COMMITTEE ON           EPA/625/R-03/006
      THE CHALLENGES OF           April 2003
      MODERN SOCIETY        www.nato.int/ccms
      NATO/CCMS Pilot Study

    Clean Products and Processes
              (Phase I)
                2002
         ANNUAL REPORT


             Number 257
NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATION

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                         EPA/625/R-03/006
                               April 2003
   2002 Annual Report
NATO/CCMS Pilot Study
 Clean Products and Processes
           (Phase I)
        Report Number 257
 U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
    Kaunas University of Technology
  Institute of Environmental Engineering
         Kaunas, Lithuania

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                                   NOTICE

This report was prepared under the auspices of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization's
Committee on the Challenges of Modern Society  (NATO/CCMS) as a  service to the
technical community by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA).
The views expressed in this Annual Report are those of the individual authors and do not
necessarily reflect the views and policies of the U.S. EPA.  This report has been reviewed
in accordance  with  U.S. EPA's  administrative  review policies and  approved  for
publication. This document was produced as a result of a cooperative agreement with the
U.S. EPA's National  Risk Management Research Laboratory  (NRMRL),  Cincinnati,
Ohio, under the direction  of Dr.  Hugh  McKinnon, and the Institute  of Environmental
Engineering, Kaunas University of Technology, Kaunas, Lithuania.  This Annual Report
was  edited and produced by Daniel J. Murray,  Director of NRMRL's  Technology
Transfer and Support Division and Richard Dzija, of Science Applications International
Corporation. Mention of trade names or specific applications does not imply endorsement
or acceptance by U.S. EPA or Kaunas University of Technology.
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                                   PREFACE

The  Council  of the North  Atlantic  Treaty Organization  (NATO)  established the
Committee on the Challenges of Modern Society (CCMS) in 1969. CCMS was charged
with  developing meaningful  programs to  share  information  among  countries  on
environmental and societal issues that complement other international endeavors and to
provide  leadership  in  solving   specific  problems  of  the  human  environment.  A
fundamental  precept of CCMS  involves the transfer of technological and scientific
solutions among nations facing similar environmental challenges.

The concept of sustainable development, universally accepted as the means of protecting
the environment for all mankind, demands that future manufacturing technologies must
be cleaner, yet economically sound. With continued industrialization and an improving
standard of living among nations, and with increasing globalization of markets and means
of production, all nations by and  large are facing similar environmental challenges in the
manufacturing sectors. We established this pilot study on Clean Products and Processes
to create an international forum  where current trends, developments, and know-how in
cleaner product design and technologies, and in tools for measuring their cleanliness, can
be discussed,  debated, and shared. We hope that this pilot  study, through its annual
meetings,  will  continue  to  stimulate  productive  interactions,  cooperation  and
collaboration among  national experts, with the expected benefits of effective technology
transfer.

The fifth annual meeting of the  pilot study, held in Vilnius, Lithuania, on May 12-16,
2002, marked the completion of Phase I of the pilot study and the initiation of Phase II.
The meeting continued the traditions established by the previous four  meetings held in
Cincinnati,  Ohio,  United  States;  Belfast, Northern   Ireland,   United  Kingdom;
Copenhagen, Denmark; and Oviedo, Spain.  The meeting was hosted by Professor Jurgis
Staniskis, Institute of Environmental Engineering, Kaunas University of Technology,
Kaunas,  Lithuania. Twenty nations were  represented  at  the  meeting.  The  meeting
included the traditional tour-de-table presentations and  updates  of pilot projects. The
special  one-day symposium  focused  on industrial  ecology and  included technical
presentations by international experts and examples of practical applications of industrial
ecology  in  several  Lithuanian  industries.  The  meeting  also  focused on  successful
cooperative  relationships  between universities and industry in  Lithuania,  Spain, the
United Kingdom and the United States.

The fifth annual meeting marked the completion of Phase I of this pilot study and the
initiation  of Phase II. The meeting included with  an evaluation of Phase  I  which
highlighted the many productive  and cooperative relationships developed during Phase I.
The meeting concluded with a reaffirmation of the mission and goals of the  pilot study
and a commitment by the national delegates to work together, over the next five years, to
achieve the goals of Phase  II.

                                  Subhas K. Sikdar, Pilot Study Director
                                  Daniel  J. Murray,  Jr.,  Pilot  Study Co-Director
                                        in

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                                  CONTENTS

Notice	ii

Preface	iii

Introduction	viii

Executive Summary	x

Tour de Table Presentations	1

       Substance Chain Management	2
       Introduction of Cleaner Production in Masna-Zlin Meat Processing Company,
       Ltd	2
       Cleaner Production Tools and Methods, Manuals and Samples	3
       Regional Efforts for Clean Black Sea	7
       Industrial Ecology Taught at the Technical University of Lodz (Poland)	11
       Presentation of United States of America	12
       The Importance and Implementation of Clean Processes in the Republic of
       Moldova	14
       Center for Prevention of Industrial Pollution	15
       Best Available Techniques for Developing Countries	18
       The Benefits and Drawbacks of Voluntary Environmental Agreements Relating to
       Cleaner Technologies	20
       Membrane Engineering for Clean Production	21

Pilot Project Updates	23

       CEVI, the Danish Centre for Industrial Water Management	24
       Life Cycle Assessment of Gasoline Blending Options	25
       Cleaner Energy Production with Reuse of Waste Materials from the Iron and Steel
       Industry in IGCC	26
       Pollution Prevention Tools	34

University-Industry Cooperation	39

       An Update on Government Support for Clean Products and Processes in the
       United Kingdom	40
       Waste Minimization, Revalorisation and Recycling of Solid Wastes in Spain	41
       Presentation of Lithuanian Cleaner Production Centre	43
       Programs of the US National Science Foundation Related to Clean Processing ..46
       Ceramic Membrane Applications in Clean Processes in Russia	47
                                       IV

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                           CONTENTS (Continued)

Industrial Ecology	55

      Industries of the Future: Partnerships for Improving Energy Efficiency,
      Environmental Performance and Productivity	56
      From Pollution Control to Industrial Ecology and Sustainable Development	61
      Industrial Ecology and Research Program at the Norwegian University of Science
      and Technology	63
      Green Concurrent Engineering: A Way To Fill ISO 14001 with Content	76
      Strategies and Mechanisms To Promote Cleaner Production Financing	77
      Cleaner Production Financing: Possibilities and Barriers	79
      Industrial Ecology in University Curriculum: New M.Sc. Programme in
      Environmental Management and Cleaner Production	81
      Chemical Risk Management in Enterprises	83
      Practical Implications of Industrial Ecology: JSC "Vilniaus Vingis"	86
      JSC "Utenos Trikotazas"	87
      Cleaner Production at Paper Mill JSC "Klaipedos Kartonas"	90

Companies Visited	93

      Environmental Performance Management in JSC "Alita"	94
      Environmental Performance Management in JSC "Alytaus Tekstile"	96
      Environmental Performance Management in JSC "Snaige"	98

Appendix A—Annual Reports By Country	A-l

      Czech Republic	A-2
      Israel	A-10
      Moldova	A-12
      Norway	A-l 5
      Poland	A-l 8
      Portugal	A-20
      Republic of Slovenia	A-23
      Sweden	A-24
      Ukraine	A-32

Appendix B—NATO/CCMS Phase I  Summary	B-l

Appendix C—NATO/CCMS Phase II	C-l

Appendix D—List of Participants	D-l

Appendix E—Meeting Program	E-l

Appendix F—PowerPoint Presentation Links	F-l

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VI

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    NATO/COMMITTEE ON THE CHALLENGES OF MODERN SOCIETY

                   Pilot Study on Clean Products and Processes
                                 5th Meeting
                              May 12-16, 2002
                              Vilnius, Lithuania
NATO/CCMSPilot Study Delegates at Trakai Castle
                                     vn

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                                INTRODUCTION
During the fourth NATO/CCMS Pilot Study on Clean Products and Processes meeting
held in Oviedo, Spain on May 6-11, 2001 the delegates attending the meeting suggested
that the fifth meeting could take place in Vilnius, Lithuania.

The  distinctive feature of the meeting held in Vilnius, Lithuania was discussion of the
integration of Industrial Ecology and Clean Products and Processes.

"Industrial ecology is the means by which humanity can  deliberately  and rationally
approach and maintain a desirable carrying capacity, given continued economic, cultural
and technological evolution. The concept requires that an industrial system be viewed not
in isolation from its surrounding systems,  but in concert with them. It is a system view in
which one seeks to optimize the total materials cycle from  virgin material, to finished
material, to product, to waste product, and to ultimate disposal. Factors to be optimized
include  resources,  energy and capital."  (Industrial Ecology.  T.E.  Graedel and B.R.
Allenby. Prentice Hall, New Jersey, 1995.)

Industrial  ecology  can  be considered  the "production"  component  of  sustainable
development. The most important aspect of industrial ecology is the idea of industry as a
system in which there is no waste at any step because all "waste" is a resource for another
part  of the industry network. This concept is thus one of the relationships and dynamics
between companies, research and governmental institutions.

Industrial  ecology is still  a very new concept,  and is not recognized by most industry
executives. It requires an understanding of the basic principle of ecology, which is a set
of dynamic feedback systems. It is still too early for industrial ecology to be widely used
in promoting  behavior changes of industry or even in getting its attention,  but  the
principles of zero waste  and maximum  efficiency  through materials exchanges  will
attract the interest of executives once we have their attention through the dissemination of
concepts such as CP.

Industry has tremendous  opportunities for applied industrial ecology. The unavoidable
wastes of many companies could be turned  into new products by others  if enough
willpower is focused. Designing products to do more with less increases the industrial
system's metabolic  efficiency, as  does  using  inputs derived  from natural  renewable
sources  such as plant stocks instead of non-renewable resources. Increased vertical and
horizontal integration can create significant competitive advantages, as well as increase
management and product  efficiencies.

Forty-six representatives  from a number of countries participated  in the meeting. This
new NATO/CCMS Pilot Study report reflects most of the topics presented at the meeting.

During  the field trip, three Lithuanian companies in the Alytus  region  were visited;
practical studies of their environmental performance have been conducted.
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I would like to thank  the  Lithuanian  governmental institutions  and companies that
generously supported the meeting, particularly  the  Lithuanian  Ministry  of  National
Defence, the Ministry of Environment,  JSC  "Alytaus tekstile," JSC "Alita" and JSC
"Snaige."

I would like to  express special gratitude to His Excellency, Lithuanian President Valdas
Adamkus, who  kindly welcomed participants in the President's Office.

I am also grateful to colleagues from the Institute of Environmental Engineering for their
help in organising the meeting.
Jurgis Kazimieras Staniskis
Professor, Director of the Institute of Environmental Engineering
Meeting Host
                                        IX

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                           EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The  5th annual and concluding meeting of Phase I of the NATO CCMS  Pilot Study,
Clean Products and Processes, was held in Vilnius, Lithuania, from May 12 to 16, 2002.
Although attendance was somewhat smaller this year than last year, this meeting ran well
and ended with great optimism for Phase II,  the approval of which was communicated to
us by the office of Ms. Wendy Grieder, the  US EPA CCMS representative. The success
of this meeting was owed largely to the able organization and leadership of Prof. Jurgis
Staniskis of Kaunas University of Technology.  The meeting was sponsored by NATO
CCMS, US EPA, the Ministry of  National Defense Republic of Lithuania, and the
Ministry of Environment,  Republic  of Lithuania.  The  delegates enjoyed  the rare
opportunity of having a half-an-hour meeting with Mr. Valdas Adamkas,  the President of
the Republic of Lithuania. In last year's meeting in Oviedo, Spain, we decided to shorten
the duration of the meeting  from four and a half days to three and a half days. Thus the
Vilnius meeting was concluded on  Thursday.

The  Vilnius meeting  began on Sunday  May 12 with registration,  introduction of the
delegates, some pilot project updates and tour de table presentations, and continued until
Thursday  noon  with technical presentations,   software demonstrations, and trips  to
industrial sites that practice cleaner production.  It concluded with a wrap-up discussion
and planning for Phase II.

Here is a summary of the various activities:
Monday May 13

Monday May 13 was marked by a one-day conference on Industrial Ecology, which was
particularly  significant because  of the  opening talk  by Mr.  Arunas  Kundrotas,  the
Minister  of Environment, Republic of Lithuania.  Monday afternoon the delegates had a
special meeting with the President of Lithuania. The titles of the symposium talks are:

   •   From pollution to industrial ecology and sustainable development: Prof. Lennart
       Nielsen, Royal Stockholm Technical Institute (Sweden)

   •   Industrial ecology and  eco-efficiency, introduction to the concepts:  Prof. Anik
       Fet, Trondheim Technical University (Norway)

   •   Extended producer responsibility  in  cleaner production: Dr. Morten Karlsson,
       Lund University (Sweden)

   •   Strategies and mechanisms to promote cleaner production financing: Ari Huatala
       (UNEP, Paris)

   •   Cleaner production financing: possibilities and  barriers: Dr. Zaneta Stasishiene,
       The Institute of Environmental Engineering (Lithuania)

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   •   Industrial  ecology in  university curricula:  new international MSc program in
       cleaner production and environmental management (Lithuania)

   •   Chemical risk management in enterprises: Dr. Jolita Kruopiene, The Institute of
       Environmental Engineering (Lithuania)

   •   Practical implications of industrial ecology in Lithuanian industry:

       •  Electronic industry: Vaclovas Sleinota (Vilniaus Vingis)
       •  Textile industry: Nerijus Datekunas (Utenos trikotazas)
       •  Paper industry: Arunas Pasvenskas (Klaipedos kartonas)

   •   International implications on industrial ecology

       •  Utilization of cleaner production methodology on the example of dairy plant:
          Frantisek Bozek (Czech Republic)

       •  Utilization of cleaner production on the example of poultry processing plant:
          Frantisek Bozek (Czech Republic)

The computer Cafe was the last session for Monday. The Cafe included demonstrations
of software that are helpful to cleaner production.
Tuesday May 14

Tuesday  May 14 was devoted to visiting three companies chosen for their exemplary
cleaner production policies and practice.  We visited a refrigerator production  company
"Snaige," a textile company "Alytaus tekstile," and a wine and sparkling wine production
company "Alita."
Wednesday May 15

On Wednesday we completed the tour de table presentations and updates on current and
completed projects. There were also several specialty presentations:

   •   Industries  of  the  future—partnerships  for  improving  energy  efficiency,
       environmental performance and productivity:  Steve Weiner (USA)

   •   Ceramic  membrane applications  in  clean processes in  Russia: Prof.  G.
       Kagramanov  (Russia)
                                        XI

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       •  An update on Government support for clean products and processes in the
          United Kingdom: Prof. Jim Swindall (UK)

       •  Waste minimization, recalorization and recycling of solid waste in  Spain:
          Prof. Jose Coca-Prados (Spain)

       •  Presentation of Lithuanian CP Center: Prof. Jurgis Staniskis (Lithuania)

       •  Programs of the National Science Foundation related to clean  processing: Dr.
          Thomas Chapman (USA)
Pilot Project Updates

The Pilot Study consisted of several projects that were sponsored by member countries,
some of which were collaborative (between countries) in nature. Several of these projects
were completed during Phase I. The following project updates were presented in Vilnius:

   •   Pollution prevention tools: Dan Murray (USA)—ongoing

   •   Reuse of waste materials of iron-steel industries and development of sorbents
       from these  materials  for absorption of hydrogen sulfide in waste gases: Aysel
       Aytimtay (Turkey)—complete

   •   The  Danish  Center  for  industrial  water  management:  Henrik Wenzel
       (Denmark)—complete

   •   Life  cycle assessment of gasoline  blending  options:  Teresa Mata (Portugal)—
       complete

Closing Session Discussion

The discussion during the closing session of the meeting focused on the transition from
Phase I to Phase II. A review of the Phase II proposal that has been approved by NATO
CCMS was presented by the  Pilot Study Co-Director. The proposal reaffirmed the goals
of Phase I and established the following goals for Phase II:

   •   To support the development of eco-efficiency  and  sustainability  indicators and
       promote consistency and harmonization of their application;

   •   To  examine  and exchange information on state-of-the-art  advancements in
       product  design  and process development in service and  industrial sectors of
       importance to participating nations;

   •   To develop a web-based portal  for the dissemination of pilot study  results and
       improved awareness of related global developments;  and
                                       xn

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   •   To  stimulate  and facilitate  productive  collaboration among  all  participating
       nations.

The delegates discussed how to move forward in Phase II and to work together in the
implementation areas described in the Phase II proposal.  These implementation areas will
address tools for assessment of pollution prevention and sustainability and for the design
of cleaner products and processes; cleaner production techniques in priority industrial
areas; and electronic  dissemination of information  and knowledge of cleaner products
and processes.

A long discussion was held  on the approach to be taken to implement a pilot project on
the development and  application of sustainability indicators. This pilot project was
originally proposed at the fourth meeting in Oviedo, Spain, by delegates from Germany,
Hungary, Lithuania and Norway. These delegates and others called for continued support
for this pilot project. It was agreed that  during the coming year,  all  delegates would
provide information regarding the status of sustainability indicator development and
application in their countries.

The delegate from  Germany agreed to develop a framework for the provision of this
information  and send it to each delegate by September 1, 2002. Each delegate, using the
information  framework,  would provide  his  or her information back  to  the  German
delegate by  December 31, 2002.  The German delegate will then prepare a summary
report based on the information. At the next meeting in 2003, a "workshop" will be held
as part of the meeting. This workshop will consist mainly of facilitating discussion of the
issues raised in the summary report and recommendations for actions to be taken by the
delegates to meet the goals of this pilot project on sustainability indicators.  Initial issues
raised included the need to define "sustainability" and then  develop a range of indicators
to measure progress towards sustainability. It was agreed that indicators could be specific
and general. Indicators could be based on measures of eco-efficiency, energy efficiency,
or personal  "carrying  capacity." Also,  indicators  could be industry-based, economic,
environmental, or political. A final challenge will be the development of indicators with
some common units for consistent application and measurement.

The delegates also reaffirmed their interest in addressing cleaner processes and products
in priority  service/industrial sectors. At the first  meeting in Cincinnati  in 1998, the
delegates prioritized industries for examination. The order of priority for the top five
industries  was  textiles,  organic  chemicals  (including  pharmaceuticals),   energy
production,  pulp and  paper,  and food.  The delegates emphasized that  attention to
chemical production,  energy  production,  and food/agriculture,  along  with electronics
should be priority  for Phase  II. The delegate  from Denmark emphasized continued
interest of the pilot study in product design and service sectors.

To increase  information exchange among  the delegates  and to provide more timely and
regular updates, the delegates agreed to provide mid-year  reports on progress in clean
products and processes in their respective nations. Each  delegate will provide a report to
                                       Xlll

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the Co-Director by December 31, 2002. US EPA will move ahead with enhancements to
the pilot study web site during the coming year.

The delegates voted to conduct the next meeting in Italy in early May of 2003. The
specific site of the meeting will be either Rome or Calabria, depending on cost and travel
factors.
Subhas Sikdar, Director
Dan Murray, Co-Director
Pilot Study on Clean Products and Processes
                                      xiv

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NATO/CCMS Pilot Study on Clean Products and Processes (Phase 1)
                     Tour de Table Presentations

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NATO/CCMS Pilot Study on Clean Products and Processes (Phase 1)
                    SUBSTANCE CHAIN MANAGEMENT

                               Dr. Horst Pohle
                    Federal Environmental Agency, Germany
                             horst.pohle@uba.de
Abstract

Substance chain management is the answer to the change in the environmental policy
paradigm, which occurred in the early 90s. There is a growing realisation that there are
limits to  environmental policies  which are  organised  in  terms  of the  various
environmental media  and which are  orientated towards emissions, plants  and single
substances.  There is  a shift  of  focus  from  single substances to  entire fields of
applications, from production to products, and from production plants to product lines.
As a result,  greater emphasis is placed on more systematic material flow description and
more complex product analysis, often described as "from cradle to grave." This change in
perspective  goes hand  in hand with a reorientation  in the  field of environmental
protection, involving the replacement of reactive by proactive policies. Some experiences
and results from programs and projects in Germany were presented at the meeting.
   INTRODUCTION OF CLEANER PRODUCTION IN MASNA-ZLIN MEAT
                      PROCESSING COMPANY, LTD.

                               Frantisek Bozek
                    Military University of the Ground Forces
                 Faculty of State Defence Economy and Logistics
               Department of Public Economy and Logistic Services
                           Vita Nejedleho 1,682 03
                           Vyskov, Czech Republic
                            bozek@feos.ws-pv.cz
                            Tel:  +420507392471
                            Fax: +420 507 392009

                                 Ales Komar
                    Military University of the Ground Forces
                 Faculty of State Defence Economy and Logistics
                    Department of Economy and Nourishment
                           Vita Nejedleho 1,682 03
                           Vyskov, Czech Republic
                              komar@ws-pv.cz
                            Tel: +420 507 392527
                            Fax: +420 507 392325

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NATO/CCMS Pilot Study on Clean Products and Processes (Phase 1)
                                  Jiri Dvorak
                      Military University of the Ground Forces
                  Faculty of State Defence Economy and Logistics
                            Department of Languages
                             Vita Nejedleho 1,682 03
                             Vyskov, Czech Republic
                                dvorakji@post.cz
                              Tel: +420 507 392572
The project called "Introduction of Cleaner Production in Masna-Zlin Meat Processing
Company, Ltd.," was carried out within the framework of bilateral Cupertino between the
Ministry of Environment of the Czech Republic and the Netherlands.

The project was fully financed by the Netherlands  from the PSO fund aimed at the
introduction of cleaner technologies into the Czech industry. The Dutch government is
represented in the process of selection of suitable projects; the SENTER Agency, the
Czech side, is represented by the Czech Centre of Cleaner Production. The total amount
of financial support of the project in Masna-Zlin, ltd. reached 450 000 guldens, of which
170 000 guldens were earmarked for new equipment proposed during the solution of the
project.

Three Dutch  firms participated in the  solution of  the  project: TNO Institute  of
Environmental Sciences, Energy Research and Process Innovation, TAUW  Milieu and
Nijhuis Water Technology. They were delivering equipment.

Project work was carried out from  October 1998 to June 1999, including a  preparatory
phase. The project was divided into the following four phases:

1st phase—stocktaking  of known data. This phase was  characterised by two areas of
issues:   a  detailed  description of individual  production  sections,  qualitative  and
quantitative descriptions of  pollution  and also summary  and elaboration of  all the
available data observed during the last 4 years at Masna-Zlin, Ltd.

2nd  phase—monitoring based on drafting the system  of further measurements,  its
implementation and  evaluation of results. Monitoring focused  primarily on water
consumption and both quantity and  level of pollution of wastewaters being produced by
individual production sections.

3rd phase—good housekeeping, which is one of the methods of cleaner production. The
aim of the methods of good housekeeping was to reduce water  consumption and the
amount  and level of pollution of wastewater being generated by individual production
sections. Participation of company employees  in  the process, including the  company
management and individual  manual professions,  represent an important tool for the
implementation of the method of good housekeeping.

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NATO/CCMS Pilot Study on Clean Products and Processes (Phase 1)
So-called good housekeeping was also divided into several spheres of action. Provisions
that do not require any financial expenditures and have an instant effect were applied
almost immediately. Provisions aimed at the reduction of wasting water are thoroughly
implemented at workplaces, and solid waste being generated during the preparation and
processing of meat is raked and not splashed into sewerage. Furthermore, the provisions
requiring certain intervention in the organisation  of work at  individual production
sections, or technical provisions with low costs are implemented (repair of leaking water
supply valves, washing with water under pressure, substitution of meat pickling for other
technological procedures).  Technical provisions requiring higher costs  and substantial
changes in technology will then be implemented according  to the company's financial
resources.

4th phase—transfer of information. This phase of the project was implemented both in
the course of the project when all the employees were acquainted with the aim  of the
project at various meetings and also at  a  seminar, which concluded the project.  The
seminar was organised  in  co-operation  with  the Czech Centre of Cleaner Production
under the auspices of the Municipal Council  of the town of Zlin. 100% of  invited
companies and representatives of state authorities attended the seminar and finished the
project in a representative way.

It  is evident from  the  final evaluation  of measures being  taken within the project,
especially implementation of principles of good housekeeping, that water consumption
decreased significantly not only  at the  slaughterhouse (slaughtering of pigs and beef
cattle) and the manufacture of meat products, but also at other service operation premises.
Water consumption was reduced  by  9%  on the average, which is almost 200 000  CK.
Waste water contamination was also  reduced, which was showed both by the indicators
of biological and chemical consumption of oxygen and also by the content of extractable
substances (fats).

The IFF 45 E flotation sewage treatment plant works on the principle of flocculation and
flotation. Its efficiency  is 79% elimination of biological contamination (in relation to
biological consumption of oxygen) and 96% elimination of fat substances (determined as
extractable substances). Months of operation of the  preliminary treatment plant saved
3 300 Euros in charges for waste water contamination.

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NATO/CCMS Pilot Study on Clean Products and Processes (Phase 1)
     CLEANER PRODUCTION TOOLS AND METHODS, MANUALS AND
                                  SAMPLES

                             Prof. William Zadorsky
                    Ukrainian Ecological Academy of Sciences
                Ukrainian State University of Chemical Engineering
                          mailto:William@zadorsky.com
                            http ://www.zadorsky. com/
Abstract

The  system approach prescribed  is the base of a  proposed strategy for  systematic
reduction of environmental loads. It expects that before problems of choosing methods of
industrial waste conversion or utilization are solved, it is necessary to consider questions
for systematic reduction of environmental loads strictly at the tier of production. It's very
important to realize economic justified variants of removal or essential waste reducing by
selectivity  of main process  raising at the  lowest  hierarchical  object tiers.  The CP
algorithm  is  described  as  a  sequence  of following  actions:  DECOMPOSITION;
IDENTIFICA TION; SELECTIVITY&INTENSITY INCREASING.

Engineering techniques and methods for Cleaner Production are described:

   •   Transition from macro- to micro-level.

   •   Flexible synthesis systems and adaptive equipment to embody them.

   •   Process  engineering for high throughput to cut processing time and reduce by-
       products  and  wastes, and  industrial  symbiosis as  a  basis for management of
       secondary materials and energy.

   •   Minimization of time of processing and surplus less  toxic reagent, resulting all to
       increase of selectivity and reduction of formation of by-products.

   •   Synthesis and  separation  in  an aerosol to increase  intraparticle pressure  and
       reaction rate.

   •   Self-excited oscillation of  reacting phase  flows at  frequencies and amplitudes
       matching those at the rate-limiting tiers of the system.

   •   Recirculating  flow of  the least hazardous  agent taken in  excess  over  its
       stoichiometric value.

   •   Isolation (close-looping  in structure)  of  flows  of substance and energy  by
       recirculating, resulting to "idealization" of modes  of synthesis and  significant
       reduction of speed of by-processes.

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NATO/CCMS Pilot Study on Clean Products and Processes (Phase 1)
    •   Separative reactions organizing  (synthesis and dividing processes organizing in
       the same place and in the same time), allowing to reduce formation of by-products
       by removal  of a target product from a  reactionary zone at the moment of its
       formation.

    •   Controlled heterogenization of the contacting phases  for softer conditions and
       improved selectivity.

    •   Flexibility and adaptability of  technology  and equipment allowing to ensure
       reliable work of technical system by "internal" reserves (flexibility) of installation
       using, that reduces an opportunity of harmful substances pollution or reception of
       a sub-standard product.

A databank on methods of influence on  systems at various hierarchical tiers for purposes
of ecologization (this Russian  termini  integrates CP,  EM,  WM,  P2P, LCA) will be
available in special  table. The methods  included in  the bank have passed industrial tests
and/or are used in  industrial conditions. There should be a  match between a tier  in a
hierarchy  and the methodology of characterization,  assessment or influence used at this
tier.

Many industrial  samples are described in the paper.

A wide program of mutually beneficial  collaboration is offered: joint scientific research,
including  participation in international  scientific programs and joint developments for
industrial  enterprises and other  organizations, transfer of new high technologies, joint
analysis of developments in science, industry, education and social policies in the NIS
countries,  joint research in  permanent areas of applied chemistry,  chemical processing
and chemical  engineering, chemical industry, metallurgy,  engineering,  food-processing
and pharmaceutical  industries, exchange of leading scientists and specialists, exchange of
visiting professors that deliver lectures on the chosen themes.

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NATO/CCMS Pilot Study on Clean Products and Processes (Phase 1)
               REGIONAL EFFORTS FOR CLEAN BLACK SEA

                   Dr. Stefka Tepavitcharova, Christo Balarew
                         Bulgarian Academy of Sciences
                   Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry
                     Acad. Georgy BonchevStr., bl. 11, 1113
                                 Sofia, Bulgaria
                             stepav@svr.igic.bas.bg,
                             Tel: (359 2) 979 39 26
                              Fax: (359 2) 70 50 24
Black Sea ecological degradation has been a well recognised environmental issue;  the
basin is ranked among the most threatened water bodies in the world ocean. The pollution
of Black Sea waters causes changes and could have fatal effects on the Black Sea
ecosystem,  as  well  as  on a wider  area of the world ocean  ecosystems. Oil spills,
eutrophication, industrial wastes, sewage waters and solid waste, among others, are seen
as serious obstacles  for the development  of Black  Sea fisheries, tourism, etc. The
ecological status of the Black Sea and the solution of its pollution problem are one of the
highest priority environmental problems of the region.

Different scientific teams and various national  and international  programs have been
dealing with this issue  for years. Some of the international projects for complex
regional assessment, monitoring, rehabilitation and protection of Black Sea during  the
last few years are as follows:

   •  Marine environment assessment in the  Black Sea  region: The project is
      financed by the International Atomic Energy Agency with the participation of the
      Black Sea Regional Committee of the International Oceanographic Commission
       (UNESCO). The main purpose is investigation of the radioactivity of Black Sea
      area as well as the sedimentation in Black Sea.

   •  Integrated Black Sea coastal zone modeling  and management program: The
      project  is financed by NATO and coordinated by the  Technical University of
      Ankara.

   •  NATO   science  for   peace—Black    Sea  ecosystem  processes   and
      forecasting/operational data base management system:  The project is financed
      by NATO. A Regional Center for oceanographic data, established in Sevastopol,
      collects all the data from the national and international expeditions.

   •  Global environmental ocean observing system (GOOS)—Black Sea GOOS: The
      Black Sea GOOS project is a regional component of the  global  program. It is
      coordinated by the  Black  Sea Regional  Committee  of  the  International
      Oceanographic Commission (UNESCO) and supported by EUROGOOS.

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NATO/CCMS Pilot Study on Clean Products and Processes (Phase 1)
   •   Black Sea Fluxes: The project is  coordinated and financed by the Black Sea
       Regional Committee of the International Oceanographic Commission - UNESCO.
       The project  focus  is  sedimentation processes and their  influence on  the sea
       environment.

   •   Impact of waves and currents on oil and other surfactant transport in coastal
       areas: The project is financed by the EC, INT AS Association. It focuses on the
       development  of models  of  oil  transport  in the  coastal  areas and their
       implementation in the oil forecasting systems.

   •   Center for sustainable development and management of the Black Sea region,
       Varna, Bulgaria: The Center is  financed by the EC, Program INCO.  Its main
       objective is long-range sustainable  development of the Black Sea region in the
       context of environmental, economic and social problems for harmonisation with
       the EC standards. It will be reached through increased regional and international
       co-operation,  providing user-friendly information media and  a  strategy for
       sustainable  development and management of Black Sea  region and  improved
       quality of life.

       The environmental objectives of the Center are:

          •  to improve the Black Sea scientific bases (methodologies and scientific
             tools) for assessment of the  Black Sea ecosystem health through regional
             and international co-operation;

          •  to elaborate ecological criteria and  standards  on water  and living
             resources,  crucial   for  the  adoption  of  regional   regulations for
             harmonisation with the EC Environmental Policy;

          •  to provide feasible options  for  mitigation  of  negative impacts and co-
             ordinate  efficient   implementation  of  environmental  rehabilitation
             measures;

          •  to develop a strategy for sustainable utilization of  chemical,  living, non-
             living   and  recreational  resources  and  management  of  Black  Sea
             ecosystem.

       However, none of these programs has been assigned the task of the entire solution
       of the problem.
Our efforts are to initiate a project "Clean Black Sea."

The aim is to organize effective scientific and technological co-operation among all the
European countries having  rivers flowing into the Black Sea, as well as the countries
from the Balkan and Black  Sea region, in order to establish a wide information network

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NATO/CCMS Pilot Study on Clean Products and Processes (Phase 1)
on this topic.  The activities are oriented towards consolidation and cooperation of the
scientific and expert potential in all these countries working under different national and
international environmental programs and networks.

The main objective is through uniting the efforts of the regional countries and attracting
other European countries to minimize the discharge of pollution into the Black Sea and
thus, by making use of the self-cleaning ability of nature, to realize the cleaning of Black
Sea.

It  is envisaged  to  establish  an  information network  for  gathering,  evaluating,
disseminating  and discussing ecological data for natural waters and soils pollution in the
European countries, Balkan and Black Sea regions for the last five year period, both at a
national  and  regional level.  It  is necessary  to  identify and quantify the potential
environmental impacts of the different  pollution sources and explain what measures
would be  taken  to minimize  the risk  of any harmful  impacts and for sustainable
management of these natural sources.

The program could contain the next stages:

   •   Creation of the effective  collaboration - activity agreement and development of
       monitoring network;

   •   Establishment of a  permanent  panel  of  scientists  and experts for  solving
       ecological problems linked to the natural waters and soils pollution in the Black
       Sea and Balkan regions;

   •   Study visits for scientists for standardization of the methods and equipment used
       for  sampling, measurements,  data  processing and  analysis  of the different
       parameters for establishing the pollution;

   •   Monitoring the pollution, identifying and quantifying the potential environmental
       impacts of the different pollution sources along the rivers discharging their waters
       into the Black Sea and the whole aqua territory of the Black Sea coast under a
       general program and specified spots for taking samples;

   •   Collection  of the  monitoring  data  obtained  in  the last  five  years  and
       development of data-bases in each of the participating countries on the specifics
       and pollution levels  of: i) rivers; ii) soils and iii)  Black Sea coastal area.  The
       requirements of the international standard should be applied;

   •   Carrying out meetings and workshops with scientists and experts from all the
       participating  countries   for  gathering  and  evaluating  the  monitoring  data
       concerning the water and soil pollution;

   •   Discussions on the ecological status of natural waters and soils in these countries
       and measures for its sustainable development;

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NATO/CCMS Pilot Study on Clean Products and Processes (Phase 1)
   •   Development of an interactive web site with wide spectrum of information and
       including data on: i) the species and pollution level of the rivers; ii) the species
       and pollution level of  Black Sea;  and iii) the species and pollution level  of the
       soils;

   •   Measures for minimization of the risk of any harmful impacts; and

   •   Elaboration of  an international agreement  for elimination  of pollution
       sources and  sustainable  environment development.  The  agreement  should
       envisage  an eight year period during which  the  contractual parties are to
       undertake the engagement for the liquidation  the sources of pollution. The eight
       year period is the estimated  time for the depreciation of the chemical  industry
       installations. During that period the respective enterprises  or organizations are to
       be given the opportunity to make their choices as to whether they will build the
       needed WWTP  that will ensure the discharge of the waste  waters within the
       accepted permissible norms or they will close the activity causing the pollution.

The first attempt to organize regional discussion on the problem "Clean Black Sea" is the
Workshop "Solubility Phenomena  - Application for Environmental Improvement."
It will be held in Varna, Bulgaria from 21st to 24th  July 2002 in the framework of an
IUPAC International Symposium on Solubility Phenomena.

The focus is on regional ecological problems of Balkan and Black Sea countries and on
pollution level and pollution sources in the  Black Sea and in the Black Sea catchment
areas.

The  major purpose of the Workshop is to provide a focus for  discussions of the
application of the solubility phenomena for environmental improvement.

The specific objectives of the Workshop are as follows:

   •   to organize a high  quality forum, which should enhance the  applicability  of the
       solubility phenomena to the solution of ecological problems;

   •   to  demonstrate  the application of solubility related chemistry  in new  green
       technologies for solution of ecological problems;

   •   to provide and disseminate updated information  on the ecological  status  of the
       CEEC  and NIS,  the  Balkan and Black  Sea regions with  a view to  future
       environmental improvement.
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NATO/CCMS Pilot Study on Clean Products and Processes (Phase 1)


The workshop topics are:

   •   Relationship Solubility Phenomena—Environmental Problems Solution

   •   Black Sea Fluxes—Monitoring of the Black Sea

   •   Pollution Level and  Pollution Sources  of Danube, Dnieper, Dniester, Bug and
       other rivers flowing into the Black Sea

   •   Methods and Schemes for Environmental Improvement of Polluted Waters and
       Soils

   •   Reinforcement of the Regional Participation in Integrative European Programmes
       for Solving of Ecological Problems

These topics are of high relevance to scientific understanding of conditions in rivers,
estuaries and regional seas like the Black Sea and Baltic Sea.  It will reinforce the co-
operation and consolidation of researches from CEEC and NIS, Black Sea and Balkan
regions  in future  EC, INT AS,  international and regional joint projects for solving of
ecological problems and sustainable environmental development.
 INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY TAUGHT AT THE TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF
                               LODZ (POLAND)

                               Dr. Andrzej Doniec
           Pollution Prevention Centre at the Technical University of Lodz
                                  Lodz, Poland
                         mailto:andoniec@ck-sg.p.lodz.pl
Abstract

The Faculty of Management and Organization at the Technical University of Lodz is a
unique one because of its location in the structure of a technical academic unit. In Poland,
management faculties are usually  a  part of universities, which  are not involved in
teaching engineering sciences.  At the Faculty of M.& 0. T.U. of Lodz, students are
educated not only in management sciences; they also receive a package of engineering
knowledge in several  groups of  subjects  called technological  specialization e.g.,
machinery and electrical  engineering, food processing. These subjects are intended to
educate industrial managers of high  value and prepare them  to understand technical
processes.  Technical subjects are taught during the third year of studies.

