United States Environmental       Office of Water                        May 2010
                   Protection Agency             Office of Wastewater Management, 4204M

                   Clean Watersheds Needs Survey 2008 Report to
                   Congress
The Clean Watersheds Needs Survey 2008 Report to Congress summarizes the results of EPA 's
15th national survey on water pollution control capital investment needs required to meet
environmental and human health objectives of the Clean Water Act.

                              Frequently Asked Questions

1. How can I access the report and the survey data?

The entire report, as well as the entire suite of Clean Watershed Needs Survey (CWNS) data, is
available at http://www.epa.gov/cwns. Reports and data from the 2004 and 2000 surveys are
also available at this website.

2  What are the overall needs reported in the 2008 CWNS Report?

EPA estimates that nationwide capital investment needs for wastewater pollution control is
$298.1 billion. This figure represents documented needs for up to a 20-year period. The estimate
includes $192.2 billion for wastewater treatment and collection systems, $63.6 billion for
combined sewer overflow corrections, and $42.3 billion for stormwater management.

The report documents a $43.4 billion (17 percent) increase (in constant 2008 dollars) in
investment needs over the 2004 CWNS report. The increase is due to a combination of
improved reporting, aging infrastructure, population growth, and more protective water quality
standards.

3. What is a "Need"?

Needs in the report include the unfunded capital costs of projects as of January 1, 2008 that:
   •   Address a water quality or a water quality-related public health problem existing as of
       January 1, 2008, or expected to occur within the next 20 years
   •   Meet the seven CWNS documentation criteria described in the report

Documentation criteria ensured the legitimacy of needs and the accuracy of cost and technical
information in this report. To meet the criteria, a description and location of a water quality or
water-related public health problem, as well as site-specific pollution abatement measures with
detailed cost information was required. Needs that did not meet these documentation criteria
were classified as unofficial cost estimates.

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4. What impact did the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) have on
   reported needs?

The needs reported were those in existence as of January 1, 2008, and reported to EPA between
February 2008 and April 2009.  As a result, needs were neither reduced by ARRA funding nor
significantly increased through additional documentation made available to the States through
ARRA applications (which generally began in March of 2009 and extended beyond the data
collection period for this report).

5. Who submits needs?

States, territories, and the District of Columbia are regular submitters of needs from survey to
survey.  These entities use their files, as well as documents from local communities, to submit
needs information to EPA

Wastewater treatment needs on tribal lands are tracked separately in the Indian Health Service's
annual surveys.
6. What criteria are used to determine what types of needs can be submitted into the
   Clean Watersheds Needs Survey (CWNS)?

EPA, in consultation with the CWNS 2008 National Workgroup, established seven criteria for
states to document each need:
    1. A description of the current or potential water quality impairment and information on
      its potential source. The problem description needed to include specific pollutant source
      information and/or specific threats to the waterbody.

   2. The location of the problem. A single latitude/longitude point or an area (e.g., polygon,
      county, watershed) needed to be identified.

   3. The solution to the problem. One or more specific pollution control measures or best
      management practices (BMPs) needed to be identified.

   4. The cost for each solution. The cost to implement each pollution control measure or
      specified BMP needed to be provided.

   5. The source of the cost. Documentation (e.g.,  engineer's estimates, costs from
      comparable practices, estimates from equipment suppliers) for each solution needed to
      be identified.

   6. The total cost. The total cost of all pollution control measures and BMPs documented
      for the facility or project needed to be provided.
   7. Current documentation. For records with total needs greater than $20 million, the
      documentation date of all  documents needed to be January 1, 2002, or more current.
      For all other needs, the documentation date needed to be January 1, 1998, or more
      current.

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EPA converted all costs to "2008 dollars" (January 2008) for this report.

