jvEPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office of International Activities
Mall Code 2650R
http://www.epa.gov/oia
May 2000
160-K-00-001
Promoting a
Sustainable Future:
A Decade of EPA-Polish Cooperation
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Promoting a Sustainable Future:
A Decade ofEPA-Polish Cooperation
Table of Contents
Prologue
Air Protection
Krakow Air Quality Project
4-5
Water Protection
Krakow Water Quality Project
Raba Watershed Management Project
Blue Thumb Project
Agriculture and Water Quality Project
6-7
8-9
10-11
12-13
Waste Management
Biosolids Reclamation Project
Underground Storage Tank Project
Brownfields Redevelopment Project
14-15
16-17
18-19
Policy Demonstrations
Brownfields Policy Project
Local Environmental Action Program (LEAP): Pilot Phase
LEAP: Replication Phase
Enforcement and Compliance Project
20-21
22-23
24-25
26-27
Education and Training
Environmental Management Training Center Project
Krag Environmental Education Project
28-29
30-31
Epilogue
32
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STAROGARD GADANSKl
ALEKSANDROW KUJAWSKI
* FALENTY*
WARSAW
POLAND
CZESTOCHOWA
-------
Prologue
IRON CURTAIN RISES TO REVEAL DIRT, DEATH
- Boston Globe (1989)
EASTERN EUROPE BREATHES THE AIR OF FREEDOM, AND CHOKES
- New York Times (1994)
When the Berlin Wall fell in November 1989, the eyes of the world focused with
excitement on the historic changes sweeping through Central and Eastern Europe. As
these fragile new democracies emerged from behind the Iron Curtain, the world also saw
significant environmental degradation, one of the unfortunate legacies of the previous
regimes, and their attention to industrial production at all costs. In Poland, statues in the
historic city of Krakow literally were melting away because of air pollution from a near-by
steel mill. For many Polish and international observers, the blurred faces of these statues
symbolized the importance of improving Poland's environment for current and future
generations.
Under the Support for East European Democracy (SEED) Act of 1989, and with financial
support from the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), the .U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was tasked to work with officials in Krakow to
help them improve air and water quality for the city's residents. These programs, along
with many other bilateral cooperative activities in Poland which followed in subsequent
years, are described in the following pages.
Although the events of 1989 certainly gave greater impetus and attention to U.S.-Polish
cooperation, EPA was privileged to have established bilateral professional relationships
with Polish environmental experts even before the fall of the Berlin Wall. This cooperation
initially took place under the auspices of the Polish-U.S. Agreement on Scientific and
Technological Cooperation. Then, in 1987, the importance of strengthening environmental
cooperation with Poland was underscored by the signing of an official Memorandum of
Understanding (MOU) between EPA and the Polish Ministry of Environment, Natural
Resources, and Forestry, an agreement which remains active today
Although EPA is proud to have been a part of the success described in these pages, we
recognize that none of it would have been possible without the professionalism, dedica-
tion and expertise of our Polish and U.S. partners. Some are mentioned in these pages by
name, others by organizational affiliation. However, there are countless individuals and
organizations, too numerous to mention individually, who also made an important
contribution to the success of EPA-Polish environmental cooperation over the past decade.
EPA also would like to express its appreciation to USAID for its financial support, without
which much of this work would not have been possible.
-------
Air Protection
Promoting a Sustainable Future:
Project Overview
In 1989, then-U.S.
President George Bush
traveled to Krakow and
made a commitment
that the United States
would provide support
to improve the air
quality and to set up a
state-of-the-art air
monitoring network
for the city. EPA's
support for air quality
management in Krakow
over the last 10 years
was conducted in two
phases: Phase I was
the establishment of
the air quality net-
work. Phase II was the
introduction of
additional tools and
methods to better
understand and
estimate air pollution
in Krakow, with a focus
on air pollution from
motor vehicles.
Krakow
Air Quality Project
Krakow is the historic capital of Poland, a
city spared the ravages of war and
adorned with many old churches and fine
buildings. In the late 1980s and early 1990s,
these churches and buildings were threat-
ened by emissions from the giant Nowa Huta
Steel Mill, from coal burned for home-
heating, and from motor vehicles with no
emission controls. Under the Support for
Eastern European Democracy (SEED) Act of
1989, the United States provided EPA with $1
million to establish an air monitoring net-
work in Poland.
Key Objectives
Develop an air quality monitoring network
to provide information for emergency and
long-term control strategies
Disseminate information in order to
improve air quality and educate and inform
the public
Transfer key U.S. tools and approaches to
enable the development of an effective air
quality management program in Krakow.
Project Activities
Monitoring Air Quality
In the first phase of EPA's collaboration in
Krakow, EPA and Polish experts worked
together to design and set up a state-of-the-
art, automated, ambient air quality monitor-
ing network in Krakow.
In spring of 1991, a shipment of 20 tons of
U.S. air monitoring equipment reached
Krakow. EPA specialists worked with their
Polish counterparts to install the monitoring
stations and after two months of trial runs,
the system was officially commissioned on
November 7,1991. The ceremony was
attended by officials from the United States
and Poland.
The seven-station system is tailored to
reflect the air monitoring situation in
Krakow, with each station measuring
different pollutants, including sulfur
dioxide, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide,
particles, ozone, and heavy metals. In
addition to the seven fixed stations, the
system also includes one mobile air monitor-
ing unit.
Disseminating Information
The data from the air quality monitoring
system in Krakow have been extensively
used to educate and inform scientists,
school children, factory workers, and the
general public. The information was
presented in a variety of ways, including
yearly reports, monthly bulletins, videos,
slides, the annual State of the Environment
Report, and press coverage. For the last
several years, air pollution information from
the monitoring network has been displayed
on an electronic display board in Krakow's
main square.
Managing Urban Air Quality in Krakow
The second phase of EPA's collaboration with
Krakow on air quality was designed to
address the air pollution problems caused
by the increase in mobile source pollution.
The goal was to establish a basis for more
informed decision-making through the use
of improved data, analytical tools (including
improved monitoring and modeling tech-
niques) and transportation control options.
EPA worked with experts in Krakow to
develop tools and information to enable the
Voivodship (region) and the City of Krakow to
make reliable decisions on air pollution
control measures, including:
Updating the current air monitoring
network to monitor pollutants associated
with mobile sources such as non-methane
organics and volitile organic compounds;
adding more ozone samplers; and equip-
ment to measure fine particulates (parti-
-------
A Decade of EPA-Polish Cooperation
Air Protection
cles with a diameter of less than 2.5
microns, known as PM^)
Reconfiguring the air monitoring
network to better capture pollution from
mobile sources. In addition, the network
was rearranged to reflect the additional
area added to the former Krakow Voivod-
ship, now the Malopolska Voivodship,
during the administrative restructuring
that took place in Poland in 1998-1999
Performing special air pollution studies
to capture the volatile organic compounds
in the air in Krakow, particularly those
associated with mobile sources
Providing training in air monitoring,
specifically training to run the new
samplers
Providing emission inventory training
and assistance in developing an emission
inventory for all sources in Krakow
Developing an updated emission
inventory for Krakow, including station-
ary sources, mobile sources, and area
wide sources
Conducting dispersion modeling
training, both for experts in modeling and
for managers
Transferring a dispersion model
(CalPuff) to Krakow, and beginning trial
runs of the model
Organizing a Transportation and Air
Quality Workshop in Krakow to bring
together experts from Poland, the United
States and European cities to share
information and experiences on transpor-
tation and air quality issues
Setting up a small office within the City
of Krakow that will work on air pollution
and transportation issues in collaboration
with the Voivodship Environment Depart-
ment and
Organizing a final Krakow Urban Air
Conference sharing lessons learned and
tools and approaches with other cities in
Poland.
Contacts
Poland
Jerzy Wertz
Environmental Protection Department
Malopolska Region
ul Ractawicka 56
30-017 Krakow, Poland
Tel: 48-12-633-11-22
Fax: 48-12-633-18-33
Konrad Pawel Turzanski
Voivodship Inspectorate
State Inspectorate for Environmental Protection
PI. Szczepanski 5
31-011 Krakow, Poland
Tel: (48-12) 422-4895
Fax: (48-12) 422-3612
United States
Jane Metcalfe
U.S. EPA
1300 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW (2670R)
Washington, DC 20460
Tel: (202)564-6451
Fax: (202)565-2411
metcalfe.jane@epa.gov
Thomas Hartlage
U.S. EPA
National Exposure Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711 USA
Tel: (919)541-3008
Fax: (919)541-4609
hartlage.thomas@epa.gov
Key Results
Krakow now has a state-
of-the-art air monitoring
network, an updated
emission inventory for all
sources of air pollution, and
an air dispersion model for
Krakow.
Air pollution experts in
Krakow are now technically
trained in air monitoring,
emission inventory and air
dispersion modeling, and
are continuing the project
with little assistance from
EPA.
Krakow will become one
of the first cities in Poland
to develop and put in place
an air quality model, which
is a requirement tor
accession to the European
Union.
The project convinced
the City of Krakow and the
Voivodship to establish a
joint office, providing the
institutional infrastructure to
generate reliable
information on air quality
and transportation issues,
and the ability to make joint
policy decisions based on
the best information
available.
Information from this
project will be disseminated
to other Polish cities and to
other countries in the
region.