A new specialization called eco-engineering started in October 2001. The aim of this
specialization is to teach environmentally friendly processes as a tool for promotion of

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NATO/CCMS Pilot Study on Clean Products and Processes (Phase 1)
sustainable behaviour  and application  of  sustainable development  principles  in an
enterprise strategy. Employees of a newly established Department of Industrial Ecology
have  developed  the  curricula  of  the subjects  taught within  the  eco-engineering
specialization, which is a part of the Institute of Management. The set of courses taught
within the confines of eco-engineering specialization encompasses subjects originated in
process engineering presented  in the  light of  sustainable  development. Industrial
processes and apparatuses, process dynamic are the fundamental technical  subjects.
Engineering solutions based on  environmentally sound approach  are presented  in the
courses:  sustainable energy use, low-waste technologies,  eco-design and  advanced
recycling.  An  industrial ecology  fundamental  is  the  introductory  course  of  the
specialization. Diploma works of the scope of industrial ecology are also supervised by
members of the I.E. Department.
             PRESENTATION OF UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

                              Dr. Subhas K. Sikdar
                   United States Environmental Protection Agency
                              Cincinnati, OH, USA
                          mailto: sikdar. subhas @ epa. go v
Abstract
In the United States, sustainable development has gradually taken hold as the umbrella
concept under which all issues of clean products and processes, cleaner technologies, or
pollution prevention ideas are being discussed.  The Federal Government support for
research in these areas has been growing  in various Departments and Agencies.  The
agencies most active in clean products and processes research are the Department of
Energy,  Department  of Defense,  Department  of  Agriculture,  and  Environmental
Protection Agency.

Research in support of sustainable development in the US EPA is being funded through
the National Center for Environmental Research (NCER) through its grants programs in
technologies  for  sustainable  environment  (TSE, in collaboration with  the National
Science Foundation) and comprise such concepts as industrial ecology, green chemistry
and green engineering. Nanotechnology is  a new area for support in which advances in
science  and engineering that produce newer processes and materials that use nanophase
structural attributes in enhancing environmental benefits. The National Risk Management
Research Laboratory in Cincinnati is engaged in in-house research in all these areas, and
this topic will  be covered in the separate presentation on  the project that has been
ongoing for several years. Biotechnology is the newest area of research, which is focused
primarily on environmental concerns of genetically modified crops. Particularly relevant
is resistance  of pests to these crops that incorporate  pesticides,   such as  Bacillus
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NATO/CCMS Pilot Study on Clean Products and Processes (Phase 1)
thuringiencis. The effect of the pollens from these crops on non-target species is also a
concern.
Focus Areas in the US

   •   Industries of the Future Program—US DOE

   •   Advanced Technology Program—US DOC

   •   Technology for Sustainable Environment—NSF and US EPA

   •   Vision 2020—CCR, DOE, ACS, AIChE, and others

   •   Many   industry  groups  have  formulated  programs  through  their  industry
       associations, such as the SI A

   •   Sustainability—various organizations


US EPA Focus Areas

   •   Integrated (multimedia) Environmental Management
             Ecosystem protection
             Watershed restoration/protection
             Sustainability
   •   Sector-based Industrial Management

          •   Metal finishing, pulp and paper

   •   Green chemistry and engineering

   •   Tools and methods for pollution prevention and Sustainability

   •   MTBE, its effects on ground water, and ethanol as a substitute

   •   Nanotechnology for environmental protection
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NATO/CCMS Pilot Study on Clean Products and Processes (Phase 1)
  THE IMPORTANCE AND IMPLEMENTATION OF CLEAN PROCESSES IN
                       THE REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA

                              Alexandru Stratulat
                           Office of the Prime Minister
                          Chisinau, Republic of Moldova
                             a stratulat@moldova.md
Abstract

The issue of the clean products and clean production processes is a long-discussed one
not only in  the Republic of Moldova, but also in many other countries. Especially in the
last decades, the environmental aspect of human and economic development has become
more  and  more  important.  Not only  the ecologists'  organizations, but  also  the
governments  and  broad civil  society  are interested in  the  effects of  particular
development processes on the environment.

The Republic of Moldova is not an exception. Much has been done in this direction in the
last years. Moldova is a member of a number of environment related conventions, and
was one of the first to ratify the Kyoto convention etc.

Ecologically sustainable development is even more important  for Moldova than for other
countries as its main generator of national welfare  is agriculture or agriculture related
activities. In  the past,  when Moldova was part of the Soviet Union,  the agricultural
methods applied here were the intensive ones, meaning that in the production process a
large amount of chemical agents were  used. The ecological factor was of very little
importance, or not considered at  all. The  natural resources, especially the good quality
soil for which Moldova was famous, were greatly depleted. The situation  was the same in
industry. A large number of highly polluting plants operated without any concern for
their effects on the environment.

The situation has changed dramatically in  the last decade. As a result  of the break-up of
the Soviet Union, the traditional economic ties with the socialist republics have been lost
and a significant fall of the output was registered. The  old, chemical-intensive methods
were dismissed due to  financial constraints.  Agriculture  production became more
traditional and labour-intensive, due to the low cost of the labour force, and, indirectly,
more environmentally friendly. Also, as a result of the political opening of the country,
informational exchange became  possible. Society is  more and more aware  of  the
environmental effects of human activity. A number of technical assistance projects were
initiated in order to implement in  the economy new clean production processes. We also
recognise that producers became  interested in  these processes not only because of a
concern for nature, but  also for economic  reasons. The demand for clean, so-called bio-
products is  constantly growing, especially  in the Western European countries. A number
of studies were conducted  in that respect, and the results  were that  Moldova has a
comparative advantage in the production  of the bio-products.

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NATO/CCMS Pilot Study on Clean Products and Processes (Phase 1)
But it's not enough to know that you have ecologically pure products. You have to let
people know  about it too. So, in the last years, efforts have been made to harmonise
Moldavian  standards  with  international ones. The  ISO  9000 standards are already
implemented. The  international community also contributes to  these efforts through  a
number of technical assistance projects. Also, a Swiss  company, SGS S.A., is working on
the implementation of the biostandards  in  agriculture,  as well as certification of the
production processes as ecologically clean. Seminars, roundtables and workshops were
organised in order to increase public awareness of these issues.

But, having said all this, we have to admit that there  is still  a lot  to  be done. New
technologies are not available free of charge. Due to severe financial  constraints the
Republic of Moldova cannot afford these technologies. All initiatives in this area are
implemented almost entirely in the framework of technical assistance projects and are in
a pilot phase.  In order to implement the new technologies, you must have personnel
trained  for  these processes.  The policy-makers, which in many cases  are subject  to
inertia, should understand the importance of them. Through the  exchange of experience
and  increased awareness, we can achieve progress in  this area. And I think seminars are
one of the instruments which have to be used in this respect.
         CENTER FOR PREVENTION OF INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION

                             http://www.iatp/md/cppi/
                              mailto:cppi@mail.md
Establishment

The Center for Prevention of Industrial Pollution (CPPI) was established in June 1999.
CPPI  is an  independent  non-profit organization  with  the legal status  of  a civic
association.  The organization was created  by chartered  engineers trained under  the
Cleaner Production Program carried out by the Russian-Norwegian  Center  Cleaner
Production (RNCPC) in 1996-1997.

The center has know-how in the field of microbiologic processing of waste of a food-
processing industry (meat processing, fish processing, brewing process), with obtaining
of the vitamin-mineral alimentary components in a forage agricultural animal, and as well
as for usage in a cosmetics industry (perfumery). The specialists of CPPI have designed
the project:  "Closed technological cycle development at a brewery by  microbiological
reprocessing of rinsing water and brewing grains."  The project has been endorsed and
recognized  by   WCPS  (World  Cleaner  Production  Society)  to the   conforming
international standards and is a 100 % "Cleaner Production" project.
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NATO/CCMS Pilot Study on Clean Products and Processes (Phase 1)
Within the framework of the program, the Center renders practical help to  firms  in
looking up the new technological solution in the field of environmental protection. For
some firms, the "Concepts  of the projects" in the following directions were already
prepared:

   •   Energy Efficiency
   •   Decrease of consumption of water
   •   Waste Minimization
   •   Pollution prevention
Mission

The basic purposes of the organization are:

   •   assistance in formation  of progressive  economic  policy  in  ecology through
       realization of the programs which increase  the professional level of industrial
       enterprise managers;

   •   support of concrete and complex transformations in the industry sector in order to
       save energy resources and to reduce harm to the environment;

   •   consolidation of private public organization activity in the country and abroad for
       the purpose of progress of both development of ideas  and  "Cleaner Production"
       principles;

   •   public activity  in order  to  support the initiative and professional interests of
       citizens in the field of environmental protection.


Services

   •   training of the staff;

   •   development and implementation of the practical demonstration projects;

   •   information dissemination on Cleaner Production principles;

   •   consulting services for the enterprises;

   •   assistance in  political dialogue among the representatives of the  industry and
       policy makers on the improvement of management of the instruments  of CP
       stimulation;
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NATO/CCMS Pilot Study on Clean Products and Processes (Phase 1)


   •   assistance  to the enterprises in creation of environment management  systems
       under ISO  14000 standards;

   •   facilitation of communication between the enterprises and financial institutions in
       the country and abroad, rendering active support in financing of the CP projects
       and assistance in their implementation;

   •   financial engineering;

   •   development of the business plans for the CP projects;

   •   advisory services on policy in CP for state bodies and local administration.


Partners

   •   OECD

   •   Norwegian Society of Chartered Engineers (NIF)

   •   Norwegian Energy Efficiency Group (NEEG)

   •   Russian-Norwegian Center "Cleaner Production" (Russia)

   •   Slovak Cleaner Production Center, Bratislava

   •   Pollution Prevention Centre , Bucharest (Romania)

   •   Informational Resource Center  of Informational Service of Embassy of USA in
       Moldova

   •   Scientific-production    company   "Biolant"   (Russia)   (development   and
       implementation of technologies for Microbiological reprocessing of environment
       polluting industrial enterprises wastes).

   •   Biotechnical Center (Latvia)

   •   Ministry of Environment and Territorial Development, Republic of Moldova

   •   Ministry of Industry and Energy, Republic of Moldova
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NATO/CCMS Pilot Study on Clean Products and Processes (Phase 1)
Activities

   •   Since July, 1999 "Center for Prevention of Industrial Pollution" (CPPI), Ministry
       of Environment and Territorial Development and Ministry of Industry and Energy
       have joined efforts in order to  initiate the implementation of the  international
       program "Cleaner Production."

   •   Eight Chisinau companies  (Carmez, Lapte, Floare-Carpet, Fabrica de Drojdii din
       or.  Chisinau,  Avicola Roso,   Agroconservit,   CET-1,  Piele)  initiated  the
       implementation of the "Cleaner Production" principles. Their representatives have
       followed a training program, carried out by CPPI in cooperation with the Russian-
       Norwegian Center "Cleaner Production."

   •   The  graduates  of the training programme  have  received  a  Professional
       Development Certificate in Environmental Management and Cleaner Production
       in Industry (WCPS).
Publications

   •   "Pollution Prevention pays" (Economic review, November 1999);

   •   "Cleaner Production in Moldova - the first steps." (brochure, November 2000).
     BEST AVAILABLE TECHNIQUES FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

                                  Peter Glavic
                  Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
                              University of Maribor
                               Maribor, Slovenia
                            mailto: glavic @ uni-mb. si
                              http://atom.uni-mb.si/
Abstract

According to the IPPC Directive (96/61/EC), EU member states are asked to use Best
Available Techniques (BAT) and environmental quality objectives as benchmarks for the
establishment of environmental permit conditions for certain installations. On the other
side, many technologies which do not fulfil the BAT requirements exist and are still
being installed  in underdeveloped countries. A case  study of waste oil treatment is
described where such an attempt was prevented in Slovenia.
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NATO/CCMS Pilot Study on Clean Products and Processes (Phase 1)
Several technologies are available for the treatment of waste oil. The Flemish Institute for
Technological Research  (VITO) has evaluated 10 out of 11 representative treatment
systems for waste oil removal (Jacobs en R. Dijkmans, Beste Beschikbare Technieken
voor  de verwerking van afgewerkte olie, Academia  Press, Gent, 1999.) Their BAT
selection methodology is based on a qualitative approach associated with stepwise expert
judgment and presented  in the form of simple tables. The expert judgment evaluates
technical feasibility, environmental benefit and economic feasibility. In particular,  the
ability of the process to remove polluting components in waste  oil, including sulphur
components, metals and  potential emission  of  products  resulting  from  incomplete
combustion and VOCs, is carefully assessed. A re-refining system  and injection of waste
oil into a blast furnace were the preferred options found. Next BAT was: closed loop
recycling of industrial oils, co-combustion in cement kilns and use as fuel in hazardous
waste incinerator.

Most often, water and sediments are removed from the waste oil first using settling,
sedimentation, filtering and centrifuging. After this simple treatment, one of the above
options is used.  Thermal cracking at 420 °C at low pressure was planned  be used in
Slovenia. Subsequent distillation and stabilisation yields marketable fuel oil. All metals
present in the waste oil end up in the bottoms of the cracked section. The sulphur content
of the gasoline depends  on the sulphur level of the oil  feed and the stabilisation method
applied. The technology was evaluated as a non-BAT because it merely transfers sulphur
from  the waste oil into the fuel polluting the environment after burning.

A company from one of the NATO  countries outside  Europe  marketed the  thermal
cracking technology, even without the pre-treatment of sediments and water. In Slovenia,
the Ministry of Environment enabling  a general discussion about  its impact on  the
environment announces every new plant. The local population invited our Department to
take place in the  evaluation. Using the Internet information  system GEPnet, which was
developed in one of the joint EU and PREPARE research projects in Austria,  we were
able to find information about the BAT evaluation in VITO, Belgium. We were also able
to demonstrate that the existing cement kilns are able to treat all the waste oil produced in
Slovenia. Therefore, the Government did not permit the thermal cracking technology to
be implemented so far.
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NATO/CCMS Pilot Study on Clean Products and Processes (Phase 1)
  THE BENEFITS AND DRAWBACKS OF VOLUNTARY ENVIRONMENTAL
         AGREEMENTS RELATING TO CLEANER TECHNOLOGIES

                                  Gyula Zilahy
                       Hungarian Cleaner Production Centre
                               Budapest, Hungary
                           mailto:zilahy@enviro.bke.hu
Abstract

There is growing attention in the developed world paid to voluntary instruments as they
can substitute direct and indirect environmental regulation with a more effective policy.
A reason for this change can be found in the environmental and economic efficiency
aspects of voluntary environmental regulation; however, voluntary instruments do not
always outperform other instruments.  Thus, regarding efficiency, voluntary instruments
can be more efficient only under certain circumstances. To decide what kind of voluntary
instruments are useful under which circumstances, one has to:

    •  analyse the situation (characteristics of problem and of participants) and
    •  define suitability of instruments.

Doing so, the consideration of two  groups with different interests  is necessary: the
environmental authorities and the polluting companies. On the one hand, there are twelve
regional environmental  protection inspectorates in  Hungary supervised  by the  head
inspectorate, which is  directly controlled by the Minister of Environmental Protection.
The regional agencies  have the duty to control pollution and implement environmental
policy on street-level.  On the other hand, there are polluting firms trying to chase their
profit interests, sometimes with the representation of industrial alliances.

After conducting a proper analysis, we can present the following results:

    •  Advantages and disadvantages of usage
    •  Clear definition of application fields for voluntary  instruments
    •  Conditions for a proper usage (institution, information, content of regulation)

Considering these results, policy makers will be able to construct a more efficient policy
mix to ease environmental problems.
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NATO/CCMS Pilot Study on Clean Products and Processes (Phase 1)


          MEMBRANE ENGINEERING FOR CLEAN PRODUCTION

                      Alessandra Criscuoli1, Enrico Drioli1>2

        Research Institute on Membranes and Modelling of Chemical Reactors
                                 IRMERC-CNR
                           Via Pietro Bucci Cubo 17/C
                             87030 Rende (CS) Italy
                              Tel: +39-0984-492014
                              Fax: +39-0984-402103
                         mailto:a.criscuoli@irmerc.cs.cnr.it

                1>z Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials
                              University of Calabria
                           Via Pietro Bucci Cubo 17/C
                             87030 Rende (CS) Italy
                              Tel: +39-0984-402039
                              Fax: +39-0984-402103
                             mailto: e. drioli@unical. it
Abstract

Membrane operations are applied for molecular separations, clarifications, fractionations,
concentrations, and chemical productions, practically covering all the unit operations of
chemical engineering. Their intrinsic properties such as modularity, no need of chemical
additives,  easy  scale-up  and  control,  high  flexibility and  easy integration  with
conventional operations, make them good candidates for the rationalisation of industrial
productions.

The  main objective of the research works in progress at IRMERC-CNR (Italy)  is to
achieve sustainable growth by following the  "process intensification" strategy. At the
basis of this theory is the need for systems of production with high efficiencies and low
size/productivity ratios, energetic consumption and environmental impact. The goal is to
improve  industrial cycles  in order to achieve  clean production  and  thus  to reduce
treatment processes of polluted streams.

At this purpose,  new membrane systems are under investigation  at the Institute such as
membrane contactors  and membrane  crystallisers.  The  analysis  of  the  potentials
achievable by the integration of different membrane operations is another line of research
in progress. Membrane contactors have been applied for coupling the water carbonation
to  the  water   deareation  in   beverage  industry.  Compared  to  the  traditional
deareator/saturator systems, the new membrane process presents  lower size, investment
cost  and carbon  dioxide consumption. Membrane crystallisers are based on  the use of
membrane distillation for concentrating solutions;  in particular, the concentration process
                                       21

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NATO/CCMS Pilot Study on Clean Products and Processes (Phase 1)
is  pushed up to crystal formation at the retentate side. The laminar  flow inside the
membrane fibers reduces the shear stresses by favouring a uniform formation of crystals.

An integrated  membrane  system in which a  membrane  crystalliser is  coupled to
nanofiltration  and  reverse osmosis  devices  has  been  analysed  for  the seawater
desalination.  With  respect to the only  reverse  osmosis unit, the  integrated  system
increases the fresh water production and potentially eliminates the problem of the brine
disposal by producing  crystals as valuable  product. Another  example of integration of
membrane units is the coupling of ultrafiltration to nanofiltration for the chromium
recovery from exhausted tanning baths. The retentate of nanofiltration  has a chromium
concentration which allows the reuse of this solution for the tanning phase, while the high
concentration of sodium  chloride at the permeate  side allows reuse of the permeate
stream for the  pickling  step. The  cleaning  treatment thus leads to  the complete
reutilisation of the produced streams.
                                        22

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NATO/CCMS Pilot Study on Clean Products and Processes (Phase 1)
                         Pilot Project Updates
                                  23

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NATO/CCMS Pilot Study on Clean Products and Processes (Phase 1)
  CEVI, THE DANISH CENTRE FOR INDUSTRIAL WATER MANAGEMENT

                                 Henrik Wenzel
                         Technical University of Denmark
                                wenzel@ipl.dtu.dk
                                  www.cevi.org
Abstract

Running now in its  fourth year, the centre  has made progress with both method
development  and Cleaner Production implementation  in industry.  This  pilot project
update will report the progress within the textile industry and paper industry.

Textile industry: As described in last year's update, energy and mass integration studies
were carried out identifying large potentials for heat exchange and direct water recycle—
up to  around 50% savings. The direct water recycle options were successfully tested in
lab-scale and  subsequently in  a small full-scale unit  as  a pilot test. As  previously
described, the process takes  place as a batchwise dyeing  process  followed  by three
subsequent rinses at different chemical and physical conditions. A solution has been
found in which the quite clean process water from the third and last rinse is used in the
second rinse, and medium polluted process water from the second rinse is used in the first
rinse,  thus leading  to a kind of semi counter-current  flow applied to the batchwise
operation. Two tanks are installed next to each dyeing machine  that allow buffering of
the two different water types necessary for this operation.  These direct water recycle
options are under implementation at present. More than 50% has been implemented and
operated with  success for about 3 months; the  rest is under implementation. A total of
35% water savings will be achieved, as well as substantial energy savings.

Membrane filtration was tested, both nano-  and reverse osmosis, in large pilot scale.
Some problems with  pre-filtration of various  suspended solids were  experienced. At
present, membrane filtration is still under testing; it is believed to be a  solution with an
overall payback of around 3 years.

Paper industry: At the moulded cardboard paper mill within  the centre, about 80% of
the energy consumption is used for drying. Therefore, the centre has had a large focus on
reducing this energy consumption. One project focused on improving drying operations,
and a potential of 10-20% savings was identified—partly  in adjusting oven settings,
partly in avoiding idle running during operation stops. Another project focused on new
drying technology, which has the potential of more than 50% energy savings compared to
conventional air drying. Yet another project focuses on reducing production waste. The
waste percentage equals around 20% in total. The main problem is that the product
adheres to the conveyer plate  carrying it in the oven, so that it does  not leave the oven
correctly at the end of drying. This causes the conveyer belt to stop after the oven. During
stops, dried products are wasted. An analysis of how to avoid/reduce adhering  of the
product to the conveyer plates  is ongoing.
                                       24

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NATO/CCMS Pilot Study on Clean Products and Processes (Phase 1)



      LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT OF GASOLINE BLENDING OPTIONS

  Teresa M. Mata*a> Carlos A.V. Costa3, Raymond L. Smithb and Douglas M. Youngb

           a Laboratory of Processes, Environment and Energy Engineering
                     Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto
                  Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
                      *Corresponding author tel: 351 225081687
                                Fax: 351225081449
                                   tmata@fe.up.pt

                 b National Risk Management Research Laboratory
                       Office of Research and Development
                      U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
                         26 W.  Martin Luther King Drive
                           Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA


Abstract

Today, most petroleum refineries are facing the challenge of producing gasoline, which
contains the desirable properties and complies with the ever-increasing  environmental
regulations and health  restrictions.  The impact of gasoline on the environment is directly
related to  its composition  and properties. Reducing volatile organic compound (VOC)
evaporative and  leak emissions has assumed a high priority.  Measures  to  control the
emissions  of volatile organic compounds, resulting from the storage of gasoline and its
distribution  from terminals to service stations,  are defined by an  EU Directive
(94/63/EC). Another EU fuels Directive (98/70/EC) specified that starting  in the year
2000 a much lower Reid vapour pressure (RVP) of 60 kPa maximum be in effect for the
summer period.

Gasoline refining, storage,  handling, transportation and marketing involve many distinct
operations, each  of which represents  a potential source  of evaporation  losses,  as
equipment leaks result in fugitive emissions. Substances emitted to the atmosphere from
gasoline activities are the cause of many current and potential environmental problems. It
is necessary to have quantitative  information on  these emissions and their sources to
evaluate  the  potential environmental  impacts  (PEI) and implications of different
strategies and to set explicit objectives and constraints for environmental improvement.

In this  study,  a life  cycle  assessment has been  done to  compare  the  potential
environmental impacts of various gasoline blends  that meet octane and vapour pressure
limits.  This study accounts for gasoline losses  due  to evaporation  and leaks, from
petroleum  refining  to  vehicle  refuelling,  and  evaluates  the  potential  environmental
impacts using the Waste Reduction (WAR)  algorithm. The results indicate that the life
cycle  stage with the  largest  contribution to  the potential environmental  impacts is
gasoline production  at the  refinery. According to the  calculations, the most interesting

                                       25

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NATO/CCMS Pilot Study on Clean Products and Processes (Phase 1)
impact category is photochemical ozone creation, since it has the largest and the most
variable impact values.  In general, blends that decrease photochemical ozone minimise
the amounts  of  cracked  gasoline and  reformate  in  gasoline.  However, a reformer
operating at low  pressure and temperature generates much lower photochemical ozone
creation values, so that relatively less reformate and more alkylate in the blend decrease
the potential  environmental effects.  The results also  show that blends  that decrease
aquatic  toxicity  potential, terrestrial  toxicity potential, human toxicity potential by
ingestion and acidification potential minimise the amounts of alkylate.
 CLEANER ENERGY PRODUCTION WITH REUSE OF WASTE MATERIALS
             FROM THE IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY IN IGCC

                                Aysel T. Atimtay

                         Middle East Technical University
                      Environmental Engineering Department
                             06531 Ankara, Turkey
Introduction

In thermal power plants based on gasification of coal (Integrated Gasification Combined
Cycle, or IGCC), the coal gas produced contains mainly H2S and other sulfurous gases as
polluting compounds. These  gases need to be cleaned with a suitable and  economical
sorbent. The waste slag from iron and steel industries is a potential candidate for the
removal of these sulfurous gases from coal gas. The above-mentioned waste metal oxides
can be used in the sorption of H2S, especially at high temperatures (400-600°C).

When coal is gasified with steam and oxygen, most of the sulfur present in coal is
converted into H2S due to the reducing medium in the gasifier. H2S concentration in coal
gas from a typical gasifier is about 5000 ppmv. H2S is toxic and corrosive; and has a low
odor threshold. It is possible  that H2S causes acid rain formation when it is  oxidized to
S02 and/or S03 in the atmosphere.  Calcium, magnesium, and other particles formed
during  the gasification  process  cause  particulate matters  to  be deposited on  the
mechanical parts of the IGCC system, especially in turbines. Alkaline metals present in
the composition of coal such as sodium and potassium result in corrosion on the metallic
surfaces of turbines at high temperatures. Therefore, H2S and particles should be removed
from coal gas. A gas turbine  in the IGCC system can tolerate about 150-200 ppmv H2S
concentration. Thus, H2S concentration in coal gas should  be reduced from 5000 ppmv to
150  ppmv  in order  to  prevent metallic parts in the IGCC system from erosion and
corrosion.

Today most of the countries  produce their electrical energy from conventional thermal
power plants, which have 30-35  % energy conversion efficiency  (Atimtay et al., 1990).
The IGCC system is the most promising energy producing system of systems developed

                                      26

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NATO/CCMS Pilot Study on Clean Products and Processes (Phase 1)
to produce electricity from coal. The conversion efficiency of heat to electrical energy in
IGCC systems will be about 53% by the year 2000  (Harrison, 1995). This is a very high
efficiency for thermal power plants. It has been estimated that a 35% reduction in C02
emissions is achievable through this improved efficiency alone (Clean  Coal  Technology,
1989). Moreover, IGCC provides about 30% reduction in SOX and NOX emissions. The
IGCC system can be used for Turkish coals as well for electricity production.

Studies carried out up to today show that metal oxides with suitable  mixture ratios are
very successful in absorbing H2S at various temperatures. Some metal oxide  mixtures are
resistant  to high temperatures  (about 800-850°C),  whereas some of  them  are good at
500-600°C.  Nowadays this  temperature interval is preferable,  since coal gasification
units run more efficiently at a 500-600°C temperature interval. From this point of view,
iron and steel industry waste materials containing FeO, MnO, CaO and some other metal
oxides are the most  suitable metal oxides for the  sorption of H2S thermodynamically
(Westmoreland and Harrison, 1976). Therefore, iron oxide-containing waste materials are
chosen to be used as H2S sorbent in this investigation  since they  are abundant and
relatively cheap.  Moreover, it is  thought that the presence  of Si02  in  those  waste
materials will give structural stability to the sorbent.

The objectives of the  study are:

    •   to study the possibility of use of waste material from the iron and steel industry in
       H2S clean-up

    •   to find out the conditions at which the best sorption capacity and  regeneration
       performance are obtained

The study is carried out with the waste materials procured from KARDEMIR, one of the
integrated iron and steel plants in Turkey.
Experimental

Sufficient quantities of metal oxide waste material, called steel slag, were obtained from
an iron and steel production plant. This slag was dried at 105°C and classified to particle
size ranges of 1-2 mm, 2-3 mm, and 3-4 mm. This is the "as-received" condition of the
waste materials.
Physical Characterization

The physical characterization of the sorbents includes the BET surface area analysis and
mercury  intrusion  porosimetry analysis. BET surface analyses were conducted  using
Micromeritics  ASAP  2000.  Textural properties were analyzed  by Micromeritics Pore
Sizer 9310 and Mercury Porosimeter. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) photographs
were taken before and after sulfidation experiments. The name of the instrument is "Jeol
                                       27

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NATO/CCMS Pilot Study on Clean Products and Processes (Phase 1)
JSM-6400 Scanning Microscope". The results of the mercury porosimeter analysis are
given in Table 1.

Table 1. Mercury Porosimeter Analysis of Fresh Slags

Average pore
diameter (|j,m)
Total pore volume
(cm3/g)
Total Pore Area
(m2/g)
Bulk Density
(g/cm3)
Porosity
Steel Slag
1-2 mm
1.0090
0.0082
0.0326
6.8815
0.0564
2-3 mm
0.0521
0.0340
2.6105
3.4981
0.1189
3 - 4mm
16.5125
0.0042
0.0010
7.4510
0.0313
Zinc Slag
2-3 mm
0.2403
0.6235
10.3791
1.3116
0.3152
SEM photographs of the  fresh sorbents, shown in Figure  1, indicate that the  porous
structure differs from sorbent to sorbent. Some pore diameters reach up to 200 urn. The
crystalline structure can easily be seen in photographs at high magnification. Some rod-
shaped  and rectangular prisms shaped particles  are  most  probably due to Calcium
compounds present in the sorbent.
Figure 1. SEM photographs of fresh sorbents
Chemical Characterization

The waste material, the steel slag, was analyzed for its metal oxide contents by X-Ray
Spectrophotometer.  The results are given  in Table  2.  In  order to detect the  crystal
structure of the sorbent before sulfidation and the different phases  contained  by the
sorbent after sulfidation, X-Ray Diffraction analyses were performed with Philiphs X-
Ray Diffractometer. SEM analysis was also carried out after sulfidation.
                                       28

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NATO/CCMS Pilot Study on Clean Products and Processes (Phase 1)
Table 2. Chemical Analysis of Steel Slag (% by wt.)
%
Fe
Si02
Mn
Al
Ca
Mg
3-4 mm
16.64
21.08
5.31
1.10
25.11
4.84
2-3 mm
16.80
17.72
5.04
1.13
24.02
4.65
1-2 mm
14.68
21.63
5.19
0.96
26.83
4.69
Experimental Setup

In order to evaluate the ability of metal oxide wastes for the removal of H2S, an ambient
pressure packed-bed reactor was used. The experimental setup mainly consisted of three
parts; pressurized gas cylinders, flow meters, and a reactor-furnace system. The inlet and
outlet concentrations of H2S are analyzed by GC with a PFP detector. The schematic
diagram of the experimental setup is given in Figure 2.
Sulfidation Runs with Steel Slag

The breakthrough curves for H2S obtained from the sulfidation at 400, 500, and 600°C
with 1000-ppmv inlet H2S concentration using 2-3 mm steel slag particles as sorbent are
given in Figure  3. As can  be seen from the figure, as temperature increases the H2S
sorption capacity of the  sorbent increases. From the same  figure, it is seen that a 200-
ppmv breakthrough concentration of H2S is reached in 200 min, 210 min, and 680 min at
reaction  temperatures of 400,  500,  and  600°C,  respectively. Although 200-ppmv
breakthrough concentrations are defined arbitrarily, one can see from Figure 3 that no
H2S concentration can be detected in the exit gas from the reactor for 200 min (more than
3 hrs) at 500°C and about 600 min at 600°C (for 10 hrs). This is an excellent capacity for
a H2S sorbent.
                                       29

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NATO/CCMS Pilot Study on Clean Products and Processes (Phase 1)
                                                                     Vent
                                  Quartz Reactor'
              Gas      Flow
              Cylinders  controllers
                H2S
                                            By-pass Line

Figure 2. Schematic diagram of the experimental setup

Figure 4 illustrates the  breakthrough curves  obtained from the sulfidation of 2-3 mm
steel slag particles with 2000-ppmv inlet HzS concentration at reaction temperatures of
400, 500, and 600°C.  According to this figure, the HzS sorption capacity of the sorbent
again increases with increasing reaction temperature. The breakthrough times for 200-
ppmv exit HzS concentration are  about 20 min,  55  min, and 70 min at temperatures of
400, 500, 600°C, respectively when the inlet HzS concentration is 2000 ppmv. The time
during the reaction with no exit HzS concentration is on the order of 1-hr (about 60-70
min) when the inlet HzS concentration is 2000 ppmv. This is a considerable decrease as
compared to  the first  case with 1000 ppmv inlet H2S concentration. It requires further
investigation  to explain this result.
            200    400    600

                 time, min
                                    1000
Figure 3. Breakthrough Curves for HzS at    Figure 4. Breakthrough Curves for HzS at
Different Temperatures with 1000 ppmv     Different Temperatures with 2000 ppmv
Inlet Concentration (steel slag as sorbent)    Inlet Concentration (steel slag as sorbent)
                                        30

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NATO/CCMS Pilot Study on Clean Products and Processes (Phase 1)
The sorption capacities of the steel slag found from the breakthrough curves at different
temperatures and at two different inlet H2S concentrations are summarized in Table 3. As
can be seen from the table,  the H2S sorption capacity of this sorbent is the highest at
600°C (2.20 g S /100 g sorbent) with an inlet H2S concentration of 1000 ppmv.
Table 3. Sorption Capacities of Steel Slag
Sulfur capacity
gS/lOOgSorbent
Inlet Concentrations and Sulfidation Temperatures
1000 ppmv
400°C
0.80
500°C
0.88
600°C
2.20
2000 ppmv
400°C
0.17
500°C
0.51
600°C
0.93
XRD analysis was conducted on the sulfided samples. The results of the XRD analyses
showed that FeS  was  formed  in  the  sorbent  after the  sulfidation reaction at all
temperatures. CaS was also detected in the structure after sulfidation at 600°C.
                                                                         400 °C
Figure 3. SEM photographs of the steel slag after sulfidation
                                       31

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NATO/CCMS Pilot Study on Clean Products and Processes (Phase 1)
The  change in the morphology of the  sorbents can be seen  in Figure 3  in the SEM
photographs, which were taken at different reaction  temperatures. The shape of the
crystalline  structures  in  the  sorbent  becomes  more  spherical  as  the sulfidation
temperature increases.
Regeneration Runs with Steel Slag

The regeneration of the sorbents was carried out during the cyclic tests. The temperature
was  held constant  at  500°C during cyclic tests.  3Vfe  successive cycles (1 cycle =  1
sulfidation + 1 regeneration) were performed both for steel slag. During the regeneration
process, the sulfided sorbent is reacted with air. The metal sulfide in the reacted sorbent
is oxidized with air, and according to the following reaction, MeS + 3/202 -^MeO + S02,
metal oxides  are  reformed.  S02  is  produced during  the  regeneration reaction, and
concentration of S02 is analyzed again by GC with a PFP  detector. The breakthrough
curves for H2S during sulfidation reaction and for S02 during regeneration reaction were
plotted against reaction time.
Cyclic Tests of Steel Slag

The sorption capacity of steel slag decreases sharply after the first sulfidation. Although
the sorption capacities  in  the second and third sulfidation  are almost  the  same, the
capacity decreases again in the fourth. However, the sorbent is still useful through three
successive sulfidation runs.

The effective H2S sorption capacities of the steel slag after cyclic test are  given in Table
4. The effective sorbent  capacity decreases with increase in sulfidation number. The main
reason for the decrease of sorbent capacity is metal sulfate formations in the presence of
oxygen rather than metal oxide formation.

Table 4. Sorbent Capacities of Steel Slag During Cyclic Test
Sulfidation number
S-l
S-2
S-3
S-4
Sorbent capacity,
gS/1 00 g Sorbent
1.18
0.19
0.17
0.10
Conclusion

In this study the possibility of reuse of waste materials from  iron steel industry in the
sorption of hydrogen sulfide from waste gases was investigated and it was found that it
may be a good candidate as a low-cost sorbent for the removal  of H2S in the temperature
range of 400-600°C. The results of the sulfidation experiments  showed that H2S sorption
capacities increase with temperature. The highest efficiency is  achieved at 600°C and at
                                        32

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NATO/CCMS Pilot Study on Clean Products and Processes (Phase 1)
an inlet concentration of 1000 ppmv HzS, both for steel slag. It is seen that steel slag can
reduce the 2000-ppmv H2S concentration down to 1-2 ppmv levels before breakthrough.
The  cyclic performance of the  steel slag was good. The regeneration results of the
sorbents showed that steel slag lost most of its sorption capacity after the third sulfidation
run. Appreciable amounts of SOz are released during the regeneration of the sorbent.
Acknowledgement

This study was supported by TUBITAK, Project Code: 99Y030. The authors extend their
thanks to TUBITAK for supporting this project.
References

Atimtay, A.T., Gasper-Galvin,  L.D., Poston, J.A.,  "A Supported Sorbent for Hot Gas
Desulfurization",  Preprints, Fuel  Chemistry Division,  American  Chemical  Society,
Vol.35, No. 1, pp. 104, 1990.

Atimtay, A.T., Gasper-Galvin, L.D., Poston, J.A., "Novel Supported Sorbent for Hot Gas
Desulfurization", Environ. Sci.  Techno!., Vol. 27 (7), pp. 1295-1303, 1993.

Grindley,  T., Seinfeld, G., Development and Testing of Regenerable Hot  Coal-Gas
Desulfurization Sorbents, DOE/MC/16545-1125, 1981.

Harrison, D.P., "Control of Gaseous Contaminants in  IGCC Processes, an Overview",
Pittsburg Coal Conference, Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, September 1995.

Mojtahedi, W., Konttinen, J., Ylitalo, M., Lehtovaara, L., "Integrated Approach to Air
Pollution Control in an IGCC System", 10th World Clean Air Congress, Espoo, Finland,
May28-June2, 1995.

Westmoreland, P.R., Gibson, J.B., Harrison, D.P., "Evaluation  of Candidate Solids for
High-Temperature Reaction Between HzS and Selected Metal Oxides", Environmental
Science and Technology, Vol. 10, pp. 659, 1976.
                                      33

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NATO/CCMS Pilot Study on Clean Products and Processes (Phase 1)
                     POLLUTION PREVENTION TOOLS

                               Daniel J. Murray
                  United States Environmental Protection Agency
                       Office of Research and Development
                  National Risk Management Research Laboratory
                              Cincinnati, OH, USA
                              murray.dan@epa.gov
Abstract

The primary pollution prevention tools that this pilot project was focused on the last
several years have been:

   1.  Pollution Prevention Progress (P2P Mark III)
   2.  WAR Algorithm (Simulated version and Stand-alone)
   3.  PARIS II (program for the replacement of industrial solvents)
   4.  TRACI (tool for the reduction and assessment of chemical impacts
   5.  LCAccess life cycle data portal

These products have all been completed. The P2P beta test version is available and was
demonstrated at the meeting; a pre-publication manuscript is also available. Earlier we
had reported the  incorporation of WAR algorithm  for process design  in a commercial
process simulator. Now a stand-alone version is available; CD-ROMs were distributed at
the meeting. PARIS II has been commercialized and available through TDS, Inc. of New
York City.  PARIS II is for  designing benign solvent or solvent  mixtures.  The TRACI
beta  version is now  available  and was distributed to those interested in testing  the
product. TRACI measures environmental impacts. LCAccess is already up and running.
This web-based product is planned to be continually updated as newer LCA data sources
are made available for linkage.