7. What are the differences between the needs categories in the 2004 and 2008 CWNS?

Beginning in 2008, EPA reported stormwater needs in the following four subcategories:
Stormwater Conveyance Infrastructure (Category VI-A) ($7.6 billion; 18 percent); Stormwater
Treatment Systems (Category VI-B) ($7.4 billion; 18 percent); Green Infrastructure (Category
VI-C) ($17.4 billion; 41 percent); General Stormwater Management (Category VI-D) ($2.9
billion; 7 percent). In prior surveys, all needs were reported as Stormwater Management
(Category VI) needs. Many of these needs ($7.0 billion; 17 percent) are still valid for this report.

Also beginning in CWNS 2008, the stormwater needs category includes both regulatory and non-
regulatory stormwater management needs. National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
(NPDES) Phase I municipal separate storm  sewer systems (MS4s) account for 26 percent, or
$11.2 billion, of the total Stormwater Management (Category VI) needs, and NPDES Phase II
MS4s account for 51 percent, or $21.6 billion in needs. Non-traditional NPDES MS4s (e.g.,
universities, hospitals) and unregulated communities account for $0.2 billion (less than 1
percent) and $9.3 billion (22  percent) in needs respectively.

Nonpoint Source needs are included in the report's appendix. Decentralized/Onsite Wastewater
Treatment needs  are included in the report's appendix under their own category.
Decentralized/Onsite needs were reported as a sub-category of Nonpoint Source needs in the
appendix of the 2004 CWNS report.

8. What data quality assurance practices are utilized to ensure accurate needs data are in
   the report?

There are several tiers of data quality assurance. The CWNS data entry system performs several
automated data quality checks as data are entered. After data is submitted, the CWNS data
quality review team performs detailed reviews to:

   a)  Ensure data submitted into the CWNS data entry system accurately reflect data in the
       substantiating documents

   b)  Ensure the documents contained the minimum data elements described above, and

   c)  Ensure that projects met eligibility and time requirements described above

9. What factors influence increases and decreases in a State's needs from one survey to the
   next?

States needs can  increase for a variety of reasons.  For CWNS 2008, many States reported that
State efforts to implement more protective water quality standards led to significant increases in
advanced treatment needs.  Other States reported that aging pipe networks required more
rehabilitation and replacement. A few States submitted needs for the new green infrastructure

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subcategory of stormwater management needs, while some States' needs increased due to
increased State needs documentation efforts and improved coordination between agencies and
departments within States.

Decreases in States' needs can also be caused by many different factors. Some states reported
needs decreases due to increased levels of funding. Additional States reported decreases due to
reduced State efforts to document needs - either due to other State priorities or staff reductions
due to State budget issues.

10. How is this report used?

Unlike the direct linkage between Drinking Water Infrastructure Needs Survey results and
Drinking Water State Revolving Fund allocations to states and territories, the Clean Watersheds
Needs Survey results are NOT directly linked to Clean Water State Revolving Fund (CWSRF)
allocations to states and territories. Congress is currently considering legislation that would link
the CWSRF allocations to results of this report.

By estimating water pollution control needs, wastewater flows, and wastewater treatment plant
populations served, this report informs decision making on water pollution control programs.
Congress uses CWNS data to help inform legislation.  State environmental agencies, legislatures
and governor's offices use CWNS data to help administer environmental programs. Academia
and industry use CWNS data to  help with water quality research and technology  support. The
public can access CWNS  data at www.epa.gov/cwns to learn about facilities and projects in their
community.

11. When will the next report be available?

The next survey will estimate needs as of January 1, 2012. Data collection is scheduled for
January through October 2012, with the report scheduled for completion in 2013.

12. Are nonpoint source water infrastructure needs included in the report?
(see #11)

13. Are onsite/decentralized wastewater system needs included in the report?

In addition to official needs, other documented needs for nonpoint source pollution prevention
($22.8 billion) and decentralized/onsite wastewater systems ($23.9 billion) are included in an
appendix to the report.  These needs are not specifically noted for inclusion in the report by
section 516(B)l(b) of the Clean Water Act, and, therefore, were not included in the main report.
However, these needs are eligible for Clean Water State Revolving Fund assistance, as well as
assistance under EPA's Nonpoint Source Grants Program. These appended nonpoint  source and
decentralized needs met the documentation standards used for rest of the report.