-------
Water Protection
Promoting a Sustainable Future:
Project Overview
Under the water/
wastewater project,
EPA helped the City of
Krakow upgrade the
Raba and Rudawa
drinking water treat-
ment plants, the
Paszow and Myslenice
wastewater treatment
plants, and a central
laboratory which
supports drinking
water and wastewater
facilities. EPA pro-
vided equipment,
supplies, replacement
parts, and appropriate
training for Krakow
personnel.
Krakow
Water Quality Project
The genesis of the Krakow Water Quality
Project began with a proposal, offered by
then-U.S. President George Bush during his
visit to Poland in July 1989, that the United
States work with Poland to assist Krakow
with its air and water pollution problems.
Under the Support for Eastern European
Democracy (SEED) Act of 1989,
approximately $4 million was provided to
EPA for the water/wastewater project in
Krakow.
Under an interagency agreement, the U.S.
Army Corps of Engineers assisted EPA by
acquiring equipment and arranging for its
shipment to Krakow. A private engineering
firm under contract to EPA helped select the
equipment and prepared technical specifica-
tions used by the Corps in its purchase. The
primary Polish partner is the water and
sewer utility serving the city of Krakow,
MPWiK.
Key Objectives
Upgrade two drinking water treatment
plants, two wastewater treatment plants, and
a central laboratory which supports drinking
water and wastewater facilities in the City of
Krakow
Train Polish experts to manage equipment
and laboratory
Project Activities
Rudawa Drinking Water Treatment Plant
This plant draws water from the Rudawa
River and provides about one fourth of
Krakow's water supply. The equipment
provided by the United States, combined
with local investments, enable the plant to
produce a higher quality of drinking water
than it could produce prior to the initiation
of the program.
Raba Drinking Water Treatment Plant
This is a relatively new plant that was
completed in 1986 and provides about one-
half of Krakow's water supply. The equip-
ment EPA provided for this plant includes:
air blowers, equipment to add chlorine and
ozone to the water, analytical equipment to
control plant operations, and analytical
equipment and other facilities for a remote
monitoring station at the water intake.
Myslenice Wastewater Treatment Plant
The Myslenice wastewater treatment plant is
located on the headwaters of the Raba
reservoir from which the Raba plant draws
its water. The plant was converted to a
biological nutrient removal system. In
addition to improving the wastewater
treatment facility, the City of Krakow
installed a monitoring station and an early
warning system for the Raba reservoir at the
Myslenice site.
Paszow Wastewater Treatment Plant
The major portion of this plant is a primary
facility, but there is a secondary plant that
treats approximately 0.3% of the flow. The
secondary treatment system was converted
to a demonstration plant for biological
nutrient removal studies to determine how
to produce effluent for industrial reuse. An
existing building on the site was used for
studies to investigate the physical/chemical
treatment of the secondary effluent to
remove additional phosphorus and suspend-
ed solids by coagulation with metal salts
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A Decade of EPA-Polish Cooperation
Water Protection
and filtration.
Central Laboratory
In view of the high level of pollution in the
waters used for human consumption, more
definitive and faster analytical techniques
were required to identify the magnitude of
the pollution problem and help protect
public health. The effective use of the high-
quality laboratory equipment is a cost-
effective way to protect public health as
Krakow implements an improved pollution
control program.
Contacts
Poland
Wojciech Studnicki
City of Krakow Water & Sewage Utility Company
ul. Senatorska 1
30-106 Krakow, Poland
Tel: (48-12) 421-0008
Fax: (48-12) 421-4412
office@MPWiK.krakow.pl
United States
Charles E. Gross
U.S. EPA
1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW (4204)
Washington, DC 20460
Tel: (202)260-7370
Fax:(202)260-0116
gross.charles@epa.gov
Ron Hotter
U.S. EPA
1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW (4607)
Washington/DC 20460
Tel: (202)260-7096
Fax: (202)401-6135
Key Results
The quality of the
drinking water
available to Krakow
residents has
improved
significantly.
Raw water can
now be monitored
before it enters the
treatment process
because of new
testing equipment
and methodology.
The water and
wastewater utility in
Krakow can now
perform a full range
of analytical tests to
monitor the quality
of raw water
entering the water
treatment processes
and to measure the
effectiveness of the
treatment
processes.
U.S. firms were
provided with the
opportunity to
introduce their
equipment and
services into the
Polish market.
-------
Water Protection
Promoting a Sustainable Future:
Project Overview
The Raba River in
Poland flows through a
beautiful mountainous
region outside of the
City of Krakow. The
area is mostly rural,
known for tourism,
forests, and farmland.
The Raba River sup-
ports the Dobczyce
Reservoir, which
supplies sixty percent
of the drinking water
for Krakow. The
Reservoir is threatened
by pollution from raw
sewage, from runoff
from agriculture, roads,
and landfills, and from
settling particles from
air pollution. Accord-
ing to some estimates,
the reservoir could
become unusable in as
little as six years.
Communities in the
Raba River area,
facing the consider-
able challenge of
protecting a resource
used outside their
boundaries, formed
the Union of Upper
Raba River Communi-
ties and Krakow
(Union). The Union's
purpose is to protect
the water quality in the
watershed and in the
Dobczyce Reservoir.
Raba Watershed
Management Project
In 1992, the U.S.- based Water Environ-
ment Federation (WEF) entered into a
cooperative agreement with EPA to
provide technical assistance in selected
Central and Eastern European countries,
including Poland. Because WEF is a
professional association for the wastewa-
ter industry, the program was designed to
use WEF members to provide pro bono
technical assistance. In 1995, WEF began
working with the Krakow Voivodship and
the Union for the Raba River watershed to
provide technical review of projects,
training, and information on watershed
protection and associations in the United
States. WEF's assistance helped the Union
gain critical funds for watershed protec-
tion projects, promoted cooperative
approaches to resolving the region's
problems, helped validate the work of the
Union, and provided ideas for new
approaches to watershed protection.
Key Objectives
Develop a watershed management plan
to protect and improve the water quality
of the Raba River
Improve skills and knowledge of
mediation, and technical issues through
training courses
Foster sustainable relationships
between Polish government officials and
the Union in order to improve the Raba
River watershed.
Project Activities
Review of the Raba River Watershed
Management Plan
A team of WEF experts reviewed the Raba
River watershed management plan that had
been prepared by a consulting firm. This
review helped the Union acquire a funding
commitment from the Polish Government for
the construction of wastewater treatment
plants.
Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR)
A WEF volunteer held a series of classes in the
use of mediation and ADR in resolving envi-
ronmental disputes. ADR was successfully
used to resolve a wastewater treatment plant
siting dispute.
Training
WEF volunteers taught workshops on a variety
of technical subjects including biological
nutrient removal, biosolids management, storm
water management, and highway spill protec-
tion.
Technical Assistance
A WEF volunteer evaluated plans for the
upgrade and expansion of a wastewater treat-
ment plant. The same volunteer provided
technical information to the consulting firm
working with the Union.
Technical Exchange
The director of the Union and several of the
members (mayors of communities in the
watershed) toured the United States to study*
watershed protection measures, and the
structure of U.S. watershed associations. A
staff member from the Charles River Water-
shed Association (CRWA) later visited the Raba
River watershed and discussed CRWA's activi-
ties.
-------
A Decade of EPA-Polish Cooperation
Water Protection
Water Environment
Federation"
Contacts
Poland
Andrzej Spbczak
Union of Upper Raba River Communities and
Krakow
Rynek 9
32-400 Myslenice, Poland
Tel: (48-12) 274-1753
Fax: (48-12)274-2743
United States
Tiffin Shewmake
Water Environment Federation
601 Wythe Street
Alexandria, VA 22314 USA
Tel: (703) 684-2400 ext. 7245
Fax: (703)684-2492
tshewmake@wef.org
Ron Hoffer
U.S. EPA
1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW (4607)
Washington, DC 20460 USA
Tel: (202)260-7096
Fax: (202)401-6135
hoffer.ron@epa.gov
Key Results
Training and technical
reviews supported the
goal of protecting the
Raba River watershed.
Programs were
designed and
implemented in support
of this goal.
Strong local leaders
now have a vision and a
clear idea of how to use
assistance programs to
improve quality in the
Krakow region.
Professional
volunteers brought
valuable experience and
enthusiasm to the
technical program.
Some volunteers
became vested in the
program and conducted
their own initiatives.
A case study was
written about the Raba
River Union by WEF to
encourage broader
dissemination of the
watershed management
approach.
RZGW
KRAK6W
-------
Water Protection
Promoting a Sustainable Future:
Project Overview
Blue Thumb began as
an information
exchange in 1994 when
representatives from
the Krakow water
utility and other local
government officials
visited Water For
People (WFP) in the
United States. Discus-
sions with practicing
utility professionals
and interviews with
environmental educa-
tion groups brought
the group to a consen-
sus: collaborative
communication
mechanisms must be
learned and employed
to build understand-
ing, support and
creative solutions for
water service changes
in Krakow.
Blue Thumb Project
In Poland, as in so many parts of the
world, the long-term provision of safe and
sufficient drinking water at a reasonable
price relies less on the technical aspects
and more on the voice and involvement of
the customer. Unfortunately, consumers
often lack an understanding of what it
takes to supply safe drinking water in
sufficient quantity and quality. There is a
dire need to educate people on the origin
and protection of their drinking water, on
the related health and environmental
issues, and on the rationale behind capital
improvements and rate increases by the
local water utility.
Water utilities, though, often suffer from a
lack of public trust, more because of a
traditional "top-down", technical and
economic approach than actual miscon-
duct. This makes effective communication
with the public more complicated. The
challenge is for utilities and local govern-
ment to find supplemental, effective ways
to build trust and to work with the cus-
tomers in a two-way decision-making
process. It was this need to build public
awareness of and involvement in drinking
water issues that led to the Blue Thumb
Project in Krakow.
