-R-92-006 (NTIS PB92-139377). Air and Energy
Engineering Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. January.
Kohl, JM P. Moses, and B. Triplett 1984. Managing and Recycling Solvents. North
Carolina State University, North Carolina Practices, Facilities, and Regulations, Raleigh,
North Carolina.
Kosusko, M. 1990. Demonstration of Emerging Area Source Prevention Options for Volatile
Organics. Presented at AIChE 1990, Summer Meeting, August 19-22, 1990, San Diego,
California. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Air and Energy Engineering Research
Laboratory, Organics Control Branch, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
Krylon-Hardware Program. 1992. 91301 Crystal Clear Coatings. Bedford Heights, Ohio.
March 26.
La-Co Industries, Inc. 1990. Clear PVC Cement. Chicago, Illinois. December 18.
Martin-Senour Company. 1992. Spray Paints. Cleveland, Ohio. January 24.
55
-------
Metcut Research Associates, Inc. 1972. Machinery Data Handbook. 2nd Edition,
Machinability Data Center, Cincinnati, Ohio.
Nu-Calgon Wholesales, Inc. 1991, Material Safety Data Sheet for Calclean. Maryland
Heights, Missouri. April 11.
Ostojic, N. 1979. End Use of Solvents Containing Volatile Organic Compounds. EPA-
450/3-79-032. (NTIS PB80-124423). Office of Air Quality Planning & Standards, Research
Triangle Park, North Carolina. May.
Pilot Corporation of America. 1991. Material Data Sheet for Better Retractable. Trumbull,
Connecticut. January 14.
Pilot Corporation of America. 1990a. Material Safety Data Sheet for Fineliner, Razor Point,
Razor Point n. Trumbull, Connecticut. June.
Pilot Corporation of America. 1990b. Material Safety Data Sheet for Precise Rolling Ball
Ink. Trumbull, Connecticut. June.
Pilot Corporation of America. 1990c. Material Safety Data Sheet for SC-UF. Trumbull,
Connecticut. December 12.
Pilot Corporation of America. 1990d. Material Safety Data Sheet for Spotliter Ink.
Trumbull, Connecticut. June.
Pilot Corporation of America. 1990e. Material Safety Data Sheet for Whytebord Marker.
Trumbull, Connecticut. June.
Radian Corporation. 1988. Preliminary Review of 19 Source Categories of VOC Emissions.
Final Report. EPA Contract No. 68-02-4378. Prepared for Emission Standards Division,
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
Radiator Specialty Company. 1985. Aerosol Liquid Wrench No. 1 Penetrant. Charlotte,
North Carolina. September.
Radiator Specialty Company. Hydro Seal II. Charlotte, North Carolina.
Ricoh Corporation. 1990a. Savin 9350 Black Toner. West Caldwell, New Jersey.
October 19.
Ricoh Corporation. 1990b. Savin 9350 Dispersant. West Caldwell, New Jersey.
October 18.
56
-------
Riso Kagaku Corporation. 1991. Risograph Ink (RC). Danvers, Massachusetts.
December 21.
Roofing Industry Educational Institute. 1987, Roofing Grade Bitumens - Hot Applied
Asphalts and Coal Tars. Englewood, California.
Safety-Kleen Corporation. 1990. Safety-Kleen 105 Solvent. Eglin, Illinois. December.
Sanford Corporation. 1990a. Soluene Typewriter Cleaner. Bell wood, Illinois.
Sanford Corporation. 1990b. Expo Cleaner for Dry Erase Surfaces. Bellwood, Illinois.
February 1.
Sanford Corporation. 1987. Material Safety Data Sheet for Expo® Dry Erase Markers Broad
Tip. Bellwood, Illinois. April 28.
Sanford Corporation. 1988. Material Safety Data Sheet for Expresso® Polymer Point Pens
Extra Fine Point. Bellwood, Illinois. June 10.
Sanford Corporation. 1989. Material Safety Data Sheet for Vis-A-Vis® Overhead Projector
Pen Waterbase Fine Point. Bellwood, Illinois. April 19
Sigma-Aldrich Corporation. 1993. Dichloromethane. Milwaukee, Wisconsin. February
through April
Siloo. 1985. Material Safety Data Sheet for Engine Shampoo 35A. Warminster,
Pennsylvania. November.
The Society of the Plastics Industry, Inc. (SPI). 1992. Washington, DC. October 15.