A new version of the EPA pollution prevention manual  has  been  completed. "An
Organizational Guide to Pollution Prevention" expands on previous EPA guidance on
how to establish a pollution prevention program by including four different approaches to
implementing a pollution prevention program in an organization. With an accompanying
CD-ROM tool, this will provide the most comprehensive view of pollution prevention.
                                      34

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NATO/CCMS Pilot Study on Clean Products and Processes (Phase 1)
Slide 1
                                                             Pilot
                                                    Products and Pr

               U.S. EPA Pollution Prevention and Cleaner Production Tools
                                  LCAccess: Making Life Cycle Data
                                  Available via the Internet

                                    Portal/Web Site to provide access to life
                                    cycle inventory data designed to:

                                     increase awareness of existing life cycle
                                     inventory data sources;

                                     provide direction on how and where to
                                     access data sources; and

                                     document data quality
                    www. epa. gov/O RD/N RM RL/lcaccess
Slide 2
                                                             Pilot

                                              Oie»«productsaild

               U.S. EPA Pollution Prevention and Cleaner Production Tools

                      Organizational Guide to Pollution Prevention
               Third Generation P2 Guide: Waste Minimization Opportunity Assessment
               Manual (1988); Facility Pollution Prevention Guide (1992)

               Integrates Environmental Management Systems (EMS) Thinking into P2

               Provides Comprehensive Guidance on P2 Implementation Using
               Traditional Approaches, EMS, and the Quality Model

               Accompanying CD-ROM Provides Extensive Collection of Related
               Documents and Internet Links
                        www.epa.gov/ttbnrmrl
                                         35

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NATO/CCMS Pilot Study on Clean Products and Processes (Phase 1)
Slide 3
                                                      CCMS Pilot
                                                    products and

               U.S. EPA Pollution Prevention and Cleaner Production Tools
            IUO
          Downloads
          Fact sheets
          Order NOW
          PARISTLinks
          IDS Home
Program for Assisting the Replacement of
Industrial Solvents - Version 2 (PARIS II)

  Tool for Identifying Pure Chemicals or Designing Mixtures
  that Can Serve as Alternative Solvents

  "Greener" Solvents Have Improved Environmental
  Properties with Equivalent Solvent Performance
  Properties

  Provides Cost-Effective Approach because New
  Solvents Can Be Substituted without Equipment
  Changes or Process Changes
                                     www.tds.ee
Slide 4
                                                      CCMS Pilot
                                                    Products and P

               U.S. EPA Pollution Prevention and Cleaner Production Tools
                                         Pollution Prevention Progress - P2P

                                          Pollutant Classification System

                                          Includes a Database of over 5600
                                          Chemicals

                                          Will Classify Chemicals in 22
                                          Environmental Impact Categories (e.g.,
                                          Ozone Depletion, Global Warming)
                           bare.jane@epa.gov
                                         36

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NATO/CCMS Pilot Study on Clean Products and Processes (Phase 1)
Slide 5
                                                    CCMS Pilot
                                                  products and

               U.S. EPA Pollution Prevention and Cleaner Production Tools
                                          Tool for the Reduction and
                                          Assessment of Chemical and Other
                                          Environmental Impacts - TRACI
          TRACI
                        OpfcoA   OUcnB
Impact Assessment Tool Using Nine
Chemical Impact Categories and
Three Resource Use Categories

Assesses Various Chemicals to
Assist in P2, LCA and Sustainability
Programs
                          bare.jane@epa.gov
Slide 6
                                                    CCMS Pilot
                                                  Products and P


               U.S. EPA Pollution Prevention and Cleaner Production Tools

           Chemical Process Simulation for Waste Reduction: WAR Algorithm

               Design Methodology for Waste Reduction to Minimize Impacts of
               Chemical Processes
               Develops a Potential Environmental Impact (PEI) for Chemical
               Processes
               WAR Attempts to Minimize the PEI Rather than the Amount of Waste

               WAR is Integrated into Chemical Process Simulator ChemCAD IV
               under an Agreement with Chemstations, Inc.
               WAR GUI Allows for Comparative Assessment of Different Process
               Designs without Process Simulator


                        young.douglas@epa.gov
                                        37

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NATO/CCMS Pilot Study on Clean Products and Processes (Phase 1)
                                  38

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NATO/CCMS Pilot Study on Clean Products and Processes (Phase 1)
                   University-Industry Cooperation
                                  39

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NATO/CCMS Pilot Study on Clean Products and Processes (Phase 1)
  AN UPDATE ON GOVERNMENT SUPPORT FOR CLEAN PRODUCTS AND
                  PROCESSES IN THE UNITED KINGDOM

                            Prof. Jim Swindall QBE
                    QUESTOR, QUILL and QUMED Centres
                        The Queen's University of Belfast
                             Northern Ireland, UK
                             i.swindall@qub.ac.uk
Abstract

There have been four significant funding developments: the STI (Sustainable Technology
Initiative), the MMI (Manufacturing Molecules Initiative), the new Faraday Centres and
SRIF (Science Research Investment Fund).

The  STI is  a programme to support collaborative research and development aimed at
improving the sustainability of UK business. It is funded by the DTI, EPSRC and ESRC
and will operate as follows:

A LINK programme, funded by DTI and EPSRC (£5M each) which provides up to 50%
funding for  collaborative R&D projects between businesses and universities; DTI grants
(£5M budget)  to businesses for  collaborative projects; up  to 50% of eligible  costs;
EPSRC funding for networks (£60K)  and ESRC grants  to academia (£3M).  The total
funding available is £18M (£10M from DTI, £5M from  EPSRC and £3M from ESRC)
over  five years.

For MMI £3 million of Government funding is available  for a wide variety of activities:
LINK projects, general and specialist training, technology transfer, demonstrator and
pilot  projects. Environmentally sound manufacturing is one criteria for a successful grant
application.

An existing initiative, called The Faraday Partnerships,  named after Michael Faraday,
who  maintained strong links with  industry while pursuing fundamental research, has two
new  Faraday Centres in the area of clean technology.
Green Technology for the Chemical and Allied Industry

The CRYSTAL Faraday Partnership seeks to improve and develop the UK Science and
technology base by providing a virtual centre of excellence in low cost, sustainable
("green") manufacturing  technologies and practices.  The UK's three  major  chemical
industry-oriented organisations, IChemE, CIA and RSC, have joined forces to form the
hub of the CRYSTAL Faraday Partnership.
                                     40

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NATO/CCMS Pilot Study on Clean Products and Processes (Phase 1)
Remediation of the Polluted Environment

This Faraday Partnership will facilitate research, training and technology transfer for the
remediation of polluted land and water by biological as well as physical and chemical
methods, especially in the subsurface environment. The Faraday Partnership will interact
with a wide network of SMEs  and larger  companies, both technology providers and
problem holders (of contaminated sites).

The Research Council sponsor(s) will provide up to £1M to each Faraday Partnership on
a pump-priming basis. DTI/SE will provide additional grant funding of up to £1.2M over
3 years to each Faraday Partnership but with the possibility of a further 2 years support if
recommended after an interim evaluation.

SRIF funding of £1 billion is being made available throughout the UK during 2002-2004.
Some of this will fund clean technology projects such as the £2.4 million  Environmental
Engineering and Biotechnology project at the QUESTOR Centre.
 WASTE MINIMIZATION, REVALORISATION AND RECYCLING OF SOLID
                              WASTES IN SPAIN

                             Prof. Jose Coca Prados
         Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology
                              University of Oviedo
                                 Oviedo, Spain
                          jcp@sauron.quimica.uniovi.es
                     http ://www.uniovi. esMngenieria. quimica
Abstract

Solid wastes, including home trash, have become a serious problem that encompasses a
range of social, political, and technical issues. The first efforts in managing these wastes
were focused on avoiding the  environmental and health  problems derived from their
inappropriate disposal. However, in the last decades,  the increasing amounts of solid
wastes have led to more complex waste management with potential economical benefits.

Regarding municipal solid wastes (MSW), the key decision is whether to dispose them by
incineration  or  landfill disposal. However, new trends  include alternatives such  as
recycling (metals, glass,  paper, etc.), composting, and anaerobic digestion,  along with
redesigning of conventional processes.  Thus, recovery of biogas is the most important
issue in the design of a sanitary landfill, whereas heat recovery is a major issue in the
design of MSW incinerators.
                                      41

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NATO/CCMS Pilot Study on Clean Products and Processes (Phase 1)
New processes and the application of new tools to waste management, such as the life-
cycle assessment approach, lead to the concept of Integrated Solid Waste Management.
This concept includes three hierarchical steps: Source reduction, recycling and disposal.

Regarding  the final  disposal of solid wastes, the choice between the  conventional
alternatives of land filling and incineration depends basically on the availability of land.
Countries like the UK or USA tend to  use mainly land filling, whereas  in Denmark,
Netherlands, Belgium or  Germany, the choice is incineration as final treatment of MSW.
In Spain, land filling is  the  most common alternative. However, in the last years, in
several regions, especially the most populated ones (Madrid, Catalonia, Balearic Islands,
and partially Galicia), incineration has received a  lot of attention. Leakages from the
landfill sites are collected and treated. In the region of Asturias, all the biogas produced is
recovered and valorizated (as heat/steam for its use in nearby facilities and electric power
production). More details on this latter process were presented at the meeting.

Concerning industrial wastes, the waste treatment processes  are more complex.  The
available alternatives in  hierarchical order are:  Source reduction, in-process recycling,
on-site recycling, off-site recycling, waste treatment to render the waste less hazardous or
voluminous, secure disposal, and direct release  to the environment. Major efforts have
been devoted to the first alternative.
    25
 "
 •a 20 H
 o
    15-
  00
     0
500000

400000 ^
      rt
300000 >,
     fe
200000 Eo

100000 ~

0
        1993  1995  1997  1999
               year

a. Industrial solid wastes (ISW)
1 6H
                                           oo
                                           ffi
  4-

  2-

  0
4000

3000

2000

1000

0
                   1993  1995 1997  1999 2001
                           year

                   b. Hazardous solid wastes (HSW^
Fig. 1.  Evolution of solid wastes  in Spain  since the Responsible  Care program was
established
These  practices, that in the case of Spain were developed  in the framework  of the
international program Responsible Care, were adopted by Spanish industries in 1993 and
have led to a decrease of both amount and hazard of the wastes, as shown in Fig. 1
                                        42

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NATO/CCMS Pilot Study on Clean Products and Processes (Phase 1)
   PRESENTATION OF LITHUANIAN CLEANER PRODUCTION CENTRE

                             Prof. Jurgis K. Stanislas
                     The Institute of Environmental Engineering
                         Kaunas University of Technology
                                Kaunas, Lithuania
                            iurgis.staniskis@apini.ktu.lt
Abstract

It is increasingly recognized that solution of the most pressing environmental problems
requires a consolidated efforts of all stakeholders, particularly industry, government and
academia. In Lithuania, these groups lack the awareness, knowledge and resources to be
fully  effective  in  promoting and  implementing cleaner  production  (CP).  Generally,
industry and  other stakeholders  are not familiar with preventive approaches and the
potential benefits they can bring. The Lithuanian Cleaner Production Centre established
at the Institute of Environmental Engineering (APINI), Kaunas University of Technology
acts as a  catalyst for sparking interest in CP  and  providing services to allow for its
implementation. In various programmes  performed by  the  Centre, more  than  150
Lithuanian companies and other organisations took part.

CP  training can be offered in two ways: (i) as an integral part of the formal  education
system in universities, or (ii) as continuing education courses. The former has a long-term
perspective and may  serve the training needs of future specialists, while the latter has a
short  term perspective and has proven to be the most efficient way of training people
currently working  in industry. These two approaches complement each and both are
necessary  to build national capacity in CP. In Lithuania, only the Lithuanian CP Centre at
the  Institute  of Environmental  Engineering provides courses  on CP.  A new  M.Sc.
Programme in  Environmental Management and Cleaner Production  developed by the
experts of the Centre in cooperation with technical universities in the Baltic Sea region
(BALTECH consortium)   is particularly  important in this regard. In terms of post-
education  training, the Lithuanian  CP Centre provides long-term training programmes
emphasizing on-the-job training  as this  is  the most  effective way to create domestic
professional capacities. The staff  of the Centre trained  more  than 80  persons from
Lithuanian industrial companies in 1995-2002.

To  demonstrate CP  potential, i.e., the  economic  and  environmental  benefits of CP
measures,  there is a need to implement demonstration projects. The demonstrations are
usually carried out  in selected enterprises with the ultimate goal of catalysing interest in
CP  by participating and other enterprises. To increase the value added of demonstration
projects, the Lithuanian CP Centre aims to ensure that such projects consist of more than
installing  a piece of equipment: hardware is seen as a means, not an end in  itself. The
methodology used in  identifying and implementing CP measures is a very important part
of demonstration projects implemented by the Centre.
                                       43

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NATO/CCMS Pilot Study on Clean Products and Processes (Phase 1)
To  achieve CP sustainability  in  the country,  there  is  a need  to  continue  training
programmes and demonstration projects while also strengthening information output. In
addition to development and dissemination of case studies, the Lithuanian CP Centre also
uses other possibilities for  information  dissemination, e.g., seminars and  workshops,
direct contacts with enterprises, and articles in different publications.

Very often enterprises require  on-site  technical  assistance from external parties in
increasing efficiency of their operations. The Lithuanian CP Centre provides training for
experts from industrial enterprises and leading specialists from other organisations and
technical assistance to  Lithuanian industrial enterprises in the following areas related to
sustainable industrial development: cleaner production and industrial  ecology; financial
engineering aimed at development of cleaner production projects for loan financing;
environmental  and quality  management systems  and standards;  and  product  related
measures.

One of the obstacles in conducting CP assessments in enterprises is lack of technical
information. A modern environmental laboratory specialised for research  and technical
assistance programmes  in enterprises established at the  Lithuanian CP Centre enables
sampling and monitoring of environmental parameters  related to pollution generated by
enterprises, analysis and technical evaluation of material and energy losses in production
processes,  and detection of the sources and emissions of pollutants. The laboratory
includes stationary and portable devices.

The experience of the  Lithuanian CP Centre shows  that environmental management
systems (EMS) have quickly become an issue for companies in Lithuania, particularly for
larger exporters.  However,  it should be pointed out that enterprises often perceive
environmental  management  systems  as a  certificate that has  to  be  obtained for
overcoming a new trade barrier rather than a tool  to increase their efficiency and improve
environmental  performance. In  such  cases, the potential of EMS  is  not  being  fully
utilised. The work of  the Lithuania CP Centre on  EMS  and  CP  integration helps to
increase the effectiveness of environmental management systems and ensure that EMS
leads to continuous improvement in the environmental performance. To date, the Centre
in EMS implementation has consulted more than 15 companies. These companies have
been certified in  accordance to  the ISO 14001  standard. The Centre was also  closely
involved in developing  conditions and  principles for the national  accreditation  and
certification system in Lithuania.

While the experts of Lithuanian CP Centre  have implemented a number of projects in
Lithuanian companies  with assistance of different foreign institutions and financial
support from several donor  countries  in respect  to technological processes,  the field of
cleaner products  is generally unexplored. Product  oriented approaches  such  as eco-
design, life-cycle assessments have yet to be analysed more deeply in Lithuania and the
ways to get the best use of these  approaches are yet to be found. The Lithuanian CP
Centre recently started  research activities and initiated its first projects in  the area of
cleaner products. The Centre's unit in Vilnius is particularly active in this area.
                                        44

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NATO/CCMS Pilot Study on Clean Products and Processes (Phase 1)
The  key role  of governmental institutions  in  promoting CP is  to  establish  a policy
framework, which provides appropriate incentives  for enterprises to adopt preventive
environmental management practices and to increase their efficiency. The Lithuanian CP
Centre  provides  government institutions  with  policy  analysis  and  advice  on  the
instruments that are most effective for promoting CP initiatives and sustainable industrial
development. Experts of the Lithuanian CP Centre  developed the National Strategy for
CP Implementation and National Programme for Sustainable Industrial Development.

The  availability of financing for  CP  investments  is  in  many instances  a necessary
condition for implementation of CP. Ideally, enterprises should  raise money themselves
to finance  CP investments.  However,  the  capacity of enterprises to  do so  is often
constrained by different internal and external obstacles. The Lithuanian CP Centre plays
an important role in project identification, preparation, appraisal  and monitoring within a
Revolving  Facility  established by the  Nordic   Environment  Finance  Corporation
(NEFCO) for financing of priority CP investments. To date, more than 30 CP investment
projects have been developed and financed by NEFCO in Lithuania.

The  concept of total cost assessment/environmental management accounting facilitates
self-regulation within industry by building  a voluntary proactive approach to  source
reduction into  corporate decision-making. Unlike the command and control regulations to
ensure proper management of wastes already created, the role of authorities in promoting
prevention might therefore be more  appropriately viewed as catalytic—pressing industry
to identify pollution prevention opportunities which serve both their own and the public's
interest.

As long as the material components of products are largely based on the  use of virgin
resources, while energy is derived from  fossil fuels, there  is no way by preventive
management to reduce  the output of wastes and pollutants below a  certain minimum
point. Unless,  the product cycle and materials cycle  are (very nearly)  closed, the  system
as a whole  will  continue to  be  unsustainable. In  this case, preventive  and reactive
environmental strategies  have to  be used  as  a feed  forward-feedback  management
structure.

To ensure successful operation of the Centre, there  is a need  to  ensure continuing
capacity development. The Lithuanian CP Centre co-operates  with similar institutions in
other countries, a number  of  foreign  universities,  international organizations and
international financial  institutions.  Experts  of  the  Centre also participate in  capacity
development and experience transfer projects in developing countries.
                                        45

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NATO/CCMS Pilot Study on Clean Products and Processes (Phase 1)
 PROGRAMS OF THE US NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION RELATED TO
                            CLEAN PROCESSING

                    Dr. Thomas W. Chapman, Acting Director
                    Division of Chemical and Transport Systems
                           National Science Foundation
                               Arlington, Virginia
                               Professor Emeritus
                        Chemical Engineering Department
                      University of Wisconsin-Madison USA
                               tchapman@nsf.gov
Abstract

The National Science Foundation (NSF) is the single national agency in the United States
with the sole mission of supporting basic research  and education  in  science  and
engineering.  NSF does no research in-house; rather it is one of the primary sources of
funding for research in American universities. The total budget for the current fiscal year
is $4.8 billion.

The activities supported by NSF are organized around three basic themes: people, ideas,
and tools. All proposals for funding are reviewed by the peer community and evaluated
in terms of two general criteria: intellectual merit and  potential impact.

Although NSF encourages unsolicited proposals for research on all appropriate areas of
science and engineering, it does identify certain priority areas and solicits proposals that
address specific problems. In this talk, the major research thrusts and program areas that
are related  to clean processing were summarized briefly.   The 10-year environmental-
vision document NSF is currently drafting was also discussed.

One  current initiative of NSF is  called "Biocomplexity  in  the Environment,"  which
includes an element called "Materials Use: Science, Engineering,  and Society."  An
Engineering Directorate program that is run jointly  with  the Environmental Protection
Agency,  "Technology for  a  Sustainable Environment," seeks to promote research on
pollution prevention, with an emphasis on Green Chemistry and Engineering. Earlier this
spring we supported a workshop on capture of carbon dioxide as a target greenhouse gas,
and subsequent discussions with the  U.S. Department  of Energy may lead to a joint
grants  program.  It  is hoped that  my presentation helped to identify opportunities for
collaboration between U.S. and European researchers  in this important area.
                                      46

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NATO/CCMS Pilot Study on Clean Products and Processes (Phase 1)
 CERAMIC MEMBRANE APPLICATIONS IN CLEAN PROCESSES IN RUSSIA

                  Gueorgui G. Kagramanov, Tatyana V. Kisseleva
          Moscow Mendeleyev University of Chemical Technology of Russia
                       Department of Chemical Engineering
                          Chair of Membrane Technology
                             125047 Miusskayasq. 9
                                Moscow, Russia.
                      sark@muctr.edu.ru; kadri@muctr.edu.ru
                               Tel/Fax 978-82-60
                                 Fax 200-42-04

Production and  applications  of the  ceramic micro-  and ultrafiltration  membranes,
modules and units, based  on these membranes,  in spite of the economic situation  in
Russia, demonstrate a stable rise. Due to the unique properties of ceramic membranes—
chemical,  microbiological  and thermal stabilities, mechanical strength, possibility  of
regeneration (using rigorous media and back-washing), long life-time etc.,—they could
have been employed in any one of the branches of industry and life. But one of their
disadvantages (and the  most important one), the  relatively high price, showed the way
out—to  replace  the   polymeric  membranes  in  the filtration  systems  in food,
microbiological,  pharmaceutical branches of industry, potable water treatment systems
etc.,  as well as in processes with  rigorous technological parameters, using aggressive,
corrosive  and abrasive media, i.e.,  in production  of "clean  products" by  "clean
processes."

Results  from the research works  [1-3] reveal  the influence  of basic technological
parameters on quantitative characteristics of membrane separation processes, such  as
filtration rate and selectivity—the technologies of milk treatment, purification of wines,
natural,  recycling and waste waters (including cutting fluids), diesel fuels, natural and
technological gases have been developed and commercialized.

The corresponding  technological parameters and data of combined processes, apparatus
and units realized in Russia in pilot and industrial scales are presented in the following
text.
Membranes

Ceramic  membranes produced in Russia are  made  of aluminium oxide (supports or
substrates)  coated by  microfiltration  (MF)  and,  consequently,  ultrafiltration  (UF)
selective  layers. MF selective layers are formed either of AlzOs and ZrOz powders or of
SiC microfibers. UF membranes  are produced using SiOz, TiOz, ZrOz  and  CeOz sols.
Some characteristics of MF and UF membranes are presented in Tables 1 and 2.
                                       47

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NATO/CCMS Pilot Study on Clean Products and Processes (Phase 1)
Table 1. Characteristics of MF ceramic membranes of
(support) and coated by a-
                                                                                 or
M
1
2
3
4
Type
^LIOoo oCLUOIl/ Ol
membrane element
cylindrical
cylindrical
cylindrical
hexagonal
Number of
channels
1
1
7
19
Geometry
Length,
mm
800 - 900
800 - 900
800 - 900
800 - 900
Diameter,
mm
8x6
10x6
22
29
(spanner)
Channel
diameter, mm
6
6
4
3.8
Porosity, %
Substrate
40-45
40-45
40-45
40-45
Selective
layer
40
40
40
40
Pore diameter, mem
Substrate
3-5
4-6
5-10
10-15
Selective
layer
0.8-1.0
0.2-0.4
1.0-1.5
0.2-0.4
1.0-1.5
0.2-0.4
1.5-2.0
0.2-0.4
Distilled water
permeability,
m3/(m2-h-bar)
4.8-5.6
2.0-2.2
4.8-6.2
1.8-2.0
4.4-5.4
1.8-2.0
4.4-5.0
1.6-1.8
                                                       48

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NATO/CCMS Pilot Study on Clean Products and Processes (Phase 1)
Table 2. Characteristics of UF ceramic membranes with a-Al2Os supports. Pressure difference AP = 1 bar
Selective
layer's
material
Si02
Zr02
Ti02
Ce02
Number of
selective
layers
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
4
Mean pores
diameter,
mm
70
15
3
70
30
15
70
25
7
70
30
15
10
Permeability coefficient, m3/(m2-h-bar)-103
Distilled
water
145
100
50
400
250
150
610
320
55
1100
650
150
55
Si02 sol
40
25
12
50
30
15
57
35
15
60
40
23
15
PVP, molecular
massM = 40-103
58
47
32
110
78
60
90
65
35
-
Apple
pectine
29
26
19
62
33
19
-
-
Selectivity, %
Si02 sol
98.0
99.2
99.9
98.9
99.1
99.1
97.5
99.3
99.4
92.5
99.0
99.9
99.9
PVP,
M = 40-103
98.9
99.3
99.6
66.0
81.5
83.6
72.5
83.2
89.9
-
Apple
pectine
93.6
95.1
96.6
86.0
93.5
93.8
-
-
                                                        49

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NATO/CCMS Pilot Study on Clean Products and Processes (Phase 1)
The solutions tested (table 2) were:
   •   SiOz sol with solid phase particles of 30 nm in diameter; concentration of Si02
       5 % weight;

   •   water solution of polyvynilpirrolidon (1 % weight) with molecular mass of 1 1 1
       360 000;

   •   water solution of the apple pectine  (2 %  weight) with molecular mass 50 000
       200 000.
Modules

The  characteristics  of modules with  ceramic membranes  produced in  Russia  are
presented in Table 3 and Figure 1.
Table  3. Basic  characteristics  of  membrane  modules,  using  multichanneled (19)
membranes. Construction material - stainless steel
Parameters
Quantity of membrane
elements
Filtration area, m2
Filtration rate (potable
water), not less, m3/h
Length, m
Diameter, m
Weight, kg
Type of module
FC-3
3
0.6
0.20
1.00
0.10
10
FC-7
7
1.40
0.40
1.10
0.13
20
FC-19
19
3.8
1.50
1.16
0.22
38
FC-37
(in design)
37
7.4
2.9
1.25
0.33
56
                                       50

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NATO/CCMS Pilot Study on Clean Products and Processes (Phase 1)
Fig. 1. Modules with ceramic membranes.
                                   51

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NATO/CCMS Pilot Study on Clean Products and Processes (Phase 1)
Table 4. Membrane MF and UF systems
Type of process
1
1 . Filtration of
biomass% in
production of
a)Bi2
b)erithromicine
c) lizine
2. Purification of
enzymes
3.
Microfiltration
of milk
4. Clarification of
beverages, fruit
extracts and
syrups
5.
Purification of
wines
6. Regeneration of
transformator
oil
7. Mineral water
purification
8. Potable water
purification
9. Waste waters
purification
Pore
diameter,
mem
2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.8
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.02
0.2
Tempera-
ture, °C
3
110
40
50
40
55
55
70-80
10
70-80
20
20-30
20-30
Filtration
rate,
m3/m2-h
4
0.4
0.06 -
0.08
0.12 -
0.16
0.13
0.08
0.5-0.7
0.06 -
0.10
0.15 -
0.25
0.30
0.5-0.9
0.7-1.2
0.2-0.5
0.1-0.2
Filtration
area, m2
5
20
110
160
1.1
pilot
unit
0.015
1.1; 4.0
10; 20
4
2; 8
0.05 -
20
3.8 - 7.6
Notes
6
Designed
capacity
290m2
-
retention
of fats
99.9 %
(for
0.2 mem)
-
retention
of micro-
organ-
isms to
99.99 %
electrical
resistance
rise from
0 to 24.5
kV/cm
retention
of iron
compa

retention
of heavy
metals
Company
7
Biokon
Biokon
Biokon
Zvezda,
Biokon
Zvezda,
Biokon
Biokon
Zvezda,
Biokon
Zvezda
Zvezda
                                  52

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NATO/CCMS Pilot Study on Clean Products and Processes (Phase 1)
1
10. Cutting fluids
purification
a) coagulation and MF
b) coagulation and UF
11.
Purification of Diesel
fuel

12. Purification of natural
and technological
gases
2


0.2
0.02

0.2
0.02


0.2

3


40
40

40
40


40

4


0.08 -
0.10
0.03 -
0.05
0.17 -
0.20
0.06 -
0.07

up to
6000

5


pilot
unit,
0.1
pilot
unit,
1.4

3.8
0.3

pilot
unit,
0.15
6


retention of heavy
metals
organic components
and deemulsification

up to 68 %
up to 68 %

retention of
dispersed particles
up to 99.99 %
7
d
v z







Zvezda

The developed technologies are generally environmentally friendly, in both prevention of
pollution and in remediation of pollution.
Literature

   1.  Kagramanov G. G., Kocharov R. G., Dubrovin A. A. The study of water purification
       from cations by ceramic microfilters // Chemical Technology. - 2001. - N 1. - P. 42
       - 46 (in Russ.).

   2.  Kagramanov G.  G.  et  al.  Development  of Technology for  Utilization of
       Lubrificant  Cooling  Liquids with the Aid of Ceramic Membranes // Chemical
       Industry. - 1998. - N 5. - P. 23 - 27 (in Russ.).

   3.  Zyabrev A. F., Limitovsky A.  B., Kunin A. I. Biokon Membrane Systems for
       Ultra- and  Microfiltration.  Application  in Various Branches  of  Industry //
       Membranes. - 2001.  - N 11. - P. 21 - 31 (in Russ.).
                                       53

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NATO/CCMS Pilot Study on Clean Products and Processes (Phase 1)
                                  54

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NATO/CCMS Pilot Study on Clean Products and Processes (Phase 1)
                          Industrial Ecology
                                  55

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NATO/CCMS Pilot Study on Clean Products and Processes (Phase 1)


INDUSTRIES OF THE FUTURE: PARTNERSHIPS FOR IMPROVING ENERGY
  EFFICIENCY, ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE AND PRODUCTIVITY

                               Steven C. Weiner
                      Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
                             Washington, DC, USA
                               sc.weiner@pnl.gov
Good morning. I am pleased to be here and have the opportunity to share with you the
Industries of the  Future program of the U.S. Department of Energy. Several years ago,
you had  the opportunity to  hear from Lou Divone on a related subject. Since I can't
possibly  cover it all, what I would like  to do today is (1)  provide an overview of the
Industries of  the Future program, (2) use the chemical industry's Vision 2020  as a
specific example, and (3) provide some examples within this program that illustrate the
range of  technology options from  long-term research to  practical,  decision assessment
tools of value to manufacturing facilities.

The U.S. Department of Energy, as a mission-driven agency, is charged with helping
energy- and waste-intensive industries  to  improve their resource  efficiency. As the
Industries of the Future program delivers  energy efficiency, it also means reducing waste,
enhancing  environmental  performance,  lowering production costs  and increasing
productivity and boosting competitiveness.

The Industries of the Future strategy seeks to improve industrial energy efficiency and
productivity with two primary thrusts: (1) provide support of collaborative R&D planning
and implementation to give industry the advanced technologies it will need in the future,
and (2) help plants select and implement the best practices and technologies  available
today—such as enhancing current operations through improved motor and pump systems,
for example.

In reality, Industries of the Future is: (1)  a collaboration at the intersection of industry's
long-term needs and the goal  of energy efficiency leading to improved environmental
performance and  increased productivity, and (2) a partnership of the combined resources
of industry, academia, and government  to tackle tough technical challenges, requiring
advanced science and technology options.

This continuum is another way to look  at opportunities for research and development,
demonstration, and deployment of advanced industrial technologies. The lOFs (in the
industrial sectors) and crosscutting R&D programs tend to focus on projects in the  mid-
to long-term  stage of development,  though  some projects  have  moved to  the
demonstration stage. The Emerging Technology  programs focus  on more  near-term
applications and  deployment of technologies. The Best Practices  programs focus on
helping industry make better use of technologies that are available today.
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The key message is that the IOF process itself is an industry-led process. All parts of an
industry come together to define their current situation, identify key  challenges, and
describe what they need and want to be like 20 years from now in order to be sustainably
competitive. Each  industry defines its own goals (vision), creates  a research agenda
(roadmap), and then forms public-private R&D partnerships.  The process brings together
high-level decision makers—many of them competitors—to identify their  common
technology challenges. The process underscores shared needs and lays the groundwork
for collaboration on mutually beneficial projects. Industry gains a strong voice in the
leveraged allocation of federal research dollars. In fact, state governments across the U.S.
are also using  this  model to develop strategies to help strengthen industries within their
states and regions.

What this  means at the plant  level is that you have a  number of ways for  technology to
provide solutions to achieve, for example, lower energy costs, increased productivity,
reduced NOx control costs and single digit NOx.

Let's turn  to a specific example, the chemical industry's Vision 2020.  I won't have time
to go  into the  specific elements  of Vision  2020,  but you can find  the vision  at
www.chemicalvision2020.org. The charter of the sponsoring organizations including the
American  Institute  of Chemical Engineers was three-fold:

   •   To provide vision and identification of technical needs critical to the  chemical
       industry's competitiveness.

   •   To strengthen cooperation among industry, government and academia, an element
       that brought many participants to the visioning  process.

   •   To provide direction for continuous improvement and step-change technology,
       recognizing that incremental technology won't  get one to Vision 2020.

In order to  cover  the chemical enterprise (even to  the extent of some  overlap), the
sponsors focused on these areas: New Chemical Science and Engineering Technology,
Information Systems, Supply Chain Management, and  Manufacturing and Operations.

For example, areas in which needs were identified under New Chemical Science and
Engineering  Technology  include:  new  chemistries,  catalyst screening,   process
intensification  (e.g.,  combining unit operations such  as  reaction/separation),  CFD,
materials of construction, "smart" materials. Development of technology at the interface
of chemistry, biology, and physics received considerable emphasis.  On the issue of the
intersection of these four areas, although I won't cover information systems in depth, it is
clear  the  profound impact  that  information  systems (infrastructure,  business and
enterprise   management,  product   and  process   design   and  development,  and
manufacturing) are having and can have on the future of the entire chemical enterprise.
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So if we superimpose Vision 2020 and the Industries of the Future model, this is how we
might depict the program.  For example, over a several year period, technology roadmaps
were developed in the following areas:

   •  Biocatalysis
   •  Computational and Combinatorial Chemistry
   •  Computational Fluid Dynamics
   •  New Process Chemistry
   •  Materials of Construction
   •  Materials Technology
   •  Separations
   •  Reaction Engineering
   •  Process Measurement and Control

Now, I would like to provide some examples of projects and technologies to illustrate
different aspects of the Chemical Industry of the Future program.

Computational fluid dynamic  (CFD) modeling tools are proving an attractive alternative
to costly  and  time-consuming  experimentation.  However,  limitations  in existing
modeling tools slow broader application of the technology, e.g., model complexity, which
hinders use by operating  engineers; lack  of integration  between models; and limited
capacity  to model  the  reacting and multi-phase  flows common in many  chemical
processes.

One  of the steps identified to  achieve the goals of Vision  2020 is to capitalize on
information technology and  computational power, both to  integrate  operations and
scientific computing innovations, as well  as to develop  molecular and fluid dynamic
modeling tools.

Vision 2020 inspired this consortium to tackle modeling of multi-phase flows, beginning
with gas-solid reactions and turbulence typical of fluid-bed reactors. By solving these
issues, gas-solid flow operating capacity could be improved.

This extensive  list of  participants  is indicative  of  my earlier comment regarding
cooperation among industry, government laboratories, and academia. From an industrial
point-of-view, competitive advantage will come not from the development of these tools
(which can be  expensive!),  but from  the  application  of these tools to  their specific
processes.

The  intelligent extruder system,  targeting the extruded and molded plastics industry, will
use advanced diagnostic and control tools to reduce product variability and increase first-
pass  yield, while reducing energy  use and waste generation in the compounding  of
polymer resin.  Inferential  sensors and closed-loop process  controls are to  be used  to
adjust key process parameters when material properties are detected.
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Expected benefits include: improvement of first-pass yield of compounding processes,
cost and process savings of raw  materials,  energy savings, volatile and  solid waste
reduction, and cost-effective production of smaller lots of material.

Ultrasonic tank cleaning allows industries to clean process tanks and eliminate the use of
chemical solvents.  The ultrasonic resonator (developed by Telesonic, Inc.) cleans tanks
more thoroughly and quickly than solvents,  uses  less energy, and reduces labor and
material costs. By eliminating the need to process spent solvents, ultrasonic cleaning also
eliminates emissions of VOCs and the generation of hazardous wastes.

In 10 test applications sponsored by OIT at DuPont-Merck, cleaning time was reduced by
86 percent and 6,100 pounds of cleaning solvent were saved.  The overall energy savings
can be scaled up to estimate facility wide annual savings that is equivalent of 605 barrels
of oil. For this project, the DuPont-Merck facility in Deepwater, NJ, received one of three
Technology Commercialization Awards from the U.S. Department of Energy.

How does this example fit Vision 2020? One of the identified challenges in Vision 2020
is to increase agility in manufacturing.  Agility has many components. As one element,
think of manufacturing facilities planned to provide core production capabilities, rather
than specific  products, that  is,  process equipment that  can be  easily reconfigured,
combined with management  systems that  facilitate  change as an integral part of the
production capability. Cleaning tanks more  rapidly can be one element of increasing the
agility of the overall operation.

Along  the same lines, here's another example. A robotic  tank inspection system is being
demonstrated at two  BPAmoco facilities in Texas  and Louisiana, and the benefits that
will be derived include:  energy savings and reduced emissions in addition to lower costs
and reduced downtime.

Now let's  turn  to Best  Practices.  Best Practices  is the  implementation approach  of
Industries of the Future, transferring energy saving products and providing energy-saving
services through energy management experts.  The goal is to  assist the partner industries
and  their supporting  industries in identifying  and realizing their best energy-efficiency
and  pollution  prevention options from  a system and life-cycle cost perspective. I am
going to focus the balance of my talk on one aspect of Best Practices—software decision
tools and databases. Best Practices  software decision tools can be used to choose, apply,
and  maintain  electric motors  and  adjustable speed  drives,  to  calculate  the  economic
thickness of industrial insulation, or to assess a pumping system. Databases help locate
motor  manufacturers  and  service  providers  or find energy,  waste,  and productivity
recommendations (nearly 42,000!) that have been made to other manufacturing facilities.

Here are some of the software tools that are  available.  Motor Master+  3.0 is used for
repair and/or replacement decision-making.  ASD Master  is used for screening adjustable
speed drive upgrades. Let's look at the Pump System Assessment Tool in more detail.
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The Pumping System  Assessment Tool (PSAT), developed for DOE at the Oak Ridge
National Laboratory is designed to help end users, ranging from operators to engineers to:

   •   Assess and calculate energy and cost savings opportunities in pumping systems

   •   Evaluate how well suited a pump is to a particular service application

   •   Generate  "What If assessments, following the  pumping system head-capacity
       curve

   •   Examine  pumping  systems,  for situations  where prescreening  indicates that a
       closer look is warranted.

The general methodology  of the PSAT software treats the system as a black box. The
PSAT software estimates existing, "optimal" pump and motor efficiencies, and associated
operating costs using the motor power or current (input), the flow rate and head (output),
and nameplate information.  These answers are based on average motor performance
characteristics from the MotorMaster database and using Hydraulic Institute algorithms
for achievable pump efficiency  (Hydraulic Institute Standard ANSI/HI-1.3, Centrifugal
Pump Design and Application, 1994).

On the main menu and data input screens, the information in the left third of the screen is
the input data such as general nameplate-type information and field measurements of
flow rate, head, and either motor power or current. The results are shown on the right.
The Optimization Rating is like a grade—a rating of 100 is a "perfect" score—the pump
and motor combination doing as well as can be expected. A grade of 50 means  that twice
as much energy is being used as would be with an optimal configuration. On the bottom
right are the calculated potential energy and cost savings of a system optimized to work
at peak efficiency,  which can be used in life cycle cost or simple return on investment
calculations.