Key Objectives
Provide public awareness and education
materials for the general public concern-
ing safe drinking water
Create an open line of communication
between utilities and their customers in
order to develop a two way decision-
making process to make safe drinking
water choices.
Project Activities
The Blue Thumb Project
After reviewing various public communica-
tions programs, Polish experts decided to
adopt the Blue Thumb Project. Blue Thumb is a
campaign developed by the American Water
Works Association (AWWA) that provides
public awareness and education strategies and
materials on drinking water. To help in the
effort, WFP committed to hire a Blue Thumb
coordinator with a local non-governmental
organization (NGO), the Regional Environmen-
tal Education Center, known by the Polish
acronym ROEE. Funds also were provided for
the development of Blue Thumb activities and
distribution of materials. From 1995 through
1998, in partnership with EPA, WFP provided
ROEE with direct financial support and donat-
ed services.
ROEE's approach to Blue Thumb continues to be
the engagement of students and teachers to
reach the general public, including government
officials. Water-related materials and activities
have been borrowed from the North American
water community. WFP volunteers from the
AWWA membership have reinforced ROEE
efforts with occasional on-site support and
training on public communications, outreach
and education methods.
Blue Thumb's success has continued beyond
WFP and EPA support. USAID and the Polish
National Fund for Environmental Protection
also provided funding to spread the Blue Thumb
project throughout Poland. The annual "Water
Week" continues with local corporate support.
Also, a Peace Corps volunteer was assigned to
ROEE to help with Blue Thumb and other
activities. A web site on the work is now
complete.
Results from ROEE's Blue Thumb project have
been felt elsewhere. The Krakow Water and
Wastewater Utility, an original participant in
the information exchange to the United States,
has not only opened its doors to facility tours,
but also has hired a public relations profession-
al and developed a strategic communications
plan that addresses many of the issues brought
10
-------
A Decade of EPA-Polish Cooperation
Water Protection
to light by Blue Thumb. Blue Thumb has also
been replicated in Krakow's sister city of
Lviv, Ukraine with ROEE serving as a
training resource for Ukrainian NGOs and
local government.
The Blue Thumb project underscored a
number of lessons. One is the need to bring
all stakeholders to the table to address
complicated issues such as urban water
supply. Also, the work has shown the need
to have a local implementing group, like
ROEE, at the helm. It is best positioned to
deal with local interests and politics, and
ultimately is the institution to continue the
work after initial support is complete.
Finally, the collaboration among a local
NGO, national and local governments, and
supporting efforts of volunteers from a
North American professional group have
proved to be a feasible and cost-effective
development model.
Contacts
Poland
Miroslaw Gaweda
Regional Environmental Education Center
12 Slawkowska Street
31-014 Krakow, Poland
Tel: (48-12) 421-6796
Fax: (48-12)429-5372
www.most.org.pl/roee/
United States
Paul A. Sobiech
Water For People
6666 West Quicy Avenue
Denver, CO 80235 USA
Tel: (303) 734-3491
Fax: (303) 734-3499
www.water4people.org
Ron Hoffer
U.S. EPA
1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW (4607)
Washington, DC 20460 USA
Tel: (202)260-7096
Fax: (202)401-6135
hoffer.ron@epa.gov
Key Results
Many sustainable
activities have been
prompted by the Blue
Thumb project including
an annual "Water
Week," citizens' water
monitoring committees,
field trips to local water
and wastewater
treatment plants, video
programs, water-friendly
awards, workshops for
students and teachers,
and the formation of
Blue Thumb clubs.
Over 140 clubs have
been formed with more
than 4,000 students and
their teachers participat-
ing.
Membership and
participation in Blue
Thumb has been
expanded to include
business owners, city
officials, water and
sewage utility operators,
civic leaders and the
media in Krakow.
THUMB
KCIVK
WATER For
PEOPLE
11
-------
Water Protection
Promoting a Sustainable Future:
Project Overview
Poor agricultural and
rural waste manage-
ment practices
contribute signifi-
cantly to the degra-
dation of surface and
ground water quality,
and may thus also
affect urban popula-
tions who depend on
these sources for
drinking water. As
nearly 100 percent of
Poland lies within the
Baltic Basin, the
effects of poor
agricultural practices
extend beyond
Poland's borders and
affect much of
northern Europe
through contamina-
tion of the Baltic Sea.
The Poland Agricul-
ture and WaterQual-
ity Protection Project
was a four year effort,
begun in 1992,
designed to address
agricultural water
pollution issues
through a multi-
focused approach.
This project ad-
dressed these
objectives through
multi-level education
efforts, assistance in
policy development
and demonstration of
sustainable farming
and waste manage-
ment practices in
selected watersheds
in northeastern and
northwestern Poland.
Agriculture and Water Quality
Project
Approximately 38 percent of the Polish
population lives in rural areas. The agricul-
tural sector provides 25 percent of the
employment and utilizes about 65 percent
of the nation's land area. Thus, agriculture
and related activities have a direct impact
on large segments of the human population
and ecological infrastructure of Poland.
The Polish Agricultural Water Quality
Project (PAWQP) was a cooperative effort
between EPA and the Polish Ministry of
Agriculture and Food Economy. The
project was implemented by the Center for
Agricultural and Rural Development
(CARD) at Iowa State University in Ames,
and the Institute for Land Reclamation and
Grassland Farming (IMUZ) near Warsaw.
Key Objectives
Create a social, economic and political
climate that encourages the recognition of
agriculture related water quality issues
Develop solutions for agriculture related
water quality issues
Promote institutional innovation and
policy changes that can result in long-term
commitment to sustainable agriculture and
improved water quality in Poland.
Project Activities
Demonstration Farms
Demonstration farms were developed to
display economically and environmentally
sustainable agricultural practices, encour-
aging participation by farmers, agricultural
advisory centers, local officials, schools
and other agricultural professionals in
adopting such practices in rural areas.
These farms were used to demonstrate a wide
range of environmentally and economically
sustainable agricultural practices. The goal
was to improve human and animal waste
handling, agricultural chemical handling,
runoff control, and erosion control while
maintaining or improving production and
profitability. Sustainable technologies and land
management practices demonstrated on the
farms included:
Manure storage and handling
Domestic waste water management
Integrated fertilizer application methods
Integrated pasture management
Introduction of legume crops as nitrogen
sources
Introduction of clover onto grasslands
No-tillage permanent grassland
renovation
Cover cropping.
Education and Dissemination of
Information
Information on sustainable practices was given
to the public, farmers, future farmers, govern-
mental and non-governmental institutions and
agricultural and environmental professionals.
Through informative leaflets and training
programs, the results from the farm demon-
strations were extended broadly throughout
Poland.
The project team worked with an environmen-
tal organization to organize and pilot a training
program for local community leaders. The
training demonstrated the benefits of merging
advanced agriculture science and practice with
well-trained local community leadership to
solve agriculture and water quality problems
and support longer-term economic and social
development.
.t*'
Institutionalization and
Policy Development
Efforts were designed to provide a strong,
broadly based foundation for development of
sustainable agriculture in Poland. By assisting
in the establishment of programs within central
and regional governmental institutions to
12
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A Decade of EPA-Polish Cooperation
Water Protection
address agro-environmental issues and
bridge institutional barriers, a closer cooper-
ation between the agricultural and environ-
mental research and regulatory communities
was achieved.
Specifically, the project established a work-
ing group to coordinate activities between
the Polish Ministries of Environment and
Agriculture. An additional working group
was established to assist the Ministry of
Agriculture in developing the institutional
capacity to address agro-environmental
issues. Throughout the project, project staff
coordinated closely with bilateral and
multilateral donor organizations to leverage
other sources of funding and to ensure the
expansion of sustainable agricultural activi-
ties throughout the region.
Contacts
Poland
Andrzej Sapek
Institute of Land Reclamation and
Grassland Farming (IMUZ)
Falenty 05-090
Raszyn, Poland
Tel: (48-22) 720-0531
United States
Walt Foster
U.S. EPA
901 N. 5th Street (DISOENSV)
Kansas City, KS 66101 USA
Tel: (913) 551-7290
Fax: (913) 551-9290
foster.walt@epa.gov
j
$ I
Key Results
The demonstration
farm project helped
to secure financial
commitments from
Polish local and
national government
organizations.
The project
sponsored a large
conference for
decision-makers
throughout Poland
and surrounding
Baltic Basin
countries to
exchange
information on
sustainable
agriculture and rural
development.
Papers and reports
were presented by
project staff and
published in a
variety of fora in the
United States and
Europe.
Based on the
success of the
project, a number of
additional projects
sponsored by the
World Bank,
Sweden, Denmark,
France are now
being implemented
throughout Poland
and the Baltic Sea
region.
13
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Waste Management
Promoting a Sustainable Future:
Project Overview
Past efforts to reveg-
etate coal and smelter
waste pile sites in
Katowice using topsoil
were either too
expensive (for the coal
sites) or ineffective
(for the smelter sites).
From 1994 through
1999, a team of
scientists from the
United States and
Poland worked
cooperatively to
develop a regional
plan that would utilize
biosolids (sewage
sludge) from local
wastewater treatment
plants to revegetate
the coal and smelter
waste piles in the
region. The team
members represented
the fields of wastewa-
ter treatment,
agronomy, and soil
Biosolids
Reclamation Project
Although the revegetation of coal waste
piles was often done with biosolids in
the eastern part of the United States, no
successful work had ever been done or
documented on the more toxic smelter
wastes anywhere in the world. The
methodology developed for the Biosolids
Reclamation Project proved to be a low-
cost and effective solution and shows
great potential use throughout the world,
especially where cost is the greatest
constraint to effective reclamation.