Standard Industrial Classification Manual. (NTIS PB87-1000012). 1987. National Technical
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Stewart Hall Chemical Corporation. 1991a. Coil-Rite. Mount Vernon, New York.
Stewart Hall Chemical Corporation. 199 Ib. Con-Coil. Mount Vernon, New York.
Stewart Hall Chemical Corporation. 1992a. Material Safety Data Sheet for Coil-Rite. Mount
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Stewart Hall Chemical Corporation. 1992b. Material Safety Data Sheet for Con-Coil.
Mount Vernon, New York. August 13.
57
-------
Stewart Hall Chemical Corporation, 1992c. Material Safety Data Sheet for Renewz Aerosol.
Mount Vernon, NY. July 8.
Taylor, D. 1989. Trichloroethylene and Stoddard Solvent Reduction Alternatives in a Small
Shop. Aero Precision Engineering Company, SL Paul Park, Minnesota.
Textile Research Council. 1980. Working Atmosphere Pollution Levels: 2. Organic Solvents.
Nottingham, United Kingdom.
3M. 1992. 3M 6065 Scotch Spray Mount (TM) Adhesive (PB). St. Paul, Minnesota.
April 25.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1984. Locating and Estimating Air Emissions from
Sources of...Series. EPA-450/4-84-007. Office of Air Quality and Planning Standards.
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
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207203). Office of Air Quality Planning & Standards, Research Triangle Park, North
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U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1991. Compilation of Air Pollutant Emissions,
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September.
University of Northern Iowa. 1990. Cutting Fluid Management in Small Machine Shop
Operations. Iowa Waste Reduction Center, Cedar Falls, Iowa.
Valvoline, Inc. 1992. Silicone Spray. Lexington, Kentucky. May 12.
Van Son Holland Ink Corporation of America. 199la. Rubber Base Plus Black. Mineola,
New York. September 1.
Van Son Holland Ink Corporation of America. 199 Ib. Rubber Base Plus Colors. Mineola,
New York. September 1.
Van Son Holland Ink Corporation of America. 1991c. Rapid One Step Glaze Remover.
Mineola, New York. October 28.
Verbatim. Disk Drive Cleaning Kit Sunnyvale, California. 1987.
VIDEOJET Systems International, Inc. 1987. 16-8700 Ink. Elk Grove Village, Illinois.
January.
58
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VIDEOTEX Systems International, Inc. 1985. 16-3400 VIDEOJET Cleaning Solution. Elk
Grove Village, Illinois. October 10.
Virginia KMP. 1991. Virginia No. 10 Degreasing Solvent. Dallas, Texas. July 11.
WD-40 Company. 1989. WD-40. San Diego, California. January.
Wemick, T. Letter. 1992. Gillette Medical Evaluation Laboratories, Gaithersburg,
Maryland. September 21.
59
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SECTION 7
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Claridge, M. 1983. Photocopiers: An Office Hazard. Environmental Health, September:
246-247.
Journal of Commerce. 1987. Study Finds Copier Exhaust is Major Office Pollutant
September 2: 9B.
Miller, R. 1986. Machinists Library Volume 1: Basic Machine Shop. Macmillan
Publishing Company, New York, New York.
Oberg, E., F. Jones, and H. Horton. 1980. Machinery's Handbook. Industrial Press, Inc.,
New York, New York.
Olds, W. 1973. Lubricants. Cutting Fluids, and Coolants. Cahners Publishing Company,
Boston, Massachusetts.
Pojasek, R. 1992. Conserving Fluid Use in Machining Operations. Pollution Prevention
Review. 2 (3), 379-381.
Tenenbaum, D. 1990. The Air Conditioning/Refrigeration Toolbox Manual. Simon &
Schuster, Inc., New York, New York.
Tsuchiya, Y. and J. B. Stewart. 1990. Volatile Organic Compounds in the Air of Canadian
Buildings with Special Reference to Wet Process Photocopying Machines. Institute
for Research in Construction, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario,
Canada, pp 633-639.
University of Tennessee. 1989. Waste Reduction Assessment and Technology Transfer.
WRATT Training Manual Second Edition. The Center for Industrial Services, Waste
Reduction Assistance Program. Nashville, Tennessee.