Here are some of the other tools that are also available:

   •   3E Plus for insulation materials under varying operating conditions
   •   Air Master+ for compressed air systems
   •   Steam Scoping Tool for steam systems

Finally, let me say that much more detail is available on the website. Fact sheets for each
of the projects are available, as well as all aspects of the Industries of the Future program.
I hope I have given you a good, even if brief, picture of the Industries of the  Future
program.

In conclusion, let me express my appreciation for having the U.S. Department  of Energy
participate in this NATO Pilot Study meeting and my interest in your ideas as to how we
might strengthen this cooperation in the future.  I  also wish to thank our  hosts for the
hospitality that they have shown to us. Thank you.

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      FROM POLLUTION CONTROL TO INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY AND
                       SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

                              Prof. Lennart Nilson
                       Royal Stockholm Technical Institute
                   Dept of Chemical Engineering and Technology
                               Stockholm, Sweden
                            mailto:lennart@ima.kth.se
Abstract

It is increasingly evident that the current patterns of consumption  and production of
society, business,  and industry  are not sustainable.  The  enormous  economic  and
population growth worldwide over the last four decades have together driven the impacts
that threaten the health and well-being of our communities and nations—ozone depletion,
climate change,  depletion and  fouling  of natural resources, and  extensive loss of
biodiversity and habitat.

These  impacts on  the environment  from industry and society, made, during the  first
century of  industrialisation, little impact on the awareness of their  ecological effects.
Comments  on emissions of noxious gases from pulping industries for example were "It
smells  like money..." rather than "can this be hazardous...?"

It had  to take a  number of serious pollution related incident and accidents before the
awareness of the dangers of the effects of emissions from industry and society on health
and environment started to result in action.

In the middle of the 20th century, efforts  centered on reducing the environmental effects
by diluting  the air emissions by building high chimneys and leading polluted waste water
in long pipes far from the shores into deep water, hoping that nature could assimilate and
degrade all  pollutants if the concentrations could be kept low enough.

It became evident in the 60s and 70s that "the solution to pollution was  NOT dilution,"
especially as it was recognized that environmental impact was not a  local problem, but
that long-distance and trans-border transport of pollutants was a major contribution to the
acidification problems in many countries. To remedy this, the high chimneys and  long
pipes were  supplemented with pollution control equipment by which the  wastewater and
the flue gases were cleaned before being  released to the recipient, so called end-of-pipe
solutions.

With this strategy  many of the point source  problems could  be reduced to acceptable
levels.  However most of the cleaning processes were designed to separate the pollutants
from the primary emission streams, resulting in a waste product that had to be disposed
of.
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Other concerns that emerged during the 80s and 90s were emissions related to diffuse
sources and hazardous substances with the potential to accumulate in biological tissues
and with long-term effects. These problems cannot be solved by the application of end-
of-pipe technologies. The approach that developed as a response to this new challenge
was  process integration, which has as its over-riding goal to avoid production and
emission of pollutants by choosing raw  materials, changing  processes  or optimizing
process equipment in order to avoid or at least reduce the formation of polluting
emissions—pollution prevention instead of pollution control.

From this strategy the next step in the development was quite  natural. From having the
focus  on  waste minimization  through development of  clean or  cleaner production
processes, the environmental implications before and  after the production phase became
evident. All products, services and processes have a life cycle. For products the life cycle
begins when raw materials are extracted or harvested. Raw materials then go through a
number of manufacturing steps  until the product is delivered to a customer. The product
is used, disposed of or recycled. The environmental  impact occurs over the entire  life
cycle, not only during the production phases.  In many cases the use of the product will
account for the major part of the total impact; in other cases  the disposal of  the used
product is the main problem. Along the entire product cycle we can see the consumption
of raw material resources and energy as well as the generation  of wastes and emissions.
Therefore the  concept of cleaner production  expanded to a life cycle  approach where
product and process design are essential elements.

In the concept of Industrial Ecology it is considered that the environmental performance
of a production process is not only governed by the design of the  product and its
production process, but also by how the process  integrates with  other  processes and
material flows. Integration with  other processes can occur through exchanges of material,
through exchanges of energy and through the common use of utilities, such as cooling
and  process waters.  To  design efficient and economic processes,  designers  must
systematically search out markets for byproducts; they should consider using byproducts
from other processes as raw materials; and, perhaps most significantly, expand their angle
of approach to looking for synergetic integration with other industries or with other parts
of society.

There is a growing awareness that, while these approaches are  being applied, integrated
and further developed, although leading to substantial improvements for the environment
of the world, will not be sufficient in the future.

A central message conveyed by the Rio Agenda 21  document is that community and
social  development and  economic  progress should be reconcilable with environment
protection and qualitative gains and improvements. A  major task, in order to  obtain a
sustainable development, is to strike the balance between the two main values and the
political objectives sustaining  them. This is  a continuous dilemma that  has to be
addressed under shifting conditions. Leaders in business, government, academia, public-
interest organizations, and communities are responding with innovative new solutions to
sustainability issues in business and industry.
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As expressed in the declaration of the Baltic 21, an initiative to develop and implement a
regional Agenda 21 for the Baltic Sea Region in order to attain sustainable development
in the  region adopted  by the 11  countries of the Council of the  Baltic Sea States:
sustainable development for the industrial sector in  the Baltic Sea Region is maintaining
continuity of economic, social, technological and environmental improvements. This
means for the industrial sector in the region:

   •   reaching  eco-efficiency by the delivery  of competitively  priced goods and
       services  that satisfy human and social needs and  bring quality of life while
       progressively reducing ecological impacts and resource intensity throughout the
       life  cycle, to a level at least in line with the  estimated carrying capacity of the
       region with respect to biodiversity, ecosystems and use of natural resources;

   •   improved working environment and industrial safety for the work force;

   •   applying  sustainable  strategies applied to  resources, processes, products and
       services.
       INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY AND RESEARCH PROGRAM AT THE
       NORWEGIAN UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

                           Prof. Annik Magerholm Fet
                           Researcher Ottar Michelsen
          Department of Industrial Economics and Technology Management
                         The Industrial Ecology Program
                  Norwegian University of Science and Technology
                             mailto:fet@iot.ntnu.no
Abstract

This paper gives a brief presentation of the Industrial  Ecology study-  and research
programs  at the  Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU.  These
programs have been running for a few years, and they have recently been evaluated. The
revised program will be presented. A central topic within the framework of industrial
ecology is eco-efficiency. Eco-efficiency should be a tool for measuring internal progress
as well  as  a  tool for communicating  the  level  of  economic  and environmental
performance. Some of the research projects in the NTNU-program are dealing with this
concept.  Effort has been  put  into clarifying the terminology of eco-efficiency, the
definitions and  the methodologies for selecting eco-efficiency indicators, and how they
can be used for reporting purposes and as a tool for improvement measures. The  paper
presents  examples  of  the  use of indicators  for eco-efficiency  measures both for
production sites and for products and value chains. The paper further gives an overview
of upcoming  international requirements  to  environmental reporting in the context of
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industrial ecology. Here we find  different types of reporting initiatives, e.g., that eco-
efficiency reports inform about economic performance in addition to the environmental
performance   while  sustainability   reports  encompasses  social,   economic   and
environmental aspects, the  "triple bottom line." Today we see a move from traditional
environmental reporting  to eco-efficiency  reporting and  sustainability reporting.  For
products,  we  see an  international  standardisation  effort  of  environmental product
declarations (EPDs). Among the research activities at the industrial ecology program at
NTNU is the search for eco-efficiency indicators that can be harmonised with the product
declaration standards.
Introduction

The concept of Industrial Ecology (IE) is based on an analogy between industrial systems
and ecological systems. In nature, an ecologically sustainable system is a complex web of
organisms, where materials and waste build cycles. A society that is organised according
to the principles of IE will be similarly characterized;  industry and industrial products
form value chains where energy  and materials  enter loops  that are kept as closed as
possible. The products evolve through design, production, distribution and consumption.
When they are disposed of, their energy and material can be used in new products and
processes. By placing extended focus on the entire material and energy  cycles, IE
involves disciplines that range from the humanities and the social sciences to  the natural
sciences and technology.

IE is  also seen  as  a strategy complementary to Cleaner Production (CP).  While  CP
focuses on individual companies, the strategy of IE focuses on a group or cluster of
companies (e.g.,  industrial parks).
Industrial Ecology at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology

The Industrial Ecology Programme is a multidisciplinary programme at the Norwegian
University of Science  and Technology (NTNU). The program is responsible  for the
coordination of NTNU's activities in education, research and communication in the area
of IE.  It was started after an initiative from Norsk  Hydro, and soon involved  other
industrial  companies as well as the Norwegian Ministry of the Environment. It receives
significant funding from the Norwegian Research Council, but also relies on business and
industry partners for its activities. Industrial project works  are important in under-
graduate education and of mutual benefit to business, industry, researchers, doctoral and
master's students in their work.

Present business and industry partners include  furniture  companies,  oil companies,
packaging companies and suppliers for the car industry, all over the world. Governmental
agencies such as the Ministry of the Environment and the  Pollution  Control Authority
(EPA)  are supporting the program. In addition, a number of other industrial companies
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are involved in the case projects within the research programme Productivity 2005, or
P2005.

The Industrial Ecology Study Programme stands out as the most  important long-term
activity within its areas of responsibility. It was started in 1999, and is offered to students
in engineering, natural sciences, social sciences and the humanities from their third year
of study.

Students specialise in IE  not instead of, but in addition to a discipline.  Students in
chemical engineering still become chemical engineers, and political science students still
become political scientists. The Study Programme gives students an alternative way of
understanding  and  acting in the world; this enables them to perform their profession in a
more sustainable fashion. In this sense, IE also becomes a basis for  communication and
cooperation among students,  researchers and practitioners from  a host of different
disciplines.

In the Study Programme curriculum, the focus is upon local, regional and global use and
flow of materials and energy in products, processes,  industrial sectors and economies.
The role of industry in reducing the environmental burden and minimizing resource needs
of products in a life cycle perspective  is investigated. Students are to acquire skills in
evaluating  opportunities   of  improving  products, production  systems and  technical
infrastructure as well as changes  in societal and political  conditions necessary for the
promotion of sustainable production and consumption.

The Study Programme consists of eight courses,  six of them  being  compulsory core
courses, and two  of them being  optional among six alternatives. The core courses
construct a mental staircase of progressing sophistication of  thought, and  introduce
students to the application of theories and methods of central reference to  the field. The
two optional  courses  give  students the possibility  to widen their  special  field or
concentrate on certain aspects of IE.

The six courses constituting the compulsory core part of the Study Programme are:

    •   Industrial Ecology and Systems Analysis
    •   Environmental Science and Occupational Hygiene
    •   Environmental and Resource Economy
    •   Environmental Systems Analysis and LCA
    •   Systems for Recycling and Closed Material Loops
    •   Strategies, Innovation and Change

In addition to the compulsory core courses, the students choose two out of six courses:

    •   Eco-Toxicology and Environmental Resources
    •   Geo-Resources
    •   Energy and Environmental Consequences
    •   Ecological Design

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   •   Environment and Safety Management in Public Administration and Industry
   •   Environmental Politics

After having completed the Study Programme, students can choose an IE angle for their
master's thesis. The Industrial Ecology Programme will assist in supervising students in
addition to the tutoring offered to them by their home department (IndEcol 2002).
Eco-efficiency

One of the concepts of great importance within several of the courses and within several
research activities  is the concept  of eco-efficiency.  Around  12  years ago  the United
Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP) developed the CP strategy. CP was mainly
developed on the background of some waste minimization efforts in the USA and later
Pollution Prevention defined by the Pollution Prevention  Act. Basically, the concepts
Waste Minimization, Pollution Prevention and CP are, for practical reasons, identical. In
time, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)  in  co-
operation with the  World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBSCD)
developed the concept eco-efficiency in order to accommodate the CP concept and make
it more familiar to the philosophy of the business community. Eco-efficiency is a central
topic within the framework of industrial ecology. Schmidheiny first introduced the term
in the book  Changing Course (Schmidheiny 1992) that  was a product of the Business
Council for Sustainable  Development and presented at the Rio Earth Summit in  1992.
The purpose of eco-efficiency is very simple—to maximise value  creation and minimise
environmental burdens.  There are several  definitions of eco-efficiency. The WBCSD
defines eco-efficiency as " the delivery of competitively priced goods and services that
satisfy human needs and bring quality of life, while progressively reducing ecological
impact and resource intensity throughout the life cycle, to a level at least in line with the
earth's estimated carrying capacity" (DeSimone and Popoff 1997). The OECD defines
eco-efficiency as " the efficiency with which environmental resources are used to meet
human needs" (OECD 1998).

The most important difference between these two definitions is that the WDCSD includes
the carrying capacity in their definitions, while the  OECD  looks  upon  eco-efficiency
more as a straightforward measure on the exploitation  ratio  of  the resources that  are
introduced into the  economy.

Eco-efficiency is also viewed as  a tool to promote improvements  of  environmental
performance. As a tool,  it has a wide range of use.  The two most important uses  are
probably for measuring internal progress and for communicating level of economic and
environmental performance.  The  combination  of economic   and  environmental
information makes the results easy to understand and interpret,  and it also takes into
account fluctuations  in  production  volume and related changes in  environmental
performance.
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The most commonly used formula for operationalising eco-efficiency is (Verfaillie and
Bidwell2000):

                            ~.  .       Product or service value
                     Eco - efficiency =	
                                      Environmental influence

As this formula shows, the consideration of the carrying capacity is not included when
eco-efficiency is operationalised, therefore at the time not being a part of what actually is
measured. Eco-efficiency can thus be improved through increased value creation and/or
reduced environmental influence. Using this formula, improved eco-efficiency will result
in an increased indicator value. Graphic interpretations will give upward arrows and are
thus familiar for business where upward arrows indicate a desirable development.

To measure eco-efficiency, both product or service value and environmental influence
must be quantified. Product or service value can be measured in different terms: as the
quantity of produced goods, as a monetary value (e.g., net sales) or as the fulfilment of a
need or  function (e.g.,  the quantity of goods or services  produced or provided  to
customers). Applicable indicators for measuring environmental influence can be energy
consumption, materials consumption, water consumption, greenhouse gas emissions or
ozone depleting substance emissions. However, these indicators must not be regarded as
a complete list.  Different companies must identify what environmental aspects  are most
important for their  activities and use this  to develop  environmental performance
indicators (EPIs) through a bottom-up approach. Based on national political goals, EPIs
can also be developed through a top-down approach. In addition, the WBCSD (see,  e.g.,
DeSimone and Popoff 1997 and Lehni 2000) has developed seven guiding principles that
can help companies improve eco-efficiency:

   •   minimise the material intensity of goods and services
   •   minimise the energy intensity of goods and services
   •   minimise toxic dispersion
   •   enhance material recyclability
   •   maximise the use of renewable resources
   •   extend product durability
   •   increase the service intensity of goods and services

According to DeSimone and Popoff (1997) indicators should be developed to  cover all
these.
The Use of Eco-efRciency in Reporting

There are several different types of reporting. While environmental reports traditionally
inform about the environmental aspects of a company, the environmental achievements
and  the  goals for environmental  improvements,  eco-efficiency reporting is about
economic   performance  in  addition  to   environmental  performance.  The  most
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comprehensive  is  sustainability  reporting that encompasses social,  economic  and
environmental aspects, the "triple bottom line."  Today we see a move from traditional
environmental reporting to eco-efficiency reporting and sustainability reporting.

Indicators are frequently used to report the performance. Figure 1 shows the three pillars
in sustainable development  as  the  corners in the  triangle and indicates  reporting  at
different levels. The figure shows that indicators, both specific for each evaluation area
and  cross-cutting  indicators like eco-efficiency indicators, are useful  for reporting
purposes. Sustainability reporting is  to be used at the company level, but will also most
likely be a useful information tool for groups of companies or within a region where IE is
defined as a common strategy towards sustainable development.

                                                      Sustainability
                                                      reporting
                                Economic
                                aspects
            Ecor-efficiency nd cators
Socio-economic indicators
             Ecologic
             aspects
     Social
     aspect
                           ocio-eco ogic indicators
Environmental
reporting
Figure  1:  Sustainable  development  encompasses  ecological, economic and  social
aspects; sustainability reporting is the most comprehensive reporting.

Organisations like UNEP, the WBCSD and the OECD have a strong influence on the
requirements  set to such reporting.  One  of the initiatives by UNEP  is the Global
Reporting Initiative (GRI). GRI was established in 1997 with the mission of developing
globally  applicable  guidelines for reporting on  economic, environmental, and social
performance. The GRI's Sustainable Reporting Guidelines (GRI 2000) represent the first
global  framework for comprehensive sustainability reporting. They give guidance to
reporters on selecting generally applicable and organisation-specific indicators, as well as
integrated  sustainability   indicators.   Forward-looking indicators  such  as   strategy,
management indicators, trend information, and targets for future years are also included.
Today, at least 2,000 companies around the world voluntarily report information on their
economic, environmental, and social policies, practises, and performance.
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NATO/CCMS Pilot Study on Clean Products and Processes (Phase 1)
Environmental Product Declarations

Another way of reporting performance is to use environmental  product declarations.
These are reporting mechanisms used for products. Different environmental labels are
introduced for products, among others the Nordic Swan, the German "Blauen Engel", and
the EU eco-label scheme (the  "Flower").  In  addition, ISO standards on environmental
product declarations are developed through the ISO 14020 series. Declarations aimed at
consumers are recommended to include a third party certification, a common format
within each  product group, a full life cycle  approach (in compliance with  ISO 14040
series of standards on LCA) and interested party input.  Environmental Labels Type I
(ISO  14024),  Environmental  Claims  Type II  (ISO   14021)   and  Environmental
Declarations Type III (ISO 14025),  also called EPDs, should not  be merged together.
However,  the use of other labels  or claims separately  is not  excluded.  Type III
Environmental Declarations  and non-confidential information shall be  made  publicly
available.
Case Studies in the Industrial Ecology Research Program

The  strategy of  research  activities  at  IndEcol is to  focus  on collaboration  in  a
multidisciplinary setting, but with an emphasis on issues that are believed to have the
potential for advancing the area of IndEcol.  Objectives of the research are to develop
theory and methodologies in the  area of IndEcol, and to disseminate knowledge on
product, production and recycling systems in a way that the Norwegian manufacturing
industry has access to expertise and methodology that will help companies implement
more eco-effective and competitive solutions. The structure of the research activities is
presented in Figure 2.
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NATO/CCMS Pilot Study on Clean Products and Processes (Phase 1)
        Horizontal activity #1
         ^ LCA methodology
           Responsible cony
                              1C
Core project b I—
Eco-efficient,
  products and
  production
    systems
       Horizontal activity #2
         > Terminology
           Communicating IE-
         > consequences to industry
Core project
 Eco-effective
   recycling
  systems and
   producer
 responsibilit
Figure 2: Research structure at IndEcol, NTNU.

The research is structured into two core projects. The first one is Eco-efficient products
and production systems, with the research activities undertaken within two main research
strategies:  "Eco-effective  value chain management in industry (1C 1)"  and "Factor X
development of technical systems (1C 2)."  The second core project is "Eco-effective
recycling systems and producer responsibility." The research activities hereunder will be
carried out within the main research  strategies "Evaluation of eco-effectiveness in
recycling systems" and  "Principles of good practice in local and national recycling
systems." The activities are  directly connected to industrial cases. Three general research
subjects are covered with reference to each of the research strategies: 1) Methodologies
for quantification of eco-effectiveness with  regard to products, companies and networks
of companies,  and  how to use this  information  in  specific  industrial cases, 2)
Governmental  regulations  and  financial  instruments as  promoters  or  barriers to
development of eco-effective solutions  in product  and  production systems,  and 3)
Organisational  learning  and  new  ways  of managing  eco-effective companies  and
networks of companies in relation to product and production development. One of the
horizontal  activities in the IndEcol program is the Life  Cycle Assessment  (LCA)
laboratory. LCA research and other  horizontal activities are carried out in accordance
with the same principles used in the vertical core projects.
   Core
companies
                                               "CC2

                                             ~CC3
                                            CC4
                                                                                   "CC5
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NATO/CCMS Pilot Study on Clean Products and Processes (Phase 1)
Presentation of Results from Two Research Case Studies

In two of the research projects,  "Environmental performance indicators for companies
and region" and  "Eco-efficient value chains," the methods for selecting the indicators
through bottom-up and top-down approaches are developed  and tested  in business-
specific cases. A great effort is put into the formulation of the indicators so that they can
be  used to  measure the progress and  changes over time. The  challenge is to find
performance indicators that are useful for the production site, for the value chain and for
the local community in which the production company is located.  Another important
aspect is to develop and find the most appropriate  formulation of the eco-efficiency
indicators that meet the stakeholders'  interest for information about  the companies and
their  products.  Effort  is put  into  clarifying  the  terminology of eco-efficiency, the
definitions and  the methodologies for selecting eco-efficiency indicators, and how they
can be used for reporting purposes and as a tool for improvement measures.
Site Specific Information

In the first  of these projects, site-specific indicators are developed. Figure 3 shows
examples of eco-efficiency indicators, sales in proportion to emissions of climatic gases
(here, COz) and acidic components (NOX and SOz). The data for calculating the emissions
are based  on fuel consumption in  the  company.  The eco-efficiency  indicator for
emissions of climatic gases shows a positive development over the past four years. For
acidic components, the result shows an improvement for the last year.
Sale per climate gas emissions (C02)
n nR -T~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^^

0 04 -
n rn -
n no
n m -
n -

+—~+
//
* 	 V I



1997 1998 1999 2000
Sale per acidifying emissions (NOx and SO2)
n m OR _________________^^
n m OR .


n m o -
n n-i -1 ft
n m 1 R -
n m 1 d. -
n ni 1 o -

^
\ I
\ I
\ , I

~-*r I


1997 1998 1999 2000
Figure 3: Eco-efficiency indicators expressed as sale per climate gas emissions and sale
per acidifying emissions (Olivin 2001).
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NATO/CCMS Pilot Study on Clean Products and Processes (Phase 1)
Product or Value Chain Specific Information

The eco-efficiency in the previous example was calculated for the production site. In the
second project,  Eco-efficient value chains, " the research concentrates on eco-efficiency
along the entire value chain of a furniture product. In this research, the models developed
by BASF in Germany (BASF 2002,  Saling et al. 2002) are used. The main steps here are
to determine the environmental impacts from the life cycle and the life cycle costs of the
products. The  environmental data are aggregated to a single score through a (for BASF)
standardised normalisation and weighting  procedure. All products then received one
unique score in both an environmental and an economic dimension. See Figure 4.

BASF uses life cycle cost as a measure of value. Value creation could also be measured
as profit, but since few companies  are willing  to disclose their profit,  the price of the
product was found to be the best alternative. In our study there is no significant difference
between life cycle costs and prices, therefore price on product delivered to customer is
used.  The environmental performances are derived from LCA-studies of five different
models  of the same chair. The most significant environmental performance  indicators
were greenhouse gas emissions, emissions of photochemical oxidants to air, emissions of
heavy metals and acidification emissions to air (Fet et al. 2003).

Figure 4 shows the eco-efficiency indicators for  each of the five product models (Mio I -
Mio IV, Mio chair). The indicators  are calculated by using relative values of economic
and environmental data. The relative values are calculated by the formula

                 .....        ,      (absolute indicator value i)x n
               relative indicator value i = —n - - —
                                        ^ absolute indicator value j
where n is the number of products, and the relative indicator can be the indicators on
greenhouse gases, on price, etc. The values are further plotted in the diagram in Figure 4.
The  relative  prices are shown on the horizontal axis and the relative environmental
performance on the vertical axis. The diagram reveals the eco-efficiency of one product
compared to other products.
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NATO/CCMS Pilot Study on Clean Products and Processes (Phase 1)
        0.5
                  Relative price

                       1
1.5
      0.5
    o>
    o
    ra

    If
    t '-
    fc 0.
     E
8
    |
    2?
    0)
    >  o
   '
   "T.5
          O
                     o
Figure 4: Eco-efficiency diagram for different products.

Figure 4  shows how products with a  similar function  can be presented in an eco-
efficiency diagram. The eco-efficiency is lowest in the left lowest corner and highest in
the right upper  corner.  This  model  gives joint information about  economic  and
environmental aspects of the different products. This can be used within the company to
identify which products need to be improved, either in environmental performance or in
profitability. It is also possible to include future products in the model, thereby using this
model for strategic decisions in development of new models. Such information can also
be used in advertising and in environmental product declaration to inform purchasers who
want environmental friendly products at a reasonable price.
Discussion and Conclusion

In most research studies, eco-efficiency is only used for production sites (see, e.g., Keffer
et al. 2000). A production site (e.g., a furniture producer) is regarded as the producer of
the product. However, in the value chain of a product, several companies (or production
sites) will contribute to the final environmental performance of a product. By improving
the eco-efficiency of the production site, this can lead to a sub-optimisation in the value
chain.  For instance,  it is possible to outsource  processes that are problematic from an
environmental  point of  view, such  as  varnishing. It  is well documented that  end
producers with direct  contact  to  the  market  are more   exposed to  demand  for
environmental  information  (i.e.,  Hall  2000).  Moving problematic  environmental
processes upstream, the value chain  can thus lead to less focus on these if the overall
performance in the chain is not measured.
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NATO/CCMS Pilot Study on Clean Products and Processes (Phase 1)
Another problem regarding product information is that no acceptable way of measuring
the value created along the entire value chain of the product exists. Therefore, the price of
the product is believed to be an acceptable proxy. Also,  environmental specific data for
each part of the product is difficult to obtain, and average data from databases must be
used. Different models of weighting significant environmental information also  gives
different answers as  to  which indicators  are  most  important  (Fet  et  al. 2003).
Harmonisation of eco-efficiency indicators and the requirements set in the environmental
product declarations in accordance with the ISO 14020 series, is also to a certain extent
problematic.   However,  since  there  are  no  common  international  schemes   of
environmental  product  declarations, there are possibilities to include  eco-efficiency
diagrams for series of products with similar functions.

The objectives of these research projects have been to develop appropriate approaches to
measure and  report eco-efficiency both for production sites and for products. The  goals
have been to establish general frameworks that are flexible enough to be widely used and
easily interpreted in different sectors.

The  UNEP's GRI goals are to develop  a set of core indicators  and business specific
indicators, mainly for production sites. Furthermore, this paper has shown it is possible to
use the eco-efficiency indicators to also  yield products as  demonstrated by the case study.
These objectives are in line with  the research strategy in the Industrial Ecology program,
especially under  core project #1. An additional  challenge is to obtain international
agreements on how  to  use eco-efficiency indicators  in  product  declarations. For this
purpose, eco-efficiency calculated for products' entire life cycle has to be included.
References

BASF, 2002: www.basf.de/en/umwelt/oekoeffizienz

DeSimone, L. D. og Popoff, F. 1997. Eco-efficiency: The Business Link to Sustainable
Development. The MIT Press, Cambridge

Fet,  A. M., Dahlsrud, A. and Michelsen, 0. 2003.  Eco-efficient furnitures.  Report in
progress.

GRI. 2000. Sustainability reporting guidelines  on economic, environmental and social
performance. Global Reporting Initiative, http://www.globalreporting.org

Hall, J. 2000. Environmental supply chain dynamics. /. Clean. Prod. 8: 455-471

IndEcol Programme 2002: http://www.bygg.ntnu.no/indecol/. P2005:
http://www.p2005.ntnu.no/

ISO  14020: Environmental labels and declarations - general principles
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NATO/CCMS Pilot Study on Clean Products and Processes (Phase 1)


ISO 14021: Environmental labels and declarations - self-declared environmental claims
(Type II environmental labelling)

ISO 14024: Environmental labels and declarations - Type I environmental labelling -
principles and procedures

ISO  TR 14025: Environmental  labels and  declarations  - Type III environmental
declarations

Keffer, C., Shimp, R. & Lehni,  M. 2000. Eco-efficiency indicators & reporting. Report
on the status for the Final Printed Report (updated Feb. 23rd 2000). WBCSD

Lehni, M.  2000. Eco-efficiency -  creating more value with less impact. WBCSD,
http://www.wbcsd.org/newscenter/reports/2000/EEcreating.pdf

OECD. 1998.  Eco-efficiency. OECD, Paris

OECD, 2001.  Policies to enhance sustainable development, OECD, Paris

Olivin AS, Environmental Report 2000, Aaheim, May 2001, Norway.

Saling, P., Kicherer, A., Dittrich-Kramer, B., Wittlinger, R., Zombik, W., Scmidt,  I.,
Schrott, W. and Schmidt, S. 2002. Eco-efficiency Analysis by BASF: The Method.  Int. J.
LCA 7: 203-218

Schmidheiny,   S.   1992.  Changing Course:  A Global  Business  Perspective on
Development and the Environment. The MIT Press, Cambridge

Verfaillie, H.  A. and Bidwell, R. 2000. Measuring eco-efficiency - a guide to reporting
company performance. WBCSD,
http://www.wbcsd.org/newscenter/reports/2000/MeasuringEE.pdf
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NATO/CCMS Pilot Study on Clean Products and Processes (Phase 1)
  GREEN CONCURRENT ENGINEERING: A WAY TO FILL ISO 14001 WITH
                                 CONTENT

                             Dr. Marten Karlsson
                                Lund University
                                   Sweden
                       mailto:Morten.Karlsson@iiiee.lu.se
Abstract

No one could have missed the sharp increase in ISO 14001 certifications worldwide. It is
not only a phenomenon in the OECD nations but also the economies in transition show a
bold progress. The discussion is however quite intense on its success. ISO 14001 has
been named to be nothing but a paper tiger and has been accused of being a green facade.
The  intention of this paper is not to contribute  further  to this  debate but to seek a
constructive solution on how ISO 14001 can be filled with content so that it can promote
continuous improvement.  One way forward is to include product development in the
environmental management system. Green Concurrent Engineering, summarized in the
paper, is a model to do so.

The  first formal standards and requirements for environmental  management  systems
(EMS) did not cover product development very well. Consequently, arguments has been
raised by academia and NGOs that product-related environmental  concerns risked being
left without  attention.  Green Concurrent Engineering (GCE)  is a model for a DFE
management program that integrates DFE in product  development in the framework  of
ISO 14001. DFE and EMS act in a symbiosis and can strengthen each other.  An example,
product development is a cross-functional activity. This is an advantage in environmental
management and  DFE.  The problem could just as well originate  from consumer
behaviour or production as the  product design. For example,  the technical solution  to
avoid voluminous packaging of say, batteries, is easy. What needs to be addressed is how
to get the same amount of information and product  exposure to the consumer while
smaller packaging is used. Engineering cannot alone  solve this and instead, marketing
must be engaged.

A survey conducted in the year 2000  in the Swedish manufacturing industry discovered
that DFE activities  increased when industries implemented ISO 14001. The survey also
revealed a large difference in ambition level and usage  of DFE tools and processes.

The  current  development  is being judged as being primarily positive. Some signs  of
weaknesses can, however, be found. Many companies seem to have placed their ambition
level on the minimum for a certification, that is, assurance of compliance with existing
legislation. The idea of continuous  improvement will therefore foremost be aimed
towards  the procedures of the system. The organisations will need to  improve  the way
they define environmental aspects and objectives and how they evaluate improvements of
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NATO/CCMS Pilot Study on Clean Products and Processes (Phase 1)
the environmental performance in order to be able to achieve continuous improvements
of their products.

Tools and methods seem to be available for the organisations. The key issue will not be
to develop new tools and methods to face the challenges of DFE management programs
but to transfer and deploy knowledge on how DFE management programs may be
designed.

Environmental consultants with satisfactory knowledge of DFE and product development
as well as environmental management systems do exist.  Even so, it must be the primary
recommendation that environmental consultants become  a target group for education and
information on DFE and how it relates to ISO 14001.
 STRATEGIES AND MECHANISMS TO PROMOTE CLEANER PRODUCTION
                                 FINANCING

                                 Ari Huhtala
         Senior Programme Officer, United Nations Environment Programme
           Division of Technology, Industry and Economics (UNEP/DTIE)
                           mailto:ari.huhtala@unep.fr
Abstract

Cleaner production (CP) is a recognized and proven strategy for improving the efficient
use of natural resources and minimizing wastes, pollution and risks to human health at
the source, rather than the end of the production process. CP brings tangible economic
savings by improving the overall efficiency of production and facilitating access to new
markets. Despite the advantages of this strategy, finding investment funds is a major
constraint in making CP widely practiced.

To bring preventive approaches and efficient resource management closer to the financial
community, UNEP/DTIE launched a four-year project in  1999. The project has been
implemented in five demonstration countries (Guatemala, Nicaragua, Tanzania, Vietnam
and Zimbabwe), but its conclusions and deliverables are applicable to most countries in
the world.

Some of the key conclusions include:

First—Cleaner production is  frequently an investment with a return at the end. Spending
money on repairs or on environment control is a capital cost with no return. This makes
CP part of the development agenda, not an item of overhead.
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NATO/CCMS Pilot Study on Clean Products and Processes (Phase 1)
Second—Prevention  of  loss,  whether materials, products  or  money,  is a matter  for
mainstream business managers, including financial controllers. Cleaner production is a
loss prevention approach which often justifies the extra expenditure by the  increased
productivity and business security it creates.

Third—Cleaner production has an eye on long-term profitability. Current fiscal policy is
often needlessly short-term. CP financing is trying to overcome this barrier.

Fourth—Cleaner production is an attitude; it is behaviour.  Therefore it cuts across  the
entire spectrum of stakeholders from  production  engineers to  accountants, financial
analysts and managers, government policy makers and academia.

Based on the experience accumulated during the project, UNEP/DTIE will publish  the
following in June 2002 for world wide use:

   •   Booklet  "Profiting  from  cleaner  production—Journey  to  efficient resource
       management"  for senior and middle management in government, finance and
       business

   •   Executive awareness  slide  presentations  "Profiting  from  CP"  for  industry,
       financiers and government

   •   Checklists to facilitate decision making related to CP  investments

   •   A Trainer's Guide and generic versions of training modules of the following:

       •  CP1—Introduction to CP concept and practice (1-day awareness course)

       •  CP2—Introduction to capital budgeting and financing of capital projects  (1-
          day awareness course)

       •  CP3—Profiting from CP (2-day skill course)

       •  CP4—Funding CP projects (2-day skill course)

Mainstreaming  preventive strategies and efficient resource management is one of  the
objectives of several follow-up activities being formulated with different partners in
Africa, Asia, Latin America and Eastern Europe and NIC.
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NATO/CCMS Pilot Study on Clean Products and Processes (Phase 1)
   CLEANER PRODUCTION FINANCING: POSSIBILITIES AND BARRIERS

                  Prof. Jurgis K. Stanislas, Dr. Zaneta Stasiskiene
                     The Institute of Environmental Engineering
                         Kaunas University of Technology
                                Kaunas, Lithuania
                            jurgis.staniskis@apini.ktu.lt
                           zaneta.stasiskiene@apini.ktu.lt
Abstract

Cleaner Production (CP) as a concept has expanded rapidly in recent years: internally, the
adoption of CP measures is driven by pressure to reduce the costs of waste, to reduce the
costs of compliance with changing regulations, and to position the enterprise as a "green"
enterprise in  the local,  national  or global marketplace.  Externally, investors, financial
analysts, regulatory  bodies, and the  public  at large increasingly question corporate
environmental performance. Therefore  CP  serves  as a tool,  which  brings  tangible
economic  savings and  environmental benefits by  improving  the overall production
efficiency and facilitates competitiveness.

Despite the above-mentioned advantages of the strategy, the financing problem is one of
the important constraints in making CP widely adopted. Companies that have identified
cost-effective  and  technically  feasible CP options may still not be  able to make the
necessary CP investment to realise the financial benefits and environmental advantages.
The obstacles to financing CP investments could be described under two major groups:

    •   On the demand side, enterprises have insufficient  experience in  preparing a real
       CP project, which  is systematically evaluated from environmental,  economical
       and technical point of  view and to prepare  proper  applications for the project
       financing.  Lack of knowledge in CP assessment, evaluating the financial aspects
       of the  project efficiency and  investments often blocks implementation of CP
       projects. Even when capital  exists, CP is one among  a  range of investment
       options.

    •   On the supply side,  there are obstacles in capital markets: there is a lack of
       environmental expertise and loan rates are unattractive to  enterprises. Also, costly
       administrative  requirements   result  in  international   financial  institutions
       establishing loan thresholds, which are sometimes significantly higher than costs
       of CP investments;  it is  difficult to receive financing for small projects. Generally,
       there is little experience with the implementation of economically  viable CP
       projects.

In this regard two processes are crucial, i.e., the selection and priority setting among
alternate investment  options (the "capital budgeting" process)  and the collection and
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NATO/CCMS Pilot Study on Clean Products and Processes (Phase 1)
allocation  of capital  to finance the  prioritised  investment  options  (the  "financing"
process).

Commercial banks are the main formal providers of financial services to the business
community. The banks, as usual, do not distinguish financing opportunities by project
type, e.g., CP versus pollution control or regular equipment loan. Rather the strength of
the loan  application  is  reviewed  based  on  conventional  considerations,  such  as
creditworthiness of the firm and generation of sufficient cash flow to make required loan
payments.

As it was indicated many times at the different meetings, financial services alone will not
be able to ensure sustained CP development. In such cases non-financial support services
are expected to be offered by other service providers. Synergy between financial services
and business development  services  (BDS) can make credit schemes more effective and
can produce a more successful outcome in lending programmes (see Fig.l).
          Regional Revolving  (Guarantee)  Facility for CP
                                   Investments
    Regional Level
    (South East
    Africa)
         ABC Holdings Ltd
Incorporating African banking Corporation Limited
        (CP Financing Facility)
     Country
     Level
Business development services providers

         TISCO
         NCPC
      New organizations
     Com pany
     Level
                              Guarantee providers:
                           I    Bank of Tanzania
                           I  Tanzania Investment bank
                          *l   Tanzania Postal Bank
  Companies for Industrial Sectors of Tanzania



        Textiles, clothing, Leather and Footwear
      Wood and wooden products, Excluding furniture

        Chem icals, petroleum , Rubber and Plastics

            Basic Metal products
       Fabricated metals, machinery and equipment
Fig. 1. Regional Revolving (Guarantee) Facility for CP investments

More has to be done by governments and communities to press the commercial banks to
recognise the importance and value of the CP business sector as an expanding clientele
for their services.

