United States Office of Environmental Information EPA 260-B-01-027
Environmental Protection Agency Washington, DC 20460 December 2001
EMERGENCY PLANNING AND
COMMUNITY RIGHT-TO-KNOW
ACT-SECTION 313:
Guidance for Reporting Releases and Other
Waste Management Quantities of Toxic
Chemicals: Lead and Lead Compounds
Section 313 of the Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act of 1986 (EPCRA)
requires certain facilities manufacturing, processing, or otherwise using listed toxic chemicals to report
the annual quantity of such chemicals entering each environmental medium. Such facilities must also
report pollution prevention and recycling data for such chemicals, pursuant to section 6607 of the
Pollution Prevention Act, 42 U.S.C. 13106.
CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION l-l
Section 1.1 Background 1-1
1.1.1 What is the Intent of this Document? 1-2
Section 1.2 Who Must Report? 1-3
Section 1.3 What Are the Reporting (Activity) Thresholds? 1-5
Section 1.4 What Other Changes to the EPCRA Section 313
Reporting Requirements Apply to Lead and the Lead
Compounds Category? 1-9
1.4.1 DeMinimis Exemption 1-9
1.4.2 Alternate Reporting Threshold (1 Million Pounds) and Form A
Certification Statement 1-10
1.4.3 Range Reporting 1-10
1.4.4 Data Precision 1-11
Section 1.5 Useful TRI Resources 1-11
CHAPTER 2 GUIDANCE FOR DETERMINING WHETHER REPORTING THRESHOLDS
ARE EXCEEDED AND REPORTING ENVIRONMENTAL RELEASES OF LEAD AND
LEAD COMPOUNDS 2-1
Section 2.1 General Guidance 2-1
2.1.1 Determining Whether the 100 Pound Reporting Thresholds
Have Been Exceeded 2-2
2.1.2 Exemptions 2-4
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CONTENTS (Continued)
Section 2.2 Guidance for Reporting Annual Environmental Releases and Other
Waste Management Quantities of Lead 2-8
CHAPTER 3 QUALIFICATION FOR STAINLESS STEEL, BRASS, AND BRONZE ALLOYS
THAT CONTAIN LEAD 3-1
Section 3.1 The Qualified Alloys: Stainless Steel, Brass, and Bronze Alloys
that Contain Lead 3-1
3.1.1 Definition of Stainless Steel Alloy 3-2
3.1.2 Definitions of Brass and Bronze 3-4
Section 3.2 Determining When Reporting of Releases and Other Waste
Management Quantities for the Qualified Alloys is Required 3-5
CHAPTER 4 SOURCES OF LEAD AND LEAD COMPOUNDS 4-1
Section 4.1 Physical and Chemical Nature of Lead and Lead Compounds .... 4-1
4.1.1 Organolead Compounds 4-1
4.1.2 Lead Oxides 4-9
4.1.3 Lead Sulfides 4-9
4.1.4 Lead Salts 4-9
Section 4.2 Overview of Production and Use 4-10
Section 4.3 Lead in Raw Materials 4-15
Section 4.4 Recovery, Recycle, and Reuse of Lead and Lead Compounds . . 4-17
Section 4.5 Combustion of Fuels Containing Lead 4-18
CHAPTER 5 RELEASE AND OTHER WASTE MANAGEMENT CALCULATIONS 5-1
Section 5.1 Lead and Lead Compound Air Emissions 5-1
Section 5.2 Lead in Wastewater 5-5
Section 5.3 Lead Solid Waste Calculations 5-7
CHAPTER 6 REFERENCES 6-1
APPENDIX A ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ON STAINLESS STEEL, BRASS, AND BRONZE ALLOYS
APPENDIX B SELECTED QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
APPENDIX C EMISSION FACTORS COMPILED FROM VARIOUS SOURCES
INDEX Index-1
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LIST OF TABLES
1-1 Industry and Process Sources of Lead and Lead Compounds 1-8
2-1 Potential Data Sources for Release and Other Waste Management Calculations . 2-12
3-1 UNS (CDA) Designations for Brass and Bronze Alloys 3-4
3 -2 UNS (CDA) Designation and Compositions of Some Brass and Bronze
Wrought Alloys 3-5
3-3 Threshold Scenarios and Options Involving Lead and the Qualified Alloys 3-6
4-1 Physical Properties of Lead 4-2
4-2 Physical Properties of the Principal Lead-Ore Compounds 4-3
4-3 Uses of Lead Alloys 4-3
4-4 Lead Compounds 4-5
4-5 Summary of TRI Reporting For Lead, 1998 4-13
4-6 Summary of TRI Reporting For Lead Compounds, 1998 4-14
4-7 Industries Expected to Increase The Number of EPCRA Section 313
Reports Filed For Lead and Lead Compounds for Reporting Year
2001 and Beyond 4-15
4-8 Typical Concentration of Lead In Raw Materials and Quantity
Required to Meet the 100 Pound Reporting Threshold 4-16
5-1 Sources of Lead Emissions 5-3
5-2 Industries With Effluent Limitations For Lead 5-6
5-3 Lead Concentration in Ash Combustion Residuals 5-8
LIST OF FIGURES
1-1 TRI Reporting Process 1-5
3-1 Reporting Thresholds and Requirements for Lead 3-3
4-1 Usage of Lead in the United States in 1999 4-12
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA's) Toxics Release Inventory (TRI)
Program was established by Congress under section 313 of the Emergency Planning and
Community Right-to-Know Act of 1986 (EPCRA), and expanded by the Pollution Prevention Act of
1990. It requires certain facilities in covered industry sectors to file reports of their environmental
releases and other waste management quantities of chemicals listed on the EPCRA section 313 list of
toxic chemicals if they manufacture, process, or otherwise use more than established threshold
quantities of these chemicals. The TRI Program is responsible for collecting the release and other
waste management information and disseminating it to the public. These data inform the public of
releases and other waste management quantities of toxic chemicals in their communities, and enable
citizens to make informed decisions regarding the consequences of such releases. The releases and
other waste management quantities of a listed chemical are filed by completing an EPCRA section 313
release report (Form R) and submitting it to the U.S. EPA, state, and tribal governments.
Lead and lead compounds were on the original EPCRA section 313 list of toxic chemicals. On
January 17, 2001, EPA published a rule that classified lead and lead compounds as PBT chemicals and
lowered the previously existing 25,000 pound and 10,000 pound reporting thresholds for lead and lead
compounds to 100 pounds1. Provided SIC code and employee criteria are met, facilities that
manufacture, process, or otherwise use more than 100 pounds of lead or any lead compound(s) must
now report to EPA and state/tribal governments their releases and other waste management quantities.
The lower reporting thresholds apply to lead and all lead compounds, except for lead contained in
stainless steel, brass, and bronze alloys. The new requirements apply to annual Form R reports to be
submitted by July 1, 2002, for the calendar year 2001, and July 1 of each year thereafter. The reason
for the lower reporting threshold is that lead and lead compounds are persistent, bioaccumulative, and
toxic (PBT) chemicals. The rule is part of the Agency's effort to expand the public's right to know
about release and other waste management quantities of toxic chemicals - particularly PBT chemicals -
in their communities. As a result of this rulemaking and reduced threshold, EPA anticipates many more
release reports (Form Rs) to be filed with EPA. Many of these additional reports will be filed by those
entities that previously did not file release reports for lead and lead compounds because they did not
meet the 25,000 pound and 10,000 pound thresholds.
EPA has developed this guidance document to assist regulated entities, particularly those that
are not familiar with completing and submitting EPCRA section 313 release reports, in complying with
this new regulation. This guidance document is intended to provide clear, easy to follow guidance on:
the specific details of this new regulation; what facilities must file release reports for lead and lead
compounds; what forms of lead are not affected by the new reporting requirements; and methods to
estimate releases of lead and lead compounds into the environment following manufacture, processing,
otherwise use, waste management or source reduction activities of lead and lead compounds.
'Lead and Lead Compounds; Lowering of Reporting Thresholds; Community Right-to-Know Toxic Chemical Release
Reporting; Final Rule. 66 Federal Register, 4499-4547 (January 17, 2001)
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DISCLAIMER
This guidance document is intended to assist industry with complying with EPCRA section 313
reporting requirements for lead and lead compounds. In addition to providing an overview of aspects
of the statutory and regulatory requirements of the EPCRA section 313 program, this document also
provides recommendations and emission factors to assist industry with EPCRA reporting. These
recommendations do not supersede any statutory or regulatory requirements, are subject to change,
and are not independently binding on either EPA or covered facilities. Additionally, if a conflict exists
between this guidance and the statutory or regulatory requirements, the conflict must be resolved in
favor of the statute or regulation. Although EPA encourages industry to consider these
recommendations and emission factors, in reviewing this document, industry should be aware that these
recommendations and emission factors were developed to address common circumstances at typical
facilities. The circumstances at a specific facility may significantly differ from those contemplated in the
development of this document. Thus, individual facilities may find that the recommendations and
emission factors provided in this document are inapplicable to their processes or circumstances, and
that alternative approaches or information are more accurate and/or more appropriate for meeting the
statutory and regulatory requirements of EPCRA section 313. To that end, industry should use readily
available facility-specific information and process knowledge, where available, to meet the requirements
of EPCRA section 313. EPCRA section 313 also provides that, in the absence of such readily
available data, a reporting facility may make reasonable estimates to meet those EPCRA section 313
requirements. Facilities are encouraged to contact the Agency with any additional or clarifying
questions about the recommendations and emission factors in this document, or if the facility believes
that EPA has incorrectly characterized a particular process or recommendation. Additional guidance
documents, including industry specific and chemical specific guidance documents, are also available at
the EPA TRI website: http://www.epa.gov/tri.
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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Section 1.1 Background
The Toxics Release Inventory (TRI) Program was established by Congress under section 313
of the Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act of 1986 (EPCRA) to increase the
public's knowledge of, and access to, information on the release and other waste management
quantities of toxic chemicals in their communities. The TRI was expanded in 1990 by the Pollution
Prevention Act (PPA). Section 313 of EPCRA and the PPA provides the public with information on
releases of toxic chemicals in their communities. This is achieved by requiring those facilities that
manufacture, process, or otherwise use such chemicals in quantities that exceed established thresholds
for these activities to report annually to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and state
and tribal governments, their environmental releases and other waste management quantities of these
substances. EPCRA section 313 mandates that EPA establish and maintain a publicly available
database consisting of the information reported under section 313. The TRI database includes
information on the following:
• What chemicals were released into the local environment during the preceding
year;
• How much of each chemical went into the air, water, and land in a particular year;
• How much of the chemicals were transported away from the reporting facility for
disposal, treatment, recycling, or energy recovery;
How chemical wastes were treated at the reporting facility;
• The efficiency of waste treatment; and
• Pollution prevention and chemical recycling activities.
The TRI database provides a comprehensive overview of toxic chemical pollution from facilities in the
United States.
For most listed chemicals, the threshold quantities for reporting releases and other waste
management quantities are: 25,000 pounds (for the total amount of a listed chemical manufactured or
processed annually) and 10,000 pounds (for the total amount of a listed chemical that is otherwise used
annually). Lower thresholds have recently been established2 for those chemicals that are persistent,
bioaccumulative, and toxic (PBT). PBT chemicals are of greater concern because not only are they
toxic, but also remain in the environment for long periods of time, are not readily destroyed, and build
up or accumulate within the food web. The reason for the lower reporting thresholds for PBT
chemicals is that under the 25,000 pound and 10,000 pound activity thresholds a significant amount of
the releases and other waste management quantities of listed PBT chemicals were not being reported.
Thus the public did not have important information about PBT chemicals being released in their
2Persistent Bioaccumulative Toxic (PBT) Chemicals; Lowering of Reporting Thresholds for Certain PBT Chemicals;
Addition of Certain PBT Chemicals; Community Right-to-Know Toxic Chemical Reporting; Final Rule. 64 Federal
Register, 58666-58753 (October 29, 1999).
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communities. By lowering the 25,000 pound and 10,000 pound reporting thresholds for PBT
chemicals, additional releases and other waste management quantities of PBT chemicals will be
captured.
Lead and lead compounds were on the original EPCRA section 313 list of toxic chemicals. On
January 17, 2001 EPA published a final rule3 that classified lead and lead compounds as PBT
chemicals and lowered the 25,000 pound and 10,000 pound reporting thresholds for lead and lead
compounds to 100 pounds, with the exception of lead contained in stainless steel, brass, and bronze
alloys. For stainless steel, brass or bronze alloys that contain lead, the quantity of lead contained in
these alloys is still applied to the 25,000 pound and 10,000 pound reporting thresholds. These three
alloys, when they contain lead, are often referred to in this document as the "qualified alloys". EPA
deferred its decision on lowering the 25,000 pound and 10,000 pound reporting thresholds for lead
when it is contained in stainless steel, brass, and bronze alloys because the Agency is currently
evaluating a previously submitted petition as well as comments received in response to previous petition
denials that requested the Agency revise the EPCRA section 313 reporting requirements for certain
metals contained in stainless steel, brass, and bronze alloys. EPA is currently reviewing whether there
should be any reporting changes regarding the listed constituents (e.g., lead) of stainless steel, brass and
bronze alloys. The final lead rule is based on EPA's finding that lead and lead compounds are persistent
bioaccumulative and toxic substances. The basis for the 100 pound threshold is discussed in detail in
Section VI (page 42232) of the Preamble to the proposed lead rule (7). EPA's responses to public
comments pertaining to the 100 pound threshold are discussed on page 4530 of the Preamble to the
final lead rule (2). The rule is part of the Agency's effort to expand the public's right to know about
release and other waste management quantities of toxic chemicals - particularly PBT chemicals - in
their communities. Hence, provided SIC code and employee criteria are met, facilities that
manufacture, process, or otherwise use more than 100 pounds of lead or any lead compound(s) must
now report annually to EPA and state/tribal governments their releases and other waste management
quantities.
Up until promulgation of the new lead rule, only those facilities that manufactured or processed
more than 25,000 pounds (or otherwise used more than 10,000 pounds) of lead or lead compounds
were required to report. The primary difference between the new rule and the previous requirements is
that the new rule requires any affected facility that manufactures, processes, or otherwise uses more
than 100 pounds of lead or lead compound(s) annually to report. Under the new rule additional data
pertaining to releases of lead and lead compounds into the environment will be captured. The new TRI
lead rule does not in any way prevent or restrict any facility from manufacturing, processing, or
otherwise using lead or lead compounds, or from releasing lead into the environment.
1.1.1 What is the Intent of this Document?
EPA has developed this guidance document to assist regulated entities, particularly those that
are not familiar with completing and submitting EPCRA section 313 release reports, in complying with
this new regulation. This guidance document is intended to provide clear, easy to follow guidance on:
3 Lead and Lead Compounds; Lowering of Reporting Thresholds; Community Right-to-Know Toxic Chemical
Release Reporting; Final Rule. 66 Federal Register, 4499-4547 (January 17, 2001); Reference 2 in Section 6.0.
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the specific details of this new regulation; what facilities must file release reports for lead and lead
compounds; what forms of lead are not affected by the new reporting requirements; and methods to
estimate releases of lead and lead compounds into the environment following manufacture, processing,
otherwise use, waste management or source reduction activities of lead and lead compounds. This
document explains the EPCRA section 313 reporting requirements, and provides guidance on how to
estimate annual releases and other waste management quantities of lead and lead compounds for certain
industries and industrial activities. Because each facility is unique, the recommendations presented may
have to be adjusted to the specific nature of operations at your facility or industrial activity.
The primary objectives of this guidance document are:
• Provide explanation and assistance on EPCRA section 313 and PPA section
6607 reporting requirements for lead and the lead compounds category;
Promote consistency in the method of estimating annual releases and other waste
management quantities of lead and lead compounds for certain industries and
industrial classes; and
Reduce the level of effort expended by those facilities that prepare an EPCRA
section 313 report for lead and/or the lead compounds category.
Section 1.2 Who Must Report?
To understand the following discussion one must first understand how EPCRA defines a facility.
The term "facility" is defined as, "all buildings, equipment, structures, and other stationary items which
are located on a single site or on contiguous or adjacent sites and which are owned or operated by the
same person (or by any person which controls, which is controlled by, or under common control with,
such person)" (EPCRA Section 329(4)). A facility may contain more than one "establishment" (40
CFR 372.3). An "establishment" is defined as, "an economic unit, generally at a single physical
location, where business is conducted or where services or industrial operations are performed" (40
CFR 372.3).
EPA recognizes that for business reasons it may be easier and more appropriate for
establishments at one facility to report separately. However, the combined quantities of EPCRA
section 313 chemicals and chemical categories manufactured, processed, or otherwise used in all
establishments making up that facility must be considered for threshold determinations (40 CFR 372.30
(c)). Also, the combined release and other waste management quantities reported singly for each
establishment must total those for the facility as a whole (40 CFR 372.30(c)). Thus, if a facility is
comprised of more than one establishment, once a reporting (activity) threshold4 is exceeded by the
4 A reporting threshold for a listed chemical is a pre-established annual manufacture, process or otherwise use
quantity that when exceeded within a calendar year by a facility triggers reporting of environmental releases and
other waste management quantities of the chemical. Most listed chemicals have two reporting thresholds. These
are: 25,000 pounds per calendar year for manufacture or processing activities; and 10,000 pounds per calendar year
for otherwise use activities. Reporting thresholds are also known as activity thresholds, because they are related to
manufacturing, processing, or otherwise use activities. See Section 1.3 for more details.
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facility as a whole, release and other waste management quantities from all establishments at the facility
must be determined and reported, provided of course, that the facility meets the SIC code and
employee threshold criteria. Additional discussion of this requirement is given in EPA's document titled
Revised EPCRA Section 313 Questions and Answers (1).
A facility is subject to the provisions of EPCRA section 313, only if it meets all three of the
following criteria:
1. It is included in any of the following Standard Industrial Classification5 (SIC)
Codes: and
SIC Code
10 (except SIC codes 101 1, 1081, and 1094)
12 (except SIC code 1241)
20 through 39
49 1 1 , 493 1 , or 493 9 (each limited to facilities that
combust coal and/or oil for the purpose of
generating power for distribution in commerce)
4953 (limited to facilities regulated under the
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, subtitle
C, 42 U.S.C. section 6921 et seq.)
5169
5171
7389 (limited to facilities primarily engaged in
solvent recovery services on a contract or fee
basis)
Industry
Metal Mining6
Coal Mining6
Manufacturing Industries
Electric Utilities
Commercial Hazardous Waste
Treatment
Chemicals and Allied
Products- Wholesale
Petroleum Bulk Terminals and
Plants
Solvent Recovery Services
2.
It has 10 or more full-time employees (or the equivalent of 20,000 hours per
year); and
5 Specific information on industries and their corresponding SIC Codes is available from the following website
developed by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA):
http://www.osha.gov/oshstats/sicser.html
6 In March of 2001 the United States District Court for the District of Colorado decided National Mining Association
v. Browner [EPA1. In that case, the court determined that mining facilities had been properly added to EPCRA
section 313 coverage and were therefore subject to section 313 reporting requirements. However, the court
overturned EPA's interpretation that extraction and beneficiation of naturally occurring, undisturbed ores is
"processing," on the grounds that such ores had not been manufactured within the meaning of EPCRA section 313.
The Court did not attempt to determine the full scope of a mining facility's reporting obligations, rather, the court
only addressed the claims the National Mining Association raised. EPCRA section 313 clearly identifies
"preparation" and "production" of toxic chemicals as threshold activities that trigger reporting; therefore, covered
facilities have a statutory obligation to determine how to report their preparatory and production activities in
compliance with the statute's requirements. In regulations not challenged in the NMA litigation, EPA defined
'beneficiation' as 'the preparation of ores to regulate the size (including crushing and grinding) of the product, to
remove unwanted constituents, or to improve the quality, purity, or grade of a desired product." 40 C.F.R. section
T7O 1 I"
372.3.
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3. It manufactures (includes imports), processes, or otherwise uses any of the toxic
chemicals listed on the EPCRA section 313 list in amounts greater than the
threshold quantities established in 40 CFR 372.25, 372.28. (See Section 1.3 for
a description of reporting thresholds.)
These three criteria alone, not the quantity released and otherwise managed as waste, determine
whether a facility must prepare an EPCRA section 313 report. A facility that meets these three criteria
is still required to prepare an EPCRA section 313 report even if that facility has zero release and other
waste management quantities of EPCRA section 313 chemicals or chemical categories. In addition,
pursuant to Executive Order 13148 entitled "Greening the Government Through Leadership in
Environmental Management," federal facilities are required to comply with the reporting requirements of
EPCRA section 313. This requirement is mandated regardless of the federal facility's SIC code.
The overall reporting process is illustrated in Figure 1-1. More details on this process,
particularly its application to lead and lead compounds, are provided throughout this document and in
the references cited herein.
Step 1
Step 2
Identify section
31 3 chemicals and
determine the
quantity
manufactured,
processed, or
otherwise used at
the site.