60
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APPENDIX 1
KEY WORDS USED IN LITERATURE SEARCH
solvent
waste
VOC
prevent
organic
build
renovate
furniture
Xerox
print
machine
asphalt
HVAC
repair
maintenance
manufacturing
paving
pollute
emission
clean
minimize
baking, baker, bake
construct
roof
textile
photocopy
office
florist
road
heat
service
chemical
electric
s, ,
Al-1
-------
APPENDIX 2
SIC CODES USED FOR PTS PROMPT SEARCH
Code Descriptor
1521 Construction: General Contractors-Single-Family Houses
1522 Construction: General Contractors—Residential Buildings, Other than Single-
Family
1541 Construction: General Contractors-Industrial Buildings and Warehouses
1542 Construction: General Contractors-Nonresidential Buildings, Other Than
Industrial Buildings and Warehouses
1611 Construction: Highway and Street Construction, Except Elevated Highways
1761 Construction: Roofing, Siding, and Sheet Metal Work
2051 Manufacturing: Bread and Other Bakery Products, Except Cookies and
Crackers
2052 Manufacturing: Cookies and Crackers
22 Manufacturing: Textile Mill Products
2511 Manufacturing: Household Furniture-Wood Household Furniture, Except
Upholstered
2512 Manufacturing: Household Furniture-Wood Household Furniture, Upholstered
2865 Manufacturing: Industrial Organic Chemicals—Cyclic Organic Crudes and
Intermediates, and Organic Dyes and Pigments
2869 Manufacturing: Industrial Organic Chemicals—Industrial Organic Chemicals,
Not Elsewhere Classified
2952 Manufacturing: Petroleum Refining—Asphalt Felts and Coatings
3295 Manufacturing: Abrasive, Asbestos, and Miscellaneous Nonmetallic Mineral
Products-Minerals and Earths, Ground or Otherwise Treated
3861 Manufacturing: Photographic Equipment and Supplies
7334 Services: Mailing, Reproduction, Commercial Art and Photography, and
Stenographic Services—Photocopying and Duplicating Services
7623 Services: Electrical Repair Shops-Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Service
and Repair Shops
7629 Services: Electrical Repair Shops—Electrical and Electronic Repair Shops, Not
Elsewhere Classified
7641 Services: Reupholstery and Furniture Repair
7692 Services: Miscellaneous Repair Shops and Related Services-Welding Repair
7699 Services: Miscellaneous Repair Shops and Related Services-Repair Shops and
Related Services, Not Elsewhere Classified
A2-1
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APPENDIX 3
TRIP REPORTS - AUTOMOTIVE REPAIR
MEMORANDUM November 30, 1992
To: Coleen Northeim
From: Larry Hollar
I. General
^HB Service Center is a family-owned business located at
inf^l North Carolina. VHHHHI and ms son,<^Mk own the 6-bay facility. Seven
individuals are employed full time. The original business, a service station, was across the
street Now it is vacant because of soil contamination from leaking underground storage
tanks. The new facility was built less than four years ago and is still surprisingly clean. The
owners estimate they service approximately 80 cars per week. Both Japanese and Domestic
cars are repaired. Facility spokesmen claim to perform all forms of maintenance and repair
except body work.
IL Parts Washing
Several parts washing techniques are employed by the facility. General parts washing
is performed in one of two facility-owned solvent sinks. Sparkle, a waste contractor, removes
and replenishes both sinks with solvent every 28 days. The cleaner is based on mineral
spirits. The older model consists of an open tray that holds several gallons of solvent. A
pump with an unfiltered intake is in the bottom of the tray. A rack holds the part above the
solvent where it is washed. In the newer model, the solvent and pump are located in a drum
that supports and is covered by the sink. The pump intake is filtered. A brush mounted on
the nozzle facilitates cleaning. The dirtiest parts are washed in the old sink first, then in the
new sink.
Carburetors and other parts that are more difficult to clean are soaked in one of two
solvents. The product of choice, Hydro-Seal n by Gunk, is based on 2-butoxy-l-ethanol and
n-methyl-pyrolidine. Facility representatives stated that it is an effective cleaner. In addition,
the cleaner does not burn the skin or have an offensive odor. When a part is cleaned, rubber
Orings may be left in place because the product will not swell or destroy them. Hydro-Seal
A3-1
-------
II is purchased, stored, and used in covered 5-gallon buckets. The two buckets in use are the
only ones purchased since the relocation.