14. How can I find information on my community's needs?

Summary fact sheets are available for states at: http://www.epa.gov/cwns/

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The CWNS website also includes needs information for individual wastewater and stormwater
facilities, as well as information for decentralized wastewater systems, nonpoint source control
projects, and watersheds.

15. How are Needs funded?

Wastewater treatment utilities pay for infrastructure using revenue from rates charged to
customers and may finance large projects using loans or bonds. State and federal funding
programs, such as EPA's Clean Water State Revolving Fund (CWSRF) program, are also
available to help local communities address their nonpoint source pollution control and
wastewater treatment needs.  Most of the needs in the report and appendices (an estimated
$334.5 billion out of the $344.8 billion in total documented needs) are potentially eligible for the
CWSRF program. An estimated $81.5 billion in needs are potentially eligible for assistance from
EPA's Nonpoint  Source Grants Program, including $34.8 billion in stormwater needs, and all of
the appended non-point source and decentralized/onsite needs.

16. What are some recent trends in clean water  infrastructure funding?

From July 1, 2004, through June 30, 2008, EPA provided an annual average of $1.1 billion in
grants to state CWSRF programs. States combined the CWSRF funds with state-matching funds,
bond proceeds, and loan repayments to provide assistance to local communities, mostly in the
form of loans. In the same period, this assistance amounted to approximately $5.5 billion per
year.

According to U.S. Census Bureau estimates for the most recent four-year period available
(2002-2006), local governments expended approximately $15 billion per year to address capital
wastewater needs and approximately $2 billion per year to address capital stormwater needs.
Over the past 20 years, the operation and maintenance (O&M) portion of total local wastewater
expenditures grew from 50 percent to 60 percent. This is an indication of the increasing O&M
needs related to aging wastewater infrastructure and to increasing material and energy costs.
While local capital expenditures have remained flat over the past 20 years, they have increased
over the past  10 years. In general, capital renewal projects have not kept pace with the increasing
need to rehabilitate or replace aging infrastructure.

17. What would be the environmental impacts of meeting or not meeting these needs?

The wastewater treatment objectives of the Clean Water Act are designed to ensure that the
nation's waters are clean, fishable, and swimmable. At wastewater plants in thousands of
communities  around the country, biological processes (secondary treatment) remove most of the
organic matter in wastewater, while advanced treatment processes such as filtration  or UV
irradiation remove additional organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus, or toxins.  Advanced treatment
of wastewater minimizes negative impacts such as damage to wildlife and ecosystems. The
population provided with advanced wastewater treatment has increased from 7.8 million people in
1972 to 113.0 million people in 2008.

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If the needs specified in this report are met, the number of publicly owned wastewater treatment
facilities that provide biological treatment or more advanced treatment or that do not discharge to
surface waters is projected to increase by 6 percent from 14,625 to 15,451 over the next 20 years.
The population being served by those facilities is projected to increase by 26 percent. Overall,
EPA projects that a total of 15,618 facilities will serve a future population of 284.2 million
people, or 79 percent of the U.S. population.

If the needs presented in this report are not met, the nation's water quality would be impacted.
Unfunded needs would translate into minimal repair, replacement, or upgrade of existing water
infrastructure such as pipes, pumps, and treatment systems.

18. Who can I contact for more information?

State, Regional, and national contact information is available at http://www.epa.gov/cwns/.
                            OFFICE OF WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT
                           US ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
                      1200 PENNSYLVANIA AVENUE, N.W. (MAIL CODE 4204M)
                                   WASHINGTON, B.C. 20460
                                  EPA 832-F-10-011; May 2010

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