If the quantities
of section 31 3
chemicals
exceed the
reporting
thresholds,
reporting is
required/
Identify total
re leases and
off-site transfers
V
Identify other
waste
management
practices
Identify source
reduction
activities
Complete
Form
Figure 1-1. TRI Reporting Process
Section 1.3
What Are the Reporting (Activity) Thresholds?
A reporting threshold for a listed chemical is a pre-established quantity pertaining to the
manufacture, processing or otherwise use of the chemical, such that when the quantity is exceeded
within a calendar year by a facility, requires the facility to report environmental releases and other waste
management quantities of the chemical. Reporting thresholds are also known as activity thresholds,
because they are related to manufacturing, processing, or otherwise use activities. EPCRA section 313
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establishes two default reporting thresholds. These are: 25,000 pounds per year for manufacture or
processing of a listed chemical and 10,000 pounds per year for otherwise using a listed chemical [42
U.S.C. • 11023(f)(l))]. Thus, unless a different threshold has been established, if a covered facility
manufactures more than 25,000 pounds of a listed chemical within a particular calendar year, that
facility must report their releases and other waste management quantities to the U.S. EPA, and state
and tribal governments. The same would hold true if the facility processed more than 25,000 pounds or
otherwise used more than 10,000 pounds of the chemical.
EPCRA section 313 authorizes EPA to establish different thresholds for particular chemicals,
classes of chemicals, or categories of facilities, if a different threshold is warranted (42 U.S.C. •
11023(f)(2)). EPA has used this authority to establish lower thresholds for PBT chemicals. (See 40
CFR 370.28, 64 FR 58666 and 66 FR 4500.) The determination of whether a facility needs to report
environmental releases and other waste management quantities of a listed chemical is based on a prior
determination of whether any of the reporting thresholds have been exceeded within a calendar year
(i.e., January 1 through December 31 of a given year).
The thresholds are determined separately for lead (using the weight of the metal) and for lead
compounds (using the weight of the entire lead compound and combining the weights of all lead
compounds; 40 CFR 372.25(h)). Provided that the facility meets the SIC code and employee
threshold criteria, reporting for lead is required:
• If a facility manufactures, processes, or otherwise uses more than 100 pounds
of lead foot contained in stainless steel, brass, or bronze alloys) during the calendar
year, or;
• If a facility manufactures or processes more than 25,000 pounds of lead
(regardless of whether it is contained in stainless steel, brass, or bronze alloys)
during the calendar year, or;
• If a facility otherwise uses more than 10,000 pounds of lead (regardless of
whether it is contained in stainless steel, brass, or bronze alloys) during the
calendar year.
Additionally, provided that the facility meets the SIC code and employee threshold criteria, reporting
for the lead compounds category is required:
• If a facility manufactures, processes, or otherwise uses more than 100 pounds
of a lead compound or a combination of lead compounds during the calendar year.
The 25,000 pound (manufacture or processing) and 10,000 pound (otherwise use) reporting thresholds
are still in effect for lead contained in stainless steel, brass, or bronze alloys. The reporting of lead in
these alloys is described in detail in Section 3.0.
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The terms manufacture, process, and otherwise use are defined in 40 CFR 372.3 as:
Manufacture means to produce, prepare, import, or compound a toxic chemical.
Manufacture also applies to a toxic chemical that is produced coincidentally during the
manufacture, processing, use, or disposal of another chemical or mixture of chemicals,
including a toxic chemical that is separated from that other chemical or mixture of
chemicals as a byproduct, and a toxic chemical that remains in that other chemical or
mixture of chemicals as an impurity.
Process means the preparation of a toxic chemical, after its manufacture, for distribution
in commerce: (1) in the same form or physical state as, or in a different form or physical
state from, that in which it was received by the person so preparing such substance, or
(2) as part of an article containing the toxic chemical. Process also applies to the
processing of a toxic chemical contained in a mixture or trade name product.
Otherwise use means any use of a toxic chemical, including a toxic chemical contained in
a mixture or other trade name product or waste, that is not covered by the terms
"manufacture" or "process." Otherwise use of a toxic chemical does not include
disposal, stabilization (without subsequent distribution in commerce), or treatment for
destruction unless:
1) the toxic chemical that was disposed, stabilized, or treated for destruction was
received from off site for the purposes of further waste management; or
2) the toxic chemical that was disposed, stabilized, or treated for destruction was
manufactured as a result of waste management activities on materials received
from off-site for the purposes of further waste management activities.
Relabeling or redistribution of the toxic chemical where no repackaging of the
toxic chemical occurs does not constitute otherwise use or processing of the toxic
chemical.
It is important to note that lead is not included in the lead compounds category: lead and lead
compounds are listed separately on the EPCRA section 313 list of toxic chemicals. This means that for
facilities that manufacture, process, or otherwise both lead and one or more lead compounds,
determinations of whether the 100 pound reporting threshold has been exceeded for the manufacturing,
processing, or otherwise use of lead must be made separately from the same determinations for the lead
compound(s). That is, for purposes of determining whether a threshold has been exceeded, one should
not combine the quantities of lead and lead compounds. For purposes of EPCRA section 313
reporting, threshold determinations for chemical categories must be based on the total of all toxic
chemicals in the category (see 40 CFR 372.25(d)). For example, a facility that manufactures three lead
compounds would count the total amount manufactured of all three lead compounds towards the
manufacturing threshold for the category. In the case of lead compounds, the threshold for
manufacturing lead compounds is 100 pounds. The manufacture of lead compounds includes lead
compounds that are generated but not released (e.g., chemical intermediates). One report is filed for
the category and all releases and waste management quantities are reported on one Form R report.
If a reporting threshold is exceeded for both lead and the lead compounds category, only a
single EPCRA section 313 report needs to be prepared, and this would be for lead compounds. This
is allowed because if a facility exceeds a threshold for lead compounds, the facility must only report the
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quantity of the parent metal (lead) contained in the compounds that is released or otherwise managed as
waste, not the quantity of the lead compound that is released or otherwise managed as waste (40 CFR
372.25(h)). If a facility exceeds the threshold quantity for either the manufacturing, processing, or
otherwise use activities for an EPCRA section 313 chemical or chemical category, the facility must file
an EPCRA section 313 report for that chemical or chemical category, even if the facility has zero
release and other waste management activity quantities. Exceeding the chemical activity (reporting)
threshold quantity, not the quantity released or otherwise managed as waste, determines whether the
facility must report.
To assist facilities in determining if they may need to report, Table 1-1 lists some common
potential industries and process sources of lead and lead compounds. Note that this table is not
intended to be all-inclusive (see also Section 4.3). If you manufacture, process, or otherwise use lead
or lead compounds in other operations you must consider the lead and lead compounds in threshold
determinations. For more information on threshold determinations in general, see Chapter 2, and for
information pertaining to threshold determinations when processing or otherwise using lead in stainless
steel, brass, or bronze alloys, see Chapter 3.
Table 1-1
Industry and Process Sources of Lead and Lead Compounds
Industry/Process
Metal mining: constituent in ore
Smelting and refining: constituent in ore
Coal mining: trace constituent in ore
Steel industry: coke production, trace constituent in coal
Fabricated metal products: article component (e.g., ammunition, galvanized
products, pipe organs)
Electronic product components (e.g, batteries, electroplating of printed
circuit boards, solder)
Other product components (e.g., blown glass, dental amalgam fillings, lead
cable coating, lead oxides in pigments and inks)
Paper manufacturing: present in wood and chemicals
Plastic materials and resin manufacture: formulation component
Chemical manufacture: organo-lead compound production, rubber,
reactants, and catalysts
Carbon black production: trace constituent in crude oil
Petroleum refining: trace constituent in petroleum crude
Cement: trace constituent in raw materials
Coal, oil, wood combustion (electric utilities, other facility electricity
generation): traces in fuels
Waste treatment and solvent recovery: trace constituent in waste stream
Incineration of municipal and various industrial wastes
Wholesale distribution of lead chemicals and compounds
Bulk petroleum stations: trace constituent in petroleum products
Lead or Lead Compounds
Lead and lead compounds
Lead
Lead compounds
Lead compounds
Lead and lead compounds
Lead
Lead and lead compounds
Lead
Lead compounds
Lead and lead compounds
Lead compounds
Lead compounds
Lead
Lead and lead compounds
Lead and lead compounds
Lead and lead compounds
Lead and lead compounds
Lead compounds
Reference1
3, 4
3, 4
3, 4
3, 4
3, 4
3, 4
3, 4
3, 4
3, 4
3, 4
3
3, 4
3, 4
3, 4, 5
3
3, 4
3
3
'Numbers correspond to the references listed in the reference section at the end of this document.
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Section 1.4 What Other Changes to the EPCRA Section 313 Reporting Requirements
Apply to Lead and the Lead Compounds Category?
EPA has also made modifications and/or clarifications to certain reporting exemptions and
requirements for the PBT chemicals that are subject to lower reporting thresholds; including lead and
the lead compounds category. These include: elimination of the de minimis exemption; elimination of
the use of the Form A Certification Statement for alternative reporting; elimination of range reporting;
and issues dealing with data precision. Each of the changes as they apply to lead and the lead
compounds category is discussed in the following subsections. Other EPCRA section 313 exemptions
that are not discussed below (e.g., those about articles, uses, and laboratories as described in 40 CFR
372.38 (b), (c), and (d)) have not been changed as a result of the new rule (see also Section 2.1.2).
1.4.1 De Minimis Exemption
The de minimis exemption allows
facilities to disregard certain minimal
concentrations of toxic chemicals in mixtures or
other trade name products they process or
otherwise use from determinations of whether
reporting thresholds have been exceeded, as well
as release and other waste management
calculations (40 CFR 372.38(a)).
EPA eliminated the de minimis
exemption for EPCRA section 313 chemicals that
have been classified as PBT chemicals, including
lead and the lead compounds category, except
for lead contained in stainless steel, brass, or
bronze alloys (40 CFR 372.38(a)). This means
that facilities are required to include all amounts
of lead compounds or lead (except for lead in
stainless steel, brass, or bronze alloys as
summarized in Table 3-3) in threshold
determinations, and all amounts of lead or the
metal portion of lead compounds in release and
other waste management calculations, regardless
of the concentration of lead or lead compounds in
mixtures or trade name products (40 CFR 372.38(a)). However, the elimination of the de minimis
exemption for reporting PBT chemicals does not affect (negate) the applicability of the de minimis
exemption to the supplier notification requirements (e.g., for facilities that manufacture or sell toxic
chemicals as described in 40 CFR 372.45), or to threshold or release calculations performed only on
lead contained in stainless steel, brass, or bronze alloys. Thus, suppliers of lead or lead compounds
may continue to use the de minimis exemption for supplier notification purposes, and facilities may
continue to use the de minimis exemption for threshold or release calculations performed only on lead
contained in stainless steel, brass, or bronze alloys. For lead contained in stainless steel, brass, or
Modifications to Reporting
Exemptions for Lead and Lead
Compounds'
• Elimination of the de minimis
exemption";
Elimination of the use of the Form A
Certification Statement for alternative
reporting;
• Elimination of Range Reporting; and
• Additional Data Reporting Precision:
to one-tenth of a pound where
applicable.
These modifications do not pertain to lead
contained in stainless steel, brass, or bronze
alloys.
** Except for purposes of supplier notification.
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bronze alloys, the de minimis level is 0.1%. For supplier notification requirements, the de minimis
levels are as follows: for lead, 0.1%; for lead compounds that are inorganic, 0.1%; for lead compounds
that are organic, 1% (40 CFR • 372.38(a)).
1.4.2 Alternate Reporting Threshold (1 Million Pounds) and Form A Certification
Statement
Ordinarily, facilities that exceed EPCRA section 313 reporting thresholds for a listed chemical
do not have to file a Form R report provided that their total annual reportable amount of the
production-related waste for that chemical does not exceed 500 pounds and that their amounts
manufactured, processed, or otherwise used for that chemical do not exceed one million pounds (40
CFR 372.27). Under such circumstances the facility has the option of filing a two-page certification
statement known as a "Form A" instead of the longer Form R. The Form A is a certification that once
completed and signed certifies that the facility is not required to file a Form R for the chemical because
the facility did not exceed 500 pounds for the total annual reportable amount for that chemical, and that
their amounts manufactured or processed or otherwise used did not exceed one million pounds.
EPA has excluded EPCRA section 313 PBT chemicals, including lead and the lead compounds
category (except for lead contained in stainless steel, brass, or bronze alloys) from eligibility for filing a
Form A Certification Statement in lieu of a Form R report (40 CFR 372.27(e)). Therefore, submitting
a Form A rather than a Form R is not an option for reporting releases and other waste management
quantities of lead and lead compounds. Use of the alternate threshold of 1 million pounds and Form A
Certification Statement is permissible, however, for reporting releases of lead contained in stainless
steel, brass, or bronze alloys. For other alloys that contain lead the 100 pound reporting threshold
applies and the alternate threshold of 1 million pounds and Form A Certification Statement cannot be
used.
1.4.3 Range Reporting
For facilities with total annual releases or off-site transfers of an EPCRA section 313 chemical
of less than 1,000 pounds, EPA allows the amounts to be reported in Sections 5 and 6 of Part II of the
Form R either as an estimate or by using range codes (A = 0 - 10 pounds, B = 11 - 499 pounds, and
C = 500 - 1,000 pounds) (40 CFR 372.85(b)(15)(i)).
EPA has eliminated range reporting for releases and other waste management quantities in
Sections 5 and 6 of Part n of the Form R for EPCRA section 313 PBT chemicals, including lead and
the lead compounds category, except for lead contained in stainless steel, brass, or bronze alloys. This
means that for those sections of the Form R for which range reporting is an option, the option cannot be
used when reporting on lead and/or the lead compounds category (40 CFR 372.85(b)(15)(i)). Range
reporting is permissible, however, for lead contained in stainless steel, brass, or bronze alloys. Range
reporting is not permissible for other alloys that contain lead. Thus, for lead compounds or lead not
contained in stainless steel, brass, or bronze alloys facilities are required to report an actual release
number rather than a selected range of releases. It is important to note that the elimination of range
reporting for PBT chemicals, including lead and lead compounds, does not affect the applicability of
range reporting for the maximum amount on site as required by EPCRA section 313(g) [Part 4.1 on
page 2 of the Form R.].
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1.4.4 Data Precision
EPCRA Section 313 (g) (2) provides that in the absence of readily available data a facility is
permitted to make reasonable estimates when submitting data required by EPCRA section 313. When
estimating release and other waste management quantities of a listed chemical for purposes of reporting,
facilities should base these determinations at a level of precision supported by available data and the
estimation techniques used in the determinations. The facility is required to make a reasonable estimate
when it lacks readily available data. When expressing, on a Form R, release and other waste
management quantities for most listed chemicals EPA allows facilities to "round off' release and other
waste management estimates to zero if the estimates are 0.5 pounds or less. This option is not allowed,
however, for PBT chemicals, including lead and the lead compounds category (64 FR 42236). When
expressing release and other waste management quantities of lead or lead compounds on a Form R, the
level of precision one should use is one-tenth (0.1) of a pound. Thus, when reporting releases and
other waste management quantities of lead and compounds, facilities should round-off to the nearest 0.1
pound.
Section 1.5 Useful TRI Resources
There are many useful resources available that contain information that may be helpful in
understanding the TRI program and its requirements. Below is a list of useful TRI resources.
• The TRI Information Kit is a publication containing the basic information about
TRI. This Kit is available free of charge, while supplies last, from the EPA
National Service Center for Environmental Publications (NSCEP). You can
request a copy of the TRI Information Kit (document control number: EPA 749-
K-98-001) via regular mail, telephone, fax, or online at:
Mail Order:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
National Service Center for Environmental Publications (NSCEP)
P.O. Box 42419
Cincinnati, Ohio 45242-2419
Telephone Order: (800) 490-9198 - toll free
Fax Order: (513) 489-8695 or (513) 489-8692
Online Order: http://www.epa.gov/ncepihom
• Toxic Chemical Release Inventory Reporting Forms and Instructions. U.S.
EPA, Office of Information Analysis and Access (http://www.epa.gov/tri). You
should consult the most current version before preparing any report for your
facility;
• Common Synonyms for Chemicals Listed Under Section 313 of EPCRA. U.S.
EPA, 1995.
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There are many guidance documents, including those developed for specific
chemicals and specific industry sectors, available from the TRI website
(http://www.epa.gov/tri/guid_docs). These documents include:
• Revised 1998 EPCRA Section 313 Questions and Answers (December
1998);
• EPCRA Section 313 Questions and Answers Addendum for Federal
Facilities - Revised 1999 Version;
• Industry-specific guidance documents;
• Chemical-specific guidance documents;
• Waste Management Activities: Recycling, Combustion for Energy
Recovery, Treatment for Destruction, Waste Stabilization and Release
(August 1999); and
• EPCRA Section 313 Release Reporting Requirements.
On-line access to TRI data is available from the following:
• EPA's Internet site, http://www.epa.gov/tri;
• TRI Explorer (http://www.epa.gov/triexplorer);
• Envirofacts Data Warehouse and Applications Internet Site
(http://www.epa.gov/enviro/html/tris/tris_query.html);
• TOXNET (National Library of Medicine) (http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov);
• Right-to-Know Network (RTK NET) (http://www.rtk.net); and
• EPA's annual TRI data release materials (summary information).
Additional public access to TRI data is available from the following:
• TRI Reports and Data (EPA TRI Web Site, http://www.epa.gov/tri);
• TRI Public Data Release Annual Report (EPA TRI Web Site,
http://www.epa.gov/tri);
• TRI Public Data Release State Fact Sheets (EPA TRI Web Site,
http://www.epa.gov/tri);
• State Data files (EPA TRI Web Site, http://www.epa.gov/tri);
• TRI User Support Service: (202) 260-1531; and
• EPCRA Hotline: (800) 424-9346 or (703) 412-9810.
Additional technical guidance is available from the Technology Transfer Network
(TTN) (http://www.epa.gov/ttn/) and includes information on the following:
• Help Desk (919) 541-5384;
• Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors (AP-42);
• WATERS program;
• Updates WATERS, CHEMDAT8, and CHEM9;
• TANKS program; and
• Clearinghouse for Inventories and Emission Factors (CHIEF).
Industry sector notebooks are available from The Office of Enforcement and
Compliance Assurance (OECA) (http://es.epa.gov/oeca/sector) that profile
selected industries and provide the following information:
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A comprehensive environmental profile;
Industrial process information;
Pollution prevention techniques;
Pollutant release data;
Regulatory requirements; and
Compliance/enforcement history.
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CHAPTER 2
GUIDANCE FOR DETERMINING WHETHER REPORTING THRESHOLDS ARE
EXCEEDED AND REPORTING ENVIRONMENTAL RELEASES
OF LEAD AND LEAD COMPOUNDS
Section 2.1
General Guidance
This chapter provides guidance that facilities should find helpful in determining whether they
have exceeded the 100 pound reporting threshold for lead or lead compounds, and, if so, in estimating
and reporting annual releases and other waste management quantities for lead and the lead compounds
category. Unless otherwise stated, the guidance in this chapter, as it pertains to lead, only deals with
situations in which the lead is not contained in stainless steel, brass, or bronze alloys. Guidance
pertaining to determining whether a facility has exceeded a reporting threshold for lead when it is
contained in stainless steel, brass, or bronze alloys is
not presented in this chapter, but is presented in detail
in the next chapter of this document. For those
facilities that only manufacture, process or otherwise
use lead compounds or lead not contained in a
stainless steel, brass or bronze alloy only the 100
pound reporting threshold needs to be considered. It
is important to emphasize, however, that for those
facilities that manufacture, process, or otherwise use
lead as well as stainless steel, brass or bronze alloys
that contain lead, the quantities of lead not in stainless
steel, brass or bronze alloys are applied to the 25,000
pound and 10,000 pound reporting thresholds, as well
as the 100 pound reporting thresholds. This point is
discussed in detail in the next chapter.
This chapter is not intended to provide
complete guidance for all situations involving lead and
lead compounds. The reader is advised to consult
industry-specific guidance documents applicable to his
or her facility for more detailed guidance. This
document includes concentration and emission factor
data which may be used as default values in
determining whether the reporting thresholds have
been exceeded, and calculating releases and other
waste management quantities. EPA recommends that
facilities complete these determinations and
calculations using best readily available information
applicable to their operations, even when it differs
from the data provided herein. In the absence of such information, EPCRA section 313 permits a
Important Points Regarding
the Threshold Calculations
Lead and Lead Compounds are
Separately Listed on the EPCRA
section 313 list;
There is only one listing for lead, but
there are three reporting thresholds:
25,000pounds (Ibs), 10,000Ibs,
andlOOlbs;
The 100 Ib threshold is applied to lead
only when it is NOT contained in
stainless steel, brass or bronze alloy;
The 25,000 Ib and 10,000 Ib thresholds
apply to lead both when it is contained
in stainless steel, brass or bronze alloy
and when it is not;
Quantities of lead not contained in
stainless steel, brass, or bronze alloys
are STILL applied to the 25,000 Ib and
10,000 Ib thresholds, in addition to the
100 Ib threshold; and
There is only one listing for lead
compounds, and only one reporting
threshold for lead compounds: 100 Ibs.