If Hydro-Seal n does not adequately clean the surface, a chlorinated solvent-based
product is used. The cleaner is kept and used in a closed 55-gallon drum. The'contacts
stated that an aqueous layer on top of the solvent is used to rinse the parts and reduce solvent
evaporation. The business has purchased 36 gallons since its relocation four years ago.
There has yet to be a need for disposal.
in. Prepackaged Solvent-Containing Products
This facility uses a variety of prepackaged, solvent-containing products. Purchase
rates for the most commonly used products are included in Attachment 1. Assuming all
products are 100 percent VOC, emissions from these products total 1,228 pounds per year.
This calculation neglects the effect of combustion when the product is added to the engine
fuel or air intake. Therefore, actual VOC emissions are expected to be lower. Products that
are used in this manner include: carburetor cleaner, fuel injector cleaner, and fuel additive.
IV. Waste Stream Disposal
A 55-gallon drum is used to store waste antifreeze. A contractor removes the spent
coolant and recycles it The contractor will remove the antifreeze for no fee if the shop, in
turn, agrees to purchase the recycled antifreeze. The facility refuses to use recycled antifreeze
as long as the "Big Three" automakers do not approve of the product.
An underground tank is used to store waste gasoline, diesel fuel, and oil. A contractor
removes the waste for recovery as fuel. Thus, care is taken to keep water and coolant wastes
from entering this stream. A "sock" surrounds the tank so local authorities can monitor for
potential leaks.
A second 55-gallon drum is used for mixed wastes. Disposal costs are high for this
stream. For this reason, the facility strives to segregate material.
V. Spill Control/Shop Hygiene
Drip trays are always used. Oil-fill funnels are kept in a 5-gallon bucket that is
periodically drained into the waste oil receptacle. Once each week, the facility hoses down
the floors. Water flows into a center trough leading to two settling basins piped in series.
The overflow of the second basin discharges to the publicly owned treatment works. It has
not been necessary to remove the sludge from either basin.
Small gasoline spills are absorbed by cloths and stored in an open receptacle that is
provided by Safety-Kleen. Periodically, Safety-Kleen removes the used cloths.
A3-2
-------
VI. New Techniques/Approaches
The facility is licensed to operate, and has purchased, equipment that recovers and
recycles freon. The contacts have not investigated in-house engine coolant recycling
equipment because the resulting product has not yet been approved for use in automobiles
manufactured by the "Big Three."
A3-3
-------
Attachment 1
Product Usage Rates
Product
Carburetor Cleaner
Penetrating Lubricant
Fuel Injector Cleaner
Brake Cleaner
Fuel Additive
Case/Month
4
2
0.3
2
0.3
Ibs VOC/year
576
288
32.4
288
43.2
Sample Calculation
• 4 cases/month carburetor cleaner
• 16 ounce/can
• 12 can/case
(16 oz/can)*(12 can/case)*(4 case/month)*(12 month/yr)*(l lb/16 oz) = 576 Ibs/year
A3-4
-------
MEMORANDUM November 30, 1992
To: Coleen Northeim
From: Larry Hollar
I. General
^HB North Carolina. d^HHfcstated that he services approximately 250 cars per
week. The facility has four lifts, one of which is outside. The service station has 13 full-and
five part-time employees. Systems repaired and serviced include: brake, cooling system, air
conditioning, and electrical. Minor drivetrain, carburetor, and fuel injection repair and service
is performed. Vehicle maintenance procedures, such as fluid and filter changes, are
commonplace. Examples of work that is not performed include the rebuilding of carburetors
and transmissions. Because of the difficulty and expense of waste disposal, cooling system
flushes are not performed. Instead, the facility only drains and refills radiators.
EL Parts Washing
^••••Ml owns a parts washer and does not contract an outside agency for
solvent replenishment or removal. On the day of the visit, several boxes were piled on top of
the closed sink. fMflHBH stated that the sink is used an average of twice a day. Varsol is
purchased and added to the sink as needed. The contact did not explain disposal procedures.
m. Prepackaged Solvent-Containing Products
This facility uses a variety of prepackaged, solvent-containing products. Purchase
rates of the most commonly used products are included in Attachment 1. Assuming all
products are 100 percent VOC, emissions from these products are 1,329 pounds per year.
This calculation neglects the combustion of products that are added to the engine fuel or air
intake. These products include: fuel injection tune-up, fuel injector cleaner, and starting *
fluid. Thus, actual emissions are expected to be lower. .
i , " ' »
IV. Typical Product Contents
The facility maintains a file of MSDSs. Not all products with MSDSs on file are used
or sold. Nevertheless, for future reference, the information obtained is listed in Attachment 2.