Key Objectives
Develop a regional plan to utilize
biosolids from local wastewater treatment
plants to revegetate several different types
of coal and smelter waste piles in Poland
Provide a remediation solution that was
affordable in the local economy and which
could be widely replicated
Analyze soil samples to determine the
geochemistry of the area in order to select
the most suitable revegetation species.
Project Activities
Project Silesia
From 1994 through 1999, a team of scien-
tists from the United States and Poland
worked cooperatively on the biosolids
effort.
The wastes found on the demonstration
sites, especially the smelter waste sites,
were phytotoxic (poisonous to plants) and
contained high levels of lead, cadmium and
zinc. The team determined that a combination
of biosolids and lime would be the key compo-
nents of the revegetation effort. The limestone
is needed to adjust the acidity level of the soil.
The biosolids supplied high levels of phos-
phate, iron, organic nitrogen, other organic
mater and soil microbes. This combination
proved to be a suitable growing medium which
reduced soil acidity (pH) and counteracted the
bio-availability of the lead. In order to authen-
ticate the methodology and to ensure that it
could be replicated at other sites, careful
scientific methods and documentation were
used.
Analyzing the Geochemisty and Choosing a
Tolerant Grass
Before any work was performed on the sites,
samples needed to be taken and analyzed.
This analysis included pH, total sulfur, zinc,
cadmium and lead as well as electrical conduc-
tivity and solubility. Next, dozens of metal-
and salt- tolerant grasses and cultivars were
grown in laboratory test pots containing the
waste materials in order to evaluate the best
species for application at the sites. Based on
the results, a mixture of several species of
grasses and legumes were selected and used.
Legumes were determined to be important in
include in the vegetative cover because they are
long lasting and help replace nitrogen in the
soil. Grass species selected needed to be
resistant to both salinity and heavy metals.
Raising the pH
After the sites were graded, a 15-centimeter
layer of waste lime (a waste product of the coal
mining process) was applied. A mixture of
biosolids, additional waste lime and smelter
waste was plowed and incorporated in the
upper level of the smelter sites. The waste lime
14
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A Decade of EPA-Polish Cooperation
Waste Management
was added to raise the pH. Raising the pH
suppresses the migration and plant uptake
of heavy metals which cause the phytotoxi-
city. Only high quality biosolids (low in
contaminants and pathogens) were used.
The chemical and physical properties of the
biosolids are able to restore soil-like charac-
teristics and fertility to many different waste
sites, barren areas, or deserts where water
retention and fertility limit plant growth.
Also, biosolids have the ability to limit the
uptake of heavy metals into the plant's root
system in a pH controlled or adjusted
environment.
Virginia
Tech
Contacts
Poland
Thomas Stuczynski
Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation
Pulawy, Poland
Tel: (48-83)831-3421
Fax: (48-83) 831-4537
ts@iung.pulawy.pl
Franciszek Pistelok
Center for Environmental Survey and Control
ul. Owocowa 8
40-158 Katowice, Poland
Tel: (48-32) 599-616
Fax: (48-32) 597-030
United States
Kenneth Pantuck
U.S. EPA
1650 Arch Street (3WP21)
Philadelphia, PA 19103 USA
Tel: (215)814-5769
Fax: (215)814-2318
pantuck.kenneth@epa.gov
W. Lee Daniels
Department of Crop and Soil Sciences
Virginia Technical University
Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA
Tel: (540)231-7175
Fax: (540)231-7630
wdaniels@vt.edu
Key Results
The methodology
developed by the project
provides a template for
remediating similar sites
in other locations around
the world.
The methodology
provides for the benefi-
cial use of two waste
products: biosolids and
lime.
The methodology is
inexpensive and highly
effective, especially
when compared to the
cost and effectiveness of
using topsoil for reclama-
tion.
The beneficial use of
biosolids is an important
aspect of a regional
sludge management
program.
The vegetative cover
on the waste piles
reduces wind and water
erosion of metal-rich
dusts and the associated
medical risks from
inhalation and ingestion.
The vegetative cover
decreases erosion and
run off contamination of
surface and groundwater
supplies.
The project has
improved aesthetic and
social value for the
communities which
surround the sites.
15
-------
Waste Management
Promoting a Sustainable Future:
Project Overview
The goal of the
Underground Storage
Tank (UST) Project was
to assist local deci-
sion-makers in
Katowice to develop
an underground
storage tank manage-
ment program and to
identify gasoline
stations in the Upper
Silesia region which
require an environmen-
tal assessment.
To meet this goal, EPA
partnered with a
project development
and implementation
team consisting of
representatives from
the Regional Imple-
mentation Unit (RIU),
the Center for Environ-
mental Survey and
Control (OBiKS), and
the Voivodship
Inspectorate for
Environmental Protec-
tion (WIOS ). The
team developed and
implemented a pilot
program for the
inventory, reconnais-
sance, prioritization,
and assessment of
leaking underground
storage tank facilities
in the Katowice
Underground
Storage Tank Project
As of 1994, Poland had minimal require-
ments for the assessment or remediation
of leaking underground storage tanks
which have the potential to endanger
underground water supplies, surface water
supplies (such as streams), and nearby
homes. Historically, underground storage
tanks were not installed with corrosion
protection or leak detection. Unprotected
tanks and piping eventually corrode and
leak, but without systems for detection,
leaks may continue to contaminate the
subsurface for a long time before there are
obvious impacts. Although Poland has
general requirements for periodic tank
tightness testing, there currently are no
specific requirements for ongoing leak
detection at existing underground storage
tanks in Poland.
Key Objectives
Assist local decision-makers in develop-
ing an underground storage tank manage-
ment program
Identify underground storage tanks
which require an environmental assess-
ment
Train local officials to assess leaking
underground storage tanks
Develop a process to inventory and
prioritize underground storage tank sites
Assess gasoline stations in order of
environmental priority to prepare for
remediation.
Project Activities
Training to Assess Leaks in Under-
gound Storage Tanks
In May 1995, EPA provided training to techni-
cal representatives from various provincial and
local governments, industry, private environ-
mental consulting firms, as well as representa-
tives from the Czech Republic. The objective of
the training was to present methods in assess-
ing whether underground storage tanks at
gasoline stations are leaking and in determin-
ing the magnitude and extent of the leaks.
In the classroom, EPA provided a framework
for conducting site assessments. In order to
reinforce classroom presentations and to give
opportunities to practice what was learned, the
participants also conducted an actual field
assessment of a gasoline station. The field
assessment included sampling of soil, soil gas,
groundwater, and surface water. A semi-
quantitative field analytical method was used
so that data would be readily available for
review. The students were then able to use this
"real time" data to develop their own conclu-
sions.
The use of an actual assessment reinforced
classroom discussions and exercises demon-
strated some of the logistical difficulties that
always arise in field work, and challenged
preconceptions of the class. For example, many
participants thought it would be highly unlike-
ly for the tanks or piping at the gasoline station
to be leaking since the station was only 15 years
old and well maintained. These perceptions
changed after the participants found contami-
nated soil and groundwater during the assess-
ment.
Inventory and Prioritization:
Creating Tools for Decision-Making
During the second phase of the project, EPA's
main role was as facilitator leading discussions
among Polish experts on identifying sites,
collecting site information, and prioritizing
actions. On the basis of these discussions, the
project team developed a process to gather and
verify this information, then developed a
computer database and a method to prioritize
the sites.
16
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A Decade of EPA-Polish Cooperation
Waste Management
To manage all of the data collected, the
project team developed a flexible computer
database system to be used as a decision-
making tool which could contain scanned
maps as well as detailed facility information.
In a workshop held in Katowice in 1997, EPA
facilitated discussions to determine the
parameters to use to prioritize the sites. By
selecting certain attributes and deciding
how these attributes should be considered,
the project team was able to develop an
algorithm which ranked the gasoline stations
in the database relative to their potential for
leaking.
Reconnaissance and Assessment
By the fall of 1998, the project team began
conducting reconnaissance visits at 12
gasoline stations in the Katowice Voivodship.
As a result of the reconnaissance visits, the
project team updated the information in the
database and re-ranked the sites. One site
was selected from the re-ranked list and a
full environmental site assessment was
conducted in November 1998.
Contacts
Poland
Wojciech Stawiany
Center for Environmental Survey and Control
ul. 8 Owocowa 8
40-158 Katowice, Poland
Tel: (48-32) 599-616
Fax: (48-32) 597-030
United States
Cheryl Atkinson
U.S. EPA
1650 Arch Street (3EDOO)
Philadelphia, PA 19103 USA
Tel: (215) 814-3392
Fax:(215)814-5718
atkinson.cheryl@epa.gov
Joel Hennessy
U.S. EPA
1650 Arch Street (3WC11)
Philadelphia, PA 19103 USA
Tel. (215)814-3390
Fax (215) 814-3113
hennessy.joel@epa.gov
Key Results
In December 1998, the
project team held a final
workshop and project
closeout seminar in
Katowice to present the
computer database and
ranking system along
with the results of the
reconnaissance visits
and site assessment.
The workshop high-
lighted the need for the
control of surface
spillage at every
gasoline station, as well
as the need for ground-
water monitoring to act
as a leak detection
mechanism at older
stations.