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reporting facility to make a reasonable estimate. EPA also recommends that facilities maintain
documentation of the basis for making these estimates (see 40 CFR • 372.10). Facilities are not
required to perform additional testing for EPCRA section 313 reporting.
2.1.1 Determining Whether the 100 Pound Reporting Thresholds Have Been Exceeded
As discussed in Chapter 1, Section 1.3, EPA lowered the reporting threshold for lead and the
lead compounds category to 100 pounds per year for each of the three reporting activities:
manufacturing; processing; and otherwise use. The determination of whether the 100 pound reporting
threshold is exceeded for any of these activities is made independently. Thus, when determining if a
threshold is exceeded for lead, one should calculate separately the amount of lead manufactured, the
amount of lead processed, and the amount of lead otherwise used. These calculations must also be
conducted separately for lead and for lead compounds. To determine if a threshold is exceeded for the
lead compounds category, use the entire weight of the lead compound and include all lead compounds
for each threshold determination (40 CFR 372.25(h)). (Some typical quantities required to meet the
threshold for fuels and other selected materials may be found in Table 4-8 of Chapter 4) However, in
reporting releases and other waste management quantities, the quantities of lead can be combined on
the Form R report, and submission of only one Form R is necessary if reporting for both lead and lead
compounds. The first example below illustrates a few key points for determining whether the 100
pound threshold has been exceeded for lead metal (Pb°) versus the lead compounds category.
Lead is often present as an impurity in fuels such as, for example, coal or oil. Lead present as
an impurity in the fuel forms a lead compound that is coincidentally manufactured as a result of the
combustion, and subsequently released or otherwise managed as waste. Lead may be present in the
fuel either in its elemental form (Pb°) or as a lead compound (PbX). If you burn fuels (e.g., coal or oil)
on site you must consider, for purposes of complying with section 313 of EPCRA, the lead present in
the fuel and any lead compound(s) that are formed from the combustion. In the absence of any other
data, EPA recommends assuming elemental lead is present in the fuel, and that it is converted to lead
monoxide (PbO), a lead compound, during combustion(s). In this case, you would apply the amount of
lead in the fuel to the otherwise use threshold for lead and the amount of lead monoxide formed to the
manufacturing threshold for lead compounds. The second example below demonstrates this point.
See Section 4.5 of Chapter 4 for more information pertaining to combustion of fuels containing lead.
Example - Threshold Determinations For Lead Metal Versus Lead Compounds
During the calendar year your facility: manufactures 5 pounds of lead monoxide (PbO), a lead compound;
processes 200 pounds of a material containing 55% lead metal (Pb°) (not contained in stainless steel, brass, or
bronze alloys); processes 99 pounds of lead sulfide (PbS), another lead compound; otherwise uses 50 pounds of
lead metal; and otherwise uses 8 pounds of lead tetraoxide, (Pb3O4), another lead compound.
To determine whether you are required to submit a Form R release report, you first need to determine whether you
have exceeded the 100 pound threshold for manufacturing, processing or otherwise use activities for lead metal or
the lead compounds. To do this, you must calculate separately the quantities of lead metal and lead compounds
that were manufactured, processed, or otherwise used. Thus, a total of six separate calculations must be
performed. These are: 1) what quantity of lead was manufactured; 2) what quantity of lead was processed; 3) what
quantity of lead was otherwise used; 4) what quantity of lead compounds were manufactured; 5) what quantity of
lead compounds were processed; and 6) what quantity of lead compounds were otherwise used. If the answer to
any of these calculations is greater than 100 pounds, you have tripped the threshold and must file a Form R release
report. The calculations are shown below.
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Lead Metal (Pb0)
1) Manufacturing: None specified above.
2) Processing: 200 Ibs of Pb x 0.55 = 110 Ibs of Pb.
3) Otherwise Use: Given above as 50 Ibs of Pb.
Lead Compounds
4) Manufacturing: Given above as 5 Ibs of PbO.
5) Processing: Given above as 99 Ibs of PbS.
6) Otherwise Use: Given above as 8 Ibs of Pb3O4.
The only threshold that your facility exceeded was the 100 Ib threshold for processing lead (metal). This means
you must submit an EPCRA section 313 report for lead, and you must calculate all releases and other non-exempt
waste management activity quantities of lead from your facility, including releases from the otherwise use activity
for lead metal (40 CFR 372.85(b)(15)(i)).
You do not have to report releases and other waste management quantities of the lead portion of the lead
compounds that resulted from the manufacturing, processing, or otherwise use of lead compounds because you
did not exceed any thresholds for lead compounds. However, if your facility had processed more than 100 Ibs of
PbS (instead of 99 pounds), you would have also exceeded the threshold for processing lead compounds and you
would have to report all releases and other non-exempt waste management activity quantities of lead from all lead
compounds at your facility.
If your facility exceeds a threshold for both lead and lead compounds, you are allowed to prepare one Form R
report that accounts for your releases of lead resulting from all of your non-exempt activities involving both lead
and lead compounds. In this case, the lead associated with your activities involving lead compounds include:
Manufacturing: 5 Ibs of PbO x (207.2; mol. wt. Pb/223.2; mol. wt. PbO) = 4.6 Ibs Pb
Processing: 100 Ibs PbS x (207.2; mol. wt. Pb/239.26; mol. wt. PbS) = 86.6 Ibs Pb
Otherwise Use: 8 Ibs of Pb3O4 x (621.6; mol. wt. of 3Pb/685.6; mol. wt. of Pb3O4) = 7.3 Ibs of Pb
Example - Determining the Amount of Lead Combusted and Lead Monoxide Formed
Your facility operates several coal-fired boilers to produce heat, steam, and electricity (coal is not directly
processed or used in your production process). The supplier of the coal provided you with a Material Safety Data
Sheet (MSDS) stating that the lead content of the coal is 7 ppmw. Using inventory records, you know that
13,600,000 pounds of coal were burned in this boiler during the calendar year. By burning coal that contains lead,
you have otherwise used lead, and it can reasonably be assumed you have coincidentally manufactured PbO
during the combustion of the coal. Two threshold calculations, therefore, must be performed: one for the
otherwise use of lead, the other for the manufacture of lead oxide, a lead compound.
Otherwise Use of Lead Metal (Pb°):
(7 Ib lead/1 x 106 Ib coal) x 13,600,000 Ib coal/yr = 95.2 Ib lead/yr
Manufacturing of Lead Compounds (PbO):
95.2 Ib lead/yr x (223.2; mol. wt. PbO/207.2; mol. wt. Pb) = 103 Ib PbO/yr
While your facility did not exceed the 100 Ib/yr threshold for otherwise using lead (in coal), your facility exceeded
the 100 Ib/yr threshold for manufacturing lead compounds and, therefore, you will have to file an EPCRA section
313 (Form R) report for lead compounds this year.
The concentration of lead or lead compounds may be known as a specific concentration, as an
average, as a range, or as an upper or lower boundary. If you know the specific concentration of lead
or lead compounds, you must use that value for estimates (40 CFR 372.30 (b)(i)). If only an average
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concentration is provided (e.g., by the supplier), use that value in the threshold calculation. If only the
upper-bound concentration is known, you must use that value in the threshold calculation (40 CFR
372.30(b)(3)(ii)). If only the lower-bound concentration is known, or the concentration is given as a
range of an upper and lower boundary, EPA has developed the following guidance on the use of this
type of information in threshold determinations:
• If the concentration is given as a range or an upper and lower boundary, EPA
recommends that you use the mid-point in your calculations;
• If only the lower bound concentration of lead or lead compounds is given and the
concentrations of the other components are given, EPA recommends that you
subtract the other component total from 100% to calculate the upper bound of the
lead or lead compound(s). EPA recommends that you then determine the mid-point
for use in your calculations;
• If only the lower-bound concentration of lead or lead compounds is given and the
concentration of the other components is not given, EPA recommends that you
assume the upper bound for the lead or lead compounds is 100% and use the mid-
point. Alternatively, product quality requirements or information available from the
most similar process stream may be used to determine the upper bound of the range.
Example - Determining the Amount of Lead Processed
Your facility processes a chemical substance that contains lead as an impurity. You have information indicating
that the lead content of the chemical substance is 2.2 to 2.6 percent by weight. Using inventory records, you know
that 750,000 pounds of the chemical substance was processed at your facility during the calendar year. Using the
mid-point of the range of lead concentrations available (2.4% or 0.024 pounds (Ibs) of lead/100 Ibs of chemical
substance), you can determine whether you have exceeded the processing threshold.
(0.024 Ib lead/lb chemical substance) x 750,000 Ib chemical substance/yr = 18,000 Ib lead/yr
Your facility exceeded the 100 Ib/yr processing threshold for lead and, consequently, will have to report for lead
this year.
Chemical production facilities may manufacture lead compounds for other industry use.
Production records are a good source for determining the amount manufactured. You must also
include any importation of lead or lead compounds in your manufacturing threshold determination
(EPCRA Section 313(b)(l)(C)(i)). You can obtain these amounts from purchasing records.
2.1.2 Exemptions
EPA has established five classes of exemptions for purposes of EPCP\A section 313:
• De minimise
• Articles;
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• Laboratory activities;
• Otherwise use exemptions, including:
• Motor vehicle maintenance;
• Routine janitorial or facility grounds maintenance;
• Structural components;
• Personal use; and
• Intake water and air.
• Mining, including:
• Metal mining (overburden)
• Coal mining (extraction)
Typically, EPCRA section 313 chemicals or chemical categories that qualify for these
exemptions may be excluded from threshold determinations and release or other waste management
estimations. As discussed in Section 1.3 of Chapter 1, not all of these exemptions are permissible for
EPCRA section 313 threshold calculations and release reporting for lead and lead compounds. The de
minimis exemption does not apply to lead, lead compounds, or other PBT chemicals or chemical
categories (40 CFR 372.38(a)), except when lead is contained in stainless steel, brass, or bronze alloys
(see Chapter 3).
For the purpose of the article exemption, an article is defined as a manufactured item that:
• Is formed to a specific shape or design during manufacture;
Has end-use functions dependent in whole or in part upon its shape or design; and
• Does not release an EPCRA section 313 chemical under normal conditions of
processing or otherwise use of the item at the facility (40 CFR 372.3).
If you receive a manufactured article from another facility (e.g., a battery containing lead), the
lead in that article may be exempt from threshold determinations and release and other waste
management calculations if you meet the following criteria:
• You process or otherwise use it without changing the shape or design; and
Your processing or otherwise use does not result in the release of more than 0.5
pounds of lead or any other TRI chemical in a reporting year from all like articles.
For example, a covered facility cuts metal sheets containing nickel, releasing fumes. It then
further grinds the metal sheets to their final shape, producing grindings. For the sheets to retain their
article status, the release of fumes and grindings to any media must be equal to or less than 0.5
pound/year. The 0.5 pound/year release value applies to aggregate grindings and fumes from like
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articles being processed or otherwise used in all manners at the facility. This value applies to the total
aggregate grindings and fumes of the listed toxic chemical from both steps of the process (i.e., cutting
and grinding). The various shapes resulting from the cutting are "the same type of item" as the initial
sheet. Thus, the amount of fumes resulting from cutting should be added to the amount of grindings
(reference 1 - Q&A 357). Please refer to Appendix A, Directive #1 - Article Exemption in the
Revised EPCRA Section 313 Questions and Answers (reference 1 of this document) and to
Appendix B of this document for additional information on article exemptions. Another example
demonstrating the use of exemptions is presented below.
Example - Use of Exemptions When Determining Whether a Reporting
Threshold has been Exceeded for Lead or Lead Compounds
In a calendar year a food processing facility: purchased 40 lead-acid batteries for use in forklifts (and other
industrial equipment) which contained 9.7 pounds of lead each (388 pounds total); used a 63/37-tin/lead solder
alloy to fix broken parts on forklifts (2 pounds of lead) and to construct a metal bracket to be used in an
experiment in the facility's laboratory (1 pound of lead); installed stainless steel equipment containing a total of
157.8 pounds of lead; combusted in its boilers coal containing 95.2 pounds of lead; and purchased and used lead-
based paint which contained 6.3 pounds of lead tetraoxide.
Questions: Did the facility exceed any of the reporting thresholds for lead or lead compounds? Can any
exemptions be applied in making this determination, or to reporting of releases if thresholds are exceeded?
The following considerations and calculations are needed in order to answer the above questions.
1. Otherwise Use of Lead and Lead Compounds:
In the example, otherwise use of lead includes the lead present in the coal that was combusted, the lead in the
batteries purchased, and the lead in the stainless steel. The lead tetraoxide in the paint is, of course, a lead
compound and subject to a separate otherwise use threshold determination. In this example, both the new 100-
pound threshold and the traditional 10,000-pound threshold need to be considered for lead: the 10,000 pound
threshold must be considered because of the lead in the stainless steel.
a. The lead in the batteries is subject to the article exemption and is not counted toward either the new
100-pound or the traditional 10,000-pound otherwise use thresholds (provided all aspects of the article
exemption are met). For the purpose of this example, we shall assume the article exemption criteria were
met for the facility and all 388 pounds of lead in the batteries will be ignored for all purposes.
b. The lead in the 63/37-tin/lead solder alloy is subject to the activity-use exemption for maintaining
motor vehicles operated by the facility and the laboratory activity exemption (provided all aspects of
these exemptions are met). If the criteria of these exemptions are not met, the lead in the solder would be
counted toward both the 100-pound and the 10,000-pound otherwise use thresholds. For the purpose of
this example, however, we shall assume the criteria for both exemptions were met for the facility and the 3
pounds of lead in the solder used will be ignored for all purposes.
c. As stated in the lead rule, the lead contained in the stainless steel is not subject to the new 100-pound
threshold, but does remain subject to the 10,000-pound otherwise use threshold (or, as appropriate, the
25,000-pound manufacture or process thresholds). Further, the de minimis and article exemptions may
apply if all aspects of those exemptions are met.
In this example, the quantity of lead contained in the stainless steel is below the 10,000-pound threshold and the
sum of all sources of lead at the facility from all activities could not approach the 10,000 pound otherwise use
threshold, therefore the quantity of lead in the stainless steel can be ignored for threshold calculations and from
calculations of releases and other waste management quantities (see Figure 3-1).
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d. The lead contained in the coal is subject to the new 100-pound otherwise use threshold. The 95.2
pounds of lead contained in the coal is, however, below the 100-pound threshold. Unless other
reportable sources of lead are used elsewhere in the facility the threshold will not be met. In this
example, those other sources are not present, so no reporting is triggered by coal usage alone. The
facility must, however, also consider the formation of lead compounds caused by the combustion of the
coal (see coincidental manufacture of lead compounds below).
e. The lead compounds contained in the paint are subject to the 100-pound otherwise use threshold for
lead compounds, which must be calculated separately from the lead threshold calculations.
In this example, 6.3 pounds of lead compounds are used which is below the 100-pound lead compound threshold.
Since there are no other activities at the facility that contribute towards the lead compound "otherwise use" 100
pound threshold, this threshold is not exceeded. However, while reporting is not required for the otherwise use
activity of lead compounds, lead compound usage may need to be considered when calculating releases and
other waste management quantities if the threshold reporting quantity for lead compounds is exceeded by the
facility's other activities (see coincidental manufacture of lead compounds below).
2. Coincidental Manufacture of Lead Compounds:
a. The facility's combustion of coal containing 95.2 pounds of lead results in the formation of 103
pounds of lead monoxide (a lead compound) as shown below:
95.2 Ib lead/yr x (223.2; mol. wt. PbO/207.2; mol. wt. Pb) = 103 PbO/yr
This exceeds the 100-pound threshold, so completion and submission of a Form R report is required.
The facility has exceeded a reporting threshold for lead compounds because it manufactured more than 100
pounds of a lead compound. Thus, releases and other waste management quantities must be reported. Unless
otherwise exempted, all lead compounds and their quantities must be considered when calculating releases and
other waste management quantities. Thus, in this example the fate of the 6.3 pounds of lead tetraoxide in the paint
will need to be considered in such calculations.
Important note: Use of the Form A Certification Statement in lieu of a Form R report is not permissible for lead
compounds or lead not contained in stainless steel, brass, or bronze alloys.
Recycling of releases from articles allows them to remain as exempt articles. For example, a
covered facility processes a metal item containing nickel, the finished product retains in part the
dimension characteristics of the original item, and all of the metal shavings resulting from the process are
sent off site for recycling. The item would still be exempt as an article (1 - Q&A 374).
Any lead or lead compounds manufactured, processed, or otherwise used in laboratories under
the supervision of a technically qualified individual may be exempt from threshold determinations and
release and other waste management calculations (40 CFR 372.38(d)). Note that the laboratory
exemption does not apply in the following cases:
1) Specialty chemical production;
2) Manufacture, processing, or use of toxic chemicals in pilot plant scale operations;
and,
3) Activities conducted outside the laboratory.
The activity-related exemptions are available for lead and lead compounds (see 40 CFR
372.38(c) for a complete description of each). The activity-related exemptions encompass materials
2-7
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used: 1) to maintain motor vehicle fleets; 2) as or in structural components of the facility; 3) for janitorial
or facility grounds maintenance; 4) only for personal use; and 5) materials that are naturally occurring
contaminants in incoming process air and water.
In addition to the five exemptions discussed above, EPA has established guidance for metal and
coal mining facilities that may manufacture, process, or otherwise use lead. This guidance applies to
coal extraction and metal mining activities. Regarding coal extraction, per 40 CFR 372.38(g), if a toxic
chemical is manufactured, processed, or otherwise used in extraction by a facility in SIC code 12, the
facility is not required to consider the quantity of the toxic chemical so manufactured, processed, or
otherwise used when determining whether an applicable threshold has been exceeded under § 372.25,
§ 372.27, or § 372.28, or determining the amounts to be reported under § 372.30. For additional
information regarding coal extraction, refer to Section 313 Emergency Planning and Community
Right-to-Know Act Guidance for Coal Mining Facilities. This document is available on the TRI
Home Page (http://www.epa.gov/tri/guid_docs).
Regarding metal mining, per 40 CFR 372.3 8(h), if a toxic chemical that is a constituent of
overburden7 is processed or otherwise used by facilities in SIC code 10, a person is not required to
consider the quantity of the toxic chemical so processed, or otherwise used when determining whether
an applicable threshold has been exceeded under § 372.25, § 372.27, or § 372.28, or determining the
amounts to be reported under § 372.30. For additional information regarding metal mining, refer to
Section 313 Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act Guidance for Metal
Mining Facilities. This document is available on the TRI Home Page
(http://www.epa.gov/tri/guid_docs).
Section 2.2 Guidance for Reporting Annual Environmental Releases and Other Waste
Management Quantities of Lead
When reporting releases and other waste management quantities for lead or the lead compound
category, only the amount of elemental lead should be reported on the Form R (40 CFR 372.25(h)).
EPA recommends that you calculate lead releases and other waste management quantities by following
these steps:
1. Identify the processes/operations where lead or lead compounds may be
manufactured, processed, or otherwise used;
2. Determine potential sources of releases and other waste management quantities
from these processes (e.g., wastewater discharge, emissions from operations);
3. Identify the types of releases and other waste management quantities. These types
correspond to sections in the Form R (e.g., stack emissions, quantity sent off site
for recycling);
7For purposes of EPCRA section 313 reporting, overburden is "the unconsolidated material that overlies a deposit of
useful materials or ore. It does not include any portion of the ore or waste rock." 40 CFR 372.3 .
2-8
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4. Determine the most appropriate estimation method(s) and calculate the estimates
for release and other waste management quantities.
During threshold determinations, you should have identified the processes and operations in
which lead (and lead compounds) are found. Potential release and other waste management sources of
lead include the following:
• Accidental spills and releases;
Air pollution control devices (e.g., baghouses, electrostatic precipitators, and
scrubbers);
• Clean up and housekeeping practices;
Combustion by-products;
• Container residues;
Fittings and pumps;
• Process discharge stream;
Recycling and energy recovery by-products;
• Storage tanks;
Tower stacks;
• Transfer operations;
Treatment sludge;
• Volatilization from processes; and
Waste treatment discharges.
After determining the release and other waste management activity sources of lead and lead
compounds, you are ready to determine the types of releases and other waste management quantities.