Finally,  access  to financial  services  is  only  one  ingredient  for sustained  enterprise
development, albeit an important  one.  The  minimalist credit approach  has clear
limitations,  and for credit  schemes  to be effective and to have  the  expected impact,
complementary services are needed. Access to suitable business development services is
also important for enterprises to  support the upgrading of their production techniques,
products and services, and to be able to adapt to changing market conditions, i.e., to move
into the production of goods and services that meets the demands of domestic and foreign
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NATO/CCMS Pilot Study on Clean Products and Processes (Phase 1)
markets in terms of price, quality, design. In other words, to making the enterprises more
competitive, for instance,  quality and environment management systems, extension of
business value of life-cycle methods in order to assure both environmental improvements
and strategic/market related benefits, environmental impact assessment, eco-design, etc.

Further details on constrains and possible strategies of CP financing are be presented in a
paper.
    INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY IN UNIVERSITY CURRICULUM: NEW M.SC.
    PROGRAMME IN ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND CLEANER
                               PRODUCTION

                   Prof. Jurgis Stanislas, Valdas Arbaciamkas
     The Institute of Environmental Engineering, Kaunas University of Technology
                               Kaunas, Lithuania
                        mailto:jurgis.staniskis@apini.ktu.lt
                            mailto:varba@apini.ktu.lt
Abstract

The focus of environmental work has during the last decades shifted from having dealt
entirely with the emissions and wastes of industrial production plants to include the total
environmental responsibility and performance of enterprises, where the environmental
properties of products become  more  and more  important.  The  introduction  and
integration of environmental management systems into the management of companies is
becoming more or less a business necessity that requires a raising of the environmental
competence on all levels within the company.

Therefore, technical universities  in the Baltic Sea region  in  the framework of the
BALTECH consortium decided to develop and implement a new M.Sc. Programme in
Environmental Management and Cleaner Production, based on an integrated approach of
industrial ecology towards current and long term/strategic environmental issues, focusing
on technologies  and  concepts  in  environmental  planning and  management  for  a
sustainable industrial  development. This  will  be  a  two-year (120 ETCS  Credits)
programme suitable for graduates with qualifications in many engineering fields such as
chemical  engineering,  mechanical  engineering,  civil   engineering,  environmental
engineering and others. The programme will start at Kaunas University of Technology in
September 2002.

The following  universities  participate in the development and  implementation of the
programme: Technical University of Denmark (DTU),  Denmark;  Tallinn Technical
University, Estonia; Helsinki University of Technology (HUT), Finland; Riga Technical
University, Latvia; Kaunas University of Technology, Lithuania;  Vilnius Gediminas
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NATO/CCMS Pilot Study on Clean Products and Processes (Phase 1)


Technical University, Lithuanian;  KTH, Royal Institute  of Technology, Stockholm,
Sweden;   International  Institute   for  Industrial  Environmental  Economics,   Lund
University, Sweden; and Linkoping University, Linkoping, Sweden.

The M.Sc. programme in Environmental Management and Cleaner Production will, on
the basis of the technical background of the student, enable graduates of the programme
to:

   •   integrate  preventive managerial and technological tools  in achieving a  more
       sustainable development for industry and society;

   •   lead  and sustain the process  of  change in  industry,  academia  and  other
       organizations;

   •   understand the interdependence of environmental, technical, economic and social
       sciences, and to perform interdisciplinary research and development.

This will be achieved by providing the M.Sc. students with:

   •   skills to identify and assess the effects of human activity on the environment;

   •   knowledge of national and international environmental policy and legislation and
       the management of environmental issues in industrial and service systems;

   •   knowledge  of technical  systems, strategies and  technologies  for  applying  the
       principles of cleaner production in developing products and production systems;

   •   practical experience in implementing preventive environmental measures.
Programme Structure

Compulsory core courses (35-45 ECTS cr): Environmental Technology; Environmental
Assessment;  Cleaner  Production;   Environmental  Policy,  Law  and  Economics;
Environmental Management; and Eco-Design. These compulsory courses are developed
and delivered in collaboration between the participating universities. The nature of the
collaboration can  differ  between  the  courses,  but  distance  learning  using  ICT
methodology will be implemented in several (all) of the courses. The responsibility of
course leadership will rest with one of the participating universities, but with teachers and
tutors from the  other universities as well. For each course there should be  at least one
local tutor from  universities with participating students.
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In addition to the compulsory core courses the candidate shall take a selection of optional
courses (45-55 ETCS cr)in two different subject areas.

   •   Advanced courses in environmental and related subjects;
   •   Advanced courses in one engineering subject.

The contents of the programme are based on industrial ecology approach, i.e. on industry-
environment interactions to aid industry in evaluating and minimizing impacts to the
environment.  The programme courses will reflect one of the most important concepts of
industrial ecology, which, like in the biological system, is rejecting the concept of waste.
The programme will cover  technologies in coping with industrial residues, particularly
those technologies aimed at  reuse and recycling (course in Environmental Technologies);
identifying,  evaluating  and  implementing  technical  and  managerial  options  for
improvement of environmental and economic performance  (courses in Environmental
Assessment, Cleaner Production and Environmental Management); design of industrial
processes  and  products from  dual  perspectives  of  product  competitiveness  and
environmental impact  (Eco-design),  and  development of  policy  framework,  which
provides  appropriate  incentives  for  enterprises  to adopt  preventive  environmental
management practices and to increase their efficiency (course Environmental Policy, Law
and Economics). Therefore, the  compulsory courses of the programme will cover all
basic aspects of the industrial ecology approach.

Optional  courses will be used to discuss these issues  in more detail and to provide
additional knowledge which will ensure that graduates of the programme will be able to
apply industrial ecology approach, i.e., will be capable to conduct systematic analysis of
industrial activities and to find optimal solutions for many problems related to sustainable
industrial development.
             CHEMICAL RISK MANAGEMENT IN ENTERPRISES

                               Dr. Jolita Kruopiene
                     The Institute of Environmental Engineering
                         Kaunas University of Technology
                                Kaunas, Lithuania
                        mailto:iolita.kruopiene@apini.ktu.lt
Abstract
Several ten thousands of chemical substances are included in a large variety of chemical
products  and traded and used on the European market, including Lithuania. Many of
these chemicals are hazardous; therefore working with them needs special care.
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Chemicals control legislation is developed and harmonized on the EU level. The majority
of it is already transposed into Lithuanian legislation. The implementation of Chemicals
control legislation is a huge task and requires corresponding capacity from industries and
state authorities.

The Institute of  Environmental Engineering started to carry out a training program on
Classification, Labelling and Packaging of  Chemicals in 2000. 87 participants from 54
enterprises and institutions have been trained and certified since then. The program aims:

    •   to provide  participants with theoretical  knowledge  on new  requirements  for
       chemical  risk management and the corresponding implementation measures to be
       taken by industry,

    •   to train practical classification and labelling skills,

    •   to develop creativity and concept in how to organise tasks with regard to chemical
       risk  management  on   enterprise level,  what  leads  to  improved worker and
       consumer health and safety, environmental protection.

Chemicals stand in the cross-roads, where health, safety, environment, competitiveness
and innovation meet. When managing  chemical  risk, companies have  to follow special
requirements for chemicals, but also  think about  production installation and process,
worker  and  environmental  protection,  clean  products.   Currently  Institute  of
Environmental Engineering, together with partners from Latvia, Estonia and Germany, is
assisting four Lithuanian companies (representing textile, furniture and metal processing
branches) in their  chemical risk management work. Parallel work is also  ongoing in
Latvia and Estonia. The following management related issues were identified as problem
areas for all three countries:

    •   No clear overview of chemicals, environmental, health and safety legislation;

    •   Roles,  responsibilities  and authorities   are  not  always  clearly defined and
       communicated;

    •   Lack of information about used chemicals  and their flow through the company;

    •   Risk assessment at working places not properly performed;

    •   Low priority of environmental, health and  safety issues in decision-making.

The set of tools to solve the  mentioned problem  areas and to improve  chemical risk
management at enterprises was elaborated. The set includes:

    •   Priority setting,
    •   Chemicals inventory,
    •   Obtaining hazard information,

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   •   Input-output analysis,
   •   Risk assessment at working places,
   •   Risk reduction measures,
   •   Risk communication within the company,
   •   Product information,
   •   Organizational analysis,
   •   Legal requirements.

These tools are quite universal, and can be applied by different companies in different
countries, and even  for the solution of different problems. Therefore,  it is planned to
multiply the gained experience and make it accessible to other companies via workshops
and publications.

Lithuanian enterprises have mainly chosen to work  on chemicals inventory, which forms
the basis for different kind of chemicals risk management work, on risk assessment,
which sets priorities for risk reduction, and on risk reduction measures themselves.

Substitution of hazardous chemicals by less hazardous alternatives stands at the top of
hierarchy of risk reduction measures. The choice of chemicals is a very important issue
for industries to deal with. Authorities use different restrictions, bans,  procedures of
licensing, registration, etc., as a risk  management instrument to  influence the  choices
made by enterprises. Attempts to avoid dangerous  chemicals in products  are stimulated
by market pressure as well.

Currently APINI is participating  in downstream user analysis carried out in Baltic States
to identify sources,  pathways and fate of  certain  RELCOM priority substances (like
phtalates, chlorinates paraffins, nonylphenolethoxilates, tributyltin, polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons, namely creosote). The RELCOM  objective with  regard to hazardous
substances is  to prevent pollution of the Convention Area by continuously reducing
discharges, emissions and losses of  these substances. In order  to meet RELCOM'S
objective, it is essential  for state authorities to have information  on flows and use of
chemicals on the national market. At the same time, industries need to be  well informed
about the composition and regulatory status  of chemicals they use.  The downstream user
analysis was chosen as an approach to gather data since the importers and producers have
no idea what happens with those substances after selling them to  the mixtures. During
analysis, users of chemicals learn not only what chemicals they use in production, but
also about the principal alternatives.

The responsibility  of Lithuanian  companies with regard to chemical risk management is
increasing, together with awareness about environmental  issues,  market  demands, and
transposition  of legal EU requirements. Their achievements and problems have  become
similar to those in other European countries.
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NATO/CCMS Pilot Study on Clean Products and Processes (Phase 1)
 PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS OF INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY: JSC "VILNIAUS
                                   VINGIS"

                       General Director Vaclovas Sleinota
                             JSC "Vilniaus Vingis"
                               Vilnius, Lithuania

                                 Lina Budriene
                    The Institute of Environmental Engineering
                        Kaunas University of Technology
                               Kaunas, Lithuania
Abstract

JSC  "Vilniaus Vingis" is  one of the  largest producers of electronic components in
Europe. It supplies about one-fifth of the deflection yokes used by colour tube makers in
Europe. Other products include flyback transformers for TV sets and monitors, special-
purpose equipment  and tooling  for  the  manufacture of deflection yokes, flyback
transformers and others.

JSC "Vilniaus Vingis" has been growing steadily since the early  1990s; a 14 percent rise
in sales in 2001 is a sound result amid the general slowdown in the global electronics
market. The main customers are Samsung SDI (Germany, Hungary), LG.Philips Displays
(Spain,  United  Kingdom),  Thomson  Multimedia  (Poland),  Ekranas  (Lithuania).
Committed  to stable  growth  and continuous  modernisation,  JSC  "Vilniaus Vingis"
maintains close ties  with  a number  of international companies for innovation and
supplies. The main partners are General Electric Plastics and Festo in the Netherlands,
Nichimmen Corp and Fuji  Corp in Japan, LG.Philips in Poland  and Burim Industrial in
South Korea.

Constant development and co-operation with partners help JSC "Vilniaus Vingis" to keep
to its determined pursuit of quality. In 1997 the company's quality system was accredited
to the ISO 9001 standard.  Every  newly developed item is  certified according to VDE
(Germany), BSI (England) and UL (USA) security standard systems.

Continuous improvement of environmental performance of the company has been always
an important  issue in the corporate agenda. Since  2001 the company was certified and
manages its  activities  in  accordance with ISO  14001, the internationally accepted
environmental standard.

JSC  "Vilniaus Vingis" was the first  company in Lithuania which  was successful in
preparing and implementing investment project according to  requirements of Nordic
Environmental  Finance   Corporation  Revolving  Facility   (NEFCO).   After   the
implementation of Lithuanian and  Danish cleaner production project "The modernization
of waste water treatment plant in the galvanizing department" in 1997, the company
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decreased water consumption by 4 times, volume of solid waste decreased by 10 t of sand
per year, volume of slime utilized after the treatment process decreased by 13%, waste
water pollution by Zn and Ni decreased by 15%. Implemented innovations allowed to
improve even the quality of coating.

In 1997, JSC  "Vilniaus Vingis" in close co-operation with Lithuanian scientists prepared
and  implemented  a  second cleaner  production project  "Cleaner   technologies  in
electroplating industry." The project improved the environmental performance further; it
helped to decrease consumption  of water  in department by 4 times,  consumption of
chemicals by  15 %, as well as increase capacity of the department by 2,3  times.

It's planned  that the third  cleaner production  project "The modernization  of new
generation deflection  system  assembling process and department" will bring further
environmental improvements: savings  in  consumption of raw materials and energy,
reductions of emissions,  including indirect environmental  effects, such  as improved
conditions of labour safety.

There are still challenges for the company in the environmental field; however,  the case
study of JSC "Vilniaus Vingis" is a good example of how using internal human resources
as well as employing scientific partners can help in achieving continuous improvement of
environmental performance.
                        JSC "UTENOS TRIKOTAZAS"

                       Financial director Nerijus Datkunas
                             JSC "Utenos trikotazas"
                                Utena, Lithuania

                             Dr. Zaneta Stasiskiene
                    The Institute of Environmental Engineering
                        Kaunas University of Technology
                               Kaunas, Lithuania
Abstract
JSC  "Utenos trikotazas," established in 1967, has always been a stable, profitable and
consistently  growing  company. Since  that period the company  has  been awarded
manufacturing  prizes on several occasions, and in 1998 received the National Quality
Prize. In 1999 JSC "Utenos trikotazas" was certified in accordance with ISO 9001.

The average  number of employees at "Utenos trikotazas" is 1,500, most of whom work in
the Sewing Department. From the beginning of the establishment of the  company up to
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today, the company's philosophy has been to encourage every employee to work well,
providing him or her with favourable conditions for promotion and wage increases.

Without waiting for  favourable business  decisions  from the government or for better
economic conditions, JSC "Utenos trikotazas" implemented reforms that have brought
the company closer to  European standards of quality. A well-qualified staff has been
recruited and trained. Effective and modern management has been applied. The company
is  implementing new information, management and industrial technology and believes
that this is not only the best guarantee for today, but for the future as well.

Every person has the right to live in a healthy environment. In acknowledgement of this,
JSC  "Utenos trikotazas" obtained an ISO 14000 certificate from the World Environment
Protection Agency in 2001 and  promotes the  company's integration into the World
Environment Protection system. By  implementing  and   certifying  the  system  of
environmental protection, JSC "Utenos trikotazas" proved that it is capable of managing
all aspects of its activities in order to decrease any negative impact on the environment.

In 1999  the  company  graduated  from the  Lithuanian-Norwegian Cleaner production
program and the Nordic Environment Finance Corporation provided a "soft loan" for the
CP project "Modernisation of Dyeing Department" implementation.

By introducing  a production control system, JSC  "Utenos trikotazas" can monitor how
various product parameters meet their standards, i.e., colour retention in dyed materials,
the shrinkage of fabrics after washing, and the pH value and formaldehyde levels in
fabrics.

The  company also  tries to minimise the harmful effects of various production processes
while designing new products. The company's management believes that contamination
should be  prevented at its inception. During the  first half of 2000, JSC  "Utenos
trikotazas"  invested LTL 8 million into  purchasing  machinery and  new technology,
improving working conditions and  job safety. New  "Thies" dyeing equipment was
purchased,  a chemical station was  reconstructed,  and a "Colour Service"  automatic
potion system for  dry  and  liquid chemicals was  installed.  Besides this, an  "Orgatex"
programme for managing and controlling  the dyeing process was implemented and two
additional "Thies" dyeing machines were installed.

Today the  company is taking measures  that enable it to use electricity and natural
resources economically, decrease the contamination of the air and water, and decrease the
risk of unforeseen accidents.

Representative of "Utenos trikotazas" participated in and were certified by the very first
training course on Classification,  Labelling and Packaging of Chemicals, held at APINI
in spring 2000. As  a follow-up, a lot was done in the company. Communication routines
were established with  suppliers  to  get  up-to date,  good quality  SDS  and further
information.  A  systematic  approach  ensures  internal hazard and  risk management
information  flow.  Procedures to  evaluate  information on SDS,  to  translate SDS

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NATO/CCMS Pilot Study on Clean Products and Processes (Phase 1)
information  into  instructions for safe  handling  of chemicals and accidental  release
measures are followed. Labelling of chemicals in storage places and in places of their use
was ensured. Company specialists and workers are trained to understand labelling and
chemicals issues in general.

The market  pressure for textiles that are safe with regard to chemicals is very strong.
Substitution  of hazardous chemicals by less hazardous alternatives is very important in
order  to have  "cleaner"  products. Therefore, "Utenos  trikotazas" uses dyes that allow
fabrics to correspond to the OEKO-TEX 100 standard. There are also special quality
requirements for  yarn (OEKO-TEX).  Classification  according  to TEGEWA list is
required  also for  auxiliary  chemicals. Working according to the requirements of the
OEKO-TEX standard,  the  company can  ensure  that  its  products  have no harmful
substances and are safe to use, and that the entire production cycle has no negative impact
on the environment and on the employees. Raw materials, dyes and additional materials
used in the production process are free of hazardous substances and meet environmental
protection requirements

Risk assessment, further improvement of risk communication within the company, and
establishment and maintenance of the chemical inventory are currently on agenda.

"If you don't go forwards, you go backwards," says Nijole Dumbliauskiene, Managing
Director of JSC "Utenos trikotazas." Continuous improvement is the work concept of the
company and has been proven by the events of the last few years. In fulfilling quality
management principles, implementing new trends  flexibly, making accurate prognoses
for fashion trends, improving product design and  speeding up the product preparation
process, JSC "Utenos trikotazas" can offer good prices, high quality and favourable terms
to its clients today.
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NATO/CCMS Pilot Study on Clean Products and Processes (Phase 1)
 CLEANER PRODUCTION AT PAPER MILL JSC "KLAIPEDOS KARTONAS'

                       General Director Arunas Pasvenskas
                           JSC "Klaipedos Kartonas"
                              Klaipeda, Lithuania

                        Technical Advisor Valeras Kildisas
                      Institute of Environmental Engineering
                        Kaunas University of Technology
                               Kaunas, Lithuania

                        Technical Advisor Henrik Wenzel
                        Technical University of Denmark
                             Copenhagen, Denmark
Abstract

A Lithuanian-Danish co-operation project on Cleaner Production in the Lithuanian paper
industry was conducted  during 2001. One of the paper mills  in the project was  the
corrugated cardboard producer JSC  "Klaipedos Kartonas." A  team of managers and
technicians of  the paper mill and Lithuanian and Danish  Cleaner  Production experts
worked on identifying options for Cleaner  Production, including savings on energy and
saving and recycling of water.

JSC "Klaipedos Kartonas" operates a sound paper machine and has a good potential for
extending production in the future. Water and energy consumptions were high compared
to European standards, mainly due to the  fact that water is taken in from the nearby
lagoon and discharged to  the same lagoon with costs that are lower  than average
European water costs. Costs for water and energy, however, are expected to increase
greatly in the near future, and the  company has an interest in reducing water and energy
consumption. Moreover, the  company has an interest in meeting standards that will allow
export to European markets, where meeting certain minimum key figures on  water and
energy may be  a future competition parameter.

The team identified water and energy savings comprising a variety of Cleaner Production
options:

   •   Changes in water circuit

   •   Altered operation  of existing spray rinses

   •   Exchange of the oldest spray rinses with new spray rinses

   •   Installing new double layer paper wire (was already decided)
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   •   Improvement  of existing  filter or installation of flotation unit thus  improving
       Whitewater quality

   •   Increased water recycling when Whitewater quality was improved

The implementation of these options was judged to lead to improved runnability of paper
machine and thus less paper breakages and better dewatering before drying, to reduced
water consumption, and to reduced energy consumption. Energy consumption is judged
to be reduced due to better dewatering because of the higher water temperature and better
wetting profile of the paper lane. Moreover, less solids are lost to wastewater and instead
deposited on the paper lane and sold with the paper.

Total savings  of around 80% on water plus substantial  energy  savings were judged
possible with a potential of saving 1-2 mill. Lt/year with investments having a pay-back
period of a few months.

More details of this Cleaner Production audit were be given in the presentation and the
subsequent priorities and work done by the company were also presented.
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NATO/CCMS Pilot Study on Clean Products and Processes (Phase 1)
                         Companies Visited
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          Alytaus Tekstile
                                           CCMS  Pilot Study
                                         Products and Pi

                                              Field  Trip
                                           Alytus Companies
                    Alita Wines
                      Snaige Refrigerators
          Siiaig'e
Patyrimas. Kokybe. Stilius
   ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT IN JSC "ALITA"

                              Audrim Valuckas
                                JSC "Alita"
                              Alytus, Lithuania

                               Valeras Kildisas
                     Institute of Environmental Engineering
                       Kaunas University of Technology
                              Kaunas, Lithuania
The company was founded in 1963 in Alytus, a lovely town of Lithuania surrounded by
pinewoods.  In  1995 it was  reorganized  into the joint  stock company "Alita."  The
registered capital is about 72 million LTL.  The annual turnover is about 96 million LTL.
Currently, the company has 540 employees.

The main  company's activity is production  of  alcoholic beverages. The enterprise
produces sparkling grape wine, fruit and grape wines, brandy, bitter brandy, whisky, a
national home-made vodka "Samane," concentrated apple juice and apple aroma.

The company has steadily paid attention to the environment where relevant. In 1998 JSC
"Alita" participated  in the Second Norwegian-Lithuanian Cleaner Production School. It
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was a good incentive to solve environmental problems in a more systematic and efficient
way.  The most important environmental responsibilities are the consistent efforts  to
reduce resource consumption, e.g., energy and water, as well as discharge of wastewater
and waste from concentrated apple juice production. During the period 1998-2001, the
following cleaner production measures were introduced:

   •   An automatic washing system for wine storage tanks;

   •   Reconstruction of the water-cooling system and supply network of compressed air
       and cold production;

   •   Installation  of  electric  energy  and  water consumption meters  in  different
       production departments;

   •   A warm water and  condensate recycle  system  in the concentrated  apple juice
       production department;

   •   Installation receivers and an apple juice sediment collection system.

Capital investments of LTL  980 thousand  during  this period were earmarked for
improvement of the environmental situation and pollution prevention.

The largest single environmental investment of LTL 1.02 million was a reconstruction of
the JSC "Alita" boiler  house in the years 1995-1996. The boiler oil system was changed
to natural gas. Total emissions to the atmosphere were reduced from 155.6 t in year 1995
to 31.0 t in 2001. The  boiler oil consumption was reduced from 2210 t to 27,8 t; natural
gas consumption increased from 606 thousand m3 to 2462 thousand m3.

Increasing concern about environmental issues was an incentive for "Alita" to implement
an environmental management  system in accordance with the  ISO 14001 standard. The
implementation process was started at the  end  of 2001. The  fundamental basis of the
system  is consistent implementation  of cleaner  production,  pollution prevention and
preventive risk management principles. The main goals of the  preventive environmental
management system were set as efficient consumption of energy  and material resources
and continuous and financially efficient improvement of environmental performance.
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NATO/CCMS Pilot Study on Clean Products and Processes (Phase 1)
  ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT IN JSC "ALYTAUS
                                 TEKSTILE"

          Deputy of General Director for Environment, Health and Safety
                               LinasJ. Palionis
                             JSC "Alytaus tekstile"
                               Alytus, Lithuania

                                Irina Kliopova
                    The Institute of Environmental Engineering
                        Kaunas University of Technology
                               Kaunas, Lithuania
JSC "Alytaus tekstile" is one of the largest producers of cotton and mixed fabrics in the
Baltic States. The enterprise was founded in 1967 and in 1993, it became a joint stock
company. The company's authorized capital - 105 462 726 Lt. About 3 600 workers are
working in the company. The company's annual production (2001) includes:

   •   Total production of yarn-9 812 t;
   •   Total production fabrics in weaving - 26,7 mil. m;
   •   Total production of fabrics in finishing -14,2 mil. m;
   •   Sewing - 7,8 mil. m

The volume of production in 2001 was 141  474 382 Lt. About 80% of this sum was for
export. As far back as 1997,  management  decided to  implement Cleaner  Production
within the company. Since 1997 JSC "Alytaus tekstile" has participated in three Cleaner
Production projects:

   1.  (1997-1998) Implementation of Cleaner Production Projects in Lithuanian Textile
       Industry;

   2.  (1998-1999) The third Lithuanian-Norwegian Cleaner Production School;

   3.  (1999-2002)  Financing of Cleaner Production projects in the Baltic States and
       Western Russia.

In 1997 the company created real environmental policy, in which it pledged to improve
the environmental situation within the company and solve environmental problems by CP
methodology. During CP programs JSC "Alytaus  tekstile" implemented several  CP
projects:

   1.  Experimental optimising of one sizing machine (1998 year);

   2.  Recycling of cooling water from scorching machine (1998 year);
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   3.  Heat recovery from wastewater in bleaching department (1999 year);

   4.  Recycling of cooling water from scorching process in bleaching line (1999 year);

   5.  Optimising of all sizing machines (2000 year);

   6.  Heat recovery from waste water from dyeing and rinsing department (2000 year)
       (The company received NEFCO's loan for the implementation of this CP project
       in 1999)

Environmental improvements of implemented CP projects:

   1.  Heat energy saving - 9 115 MWh/year. It represents 10 % of the total heat energy
       consumption in the company

   2.  Industrial and  soft water saving and therefore  minimization of waste  water
       volume -178 560 m3/year. It represents 16 % of the total industrial and soft water
       consumption in the company

Economical benefits for the company - 2 301 037  Lt/year saving. Project implementation
required 617 757 Lt of total investments.

In February 2002 JSC "Alytaus tekstile" received new NEFCO's  loan proposal for the
implementation of reconstruction  of the  company's  air conditioning system in  the
production  department. The  implementation  of  this CP project  will allow  decreased
volume of  electricity consumption by 11%  (7 953 060 kWh /year); of heat energy
consumption by 116 MWh/year. Consumption of soft water will be decreased by  7 080
m3/year (1,1 %). The  noise volume within production facilities will be decreased too.
Environmental fees will be decreased by 9000 Lt/year due to refuse from phreon F-12
cooling agent using in new freezing system  (600 kg/year). The  planning annual cost
savings -1 318 670 Lt. Total costs for the implementation - 2 081 200 Lt.

Since 2000 JSC "Alytaus tekstile" has implemented  an Environmental  Management
System (EMS).  The  company   takes  part   in  the   Lithuanian-Danish  program
"Implementation of EMS in Lithuanian Textile  Industry." The main purposes of the
participation are to prepare several EMS managers (internal auditors)  and implement a
real  active  Environmental Management System  within project  frames  and  certified
according to the ISO 14001 standard.
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   ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT IN JSC "SNAIGE'

                      Alvydas Rakstys, Regina Radziukyniene
                                 JSC "Snaige"
                                Alytus, Lithuania

                                Jotita Kruopiene
                       Institute of Environmental Engineering
                         Kaunas University of Technology
JSC "Snaige"  is a producer of household refrigerators and freezers. In 1963,  the first
household refrigerators were produced in the production base of the Alytus machinery
factory. That established "Snaige." In 1992 "Snaige" was privatised and registered as a
joint stock company. In 1995 the company was reconstructed; it was refused from old-
fashioned equipment, and modern technologies were implemented.  1800 employees of
the company now produce about 300 thsd. refrigerators and freezers per year. About 90%
of production is exported to more than 20 countries in the world.
Environmental Management System

Environmental protection is the priority of the company "Snaige." Ecological issues are
constantly considered in the company and everything is done to produce JSC "Snaige" in
correspondence with strict environmental protection requirements. In 2001 JSC "Snaige"
received the international standard ISO  14001 certificate for its environmental protection
management system. This year, a yearly environmental protection management program
(EPMP)  was  formed  for  the  achievement  of environmental protection goals and
implementation of tasks.
Chemicals Management

Chemical control  is  an issue  that  has  raised  more  attention  in  recent years.  A
representative of JSC "Snaige" participated in and was certified by the training course on
Classification,  Labelling and Packaging of Chemicals. This initiated work on obtaining
hazard  information and  on risk communication within the company. One of  60
environmental  management system procedures (so called enterprise standards) deals
particularly with the safe handling of chemicals. It concerns obtaining and spreading
hazard  information,  chemicals  inventory,  and  storage  of  chemicals.  Recently  the
procedure was  amended and expanded. Currently, the company participates in the project
on  Chemical Risk Management. JSC "Snaige" further  works on improvement of its
chemicals inventory, which is a basis for different kind  of chemicals  risk management
work. It also plans to work on identification of hazards and exposure from chemical
agents at working places. Particular attention will be paid to risk reduction measures, i.e.,
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comparing  different  solutions to prevent  the  open use of hazardous  chemicals and
identifying and assessing possible solutions.
Product Design

Considerations of how to use raw materials more efficiently, what ecologically clean and
recyclable materials should be chosen,  and what the production process should be are
integrated in product  design from the  very beginning. The  company tries  to use the
fewest mixed materials, which are difficult to recycle, as possible.  In addition,  low
consumption of electricity for the product usage and the lowest possible level of noise are
never forgotten. The technological process of surface covering is absolutely clean from
an ecology perspective: dry cover and drying by gas.
Use of Ozone Depleting Substances (ODSs)

Freezing Agents
The company started to use the freezing agent HFC-134a, which courses the greenhouse
effect, in 1994 instead of HFC-134a, which depletes the ozone layer. Investment for the
substitution was 170 thsd. Lt.

The use of isobutane RGOOa, which is a natural gas, gradually started in 1997. It  is
planned to completely shift to its use in 2002. 495 thsd. Lt have already been invested
into substitution, and final implementation will cost 1 mlrd.  Lt (investment of GEF fund).
Foaming Agents
Syspur SH4080, which has in its composition CFC-11 (foaming agent, ODS), was used
until 1994. It was substituted for Syspur SH4109/3, containing CFC-141b (foaming agent
with less OD capacity).

Further substitution for Syspur SXH2030/49 (does not contain ODS), used together with
foaming agent cyclopentane, took place.  The cost was 12 mln. Lt.  (Including 7 mln. Lt
from the global economical fund, or GEF. The GEF fund is a financial mechanism, which
gives grants for ecological projects related to global issues. It was established after the
announcement of the Montreal protocol.) Use of cyclopentane started in 1995. Currently
all refrigerators are filled with thermo isolation material using cyclopentane.

Use of ODSs (tonnes/year):
—
CFC-12
CFC-141b
1994
7,6
10,3
1995
8,1
104,8
1996
4,7
48,5
1997
—
45,7
1998
—
12,9
Since 1999 ODSs have not been used.
                                       99

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NATO/CCMS Pilot Study on Clean Products and Processes (Phase 1)
                            Appendix A
                    Annual Reports by Country
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NATO/CCMS Pilot Study on Clean Products and Processes (Phase 1)
                             CZECH REPUBLIC

  UTILISATION OF CLEANER PRODUCTION METHODOLOGY AT A DAIRY
                                      PLANT

                  Jana Kotovicova, Jiri Dvorak and Frantisek Bozek
Description of Company and Its Production

A cleaner production project was elaborated for the dairy MILTRA Company, Ltd., in the
Czech Republic. The company, located in a small town of Mestecko Trnavka, belongs to
smaller dairies. It processes about 130 000 litres  of milk a day. Daily production of milk
is transported  with the help of  a so-called pick-up transport service, usually from the
nearby neighbourhood.

The dairy specialises in the production of Eidam cheese. The production of Eidam cheese
represents almost 63 % of the whole dairy production. The rest of the production includes
mostly curd cheese, delicate curd cheese and flavoured cream and curd cheese products.
Process Analysis

The case study was aimed at finding shortcomings in two spheres: water management
and waste management.

The water management effort was aimed at the reduction of the waste water pollution
load. Waste waters from  dairy industry can be divided into cooling waters and rinsing
waters.  Cooling waters  are  not usually  polluted,  and, after  cooling, they  can be
recirculated  without any problem. Rinse and wash waters contain residues of milk and
disinfectants. They are heavily polluted, especially with  organic substances, due to the
fact that over 1% of processed milk gets into them.

Wastes  and by-products  generated during the processing of milk include mainly the
following:

   •   separator sludge  originates during the purification of raw milk. The sludge can
       contain a large amount of pathogenic germs, and that is why it must not be used
       as feed. It is either processed in rendering plants or burned;

   •   buttermilk:  Due  to its  composition, it can  be used as dietetics  or it can be
       processed for casein and salts of casein, which can be utilised  as additives in
       bakeries;

   •   whey, which contains  under normal conditions 4,7% of lactose, 1,3%  of lactic
       acid, 0,9%  of proteins,  0,6% of mineral substances and about 0,3%  of other
       organic  substances, mainly citric acid,  non-protein nitrogenous  substances,
       residues of fat, etc. More than two  thirds of all the vitamins present in the
       processed milk go into whey. Whey in  its original state is used for drinking, as
                                      A-2

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NATO/CCMS Pilot Study on Clean Products and Processes (Phase 1)
       well as in the production of drinks and as feed. It has only limited durability due
       to the high water content, and that is why it is mainly processed  into condensed
       whey concentrate and dried whey. The above mentioned products are used in the
       production  of fodder as  well as by food and pharmaceutical industries. Whey is
       not utilised efficiently and in the whole range.
Project Objectives

Whey management was chosen as a priority objective of the project in response to the
number and significance of its environmental impacts. Whey represents over 90% of the
total amount of processed milk. Although it is the source of high-quality proteins with
high nutrition value,  its  processing is very problematic.  In present market economy
conditions, when the supply of whey exceeds demand, the dairy is forced to offer whey to
farmers for 0,10 CK.l"1, despite its high nutrition value. Taking whey delivery is agreed to
in contracts between a firm and its customers. Only the price of whey is  contracted, not
the amount being taken. Finding possibilities for further processing of whey has the
potential for direct economic profit and reduction of waste water pollution.
Measures of Cleaner Production

It was suggested to accumulate whey in storage tanks and from there to transport it to the
RF 1A rotary screen filter with the help of centrifugal pump. It is possible to eliminate
residues of coagulated proteins and cheese powder with the help of this equipment. The
casein gained can be then returned to the manufacturing process  or utilised as a full-scope
raw material in melting processes during processed cheese production. The waste water
load will be reduced through significant elimination of organic  matter. Whey, cleared of
proteins and cheese powder, will be pumped into storage tanks, where it will be ready
either for sale as feed or for further processing, e.g., drying.

Parameters corresponding with the implementation of newly  proposed procedure are
presented below:

amount of milk processed per day:                1,35.105 litres

amount of whey produced per day:                1,25. 105 litres

capacity of rotary screen filter:                    5.103 - 104 litres of whey per hour

operating hours of filter per day:                  17 hours

cleaning of the equipment including conduit line:   1 hour per week

filtration efficiency per day:                      210 - 250 kg of proteins with the dry
                                               matter of 25-30%
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NATO/CCMS Pilot Study on Clean Products and Processes (Phase 1)
Results Achieved

The environmental and economic benefits of the proposed cleaner production measures
can be briefly summarised by a comparison of current and envisaged conditions.
current state:
       whey production:
       sold for feed:
1,255.10  litres per day
1,255.105  litres per day
If we count the cost of whey to be 0,10 CK.l"1, then the daily sale profit is 12 545 CK, but
only if all the  production is sold. The state after the implementation of filtration is
presented here:
After filtration is implemented:

       whey production:
       sold for feed:
       sale of obtained protein:
       costs of one employee:
       increased energy costs:
       increased transport costs
1,255.10 litres per day
1,255.105 litres per day
210 kg per day
500 CK per day
1 600 CK per day
400 CK per day
It  is  possible  to  obtain  12  200 CK  per day  higher income  with regard  to  the
above-mentioned information and to the fact that 1 kilogram of protein costs 70 CK.kg"1.
If the dairy operates non-stop 250 days a year, the income is 3,05.10+6 CK. If whey is sent
back into production, the total income will be even higher. If the investment costs are
estimated to be 1,15.106 CK (purchase of rotary screen filter - 4.105 CK; purchase of
necessary tanks - 7,5.105 CK) with 12,5% depreciation in machinery, 7% interest and
39% profit-tax, the economic benefit can be the following (Chart No 1):
year of installment
revenues [CK]
depreciation in machinery 12,5 % [CK]
interest 7 % [CK]
profit before taxation [CK]
tax 39 % [CK]
profit after taxation [CK]
credit [CK]
cash flow [CK]
1
3 050 000
143 750
80500
2 825 750
1 102 043
1 723 707
1 150000
717457
2
3 050 000
143 750
-
2 906 250
1 133438
1 772812
-
1 916562
Chart No 1. Profit and its distribution
It is clear from Chart No 1 that the cash flow CF(t=2) = 1,917.10  CK per year after the
investment is paid (t = 2).
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NATO/CCMS Pilot Study on Clean Products and Processes (Phase 1)
The investment payback period PP can be counted according to the formula written
below, where IN represents investments and CF(t+i) is cash flow of profits in the year t +
1, when the investments have already been paid:

                               IN    1150000
                        PP =	=	= 0,60 year
                                      1916562
                                (t+D
The present worth of investment at the time of instalment PW(i) was calculated with help
of the following formula. It is 1,005. 106 CK at the interest i = 0,07.


                                      115000°=100445CK
                                      a+0,07)2
To the above mentioned economic benefit, it is also necessary to add the environmental
benefit, which is  represented by the  reduction of waste water  pollution and which is
difficult to express in numbers.
Conclusion

The cleaner production project elaborated for the MTLTRA dairy in the town of Mestecko
Trnavka clearly proved considerable economic and environmental benefits. The measures
of cleaner production are based on the filtration of whey through the rotary screen filter.
This way casein is removed from whey. Casein is then assumed to be utilised either back
into production, or as a full-value raw material in melting processes during the processed
cheese production. It was estimated that in case of investment amounting to 1,15.106 CK
(purchase  of rotary screen  filter for processing the  whey and tanks for storing the final
liquid filtration product), it is possible to gain a total annual profit amounting to almost
2.106 CK after the investment has been paid. Payback period is approximately 0,6 year.

At the same time, positive environmental benefits will be gained by reducing organic
matter in wastewaters. Another potential for the reduction of environmental load is in
implementing recycling of the rinsing and cleaning waters.