A3-5
-------
V. Waste Stream Disposal
^•••••mm^ contracts Safety-Kleen to remove waste oil from the facility at
a cost of 50 cents per gallon. The facility will accept, at no charge, up to one gallon from an
individual. Receptacles inside the building are hard piped to a locked and protected
collection vessel on the outside. Safety-Kleen periodically removes the used motor oil. Care
is taken so that only motor oil is added to the tank.
A 55-gallon drum is used to store spent antifreeze. An outside contractor removes the
waste for recycling. Care must be taken to avoid contamination of the material.
Metal-containing parts are saved for scrap dealers who, in turn, sell to metal recovery
facilities. Batteries are removed from the facility to be recycled. Other components like fuel
and water pumps, alternators, and starters are sold to rebuilders.
VI. Spill Control/Shop Hygiene
VBBHHl stated that drips and spills on the shop floor are prevented by the use of
collection pans. The floor is rarely mopped. Holes that lead to the storm sewer have been
plugged. The contact did not explain the disposal of mop water. Oil Dry is used to absorb
small amounts of oil or grease. Polypropylene towels tqppiMriQHMplBMiMHphi
JMMpQ are placed on small gasoline spills. These are kept in an uncovered receptacle for
disposal by Safety-Kleen.
VIL New Techniques/Approaches ,..:? '-_.-
Units are commercially available that are said to collect spent antifreeze and
regenerate or recycle the liquid for reuse. Some machines purify or reconcentrate the
ethylene glycol (removing the water diluent) by distillation. Some equipment models add
components that are not reclaimed during the recycling. flHHHI is suspicious of the
protection and effectiveness afforded by regenerated coolant For this reason, the facility has
not investigated the purchase of such a unit.
JHBBM0 purchases motor oil in bulk containers. He sells oil in 1-quart containers.
Used containers (collected from the trash receptacle) are refilled with bulk motor oil of the
appropriate grade. The facility sells 300 gallons per month in 1-quart containers. This
practice prevents nearly 14,400 containers from going to the landfill each year. If the
economic incentive is reduced by higher priced bulk oil, the contact stated that he may
discontinue the practice.
A freon recycling apparatus is on order. The facility has obtained proper certification
and licensing. •••MMI expects that using the machine will be inconvenient and
expensive because it remains on the car for one hour, rendering a service bay idle.
A3-6
-------
To recover costs associated with the responsible management of waste, surcharges are
implemented on certain procedures. Examples include $1 per battery and 50 cents per oil
change surcharges. Individuals at the Independent Garage Owners of North Carolina support
such a policy. They believe it reinforces to their customers that wastes are managed
responsibly.
Vin. Challenges/Problems
Occasionally, customers pump gasoline into a diesel tank or vice versa. Also, for a
variety of reasons, fuel in auto tanks is contaminated and must be removed and disposed.
A3-7
-------
Attachment 1
Product Usage Rates
Product
Fuel Injection Tune Up
Gumout
Fuel Injector Cleaner
Gum Cutter
Brake Cleaner
Brake Anti Squeal
Starting Fluid
Case/Month
1
1
1
1
4
1
0.3
Ibs VOC/year
144
144
144
144
576
144
33
Sample Calculation:
• 1 case/month fuel injection tune-up
• 16 ounce/can
• 12 can/case
(16 oz/can)*(12 can/case)*(l case/month)*(12 month/yr)*(l lb/16 oz) = 144 Ibs/year
A3-8
-------
Attachment 2
Product Contents
Product
Atlas Penetrating Lubricant
Rubber Cement
Atlas Brake Cleaner
Atlas Brake Part/CV Boot Cleaner
Atlas Carburetor Intake Cleaner
Concrete Cleaner
Atlas Cooling System Cleaner
Cooling System Sealer
Carburetor Cleaner
Gas Line Antifreeze
Gasoline Additive
Glass Kleen Concentrate
Ice Remover
Atlas Lubricating Compound
Components
1,1,1-TCA
Oxygenated Hydrocarbon
Naphtha
Phenol
Graphite
C02
1,1,1-TCA
Perchloroethylene
Methylene Chloride
Heptane
C02
1,1,1-TCA
Xylene
C02
Butyl Cellosolve
Naphtha
Mineral Oil
Hydrocarbon
Propane
Isobutane
Sodium Silicate
2-Butoxyethanol
o-dichlorobenzene
Borax
Inorganic Salts
Isopropanol
Petroleum Distillates
Acetone
Toluene
o-dichlorobenzene