These final destinations of lead (not including incorporation into a final product) correspond to elements
of the Form R (http://www.epa.gov/tri/report). The potential types of releases and other waste
management quantities include:
• Fugitive or nonpoint air emissions (Part II, Section 5.1 of Form R): Lead
emissions are considered to be fugitive if not released through stacks, vents, ducts,
pipes, or any other confined air stream. You should include: (1) fugitive equipment
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leaks from valves, pump seals, flanges, compressors, sampling connections, open-
ended lines, etc.; (2) evaporative losses from surface impoundments and spills; (3)
releases from building ventilation systems; and (4) any other fugitive or non-point
air emissions.
Stack or point air emissions (Part n, Section 5.2 of Form R): Lead emissions
are considered to be stack or point emissions if released through stacks, confined
vents, ducts, pipes, or other confined air streams. You should include emissions
from storage tanks. Air releases from air pollution control equipment would
generally fall in this category. Using the control efficiency of an air pollution
control device, you can determine how much lead is released through the air
device.
Discharges to receiving streams or water bodies (Part II, Section 5.3 of
Form R): Lead may be released in wastewater directly from the process or from
a treatment system. Monitoring is often performed at either type of outfall. This
information can be used to determine the concentration of lead leaving the facility.
Underground injection on site (Part II, Section 5.4 of Form R): This waste
management type is not common for lead and lead compounds. However, if
applicable you must report the quantity to various classes of underground injection
wells.
Disposal to land on site (Part II, Section 5.5 of Form R): This type of release
may occur if materials containing lead or lead compounds are spilled during
processing or transfer operations, or if lead or lead compounds are disposed in an
on-site landfill.
Discharges to Publicly Owned Treatment Works (POTW) (Part n, Section
6.1 of Form R): As with the receiving stream discharge, monitoring data may be
available to determine the lead concentration in a waste stream from a process or
from a treatment operation.
Transfers to other off-site locations (Part II, Section 6.2 of Form R): This
type includes off-site transfers for disposal, treatment, recycling, or energy
recovery. However, lead and lead compounds, like other metals and metal
compounds, cannot be treated for destruction and do not have enough heat value
to be combusted for energy recovery (see EPA's current version of the Toxic
Chemical Release Inventory Reporting Forms and Instructions). As a result, all
off-site transfers of lead and lead compounds should be reported as transfers for
disposal or for recycling.
On-site waste treatment (Part n, Section 7A of Form R): You should report
the amount of lead treated by your facility. Following treatment, lead may be
present in sludge or the water (at a reduced concentration). Typically, EPA
considers the removal of particulate matter from a gas stream (e.g., by a baghouse
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or electrostatic precipitator) to be an on-site treatment operation. Therefore, any
lead or lead compounds in the particulate matter has been "treated on site" and
this activity should be reported in Section 7A of the Form R.
• On-site energy recovery (Part II, Section 7B of Form R): EPA believes that
chemicals that do not contribute significant heat energy during the combustion
process should not be considered for energy recovery. Therefore, lead and the
metal portion of lead compounds should not be reported as having been
combusted for energy recovery.
• On-site recycling (Part n, Section 7C of Form R). If you perform lead
recycling (for example the remelting of scrap metal generated on site), you should
report the amount recycled in Section 7C of the Form R.
Once you have determined that you exceeded a threshold, and after you have identified all of
the potential sources for release and other waste management activity types, you must estimate the
quantities of lead and the lead portion of lead compounds released and otherwise managed as waste.
EPA has identified four basic methods that may be used to develop estimates (each method has been
assigned a code that must be included when reporting). The basic methods and corresponding codes
are:
• Monitoring Data or Direct Measurement (M);
Mass Balance (C);
Emission Factors (E); and,
• Engineering Calculations (O).
Descriptions of these basic methods are provided in the U.S. EPA publication, Estimating
Releases and Waste Treatment Efficiencies for the Toxic Chemical Release Inventory Forms (6)
(http://www.epa.gov/ncepihom) and in the annual TRI Reporting Forms and Instructions
(http://www.epa.gov/tri/report.htm). Many data sources exist for these (and other) methods of
developing estimates. Table 2-1 presents potential data sources and the estimation methodology in
which each estimation source is most likely to prove useful. Based on site-specific knowledge and
potential data sources available, you should be able to determine the best method for calculating each
release and other waste management activity quantity.
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Table 2-1
Potential Data Sources for Release and Other Waste Management
Calculations
DATA SOURCES
Monitoring Data
• Air permits
• Continuous emission monitoring
• Effluent limitations
• Hazardous waste analysis
• Industrial hygiene monitoring data
NPDES' water permits
• Outfall monitoring data
• POTW pretreatment standards
• RCRA2 hazardous waste permit
• Stack monitoring data
• New Source Performance Standards
Title V Air Permit Data
• MACT3 Air Standards
Emission Factors
• AP-424 chemical specific emission factors
• Facility or trade association derived chemical-
specific emission factors
Mass Balance
• Air emissions inventory
• Hazardous material inventory
• Hazardous waste manifests
• MSDSs5
• Pollution prevention reports
• Spill event records
• Supply and purchasing records
Engineering Calculations
NTI6 database
• Facility non-chemical specific emission factors.
• Henry's Law
• Raoult'sLaw
• SOCMI7 or trade association non-chemical specific
emission factors
• Solubilities
• Volatilization rates
'National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System. 2Resource Conservation Recovery Act. 3Maximum Achievable
Control Technology. Compilation of Emission Factors, U.S. EPA. 'Material Safety Data Sheets. ^National Toxic
Inventory. 7Synthetic Organic Chemicals Manufacturing Industry.
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CHAPTER 3
QUALIFICATION FOR
STAINLESS STEEL, BRASS, AND BRONZE ALLOYS THAT CONTAIN LEAD
Section 3.1 The Qualified Alloys: Stainless Steel. Brass, and Bronze Alloys that
Contain Lead
An alloy is a solid mixture that contains two or more elements, at least one of which being a
metal. Examples of alloys are stainless steel, brass, and bronze, which are three of the most commonly
used alloys (9). The major metal in stainless steel is iron. However, depending on the type of stainless
steel, there can be substantial amounts of chromium, manganese, and/or nickel, which are added to
minimize the corrosion of the stainless steel. The major metal in brass and bronze is copper; however,
substantial amounts of nickel and/or zinc may also be present. Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc with
other metals in varying lesser amounts. Bronze is an alloy of copper and tin with smaller amounts of
other metals. The final lead rule8 lowered the 25,000 pound and 10,000 pound reporting thresholds for
lead and lead compounds to 100 pounds, with the exception of lead contained in stainless steel, brass,
and bronze alloys. For stainless steel, brass or bronze alloys that contain lead, the quantity of lead
contained in these alloys is still applied to the 25,000 pound and 10,000 pound reporting thresholds.
These three alloys, when they contain lead, are referred to in this document as the "qualified alloys".
EPA deferred on lowering the 25,000 pound and 10,000 pound reporting thresholds for lead
when it is in stainless steel, brass, and bronze alloys because the Agency is currently evaluating a
previously submitted petition as well as comments received in response to previous petition denials that
requested the Agency to revise the EPCRA section 313 reporting requirements for certain metals
contained in stainless steel, brass, and bronze alloys. EPA is reviewing whether there should be any
reporting changes regarding the listed constituents (e.g., lead) of stainless steel, brass and bronze alloys.
It is important to note that stainless steel, brass and bronze alloys, even when they contain lead, are not
listed on the EPCRA section 313 list of toxic chemicals: they are not listed chemicals. Lead, of course,
is included on the EPCRA section 313 list of toxic chemicals, and its presence in stainless steel, brass
or bronze alloys does not change its status as a listed chemical, or as a PBT chemical.
As mentioned in Chapter 2, there is only one reporting threshold for the manufacturing,
processing or otherwise use activities of lead compounds, and that is 100 pounds. Thus, a facility that
manufactures, processes or otherwise uses more than 100 pounds of a single lead compound or
combination of lead compounds within a calendar year must report their environmental releases and
other waste management quantities of the compound(s). For lead metal (Pb°) there are three reporting
thresholds: 25,000 pounds; 10,000 pounds; and 100 pounds. The 25,000 pound threshold pertains to
the manufacture or processing of all lead metal: lead contained in stainless steel, brass or bronze alloys
(the qualified alloys) and lead that is not contained in one of the qualified alloys. Similarly, the 10,000
pound threshold pertains to the otherwise use of all lead metal. Thus a facility that manufactures or
processes within a calendar year more than 25,000 pounds of lead, regardless of whether the lead is in
8 Lead and Lead Compounds; Lowering of Reporting Thresholds; Community Right-to-Know Toxic Chemical
Release Reporting; Final Rule. Federal Register, 66, 4499-4547 (January 17, 2001).
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a qualified alloy, is required to report their environmental releases and other waste management
quantities of lead. The same is true if the facility otherwise uses more than 10,000 pounds of lead. The
100 pound threshold only pertains to the manufacture, processing, or otherwise use of lead when it is
not in stainless steel, brass or bronze alloys. Lead that is in stainless steel, brass or bronze alloys should
not be included in determinations of whether the 100 pound threshold for lead has been exceeded.
Those facilities that manufacture, process or otherwise use within a calendar year more than 100
pounds of lead that is not contained in a qualified alloy must report their environmental releases and
other waste management quantities.
The determination of whether a facility has to file a release report for lead must be based on a
prior determination of whether that facility has exceeded any of the three reporting thresholds for lead.
Ostensibly, those facilities that do not manufacture, process or otherwise use stainless steel, brass or
bronze alloys that contain lead will not have to determine whether they have exceeded the 25,000
pound or 10,000 pound thresholds. Or, in other words, those facilities that manufacture, process, or
otherwise use lead only when it is not contained in stainless steel, brass, or bronze alloy will only have
to determine whether they have exceeded the 100 pound threshold. Facilities that manufacture,
process or otherwise use lead when it is both in stainless steel brass or bronze alloys and when it is not
in these alloys must consider all three thresholds. An important point to remember is that when
determining whether a facility has exceeded the 25,000 pound or 10,000 pound thresholds, any lead
that is not in stainless steel, brass or bronze alloys must also be included in the determination. Figure 3-
1 summarizes the basic steps that need to be taken when determining whether a facility has exceeded
any of the three reporting thresholds for lead. The remainder of this chapter discusses these steps in
greater detail, and provides examples to illustrate how such determinations should be made.
This chapter also provides a general discussion on what stainless steel, brass and bronze alloys
are. A more detailed discussion on the composition of stainless steel, brass and bronze alloys is
provided in Appendix A. A comprehensive discussion on the chemistry, composition, and
environmental fate of alloys, including stainless steel, brass and bronze alloys is available in an EPA
document entitled Report on the Corrosion of Certain Alloys9 (8).
3.1.1 Definition of Stainless Steel Alloy
The American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) defines alloy steels as follows: "....common
custom steel is considered to be alloy steel when the maximum of the range given for the content of
alloying elements exceeds one or more of the following limits: manganese (Mn), 1.65%; silicon (Si),
0.60%; copper (Cu), 0.60%; or in which a definite range or a definite minimum quantity of any of the
following elements is specified or required within the limits of the recognized field of constructional alloy
steels: aluminum (Al), boron (B), chromium (Cr) up to 4.00%, cobalt (Co), niobium (Nb), molybdenum
(Mo), nickel (Ni), titanium (Ti), tungsten (W), vanadium (V), zirconium (Zr), or any other alloying
element added to obtain a desired alloying effect."
9 The reference to the alloys document pertains to the draft version (dated July 2001) of the document. A revised
version is expected to be released by EPA in 2002.
3-2
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Did the facility exceed the 25,000/10,000 Ib threshold, considering lead in stainless steel,
brass or bronze alloy1, AND lead not in stainless steel, brass or bronze alloy?
1The de minim is exemption may be considered for quantities of the lead in stainless steel, brass or bronze alloy
NO
YES
Did the facility exceed the 100 Ib threshold
considering only lead not in stainless steel,
brass or bronze alloy?
YES
Must use Form R, without
range reporting in Sections 5
and 6 of Part II.
Only required to report
releases and transfers of lead
not in stainless steel, brass or
bronze alloy.
NO
No
lea
reporting for
d required.
Did the facility exceed the 100 Ib threshold
considering only lead not in stainless steel,
brass or bronze alloy?
Must use Form R, without
range reporting in Sections 5
and 6 of Part II.
Report releases and transfers
from BOTH lead in stainless
steel, brass or bronze alloy
and lead not in stainless
steel, brass or bronze alloy.
May use Form A or Form R;
range reporting can be used
in Sections 5 and 6 of Part II.
Report releases and transfers
from BOTH lead in stainless
steel, brass or bronze alloy
and lead not in stainless
steel, brass or bronze alloy.
Figure 3-1. Reporting Thresholds and Requirements for Lead
(This flow chart does not apply to Lead Compounds, which is a separately listed TRI chemical.)
Steels that contain 4% or more of chromium are
included, by convention, among the special types of
alloy steels known as stainless steels (8). Trace
concentrations of lead may be contained in stainless
steel as an impurity. The main reason for the existence
of stainless steels is their resistance to corrosion.
More than 180 different alloys belong to the stainless
steel group and each year new ones and modifications
of existing ones appear. In some stainless steels the
chromium content approaches 30%. Corrosion and
oxidation resistance of stainless steels increase as the
chromium content is increased. By increasing the
amount of the chromium content and by the presence
of other elements, such as molybdenum or titanium, the
corrosion resistance of stainless steels can be varied
over a tremendous range.
Some Important Points about Alloys
• An alloy is a solid mixture that
contains two or more elements, at least
one of which is a metal;
• With regard to the TRI Lead Rule and
this document, the "qualified alloys "
are stainless steel, brass and bronze
alloys that contain lead;
• Stainless steels are steels that contain
4% or more of chromium;
• Brass is an alloy that consists chiefly of
copper and zinc in variable
proportions, and to a lesser extent
other elements;
• Bronze is an alloy that consists chiefly
of copper and tin in variable
proportions, and to a lesser extent
other elements.
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3.1.2 Definitions of Brass and Bronze
Brass is an alloy that consists chiefly of copper and zinc in variable proportions, and to a lesser
extent other elements. Bronze is an alloy that consists chiefly of copper and tin in variable proportions,
and to a lesser extent other elements. There are a number of different types of brass and bronze that
differ in the concentrations of copper, zinc, tin or other metals.
Copper and its alloys, including brass and bronze, are classified in the United States by
composition according to Copper Development Association (CDA) designations which have been
incorporated into the Unified Numbering System (UNS) for metals and alloys. Wrought copper
materials are assigned five digit numerical designations which range from C10100 through C79999, but
only the first three or sometimes four numerals are frequently used for brevity. Designations that start
with 8 or 9 are reserved for cast copper alloys. The designations and principal alloying elements of
wrought copper alloys are given in Table 3-1.
Table 3-1
UNS (CDA) Designations for Brass and Bronze Alloys
Alloy group
Brasses
Leaded brasses
Tin brasses
Phosphor bronzes
Leaded bronzes
Phosphorus-silver
Aluminum bronze
Silicon bronze
Modified brass
UNS (CDA) designation
C20500-C28580
C31200-C38590
C40400-C40980
C50100-C52400
C53200-C54800
C55180-C55284
C60600-C64400
C64700-C66100
C66400-C69950
Principal alloy elements
Zn
Zn-Pb
Sn,Zn
Sn-P
Sn-P, Pb
Ag-P
Al, Fe, Ni, Co, Si
Si, Sn
Zn, Al, Si, Mn
Brass and bronze can be grouped according to how the principal elemental additions affect
properties. This grouping depends primarily on whether the additions that dissolve in the liquid copper
can form discrete second phases during melting/casting or in-process thermal treatment. Brass and
bronze are considered to be solid solution alloys when copper dissolves other elements to varying
degrees to produce a single-phase alloy that is strengthened relative to unalloyed copper. The
contribution to strengthening from an element depends on the amount of the element in solution and by
its particular physical characteristics, such as atom size and valency. Tin, silicon, and aluminum show
the highest strengthening efficiency of the common elemental additives, whereas nickel and zinc are the
least efficient. The limiting factor in their alloy range is the extent to which the elements, either singly or
in combination, remain dissolved in the copper during processing. Table 3-2 gives the designations and
compositions of some specific brass and bronze wrought alloys. More details on these specific alloys
are provided in Appendix A.
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Table 3-2
UNS (CDA) Designation and Compositions of Some Brass and
Bronze Wrought Alloys
Alloy group
Zinc brass
Leaded brass
Tin brass
Phosphor bronze
Aluminum bronze
Silicon bronze
Silicon bronze
Modified Cu-Zn
TINS designation
C260
C360
C425
C510
C638
C654
C655
C688
Elemental composition, wt% a
30 Zn
35 Zn, 3 Pb
9.5 Zn, 2.0 Sn
5.0Sn,0.1P
2.8 Al, 1.8 Si
3.0 Si, 1.5Sn,0.1Cr
3.3 Si, 0.9 Mn
22.7Zn,3.4Al,0.4Co
Remaining percentage is copper.
Section 3.2 Determining When Reporting of Releases and Other Waste Management
Quantities for the Qualified Alloys is Required
As discussed above, there is only one reporting threshold for lead compounds, and that is 100
pounds. Hence, a facility that either manufactures, processes or otherwise uses more than 100 pounds
annually of a single lead compound, or more than one lead compound, will have to report releases and
other waste management quantities of the lead contained in the lead compound(s). For lead metal
(Pb°), there are three reporting thresholds: 25,000 pounds; 10,000 pounds; and 100 pounds, that
pertain to the manufacture, processing or otherwise use of this chemical. A facility must file an EPCRA
section 313 report if it manufactures, processes, or otherwise uses more than 100 pounds of lead (not
contained in stainless steel, brass, or bronze alloy) during the calendar year. For lead contained in
stainless steel, brass or bronze alloy the 25,000 pound threshold for manufacturing and processing, and
the 10,000 pound threshold for otherwise use, is applied. As illustrated in Figure 3-1, facilities that
manufacture, process, or otherwise use lead and stainless steel, brass, or bronze alloys that contain lead
must apply all quantities of lead (regardless of whether they are in an alloy) to the 25,000 pound
threshold for manufacturing and processing or the 10,000 pound threshold for otherwise use. When
conducting threshold evaluations a facility must consider the amount of lead not in stainless steel, brass,
or bronze alloys toward both the 100 pound threshold AND the 25,000 and 10,000 pound thresholds
(see Figure 3-1). Of course, facilities that manufacture, process, or otherwise use lead only when it is
not contained in any of the qualified alloys would only have to consider the 100 pound threshold.
Thus, the qualification for lead contained in stainless steel, brass or bronze alloys creates three
potential scenarios for facilities that may manufacture, process, or otherwise use lead as well as stainless
steel, brass or bronze alloys that contain lead: 1) all lead is in forms other than stainless steel, brass, or
bronze alloy; 2) all lead is in stainless steel, brass, or bronze alloy; and 3) some lead is in stainless steel,
brass, or bronze alloy and some is not; i.e., some lead may be manufactured, processed, or otherwise
used elsewhere at the facility. Table 3-3 summarizes what a facility needs to consider in determining
whether they need to report releases and other waste management quantities under each of these
scenarios and, if reporting is required, what options the facility has in filing reports. Table 3-3 refers to
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the following three variables: 1) Form A Certification Statement; 2) range reporting for Sections 5 and
6 of Part n of the Form R; and 3) de minimis exemption. These variables, as well as their applicability,
are discussed in Chapter 1, Section 1.3. Additional details on these variables can be found in the
"Toxic Chemical Release Inventory Reporting Forms & Instructions" package, which is published
annually by EPA and can be obtained from the Internet at http://www.epa.gov/tri.
Table 3-3
Threshold Scenarios and Options Involving Lead and the Qualified Alloys
Scenario
Option
None of the lead at the facility
is contained in a qualified alloy.
In this scenario all lead quantities are "not
in stainless steel, brass, or bronze alloys."
In principle the 100 pound, 25,000 pound
and 10,000 pound thresholds are applicable.
However, since none of the lead is in a
qualified alloy, as a practical matter what
really determines whether reporting is
required in this scenario is whether the 100
pound threshold is "triggered" (i.e.,
exceeded.)
In this scenario, the facility may NOT use ANY of the following
variables: de minimis exemption, Form A Certification Statement,
and range reporting for Sections 5 and 6 of Part II of the Form R.
All of the lead is only in qualified alloys.
Thus, all lead quantities to be considered in
the threshold determination are only "in
stainless steel, brass, or bronze alloys."
Therefore, only the 25,000/10,000 pound
thresholds need to be considered.
If either the 25,000 or 10,000 pound thresholds are exceeded:
The facility can use the de minimis exemption (if otherwise
applicable).
The facility may also use the Form A Certification Statement and
range reporting options for completing Sections 5 and 6 of Part II
of the Form R.
Lead is in qualified alloys AND not in
qualified alloys.
Quantities of lead are "in stainless steel,
brass or bronze alloys" and "not in
stainless steel, brass, or bronze alloys".