Lack of financial resources for investments is a typical problem, which imposes restraints
on quick implementation of the results in practice.
                                      A-5

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NATO/CCMS Pilot Study on Clean Products and Processes (Phase 1)
 UTILIZATION OF CLEANER PRODUCTION AT A POULTRY PROCESSING
                                    PLANT

                 Jana Kotovicova, Frantisek Bozek and Ales Komar
Description of Company and Its Production

A cleaner production project was  implemented in the poultry slaughterhouse UKAMO
Ltd., Modrice in the Czech Republic. Capacity of the company is about 6 000 pieces of
poultry per hour, of which 82% is the chicken broiler. Layers are occasionally processed
too. In addition to operating the slaughterhouse, the  company has also meat production
represented by a portioning plant and smoked meat production. Breast and thigh muscles
are divided on fully automated machines in the portioning plant. Cutlets and other semi-
manufactured products, representing a higher level of preparation, are prepared there as
well.  Smoked meat production includes the processing of  meat, fat, offal, auxiliary
materials and meat production additives.

The poultry slaughterhouse line consists of a hanging plant, two slaughtering circuits,
a scalding tank, a plucking machine, a drawing line, two cooling circuits, a packing room
and a technology for freezing the poultry and poultry  products. Cooling of drawn poultry
was carried out in continually operating fume equipment with the help of cooled water.
Poultry was moved with a worm conveyer in tanks. Poultry absorbs about 3,0 % of water
from outside during this type of cooling. Equipment for the pre-treatment of wastewaters
and trapping of the waste is a part of the line as well.
Input-Output Analysis

Real values of material and energetic losses  in the production flow were  identified
through detailed  analyses  and measurements.  The  methodology  was based  on the
implementation of operational-economic and methodological-technical procedures. After
detailed identification of the problems, the real costs of waste disposal were clarified, as
well as the costs relating to the price of input raw material, power  costs, overhead
expenses and other economic elements of the manufacturing process. The result of the
analysis was surprising, as the economic loss exceeded the professional estimate provided
by technical staff.
Project Objectives

About 25%  of waste is originated in relation to the input raw material during poultry
processing.  The above  mentioned waste  makes 95%  of all the solid waste in the
company.  Most wastes are transported to a rendering plant. A significant level of
recycling cannot be expected here. The company has extra costs for disposal.

There are three types of wastewater: slaughterhouse waste water, meat production waste
water  and  sink  water.   Their  chemical   compositions  vary   considerably.   The
slaughterhouse  waste  water is polluted  by  considerable  amounts  of sedimenting
substances,  floating  substances  and mainly  by blood. Meat production  wastewater

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NATO/CCMS Pilot Study on Clean Products and Processes (Phase 1)
contains only a small amount of sedimenting substances, but it has a high volume of
emulsified fat and proteins, both dissolved and dispersed. The sink water is polluted the
least. Wastewater treatment costs represent over 80% of the resources determined for the
waste treatment.

Energy and water  costs represent 4% of material inputs. Parts  of the slaughterhouse
line, where it is necessary to reduce the inputs, were chosen on the basis of material and
energetic balance.
Measurements of Cleaner Production

Four measures were suggested for implementation on the basis of input-output analysis.
The measures are stated below and prioritised from a) to d):

   a)  losses reduction during  the  poultry  entrails  processing by exchanging the
       obsolete machine cleaning  the  maws  for new equipment with the  aim of
       increasing efficiency;

   b)  reduction  of energy demand and water consumption during scalding the
       poultry by exchanging the scalding tank for a modern type with a closed circuit
       and a compressor;

   c)  reduction of harmful substances in waste waters by reconstructing rough waste
       water pre-treatment and implementing vacuum transport of soft wastes, heads and
       feet;

   d)  improvement of the technological flow of production  by introducing  the air-
       cooling of  drawn  poultry.  The measure  is  based  on  the purchase  of new
       technology, which will substitute for the obsolete water cooling of poultry. The
       aim of the measure was to reduce  Salmonella health risks for the consumers of
       fresh poultry and to remain competitive on the market with fresh poultry.

The change of cooling technology is the most costly of all the suggested measures. That
is why it was originally assumed that this measure will be implemented last and  that the
company will gain the necessary  financial resources for the purchase of the  technology
by implementing the previous, less  costly  measures. However, legal amendments made
the implementation of this measure  the number one priority, as the company wanted to
remain on the market with fresh poultry.

Benefits Achieved

At present a cooling tunnel is installed in the company and  the cooling of drawn poultry
is carried out in a counter flow by air cooled in exchangers with ammonia.  Investment
costs amounting to 2,5.107 CK were caused by necessary technological  changes  in other
parts of the line. Results of preliminary analyses showed that annual production  income
should be about 8.106 CK. It was found that in reality the annual income amounts even to
1,06.107CK.
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NATO/CCMS Pilot Study on Clean Products and Processes (Phase 1)
year of installment
revenues
machinery depreciation
[6,2 % first year, 13,4 % next]
construction depreciation [1%]
interest [7 %]
gross profit
profit tax [39%]
tax after taxation
machinery depreciation
construction depreciation
payment of credit
cash flow
1
10600
1 550
250
1 750
7050
2 749,5
4 300,5
1 550
250
5000
1 100,5
2
10600
3 350
250
1 400
5600
2 184
3416
3 350
250
5000
2016
3
10600
3350
250
1 050
5950
2320
3 629,5
3350
250
5000
2 229,5
4
10600
3350
250
700
6300
2457
3 843
3350
250
5000
2443
5
10600
3 350
250
350
6650
2593
4 056,5
3 350
250
5000
2 656,5
6
10600
3 350
250
-
7000
2730
4270
3 350
250
-
7870
Chart No 1. Creation and distribution of profit (all the values are in thousands of CK)
This chart demonstrates the company's profit and its distribution after the implementation
of the investment. The assumption is that machinery depreciation from  the investment
costs are 6,2% in the first year and 13,4% in the following years. Profit tax is calculated
to be 39%  and interest  on the Phare funds is 7%.  Construction depreciations are
calculated to be 1% of the investment costs.

Cash flow after the payment of investment is 7,87.106 CK per year. Payback period (PP)
can  be  calculated  according to this formula,  where  IN represents  the amount of
investments and CF(t+i) is the cash flow of profits in the year in which the investments are
paid.
                       PP = .
  IN
CF
                               (t+D
25000000
- =
 7870000
                                                    year
The present worth of investment PW(5) = 1,67.107 CK at the time the investment is paid.
Its value was counted on the assumption  that the credit is 7% and  payment of credit
represents 5.106 CK per year.
                  PW (t) = •
                            IN
        25000000
       a+0,07)E
          =1665855  CK
It is possible to find that the investment is profitable in the ninth year of operation by the
amount of  8,61.105 CK.  The method of present value of net benefits was used at the
internal discount rate K; = 8 % for the calculation. The calculation was done according to
the formula written below, where PNVB(t) is a cumulated present value of net benefits in
the year t at the internal discount rate K;, PVCF(t) is a cumulated present value  of cash
flow in the year t at  the  internal  discount rate K;, CF(t) represents cash flow from the
investment in the year t, and IN is the amount of investment.
               PVCF (t) =
                            CF
                                 -IN
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NATO/CCMS Pilot Study on Clean Products and Processes (Phase 1)
The amount of cumulated present value of net benefits PVNB(t) for the individual years
of investment, accompanied with other necessary data, is clear from this chart.

It should also be mentioned that the implementation of the above mentioned technology
had a positive impact on the reduction of wastewater pollution and increases occupational
hygiene in the manufacturing process.
year
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
investment
costs
[CK]
25 000 000
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
profits
[CK]
-
1 100 500
2016000
2 229 500
2 443 000
2 656 500
7 870 000
7 870 000
7 870 000
7 870 000
(1+KO1
1,000
1,080
1,166
1,260
1,360
1,469
1,587
1,714
1,851
1,999
present value
CF(t)
[CK]
- 25 000 000
1 018981
1 728 395
1 769 849
1 795 678
1 807 969
4959435
4 592 069
4251 916
3 936 959
Cumulated
present value of
net benefits [CK]
- 25 000 000
-23981 019
- 22 252 624
- 20 482 775
- 18687097
- 16879 128
- 11 919693
- 7327624
- 3 075 708
861251
Chart No 2
investment
Cumulated present  value  of net benefits for the individual years of
Conclusion
The  applicability of cleaner production methodology in  a food industry was clearly
proved by the example of a poultry processing plant. Weak points in the production were
identified on the basis of input-output analysis, and the measures of cleaner production
were proposed and prioritised. As the company wanted to remain competitive on the
market with fresh poultry, the most costly measure was prioritised. The obsolete system
of counter flow water cooling of drawn poultry was substituted for the air cooling system.
The change of technology required investment costs amounting to 2,5.107 CK. Based on
the company performance, the payback period of the investment was assessed to be about
3,2 year, and the company annual profit is almost 8.106 CK after the investment is paid.
Under these conditions and at the internal discount rate of 8%, the investment will be
profitable in its ninth year.

Environmental benefits were also achieved by the implementation of the measures.  They
are represented by the significant reduction of Salmonella health risks for the consumers
of fresh  poultry  as well  as the  reduction of waste water  pollution by organic matter.
Further potential for the reduction of the environmental load is seen  in exchanging the
obsolete maws cleaning machine for new equipment to achieve higher efficiency.
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NATO/CCMS Pilot Study on Clean Products and Processes (Phase 1)


                                     ISRAEL

                    HIGHLIGHTS OF ACTIVITIES IN ISRAEL
Water Desalination

Due to the lack of sufficient water resources in Israel, it was decided to rely on sea water
desalination as an additional source of potable water. The plants in consideration are very
large—in the range of 50 million cubic meters of water per year per plant. While the
technologies involved are available in Israel due to extensive R&D of these technologies,
the problems that are now dealt with are related to the environmental aspects. These refer
to the effect of salty water on aquifers, which has to be avoided,  and the effect of highly
salted reject of the desalination plant on the environment  of the sea area where it is
introduced.  The  design of the plants takes into account these problems as well as the
location of the plant, which in itself is a problem to be considered.
Water Treatment

Recently a ministerial order of the Ministry of the Environment was issued stating that
industrial waste, especially from the petrochemical industry in the Haifa Bay, could not
be sent to the river without pretreatment of the streams to the level at which they could be
released to the environment. In fact several options were considered for disposal, and it
was concluded that even the treated waste water could not be returned to the river and
instead should be sent by a pipe deep  into the sea. Some companies have already spent
the necessary funds in order to comply with the demand, and others are in the process of
implementing the above mentioned order. We  hope that the next step will be to adapt the
processes and indeed change the processes so as to take into account their environmental
impacts.
Oil Spill Cleaning

Oil tankers and pumping stations of the neighboring countries Israel and Jordan use the
gulf of Eilat and Akaba to transport oil to their respective countries. In order to preserve
the environment and its rich marine life, a ship was acquired in order to clean oil from the
water whenever necessary. The ship was built by a Norwegian company and is now
operating in the gulf. The ship has the necessary equipment to fulfil the required tasks.
Rotem Amphert

Rotem Amphert is  a large chemical industrial complex located in the  Negev desert
specializing mainly in the production of phosphate  fertilizers and phosphoric  acid.
Recently they developed a new process to convert "green" phosphoric acid to "white"
(pure) phosphoric acid.  The novelty of the process is that it has no waste stream at all
and is less expensive than the one formerly used. It is a good example, showing that it is
possible to improve processes in the chemical industry so they are environmentally more
friendly and at the same time economically attractive.

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NATO/CCMS Pilot Study on Clean Products and Processes (Phase 1)
Ramat Chovav

Ramat Chovav is a large industrial park in the Negev desert about 10  kilometers from
Beer-Sheva, where polluting chemical industries are concentrated. The national site for
hazardous wastes is located here, too. A couple of years ago, a centralized system for
industrial waste disposal was erected. In the last year a novel biological treatment plant
was introduced to treat most of the industrial waste of the complex.
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NATO/CCMS Pilot Study on Clean Products and Processes (Phase 1)


                                  MOLDOVA

         CLEANER PRODUCTION IN THE REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA
The issue of clean products and clean production processes has been discussed for some
time not only in the Republic of Moldova, but also in many countries. Especially in the
last decades the environmental aspect of human  and economic development has become
more and  more  important.  It is not  only the  ecologists'  organizations,  but  also
governments  and broad civil society which are interested in the effects of particular
development processes on the environment.

The Republic of Moldova is not an exception.  Much has been done in this direction in
recent years. Moldova is a member of a number of environment-related conventions and
was one of the first countries to ratify the Kyoto convention, for example.

Ecologically sustainable development is even more important for Moldova than for other
countries as its main generator of national welfare is agriculture or agriculture-related
activities. In  the  past,  when Moldova  was part of the  Soviet  Union, the agricultural
methods applied  here were intensive,  meaning  that in  the production  process, many
chemical agents were used.  The ecological factor was of very little importance, or not
considered at all. The natural  resources, especially the good  quality soil for which
Moldova was famous, were greatly depleted. The same situation  applied to industry.
Many highly polluting plants operated without  any concern about their effects on the
environment.

The situation has  changed dramatically in the last decade. As a result of the break-up of
the Soviet Union, the traditional economic ties with the socialist republics have been lost
and a significant fall of the output was registered. The old, chemical-intensive methods
were  dismissed due  to  financial constraints.  Agriculture  production  became more
traditional and  labour-intensive due to the low cost of  the labour force, and became,
indirectly, more environment friendly. Also, as a result  of the political opening of the
country, informational exchange became possible. Society is more and more aware of the
environmental effects of human activity. A number of technical assistance projects were
initiated in order to implement in the economy new clean production processes. We also
recognise that producers became interested in these processes not only because of the
concern for nature, but also for  economic reasons.  The  demand  for clean,  so-called
bioproducts  is  constantly  growing,  especially in the Western  European countries. A
number of studies were conducted in that respect, and the  results were that Moldova has a
comparative advantage in the production of bioproducts.

But knowing that you have ecologically pure products is not enough. You  have to let
people know about it too. So, in recent years, efforts were made to harmonise Moldovan
standards with  international ones. ISO  9000 standards  are already implemented. The
international community also contributes to these efforts through a number of technical
assistance projects. Also, a Swiss company, SGS S.A., is  working on the implementation
of the biostandards in agriculture,  as well as certification of the production processes as
ecologically clean. Seminars, roundtables and workshops were organised in order to
increase the public awareness of these issues.
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NATO/CCMS Pilot Study on Clean Products and Processes (Phase 1)
The main obstacles in the way of cleaner production processes in Moldova are:

   •   Human conservatism;
   •   Limited awareness and understanding of the cleaner processes;
   •   Financial constraints;
   •   Long decision-making process;
   •   Lack of the promotion of the cleaner production ideas and technologies.

Cleaner production in Moldova started to be developed after the signature in 1999 of the
International  Declaration  on Cleaner Production  (UNEP).  From that  date,  cleaner
production in Moldova started to gain ground: the principle of cleaner production was
introduced in the Government's Action  Plan and in the  Concept of the Environment
Protection. Also, a Centre for Prevention of Industrial Pollution (CPPI) was established.
Since July 1999,  CPPI, the Ministry  of Environment,  Construction and Territorial
Development and Ministry of Industry and Energy have joined efforts in order to initiate
the implementation of the international program "Cleaner Production."

 In 2000,  eight companies based in Chisinau, the capital of the Republic of Moldova
(Carmez,  Lapte, Floare-Carpet, Fabrica  de  Drojdii din  or. Chisinau, Avicola Roso,
Agroconservit,  CET-1,  Piele  S.A.),  initiated  the implementation of  the "Cleaner
Production" principles. Their representatives have followed a training program carried
out by  CPPI  and the Russian-Norwegian  Centre "Cleaner Production."  In  all,  113
projects were implemented  in 2000. In  2001,  another  11  enterprises from Chisinau
(Franzeluta, Bucuria,  Carmez,  Vitanta, Hidropompa,  CET-2,   Aroma,  Termocom,
Universitatea Tehnica, Parcul  de Troleibuse, Tutun) and eight enterprises from Bali
(Rada, Floutex, Combinatul de produse alimentare, CET-NORD, REUT, APA-CANAL,
Lactis, Incmlac) joined the programme.

Implementation of these projects in 2001-2002 has resulted in the following benefits:

   •   Energy savings - 7622 968 kWh/year
   •   Decrease of water consumption -124 501  M3/year
   •   Toxic substance in air emissions -1.02 t/year
   •   Toxic substance in sewages - 2 t/year
   •   Heat consumption - 74.5 Gcal/year

As we can see, the above mentioned projects are focused on  the industrial sector. But
Moldova's main production is agricultural. And  in response  to the growing demand for
organic produce on the  international market, Moldovan agriculture was  inclined to
become more organic. In 2000 a National Concept was launched to implement Moldovan
aspirations in regard to  organic farming, which identified the need for inspection and
control models and procedures. In this respect, in 2002 a study on "Strengthening Policy
and Regulatory Capacity in Organic Agriculture, Moldova" was conducted by the World
Bank "Agriculture Pollution Control Project." One of the  components of this project is
promotion of the cleaner production processes in agriculture. And there are also a number
of measures provisioned for 2003, with the aim  of promoting  cleaner production in the
Moldovan agricultural sector.
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Enterprises  are  not the  only  ones interested  in  cleaner  production.  Through  the
implementation of cleaner production processes, the Government tries to achieve a series
of goals:

   •   Pollution  control  and reduction of  the  social  costs  of the  environment's
       degradation;

   •   Sustainable development of the industrial  sector and  society  through cleaner
       production;

   •   Implementation of the National Strategy for Sustainable Development.

And in order to  achieve these  goals and  to  implement  the  principles  of cleaner
production, the Ministry of Environment, Construction and Territorial Development will
take the following steps:

   •   Implementation of the National  Declaration on Cleaner Production (about to be
       approved);

   •   Promotion of cleaner production in all sectors of the Moldovan economy;

   •   Coordination of the Cleaner Production projects, implemented in  different sectors;

   •   Investment attraction for the implementation of the Cleaner Production projects.

But having said that, we have to admit that a  lot  still  has to be done. New technologies
are  not available free of  charge.  Due  to severe  financial constraints,  the Republic of
Moldova cannot afford these  technologies.  All initiatives in this  area  are implemented
almost entirely in the framework of technical assistance projects and are in pilot phases.
In order to implement the new technologies, you must have personnel  trained for these
processes.  The  policy-makers, who  in many cases  are  subject  to inertia,  should
understand the importance of it. And through  the exchange of experience and increased
awareness, we can achieve progress in this area.
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NATO/CCMS Pilot Study on Clean Products and Processes (Phase 1)


                                  NORWAY

  OVERVIEW OF WORLD CLEANER PRODUCTION ACTIVITIES WORLD
                           WIDE, DECEMBER 2002
The first cleaner production projects Norwegian  consultants were involved in outside
Norway were  organised in Poland  in 1990. They were organised as a co-operation
between  the Norwegian  Confederation  of Chartered  Engineers and  their  Polish
counterpart, NOT.

The  principles  for the projects  were in-plant training  and  learning by  doing.  One
important objective was to transfer Norwegian competence and experience to the Polish
colleagues based on train-the-trainer principles.

The Polish programme quite soon became a success, and similar programmes were
organised in Czechoslovakia in 1992. The Czech  and Slovak programmes subsequently
formed the basis for the UNEP-UNIDO National Cleaner Production Centres.

OECD made in 1994 an evaluation of the ongoing CP programmes in CEE/NIS-countries
and nominated the Norwegian approach as the most cost effective.

Based on this,  Norwegian consultants developed the OECD publication "Best Practices
Guide for Cleaner Production Programmes in Central and Eastern Europe."

The  CP programmes  are  organised  in four plenary  sessions and three intermediate
sessions in between the plenary sessions with project work and visits by the instructors as
described below:

1st plenary session.

   •  Introduction to the CP principles
   •  The assessment procedure
   •  How to organise the assessment
   •  Setting  objectives
   •  Mass-energy-cost balances
   •  Developing options
   •  Brainstorming techniques

2nd plenary session.

   •  Reports from the companies
   •  Screening of improvement options
   •  Introduction to strategic planning methods
   •  Feasibility analysis (economic, technical, environmental)
   •  Calculations on payback, internal rate of return, net present value
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3rd plenary session.

•  Reports from the companies
•  The relations between EMS and CP assessment
•  What do the banks ask for?
•  Criteria for 2-year action plans

4th plenary session.

   •   Reports from the companies

Each plenary session takes 3-4 days (4 days for the first session) and 2 days for the last
session. At the  last  session we normally try  to organise a high level meeting with
government officials  and industry representatives to provide a platform for dissemination
of results achieved and policy development in order to develop a demand for the CP
strategy.

The typical time period for a complete programme is 7 months. Normally we work with
a mix  of different companies.  In  addition to  1-2 participants from the participating
companies, other representatives from universities, government agencies and industry
associations are taking part in the training.

After the first three successful programmes in the period 1990-1995, similar programmes
were organised in the period 1995-2000 for:

   •   Russia  north  west (Murmansk, Arkangelsk  and Karelia oblast) (ongoing).  A
       report from this most comprehensive programme is  enclosed. Norway is still
       supporting the  Russian -  Norwegian  Cleaner Production Centre  located  in
       Moscow.

   •   Lithuania.

   •   Kaliningrad.

   •   China (two programmes in Beijing).

   •   China (Hnan Province, Zhouzhou City).

   •   Zambia.

   •   Tunisia.

The  latest programmes  were  organised for  Indonesia and  Pakistan. The Pakistani
programme (2000-2001) is the only industrial sector programme where 20 tanneries took
part. A CP centre was established with  Norwegian  support in Sialkot in the Punjab
province, where there is a comprehensive cluster of tanneries.

In Tanzania in  1999 a 5-year programme supported by NORAD was  established. The
programme was evaluated (mid term evaluation) in April 2002 with excellent results. The
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centre will from the beginning of 2003 make some  modifications to the 1999 plan in
order to better ensure sustainability of the Centre after the programme has finished.

In 2002 new programmes  were launched in Croatia  (3-year programme) and Lithuania
(2-year programme).

The Croatian programme has the following main elements:

   •   CP  assessments for three  groups  of companies (mix  of companies,  food
       production companies and service sector companies).

   •   Financial engineering training and loan applications.

   •   Preparation of selected companies for preparing EMS certification.

   •   Policy development.

The first group of eight companies presented their results in October 2002.

The Lithuanian  programme, which was kicked off in  September 2002, plans to integrate
CP and bank loan applications to the NEFCO CP  revolving fund with EMS preparation,
environmental reporting and benchmarking activities.  In addition there will be a close co-
operation with the municipality of Klaipeda in order to develop reporting procedures
between the  companies and the municipality and between the  municipality  and the
public. All of the eight participating companies are located in Klaipeda. The programme
is planned as a series of 10  plenary sessions
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                                   POLAND

           THE NATO CCMS PILOT STUDY ANNUAL REPORT 2002

                             Dr. Sc. Andrzej Doniec
                            Pollution Prevention Center
                           Technical University of Lodz
There is the potential  for implementing the  idea of clean products and processes in
Poland.  Poland is one of the countries invited to become European Union members. The
accession process required adjustment national regulations to EU standards. Thus Polish
environmental law was changed with accordance to EU environmental regulations. As a
result, some requirements affecting products and processes that arise from EU Directives
already  exist in Polish or will be in force in couple of years.

Today implementation  of principles of environmentally friendly processes and products
understood as new "green"  solutions  is not  common. The Cleaner Production/Waste
Minimization concept is fairly well known and utilized in some companies.  Producer
responsibilities that will come into being as a result of environmental regulations will
force companies to rethink their policies in the area of green products and processes to
gain a competitive advantage. The market for ecoproducts (green  products)  is rather
shallow because of the pretty narrow awareness of sustainability and because of our
citizens' buying criterion, which is price rather than environmental friendliness; this is of
course caused by weak purchasing ability.

The idea of clean products and processes is present to some extent in Polish university
curricula as well as in  research. The courses (subjects) offered are most often aimed at
cleaner  production and sustainable energy use:  membrane techniques and applications,
process  integration (optimization of heat exchanger networks), water management  and
some energy and material  efficient technologies. The Technical University of Lodz  is a
good example of the approach mentioned above. Courses on low-waste technologies are
included in education process by two faculties: Process and Environmental Engineering
and  Management  and Organization.   The  latter  recently  started  a   technological
specialization named Ecotechnology, which means environmentally friendly engineering.
Industrial ecology, sustainable energy use, ecodesign and low-waste technologies are the
main subjects taught  in the  specialization.  The specialization  is  conducted by  the
Department of Industrial Ecology established a year ago.

The mission of the Department is to promote industrial ecology fundamentals  as essential
measures on the way to sustainability.  In response, a postgraduate, two-semester course
entitled  Sustainable  Development  in an Industrial Enterprise has been  developed; it
started last fall.
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NATO/CCMS Pilot Study on Clean Products and Processes (Phase 1)
Research  activities at the Technical  University  of Lodz  are manifold  and include
investigating problems related to clean products and processes. Beneath are listed some
achievements in this area:

   •   A  porous,  concrete-like material for heavy metal ion removal from industrial
       waste waters has  been developed  at the  Pollution Prevention Center. Waste
       industrial dusts and fly ashes are the main components of the material.

   •   At the Faculty  of Marketing and Engineering of Textiles, a new,  totally clean
       technology of cellulose fibers production has been developed.

   •   A new construction of a very efficient ultra fast, vacuum DC switch for electric
       traction.  This  is  a  series of durable, emission-less,  service-free  switches
       constructed at the Electrical and Electronic Engineering Faculty.

   •   Research on anthropogenic ecosystems for cleaning of wastewater is going on at
       the Department  of Industrial Ecology.  The aim of the project is  to study the
       suitability of the idea for cleaning of food processing industry wastewater, as well
       as to develop a simple design procedure for such a type of treatment plant.
To facilitate exchange of information on clean products and processes between a variety
of parties, PPC at the Technical University of Lodz and the Chair of Energy Utilization
Problems  of University of Mining and Metallurgy in  Cracov are jointly planning to
launch in 2003 a Poland-wide seminar series on environmentally friendly technology.
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                                  PORTUGAL

      DESIGNING EFFICIENT, ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTALLY
                     FRIENDLY CHEMICAL PROCESSES

                                 Teresa M. Mata
            Laboratory of Processes, Environment and Energy Engineering
                              Faculty of Engineering
                               University of Porto
                         Rua Dr. Roberto Frias 4200-465
                                 Porto, Portugal
                                 tmata@fe.up.pt
This research project was developed in collaboration with US EPA in Cincinnati as part
fulfillment of Teresa Mata's PhD in Chemical Engineering from the University of Porto.
The main objective of this research project is the design and improvement of chemical
processes integrating environmental and economic  considerations. This work analyses
opportunities to reduce or eliminate waste in  chemical processes and through the  life
cycle of products to minimise their environmental impacts. A process simulator was used
to create detailed process flowsheet and to help analysing rigorously the processes under
study.  Process  simulators help  to  analyse different  design  alternatives, predict  the
performance of a process, locate malfunctions and solve specific problems that arise from
the original design problem. Process economics and  environmental models are needed to
define  the optimum for products and processes. Design and improvement of chemical
processes can be very challenging and require a balance of safety, reliability, economics,
quality, robustness and  an acceptable impact on  the  environment and society.  The
abstracts of the  publications  generated  with this research  project and the  related
bibliographic references are presented below.

Designing  Environmental,  Economic and Energy  Efficient  Chemical Processes:
Heat Exchange Networks. The design and improvement of chemical processes can be
very challenging. The earlier energy conservation, process economics and environmental
aspects are  incorporated into the process development, the easier and less expensive it is
to alter the process design. In  this work  different  process  design alternatives with
increasing levels of energy integration are considered in combination with evaluations of
the process economics and potential environmental impacts.  The  example studied is the
hydrodealkylation  (HDA)  of toluene  to  produce benzene. This study examines  the
possible  fugitive and open emissions  from the  HDA process, evaluates the potential
environmental impacts and the process economics considering different process design
alternatives. Results of this  work show that  there are tradeoffs in the evaluation of
potential environmental impacts. As the level of energy integration  increases, process
fugitive emissions  increase while energy generation impacts decrease. Similar tradeoffs
occur for economic evaluations,  where the capital  and operating costs associated with
heat integration could be optimised [1].

Environmental  Comparison  of  Gasoline  Blending  Options  Using  Life Cycle
Assessment. A life cycle  assessment  has been done on various gasoline blends. The
purpose of this study is to compare several gasoline blends of 95 and 98 octane that meet
the  vapour pressure upper limit requirement of 60kPa. This study accounts for  the

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NATO/CCMS Pilot Study on Clean Products and Processes (Phase 1)
gasoline  losses  due to evaporation and leaks,  from petroleum  refining to vehicle
refuelling, and evaluates the potential environmental impacts using the Waste Reduction
(WAR) algorithm. The results indicate that for lower PEI, it is better to use less reformate
in gasoline,  due to its high contribution to the photochemical ozone  creation potential.
This study also shows that the life cycle stage with the largest contribution to the PEI is
gasoline production at the refinery [2].

Environmental  Analysis  of Gasoline  Blending  Components  Through  Their Life
Cycle. The  purpose of this study is  to assess the contribution of three major gasoline
blending components  (reformate, alkylate  and  cracked  gasoline)  to  the  potential
environmental impacts. This study estimates losses of the gasoline blending components
due to evaporation and leaks through their life cycle, from  petroleum refining to vehicle
refuelling. A sensitivity analysis was performed using different weighting factors for each
potential environmental impact  category  in order  to assess the effect of each blending
component  on the total potential environmental impacts. The  results indicate that
reformate and cracked gasoline mainly contribute to photochemical oxidation followed
by aquatic toxicity, terrestrial toxicity  and human toxicity by ingestion. On the other
hand, alkylate contributes mostly to aquatic  toxicity, but very little  to  photochemical
oxidation. From the sensitivity  analysis, a high weighting on  the impact categories  for
aquatic toxicity, terrestrial  toxicity and human toxicity by ingestion lead to  alkylate
having the largest potential impacts  of the three  blending components,  whereas other
combinations of weighting factors indicate that alkylate has the lowest potential impacts
[3].

Designing Environmentally  Friendly Chemical Processes with Fugitive and  Open
Emissions. Fugitive or open emissions can dominate the potential environmental impacts
of a chemical  process. In this work the design and simulation calculations of a process
provide an  opportunity to visualise relationships  between  economic  potentials and
potential environmental impacts. The  analysis of the economic  and environmental effects
of process alternatives is completed quickly and easily using order-of-magnitude costing
techniques and the WAste Reduction  (WAR) algorithm for environmental evaluation. In
the  example  studied, the hydrodealkylation  of toluene, both  the  economic and
environmental results  point towards the alternative of recycling biphenyl to extinction,
which is a form of pollution prevention by  source reduction. As open emissions  are
eliminated, the importance  of fugitive  emissions is shown to increase. Finally, results
show where economic optimum and  minimal environmental impact designs occur, and
therefore one can see tradeoffs between these designs [4].

Designing Efficient, Economic and Environmentally Friendly Chemical Processes. A
catalytic reforming process has been studied using hierarchical design and simulation
calculations. Approximations for the fugitive emissions indicate which streams allow the
most value to be lost and which have the highest potential environmental impact. One can
use  this information  to focus  attention on  these high  value  and/or  high  potential
environmental impact streams. It was also found that increased recycling leads to a higher
potential environmental impact. The effect  of larger recycle flows  is  an increase in
fugitive emissions, which leads to larger impacts [5].

Simulation of Ecologically Conscious Chemical Processes: Fugitive Emissions versus
Operating  Conditions. Catalytic  reforming  is an important refinery process for the
conversion   of low-octane  naphtha  (mostly  paraffins)  into  high-octane  motor  fuels

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(isoparaffins, naphthenes and aromatics), light gases and hydrogen. In this study the
catalytic reforming process is analyzed under different operating conditions to calculate
the octane number and amount  of fugitive emissions.  The fugitive  emissions  are
accounted for by considering the  existing methods in the literature, and the potential
environmental impact leaving the process is evaluated using the  WAR algorithm. By
examining a range of operating conditions and performing environmental analyses with
WAR, the most environmentally friendly process conditions are elucidated. The process
conditions considered here, the reactor temperature and pressure, affect the products in
terms of  reformate  and hydrogen yields,  research  octane  number and  reformate
composition.  The results indicate that more recycling is not always a better solution for
waste minimization.  In  this case  study increased  recycling means  more  process
equipment and larger stream flowrates through almost the entire process, which increases
fugitive emissions and their potential environmental impacts [6].
References

   [1] Mata T. M., Smith R. L., Young D. M., Costa C. A. V. Designing Environmental,
       Economic and Energy Efficient Chemical Processes: Heat Exchanger Networks.
       In: NATO ARW Technological Choices for Sustainability, Maribor (Slovenia),
       12-18 October 2002.

   [2] Mata T.  M., Smith R. L., Young  D.  M.,  Costa  C. A.  V. Environmental
       Comparison of Gasoline Blending Options Using Life Cycle Analysis. In: R'02 -
       Recovery, Recycling and Re-integration, Proceedings  of the 6th World Congress
       on the Integrated Resources Management, Geneva  (Switzerland), 12-15 February
       2002, Paper 192.

   [3] Mata T. M., Smith R. L., Young D. M., Costa C. A. V.  Environmental Analysis of
       Gasoline  Blending Components Through Their Life  Cycle.  In: CHISA 2002,
       Proceedings  of  the  15l  International  Congress of Chemical  and  Process
       Engineering, Praha (Czech Republic), 25-29 August 2002.

   [4] Smith R.  L., Mata T. M.,  Young D. M., Cabezas  H.,  Costa C. A. V. Designing
       Environmentally Friendly Chemical Processes with Fugitive and Open Emissions.
       Process Integration.  In:  PRES'OJ,  Proceedings  of the  4th Conference on Process
       Integration,   Modelling  and  Optimisation  for Energy  Saving and  Pollution
       Reduction, Florence (Italy), 20-23 May 2001, 129-134.

   [5] Smith R.  L., Mata T. M.,  Young D. M., Cabezas  H.,  Costa C. A. V. Designing
       Efficient,  Economic  and  Environmentally  Friendly  Chemical Processes.  In:
       Jorgensen S.,  Gani  R.,  editors.  Computer-Aided Chemical Engineering  9,
       Proceedings of ESCAPE: 11th European Symposium on Computer Aided Process
       Engineering, Kolding (Denmark), 27-30 May 2001, 1165-1170.

   [6] Mata T. M.,  Smith R. L., Young D. M., Costa C. A. V. Simulation of Ecological
       Conscious Chemical Processes: Fugitive Emissions versus Operating Conditions.
       In: Ramoa Ribeiro F., Cruz Pinto, J. J.  C.,  editors. CHEMPOR'Ol, Proceedings of
       the 8th International Conference of Chemical Engineering, Aveiro (Portugal),  12-
       14 September 2001, 907-913.

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                        REPUBLIC OF SLOVENIA

       ANNUAL REPORT ON CLEANER PRODUCTS AND PROCESSES

                                  Peter Glavic
Slovenia has recognized Sustainable Development as one of the key issues in the further
development of the country  and signed the Kyoto protocol  last year. In the  Strategic
Development of  its economic  development, all  three  components  of  Sustainable
Development (economic, social and environmental) are taking place. Slovenia  has been
ranked 14th of the 26 European countries and 23rd of the 124 countries in the world. The
social development component is lagging behind but the environmental  and economic
components are advancing.

Most of the companies have  accepted voluntary environmental protection schemes. ISO
14000 certification has been  acquired by many companies, the Slovenian average being
not far  from the  European  Union (EU)  one. Most of the  chemical  companies have
adopted the Responsible Care Programme. The price and tax for the water usage, air and
soil pollution have been raised dramatically,  causing most of the companies to reduce
pollution levels and reduce utilities usage by approaching cleaner products and processes.
The  Integrated Pollution Prevention and  Control initiative is going to be adopted by
medium and large companies until 2010. The  Slovenian government has decided to take
an active part in the adoption  of the EU directive.

On the other hand, the energy intensity is still double the EU one. The fraction  of export
by "dirty industries" is still reaching 20%. Last year the first non-BAT (Best Available
Technology) was banned as a green field investment and the government permit  declined.

Slovenia established the first National Cleaner Production Center on a  private basis last
year. The EPA modification of the Waste Minimization Opportunity Assessment Manual
was translated 10 years ago, and  several courses were conducted to disseminate the tools.
Other tools (EMAS, Ecodesign, Life Cycle  Analysis, Recycling,  Energy Integration,
Renewable resources)  are being developed  besides the Cleaner  Production  method.
Graduate and postgraduate studies in this field are being increased substantially.

The Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering at the University of  Maribor
has been researching some further Cleaner Processes: sugar beet production, methanol
process  integration and optimization, and cleaner food production. Pinch technology
using Extended Grand Composite Curves and other thermodynamic methods  has been
used for  the  purpose  of reducing  green  house  effects.  Mixed Integer Nonlinear
Programming has been applied  as an optimization tool for further reduction  of waste
production and debottlenecking of the processes. The most interesting results have been
published  in scientific journals and in  the proceedings of international  scientific
symposia.

A national meeting of chemists and chemical  engineers is taking place  at the University
of Maribor each year with a special section devoted to environmental protection. We also
organized  a NATO ARW Workshop on "Technological Choices for Sustainability" held
in Maribor in October 2002.

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                                   SWEDEN

                 RESEARCH AND PHD EDUCATION AT IIIEE

                               Dr. Marten Karlsson
            International Institute for Industrial Environmental Economics
                             Lund University, Sweden
As present trends in economic and population growth continue, the natural environment
is increasingly put under stress. For a considerable time, the International Institute for
Industrial Environmental Economics (IIIEE) has been involved in projects that minimise
environmental impacts from production  sites. Subsequently, it has been  shown that the
environmental impact of some  products is largest during  the  use phase, and that
efficiency gains  in production are  often offset by the pace and scale of environmental
impacts associated with consumption. It is often stated that trends towards environmental
degradation  can  be  slowed if  new,  more sustainable  patterns of production and
consumption can be suggested and disseminated.

As of 2001,  approximately 30 research staff (senior researchers and PhD  candidates) are
engaged in  research activities at the IIIEE. Complementary to  these activities  is the
research contributed by the MSc student  thesis work. Having the common characteristics
of promoting preventative environmental strategy, taking  a multidisciplinary approach
and seeking  practical application, the research area ranges both in terms of area of society
targeted (e.g., industrial activities, regional cooperation, governmental policy) and focus
area (e.g.,  tourism,  complex  products, information and  communication technology,
textile,  financial  institutions).  Some of the main research  activities are summarized
below.
Policies and Instruments for Cleaner Production

The  IIIEE has a long record of  activity within the area of policies, strategies  and
instruments to promote cleaner production. The area is probably best described as the
starting point from which the other research areas at the Institute have either emerged or
have been centred around. Most activities at the IIIEE are such that they contribute to an
improved understanding of the issue,  either by examining the measures as such or by
investigating the industrial setting that they are intended to affect.