The Voivodship
Inspectorate now has a
computerized data-base
system to use as a tool
for the continuation of
assessments at gaso-
line stations.
\
17
-------
Waste Management
Promoting a Sustainable Future:
Project Overview
Stimulating the safe
redevelopment of
environmentally
compromised proper-
ties --which are
commonly are referred
to as Brownfields-- is a
significant concern to
the local officials.
Due to the high
population density
and past and present
industrial activities,
the remaining "green
fields" - or open
space tracts -- are
limited and, therefore,
highly valued. There
are many tracts of land
which have been
impacted by past
industrial practices
that are not being
adequately utilized.
These abandoned or
under-utilized proper-
ties often have
existing or near-by
infrastructure (i.e.,
roads, railroad tracks
and utilities) making
these properties, but
for environmental
concerns, prime
candidates for
redevelopment.
Brownfields
Redevelopment Project
EPA and its Polish partners conducted a
pilot study to evaluate the safe conversion
of a property formerly used for zinc
smelting and the manufacture of metallic
oxides to productive future use as an
industrial park. The former Warynski
smelter property is situated in Katowice
Voivodship, located in the Upper Silesia
Region in southern Poland. Emphasis was
placed on utilizing this pilot project to
begin to establish uniform processes for
assessing environmental risk which could
be replicated at other properties in the
future.
The Warynski Smelter property encom-
passes approximately 60 hectares located
in the gmina (city) of Piekary Slaskie.
Smelting and other operations related to
mineral ore processes were conducted on
the property from 1927 - 1990. The owner
of the Warynski site, Orzel Bialy, has
decommissioned and dismantled the
smelter and other buildings to ground
level. The site is no longer in use by the
company. The entire property is covered
with a thick layer of mining wastes which
looks like soil, but it is rich in heavy
metals (cadmium, lead and zinc) and is
more acidic than natural soil. The proper-
ty is sparsely vegetated because the waste
material is toxic to most plants.
Current Polish law requires that industrial
users return a property to "natural bal-
ance" when they are finished with a
property. However, the "natural balance"
standard is undefined and difficult to
enforce as the state formerly owned most
of the polluting industries. It is generally
understood that the respective gmina
makes a case-by-case determination as to
whether or not a property has been
returned to natural balance, releasing the
former user of further restoration respon-
sibilities.
Piekary Slaskie officials were interested in
acquiring or facilitating the legal transfer of the
property provided that it is safe for prospective
users. They believe that the community would
benefit if the property were converted into one
or more of several uses, in order of priority:
industrial park; recreational; retail outlets or
shopping center; and/or a solid waste landfill.
Piekary Slaskie officials determined that their
highest priority was to move existing mini-
industries out of residential areas. It was their
strong desire to locate both existing and newly
formed mini-industries to an industrial park to
be created on the former Warynski property.
Public park lands and athletic fields are also a
priority in the region.
The project team, led by the Institute of Ecolo-
gy of Industrial Areas (IETU), included the
Orzel Bialy Mining and Metallurgical Works
(current owner), the Piekary Slaskie gmina
(responsible for land use planning) and EPA.
EPA provided technical assistance to the IETU
team throughout the project. IETU utilized
Polish technical contractors to perform select
activities. Additional funding was provided by
the Katowice Voivodship Fund for Environmen-
tal Protection and Water Management.
Key Objectives
Assess the health risks to industrial workers,
recreational users and construction workers,
associated with the redevelopment of the
property
Identify cost-effective construction methods
to allow safe reuse of the property
Project Activities
Assessing Risk
With the current owner no longer using the
property and the gmina interested in putting
the property back into productive use, a risk
assessment was conducted to determine
whether prospective users would be subjected
to increased health risks if no special construc-
tion methods were employed to address the
18
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A Decade of EPA- Polish Cooperation
Waste Management
mining wastes. IETU toxicologists per-
formed the human health risk assessment
utilizing standard EPA methods which were
provided during a 1995 risk assessment
training in Katowice.
Planning for Redevelopment
According to current plans, the property
would be subdivided into parcels suitable for
small businesses. Construction activities
would include installation of subsurface
utilities (i.e., water, sewer, electric) in "clean
trenches" leading to each parcel. The clean
trenches would allow future maintenance
activities to be performed without risk to
workers. The land surface in the vicinity of
each business would be capped with con-
crete to reduce potential exposure to indus-
trial workers and their customers. The
concrete would provide a durable wear
surface which is suitable for light industrial
traffic. The surrounding areas would be
revegetated to cover exposed waste material
and reduce resuspension of metal dust. The
revegetation component of the project would
utilize soil conditioning and pH adjustment
techniques developed in the biosolids project
described previously. Institutional controls
would need to be placed on the redeveloped
property to ensure that prospective land
users are aware of the subsurface contamina-
tion and that the integrity of the concrete cap
is maintained.
Contacts
Poland
Rafal Kucharski
Institute for Ecology of Industrial Areas (IETU)
6 Kossutha Street
40-833 Katowice, Poland
Tel: (48-32) 254-6031, ext. 296
Fax: (48-32)254-1717
sas@letu.katowice.pl
Eleonora Weislo
Institute for Ecology of Industrial Areas (IETU)
6 Kossutha Street
40-833 Katowice, Poland
Tel: (48-32) 254-0029
Fax: (48-32) 254-1717
wci@ietu. katowice. pi
United States
Eric Newman
U.S. EPA
1650 Arch Street (3HS23)
Philadelphia, PA 19103 USA
Tel: (215)814-3237
Fax:(215)814-3002
newman.eric@epa.gov
Dawn loven
U.S. EPA
1650 Arch Street (3HS41)
Philadelphia, PA 19103 USA
Tel: (215)814-3320
Fax:(215)814-3015
ioven.dawn@epa.gov
Key Results
Risk assessment and
environmental data were
collected for future use
in the redevelopment of
the Warynski site.
The future land use for
the Warynski property
has been determined to
be most suitable for an
industrial park.
Brownfields
redevelopment
techniques were
developed which can
now be replicated at
other sites in the
Voivodship and
elsewhere in Poland.
19
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Policy Demonstrations
Promoting a Sustainable Future:
Project Overview
The large number of
abandoned and
underutilized indus-
trial sites throughout
Poland require the
development of
policies, strategies
and programs which
will encourage the
redevelopment of
those sites. In order
to develop workable
policies and programs,
officials need to have
a common under-
standing of the
current situation in
order to move
forward. The
Brownfields Policy
Development Project
brings stakeholders
together in the
Katowice region to
address the
brownfields issues
using their knowledge
and experience to
show that brownfields
do not need to be
percieved as a
problem but, rather a
hidden resource with
a great potential to
enhance economic
renewal.
Brownfields
Policy Project
EPA and the Slaskie (Katowice) Voivodship
have been involved in a variety of land
recycling and redevelopment (brownfields)
activities. Initially, EPA provided support
for several seminars to be conducted by
the United States Environmental Training
Institute (USETI) providing an introduc-
tion to the basic concepts involved in
brownfields redevelopment. EPA also
worked cooperatively with the Institute for
Ecology of Industrial Areas (IETU), the
city of Piekary Slaskie, and officials from
Orzel Bialy smelter to redevelop a pilot
brownfield site as described previously.
While the conduct of the pilot project had
significant merits in demonstrating the
usefulness of following a step-by-step
program for the development of a particu-
lar brownfield site, it did not address the
broader issues of policy development and
program development and implementation
on a Voivodship-wide basis. Based on
discussions between EPA and the Institute
for Ecology of Industrial Areas in Katow-
ice (IETU), it was determined that a
Steering Committee should be established
in order to determine the future of brown-
fields redevelopment on a regional basis.
Working with the Slaskie Voivodship
Marshals Office and the Pennsylvania
Department of Environmental Protection,
an initial group of regional and local
officials, city and urban planners, as well
as academicians with an interest and/or
knowledge of brownfields issues was
assembled.
Key Objectives
Determine what benefits and barriers
exist to the development of brownfields in
the Katowice region
Determine what measures need to be
taken at the national, regional and local
level to overcome the identified barriers
Determine the relevant stakeholders at the
national, regional and local level
Use the information and data gathered from
the process to develop a brownfields policy for
the region
Use the policy to develop and implement
brownfields programs and initiatives.
Project Activities
Initial Meeting of Steering Commitee
The inaugural meeting of the "High Level
Steering Committee for the Establishment of a
Brownfields Program in the Slaskie Voivodship"
was held in May 1999. At that meeting, the
Steering Commitee determined the major
impediments to brownfields redevelopment
and prioritized them in basic categories. Each
category was then assigned to a sub-committee
for exploration. The chairs of the subcommit-
tees agreed to report their findings at the
second meeting.
Four Committees Created
The steering committee established six areas of
concern and grouped them into four research
committees. The charge to the committees was
to detail the specific barriers to brownfields
redevelopment within the topic assigned to the
committee, identify possible solutions, and
make recommendations for further actions.
Second Meeting of Steering Committee
The second meeting of the Steering Commitee
was held in December 1999. Each committee
gave a short oral presentation of their written
reports. The reports detailed and expanded on
the barriers to brownfields redevelopment; how
to overcome those barriers; how to create
incentives for brownfields development; and,
how to set appropriate clean-up standards that
would facilitate redevelopment while protect-
ing human health and the environment.
Among the key themes identified for further
discussion were the regional role vis-a-vis
20
-------
A Decade of EPA- Polish Cooperation
Policy Demonstrations
brownfields policy and program develop-
ment; the role of local authorities; resource
allocation for the implementation of policies
and programs; the necessity to develop an
inventory of possible brownfields sites; and
site prioritization.