Thus, all three reporting thresholds: i.e., the
100 pound, 25,000 pound and 10,000 pound
thresholds need to be considered, and the
facility will need to determine whether any
of these thresholds have been triggered
(exceeded). Those quantities of lead not in
qualified alloys are to be applied to all three
reporting thresholds. Those quantities of
lead that are only in the specified alloys
should only be applied to the 25,000 pound
and 10,000 pound thresholds.
The facility may take the de minimis exemption for those
quantities of lead "in stainless steel, brass, or bronze alloys" that
meet the de minimis exemption requirements (e.g., manufactured
as an impurity). The facility may not take the de minimis
exemption for any of the lead "not in stainless steel, brass, or
bronze alloys."
If the 100 pound reporting threshold is exceeded, the facility may
NOT use the following variables: Form A Certification Statement
and range reporting for Sections 5 and 6 of Part II of the Form R,
regardless of whether the 25,000/10,000 pound threshold is
exceeded.
If only the 25,000 or 10,000 pound threshold is exceeded, the
facility may use the Form A Certification Statement or range
reporting variables even though, in this example, quantities of
lead "not in stainless steel, brass, or bronze alloys" were included
in the threshold calculation. The reporting variables cannot be
used once the 100 pound threshold has been exceeded.
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The following example demonstrates some of the points described in the above threshold
determination scenarios. Other examples are included in Appendix B, which presents a series of
questions and answers regarding the reporting of lead and lead compounds. The first part of Appendix
B repeats selected questions and answers about EPCRA section 313 reporting of metal and metal
compounds that have been published elsewhere (1), while the second part of Appendix B presents
questions and answers received by the Agency since the promulgation of the lead rule that are specific
to the reporting of lead and lead compounds and that have not yet been published elsewhere.
Examples - Threshold Determinations for Various Scenarios Involving Lead Alloys
1) Consider a facility that processes 20,000 pounds of lead in a stainless steel alloy and 275 pounds of lead in
another alloy that is not stainless steel, brass, or bronze during the calendar year. Does this facility need to file an
EPCRA section 313 report for lead?
Yes, this facility must file an EPCRA section 313 Form R report for lead (a Form A Certification Statement is not an
option). While this facility did not exceed the 25,000 pound threshold for processing lead in all forms, it exceeded
the 100 pound threshold for processing lead in forms other than in stainless steel, brass, or bronze alloys. This
facility is only required to report releases and transfers of lead not contained in stainless steel, brass, or bronze
alloys, and cannot use range reporting in Sections 5 and 6 of Part II of the Form R.
2) Consider a facility that processes 24,950 pounds of lead in a stainless steel alloy and 75 pounds of lead in
another alloy that is not stainless steel, brass, or bronze during the calendar year. Does this facility need to file an
EPCRA section 313 report for lead?
Yes, this facility must file an EPCRA section 313 report for lead. This facility exceeded the 25,000 pound threshold
for processing of lead in all forms (24,950 pounds in a qualified alloy plus 75 pounds in a non-qualified alloy =
25,025 pounds total); therefore, this facility must file a report. Since this facility did not exceed the 100 pound
threshold for processing lead in forms other than stainless steel, brass, or bronze alloys, this facility may file a
Form A Certification Statement rather than a Form R report if it meets the other requirements (less than 1,000,000
pounds manufactured, processed, or otherwise used and less than 500 pounds for the total annual reportable
amount) for completing a Form A Certification Statement. This facility is required to report releases and transfers
of all lead (both contained in the stainless steel alloy and not contained in stainless steel, brass, or bronze alloys),
and can use range reporting in Sections 5 and 6 of Part II of the Form R.
3) Consider a facility that processes 275 pounds of lead metal that is not in stainless steel, brass, or bronze alloys
and in a separate operation processes 24,900 pounds of lead in a brass alloy during the calendar year. Does this
facility have to file an EPCRA section 313 report for lead and is this facility required to report quantities released
and otherwise managed as waste from the lead in all sources?
Yes, this facility must file a Form R report for lead. This facility exceeded both the 25,000 pound processing
threshold for lead in all forms (275 pounds of lead in a non-qualified alloy plus 24,900 pounds in a brass alloy =
25,175 pounds total) and the 100 pound threshold for lead not contained in stainless steel, brass, or bronze alloys.
Therefore, this facility must complete a Form R (it cannot use a Form A Certification Statement). This facility must
consider the amount of lead in both the qualified and non-qualified alloys when estimating its releases and
quantities otherwise managed as waste (although the de minimis exemption can be used for waste streams that
apply to the 24,900 pounds of lead in the brass alloy, if appropriate). This facility cannot use range reporting in
Sections 5 and 6 of Part II of the Form R.
4) Consider a facility that processes 90 pounds of a lead compound, 95 pounds of lead metal (i.e., lead that is not
contained in stainless steel, brass, or bronze alloys) and 24,910 pounds of lead in a stainless steel alloy during the
calendar year. Does this facility have to file an EPCRA section 313 report for lead?
3-7
-------
Examples (continued)- Threshold Determinations for Various
Scenarios Involving Lead Alloys
Yes, this facility must file an EPCRA section 313 report for lead. This facility exceeded the 25,000 pound threshold
for processing of lead in all forms (95 pounds not in a qualified alloy plus 24,910 pounds in stainless steel = 25,005
pounds total) and must, therefore, file a report. Since this facility did not exceed the 100 pound threshold for
processing of lead not in stainless steel, brass, or bronze alloys, this facility may file a Form A Certification
Statement rather than a Form R report if it meets the other requirements (less than 1,000,000 pounds manufactured,
processed, or otherwise used and less than 500 pounds for the total annual reportable amount released) for
completing a Form A Certification Statement. This facility is required to report releases and transfers of all lead
(both contained in the stainless steel alloy and not contained in stainless steel, brass, or bronze alloys), and can
use range reporting in Sections 5 and 6 of Part II of the Form R.
Note, however, that this facility did not exceed the 100 pound processing threshold for lead compounds and,
therefore, does not need to report its processing of a lead compound. None of the lead in the lead compound is
factored into the above threshold determinations for lead, or toward release or otherwise managed quantity
estimates for lead.
5) Consider a facility that processes 26,500,000 pounds of a stainless steel alloy containing 0.0950% lead. Does
this facility have to file an EPCRA section 313 report for lead?
The amount of lead in the stainless steel alloy processed is calculated as follows:
(26,500,000 pounds alloy) x (0.0950% lead) = 25,200 pounds lead
While the threshold for processing lead appears to have been exceeded : 25,200 pounds is more than the 25,000
pound threshold for processing lead, the lead in the alloy is less than the de minimis concentration (0.1%) and
therefore does not have to be considered in the threshold calculation (i.e., is exempt from the threshold
calculation). Thus, because the de minimis concentration for lead is 0.1%, and this facility processed lead only in
the form of the qualified alloy of stainless steel (i.e., the 100 pound threshold was not also exceeded), this facility
is not required to file an EPCRA section 313 report.
It is important to note that if a facility exceeds the 100 pound threshold for lead not contained in
stainless steel, brass, or bronze alloys, they must complete a Form R. Keep in mind that the de
minimis exemption may apply when estimating the amounts of release and otherwise managed
quantities associated with the lead in the qualified alloys. Clarification on "melting" qualified alloys is
presented in Part 2 of Appendix B, Q&A 6.
3-8
-------
CHAPTER 4
SOURCES OF LEAD AND LEAD COMPOUNDS
This chapter provides an overview of where EPA believes lead and lead compounds are likely
to be found at facilities and which operations may manufacture, process, or otherwise use lead or lead
compounds. You should determine if the sources of lead and lead compounds discussed in this chapter
apply to your facility. EPA recognizes that this document is not exhaustive and that many additional
sources of lead and lead compounds exist. You should carefully consider all potential sources, not just
those discussed in this document.
Section 4.1 Physical and Chemical Nature of Lead and Lead Compounds
In pure form, lead metal (Pb°) is silvery in appearance. Lead metal oxidizes and turns bluish-
gray when exposed to air. It is soft enough to be scratched with a fingernail. It is dense, malleable, and
readily fusible (10). Its properties include a low melting point; ease of casting; high density; low
strength; ease of fabrication; acid resistance; electrochemical reaction with sulfuric acid; chemical
stability in air, water, and soils; and the ability to attenuate sound waves, atomic radiation and
mechanical vibration (11). The physical properties of lead are presented in Table 4-1.
Lead in its elemental or pure form rarely occurs in nature. Lead most commonly occurs as the
mineral galena (lead sulfide [PbS]), a lead compound, and is sometimes found in other mineral forms,
which are of lesser commercial importance, such as anglesite (PbSO4) and cerussite (PbCO3) (10).
Table 4-2 presents properties of these three mineral compounds. Lead is hardened by alloying it with
small amounts of arsenic, copper, antimony, or other metals (10). These alloys are frequently used in
manufacturing various lead-containing products. A list of typical end uses for lead alloys is given in
Table 4-3.
Lead in its compound form also has many uses in manufacturing processes, primarily as
pigments. Lead compounds can be classified into the following general categories:
• Organolead compounds;
• Lead oxides;
Lead sulfides; and
Lead salts.
Each of these classes of lead compounds is discussed briefly below. Table 4-4 presents a summary of
the chemical formulas and end uses of the most commonly used lead compounds.
4.1.1 Organolead Compounds
Organolead compounds are compounds that contain lead and carbon and have at least one
lead-carbon bond. Only two types of organolead compounds have found large-scale commercial
applications: tetramethyllead (TML) and tetraethyllead (TEL). Both TML and TEL were once
manufactured in large quantities in the United States because they were used extensively in automotive
gasoline. However, due to strict regulations that have essentially outlawed the use lead as an additive
4-1
-------
in gasoline, the commercial production or importation of TML and TEL in the United States is now
greatly reduced. Special use of lead as an additive in certain types of fuels, such as fuels for certain
racing cars and aircraft, is still permitted, however.
Table 4-1
Physical Properties of Lead
Property
Value
Atomic weight
Melting point
Boiling point
Specific gravity
20'C
327'C (solid)
327' C (liquid)
Specific heat
Latent heat of fusion
Latent heat of vaporization
Vapor pressure
980'C
1160-C
1420'C
1500'C
1600'C
Thermal conductivity
28'C
100'C
327'C (solid)
327' C (liquid)
Thermal conductivity
(relative to Ag = 100)
Coefficient of linear expansion, at 20* C per • C
Surface tension at 360* C, mN/m (= dyn/cm)
207.2 Daltons
327'C
1770'C
11.35g/cm3
ll.OOg/cm3
10.67 g/cm3
130 J/(kg-ICf
25J/g?
860 J/g;1
0.133kPab
1.33kPab
13.33 kPab
26.7 kPab
53.3 kPab
34.7 W/(m-K)
33.0W/(m-K)
30.5 W/(m-K)
24.6 W/(m-K)
8.2
29.1xlO-6
442
Source: Reference 12
a To convert J to cal, divide by 4.184.
b To convert kPa to mm Hg, multiply by 7.5.
4-2
-------
Table 4-2
Physical Properties of the Principal Lead-Ore Compounds
Parameter Galena Cerussite Anglesite
Formula
Lead, weight percent
Hardness, Mohs scale
Luster
Color
Density, g/cm3
PbS
86.6 %
2. 5 to 2.75
Metallic
Lead gray
7.58
PbCO3
77.5 %
3 to 3. 5
Adamantine to vitreous,
resinous
Colorless to white
6.55
PbSO4
68.3 %
2.5 to 3
Adamantine to vitreous,
resinous
Colorless to white
6.38
Source: Reference 13
Table 4-3
Uses of Lead Alloys
Alloy
Uses
Lead - Copper
<0.10% copper by wt.
60 to 70% copper by wt.
(leaded brass or bronze)
Lead - Antimony
Lead - Antimony - Tin
Lead sheet
Lead pipes
Sheathings for electric power cables
Wire and other fabricated lead products
Tank linings
Tubes for acid-mist precipitators
Steam heating pipes for acid-plating baths
Bearings and bushings
Lead-acid battery positive grids, posts, and connectors
Flashings and roofing materials
Cable sheathings
Ammunition
Tank linings, pumps, valves, pipes, and heating and cooling coils in chemical
operations using sulfuric acid or sulfate solutions at elevated temperatures
Lead sheet
Anodes in metal-plating and metal-electrowinning operations
Collapsible tubes
Wheel-balancing weights for automobiles and trucks
Special weights and castings
Battery cable clamps
Printing-type metals
Bushing and sleeve bearings
Journal bearings in freight cars and mobile cranes
Decorative, slush, and special castings (e.g., miniature figures, casket trim, belt
buckles, trophies, and holloware)
4-3
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Table 4-3 (Continued)
Use of Lead Alloys
Alloy
Uses
Lead - Tin
Lead - Calcium
Lead - Calcium - Aluminum
Lead - Calcium - Tin
Lead - Silver
Lead - Silver - Antimony
Lead - Silver - Calcium
Lead - Strontium - Tin
Lead - Tellurium
Fusible (lead, cadmium,
bismuth, and tin in varying
compositions)3
Lead - Idium
Lead - Lithium and
Lead - Lithium - Tin
Solders for sealing and joining metals (e.g., electronic applications including printed
circuit boards)
Automobile radiators
High-temperature heat exchangers
Terne-steel sheets for radio and television chassis, roofs, fuel tanks, air filters, oil
filters, gaskets, metal furniture, gutters, and downspouts
Coating of copper sheet used for building flashings
Coating of steel and copper electronic components
Electroplating
Grids for large stationary stand-by power, submarine, and specialty sealed batteries
Original equipment automotive batteries
Negative grids for replacement batteries
Electrowinning anodes
Cable sheathing, sleeving for cable splices, specialty boat keels, and lead-alloy
tapes
Negative battery grids
Maintenance-free automotive battery grids
Electrowinning anodes
Insoluble anodes for zinc and manganese electroplating
Anodes in the d-c cathodic protection of steel pipe and structures used in fresh,
brackish, or seawater
Solder in high pressure, high temperature cooling systems
Positive grids of lead-acid batteries
Soft solders
Production of thin copper foil for electronics
Zinc electro winning
Maintenance-free battery grids
Bearings
Used in pipes and sheets for chemical installations
Shielding for nuclear reactors
Cable sheathing
Fuses
Low-melting sprinkler systems
Foundry patterns
Molds, dies, punches, chucks, cores, mandrels, flexible tubing, and low-temperature
solder
Used to solder metals to glass
Battery grids
Bearings
a Alloys that melt at very low temperatures (i.e., 32« F to 361.4' F [O C to 183« C]).
Source: Reference 14
4-4
-------
Table 4-4
Lead Compounds
Compound
Lead acetate
Lead alkyl, mixed
Lead antimonate
Lead arsenate
Lead arsenite
Lead azide
Lead borate
Lead borosilicate
Lead carbonate,
basic
Lead chloride
Lead chromate
Lead cyanide
Lead dimethyl
dithiocarbamate
Lead dioxide
Lead fluoborate
CAS Number
301-04-2
13510-89-9
7645-25-2
10031-13-7
13424-46-9
14720-53-7
—
598-63-0
7758-95-4
7758-97-6
592-05-2
19010-66-3
1309-60-0
13814-96-5
Chemical Formula or Description
Pb(C2H302)2«3H20
A mixture containing various methyl and
ethyl derivatives of tetraethyl lead and
tetramethyl lead
Pb3(Sb04)2
Pb3(As04)2
Pb(As02)2
Pb(N3)2
Pb(BO2)2-H2O
Composed of a mixture of the borate and
silicate of lead
2PbCO3«Pb(OH)2
PbCl2
PbCrO4
Pb(CN)2
Pb[SCSN(CH3)2]2
PbO2
B2F8-Pb
Uses
Dyeing of textiles, waterproofing, varnishes, lead driers, chrome
pigments, gold cyanidation process, insecticide, anti-fouling paints,
analytical reagent, hair dye
Anti-knock agents in aviation gasoline
Staining glass, crockery, and porcelain
Insecticide, herbicide
Insecticide
Primary detonating compound for high explosives
Varnish and paint drier, waterproofing paints, lead glass, electrically
conductive ceramic coatings
A constituent of optical glass
Exterior paint pigments, ceramic glazes
Preparation of lead salts, lead chromate pigments, analytical reagent
Pigment in industrial paints, rubber, plastics, ceramic coatings; organic
analysis
Metallurgy
Vulcanization accelerator with litharge
Oxidizing agent, electrodes, lead-acid storage batteries, curing agent for
polysulfide elastomers, textiles (mordant, discharge in dyeing with
indigo), matches, explosives, analytical reagent.
Salt for electroplating lead; can be mixed with stannous fluoborate to
electroplate any composition of tin and lead as an alloy
-------
Table 4-4 (Continued)
Lead Compounds *
Compound
Lead fluoride
Lead fluosilicate
Lead formate
Lead hydroxide
Lead iodide
Lead linoleate
Lead maleate,
tribasic
Lead molybdate
Lead a -
naphthalenesulfo
nate
Lead naphthenate
Lead nitrate
Lead oleate
Lead oxide, red
Lead phosphate
Lead phosphate,
dibasic
Lead phosphite,
dibasic
CAS Number
7783-46-2
25808-74-6
811-54-1
19783-14-3
10101-63-0
16996-51-3
—
10190-55-3
61790-14-5
10099-74-8
1120-46-3
1314-41-6
7446-27-7
—
15845-52-0
Chemical Formula or Description
PbF2
PbSiF6-2H2O
Pb(CH02)2
Pb(OH)2
PbI2
Pb(C18H3102)2
C4HA'Pb
PbMo04
Pb(C10H7S03)2
C7H12O2-xPb
Pb(N03)2
[CH3(CH2)7CH:CH(CH2)7COO]2Pb
Pb304
Pb3(P04)2
PbHP04
2PbOPbHP03«l/2H20
Uses
Electronic and optical applications, starting materials for growing
single-crystal solid-state lasers, high-temperature dry film lubricants in
the form of ceramic-bonded coatings
Solution for electrorefining lead
Reagent in analytical determinations
Lead salts, lead dioxide
Bronzing, printing, photography, cloud seeding
Medicine, drier in paints and varnishes
Vulcanizing agent for chlorosulfonated polyethylene. Highly basic
stabilizer with high heat stability in vinyls
Analytical chemistry, pigments
Organic preparations
Paint and varnish drier, wood preservative, insecticide, catalyst for
reaction between unsaturated fatty acids and sulfates in the presence of
air, lube oil additive
Lead salts, mordant in dyeing and printing calico, matches, mordant for
staining mother of pearl, oxidizer in the dye industry, sensitizer in
photography, explosives, tanning, process engraving, and lithography
Varnishes, lacquers, paint drier, high-pressure lubricants
Storage batteries, glass, pottery, and enameling, varnish, purification of
alcohol, packing pipe joints, metal -protective paints, fluxes and ceramic
glazes.
Stabilizing agent in plastics
Imparting heat resistance and pearlescence to polystyrene and casein
plastics
Heat and light stabilizer for vinyl plastics and chlorinated paraffins. As
a UV screening and antioxidizing stabilizer for vinyl and other
chlorinated resins in paints and plastics
-------
Table 4-4 (Continued)
Lead Compounds *
Compound
CAS Number
Chemical Formula or Description
Uses
Lead phthalate,
dibasic
Lead resinate
Lead salicylate
Lead sesquioxide
Lead silicate
Lead silicate,
basic
Lead
silicochromate
Lead sodium
thio sulfate
Lead stannate
Lead stearate
Lead subacetate
Lead suboxide
Lead sulfate
Lead sulfate, basic
Lead sulfate, blue
basic
9008-26-8
1314-27-8
11120-22-2
11113-70-5
12036-31-6
52652-59-2
1335-32-6
7446-14-2
C6H4(COO)2Pb'PbO
Pb(C20H2902)2
Pb(OOCC6H4OH)2-H2O
3PbOSi02
A pigment made up of an adherent surface
layer of basic lead silicate and basic lead
sulfate cemented to silica
A yellow lead-silicon pigment
PbS2O3«2Na2S2O
PbSn03'2H20
Pb(C18H3502)2
2Pb(OH)2Pb(C2H3O2)2
Pb20
PbS04
PbSO/PbO
Composition: Lead sulfate (min) 45%, lead
oxide (min) 30%, lead sulfide (max) 12%,
lead sulfite (max) 5%, zinc oxide 5%,
carbon and undetermined matter (max) 5%
Heat and light stabilizer for general vinyl use
Paint and varnish drier, textile waterproofing agent
Stabilizer or costabilizer for flooring and other vinyl compounds
requiring good light stability
Ceramics, ceramic cements, metallurgy, varnishes
Ceramics, fireproofing fabrics
Pigment in industrial paints
Normal lead silicon chromate is used as a yellow prime pigment for
traffic marking paints. Basic lead silicon chromate is used as a corrosive
inhibitive pigment for metal protective coatings, primers, and finishers.