Recognising this, there were a number of activities conducted at the IIIEE in 2001, with
particular relevance to the classic  area of policies and instruments to promote cleaner
production including:

   •   The 7th Roundtable for Cleaner Production  organised in Lund in May 2001.

   •   A review of DANCED Cleaner Production Activities in Thailand, Malaysia and
       South Africa during the period 1996-2001.

   •   A PhD course on Law and Economics in co-operation with Maastricht University.
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   •   A revision and update of the UNEP publication on Government Strategies and
       Policies to Promote Cleaner Production.

   •   A  number  of MSc theses produced  in  2001  relate  to the area of cleaner
       production. For example, one student's thesis examined the potential inclusion of
       Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH) in the Persistent Organic Pollutants
       (POPs)  convention,  concluding  among   other  things,  that  classic  cleaner
       production measures constitute a significant part of the actions that would be
       necessary.
Product Service Systems

The IIIEE has been developing a new concept of product-service systems (PSS) that aims
at minimising environmental impacts of both production and consumption. The Institute
defines a product-service system as a system of products, services, supporting networks
and infrastructure that is designed to be competitive, satisfy customer needs and have a
lower environmental impact than traditional business models.

The goal of the PSS concept is to provide a system of products and services that would be
able  to  fulfil customer  needs as  efficiently as possible from both  an economic and
environmental point of view. In some circumstances PSSs will have to be closed loop
systems. The general  idea behind the PSS  is the assumption  that customers need the
product's function or value that the product provides, not the material products per se,
and thus a function provider may generate profit  not from selling  as many material
products as possible,  but  from providing  a function and/or  additional  value of the
product.

The development of the PSS concept at the IIIEE follows several paths:

   •  Theoretical development  of the PSS  concept based  on  system  approaches,
      ecodesign techniques and consumer studies.

   •  Methodological development of product  service  systems, based on  functional
      arrangements in business-to-business  and business-to-customer areas.

   •  Compilation of existing  cases  of functional arrangements and  investigation of
      possibility to upgrade them to product service systems.

   •  Evaluation of environmental and economic potential of PSSs.

   •  Evaluation  of existing  political  frameworks  and  suggestions for  how the
      incorporation of functional thinking can be encouraged.
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Projects Finalised in 2001 and On-going

During 2001, three major projects were finalised in the area of product service systems.

   •   "Reaching Sustainable Consumption through  the Concept of a Product-Service
       System (PSS)" was funded by the Nordic Council of Ministers and completed in
       2001. The project focused on the consumption and consumer side of developing
       product service systems.

   •   "Introducing and Developing  a Product-Service  System  (PSS)  Concept  in
       Sweden," funded by NUTEK, investigated how well the PSS concept is known in
       Swedish  companies,  what the  barriers and success factors for implementing
       functional arrangements are,  and what kind of benefits the concept  implies for
       manufacturing companies.

   •   "Functional Thinking. The role of Functional Sales and Product Service Systems
      for a function-based  society. Functional thinking for IPP," funded by Swedish
       EPA, analysed the concept of functional thinking and investigated the potential
       role  of PSS and functional  sales  in  shifting towards a more function-based
       society. The project also evaluated potential roles of existing policies, strategies,
       instruments and tools  in promoting this potential shift.

Since the early part of 2002,  the IIIEE has been conducting a project, funded by Swedish
EPA, that has the goal of investigating how needs for specific functions in society can be
met by more sustainable combinations of products and services. A specific task is to look
at possibilities to incorporate functional thinking  into Integrated Product  Policy and
suggest how authorities  can  stimulate functional thinking at the societal level to secure
environmental improvements.


New Emphasis on Energy Research

Energy generation and use are  central  to a number of environmental  issues, including
urban air pollution, acidification, and climate change. Increased levels of energy services
are a necessary   element  of the  world's economic  development. Major changes are
required  in the  world's  energy systems  and  their development to  address  these
challenges. This  will involve efforts to bring to the market new technologies  for more
efficient use of energy and increased utilization of renewable sources of energy, as well
as the next generation  of technologies to use  fossil fuels. Policies for  energy for
sustainable  development  represent  a   key  area. The various aspects of  energy for
sustainable  development  are receiving enhanced  attention at the  IIIEE with  the
appointment of the  new Director, Thomas B  Johansson, Professor of Energy Systems
Analysis.
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NATO/CCMS Pilot Study on Clean Products and Processes (Phase 1)
External Cooperation

IIIEE representatives are involved in several international research networks in the area
of product service systems and sustainable consumption:

   •   UNEP expert Network on Product Service Systems.

   •   PREPARE Network, Sustainable Service Systems group.

   •   Swedish 3F Network on Funktionsforsaljning.

   •   Research Network on  sustainable consumption  at the  Centre for Consumer
       Research, Goteborg.


Product Policy

The product related research at the IIIEE focuses on the policies and instruments that are
part  of  preventative environmental  strategies  in the  product  field  that  lead to
environmentally  conscious product  development.  Extensive research around  different
product-oriented policies and instruments, such as the principle  of extended producer
responsibility  (EPR), integrated  product policy  (IPP),  eco-labelling, environmental
product declaration and supply chain management has been conducted.

Some of the research activities conducted in 2001 include:

   •   Analysis  of effectiveness  and  socio-economic consequences of Swedish EPR
       programmes for end-of-life vehicles.

   •   Organising a forum for stakeholder dialogue to further develop IPP in conjunction
       with the 7th European Round-table for Cleaner Production.

   •   Analysis of plastic waste management policy in India.

   •   A  study  of environmental product information  flow in the information and
       communication technology sector.

   •   A series of product related reports commissioned by the Swedish EPA to support
       their overall analysis of different policy instruments for IPP, looking  at different
       issues such as the role of different actors in  relation to the greening of products,
       and the role  of legislation as a driver for green product development,  service and
       the environment.

   •   An  evaluation of the role  of Nordic Swan  Eco-labelling  scheme in relation to
       other environmental information systems and EMS commissioned by the Nordic
       Council of Ministers.
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NATO/CCMS Pilot Study on Clean Products and Processes (Phase 1)
       A  study  of institutional  and  structural  factors  affecting  EPR programme
       implementation, commissioned by the OECD for a seminar on EPR programme
       implementation and assessment.
Distributed Economies—A New Research Embryo at the Institute

At the Institute, the development of a new research concept is currently underway. It
promises to open up interesting research opportunities and  opportunities to cooperate
with  colleagues on  a broad  international  level.  The  concept has  been given  the
provisional name of Distributed Economies (DE), reflecting the need to switch the focus
of economic evaluation to  the local  and regional level in order to ensure a sustained
quality of life for communities. The idea was first proposed by Prof. Allan Johansson and
has been expanded in a number of internal seminars and  discussion groups  and  in
forming the DE group,  which consists of both seniors and PhD students from a range of
backgrounds who are interested in this field.

A final definition of a Distributed Economy cannot be given, but what is being looked at
are new ways of decentralizing systems of provision and consumption. Examples being
looked at for the moment by the DE group are energy production and the food production
chain.

In cooperation  with  chosen  regions,  the  IIIEE  would   like to demonstrate that
decentralisation  and  downsizing of the traditional economics of scale  model  can be
economically, socially  and  environmentally viable. The DE Group is also developing a
strategy for industrial  symbiosis to promote The International Institute for Industrial
Environmental  Economics  at Lund University  synergy of  different industries in  the
region. They are in the process of constructing  case  study research involving different
regions in Europe. An initial study on the Island of Lesvos, Greece began in the spring of
2002. However, regions in Italy,  Sweden,  Finland, Norway and the UK have also
expressed interest in participating.
Tourism Research

Tourism has emerged over the last decade as a very significant sector to address from a
sustainability point of view.  It is  one of the fastest growing industries in the world,
creating a flow of capital and  generating new businesses and jobs in local economies. At
the same time, tourism has the potential of being a seed of self-destruction. It can lead to
excessive  water use, groundwater contamination  from untreated  raw sewage, waste
generation, emissions from transportation, decreased bio-diversity, pollution of beaches,
erosion, noise and congestion, etc. Local culture, beliefs, traditions, architecture, customs,
and ways of thinking may suffer from unsustainable tourism expansion. These social and
environmental impacts may eventually result in economic deterioration at the destination.
Another problem associated with tourism development resides in the question of how the
benefits generated  by the tourism activities are distributed and at what cost.  Often, the
revenue produced by tourism does not benefit local communities.
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NATO/CCMS Pilot Study on Clean Products and Processes (Phase 1)
Transitions for Sustainable Tourism

The goal of this initiative is to contribute to the transition of today's tourism, including
leisure activities, into a sustainable system (economically, environmentally and socially-
culturally-wise) by:

    •   Acquiring  knowledge  that describes,  analyses,  explains, prevents or predicts
       problems related to the unsustainability of tourism.

    •   Designing  and  testing preventative,   potential  transition concepts in tourism
       practice,  following the reflective practice approach.

    •   Integrating a variety of relevant theories and models from different perspectives
       (communication,   technology   dynamics,   network,    innovation,    learning,
       organizational  change, economics,  sociology,  policy  sciences  etc.) into an
       appropriate environmental sciences approach.

    •   Investigating possibilities of change in existing institutions,  policies,  strategies,
       and instruments, leading to unsustainable tourism development.

The ambition of  the tourism group  is  to  create, based  upon the  outcomes  of its
programme, a school of sustainable tourism innovation, recognized both for its scientific
quality and for its societal relevance.
Cooperation Within the IIIEE

The potential for strong links with several other research groups, activities and concepts
within the IIIEE exist and will be further developed, including:

    •   The  ongoing research and findings on Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR),
       Integrated Product  Policy  (IPP)  and  Product-Services-Systems  (PSS) Design.
       Sustainable  Tourism as an object  of  study  can both profit  and contribute
       (particularly as PSS) to this area of research.

    •   The  concept of Distributed Economies,  in which systems of production and
       consumption are foreseen  to be decentralized and  sustainable,  based on  the
       integration of societal infrastructure systems and technology development.

    •   The  potential  role  of  new  technologies, i.e.,  Information  and Communication
       Technology  (ICT), for the design of sustainable  tourism systems.
Long Term External Cooperation

External cooperation is being developed with the following organisations and research
institutes:

    •   World Tourism Organization - Socially Responsible Tourism
                                       A-29

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NATO/CCMS Pilot Study on Clean Products and Processes (Phase 1)


   •   European Environment Agency - Tourism Award Schemes

   •   Swedish Tourist Authority - Performance Evaluation/ Indicators/Ecotourism

   •   TU Delft, The Netherlands - Sustainable Innovation for SMEs in Tourism

   •   Prepare-Eureka Network - European Best Practices in Sustainable Tourism

   •   University of the Aegean, Greece - Islands Developments

   •   University of Ireland, Cork - Sustainability Management in Tourism Industry

   •   Randa Group, Spain - Networking for Sustainability

   •   Ramb011, Denmark - Nordic Tourism Development


ICT and the Environment

The emerging Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) have a number of
important environmental  implications.  One  such  implication  is that they enable us to
telework and to have virtual  meetings—collaborating without a face-to-face meeting.
This influences the need for commuting and business travel. The  large environmental
impact of transportation makes the potential  for travel  substitution interesting, both from
a macro and a micro perspective. The possibility to influence the effects of telework and
virtual meetings on travel in organisations was studied in research projects and Master's
theses at Telia AB, Skanska, and Lund Municipality during 2001.

Another research area is oriented towards applying the Product Service System  (PSS)
framework as a business strategy in the ICT sector. The goal is to explore the potential of
using the framework to create innovative ICT business models that would allow for
reduced product life cycle environmental  impacts, provide new business opportunities,
maintain and enhance consumer value and contribute to sustainable economic growth.

The practical  research is focused on exploring the existing Application Service Provider
(ASP) service models.  The ASPs have several promising  environmental and business
opportunities and the goal is to identify the conditions under which both opportunities are
utilised in an optimal way.


Management and Organisation

Collaboration with industry  has  been a core element of the work at the IIIEE,  and
represents an opportunity for researchers,  PhD  and Master's candidates to  develop
applied "solutions-oriented" activities. In particular, within the area of Management and
Organisation, research  has been developed in  a unique  way.  Since  1999, Swedish
corporations of various sizes and industrial  sectors have participated in the Reference-
Companies programme (RC). Within the  management-related courses of Industry  and
Organisations and Strategic Environmental Management,  education and research are
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NATO/CCMS Pilot Study on Clean Products and Processes (Phase 1)
brought together for developing  theoretical  and empirical approaches  to  manage
environmental issues in industry.

Based  on a unique methodological  approach the environmental  education has been
centred on finding practical solutions for organisations. An initial organisational analysis
(Micro-Review), developed in the Industry and Organisations course, provides  students
with the  basic knowledge about the  organisation  and the  sector in which it operates.
Based  on this  initial  review,  students  develop  corporate  environmental strategies,
environmental management systems, performance indicators, and communication  by
directly interacting  with  the RC. Recommendations  are brought  to the RC via final
reports, which are normally used by the RC in the process of implementing preventative
environmental management.
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NATO/CCMS Pilot Study on Clean Products and Processes (Phase 1)
                                  UKRAINE

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND CLEANER PRODUCTION TOOLS AND
                       METHODS FOR NIS COUNTRIES

                             Prof. William Zadorsky
                    Ukrainian Ecological Academy of Sciences
                Ukrainian State University of Chemical Engineering
                             ecofond@ecofond.dp.ua
                            http://www.zadorsky.com
A significant problem for Transitional Economy Countries is the division of economic,
social and  ecological factors within  the framework of systems of acceptance of the
decisions at levels of policy, planning and management. It has a significant influence on
realization of the concept of sustainable development for the country. The Ukraine needs
environmentally sustainable economic and social development.  Only mutually balanced,
simultaneous, and  comprehensive tackling of the three tasks (economic  growth with
simultaneous improvement of ecological conditions and decision of social problems) will
allow realization of a progressive CP strategy.

A lot of scientists are suggesting that an economic-environmental-social model can be
elaborated and employed for the purposes of the country's sustainable development. This
approach is not usable at  this time of industrial restructuring, privatization and other
involved processes occurring in a collapsed national economy. An alternative approach is
use systems approach and decision theory techniques. The SD and CP algorithm will look
at the following sequence of actions:

System   decomposition  and  hierarchy  level  (tier)  determination  (for  example,
manufacture — plant item  — installation — apparatus or machine — contact device —
molecular level),

Identification of an  initial level(s).  Herewith reasonable  move  on the hierarchical
stairway from top to bottom and use methods of expert evaluations,

Selectivity  and intensity   increase at a limiting level  of hierarchy. Choice from the
database of methods depending on the limiting level scale (defining size) corresponding
with parameters of influence method to the system.

Basic assumptions underlying the cleaner economy concept  for transfer  economy
countries:

    •  At  this  time  of a deep economic  crisis,  the economic and  environmental
      challenges must be met simultaneously with one cleaner economy strategy.

    •  A development towards a cleaner economy must focus not on consumption but on
      actual or potential polluters.
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NATO/CCMS Pilot Study on Clean Products and Processes (Phase 1)


   •   The success of a cleaner economy policy will be determined by the availability of
       professionals well trained  and expert in the theory and practice of  EM, CP, SD.

   •   No cleaner economy will be possible without creation of an ecological market.

These strategic principles determine some tactical measures to any industry:

   •   no waste due to improved  selectivity,
   •   neutralizing wastes directly at the origin, rather than at the exit,
   •   flexible technologies,
   •   recycling materials and energy,
   •   conservation of resources,
   •   waste treatment, etc.

These  tactics  must be  combined  with  certain  design  and  process engineering
techniques:

   •   providing a considerable excess of the least hazardous agent,
   •   minimizing dwell times,
   •   concurrent reactions and product separation,
   •   introduction of heterogeneous systems,
   •   adaptive processes and apparatuses,
   •   increasing throughputs,
   •   multifunctional  environmental facilities, etc.

The macroeconomic transformations rely on changes in the structure of production
and consumption. Restructuring is to be based on:

   •   developing a socially oriented market  economy that would guarantee a proper life
       standard for the  population,  setting  limits to raw  material and semi-finished
       product industries, stepwise reduction  of exports from primary and other material-
       and energy-intensive industries,

   •   cleaner  production,  minimizing environmental  loads,  material  conservation,
       adoption of new types of activity grounded on environmentally safe technologies,

   •   making a  more balanced economy by shifting  from production of means of
       production to consumer goods, a more pronounced social orientation of industry
       to increase the relative importance of light and food-processing industries, and

   •   environmental impact assessment and  auditing for all  economic projects.
                                      A-33

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NATO/CCMS Pilot Study on Clean Products and Processes (Phase 1)
The system approach is demonstrated in the following table :
N


1


2



3







4







5



6









7


Tier of system


Man-nature-
technology

Consumption
sector


Manufacturing








Plant







Plant item


Apparatus or
machine









Work
assembly
Frequency
order


0.1
yr-1
1 month"1
to 1 yr"1


0.001-0.01
s"1







0.01-0.1 s"1






0.1-1 s"1




1-10V









i-ioV

Dimension
order, m


107

104



102








10






1



1










10"3...
10"6
Concepts and
methodologies


SD

SD, LCA, MM,
FCA, ST, WM


SD, EM, MM,
FCA, ST, LCA,
P2, ES, WM






SD, WFT, MM,
ST, P2, ES





MM, P2



MM










MM

Tools and methods
for Cleaner
Production

Systematic
approach
Recycling of the
goods as raw
materials
Industrial symbiosis
as a basis for
management of
secondary materials
and energy
Flexible synthesis
systems and
adaptive equipment
to embody them
Process engineering
for high throughput
to cut processing
time and reduce
byproducts and
wastes.
Local neutralization
of pollution
Block-modules
equipment.
Multifunctionality
Recycling flow of
the least hazardous
agent taken in
excess over its
stoichiometric value.
Flexible synthesis
systems and
adaptive equipment
to embody them.
Contacting phases
controlled
heterogenizati on .

Chemi cal - separative
                                   A-34

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NATO/CCMS Pilot Study on Clean Products and Processes (Phase 1)
N




















8










Tier of system




















Molecular level










Frequency
order



















105...
108
-1
s







Dimension
order, m



















io-9...
io-12









Concepts and
methodologies



















Physics,
chemistry









Tools and methods
for Cleaner
Production
reactions: removal
of reaction products
at the moment of
their formation.
Synthesis and
separation in an
aerosol to increase
intraparticle pressure
and reaction rate.
Self-excited
oscillation of
reacting phase flows
at frequencies and
amplitudes matching
Multipleness of
resources and
energy use
Excess of nontoxic
reagent over its
stoichiometric value.


Minimizing of the
process time
Selectivity
increasing with a
change of the
phy si ci st-chemi cal
parameters.
EM - environmental management, WM - waste management, FCA - function-cost analysis, LCA -  life
cycle assessment, MM - mathematical modeling,  SD - sustainable development, ST - solutions theory,
WFT - waste-free technologies, P2 - pollution prevention, ES - energy saving.

The regional program of adaptation and rehabilitation of the population is developed
for the first time in the Ukraine. Main sections of the program include:

    1.  Organization of a system ecological education and training

    2.  System engineering of diagnostic, adaptation,

    3.  Fulfillment  of  scientific   researches  on  new  non-medicine  methods  of
       healthbuilding and adaptation of the person to technogenous effects
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NATO/CCMS Pilot Study on Clean Products and Processes (Phase 1)
   4.  Creation adaptogenous, immunogenous and other medicines for resistance against
       acting of harmful substances

   5.  Development and introduction of new food products on the basis  use natural
       bioaddings with adaptogenous and immunogenous properties

   6.  Development and organization of manufacture of an ecological engineering and
       surviving means.

A complex of measures  by valuation of consequences of the decisions in economic,
social and ecological spheres is necessary

                               K0-K
                        PW = ----------- ,                        (i)
                               K0-Kb

where: K0 - accepted worst value, Kb = best possible value, K - Real-Value of the given
characteristic.

Integrated parameter S  of sustainability:

                         S= aE x bR x cK,                        (2)

where: a, b, c -  "weights" contributions of appropriate parameters, R, K -  parameters,
reflecting, accordingly, social and economic efficiency of transformations, determined by
expert way, E-  parameter  of a system's  ecologization, which expediently to define,
proceeding  from following reasons.

Multiplicational ecologization coefficient:

                                    k
                                J = IlJi ,                          (3)
where: J; are the main characterizations of technological process connected with resulting
measure  of  production  purity  such  as:  Ji  - flexibility  of the  production;  J2  -
intensiveability of the technique; Js - efficiency of the technology, etc.

Any of the measures may be defined similarly to:

                                        Pii -Pa
                                  ji = ------------ ,                (4)
where PH, ?2i, Pmaxi -are respectively the final, initial and maximum measures.
                                      A-36

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NATO/CCMS Pilot Study on Clean Products and Processes (Phase 1)


The value P;                              n
                                    Pi = SKjPiJ5                (5)
where Kj is significance of the j-th indice (estimated expertly and changing within the
limits of O to 1).
New engineering techniques and methods for SD and CP:

   •   Flexible synthesis systems and adaptive equipment to embody them.

   •   Process engineering for high throughput  to  cut  processing  time and  reduce
       byproducts and wastes,  and industrial symbiosis as a basis for management of
       secondary materials and  energy.

   •   Minimization of time of processing and surplus less toxic reagent, resulting all to
       increase of selectivity and reduction of formation of by-products.

   •   Synthesis  and separation  in an aerosol  to increase intraparticle  pressure  and
       reaction rate.

   •   Self-excited oscillation  of reacting  phase flows at frequencies and amplitudes
       matching those at the rate-limiting tiers of the system.

   •   Recirculating  flow of  the  least hazardous  agent  taken in excess  over  its
       stoichiometric value.

   •   Isolation (close-looping  in  structure)  of flows  of substance and energy  by
       recirculating,  resulting to "idealization"  of modes of synthesis  and significant
       reduction of speed of by- processes.

   •   Separative reactions organizing (synthesis and dividing  processes  organizing in
       the  same  palace and in the same  time), allowing reducing  formation  of by-
       products by removal of a target product from a reactionary zone at the moment of
       its formation.

   •   Controlled  heterogenization of the  contacting phases for  softer conditions  and
       improved selectivity.

   •   Flexibility  and adaptability of technology and  equipment allowing  to  ensure
       reliable work of technical system by "internal" reserves (flexibility) of installation
       using, that reduces an opportunity of harmful substances pollution or reception of
       a sub-standard product.
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NATO/CCMS Pilot Study on Clean Products and Processes (Phase 1)
                                  A-38

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NATO/CCMS Pilot Study on Clean Products and Processes (Phase 1)
                          Appendix B
                 NATO/CCMS Phase I Summary
                              B-l

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NATO/CCMS Pilot Study on Clean Products and Processes (Phase 1)
  NATO/CCMS PILOT STUDY ON CLEAN PRODUCTS AND PROCESSES
                                   PHASE I
Executive Summary

Clean Products and Processes (CPP)-Phase I was an attempt to lay the foundation of an
effective pilot study in which the state of the art information on cleaner manufacturing
processes and tools for designing and assessing them were exchanged.  The pilot started
with 14  countries and at  the  concluding meeting at Vilnius, Lithuania,  stood  at 27
member nations participating. CPP-Phase I was a success as evidenced by widespread
interest in a Phase II (already approved) by the members of Phase I and the willingness of
several  other European  countries  to join. CPP-Phase I  was the first step towards a
scientific and technological approach to sustainable development from the perspective of
manufacturing sectors. For the explicit purpose of exploring the product  and process
options  that  offer minimizing environmental impacts   at the lowest  possible cost,
throughout the last five years we have examined scientific tools and methods that can be
universally used to assess  and design products and assessment tools  and  methods for
processes.

The  inaugural meeting of Phase  I  was hosted by the  US Environmental Protection
Agency in Cincinnati, Ohio in 1998, and the subsequent  annual meetings were held in
Belfast,  Northern Ireland (UK), Copenhagen (Denmark), Oviedo (Spain),  and Vilnius
(Lithuania), with support from the host  institutions and countries. Working collectively
we selected the dominant industries in need of cleaner approaches and discussed how the
state of the art knowledge can make a difference. We also  explored the specific problems
afflicting each member nation, and invited experts to educate us all on selected industry
sectors  (such as textiles)  and specific  approaches  (such as  industrial  ecology). The
measure  of success  of CPP-Phase  I was thought to  be  the effective  dissemination of
research  products for use by  participating countries and  the creation of productive
collaboration projects among experts from participating countries.  Many such beneficial
products and collaborations were achieved, only some of which are mentioned below:

   •  Several of the pollution prevention and assessment  tools  developed by the US
      EPA are made available through  the EPA website, accessible  through the NATO
      CCMS website. These tools are  widely used among the pilot member countries.
      Some of the more  recently developed tools are in demand  and will  be made
      available soon.

   •  Phase I  has  completed one assessment of pollution prevention practices (and
      barriers to it)  in member countries in textiles, and the report is available  in the
      EPA  website. Data  for  two  other  assessments  on  metal  finishing and
      food/agricultural  sectors have been collected from  the CPP members and the
      reports are in preparation.

   •  Denmark has  a successful collaboration with Solutia (USA)  on industrial water
      use  reduction and  water  recycling.  The   results have  facilitated  another

                                      B-2

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NATO/CCMS Pilot Study on Clean Products and Processes (Phase 1)


       collaboration between Denmark and Lithuania, and a third between Denmark and
       Turkey.

   •   UK  (Queen's  University,  Belfast)  and  USA  (University  of Arizona)  have
       launched a collaboration in biofilm characterization and reduction for ultrapure
       water used in the electronics industry.

   •   The  concept of the establishment of NSF's  Industry-University Cooperative
       research Center was discussed in the pilot.  Prof. Jim Swindall of the QUESTOR
       Center  (Belfast) made a separate invited presentation in Israel.  The establishment
       of these centers is being explored in several countries with help from this pilot.

   •   Mrs. Teresa Mata (Portugal) acquired a Fullbright fellowship to  work with US
       EPA in Cincinnati on cleaner design techniques as part fulfillment of her Ph.D in
       chemical engineering from University  of Porto.

   •   Several multi-country collaborative projects have just been formed involving such
       countries as Czech Republic, Israel, Turkey,  Poland, Hungary, Denmark, Spain,
       Russia, Italy, Germany, Norway, Greece,  Lithuania, and the USA. The industry
       sectors that have been targeted for cleaner practices are hospitals, industrial park
       management, use of membranes in milk,  olive oil and chemicals, agricultural
       ecology, and sustainability indicators for benchmarking.
Introduction

The concept of sustainable development, universally accepted as the means of protecting
the environment for all mankind, demands that future manufacturing technologies must
be cleaner, yet economically sound. The goal of sustainable development will, in the
manufacturing sectors, be achieved by a combination of several methods.  One method is
improved housekeeping in process plants leading to large reductions of emissions and
discharges of pollutants. Another method is significant modifications of existing process
technologies through the application of sound science and advanced technologies. Yet
another method is totally new process designs that are environmentally preferable, made
possible by using tools for life cycle assessment (LCA) and environmental impacts.  An
effective pilot study will have far-reaching influence on  future developments in NATO
and the partnership countries, in fact throughout the world.  Such a pilot study needs to
put together,  for the benefit of all nations, exemplary developments in three important
areas.  First,  we must address the  issue of measuring cleanliness  through devising
environmental or sustainability indicators (called  analytical tools or computer software).
Second, we must examine  cleaner techniques for  achieving specific goals in selected
industry sectors, such as power generation, textile, pulp and paper, leather tanning, metal
finishing, and mining. Third, we must examine advanced techniques for cleaner product
designs.  Additionally  an  effective  web-based  dissemination method needs  to  be
established to  share  the knowledge  among academia,  Government  agencies, and
industries of all nations.
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NATO/CCMS Pilot Study on Clean Products and Processes (Phase 1)
CPP-Phase I was an attempt to lay the foundation of such an effective pilot study. This
pilot first met in Cincinnati in 1998 with 14 members in attendance.  The second, third,
and the fourth annual meetings were held in Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK, Copenhagen,
Denmark,  and in  Oviedo, Spain,  respectively, while the membership increased  to 27
currently.  The fifth and concluding meeting  of Phase  I took place in May,  2002,  in
Vilnius, Lithuania.

Our initial goal of creating an effective forum for exchanging new ideas, knowledge, and
methods for achieving cleaner products and processes has been achieved. The Phase I
was launched at a time when the environmental impacts of industry and its products, and
the depletion of natural resources were just beginning to be appreciated. Additionally, in
the span of the last five years, only a few technology sectors could be examined. The
need for keeping this forum alive for free exchange of ideas for continued sharing among
the member nations is clear. Phase II is needed to conduct the unfinished business  of
dealing with the exploding developments  in cleaner technologies  and methods and  to
address some of the more important industry sectors.
Phase I Activities

Activities conducted as part of CPP-Phase I centered around five annual meetings and
follow-up  communications,  information  sharing,  and  collaborations   among   the
participating countries.
Annual Meetings

Each  annual meeting followed  the same basic  format which included formal plenary
sessions;  updates on the progress of cleaner products and  processes in each country;
overviews of special projects; presentations from special guest experts; field visits to
universities where clean product and process research is being conducted and to industrial
sites where clean production and processing is being applied; special topic seminars; and
an open forum on cleaner production and processing.
Cincinnati, Ohio, USA—1998

The first annual meeting of CPP-Phase I was held in Cincinnati, Ohio, USA, in March of
1998, and was hosted by the US Environmental Protection Agency. As the "kickoff"
meeting for CPP-Phase I, a major focus of the meeting was to formulate a direction for
the 5-year pilot study.  In addition to "tour de table" presentations from each of the 14
attending countries, special guest presentations included:

   •   European Cleaner Technology Research
                                      B-4

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NATO/CCMS Pilot Study on Clean Products and Processes (Phase 1)


   •   U.S. DOE - Industries of the Future: Creating a Sustainable Technology Edge

   •   Environmentally Benign Semiconductor Manufacturing

   •   Cleaner Technology and Production Islands in Economies in Transition

   •   Software Tools for Cleaner Production

   •   Environmental Design of Industrial Products

   •   Economical Cryogenic Machining

Meeting  participants  visited  several  locations to  observe  ongoing  technology
demonstrations and research activities  being conducted in the Cincinnati area. Tours of
the Institute of Advanced Manufacturing Sciences and the University of Cincinnati's
College of Engineering were conducted to familiarize  attendees with several projects
related to clean manufacturing and clean products.  In addition, meeting participants were
given the opportunity to enjoy Cincinnati's Museum of Fine Arts,  which displays a wide
range of art from ancient times to the modern era.


Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK—1999

The second annual meeting was  held in Belfast, Northern  Ireland, United Kingdom, in
March of 1999 and was hosted  by Queen's University in Belfast.  The meeting drew
participants from 18 countries.  The meeting  followed the format  established  by  the
Cincinnati meeting. The scope  of  the special topic presentation was  expanded and
included  clean product and process experts  from several countries. Technical topics
included:

   •   Process Integration Technology for Clean Processes

   •   Ionic Liquids: Neoteric Solvent Research and Industrial Applications

   •   Industrial Energy Efficiency: Focus on Metal Casting

   •   Use of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide in Clean Production

   •   Liquid Effluent Treatment Research and Development at British Nuclear Fuels

   •   Help for Sustainable Waste  Management  through Waste  Reduction and Clean
       Technology

Meeting participants visited locations in Northern Ireland to observe ongoing technology
applications and practices and research activities.  A tour of the Queen's University
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NATO/CCMS Pilot Study on Clean Products and Processes (Phase 1)
Environmental Science  and Technology Research Center  (QUESTOR)  provided  an
opportunity  to  view  research  facilities and  projects being  conducted  as  part  of
QUESTOR's unique industry-university partnership program.   In  addition, attendees
visited the Old Bushmills  Distillery and  the  DuPont Maydown Plant to familiarize
themselves  with  clean production  activities  being  applied  in  the  area.  Meeting
participants  also toured  the scenic Antrim Coast and visited the Giant's Causeway, a
World Heritage Site, to view this impressive and awe-inspiring geologic formation.
Copenhagen, Denmark - 2000

The third meeting of CPP-Phase I was held in Copenhagen, Denmark, in May of 2000
and was hosted by  the Technical University  of Denmark.  This meeting initiated the
inclusion of a  special topic seminar and computer tool cafe in the CPP-Phase I annual
meetings.  The traditional  special invited presentations continued with the following
topics being addressed:

   •   Engineering  for Sustainable  Development—An Obligatory Skill of the Future
       Engineer

   •   Membranes in Process Intensification and Cleaner Production

   •   Approaches  to  Cleaner  Production  in Economies  in Transition—Results  and
       Perspectives  of the Cleaner Production Centers

   •   Computer Aided Molecular Design Problem Formulation and Solution: Solvent
       Selection and Substitution

   •   The First Step  Towards Sustainable Business Practices:  The "Design for the
       Environment" Tool Kit

   •   Biological Control  of Microbial Growth in the Process Water of Molded Paper
       Pulp Production—Avoiding the Use of Biocides

As mentioned above, two new "features" were added to the CCP-Phase I annual meeting
format at  the  meeting  in  Copenhagen.  First, in order to  provide an  opportunity for
meeting participants to demonstrate and use computer-based software tools,  a "Computer
Tools  Cafe"   was  set  up.  Several participants  were  able  to  provide  "hands-on"
demonstrations of the tools being  developed in their countries.  Demonstrated at  this
meeting were  a chemical  life  cycle database, tools for  chemical and process system
engineering, a life  cycle  assessment tool for the  environmental design  of industrial
products, and a tool for identifying  environmentally friendly chemical substitutions for
industrial processes.

Second, a  special topic  seminar titled, "Product Oriented Environmental Measures" was
presented.  The seminar included eleven presentations which  highlighted innovative

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NATO/CCMS Pilot Study on Clean Products and Processes (Phase 1)
product design applications and programs, with special emphasis on product design being
conducted  in  the Scandinavian  countries.  The  seminar  presented  product design
initiatives at the government level and actual product design programs and applications at
several companies.

Meeting  participants visited the Technical University of Denmark (DTU) to become
familiar with DTU's research facilities and ongoing research projects relating to clean
products  and processes.  Participants also visited Kalundborg where industrial symbiosis
is practiced among the Asnaes Power Station, Gyproc (plasterboard manufacturer), Novo
Nordic (pharmaceutical  and biotechnology),  Statoil Refinery, and the Municipality of
Kalundborg. Meeting participants also visited  the Viking Museum in Roskilde and a
haunted Danish castle.
Oviedo, Spain—2001

The fourth annual meeting of CPP-Phase I was held in Oviedo, Spain, in May of 2001,
and was hosted by the University of Oviedo.  The meeting included participants from 21
countries.  As in  the previous meetings, updates on  clean production activities in each
country were  presented,  along with briefings on  pilot projects being  conducted  by
participating  countries.  In   addition,  several  specially  invited  experts  presented
information on relevant topics.

The precedent set in Copenhagen was continued with the presentation of a special topic
seminar, "Environmental  Challenges in the Processes Industries." Many  speakers from
throughout Spain addressed several important policy and technical issues, including:

   •   Advances  in the  Environmental  Aspects of Desalination: The  Canary  Island
       Experience

   •   Lignosulphonates: Environmental Friendly Products from a Waste Stream

   •   Hydrogen Economy and Fuel Cells

   •   The Use of Membrane Technology in the Pulp and Paper Industry

   •   Treatment of Oil-Containing Wastewaters Using Clean Technologies

   •   Non-Ferrous Metallurgical Wastes: Future Requirements

   •   Making Carbochemistry Compatible with the Environment

   •   Treatment of Phenolic Wastewaters in the Salicylic Acid Manufacturing Process

   •   Principality of Asturias Environmental Policy
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NATO/CCMS Pilot Study on Clean Products and Processes (Phase 1)
   •   Supporting Companies and Businesses to Improve Their Relationship  with  the
       Environment in Catalonia

   •   New Legislation on Environmental Quality and Clean Production in Spain

Meeting participants visited the Department of Chemical Engineering at the University of
Oviedo and toured several laboratories and the department's pilot plant facility. The field
trip continued with a visit  to  the DuPont Company's Asturias plant. At the plant,  the
participants  were able to tour the NOMEX production  facility.  In addition,  the tour
include a very interesting visit to the site's ecosystem restoration projects.  Finally,  the
participants visited a cider production plant in Villaviciosa.
Vilnius, Lithuania—2002

The fifth and final  meeting of CPP-Phase I was held in Vilnius, Lithuania, in May of
2002 and was hosted by the Institute of Environmental Engineering at Kaunas University
of Technology.  This  meeting  was highlighted  with  a special visit  to  Lithuania's
Presidential Palace  and a meeting with President Valdas Adamkus. The topic for this
meeting's  special  seminar  was  industrial  ecology,  which  included presentations
addressing:

   •   Industrial Ecology and Eco-Efficiency
   •   From Pollution to Industrial Ecology and Sustainable Development
   •   Green Concurrent Engineering: Filling ISO 14001 with Content
   •   Strategies and Mechanisms to Promote Cleaner Production Financing
   •   Cleaner Production Financing: Possibilities and Barriers
   •   Industrial Ecology in University Curricula
   •   Chemicals Risk Management in Enterprises
   •   Practical Implications of Industrial Ecology in Lithuania
   •   International Implications of Industrial Ecology

The traditional field trip included visits to three Lithuanian industrial sites to view cleaner
production and  processes.  First,  the participants  toured  the  refrigerator  production
company, Snaige. The next tour was conducted at the textile company, Alytaus Tekstile.
The final tour of the field trip was of the wine and sparkling wine production company,
Alita.

The discussion during the closing session of the meeting focused on the transition from
CPP-Phase I to CPP-Phase II. A review of the Phase II proposal that has been approved
by NATO CCMS was presented by the Pilot Study Co-Director. The  proposal reaffirmed
the goals of Phase I  and established the following goals for Phase II:

   •   To support the development of eco-efficiency and sustainability indicators and
       promote consistency and harmonization of their application;
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NATO/CCMS Pilot Study on Clean Products and Processes (Phase 1)
   •   To  examine  and exchange information on  state-of-the-art  advancements  in
       product  design  and process development in  service and  industrial sectors  of
       importance to participating nations;

   •   To develop a web-based  portal for the dissemination of pilot study results and
       improved awareness of related global developments; and

   •   To  stimulate and  facilitate productive collaboration among  all participating
       nations.