Coordination with the Slaskie Parliament
The Steering Commitee determined that it
was necessary to coordinate with the local
Parliament regarding the development of
brownfields policy. An effort to formalize
the Steering Committee within the structure
of the Voivodship and the local Parliament
was undertaken.
Contacts
Poland
Iza Ratman-Klosinska
Institute for Ecology of Industrial Areas (IETU)
6 Kossutha Street
40-833 Katowice, Poland
Tel: (48-32) 254-6031, ext. 269
Fax: (48-32) 254-1717
rat@ietu.katowice.pl
United States
Franceses Di Cosmo
U.S. EPA
1650 Arch Street (3DAOO)
Philadelphia, PA 19103 USA
Tel: (215)814-5549
Fax: (215)814-2901
dicosmo.francesca@epa.gov
Key Results
The Brownfields
Steering Committee
within the Voivodship
structure has been
formally established.
Preliminary research
has been completed on
the barriers and benefits
of brownfields redevel-
opment.
The brownfields
strategy identification
process has begun to
be developed.
Further development
of roles and responsibil-
ities both inside and
outside of the Steering
Committee has been
accomplished.
A distribution system
of reports and informa-
tion to key decision-
makers has been
developed.
The roles of funding
organizations including
the National Fund,
Voivodship Fund,
EcoFund, and State
Treasury Fund have
been expanded.
21
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Policy Demonstrations
Promoting a Sustainable Future:
Project Overview
The Local Environmen-
tal Action Plan (LEAP)
Pilot Project in Poland
began in 1994 to
demonstrate concrete
examples and new
approaches to local
environmental man-
agement and sustain-
able economic
development. The
demonstration
communities of Radom
and Elk revealed how
local governments and
citizen-based commit-
tees can work to-
gether to implement
low-cost solutions to
solve pressing local
environmental issues
by setting environ-
mental priorities,
educating and involv-
ing the public, and
developing local
environmental action
plans. In addition to
EPA funding, this
project also received
financial support from
the Charles Stewart
Mott Foundation and
the German Marshall
Fund.
Local Environmental
Action Program (LEAP):
Pilot Phase
Beginning in the early 1990s, Poland
adopted new laws that increased local
governments' responsibilities to manage
environmental problems and stimulate
local economic development. Over the last
ten years, Polish communities have made
significant environmental improvements.
However, the environmental and economic
issues facing Polish communities have
been so vast, that there has been a grow-
ing need for a system that helps target
limited financial resources toward the
most urgent environmental problems.
Working with the U.S.-based Institute for
Sustainable Communities (ISC) and its
Polish partner, the Institute for Sustainable
Development (ISD), two pilot communities
in Poland created Local Environmental
Action Plans (LEAPs) to prioritize their
problems. LEAPs rank environmental
problems, identify cost-effective strategies
for environmental protection, and involve
the public in important community
decisions.
Radom and Elk, the two pilot communi-
ties, offer a model for setting environmen-
tal priorities, developing a plan of action
for solving these problems, getting the
community involved in the process, and
successfully implementing solutions.
Key Objectives
Identify and rank local environmental
problems according to relative risks to
human health, ecological systems, and
quality of lif e
Develop a Local Environmental Action
Plan (LEAP) that identifies specific
strategies for reducing the most severe
environmental risks and implement the
most cost-effective strategies
Promote public awareness and understand-
ing of environmental issues to increase public
support for environmental investments
Strengthen the capacity of local and regional
government to manage and implement envi-
ronmental programs
Disseminate and replicate the skills and
experience gained in the demonstration
communities to a broader number of Polish
municipalities.
Project Activities
Establishing Environmental Priorities
In September 1995, the Radom Project Commit-
tee identified depletion of the deep groundwa-
ter aquifer and air pollution from transporta-
tion sources as the two top priority problems
facing the community. The Elk Project Com-
mittee identified pollution of Lake Elk and air
pollution from low-level emission sources as
the top two priorities in October 1995.
Creating Local Environmental
Action Plans and Implementation Plans
Local project committees prepared LEAPs that
identified a range of strategies for solving the
top priority problems in each community. The
Radom and Elk City Councils approved these
plans in March 1997.
Soliciting Public Involvement
Project committee members set environmental
priorities and developed appropriate solutions
to these problems and initiated numerous
public outreach activities to involve the greater
community. The Radom project committee
hosted a tree planting activity for Earth Day
1996 which involved 2,000 residents, while in
Elk, the project committee sponsored a series
of "family bicycle days" to tour the recently
developed bicycle route.
22
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A Decade of EPA-Polish Cooperation
Policy Demonstrations
Implementing Water Conservation
Programs
The Radom Regional Environmental Education
Center implemented a comprehensive water
conservation education program through the
city. After the pilot program has been complet-
ed, the municipality plans to expand the
program to the rest of the city based upon a
careful evaluation of the pilot stage.
Constructing a Purification System
The municipality of Elk recently completed
construction of a purification system for storm
waters entering Lake Elk. The system will
remove crude oil derivatives from 60% of the
storm waters flowing in Elk.
Disseminating Results
ISC and ISO representatives participated in
numerous forums promoting the project,
including a presentation at the Environmental
Action Program (EAP) Task Force in Warsaw in
February 1996. ISD published five issues of the
newsletter, Rad-Elku Bulletin, providing project
updates to 200 interested communities and
observers. Copies of the project's final report
were distributed to 250 municipalities.
Contacts
Poland
Andrzej Kassenberg
Institute for Sustainable Development
ul. Lowicka 31
02502 Warsaw, Poland
Tel: (48-22) 646-0510
Fax: (48-22) 646-0174
ine@ikp.atm.com.pl
Jerzy Borycki
Radom Technical University
Chrobrego 27
26-600 Radom, Poland
Tel: (48-48) 341-509
borycki@kivx.man.radom.pl
Slawomir Chilicki
Municipality of Elk
ul. Marszalka J. Pilsudskiego 4
19-300 Elk, Poland
Tel: (48-87) 1Q-37-14
slawomir-chilicki@elknet.pl
United States
Paul Markowitz
Institute for Sustainable Communities
56 College Street
Montpelier, VT 05602 USA
Tel: (802) 229-2900
Fax:(802)229-2919
pm@iscvt.org
Key Results
The municipality of
Radom, with
assistance from an
ISC/EPA grant,
completed
installation of water
saving equipment in
a total of 1800
residences.
The community
surrounding Lake Elk
is moving closer to
making Elk a
sustainable city.
Projects have
begun to be
replicated in other
communities with
similar issues.
The LEAP
methodology and
U.S. experiences on
local environmental
management was
transferred
successfully to
Poland.
Polish experts
gained an enhanced
knowledge of
comparative risk
analysis
methodology, as well
as techniques for
enhancing public
participation.
23
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Policy Demonstrations
Promoting a Sustainable Future:
Project Overview
The replication phase
of the Local Environ-
mental Action Program
(LEAP) in Poland was
designed to promote
the broadest possible
dissemination of LEAPs
to municiplities
throughout the
country. The main
goals of the LEAP
replication phase were
to reduce implementa-
tion costs (by eliminat-
ing much of the direct
involvement of U.S.
experts), and to revise
the LEAP methodology
to reflect Polish
conditions. This was
accomplished by
working in several
Polish municipalities
facing different
environmental chal-
lenges, which were
selected through a
national competition.
Local Environmental
Action Program (LEAP):
Replication Phase
Based on the success of the pilot phase
of the Local Environmental Action
Program (LEAP) in Radom and Elk, EPA
became convinced that the LEAP frame-
work could make a useful contribution to
sustainable development planning in
Poland. However, it was clear that wide-
spread dissemination could not happen
without first adapting the U.S.-developed
methodology to reflect conditions in
Poland. In addition, it was necessary to
reduce the significant implementation
costs which generally would be beyond
the reach of most Polish municipalities.
In an effort to accomplish these dual
objectives, EPA entered into a cooperative
agreement with the Polish National Fund
for Environmental Protection and Water
Management (the National Fund), which
agreed to serve as the Polish national
coordinator for the LEAP replication
effort. Using funding from EPA, the
National Fund sponsored an open tender
for a Polish team to manage the LEAP
replication phase. The tender was won by
a consortium consisting of the National
Foundation for Environmental Protection
and COWI-Polska. The management team
held an open competition to select several
Polish communities to participate in the
LEAP replication program.
Key Objectives
Encourage replication of the LEAP
methodology throughout Poland
Facilitate adaptation of LEAP method-
ology to reflect Polish conditions
Decrease implementation costs and
increase dissemination of LEAP approach.
Project Activities
As a result of a national competition, the
communities of Starogard Gdanski and Chelm
were selected to undergo a complete LEAP
process assisted by the Polish management
team. In addition, the communities of Tczew
and the powiat (municipal association) of
Aleksandrow Kujawski were selected to
undergo an abbreviated LEAP process. This
decision was intended to meet the particular
needs of these communities, while providing a
unique opportunity to make the LEAP method-
ology as flexible as possible for communities
unable to devote the time and resources to the
full 18-month process.
Detailed Environmental Action Plans Based
on Community Input and Priorities
With active support from the Polish project
management team, each participating commu-
nity produced a detailed action plan to address
local environmental priorities based on a
participatory and transparent process.