Also for industrial enamels requiring a high gloss
Matches
Additive in ceramic capacitors, pyrotechnics
Varnish and lacquer drier, high-pressure lubricants, lubricant in
extrusion processes stabilizer for vinyl polymers, corrosion inhibitor for
petroleum, component of greases, waxes, and paints
Decolorizing agent (sugar solutions, etc.)
In storage batteries
Storage batteries, paint pigments
Paints, ceramics, pigments
Components of structural-metal priming coat paints, rust-inhibitor in
paints, lubricants, vinyl plastics, and rubber products
-------
Table 4-4 (Continued)
Lead Compounds *
Compound
Lead sulfate,
tribasic
Lead sulfide
Lead telluride
Lead tetraacetate
Lead thiocyanate
Lead titanate
Lead tungstate
Lead vanadate
Lead zirconate
titanate
Litharge
CAS Number
--
1314-87-0
1314-91-6
546-67-8
592-87-0
12060-00-3
7759-01-5
10099-79-3
12626-81-2
1317-36-8
Chemical Formula or Description
3PbOPbSO4'H2O
PbS
PbTe
Pb(CH3COO)4
Pb(SCN)2
PbTiO3
PbW04
Pb(V03)2
PbTiZrO3
PbO
Uses
Electrical and other vinyl compounds requiring high heat stability
Ceramics, infrared radiation detector, semi-conductor, ceramic glaze,
source of lead
Single crystals used as photoconductor and semiconductor in
thermocouples
Oxidizing agent in organic synthesis, laboratory reagent
Ingredient of priming mix for small-arms cartridges, safety matches,
dyeing
Industrial paint pigment
Pigment
Preparation of other vanadium compounds, pigment
Element in hi-fi sets and as a transducer for ultrasonic cleaners,
ferroelectric materials in computer memory units
Storage batteries, ceramic cements and fluxes, pottery and glazes, glass,
chromium pigments, oil refining, varnishes, paints, enamels, assay of
precious metal ores, manufacture of red lead, cement (with glycerol),
acid-resisting compositions, match-head compositions, other lead
compounds, rubber accelerator
oo
Source: Reference 15
* Some of the lead compounds listed in this table are stated as being used in paints and other coating materials. It should be noted that the
use of lead compounds in paints and other coating materials has been restricted by various regulations. Nowadays, the major uses of lead
based paints and other coating materials are: as metal primers in automobile refinishing; anti-corrosive undercoatings in the automobile
industry; in public works applications (such as bridges and roads, for example); in traffic paints; in art materials; and in marine
applications (such as boats and buoys).
-------
4.1.2 Lead Oxides
Lead oxide is a general term and includes lead monoxide or "litharge" (PbO); lead tetraoxide or
"red lead" (Pb3O4); and black or "gray" oxide, which is a mixture of 70 percent lead monoxide and
30 percent metallic lead. Litharge is used primarily in the manufacture of various ceramic products.
Because of its electrical and electronic properties, litharge is also used in capacitors and
electrophotographic plates, as well as in ferromagnetic and ferroelectric materials. It is also used as an
activator in rubber, a curing agent in elastomers, a sulfur removal agent in the production of thiols and in
oil refining, and an oxidation catalyst in several organic chemical processes. It also has important
markets in the production of many lead chemicals, dry colors, soaps (i.e., lead stearate), and driers for
paint. Another important use of litharge is the production of lead salts, particularly those used as
stabilizers for plastics, notably polyvinyl chloride materials (16).
Lead tetraoxide (Pb3O4) or red lead is a brilliant orange-red pigment. It is used as a pigment in
anticorrosion paints for steel surfaces. It is also used in lead oxide pastes for tubular storage batteries,
in ballistic modifiers for high-energy propellants, in ceramic glazes for porcelain, in lubricants for hot
pressing metals, in radiation-shielding foam coatings in clinical x-ray exposure, and in rubber adhesives
for roadway joints (14). Black lead is made for specific use in the manufacture of lead acid storage
batteries (16). Lead dioxide (PbO2) is a brownish, black powder. Because of its strong oxidizing
properties, it is used in the manufacture of dyes and to control burning in incendiary fires. It is also used
as a curing agent for liquid polysulfide polymers and low molecular weight butyl and polyisopropane
(17). Lead titanate (PbTiO3) and lead zirconate (PbZrO3) are two lead oxides that are frequently
mixed, resulting in highly desirable piezoelectric properties that are used in high-power acoustic
radiating transducers, hydrophones, and specialty instruments (18).
4.1.3 Lead Sulfides
Lead sulfide (PbS) or galena is one of the most common lead minerals, appearing black and
opaque. It is an efficient heat conductor and has semiconductor properties, making it desirable for use
in photoelectric cells. Lead sulfide is used in ceramics, infrared radiation detectors, and ceramic glaze
(18,19).
4.1.4 Lead Salts
Many lead salts are colored and, therefore, are used commercially as pigments. Basic lead
carbonate (Pb(OH)2»2PbCO3), basic lead sulfate (Pb(SO4>PbO), and basic lead silicates
(3PbOSiO2) are well known white pigments. Basic lead carbonate is used as a component of ceramic
glazes, as a curing agent with peroxides to form improved polyethylene wire insulation, as a color-
changing component of temperature-sensitive inks, as a component of lubricating greases, and as a
component of weighted nylon-reinforced fish nets made of polyvinylchloride (PVC) fibers (14). Basic
lead sulfate helps provide efficient, long-term, economic heat stability to flexible and rigid PVC. In neat
form lead sulfate can be dispersed easily, and has excellent electrical insulation properties. It is also an
effective activator for azodicarbonamide blowing agents for vinyl foams (14). Basic lead silicates are
used by the glass, ceramic, paint, rubber, and plastics industries. Lead monosilicate (3PbO3SiO2) is
used in formulating lead-bearing glazes for the ceramics industry and as a source of PbO in the glass
industry. Lead bisilicate (PbOOO3Al2O3*1.95SiO2) was developed as a low solubility source of lead
4-9
-------
in ceramic glazes for foodware. Tribasic lead silicate (3PbOSiO2) is used primarily by glass and frit
producers (14).
Lead chromates (e.g., PbCrO4), are orange or yellow in color and, as such, are used frequently
as orange and yellow pigments (15). Lead borates [P^BC^HO], germanates (PbO*GeO2), and
silicates (PbOSiO2) are glass-forming compounds that impart unique properties to glasses, enamels,
glazes, and other ceramics. Other salts are used as stabilizers for plastics and rubbers, explosives, and
in electroplating (14,15).
Section 4.2 Overview of Production and Use
Lead is obtained in one of two ways: either by primary production through mining of ores or
secondary production through recycling. According to the U.S. Bureau of Mines, the 1999 domestic
production of recoverable lead from lead ores was 503,000 tons, or 30 percent of the total lead
produced domestically. The 1999 quantity of domestic refined lead recovered from lead scrap was
1,110,000 tons, or 66 percent of the total lead produced domestically (20). In 1999, domestic lead
ore mining in the United States accounted for about 17 percent of the total amount of the world mined
production of lead for that year. Australia, China, and Peru accounted for about 48 percent of the
world's mined production of lead in 1999. Other major lead ore producing countries include Canada,
Mexico, North Korea, Morocco, South Africa, and Sweden (20).
Most of the lead ore mined in the United States comes from Alaska and the "lead-belt" in
southeast Missouri. The recoverable lead mine production from Alaska and Missouri was about
92 percent of the total lead mine production in the United States in 1999. Lead is also mined in Idaho,
Montana, New York, and Tennessee. In these states, lead is recovered from lead, zinc, lead-zinc, and
silver ore deposits (20). Lead ore is mined underground except when it is mined with copper ores,
which are typically mined in open pits. The lead content of ores typically ranges from 3 to 8 percent,
and the lead is usually in the form of a lead compound. The ores are extracted and beneficiated to
produce a lead ore concentrate of 55 to 70 percent lead. Once dried, the lead-ore concentrates are
shipped to primary lead smelter/refinery plants for further processing. Lead ore concentrates are
processed at primary lead smelter/refinery plants to produce lead metal or alloys. Primary lead smelting
generally falls into SIC code 3339. Facilities with this primary SIC code must file EPCRA section 313
reports if applicable thresholds are exceeded. In 1999, primary lead smelter/refinery plants operating in
the United States produced 350,000 tons of refined lead (20).
Lead is among the most recycled nonferrous metals in the world. Secondary production (from
recycled materials) has risen steadily, such that in 1999, secondary output surpassed primary output in
the United States by about a factor of three. This growth reflects the favorable economic conditions
associated with lead recycling and the ability of lead to retain its physical and chemical properties when
recycled (21). Secondary lead smelters and refineries recover and refine metal from lead-bearing scrap
materials and residues to produce lead and lead alloy ingots, lead oxide, and lead pigments. About
92 percent of recycled scrap was from lead-acid battery plates (20). Secondary lead smelting and
refining generally falls into SIC code 3341. Facilities with this primary SIC code must file EPCRA
section 313 reports if applicable thresholds are exceeded. In 1999, 1,680,000 tons of lead were
consumed by product manufacturing sectors in the United States. Figure 4-1 shows the various
manufacturing sectors consuming lead in 1999 (20).
4-10
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As shown in Figure 4-1, the manufacture of storage batteries (SIC code 3691) is the major end
use of lead (accounting for 88 percent of domestic lead use). About 50 percent of the total storage
battery consumption is for manufacturing battery posts and grids, and 50 percent was for manufacturing
lead oxides used in battery paste (20). The manufacture of ammunition and "other oxides" (SIC code
3482) are the next largest uses of lead, each accounting for about 3 percent of the total domestic lead
consumption in 1999. "Other oxides" include the manufacture of pigments and chemicals, paints, glass,
and ceramic products (various SIC codes; see Figure 4-1).
The manufacture of casting materials, solder, and sheet metal (various SIC codes; see Figure 4-
1) each accounted for 1 to 2 percent of total lead consumption in 1999 (20). Some uses of lead
experiencing increased growth over the past few years with continued growth expected are the use of
lead in cathode ray tubes for television and computer screens (to protect viewer and service technicians
from harmful radiation), and use of lead solder in the microelectronics industry (21).
Tables 4-5 and 4-6 provide summaries of the facilities filing EPCRA section 313 reports for
lead and lead compounds, respectively, in reporting year 1998. These tables provide an indication of
the type and number of facilities in various SIC codes that were required to report for lead and lead
compounds at the threshold quantities of 25,000/10,000 pounds. As a result of the lead rule and
corresponding 100 pound threshold for lead and lead compounds, EPA anticipates many more release
reports (Form R reports) to be filed with EPA. Many of these additional reports will be filed by those
entities that previously did not file release reports for lead and lead compounds because they did not
exceed the 25,000 pound and 10,000 pound thresholds. Table 4-7 shows those industries for which
EPA expects to receive additional or first-time release reports as a result of the lead rule.
4-11
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United States Lead Use in 1999
1,680,000 tons
Storage batteries
SIC 3691
1,470,000 tons
Ammunition
SIC 3482
58,300 tons
Other oxides: paint, glass, and ceramic products, other
pigments and chemicals
SIC 285, 32,28
58,200 tons
Casting metals
SIC 36, 371, 37, 3443
34,300 tons
Sheet lead
SIC 15, 3443, 3693
15,400 tons
Miscellaneous uses (no specific SIC codes)
15,100 tons
Solder
SIC 15, 341, 367, 36, 371
13,100 tons
Other metal products: foil, type metal, collapsible tubes,
annealing, galvanizing, plating, and fishing weights
SIC 27, 34
7,130 tons
Brass & bronze: billets and ingots
SIC 3351
3,940 tons
Cable covering
SIC 36
2,410 tons
Pipes, traps, other extruded products
SIC 15, 3443
2,020 tons
Bearing metals
SIC 35, 36, 37
1,570 tons
Lead caulking: building construction
SIC 15
971 tons
Figure 4-1. Usage of Lead in the United States in 1999
Source: Reference 20.
4-12
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Table 4-5
Summary of TRI Reporting For Lead, 1998
SIC Code and Name
No SIC reported
10 -Metal Mining
12 -Coal Mining
22 - Textile Mill Products
24 - Lumber and wood products except
furniture
25 - Furniture and fixtures
26 - Paper and allied products
28 - Chemicals and allied products
29 Petroleum refining and related industries
30 Rubber and misc plastic products
32 - Stone, clay, glass, and concrete products
33 - Primary metals industries
34 - Fabricated metal products, except
machinery and transportation equipment
35 - Industrial and commercial machinery and
computer equipment
36 Electronic and other electrical equipment
and components, except computer equipment
37 - Transportation equipment
38 - Measuring and analyzing instruments
39 - Miscellaneous manufacturing industries
491 1 - Electric services
493 1 - Electric and other services
4953 - Refuse systems
5169 - Chemicals and allied products, n.e.c
5171 -Bulk petroleum
7389 - Solvent recovery services
87 - Engineering, accounting, research,
management, and related services
92 - Justice, public order, and safety
97 - National security and international affairs
Invalid SIC code
Total
Source: Toxics Release Inventory (References 1, Tl
Number of
Facilities
2
9
4
1
2
4
1
15
14
20
25
253
203
49
96
78
13
11
16
1
23
4
4
1
2
2
2
1
856
)
Number of
FormR
Reports
2
8
0
1
1
3
1
11
10
18
23
228
180
42
86
64
12
6
14
1
23
1
3
1
2
2
2
1
746
Number of
Form A
Reports
0
1
4
0
1
1
0
4
4
2
2
25
23
7
10
15
1
5
2
0
0
3
1
0
0
0
0
0
111
Section 8.1
Releases
(pounds)1
39,509
444,949
0
3,367
9,536
--
9,901
2,833
17,570
67,141
6,432,432
1,080,911
5,608
366,858
1,050,608
12,706
24,275
367,473
14,876
12,645,894
70
414
0
21,190
98,697
26,121
--
22,742,939
Total Section
8 Quantities
(pounds)2
53,017
446,049
0
3,367
65,485
10,334
125,785
3,155
814,707
6,289,243
245,245,857
16,991,833
802,658
13,610,170
8,246,915
340,276
92,232
367,473
14,876
14,067,649
70
828
52,364
322,825
144,319
85,121
1
308,196,609
Total Section
8 Quantities,
Excluding
Recycling
(pounds)3
39,509
444,949
0
3,367
19,072
--
14,945
2,976
36,302
431,669
8,562,985
1,144,434
10,456
428,622
1,059,367
12,719
29,882
367,473
14,876
14,036,625
70
414
52,364
31,358
103,402
26,121
--
26,873,957
1 Section 8.1 Releases represents the quantity of the toxic chemical released due to production related events by the facility to all
environmental media both on and off site during the calendar year.
2 Total Section 8 Quantities represents the sum of total waste managed (i.e., recycled on and off site, energy recovery on and off
site, treated on and off site, and quantities released on and off site).
3 Total Section 8 Quantities, Excluding Recycling represents the Total Section 8 Quantities minus waste quantities recycled on
and off site.
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Table 4-6
Summary of TRI Reporting For Lead Compounds, 1998
SIC Code and Name
No SIC reported
10 -Metal Mining
12 -Coal Mining
22 - Textile Mill Products
24 - Lumber and wood products except
furniture
25 - Furniture and fixtures
26 - Paper and allied products
28 - Chemicals and allied products
29 Petroleum refining and related industries
30 Rubber and misc plastic products
32 - Stone, clay, glass, and concrete
products
33 - Primary metals industries
34 - Fabricated metal products, except
machinery and transportation equipment
35 - Industrial and commercial machinery
and computer equipment
36 Electronic and other electrical equipment
and components, except computer
equipment
37 - Transportation equipment
38 - Measuring and analyzing instruments
39 - Miscellaneous manufacturing industries
491 1 - Electric services
493 1 - Electric and other services
4953 - Refuse systems
5169 - Chemicals and allied products, n.e.c
5171 -Bulk petroleum
7389 - Solvent recovery services
87 - Engineering, accounting, research,
management, and related services
97 -National security and international
affairs
Invalid SIC code
Total
Number of
Facilities
1
40
3
6
2
3
i
136
27
87
56
259
48
12
131
46
4
3
156
1
37
2
1
1
1
2
2
1,068
Number of
FormR
Reports
1
39
3
6
2
3
1
105
22
68
54
246
44
11
130
42
4
3
155
1
37
1
1
1
1
2
2
985
Number of
Form A
Reports
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
31
5
19
2
16
4
1
1
4
0
0
2
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
87
Section 8.1
Releases
(pounds)1
10
208,175,220
299,000
11,907
60
50,300
59
593,389
93,736
93,817
3,528,509
45,873,698
117,340
23,302
1,771,229
103,186
315
540
7,969,935
21,000
20,663,756
NR
0
113,050
23
887
98,726
289,602,994
Total Section
8 Quantities
(pounds)2
9,314
208,924,887
299,000
44,149
20,414
50,300
39,740
6,180,703
103,972
583,578
93,818,384
306,450,807
2,196,410
627,679
351,105,737
2,119,311
83,227
52,543
8,065,179
21,000
37,774,431
NR
0
113,050
23
39,030
101,113
1,018,823,98
1
Total Section
8 Quantities,
Excluding
Recycling
(pounds)3
10
208,187,912
299,000
13,578
60
50,300
59
2,421,039
102,879
123,553
3,703,890
46,582,979
148,675
23,683
1,964,758
130,018
388
1,144
8,060,772
21,000
29,243,640
NR
0
113,050
23
39,030
98,731
301,330,171
NR = none reported.
Source: Toxic Release Inventory (References 1, 22)
environmental media both on and off site during the calendar year.
2 Total Section 8 Quantities represents the sum of total waste managed (i.e., recycled on and off site, energy recovery on and off
site, treated on and off site, and quantities released on and off site).
3 Total Section 8 Quantities, Excluding Recycling represents the Total Section 8 Quantities minus waste quantities recycled on
and off site.
4-14
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Table 4-7
Industries Expected to Increase The Number of EPCRA Section 313
Reports Filed For Lead and Lead Compounds for Reporting Year 2001 and
Beyond
SIC
Code
20 -39
1021
1031
1041
12
2047
2048
2611
2816
28197
2821
2873
28733
2874
2875
2911
3229
3231821
3241
3261
3312
3313
3315
3321
3322
3324
3325
Industry
Coal-, oil-, and wood-fired industrial sources
Copper ores
Lead and zinc ores
Gold ores
Coal mining
Dog and cat food
Prepared feeds, n.e.c.
Pulp mills
Inorganic pigments
Inorganic potassium and sodium compounds, n.e.c.
Plastics materials, synthetic resins, and
nonvulcanizable elastomers
Nitrogeneous fertilizers, except organics
Organic fertilizers
Phosphatic fertilizers
Fertilizers, mixing only
Petroleum refining
Pressed and blown glassware, n.e.c.
Stained glass
Cement, hydraulic
Vitreous plumbing fixtures
Blast furnaces and steel mills
Electrometallurgical products (ferroalloys)
Steel wiredrawing and steel nails and spikes
Gray/ductile iron foundries
Malleable iron foundries
Steel investment foundries
Steel foundries, n.e.c.
SIC Code
3334
3341
3351
3353
3354
3363
3365
3471
3479
3482
3671
3672
3674
3675
3676
3677
3678
3679
3691
371
39312
4911
4931
4939
4953
5171
7389
Industry
Primary production of aluminum
Secondary smelting of nonferrous metals
Copper rolling and drawing (brass and bronze)
Aluminum sheet plate and foil
Aluminum extruded products
Aluminum die-casting
Aluminum foundries
Electroplating, plating, polishing, anodizing, and
coloring
Galvanizing (part of SIC 3471, metal coating,
engraving and allied services)
Small arms ammunition
Electron tubes
Printed circuit boards
Semiconductors and related devices
Electronic capacitors
Electronic resistors
Electronic coils and transformers
Electronic connectors
Electronic components, n.e.c.
Storage battery manufacturing
Motor vehicles and motor vehicle equipment
Organ manufacturing
Electric services (coal and oil facilities only)
Electric and other services (coal and oil facilities
only)
Combination utilities (coal and oil facilities only)
Refuse systems
Bulk petroleum
Solvent recovery services
Source: Reference 1
Section 4.3 Lead in Raw Materials
Raw materials involved in activities at a wide variety of facilities may contain metallic lead or
lead compounds. Lead is present as a trace constituent in many metal ores, including zinc, copper,
4-15
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gold, silver, and molybdenum ores. Lead is also a trace constituent in fuels such as coal, oil, or wood
that is processed or otherwise used by many facilities. Because lead is present as a trace constituent in
crude oil, it can also be found in many products derived from oil such as heating oils and gasolines.
Table 4-8 lists some typical concentrations of lead in these types of raw materials and the
corresponding quantity of material needed to meet the 100 pound threshold. Note that lead
concentrations in metal ores vary from mine to mine and in oil-based products by the source of the
crude oil and the specific manufacturer of the products. Note also that Table 4-8 is not comprehensive
- lead and lead compounds may be contained in many other raw materials for many other processes.