Methanol
Stoddard Solvent
Methanol
Methanol
Diethyleneglycol
CO,
1,1,1-TCA
Propylene Glycol
Castor Oil
CO,
SiO,
%
45 to 66
5 to 15
5 to 15
5 to 15
1 to 5
1 to 5
90
39=7
48.4
9.7
3.2
87.3
9.2
3.5
20
10
66
4
56
89.8
3.8
5.4
60 to 85
5 to 15
5 to IS
1 to 5
1 to5
A3-9
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-------
APPENDIX 4
CONVERSION FACTORS
To Convert
LENGTH
feet
meters
MASS OR WEIGHT
ounces
pounds
pounds
tons
tons
kilograms
kilograms
VOLUME
gallons
gallons
gallons
milli liters
liters
inches3
fluid ounces
fluid ounces
CONCENTRATION
pounds/gallon
grams/liter
DENSITY
pounds/gallon
grams/milliliter
PRESSURE
pounds/inch2
pounds/inch2
millimeters of mercury
ortorr
TEMPERATURE
Fahrenheit
Celsius
(ft)
(m)
To
meters
feet
(oz)
Ob)
Ob)
(kg)
(kg)
kilograms
kilograms
tons
pounds
kilograms
pounds
tons
(gal)
(gal)
(gal)
(ml)
0)
(in3)
(oz)
(oz)
(Ib/gal)
(g/0
(Ib/gal)
(g/ml)
(psia)
(psia)
(mm Hg)
liters
inches3
fluid ounces
fluid ounces
gallons
gallons
gallons
milliliters
grams/liter
pounds/gallon
grams/milliliter
pounds/gallon
mm Hg or torr
atmospheres
pounds/inch2
Celsius
Fahrenheit
Multiply by
0.3048
3.281
0.02835
0.4536
0.0005
2,000
907.2
2.205
0.001102
3.785
231
128
0.03381
0.2642
0.004329
0.007813
29.57
119.8
0.008345
0.1198
8.345
51.71
0.0680
0.1934
subtract 32,
then multiply by
0.5556
multiply by 1.8, then
add 32
A4-1
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO.
EPA-600/R-94-019
2.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Evaluation of Volatile Organic Emissions Data for
Nonprocess Solvent Use in 15 Commercial and
Industrial Business Categories
7. AUTHOR(S)
C. M. Northeim, G. W. Deatherage, and L. A. Hollar,
Jr.
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Research Triangle Institute
P. 0. Box 12194
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709-2194
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
EPA, Office of Research and Development
Air and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION- NO.
5. REPORT DATE
February 1994
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION
94U-5396-01
CODE
REPORT NO
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
CR 819541-01-0
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final; 10/91-11/92
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/13
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES AEERL project officer is Michael Kosusko, Mail Drop 61,
2734.
919/541-
IB. ABSTRACT
The report gives results of a project to gather and evaluate existing data on
nonprocess solvents; i. e., products not directly incorporated into specific industrial
processes. This information is to be incorporated into an overall inventory project
assessing consumer product use and emissions. An additional objective of this pro-
ject is to identify pollution prevention approaches and technology demonstration op-
portunities to enhance regulatory develppment efforts. The report presents the data
and information gathered for nonprocess solvent use in 15 industrial/commercial
business categories: automotive repair; bakeries; building renovation; chemical
manufacturing; electrical equipment maintenance and repair; florists; furniture re-
pair/restoration; healing, ventilation, and air-conditioning services; machine shops;
mold release agents; office products; quick print shops; road paving; roofing; and
textile manufacturing. Literature searches provided little specific information on
nonprocess solvent use. Contacts with trade associations and industry representa-
tives proved to be the best source of information. The information obtained tends to
be qualitative and may include subjective extrapolations.
7.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. COSATI Field/Group
Pollution
Organic Compounds
Volatility
Emission
Solvents
Paints
CVtatincrg
Pollution Prevention
Stationary Sources
Volatile Organic Com-
pounds (VOCs)
Nonprocess Solvents
13B
07C
20M
14G
11K
11C, 13 C
DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release to Public
19. SECURITY CLASS (ThisReport)
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
78
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage)
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
A4-2
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