Increased Attention to Benefit-Cost
Analysis
The Polish LEAP replication process focused to
a greater extent on assisting community
experts to determine appropriate environmen-
tal actions based on an assessment of relative
benefits and costs. This aspect of environmen-
tal decision-making had not been addressed as
directly in previous iterations of LEAP. In fact,
a simple, user-friendly model was developed
within the framework of the project to assist
community decision-makers in conducting
simple benefit-cost analyses.
4
Training Course for Regional Officials
Another product developed within the LEAP
replication project was an intensive, three-day
course for regional officials designed to famil-
iarize them with the components of the LEAP
process. The initial training was provided for
approximately fifty officials from the Lublin
and Kielce regions of Poland in November 1999.
Based on the success of this training, the
24
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A Decade of EPA- Polish Cooperation
Policy Demonstrations
materials currently are being translated into
English so that they can be made available to
LEAP practitioners in other countries, particu-
larly in Central and Eastern Europe.
Innovative Information Campaign
to Disseminate LEAP
After the conclusion of the LEAP process in the
selected communities, and with the assistance
of the National Fund, the Polish project man-
agement team printed a LEAP brochure, a
detailed LEAP Guide, and recorded compact
disks (CDs) describing the LEAP process. The
team also made several speeches on public
radio and published articles in newspapers and
magazines. The brochure and CD is being
mailed to communities, powiats and regional
authorities. Additional information on LEAP
activities in Poland also is available on their
website: www.las.info.pl
Contacts
Poland:
Ryszard Jacek Rogowski
National Fund for Environmental Protection
and Water Management
Konstruktorska 3A
02-673 Warsaw, Poland
Tel: (48-22) 849-0079
Fax: (48-22) 849-2098
rjr@nfosigw.gov.pl
Tomasz Podgajniak
Beata Wiszniewska
National Foundation for Environmental
Protection
Krzywickiego 9
02-078 Warsaw, Poland
Tel: (48-22) 8,25-1428
Fax: (48-22) 825-2127
nfos@warman.com.pl
Key Results:
The LEAP
methodology was
successfully adapted to
Polish conditions with
little outside
involvement.
A variety of Polish
communitites had an
opportunity to utilize the
LEAP process to make
decisions on
environmental issues
with broad public
participation.
An active media
campaign and training
for local officials has
created an increased
demand for LEAPs in all
parts of Poland.
United States:
Anna Phillips
U.S. EPA
1300 Pennsylvania Avenue N.W. (2650R)
Washington, DC 20460 USA
Tel: (202) 564-6419
Fax:(202)565-2412
phillips.anna@epa.gov
National
Foundation for
Environmental
Protection
25
-------
Policy Demonstrations
Promoting a Sustainable Future:
Project Overview
A negotiated compli-
ance program sched-
ules the completion of
various environmental
improvements that will
achieve full environ-
mental compliance
with the law at an
individual facility. The
goal of the EPA
compliance project
was to increase the
role of local govern-
ment in the implemen-
tation of national and
regional environmental
policy in Poland.
Under the proposed
use of compliance
periods, local govern-
ment can actively
participate in the
process of formulating
the content of envi-
ronmental commit-
ments of facilities that
affect the environment
in their area. This
allows the opinion of
the local community
to be taken into
account and will
increase public
participation in the
decision-making
process.
Enforcement and
Compliance Project
The goal of this project was to provide a
legal basis for the negotiation of compliance
agreements between Polish inspectors and
industrial facilities, in order to improve
environmental performance and compli-
ance with regulations. Previously, Polish
inspectors would assess fines for non-
compliance, and industry would either not
pay, or pay without making the necessary
changes to processes which created the
pollution. With a negotiated compliance
agreement in place, government inspectors
agree to a phased-in approach to pollution
reduction in exchange for the commitment
of the regulated industry to make the
necessary technical and financial invest-
ments. This results in significant environ-
mental improvement over the medium and
long-term. EPAs primary partner for this
project was the Polish State Inspectorate for
Environmental Protection (GIOS).
Key Objectives
Evaluate different compliance models for
application in Poland
Develop proposals for changes to the
current enforcement framework
Introduce the practice of specifying
compliance periods as a part of the issuing
of environmental permits
Develop a training course to enhance the
negotiation skills of all stakeholders as a
means for developing and implementing
compliance schedules in the future
Project Activities
Proposing New Solutions to the
Current Enforcement Framework
Teams were formed both in Poland and in the
United States to study and evaluate different
compliance models. During the first phase of
the project, the U.S. and Polish teams con-
ducted a series of information exchanges and
study tours which resulted in the submission
of a program of solutions and changes to the
current enforcement framework in Poland.
Once the Polish team developed a working
proposal, there was a considerable effort to
meet with various stakeholders in the Polish
environmental community to understand
their concerns and needs as it related to the
proposal. It was recognized that for this new
mechanism to become a part of the Polish
environmental compliance program, legisla-
tive changes were necessary and would need
to be incorporated into the government's
European Union harmonization efforts. The
centerpiece for this harmonization effort is
the new draft environmental framework law
for Poland in which the compliance programs
concept has been incorporated.
Addressing Negotiation Issues
Concerns were raised by stakeholders relat-
ing to the components of a negotiated compli-
ance agreement. In response, the Polish team
contracted with the law department of a
Polish university to research these issues. In
addition, EPA wrote and presented papers on
U.S. practices to provide possible models.
Testing of Compliance Program Concept
The goal of the second phase of the project
was to introduce the practice of specifying
compliance periods as a part of the issuing of
environmental permits. Four facilities were
identified by the Polish State Inspectorate as
demonstration sites:
Hutu Cynku "Miasteczko Slaskie"
(Katowice)
Huta "Czestochowa" (Czestochowa)
Petrochemia Flock SA (Plock)
26
-------
A Decade of EPA-Polish Cooperation
Policy Demonstrations
Zaklady Szotowe "Kedzierzyn" SA
(Opole)
Each of the firms are included on the "List of
80" worst polluters in Poland. By participat-
ing in the test negotiations, the facilities, if
successful, were given conditional removal
from the "List of 80".
Conducting Negotiations Training
EPA was asked by its Polish partners to
develop a negotiation course tailored to the
compliance process. A three-day compliance
negotiations training course was conducted
in June 1997 for all participants in the four
pilot negotiation projects and other inspec-
torate officials. The course focused on the
basic principles of negotiations, helped the
participants build skills in two-party and
multi-party negotiations, and presented a
framework which the stakeholders could
actually use during the demonstration
project negotiations. For the purposes of the
demonstration project, the course was
delivered as a workshop. In September 1999,
the course was again presented to other
individuals who may be involved in further
pilot negotiations. A cadre of in-country
facilitators was trained so that the course
could be delivered on a continuous basis.
Contacts
Poland
Andrzej Miloszewski
Inspectorate for Environmental Protection (GIOS)
Ministry of Environment
52/54 Wawelska Street
00-922 Warsaw, Poland
Tel: (48-22)825-1524
Zbigniew Kamienski
Dept. of Environmental Protection
Ministry of the Environment
52/54 Wawelska Street
00-922 Warsaw, Poland
Tel: (48-22)825-8473
zbigkam@mos.gov.pl
United States
Thomas Maslany
U.S. EPA
1650 Arch Street (3WPOO)
Philadelphia, PA 19103 USA
Tel: (215)814-2050
Fax: (215)814-2301
maslany.tnomas@epa.gov
Key Results
The negotiation
process encouraged
facilities, regulators, and
local communities to
view the development of
a compliance program
as a collective task that
focused on solving
environmental problems
in a way that best meets
each of their respective
needs.
The training and
participation in the
negotiation process has
improved the skills of
facility management in
other business areas.
Polish experts agreed
that the law needs to be
amended to formally
recognize this process
and provide greater
flexibility for the
negotiators.
The team agreed that
additional economic
incentives and
accountability
mechanisms to promote
responsible enterprise
behavior should be
considered.
The team also agreed
that the program can be
expanded to include
facilities which are
included on the "list of
80" but are exeriencing
compliance problems.
27
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Education and Training
Promoting a Sustainable Future:
Project Overview
With EPA support
and working with
local non- govern-
mental organiza-
tions (NGOs),
universities, and
government
agencies, the
Institute for
Sustainable
Communities (ISC)
helped establish
the Environmental
Management
Training Center
(EMTC) in Poland.
The EMTC's goal is
to improve environ-
mental management
capacity through
training, informa-
tion dissemination,
and networking
activities. The EMTC
project was an
integral part of the
EPA's environmental
and institutional
strengthening
assistance activities
in Poland.
Environmental Management
Training Center (EMTC) Project
The idea for EMTCs evolved after discussions
with governmental officials and knowledge-
able NGOs in various countries in Central and
Eastern Europe (CEE). These discussions
revealed that the successful integration of
environmental protection activities into
processes of economic restructuring and
revitalization required the establishment of
effective environmental management training
organizations and adequately trained staff to
manage and operate them.
Key Objectives
Increase the governmental, insititutional,
and public capacity for effective environmen-
tal decision making and management in
Poland
Improve the skills and knowledge of a wide
range of Polish professionals working with
national, regional, and local governments,
industry, NGOs, universities and others in the
environmental field
Improve communication and information
dissemination as well as establish collaborative
relationships among various governmental
agencies, local organizations and professionals
working in the field of environment
Create a corps of Polish trainers able to
design and deliver appropriate courses in the
field of environmental policy and management
Create a sustainable institution able to
coordinate the delivery of trainings
Project Activities
Training Courses
A two-step "train-the-trainer" approach was
used at the Polish EMTC. EPA staff trained
local facilitators who, in turn, adapted and
delivered courses. Course materials included
a number of environmental management
topics. EPA facilatators conducted the first
delivery of a course to local trainers. The
local trainers then worked with the the EPA
facilitators in order to prepare to deliver the
courses on their own. Ultimately, local
trainers took over course delivery entirely.