The first annual meeting of CPP-Phase II will be held in Calabria, Italy in May 2003 and
will be hosted by the University  of Calabria. A special focus of the meeting will be on
clean production and processes in the food production and agriculture industry.

In addition to annual meetings, pilot projects were selected and implemented by delegates
from  participating   countries. Pilot  projects  are  intended  to  foster international
collaboration on special clean product and process endeavors which usually apply a tool,
methodology, or  technology. These pilot  projects  are usually multi-year efforts with
annual progress reports presented at the annual meeting. In CPP-Phase I, the following
pilot projects were implemented:

   •   Product Oriented Environmental Measures in the Textile Industry—Denmark

   •   Pollution Prevention Tools—United States

   •   Energy Efficiency—Moldova

   •   Water Conservation and  Recycling in  the  Semiconductor  Industry—United
       Kingdom and United States

   •   Research  and   Development   Aimed  at   Developing   Cleaner  Production
       Technologies to Assist the Textile Industry—Turkey

   •   Pollution Prevention Development and Utilization—United States

   •   Cleaner Energy  Production with Combined Systems—Turkey

   •   Environmental  Impact of Hydrocarbon Emissions in Life Cycle Analysis  of
       Gasoline Blending Options—Portugal

   •   Pilot Study Web Site—United States

   •   Cleaner Production Approaches in Industrial Parks/Industrial Symbiosis/Industrial
       Ecology—Denmark, Hungary, Israel, Poland, and Turkey
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NATO/CCMS Pilot Study on Clean Products and Processes (Phase 1)
   •   Hybrid Membrane Applications for Cleaner Production—Denmark, Italy, Poland,
       Russia, and Spain

   •   Sustainable  Indicators/Bench  Marking—Germany,  Hungary,  Lithuania,  and
       Norway
Summary

As indicated by the participation of 27 countries in CPP-Phase I and the high level of
interaction  and information sharing,  CPP-Phase I has been an overwhelming success.
This pilot  study has  initiated several collaborative projects  that have been mutually
beneficial to those countries that have participated. In addition, through comprehensive
information sharing, this pilot study has provided participating countries and others with
access to valuable technical information to assist in the implementation of clean product
design, clean production, and clean processes in industries around the world.

The CPP-Phase I website, located at:

                         www.epa.gov/ORD/NRMRL/nato

provides participating countries and others with a portal to clean product and processes
information and updates on activities conducted and planned  for this pilot study. Each
annual report is available on-line and information on the next annual meeting is available.
In addition, each  participating  country  is identified with  links to related websites
provided. CPP-Phase I strived to continually improve this website to serve as the main
communication tool for this pilot study and this goal will continue in CPP-Phase II.

Despite  the success of CPP-Phase I, the leaders of this pilot study want to expand on the
level  of participation  during  CPP-Phase  II.  This  report clearly   provides  the
documentation  of the value and usefulness of participation in this pilot study. Other
countries are urged to participate; they should contact:

Dr. Subhas Sikdar, Pilot Study Director
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
26 W. Martin Luther King Drive (MS-497)
Cincinnati,  Ohio  45268
USA
Telephone: +1-513-569-7528
FAX: +1-513-569-7787
mailto :sikdar .subhas @ epa. gov
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NATO/CCMS Pilot Study on Clean Products and Processes (Phase 1)
Mr. Daniel J. Murray, Jr., P.E., Pilot Study Co-Director
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
26 W. Martin Luther King Drive (MS-G75)
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
USA
Telephone: +1-513-569-7522
FAX:  +1-513-569-7585
murray.dan@epa.gov
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NATO/CCMS Pilot Study on Clean Products and Processes (Phase 1)
                           Appendix C
                      NATO/CCMS Phase II
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NATO/CCMS Pilot Study on Clean Products and Processes (Phase 1)
              CLEAN PRODUCTS AND PROCESSES - PHASE II
Background to Proposed Study

The  concept of sustainable  development is universally accepted  as  the  means  of
protecting the environment for all  mankind and demands  that future  manufacturing
technologies  must  be cleaner,  yet economically  sound.  The  goal  of  sustainable
development will, in the manufacturing sectors, be achieved by a combination of several
methods. One method is improved housekeeping in process plants, which leads to large
reductions of emissions and  discharges of pollutants.  Another method is significant
modifications of existing process technologies through the application of sound science
and advanced technologies. Yet another method is totally new process designs that are
environmentally preferable, made possible by using tools for life cycle assessment (LCA)
and environmental impacts.

An effective pilot study will  have a far-reaching influence  on future developments in
NATO and the partnership countries, in fact throughout the world. Such a pilot study
needs to put together, for  the benefit of all nations, exemplary developments in three
important areas. First, we must address the issue  of  measuring  cleanliness through
devising environmental or sustainability  indicators (called analytical tools or  computer
software). Second, we must examine cleaner  techniques for  achieving specific goals in
selected  industry sectors,  such  as power generation, textile,  pulp  and paper,  leather
tanning, metal finishing, and mining. Third, we must examine advanced techniques for
cleaner  product  designs.  Additionally,  an effective  web-based dissemination method
needs to be established to  share the knowledge  among academia, government agencies,
and industries of all nations.

Clean Products and  Processes-Phase I was an attempt to lay the foundation of such an
effective pilot study.  This pilot  first met in Cincinnati  in 1998 with 13 members in
attendance. The second, third, and  the fourth  annual meetings were held in Belfast,
Northern Ireland, UK, Copenhagen, Denmark, and in Oviedo, Spain, respectively, while
the membership increased to 27  currently. The  fifth and concluding meeting of Phase I
took place in May 2002 in Vilnius, Lithuania.

Our initial goal of creating an  effective forum  for exchanging  new ideas, knowledge, and
methods for achieving cleaner products and processes has been achieved. Phase I was
launched at a time when the environmental impacts of industry and its products and the
depletion of natural  resources  were just beginning to be appreciated. Additionally, in the
span of the last five years, only  a few technology sectors could be examined.  The need
for keeping this forum alive for free  exchange of ideas for continued sharing among the
member nations is clear. Phase II is needed to conduct the unfinished business of dealing
with the exploding  developments in  cleaner  technologies and methods  and to address
some of the more important industry sectors.
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NATO/CCMS Pilot Study on Clean Products and Processes (Phase 1)
Success Record of Phase I

The success and popularity of this pilot study is evident in the gradual increase in the
number of NATO and partnership countries joining in the last four years. An expression
of support for Phase II study from the pilot members is presented in a following section.
Outside Europe, even countries such as Japan, Israel, and Egypt have joined in this study.
The number and nature of products and spin-off activities that this study has engendered
is a clear sign of the impact the pilot has achieved. Some of these products and spin-off
effects are listed below:

   •   Several  of the pollution prevention and assessment tools  developed  by the US
       EPA are made available through the EPA website, accessible through the NATO
       CCMS website. These tools are widely used among the pilot member countries.
       Some of the more recently developed tools are  in  demand and will  be  made
       available soon.

   •   Phase I  has completed one assessment of pollution prevention practices  (and
       barriers  to it)  in member countries in textiles, and the report is  available in the
       EPA website.  Data  for two  other  assessments  on   metal finishing  and
       food/agricultural  sectors have been collected from the CPP members  and the
       reports are in preparation.

   •   Denmark has  a successful collaboration with Solutia (USA) on  industrial water
       use   reduction and  water recycling.  The results  have  facilitated  another
       collaboration between Denmark and Lithuania, and a third between Denmark and
       Poland is being planned.

   •   UK  (Queen's  University,  Belfast)  and  USA  (University of Arizona)  have
       launched a collaboration in biofilm characterization and reduction for ultrapure
       water used in the electronic industry.

   •   The  concept  of  the  establishment of NSF's  Industry-University Cooperative
       research Center was discussed in the pilot.  Prof. Jim Swindall of the QUESTOR
       Center (Belfast) made a separate invited presentation in Israel. The establishment
       of these  centers is being explored in several  countries with help from this pilot.

   •   Mrs. Teresa Mata (Portugal) acquired  a Fullbright fellowship to work with US
       EPA in Cincinnati on cleaner design techniques as part fulfillment of her Ph.D. in
       chemical engineering from University of Porto.

   •   Several multi-country collaborative projects have just been formed involving such
       countries as Czech  Republic, Israel, Turkey, Poland, Hungary, Denmark, Spain,
       Russia, Italy, Germany, Norway, Greece, Lithuania, and the USA. The industry
       sectors that have been targeted for cleaner practices  are hospitals; industrial park
       management;  use of membranes in milk,  olive oil and chemicals; agricultural
       ecology; and sustainability indicators for benchmarking.

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NATO/CCMS Pilot Study on Clean Products and Processes (Phase 1)
Purpose and Objectives of the Proposed Phase II of the Pilot Study

Now that the infrastructure for the pilot study network has been established, we can use it
to build a truly effective means of fostering collaboration among countries and facilitate
dissemination of results pertaining to cleaner production.  Phase II will continue on the
course charted by Phase I with special emphasis on the following items:

   •  We will focus on exchanging and developing the best science to  support the ideas
      of eco-efficiency and sustainability indicators. These yardsticks will be used in
      the near future throughout the world to identify technologies and products that are
      environmentally friendly.  We want to use this pilot to promote harmonization of
      the indicators for universal use.

   •  We will focus on the state-of-the-art developments in several industrial sectors.
      These will be chosen from the sectors already identified by the members as most
      urgent.

   •  We will construct a dissemination mechanism for the results of the pilot activities
      and  related developments achieved  elsewhere. Such a comprehensive database
      would be very useful for those around the world in cleaner production standards.
      US EPA  has already pledged to develop a web-based portal and link it to the
      NATO CCMS home page.

   •  We   will  stimulate  collaboration among the  countries in solving  common
      problems.  To a great extent, care will be taken to see that in each collaboration, at
      least  one partnership country is involved.
Estimated Duration

November 2002  (when  the  Phase  I  expires) to  October 2007  (includes  time  for
completion of the final report for Phase II).
Methodology and Scope of Work

Phase II of the Pilot  Study will be comprised of three areas. These  are: a)  tools for
assessment of pollution prevention, sustainability, and cleaner products and processes, b)
cleaner  production methods in selected industry sectors, c) electronic  dissemination of
cleaner production knowledge, products, and processes (with tutorials and examples).

   a)  Decision  tools:  Decision  making  tools  for  pollution prevention,  sustainable
       practices, and product designs is a  continuing focus.  These tools are important
       because they  integrate  environmental  solutions,  life cycle concepts, process
       engineering,  economics,  product design  methods, and  new  assessment and
       measurement methods.  Most of these tools are computer-based and amenable to
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NATO/CCMS Pilot Study on Clean Products and Processes (Phase 1)
       dissemination through the web.  Particular concepts that underlie these tools are
       life cycle  assessment (LCA), sustainability metrics,  eco-efficiency  indicators,
       process simulation  and  design, material substitution, and environmental impact
       assessment.

   b)  Specific industry sectors:  The pilot members have already identified the industry
       sectors of  importance. In each year we will focus on one of these for  in-depth
       discussion   and  assessment.  The   priority   sectors  are  metal  finishing,
       food/agricultural, pulp  and  paper,  leather tanning,  printing,  and  electronic
       industries.

   c)  Information dissemination:  An electronic portal will be  created by EPA and
       linked to the NATO CCMS website. This portal will host reports of ongoing work
       of the pilot, as well  as by individual members. We will also use it to electronically
       discuss issues of  importance.  This  method  will  be particularly  useful  in
       stimulating the exchange of ideas in between annual meetings.
Non-NATO participation

This pilot  currently has several  non-NATO members. Because  clean  products  and
processes is a global concern, we have opened it to other countries such as Japan and
Israel and Egypt from the Mediterranean partnership zone. The current member nations
are:  Bulgaria, Canada, Czech  Republic, Denmark,  Egypt, Germany, France, Greece,
Hungary,  Israel,  Italy,  Japan,  Lithuania,  Moldova,  Netherlands,  Norway,  Poland,
Portugal, Romania, Russia, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain, Turkey, Ukraine, UK, and
the USA.
Request for Pilot Study Phase II

It is requested of the Committee on the Challenges of Modern Society that they approve
Phase II of Clean Products and Processes. The United States participation will comprise
the US Environmental Protection Agency, National Science Foundation, and Department
of Energy.

Pilot Country:       United States of America

Lead Organization:   United States Environmental Protection Agency
                    Office of Research and Development
                    National Risk Management Research Laboratory
                    Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
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NATO/CCMS Pilot Study on Clean Products and Processes (Phase 1)
Study Director:       Dr. Subhas K. Sikdar, Director
                    Sustainable Technology Division
                    National Risk Management Research Laboratory
                    26 W. M.L. King DR.
                    Cincinnati, OH 45268
                    513-569-7528/fax: 513-569-77877 E-mail: sikdar.subhas@epa.gov

Study Co-Director:   Mr. Daniel Murray, Director
                    Technology Transfer & Support Division
                    National Risk Management Research Laboratory
                    26 W. M.L. King Dr.
                    Cincinnati, OH 45268
                    513-569-7522/fax: 513-569-7585/E-mail: murrav.dan@epa.gov
Funding Support

US EPA will provide funding to enable a host country to  defray a part  of the cost
incurred  in  holding  the  annual meeting.  NATO  CCMS provides  support  for  the
attendance of the partnership countries.
Support of the Representatives of Member Nations

Annik Magerholm Fet, Norway

NTNU,  represented by Professor Annik Magerholm Fet, has participated in the NATO
CCMS  Pilot  Program since the  Copenhagen meeting  in May  2000.  Environmental
aspects and concerns normally address people and companies across country borders. To
reach the goal of sustainable development,  cooperation across country borders  is
essential. Through the NATO CCMS Pilot Project, contacts have been established and
new initiatives  on cooperation have been developed.  Among the results from our
meetings, there is a new project under development between Norway and East European
countries.  The  benefits  of such  cooperation go  both ways; the  experiences from
Norwegian results from  environmental work in industry and  research are  being
transferred to  East European countries. Similarly, knowledge about the situations in those
countries is important for the development of curricula and methodologies in Norway and
to determine  how to  overcome barriers in the involvement of different industries.  In
addition to establishing new contacts  and networking, the  topics presented at the
meetings are in most cases very interesting.


Topics to Be Included in Future Meetings / Phase II

In the future meetings, I believe that there should be a stronger focus on Eco-efficiency
instead of Cleaner Production. Very often the meaning of the concept Cleaner Production
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NATO/CCMS Pilot Study on Clean Products and Processes (Phase 1)
is  the same as Eco-efficiency,  but the signals  of using Eco-efficiency  (and Industrial
Ecology) are more proactive. Another topic is to focus on how to involve industry so the
network does not become of interest only to  academia. The challenge is to get the ideas
implemented in industry and leading companies. Another focus could be on corporate
reporting of environmental performance  (and further on may be on Corporate  Social
Responsibility, or CSR, and how to get companies committed to that). This could be a
way to get industry more involved.
Michael Overcash, USA

I suggest we take a more focused effort than our current country reporting and host a day
of science; take two topics on cleaner production per meeting and ask everyone to report
on specific aspects that are underway in their countries. In Oviedo, we sort of stumbled
on this, as there were six or seven talks on membranes. If we did this with a rotating set
of topics, then the representatives could do a bit more work and get the information from
their countries. This seems to have worked in the questionnaires I have sent out—these
people consulted with others and submitted results. Then the host could focus (in part) on
the same topic, maybe lead or summarize the various country responses, and we can see
if there is some interest in further work. Without  critical mass of focus on a topic it is
very hard to see the follow-on activities happening consistently.
Enrico Drioli, Italy

I am  in favor of applying for  Phase II of our NATO  CCMS Pilot Project  on Clean
Products and  Processes. The work  done  during Phase I might  greatly contribute to
solutions to the problems related to Clean Products and Processes or, more generally, to
sustainable growth. My suggestions,  as already discussed,  are on trying to focus future
activities on a critical  identification  of real solutions to identified problems;  a second
recommendation is related to the implementation of mechanisms for the diffusion of the
results of the  work done  and of the Phase II activities and results to a larger public
audience. An increase of the visibility of the results reached in the Pilot Project might be
useful.
Teresa Mata, Portugal

I would like to express my interest in seeing the NATO CCMS Pilot Study on Clean
Products and Processes go to Phase II. As a Portuguese fellow, I benefited greatly from
being associated with this pilot study.

Phase I was a great success. I learnt a lot with the exchange of ideas and experiences
among the participants,  through presentations,  discussions and publications. I think we
already captured the ideas to explore on the existing projects and  on the proposed new
ones. So, it would be of much interest to continue with Phase II of this pilot study.
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NATO/CCMS Pilot Study on Clean Products and Processes (Phase 1)
Stefka Sucharova, Bulgaria

The theme of clean products and processes stays in the base and is of special significance
for a  large number of  chemical  industrial  processes,  environmental chemistry and
agriculture. It is also important in respect to the many problems of human health.

The NATO CCMS Pilot Project, due to  the mobility grants,  promotes the mobility of
scientists and experts from different countries of the world working in the field of clean
products and processes.  The Pilot Project regularly organizes high-level international
scientific meetings, which enhance the knowledge of clean products and processes and
facilitate communication and exchange of scientific experience and  ideas.  The Pilot
Project provides and disseminates  recent advances, and excellent knowledge, updated
information and results in the development of clean products and process studies and
their application to the  solution of different problems. The scientists and experts have an
opportunity to collaborate for transfer of knowledge and  technologies, exploitation of
research results,  and for joint research to improve quality and sustainable environmental
development. The  meetings are especially important for the scientists and experts from
Eastern European countries (Bulgaria is one of them) during the transitional period of
their economies who often lack the necessary financial support for travel and attendance
in these type of forums.
What New Things Should Be Focused On?

The experience from the Phase I of the NATO CCMS Pilot Project on Clean Products
and Processes shows it stimulates the exchange of information and experience.

In my opinion,  in Phase II much more additional effort should be done to stimulate co-
operation in research and the creation of networks with a view to future participation in
joint  projects under different NATO,  EC and National RTD Programs  for solving of
common problems dealing with clean products and processes.
HorstPohle, Federal Environmental Agency, Berlin

From the German point of view, the information exchange on Programs,  Methods and
Instruments of Cleaner Products and Processes in different countries was  very fruitful.
Numerous suggestions were taken up and integrated in our own work. The focusing on
the countries  in which  the meetings  were held was therefore of special importance.
Germany is very interested in resuming the initiated transfer of technology  in a Phase II.
In Phase II of the project however,  ways  should  be found  to  improve information
exchange between the representatives involved and between  the meetings.  This could
contribute to improved quality of the compiled results.
                                       C-8

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NATO/CCMS Pilot Study on Clean Products and Processes (Phase 1)
Jurgis Stanislas, Lithuania

As all nations  move toward a true global  economy and as demands for sustainable
development grow,  Lithuania is faced with  the  challenges of  creating cleaner and
economically sound manufacturing sectors. In this  context, the NATO  CCMS Pilot
Study was interesting and useful because it created an international forum where current
trends, developments and experience in the application of cleaner production and creation
of cleaner products are discussed, debated and shared. There is no doubt that there is a
need for the second phase, where clean products and processes could be discussed in
more systematic way in the context of ecological engineering and tools for preventive
environmental management.
George Gallios, Greece

I am very pleased that I had the chance to participate in the Phase I of the NATO CCMS
Pilot Study "Clean Products and Processes" as the Greek representative. I believe that this
study was very valuable  for  me and opened up new  research horizons. During the
meetings of the committee  (all excellently organized),  I learned a lot. I met people from
many different countries (27 in last meeting) and discussed environmental problems and
tools and methods for  their solution with them.  In order to  collect  information for the
study, I made new contacts in Greece and learned a great deal about the environmental
effects of the Greek industries and measures taken (or planned)  to resolve them. I hope
that the study will continue  in Phase II and that I '11 have the chance to participate in it.

The topics covered by the study were all very interesting and well selected. An important
topic  for Greece is the small olive oil producing factories that  have  a  significant
environmental effect. Perhaps  this topic could  be included as the subject of a study for
proposing cleaner methods that are economically viable for small factories. Another topic
that could be covered is the use of simulation modeling in pollution prevention.
Viorel Harceag, Romania

In all countries on the world, there is a great deal of interest in Sustainable Development
and numerous efforts have been made to achieve it, but important barriers remain, mainly
in technical, economic, regulatory, legal, informational, and organizational categories. On
the global level, Sustainable Development still remains a very complex matter. There are
rich  (developed) and poor  (developing) countries, and they have different capacities to
act in this field. Waste disposal  (which  has  become a regional or global problem as
regulations, rising costs, and public opposition  has  forced industries and  government
officials in the rich countries to search for more distant places to dispose of wastes) is an
good example of an issue involving these complexities. The poorer countries of the world
have become suppliers of raw materials to the rest of the world, as well as the recipients
of wastes produced in wealthier countries.
                                       C-9

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NATO/CCMS Pilot Study on Clean Products and Processes (Phase 1)
Pollution prevention (P2) is a well-developed field of environmental management that
focuses particularly  on the design of industrial  processes within  plants,  leading to
development  of many strategies,  assessment  methods  and a wide range of  "clean
technologies" that often improve both environmental and economic performance. For this
reason, P2 is a very important tool  for economic development of the poor countries and
an opportunity for East European countries to cross the transition period.

The NATO CCMS Pilot Study on Clean Products and Processes helps us, the developing
country representatives, to meet the  developed country representatives,  to  learn the
simplest  ways  of managing industrial processes,  to develop  clean  processes  and
technologies,  and to  overcome the  existing  barriers to Sustainable Development  in our
countries.
Susette Dias, Portugal

The Portuguese participation in the pilot study "Clean Products and Processes" has been
an excellent means of discussing the best approach to clean technology dissemination and
implementation. Reporting the diversity of experiences is a very powerful tool. As the
increased number of participating countries shows, there is no doubt that we can learn
more  from each other and simultaneously help our  countries  into accomplishing the
environmental challenges of the next decades.

I think we  could focus on the evaluation  of the priorities for each country, taking into
account the need for best industrial practices, but a survey of the remediation or treatment
technologies  in  use  and  their  impact  in each  country should  also  be  analyzed.
Dissemination strategies for conclusions should also be discussed.
Henrik Wenzel, Denmark

The first phase of the pilot study has proven highly valuable at all levels: to Denmark, to
our Technical University of Denmark and to my own professional activities. The pilot has
catalyzed and initiated many activities and bilateral co-operation projects. Some concrete
examples are:

   •   Co-operation on Life Cycle  Assessment (LCA) with the QUESTOR Centre at
       Queen's University in Belfast, including mutual visits and seminars;

   •   Co-operation on LCA  with  TUBITAK, Marmara research  centre in Turkey,
       including a 9-month postdoctoral  educational professorship at the  Technical
       University of Denmark for one of their co-workers;

   •   Co-operation on LCA with North Carolina State University on LCA databases;
                                      C-10

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NATO/CCMS Pilot Study on Clean Products and Processes (Phase 1)
   •   Co-operation on Process Integration with the company Solutia, Ltd., in  USA
       including a 1-month guest professorship at the Technical University of Denmark,
       establishment and conduction of a PhD course,  and an internal course for the
       Danish Centre for Industrial Water Management. One further spin-off from this
       has been the establishment of an undergraduate course at the Technical University
       of Denmark on tools for industry's environmental work.

   •   Co-operation on Cleaner Production with the  Cleaner  Production Centre in
       Kaunas, Lithuania in a joint project on improving environmental performance in
       the Lithuanian paper industry, and last but not least;

   •   Hosting the pilot study meeting in  Copenhagen in 2000  and having there the
       opportunity to expose and receive valuable feedback on the Danish initiatives on
       Clean Products and Processes for Danish environmental authorities, companies
       and academia.

These activities are all a direct spin-off from the pilot study. The first phase of the pilot
has, thus, given very substantial input to  activities on Clean Products and Processes in
Denmark and in our co-operation with other NATO and CP  countries. Due to the network
established by the pilot study, the spin-off activities are steadily increasing as the network
consolidates. One example  is that we will aim at establishing a university-industry co-
operative research center in  Denmark similar to the one established at Queen's University
in Belfast, UK. This will take in-depth co-operation between Queen's University and the
Technical University of Denmark over the next year or two.

I therefore strongly support the continuation of the  pilot study in  a second phase. A
suggestion for a focus  area is that we take the opportunity to elaborate further concrete
possibilities  of support and technology  transfer to Eastern European economies in
transition.
Aysel Atimtay, Turkey

I am sure that you have received many opinions from the other participants. Nevertheless,
I fully support your  application  for  the second phase,  and I am sure  that with the
participation of several countries in the project, it is going to be a successful one.
Andrzej Doniec, Poland

I am convinced the NATO CCMS Pilot Project should be continued to Phase II. There
are two  reasons: Such  types  of activities serve as a primary source  of  information
exchange on a very broad set of problems related to cleaner industrial processes and
products in the technical as well as the management aspects. These,  in conjunction with
very specific state-of-the-art technical novelties  delivered by excellent experts, have a
                                      C-ll

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NATO/CCMS Pilot Study on Clean Products and Processes (Phase 1)
stimulating effect, with participants transferring  the  experience  (knowledge) to their
countries, universities, institutes etc. Personal contacts are also of great importance.

In the planned Phase II, each of the presented and discussed topics should refer to (be
composed in) a more general topic, e.g., industrial  ecology or industrial symbiosis. Some
sort of cooperative or joint projects (e.g., with UNIDO?) would also be nice.
G.G. Kagramanov, Russia

To my mind, this Pilot (i.e., Phase I as well as Phase II) is very interesting and, during
our discussions in Oviedo,  I realized how scientific cooperation in my field of interest
really works.

It seems to me that the ideas we discussed in Oviedo are very fruitful ones and the current
focus is OK. I would like  to emphasize the critical role of membrane technologies in
clean processes however.
                                      C-12

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NATO/CCMS Pilot Study on Clean Products and Processes (Phase 1)
                             Appendix D
                         List of Participants
                                 D-l

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NATO/CCMS Pilot Study on Clean Products and Processes (Phase 1)
  NATO/CCMS PILOT STUDY ON CLEANER PRODUCTS AND PROCESSES
                  Hotel Europa (Ausros vartu str. 6, Vilnius)
                           Vilnius, Lithuania
                           May 12-16, 2002

                          List of Participants
Country
Bulgaria
Czech
Republic
Denmark
France
Germany
Hungary
Italy
Lithuania
Name
Stefka
Tepavitcharova
Frantisek Bozek
Henryk Wenzel
Ari Huhtala
HorstPohle
Gyula Zilahy
Alessandra
Criscuoli
Valdas
Arbaciauskas
Una Budriene
Nerijus Datkunas
Valeras Kildisas
Jolita Kruopiene
Arunas Kundrotas
Unas Linkevicius
Vytautas
Ostasevicius
Darius Pamakstys
Arunas
Pasvenskas
Inga
Silvestraviciute
Vaclovas Sleinota
Jurgis Staniskis
Zaneta
Stasiskiene
Organisation
Dr., Bulgarian Academy of Science
Military University of the Ground Forces, Vyskov
Dr., Technical University of Denmark
UNEP, Strategies and Mechanisms to Promote CP
Financing
Dr., Federal Environmental Agency, Germany
Managing Director, Hungarian Cleaner Production
Centre
University of Calabria
The Institute of Environmental Engineering, Kaunas
University of Technology
The Institute of Environmental Engineering, Kaunas
University of Technology
Director of Finance, JSC "Utenos trikotazas"
The Institute of Environmental Engineering, Kaunas
University of Technology
Dr., The Institute of Environmental Engineering,
Kaunas University of Technology
Minister, Lithuanian Ministry of Environment
Minister, Lithuanian Ministry of Defence
Professor, Vice Rector, Kaunas University of
Technology
The Institute of Environmental Engineering, Kaunas
University of Technology
Director General, JSC "Klaipedos kartonas"
The Institute of Environmental Engineering, Kaunas
University of Technology
Director General, JSC "Vilniaus Vingis"
Professor, Director of The Institute of Environmental
Engineering, Kaunas University of Technology
Dr., The Institute of Environmental Engineering,
Kaunas University of Technology
                                D-2

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NATO/CCMS Pilot Study on Clean Products and Processes (Phase 1)
Country
Moldova
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Russia
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
Turkey
UK
Ukraine
USA
Name
Alexandra
Stratulat
Abrahamsen Uno
Anike Fet
Andrzej Doniec
Andrzej Wasiak
Teresa Mata
Georgij
Kagramanov
Peter Glavic
Jose Coca
Morten Karlsson
Lennart Nielsen
Aysel Atimtay
Jim Swindall
QBE
William Zadorsky
Thomas Chapman
Dan Murray
Subhas Sikdar
Steve Weiner
Organisation
Prime Minister's Office
Norwegian Technological Institute, Oslo
Professor, Trondheim Technical University
Dr., Technical University of Lodz, Pollution
Prevention Centre
Professor, Bialystoc Polytechnic Institute
University of Porto, Porto
Professor, D. Mendeleev University of Chemical
Technology of Russia
Professor, University of Maribor
Professor, Chairman of Department of Chemical and
Environmental Engineering at the University of
Oviedo
Dr., Lund University
Professor, Royal Stockholm Technical Institute
Dr., Middle East Technical University
Professor, Queen's University-Belfast, QUESTOR
Centre
Professor, Ukrainian State University of Chemical
engineering
Ph.D., Acting Director, Division of Chemical and
Transport Systems, National Science Foundation
Director, Technology Transfer and Support Division,
NRMRL/USEPA
Director, Sustainable Technology Division,
NRMRL/USEPA
Dr., Chair, Laboratory Coordinating Council, Pacific
Northwest National Laboratory
                                 D-3

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NATO/CCMS Pilot Study on Clean Products and Processes (Phase 1)
                                 D-4

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NATO/CCMS Pilot Study on Clean Products and Processes (Phase 1)
                            Appendix E
                         Meeting Program
                                E-l

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NATO/CCMS Pilot Study on Clean Products and Processes (Phase 1)


  NATO/CCMS PILOT STUDY ON CLEANER PRODUCTS AND PROCESSES
                  HOTEL EUROPA (Ausros vartu str. 6, Vilnius)
                              Vilnius, Lithuania
                              May 12-16, 2002

                                 Programme

  Sunday, May 12, 2002

  14:30       Delegates/Participants registration in Hotel Europa

  15:00       Welcome
             Dr. Subhas Sikdar, Pilot Study Director (USA)
             Linas Linkevicius, Minister of National Defence Republic of Lithuania
             Professor Jurgis Staniskis, The Institute of Environmental Engineering,
             Kaunas University of Technology (Lithuania)

  15:15       Introduction round of country delegates and participants

  15:45       Overview of Meeting Agenda, Field Visits and Events
             Daniel Murray, Pilot Study Co-Director (USA)

  16:00       Pilot Project Updates
             "Pollution Prevention Tools," Daniel Murray (USA)

             "Life Cycle Assessment of Gasoline Blending Options," Teresa M. Mata
             (Portugal)

  16:30       Break -  Coffee/Tea

  17:00       Tour de  Table Presentations
             Germany, Czech Republic, Ukraine, Bulgaria, Poland, Italy

  18:50       End of Session
  Monday, May 13, 2002 One day conference on Industrial Ecology

  9:00        Arunas Kundrotas, Minister of Environment Republic of Lithuania

  9:30        "From Pollution to Industrial Ecology and Sustainable Development,"
             Professor Lennart Nielsen, Royal Stockholm Technical Institute (Sweden)

  10:00       "Industrial Ecology and Eco-Efficiency. Introduction to the Concepts,"
             Professor Anike Fet, Trondheim Technical University (Norway)
                                    E-2

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NATO/CCMS Pilot Study on Clean Products and Processes (Phase 1)
  10:30      "Green Concurrent Engineering: A way to fill ISO 14001 with content,"
             Dr. Morten Karlsson, Lund University (Sweden)

  11:00      Break - Coffee/Tea

  11:30      "Strategies and Mechanisms to Promote Cleaner Production Financing,"
             Ari Huhtala (UNEP, Paris)

  12:00      "Cleaner Production Financing: Possibilities and Barriers," Dr. Zaneta
             Stasiskiene, The Institute of Environmental Engineering (Lithuania)

  12:20      Lunch

  14:00 -14:30      Meeting with the President of the Republic of Lithuania
                   Valdas Adamkus at the Presidential Palace

  15:00      "Industrial Ecology in University Curricula: New International MSc
             Programme in Cleaner Production and Environmental Management,"
             Valdas Arbaciauskas, The Institute of Environmental Engineering
             (Lithuania)

  15:20      "Chemicals Risk Management in Enterprises," Dr. Jolita Kruopiene, The
             Institute of Environmental Engineering (Lithuania)

  15:40      Break - Coffee/Tea

  16:15      Practical Implications of Industrial Ecology in Lithuanian Industry:
             Electronic Industry, JSC "Vilniaus Vingis," Vaclovas Sleinota, General
             director
             Textile industry, JSC "Utenos trikotazas," Nerijus Datkunas, Financial
             director
             Paper industry, JSC "Klaipedos kartonas," Arunas Pasvenskas, General
             director

  17:00      International Implications on Industrial Ecology
             "Utilisation of Cleaner Production Methodology on the Example of Dairy
             Plant"
             "Utilization of Cleaner Production on the Example of Poultry Processing
             Plant," Ales Komar (Czech Republic)

  17:30      End of Session

  17:30 - 19:00     Computer Cafe
                                      E-3

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NATO/CCMS Pilot Study on Clean Products and Processes (Phase 1)
  Tuesday, May 14, 2002, Field Trip - Afytus Companies

     Visit to refrigerator production company "Snaige"
     Visit to textile company "Alytaus tekstile"
     Visit to wine and sparkling wine production company "Alita'
  Wednesday, May 15, 2002

  9:00        Professor Vytautas Ostasevicius, Vice-rector for research, Kaunas
             University of Technology

  9.20        "Industries of The Future - Partnerships for Improving Energy Efficiency,
             Environmental Performance and Productivity," Steven Weiner (USA)
  9:40        "Ceramic Membranes Applications in Clean Processes in Russia,"
             Professor G. Kagramanov (Russia)

  10:00      University - Industry Co-operation
             "An Update on Government Support for Clean Products and Processes in
             The United Kingdom," Professor Jim Swindall (UK)
             "Waste Minimisation, Revalorisation and Recycling of Solid Waste in
             Spain," Professor Jose Coca-Prados (Spain)
             "Presentation of Lithuanian CP Centre," Professor Jurgis Staniskis
             (Lithuania)
             "Programs of the U.S. National Science Foundation Related to Clean
             Processing," Dr. Thomas W. Chapman (USA)

  11:15      Break - Coffee/Tea

  11:45      Tour de Table presentations
             USA, Moldova, Slovenia, Hungary

  12:40      Pilot Project Updates
             "The Danish Centre for Industrial Water Management," Henrik Wenzel
             (Denmark)
             "Reuse of waste materials of iron-steel industries and development of
             sorbents from these materials for absorption of hydrogen sulfide in waste
             gases," Aysel T. Atimtay (Turkey)

  13:30      Lunch
                                     E-4

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NATO/CCMS Pilot Study on Clean Products and Processes (Phase 1)
  Thursday, May 16, 2002

  9:00       Evaluation of five year programme on Clean Products and Processes
            Dr. Subhas Sikdar, Dan Murray (USA)

  10:00      Discussion
            Moderator Dan Murray (USA)

  11:00      Break - Coffee/Tea

  11:30      Discussion of Future Directions for the Pilot Study, Dan Murray (USA)
            •    Topics and Focus for Next Meeting
            •    Host Country Location, and dates for 2003 Meeting

  12:30      Meeting Wrap Up
            Dr. Subhas Sikdar (USA)
                                   E-5

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NATO/CCMS Pilot Study on Clean Products and Processes (Phase 1)
                                  E-6

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NATO/CCMS Pilot Study on Clean Products and Processes (Phase 1)
                            Appendix F
                   PowerPoint Presentation Links
                                F-l

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NATO/CCMS Pilot Study on Clean Products and Processes (Phase 1)
Presentation Name
Executive Summary
Tour de Table Presentations
Introduction of Cleaner Production in Masna-Zlin Meat
Processing Company, Ltd.
Cleaner Production Tools and Methods, Manuals and
Samples
Industrial Ecology Taught at the Technical University of
Lodz (Poland)
Presentation of United States of America
The Importance and Implementation of Clean Processes in
the Republic of Moldova
The Benefits and Drawbacks of Voluntary Environmental
Agreements Relating to Cleaner Technologies
Pilot Project Updates
Cleaner Energy Production with Reuse of Waste Materials
from the Iron and Steel Industry in IGCC
Pollution Prevention Tools
University-Industry Cooperation
An Update on Government Support for Clean Products and
Processes in the United Kingdom
Waste Minimization, Revalorisation and Recycling of
Solid Wastes in Spain
Presentation of Lithuanian Cleaner Production Centre
Industrial Ecology
Industries of the Future: Partnerships for Improving
Energy Efficiency, Environmental Performance and
Productivity
Industrial Ecology and Research Program at the
Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Green Concurrent Engineering: A Way To Fill ISO 14001
with Content
Strategies and Mechanisms To Promote Cleaner
Production Financing
Cleaner Production Financing: Possibilities and Barriers
Industrial Ecology in University Curriculum: New M.Sc.
Programme in Environmental Management and Cleaner
Production
Practical Implications of Industrial Ecology: JSC "Vilniaus
Vingis"
JSC "Utenos Trikotazas"
Cleaner Production at Paper Mill JSC "Klaipedos
Kartonas"
PowerPoint
ESI

TDT1

TDT2

TDT3;
TDT4
TDT5
TDT6

TDT7


PPU1
PPU2
n
UICJ.;
UIC2:
UIC3
UIC4

UIC5;
UIC6

IE1

IE2

IE3

IE4

IE5
IE6

IE7

IE8
IE9

Acrobat
ESI

TDT1

TDT2

TDT3;
TDT4
TDT5
TDT6

TDT7


PPU1
PPU2

UICI;
UIC2;
UIC3
UIC4

UIC5;
UIC6

—

IE2

IE3

IE4

IE5
IE6

IE7

IE8
IE9

                                   F-2

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NATO/CCMS Pilot Study on Clean Products and Processes (Phase 1)
Presentation Name
PowerPoint
Acrobat
Appendix A — Annual Reports By Country
Czech Republic
Appendix B— NATO/CCMS Phase I Summary
Appendix C— NATO/CCMS Phase II
APPA1
APPB1;
APPB2
APPC1
APPA1
APPB1;
APPB2
APPC1
                                   F-3

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NATO/CCMS Pilot Study on Clean Products and Processes (Phase 1)
                                   F-4

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