Facilities should use the best readily available information that is applicable to their operations.
For purposes of TRI reporting, the lead concentration in the raw materials used at a particular site
should be used in threshold and release and other waste management calculations when such
concentrations are known, rather than the common lead concentrations shown in Table 4-8. In the
absence of site-specific information, EPA recommends that you contact your supplier or an applicable
trade association to determine whether lead concentration data is available for the raw materials you
use. In the absence of such data, EPCRA section 313 allows a reporting facility to make a reasonable
estimate (42 U.S.C. • 11023(g)(2)).
Table 4-8
Typical Concentration of Lead In Raw Materials and Quantity
Required to Meet the 100 Pound Reporting Threshold
Raw Material
Copper ores
Lead and zinc ores
Gold ores
Bituminous coal2
Subbituminous coal2
Lignite coal2
Wood
Crude oil
No. 2 fuel oil3
No. 6 fuel oil3
Gasoline
Aviation gas
JP-4
Natural gas
Concentration Lead
(ppmw)
11,000
24,000
6.60
3 to 1 1 1
2.07 to 31
3.73 to 9.8
20
0.31
0.50
1
0.079
1,750
<3
O.05 mg/irf
Reference1
3
o
J
3
23
23
23
4
3
o
J
3
o
3
o
3
24
25
Quantity Needed to Meet
the 100 pound (Ib) Lead Threshold
9,090 Ibs
4,1701bs
1.52xl07lbs
3.33 xlO7 to 9.01 x 105lbs
4.83 x 107 to 3.23 x 106 Ibs
2.68 x!07tol.02x 107lbs
5.00 x 106 Ibs
4.30 x 107 gallons4
2.82 x 107 gallons4
1.27 x 107 gallons4
2.10x 108 gallons4
9.25 x 103 gallons4
>5.12x 106 gallons4
>9.08 x 108 m3
'Numbers correspond to the references listed in Section 6.0.
2These ranges were obtained from the EPCRA Section 313 Industry Guidance for Electric Generating Facilities
(http://WWW.epa.gOV/tri/guid_docs) which should be consulted to obtain the appropriate concentration for a
particular coal type from a particular state.
Constituents are most likely metal compounds rather than elemental lead. Lead is listed in this table because
concentration data are for only the metal occurring in the fuel. Concentrations for metal compounds would be
somewhat higher depending on the metal compound.
4Assumes the following densities: Crude Oil - 7.5 Ib/gallon; No. 2 Fuel Oil - 7.1 Ib/gallon; No. 6 Fuel Oil - 7.9
Ib/gallon; Gasoline - 6.0 Ib/gallon; Aviation Gas - 6.2 Ib/gallon; JP-4 - 6.5 Ib/gallon.
4-16
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Coal and oil are common fuel sources at many facilities covered under EPCRA section 313,
and are used especially for electric power generation. Section 4.5 discusses combustion of lead-
containing fuels in more detail. Oil feedstocks (including No. 2 fuel oil and No. 6 fuel oil) are
processed through carbon black production facilities and petroleum bulk stations and terminals.
Section 4.4 Recovery. Recycle, and Reuse of Lead and Lead Compounds
The manufacture and subsequent processing of lead may result from a facility's lead recovery
activities. A facility may recover lead from batteries, dismantled equipment, or from scrap and
industrial wastes using a thermal or chemical extractive process. Major sources of recycled or
recovered lead include scrap batteries and wastes and sludges from electrolytic refining plants.
Secondary smelting operations recover lead for reuse or sale. For EPCRA section 313 reporting, it is
important to note that the process of melting metals releases metals to the environment and that EPA
has not yet promulgated regulations defining waste management activities such as recycling. The
following paragraphs provide some guidance on these topics.
Melting of a metal can cause it to be released into the environment. When in a molten state the
most common forms in which the metal can be released are vapors and particulates from handling and
heating raw materials, and refining operations. Lead and lead compounds may be present in a raw
material, and may be found in fumes and dust that evolve from heating and refining operations that
involve the raw material. EPA does not have a regulatory definition of a fume or a dust, but considers
dusts, for the purposes of reporting, to consist of solid particles generated by any mechanical
processing of materials including crushing, grinding, rapid impact, handling, detonation, and
decrepitation of organic and inorganic materials such as rock, ore, and metal. Dusts do not tend to
flocculate except under electrostatic forces. A fume is an airborne dispersion consisting of small solid
particles created by condensation from the gaseous state, in distinction to a gas or vapor. Fume arises
from the heating of solids. The condensation is often accompanied by a chemical reaction, such as
oxidation. Fumes flocculate and coalesce. [Q&A 302 in Reference 1 provides more detail on fumes
and vapors.]
In the past, there has been some difficulty in determining the difference between recycling and
reuse. According to EPA's document Interpretations of Waste Management Activities: Recycling,
Combustion for Energy Recovery, Treatment for Destruction, Waste Stabilization and Release
(August 1999), recycling is defined as: (1) the recovery for reuse of a toxic chemical from a gaseous,
aerosol, aqueous, liquid, or solid stream; or (2) the reuse, or the recovery for reuse of a toxic chemical
that is a RCRA hazardous waste or is a constituent of a RCRA hazardous waste as defined in 40 CFR
261. EPA considers the direct recirculation of a toxic chemical within a process or between processes
without any reclamation to be "reuse" of the toxic chemical rather than recycling. The direct use, direct
further use, or direct reuse of the toxic chemical is not recycling provided that there is no reclamation of
the chemical prior to that continued use or reuse (26).
Pursuant to the Pollution Prevention Act (PPA) of 1990, facilities must report the quantities of
toxic chemicals released, treated for destruction, combusted for energy recovery and recycled (42
U.S.C. • 13106(b)). EPA has not yet promulgated regulations defining these waste management
activities. EPA considers toxic chemicals "recycled" when the toxic chemicals are recovered for reuse.
If toxic chemicals are directly reused, without any intervening reclamation or recovery steps, the toxic
4-17
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chemicals are not considered recycled for Form R reporting purposes. That is, direct reuse is not a
reportable activity. Reclamation or recovery would not include simple phase changing of the toxic
chemical before further reuse (e.g., simple remelting of scrap metal). A reclamation and recovery step,
however, would include changing the relative amounts of the chemicals in an alloy. A recovery step
would include removing toxic chemicals from a pollution control device or removing contaminants from
the toxic chemical after it has been used and can no longer be used for its intended purpose.
Accordingly, if the scrap metal is not mixed with other scrap and can be remelted and directly reused,
without any recovery steps, then the toxic chemicals in the scrap metal are being directly reused.
Facilities should use their best available information in determining if the scrap sent off site is being
directly reused or, instead, is recycled because of an intervening reclamation or recovery step prior to
reuse.10 In the absence of such readily available data, EPCRA section 313 permits a reporting facility
to make a reasonable estimate. For documentation requirements facilities should refer to 40 CFR
section 372.10, which addresses the EPCRA section 313 recordkeeping requirements.
Section 4.5 Combustion of Fuels Containing Lead
As mentioned in Chapter 2, section 2.1.1 of this document, fuels (e.g., coal or oil) contain trace
quantities of some EPCRA section 313 chemicals, including lead and lead compounds, as impurities.
All EPCRA section 313 chemicals contained in fuels combusted for energy production are considered
otherwise used (40 CFR • 372.3). Thus, the amount of lead and lead compounds present in the fuel
must be included in the otherwise use threshold. Lead may be present in the fuel either in its elemental
form [i.e., lead metal (Pb°)] or as a lead compound. In the absence of any other data, EPA
recommends assuming elemental lead (Pb°) is present in the fuel.
Additionally, during combustion processes it is expected that lead is converted to various lead
compounds (e.g., lead oxides). EPA considers this to be "coincidental manufacture" of lead
compounds. Therefore, the amount of lead compounds generated from fuel combustion must be
applied to the 100 pound manufacturing threshold (40 CFR 372.3). Recall that lead and lead
compounds are separately listed substances, and threshold calculations should be made for them
separately. Unless facilities have information to indicate otherwise, EPA recommends they assume that
they manufacture lead monoxide (PbO) during combustion, and that 100% of the lead portion of the
lead or lead compounds in the fuel is converted to PbO (e.g., the lowest molecular weight lead oxide).
The amount of metal compound manufactured is determined by the total weight of the compound, not
the parent metal (40 CFR • 372.25(h)). To summarize the EPCRA considerations for lead and lead
compounds when combusting fuels, if you burn fuels (e.g., coal or oil) on site you must consider, for
purposes of complying with section 313 of EPCRA: 1) the otherwise use of the lead present in the fuel;
and 2) the manufacture of any lead compound(s) that are formed from the combustion. These
considerations are illustrated in the example on combusting fuels in section 2.1.1 of Chapter 2.
10 Memorandum dated June 21, 2001 from John Dombrowski, US EPA, Toxics Release Inventory Program Division,
Washington DC, to Mr. Stephen J. Axtell of Thompson Hine & Flory, LLP, Dayton, Ohio.
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CHAPTER 5
RELEASE AND OTHER WASTE MANAGEMENT CALCULATIONS
The release and other waste management calculations provided in this section demonstrate
some available techniques you can use to calculate your facility's releases and other waste management
quantities of lead and the lead portion of lead compounds. You should determine the best information
available for your operation and decide which calculation method works best for you.
Section 5.1 Lead and Lead Compound Air Emissions
In lieu of actual test data, the use of process-specific air emission factors is the most common
way to estimate the amount of lead released to air. If your process uses an air pollution control device,
you can use its capture and control efficiency to determine the quantity of point source emissions.
Depending on the type of device, the controlled lead air emissions may become part of a wastewater
stream (e.g., lead collected in scrubber wastewater) or baghouse dust. Sources of air emission factors
include U.S. EPA's Compilation of Air Emission Factors, AP-42 (27) and Factor Information Retrieval
(FIRE) Data System (28), the California Air Resources Board's Air Toxics Database (29), and
chemical- and industry-specific factors determined by trade associations, and other factors published in
the literature. In your consideration of air emissions, keep in mind the activity use exemption (40 CFR
372.38(c)) that makes an allowance for chemicals contained in intake air.
One example of industry-specific air emission factors determined by a trade association can be
found in the Ferrous Foundry Air Emissions Study - Final Report (30). This report describes the
development of an industry-specific database that can be downloaded from the Internet to assist
facilities in estimating air emissions of Hazardous Air Pollutants, many of which are reportable as
EPCRA section 313 chemicals or chemical categories. As always, for purposes of TRI reporting, if
you have other means of estimating air emissions that are more applicable to your operations, they
should be used in place of generally-available air emission factors.
In May 1998, the U.S. EPA Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards published Locating
and Estimating Air Emissions From Lead and Lead Compounds (EPA-454/R-98-006) (2). This
document (referred to as the L&E document below) identifies most of the major industrial process
sources of lead air emissions (for all processes listed in Table 5-1), and provides descriptions of these
processes and the associated lead emission factors. Facilities that must report lead air emissions under
the TRI Program are encouraged to use the L&E document. This document is similar to the
Compilation of Air Emission Factors (AP-42) but focuses only on lead air emissions.
Emission factors discussed in AP-42 and the L&E document are also contained in U.S. EPA's
FIRE Data System (28). The FIRE Data System is a database of EPA-developed emission factors; it
lists only the emission factors whereas the Compilation of Air Emission Factors (AP-42) and the L&E
document provide written descriptions of the processes for which each emission factor was developed,
in addition to presenting the emission factors. To prepare this TRI guidance document, the FIRE Data
System was searched and all emission factors for lead were extracted. These emission factors are
shown in Appendix C. Readers already familiar with the use of emission factors may find the factors
5-1
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they need in Appendix C, while readers not as familiar with emission factors should consult AP-42
and/or the L&E document (rather than Appendix C alone) to read the process descriptions and basis of
each emission factor. Appendix C also contains lead emission factors contained in the California Air
Resources Board's Air Toxics Database (29). Note that EPA periodically updates AP-42 and the
FIRE Data System as additional data become available. You should refer to EPA's Internet site for the
Clearinghouse for Inventories and Emission Factors (CHIEF) for updates to these documents and
development of new air emission source materials (http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief).
The following example shows how to calculate lead air emissions using an emission factor.
Example - Point Source Emission Estimate Using an Emission Factor
Your facility uses 100 million gallons of No. 6 fuel oil to generate electricity during the reporting year. You have
determined that you exceeded the 100 pound reporting threshold for lead and must calculate all releases and other
waste management activity quantities.
After evaluating your options, you decide to use a FIRE Data System emission factor for your calculation for
uncontrolled lead air emissions from your boiler (0.00151 Ib lead/1,000 gal No. 6 fuel oil).
Amount of lead air emissions:
100,000,000 gal No. 6 fuel oil/yr x (0.00151 Ib lead emitted/1,000 gal No. 6 fuel oil) = 151 Ib lead emitted/yr
If you do not have any controls on the boiler, you should report this amount in Part II, Sections 5.2 (Stack or Point
Air Emissions) and 8.1 (Quantity Released) of the Form R. If you have emissions controls on your boiler, the
amount controlled (if known) should be subtracted from this amount and reported as appropriate depending on the
ultimate disposition of the collected waste material. Note that emissions control activities should be reflected in
Section 7A of the Form R.
Fuel combustion activities and other heated processes that process or otherwise use lead can
generate lead or lead compound emissions. Emissions of lead originate from lead or lead compounds
contained in fuels and are emitted during combustion. The lead or lead compounds contained in fuels,
and quantities coincidentally manufactured, must be applied toward threshold calculations, and any
emissions of lead resulting from combustion of fuels must be included in the release report. During
combustion, metals such as lead only change physical state or are converted into a metal compound of
the same metal. The metal itself (or metal portion of a metal compound) is never destroyed during
combustion. Thus, the amount of lead in the original fuel or waste will be equal to the amount of lead
found in the ash and/or emitted in the effluent gas. The type of air emissions control device(s) used at
your facility may govern the final destination of the controlled lead (e.g., dust in a baghouse or part of
scrubber wastewater).
5-2
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Table 5-1
Sources of Lead Emissions
Facility/Process Type
Primary and secondary lead smelting
Primary and secondary copper production
Primary zinc smelting
Secondary aluminum operations
Coke production
Iron and steel foundries
Ore mining, crushing, and grinding
Brass and bronze manufacturing
Combustion of coal, natural gas, oil, or wood
Municipal waste, industrial, sewage sludge, medical
waste, and hazardous waste incinerators
Other forms of incineration: drum and barrel
reclamation, scrap tire incineration and open burning
of scrap tires, and crematories
Pulp and paper industry
Portland cement manufacturing
Pressed and blown glass
Lead-acid battery production
Lead oxides in pigments
Lead cable coating
Frit manufacturing
Ceramics and glazes
Miscellaneous lead products: ammunition, type metal,
bearing metals, pipe and sheet lead, and abrasive
grain manufacturers
Solder manufacturing
Electroplating (including printed circuit boards)
Stabilizers in resins
Asphalt concrete (hot mix asphalt)
Application of paints
Shooting ranges and explosive ordnance disposal
sites
Rubber products
Fuel production
Operation Sources of Lead Emissions
All unit operations
Most heated and ore-handling unit operations
Sintering
All unit operations
Coal preparation and handling, Fugitive emissions from
oven
Most heated and casting unit operations
Drilling, blasting, loading, conveying, screening,
unloading, crushing, and grinding operations
Most heated unit operations
Boiler exhaust gas and bottom and fly ash handling
Exhaust stack and bottom and fly ash handling
Exhaust stack and bottom and fly ash handling
Chemical recovery unit operations
Raw material handling and kiln exhaust gases
Raw material blending and transport, melting, and
forming and finishing
Grid casting, lead reclamation, slitting, small parts
casting, and three-process operation
Exhaust gas
Melting kettle
Frit smelting operation
Glaze firing and spraying phases
Heated unit operations and dust-handling operations
Lead melting and solder paste production
Plating process
Materials (powder) handling
Drying process (combustion)
Spraying, brushing, dipping, blending, drying, curing
Firing of small arms ammunition with lead projectiles
and/or lead primers
Material handling
While being phased out, some fuels still contain lead
Source: U.S. EPA. Locating and Estimating Air Emissions from Sources of Lead and Lead Compounds. EPA-
454/R-98-006. Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards (OAQPS). May 1998.
5-3
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U.S. EPA's FIRE Data System (28) includes emission factors for fuel oil and wood
combustion. Lead emissions from distillate fuel oil combustion can be calculated using an emission
factor of 8.9 lb/1012 BTU (uncontrolled). The average lead emission factor from No. 6 fuel oil
combustion is 0.00151 lb/1,000 gal (uncontrolled). Lead emission factors for wood combustion
operations include: 0.0029 Ib/ton (uncontrolled); 0.00032 Ib/ton (using a mechanical collector as the
control device); 0.00035 Ib/ton (using a wet scrubber as the control device); and 0.000016 Ib/ton
(using an electrostatic precipitator as the control device). After determining the quantity of lead
released to the air, facilities must also determine the quantity of lead in the bottom ash and collected by
the control device (see Section 5.3 for an example).
A mass balance calculation using the total amount of lead in the fuel may be used to determine
these quantities if you do not have site-specific data. The release, including disposal, of lead in bottom
ash or from the control device (e.g., effluent from a wet scrubber) must be reported on the Form R.
The following example shows how you can use Table 4-8 and Appendix C to estimate lead emissions
from coal combustion.
Example - Fugitive Emission Estimate Using a Mass Balance
Your facility manufactures a lead-containing product. Based on purchase and import records, the amount of lead
brought on-site totals 200,000 pounds per year. The amount of lead in the final product is calculated to be 198,500
pounds per year.
Your facility wastewater from washdowns, tank cleanings, and scrubber operations is discharged to a POTW.
You monitor the wastewater to comply with the POTW pretreatment permit. The concentration of lead in the
water is 34.0 mg/L. The volume of water discharged to the POTW during the reporting year is 250,000 gallons.
The amount of lead discharged to the POTW is calculated below:
(34.0 mg/L lead) x (250,000 gal water) x (3.785 L/gal) x (1 lb/453,592 mg) = 70.9 Ib lead
This quantity should be reported in Part II, Section 6.1 (Discharges to POTWs) and Section 8.1 (Quantity
released) of the Form R.
No solid waste sources of lead were identified at your facility, therefore, you assume the remaining quantity of
lead is released as fugitive emissions. The lead fugitive emissions are calculated using the following mass
balance:
[200,000 Ibh = [198,500 Ib + 70.9 Ib + fugitive emissions lb]out
Fugitive lead emissions = [200,000-198,500-70.9] Ibs = 1,429.1 Ib/yr
This quantity should be reported in Part II, Section 5.1 (Fugitive or non-point air emissions) and Section 8.1
(Quantity released) of the Form R. Note that the data precision discussion in Section 1.4.4 states that lead
releases should be reported to one-tenth of a pound. In this example, 1,429.1 or 1,429 or 1,430 pounds could all be
reported based on the precision of the data available for this calculation.
Lead emissions may also be calculated using monitoring data. For instance, your facility might
continuously monitor stack emissions, or data might be available from short-term testing performed at
the facility. Engineering calculations, for example Raoult's law, may also be used for calculations.
5-4
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Mass balances are not typically used to calculate emissions, but can be used if all other quantities (e.g.,
lead in the final product, released with wastewater, disposed with solid waste) are known, as
demonstrated in the above example.
While the preceding discussion focused on the use of emission factors to calculate estimates of
air emissions, emission factors may not be available for all processes. Emission factors are generally
available for large industrial processes subject to air emission standards. The following example
illustrates another way to calculate air emissions using industrial hygiene data.
Example - Point Source Emission Estimate Using Industrial Hygiene Data
Your electronic component manufacturing facility applies well over 200 pounds of a 50:50 lead-tin solder to your
product and you have determined that you exceeded the 100 pound reporting threshold for processing lead. You
must now calculate all releases and other waste management activity quantities (which likely includes air, water,
and solid waste releases but this example discusses only air emissions). While you do not have an emission
factor available to you for the release of lead from your operation, you have worker exposure data. The OSHA
Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) for lead is 0.05 mg/ir? on an 8-hour time-weighted average (TWA) basis, and you
know from testing performed at your facility that the workers performing the soldering were exposed to lead at a
concentration of no more than 0.025 mg/m3 (TWA basis). From this value, your number of soldering work
stations (assume 5 separate work stations for this example), your soldering room ventilation rate (assume an air
flow of 28.3 nrYmin [1,000 ftVmin] through a dedicated but uncontrolled exhaust system at each work station for
this example) and your soldering process hours of operation (assume 24 hours/day, 7 days/week, and 50
weeks/year for this example), your lead emissions from this soldering process can be calculated.