With each course delivery, the materials were
adapted to use greater amounts of local data
and case studies.
The courses included:
Environmental Compliance and
Enforcement
Environmental Impact Assessment
Risk Assessment
Hazardous Waste Site Ranking
Environmental Economics
Environmental Policy
Environmental Auditing
Chemical Preparedness and Prevention
Public Outreach
Financing Environmental Investments
Contract Management
Community Environmental Action
Planning
.:
Solid Waste Management Planning
Environmental Impact Assessment II
(Polish-designed course)
Training of Trainers (facilitation skills)
Fundraising for NGOs
28
-------
A Decade of EPA- Polish Cooperation
Education and Training
EMTC Network
In addition to the Polish EMTC, ISC has also
helped to establish EMTCs in Hungary,
Bulgaria, Russia and Ukraine with EPA sup-
port. To further support the EMTCs in all
countries and to build capacity for shared
fundraising projects, an EMTC Network based
at the Regional Environmental Center (REC) in
Hungary was established. This network
provided the EMTCs with a newsletter, elec-
tronic bulletin board, and conferences to
facilitate communication and share successes
and concerns. Affiliation with the REC also
facilitated the EMTCs' access to European and
other funding sources.
Contacts
Poland
Zbigniew Naklicki
Environmental Management Training Center
ul. Zwirki i Wigury 93
02-089 Warsaw, Poland
Tel: (48-22) 658-38-19
Fax: (48-22)658-38-90
emtc@free.ngo.pl
United States
Jill Arace
Institute for Sustainable Communities
56 College Street
Montpelier, VT 05602 USA
Tel: (802)229-2900
Fax: (802)229-2919
jarace@iscvt.org
Key Results
An independent
center was estab-
lished to deliver on-
going trainings that is
self-sustaining
through contracts,
fees, and diversifica-
tion of donors.
EPA modules were
adapted and deliv-
ered on a variety of
environmental
management topics.
Building the
capacity of Polish
facilitators allowed
these trainers to
continue to deliver
trainings without
outside assistance.
A total of 131
trainings on 16 topics
were delivered to
2,817 participants
from government
agencies, universi-
ties, industries,
private enterprises
and NGOs through
mid-1998.
-------
Education and Training
Promoting a Sustainable Future:
Project Overview
In April 1994, with
support from EPA,
the Institute for
Sustainable
Communitites (ISC)
began a pilot
project to assist in
the development of
community- based
environmental
education curricu-
lum for middle
schools and teacher
training colleges in
Poland. The project
was named "Krag",
symbolizing a group
of people with
linked arms singing
around a traditional
Polish campfire. ISC
worked in partner-
ship with the
Regional Center for
Environmental
Education (RCEE) in
Plock to assist
Polish communities
and schools in
developing commu-
nity- based environ-
mental education
materials for grades
4-8.
Krag Environmental
Education Project
The Institute for Sustainable Communities
(ISC) uses a community-based approach to
education which bridges school-based
learning and real life community issues. It is
designed to prepare young people and their
teachers to understand the complex relation-
ships among the environment, society and
economy, and to develop their skills to make
scientifically grounded and socially respon-
sible decisions about their future.
The Krag Environmental Education Project
introduced interactive, community-based
education methods to teachers and teacher
trainers in Poland through a pilot project in
the Voivodship of Plock. The middle school
environmental education curricula devel-
oped and the courses adopted by the teacher
training college in Plock were replicated in
150 communities throughout Poland. The
Krag project continues to support replication
activities and has helped secure government
funding for community- based environmen-
tal education throughout Poland.
Key Objectives
Demonstrate specific environmental
education activities to Polish teachers
including practical, hands-on approaches to
learning and teaching
Assist the Plock RCEE in working with
schools to develop and implement communi-
ty- based environmental education curricula
for grades 4-8
Assist in the development of an on-going,
self-sustaining network of teachers and non-
governmental organizations to support the
advancement of environmental education
Share program results widely to stimulate
the establishment of new community- based
environmental education projects in Poland
by replicating the project and by preparing
Polish teachers to be workshop trainers
Provide organizational and technical support
to schools as they develop and implement an
environmental education program
Strengthen the institutional capacity of the
Plock RCEE to provide targeted environmental
education trainings to additional Voivodships in
Poland and to disseminate the lessons learned
in Plock to a national audience.
Project Activities
Teacher Training for Environmental
Eduation
During the first 18 months of Project Krag,
teachers, professors, governmental officials,
and representatives of NGOs and industry
participated in a series of four training work-
shops in community-based curriculum devel-
opment; hands-on teaching methodologies;
team building; and field-based environmental
education. Three new training manuals
consisting of high quality environmental
education materials were translated and
distributed at the workshops. The 50 partici-
pants, primarily educators, became enthusias-
tic leaders in promoting community- based
environmental education curricula and activi-
ties in their local communities.
Development of Curriculum Models
The curriculum developed for grades 4-8
provides a framework covering a wide array of
environmental issues. Communities can then
add their own data to meet local needs.
Building a Network of Environmental
Educators
While most participants were from the demon-
stration region, the Plock Voivodship, represen-
tatives from Gdansk, Olsztyn, Zamosc, Radom,
and Elk also attended the workshops. This
helped form a network of environmental
educators in Poland.
30
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A Decade of EPA- Polish Cooperation
Education and Training
Disseminating Information to
Environmental Educators
Phase I culminated in a Project Krag environ-
mental education conference in December
1995, which included the dissemination of the
high qualtiy project curriculum and newsletter
to a national audience of 100 participants.
Replicating Community-Based
Environmental Education
With the success of Phase I of the project, the
Polish National Fund for Environmental
Protection and the EPA funded Phase n in
1996-1997 so that the project could be adapted
in three new Polish regions: Suwalki, Sieradz,
and Skierniewice.
Contacts
Poland
Katarzyna Rogucka- Maciejowska
Plock Regional Center for Environmental
Education
Stary Rynek 20
09-400 Plock, Poland
Tel: (48-24) 268-3774
Fax: (48-24)268-377424
plorcee@plohp.plock.ids.edu.pl
Witold Lenart
Center for Environmental Studies
University of Warsaw
ul. Zwirki I Wigury 93
02- 089 Warsaw, Poland
Tel: (48-22) 820-0381, ext. 688
Fax: (48-22)826-1965
amagnusz@plearn.edu.pl
United States
Andrea Deri
Institute for Sustainable Communitites (ISC)
56 College Street
Montpelier, VT 05602 USA
Tel: (802) 229-2900
Fax: (802)229-2919
aderi@iscvt.org
Key Results
The RCEE devel-
oped a popular and
replicable teacher
training program in
Poland that has
targeted approximate-
ly 750 educators to
date.
The project partners
developed a high
quality curriculum and
education guide with
lesson plans in the
communities of Plock
Kutno, and Zychlin
written by Polish
educators.
The Project Krag
newletter provided
Polish educators with
a much-needed forum
for exchanging
information and
experiences related to
their environmental
education work.
With funds from the
GE Fund, ISC helped
the project publish the
Guide to Community
Based Environmental
Education
The project led to
the creation of a
national network of
environmental
educators in Poland.
A national advisory
commitee was formed
to enhance credibility
and fundraising
possibilities.
The Plock RCEE
has become an
established, indepen-
dent association.
31
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Epilogue
The news headlines of 1989 which focused the attention of the world on the Central and
Eastern European struggle to improve environmental quality now seems a distant
memory. If new headlines were written today to capture the accomplishments that EPA
and its Polish partners have achieved together over the past decade, they might look
something like this:
WATER QUALITY IMPROVED FOR KRAKOW RESIDENTS
City Receives State-of-the-Art Disinfection and Analytical Equipment
AGRICULTURE RUNOFF IN POLAND REDUCED VIA INNOVATIVE
WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
World Bank, European Union Finance Replication of Approach Throughout Poland
LANDMARK COMPLIANCE AGREEMENTS
CONCLUDED WITH POLISH INDUSTRY
Pilot Facilities Gain Provisional Removal from Worst Polluters List
Of course, effective environmental protection is an ongoing process. So, in spite of the
successes described in the previous pages, there still is much to do in Poland and in the
United States to ensure that environmental quality is enhanced and maintained well
into the future.
Although financial support from the U.S. Agency for International Development
(USAID) will not be available in future years, EPA is confident that the strong relation-
ships that have been forged with our Polish partners over the past decade will continue,
albeit in a different form. As Poland continues to improve its environment-and as it
looks ahead to membership in the European Union and other Western structuresEPA
is ready to provide whatever support we can in order to share a bright, sustainable
future with our Polish colleagues and friends.
For further information on EPA programs in Poland, please visit the EPA website at
www.epa.gov/oia, or contact:
Anna Phillips
U.S. EPA
1300 Pennsylvania Avenue NW (2650R)
Washington, D.C. 20460 USA
Tel: (202) 564-6419
Fax: (202) 565-2412
phillips.anna@epa.gov
Francesca DiCosmo
U.S.EPA
1650 Arch Street (3DAOO)
Philadelphia, PA 19103 USA
Tel: (215) 814-5549
Fax: (215) 814-2901
dicosmo.francesca@epa.gov
32
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Penalty for Private Use
$300
Printed on recycled paper using at least 30%
post-consumer paper and soy-based ink.
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