Time of operation: 60 minutes/hour x 24 hours/day x 7 days/week x 50 weeks/year = 504,000 minutes/year
Amount of lead air emissions:
0.025 mg lead/m3 air x 28.3 m3 air/min x 504,000 min/year x 1 gram/1,000 mg x 1 lb/454 grams x 5 work stations =
3.9 Ib lead emitted/yr
You should report this amount in Part II, Sections 5.2 (Stack or Point Air Emissions) and 8.1 (Quantity Released)
of the Form R.
Note: A study by the School of Public Health at the University of Illinois (available from the NIOSH web site via a
search at http://outside.cdc.gov/BASIS/niotic/public/tic/SF) measured an average of 86 mg/hour for uncontrolled
lead emissions from three wave soldering lines. Using the other data provided in the example above (i.e., the same
hours of operation and 5 work stations or "lines"), 8.0 Ibs/yr of lead would be emitted.
Section 5.2 Lead in Wastewater
Wastewater sources of lead include process wastewater, and area washdowns and tank clean
outs from processes in which lead or lead compounds are manufactured, processed, or otherwise used.
If a wet air pollution control device (e.g., scrubber) is used in a process generating lead emissions, lead
can be transferred from the air stream to the water stream. This wastewater may be treated on site,
discharged to surface water or a POTW, or transferred off site for other waste management activities.
In addition to the sources listed above, spills and one-time events may also generate a lead-containing
wastewater stream. In your consideration of water releases, keep in mind the otherwise use exemption
(40 CFR 372.38(c)) that makes an allowance for chemicals contained in intake water.
5-5
-------
If your facility discharges to surface water, you most likely have a NPDES or state discharge
permit. This permit may require you to monitor for lead. You can use this information to calculate the
amount of lead discharged to surface water. Discharges to POTWs may also require lead monitoring.
Table 5-2 shows the industries required to monitor their effluents for lead due to EPA effluent
limitations guidelines for lead (31). Monitoring data that are collected to comply with permits or effluent
limitations guidelines may be useful for estimating water discharges. Alternatively, if you have not
conducted monitoring but a regulatory limit for lead discharges exists, it may be appropriate to use the
regulatory limit as a reasonable "worst-case" scenario to estimate your yearly discharges of lead.
Table 5-2
Industries With Effluent Limitations For Lead
The Regulations
Are Described at 40
CFRPart
415
420
421
426
428
437
440
442
444
461
464
466
468
471
Point Source Category
Inorganic Chemicals Manufacturing
Iron and Steel
Non-Ferrous Metals Manufacturing
Glass Manufacturing
Rubber Manufacturing
Centralized Waste Treatment
Ore Mining and Dressing
Transportation Equipment Cleaning
Waste Combustors
Battery Manufacturing
Metal Molding and Casting
Porcelain Enameling
Copper Forming
Non-Ferrous Metals Forming and Metal Powders
The example below shows an approach to calculating lead discharges using monitoring
information.
Example - Lead Discharged to a POTW Using Monitoring Information
Your facility exceeds a lead reporting threshold. Additionally, you are required to perform monitoring for
wastewater that is discharged to your local POTW for certain chemicals, including lead, two times each year. The
results of the monitoring were:
April 4: 2.0 ppm lead (representative of the 6-month period for January through June)
October 5: 2.4 ppm lead (representative of the 6-month period for July through December)
5-6
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For the reporting year, the following water volumes were discharged to the POTW:
January through March: 425,000 gal
April through June: 555,000 gal
July through September: 345,000 gal
October through December: 390,000 gal
First, convert the water flows to pounds, using the standard density for water of 8.345 Ib/gal:
425,000 gal x (8.345 Ib/gal) = 3,546,625 Ib for January through March
555,000 gal x (8.345 Ib/gal) = 4,631,475 Ib for Apnl through June
345,000 gal x (8.345 Ib/gal) = 2,879,025 Ib for July through September
390,000 gal x (8.345 Ib/gal) = 3,254,550 Ib for October through December
Using the appropriate lead concentrations measured during the monitoring periods, the amount of lead
discharged to the POTW is:
[(2 Ib lead / 1 x 106 Ib water) x (3,546,625 + 4,631,475) Ib water]Jan. June +
[(2.4 Ib lead / 1 x 106 Ib water) x (2,879,025 + 3,254,550) Ib water]Jul. Dec
= 31.11b/yrlead
This quantity should be reported in Part II, Section 6.1 (Discharge to POTW) and included in Part II, Section 8.1
(Quantity Released) of the Form R. Note that the data precision discussion in Section 1.4.4 states that lead
releases should be reported to one-tenth of a pound. In this example, 31.1 or 31 Ibs/yr could be reported based on
the precision of the data available for this calculation.
Mass balances and engineering calculations can also be used to determine the amount of lead in
the wastewater. If your facility treats wastewater on site, you may need to perform engineering
calculations to determine how much lead becomes part of the waste sludge and how much is
discharged. In this case, Part n, Section 7 (on-site treatment, energy recovery, and recycling) of the
Form R should be completed as appropriate.
Section 5.3 Lead Solid Waste Calculations
Solid wastes that contain lead and lead compounds include dust or solid raw materials spilled
during transfer or process operations. Lead contained in a solution, such as petroleum products, may
also be splashed or spilled on the ground and, after evaporation or if cleaned with absorbent materials,
may result in solid waste generation. Other solid waste sources include sludge from on-site treatment,
spent bags or filters from air pollution control devices, and ash from combustion operations. Solid
material spills and ash may also contribute to fugitive emissions of particulate matter. The amount of
lead in solids is commonly calculated using mass balances from records (such as spill reports and
hazardous waste manifests). Monitoring data on sludge may be available, but as mentioned in the
previous wastewater section, engineering calculations can be performed to determine the lead content in
the sludge.
Facility-specific information, such as waste analyses and process knowledge, can be used to
estimate amounts of lead in combustion wastes. In the absence of site-specific data, facilities can use
the default values for concentrations of lead in ash presented in Table 5-3.
5-7
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Table 5-3
Lead Concentration in Ash Combustion Residuals
Combustion Residual
Coal Fly Ash
Coal Bottom Ash
Oil Ash
Concentration (ppm)
2,120
1,082
100,000
Reference1
32
32
32
Number corresponds to the references listed in the reference section at the end of this document.
If your facility produces lead-containing wastes, you can use a mass balance to determine the
quantity of lead released or otherwise managed as waste. Using facility concentrations, or literature
concentrations if facility-specific concentrations are not available, you can determine the quantity of lead
processed at your facility from the amount in the raw material. From process and engineering
knowledge, the destination of the lead releases and other waste management activity quantities can be
determined.
The mass balance approach can also be applied to a combustion process where, after
determining the quantity of lead released to the air, facilities must also determine the quantity of lead in
the bottom ash and collected by the control device(s). A mass balance calculation using the total
amount of lead in the fuel may be used to determine these quantities if you do not have site-specific
data. The release or waste management of lead in bottom ash or from the control device(s) (e.g.,
effluent from a wet scrubber) must be reported on the Form R. The following example shows how you
can use Table 4-8 and Appendix C to estimate lead emissions from coal combustion.
Example - Lead Release and Other Waste Management Calculations
from Coal Combustion
Your facility combusts lignite coal in a boiler with a Source Classification Code #10300305, and you have installed
an electrostatic precipitator as the air pollution control device for this boiler. You fed 0.5 million tons of lignite
coal into the boiler during the reporting year and collected 1.0 million pounds of bottom ash for disposal (note
that this example assumes lead is released only to air through a stack, to bottom ash, or to ESP dust whereas other
releases such as to wastewater may occur at your site). The task is to determine if a threshold has been exceeded
and to estimate the reportable amounts of lead for the applicable sections of the Form R. Assuming you do not
have site-specific test data, it may be appropriate to use default values from Table 4-8 to determine the amount of
lead in the coal and Table 5-3 to estimate the amount of lead in the bottom ash, and an emission factor from
Appendix C to estimate air releases.
Threshold Determination:
First, you must determine if you exceed a threshold for lead or lead compounds. Any TRI chemical or chemical
compounds that are present in fuel are considered to be otherwise used. Table 4-8 lists the average lead
concentration in lignite coal as 7 ppm. Therefore:
(0.5 x 106 tons coal) x (2,000 Ib/ton) x (7 Ib lead/ 1 x 106 Ib coal) = 7,000 Ib lead
This is the amount of elemental lead in the coal. The mass of lead in the coal exceeds 100 Ibs; therefore, your
facility exceeds the otherwise use reporting threshold for lead and you must file a Form R.
5-8
-------
Stack Air Release:
EPA's FIRE system contains an emission factor for lead from combustion of lignite coal in a boiler with SCC
#10300305 and an ESP (Appendix C): 4.2 x 10"4 pounds of lead are emitted per ton lignite coal burned.
(0.5 x 106 tons coal) x (4.2 x 10'4 Ib of lead/ton coal) = 210 Ib lead
This quantity should be reported in Part II, Section 5.2 (Stack or Point Air Emissions) and included in Section 8.1
(Quantity Released) of the Form R.
Quantities Otherwise Managed As Waste:
The lead that is not emitted is either collected in the ESP dust, or contained in bottom ash. You should estimate
the amount of lead to each of these waste streams and report the quantities in the applicable sections of the Form
R. At your site, you may also collect some or all of these wastes for on-site recycle (Part II Sections 7C and 8.4),
or you may transfer them off site (in which case Part II, Section 6.2 and applicable sections of Part II, Section 8
should be completed). Additionally, since the flue gases have been sent through an on-site air pollution control
system, Sections 7A and 8.6 (Quantity Treated On Site) should be completed as appropriate.
Based on the default concentration listed in Table 5-3 (1,082 ppm), the quantity of lead in the bottom ash is:
(1.0 x 106 Ib bottom ash) x (1,082 Ib lead/1 x 106 pound bottom ash) = 1,082 Ib lead
A mass balance around the boiler can now be used to estimate the amount of lead collected in the ESP dust:
(lead in coal) = (lead released to air) + (lead in bottom ash) + (lead in control devices)
(7,000 Ib lead in coal) - (210 Ib to air) - (1,082 Ib in bottom ash) = 5,708 Ib lead is ESP dust
5-9
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CHAPTER 6
REFERENCES
1. U.S. EPA. Revised EPCRA Section 313 Questions and Answers. December 1998.
EPA 745-B-98-004. [http://www.epa.gov/tri/guid_docs]
2. "Lead and Lead Compounds; Lowering of Reporting Thresholds; Community Right-to-
Know Toxic Chemical Release Reporting; Final Rule." Federal Register, volume 66,
pages 4499-4547. January 17, 2001.
3. U. S. EPA. Economic Analysis of the Final Rule to Modify Reporting of Lead and
Lead Compounds Under EPCRA Section 313. Office of Pollution Prevention and
Toxics. October 2000.
4. U.S. EPA. Locating and Estimating Air Emissions from Sources of Lead and Lead
Compounds. EPA-454/R-98-006. Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
(OAQPS). May 1998.
5. U. S. EPA. Economic Analysis of the Final Rule to Add Certain Industry Groups To
EPCRA Section 313. Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics. April 1997.
6. U.S. EPA. Estimating Releases and Waste Treatment Efficiencies for the Toxic
Chemical Release Inventory Forms. 1999. [http://www.epa.gov/ncepihom]
7. "Lead and Lead Compounds; Lowering of Reporting Thresholds; Community Right-to-
Know Toxic Chemical Release Reporting; Proposed Rule." Federal Register, volume
64, pages 42221 - 42243. August 3, 1999.
8. U.S. EPA, 2001. United States Environmental Protection Agency. Office of
Environmental Information, Washington, D.C. "Report on the Corrosion of Certain
Alloys." EPA Report # EPA-260-R-01-002. July 2001.
9. Encyclopedia of Chemistry, 4th edition, D. M. Considine and G. D. Considine, editors.,
Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York, pp. 36-37. 1984.
10. Greninger, D., V. Kollonitsch, and C.H. Kline (Charles H. Kline & Co., Inc.). Lead
Chemicals. New York, New York: International Lead Zinc Research Organization, Inc.
(TLZRO). 1975.
11. The Merck Index: An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals, 10th ed.
Rathway, New Jersey: Merck and Company, Inc., 1976. p. 776.
12. Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 3rd ed. Volume 14. New York,
New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc., pp. 98-101. 1978.
13. Considine, D.M. Chemical and Process Technology Encyclopedia. New York, New
York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, p. 681. 1974.
14. Sutherland, C.A., E.F. Miner, RC. Kerby, and H. Teindl. Lead. Ullmann's
Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. 5th ed. Volume A15. B. Elvers, H. Hawkins,
and Schultz, G. eds. Federal Republic of Germany: VCH, 1989. pp. 193 to 247.
6-1
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15. Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 12th ed. RJ. Lewis, Sr., ed. New York,
New York: Von Nostrand Reinhold, 1993. pp. 686 to 693.
16. U.S. EPA. Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors., 5th ed. (AP-42), Vol. I:
Stationary Point and Area Sources, Section 12.16: Lead Oxide and Pigment Production.
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Air Quality Planning and Standards, 1995. p. 12.16-1.
17. American Chemical Society. Chemcyclopedia 1995, Volume 1. Washington, D.C.:
American Chemical Society, 1995. p. 139.
18. Nordyke, J.S. Lead in the World of Ceramics. Columbus, Ohio: American Ceramic
Society, 1984.
19. Sax, N. Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials, 1993.
20. Smith, Gerald R. Minerals Yearbook: Lead (1999), U.S. Geological Survey, Minerals
Information, [http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/lead/380499.pdfj
21. OECD. Risk Reduction Monograph No. 1: Lead. Paris, France: Environment
Directorate, Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, 1993.
22. U.S. EPA. Sector Facility Indexing Project Web Site. Office of Enforcement and
Compliance, [http://www.epa.gov/oeca/sfi]
23. U. S. EPA. Study of Hazardous Air Pollutant Emissions from Utility Steam
Generating Units. Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards (OAQPS). (Cited in
U.S. EPA. EPCRA Section 313 Industry Guidance - Electricity Generating
Facilities, EPA-745-B-00-004. Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics. Washington,
DC. February 2000. pp 3-11 to 3-28.
24. Irwin, RJ. Environmental Contaminants Encyclopedia Jet Fuel 4 Entry. National
Park Service, Water Resources Division, Fort Collins, CO. July 1997.
25. Chao, S., Crippen, K., Jones, A. Analysis of Trace Level Compounds in Natural Gas.
Institute of Gas Technology for Gas Research Institute. June 1999.
26. U.S. EPA. Interpretations of Waste Management Activities: Recycling, Combustion
for Energy Recovery, Treatment for Destruction, Waste Stabilization and Release.
August 1999. [http://www.epa.gov/tri/guid_docs]
27. U.S. EPA. Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, AP-42. Fifth Edition.
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, [http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chiefj
28. U.S. EPA. Factor Information Retrieval (FIRE) Data System Version 6.23.
September 2000. [http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/faq/firefaq.html]
29. California Air Resources Board. California Air Toxic Emission Factors Database.
[http://www.arb.ca.gov/app/emsinv/catef_list.php]
3 0. University of Alabama at Birmingham for National Center for Manufacturing Sciences.
Ferrous Foundry Air Emissions Study. January 9, 1999. [http://www.cerp-
aiger.org/uabstudy.asp]
6-2
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31. U. S. EPA. OST Effluent Guidelines Web Site. Office of Water, Office of Science and
Technology (and subparts of 40 CFR4XX). [http://www.epa.gov/OST/guide/]
32. Batelle Pacific Northwest Laboratory for EPRI. Inorganic and Organic Constituents in
Fossil Fuel Combustion Residues, Volume I, Critical Review, EA5176, August 1987.
(Cited in U.S. EPA. EPCRA Section 313 Industry Guidance - Electricity Generating
Facilities, EPA-745-B-00-004. Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics. Washington,
DC. February 2000. page 4-43).
6-3
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APPENDIX A
Additional Information About Stainless Steel, Brass, and Bronze Alloys
-------
The discussions below were excerpted from the EPA document "Report on the Corrosion of
Certain Alloys" [EPA report # EPA-260-R-01-002 (July 2001)], which was made available to the
public in July, 2001. The interested reader should consult this report for additional and more detailed
discussions on alloys, and references pertaining to alloys.
Stainless Steel Alloys
Identification of Stainless Steel Alloys
Stainless steels produced in the United States can be identified in three general ways: (1) by the
Unified Numbering System (UNS) numbers developed by the American Society for Testing and
Materials (ASTM) and the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) for all commercial metals and
alloys; (2) by the American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) numbering system; and (3) by the names
based on compositional abbreviations, proprietary designations, and trademarks. The UNS number
comprises six symbols (i.e., a letter followed by five numbers) that are difficult to recognize instantly and
memorize for the 180 stainless steels. Therefore, technical journals allow each alloy to be initially
identified by the lengthy UNS number and then subsequently the better-known AISI or another
designation may be used. The AISI number designates the wrought standard grades of stainless steels
by three-digit numbers. Three groups of wrought stainless steels, series 200, 300, and 400, have
composition limits standardized by the AISI. Steels in the AISI 400 series contain a minimum of
11.5% chromium and usually not more than 2.5% of any other alloying element. Steels in the AISI 300
series contain a minimum of 16% chromium and 6% nickel; the relative amounts of these elements are
balanced to give an austenitic structure. Austenitic structures have face-centered cubic lattices, while
ferritic structures have body-centered cubic lattices and martensitic structures have body-centered
tetragonal or cubic lattices. Stainless steels containing both austenite and fertile, usually in roughly equal
amounts, are known as duplex. Duplex stainless steels, precipitation-hardening stainless steels, and
higher alloys containing less than 50% iron (Fe) do not have AISI designations and are generally known
by names based on compositional abbreviations and trademarks, as well as UNS numbers.
A-l
-------
The many grades of stainless steel are due to the crystal structure of the iron-rich matrix. The
austenite field in iron exists over an increasingly small temperature range as chromium is added, and
disappears at about 12% chromium. To make the martensitic grades, it is important to be able to form
100% austenite first. Fortunately carbon extends the austenite range so it is possible to have all
austenite prior to quenching in a 12% chromium carbon steel, or if the carbon content is high enough,
even in a 17% chromium steel. Adding several percent of nickel to an iron-chromium alloy can allow
austenite to exist as metastable or stable forms down to ambient temperature. A body-centered cubic
phase, or sometimes a hexagonal close-packed phase, can then form martensitically, and can give very
high strengths to the stainless steel. For the fertile grades, it is necessary to have at least 12%
chromium and only very small amounts of elements that stabilize austenite. For these materials, the
structure is body-centered cubic from room temperature to the melting point. Some elements, such as
molybdenum, niobium, titanium, and aluminum, which encourage the body-centered cubic structure,
may also be in these steels.
Compositions of some stainless steels are listed in the following table, Table A-l.
Table A-l
Typical Composition of some Stainless Steels, wt%
(Sulfur (S) and Phosphorus (P) are held below 0.03 and 0.04% max, respectively, balance is Fe)
AKI#
201
202
205
304
309
310
316
321
330
347
410
430
446
C
0.15
0.15
0.12
0.06
0.16
0.20
0.06
0.06
0.08
0.06
0.12
0.10
0.30
Mi
6.50
8.75
15.0
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
2.00
1.50
0.75
0.75
1.00
Si
0.75
0.75
0.50
0.75
0.75
1.00
0.75
0.75
1.00
0.75
0.75
0.50
0.75
Cr
17.0
18.0
17.0
19.0
23.0
25.0
17.0
18.0
18.0
18.0
12.5
16.0
25.0
Ni
4.50
5.00
1.75
10.0
13.5
20.5
12.0
10.5
35.0
11.0
0.30
M>
2.50
N
0.20
0.20
0.35
0.20
Ti
0.50
Nb
1.00
A-2
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Classes of Stainless Steel Alloys
There are four major classes of stainless steel: 1) austenitic; 2) martensitic; 3) ferritic; and 4)
age-hardened or precipitation-hardening steels. A brief description of each is provided below.
1) Austenitic stainless steels., these are essentially non-magnetic and cannot be hardened by
heat treatment. They are hardenable only by cold-working. As a group, these stainless steels have
greater corrosion resistance than the other three groups. At the same time there is a wide range in the
corrosion resistance among the austenitic types. Most of these steels contain nickel as the principal
austenite former, and some contain substantial amounts, 2-4%, of manganese and less nickel. These
steels possess better corrosion resistance than the straight chromium steels. Chromium content is
generally between 16-26%, with the nickel content generally between 4-22%. The 300 series
represents by far the largest category of stainless steels produced in the United States. For the sake of
discussion, the austenitic alloys can be divided into four subclasses.
Class A: AISI types 301, 302, 303, 304, 304L, 304N, 321, 347, and 348 are all contained
within class A. Each of the types in this group can be considered an 18-8 stainless steel (i.e.,
18% chromium content and 8% nickel content). Within this class, there is no great difference in
the general corrosion resistance of the individual types. Those that have a higher alloy content
are slightly more corrosion resistant than those with a lower alloy content. Types 321, 347, and
348 are carbide stabilized with titanium and/or niobium. Although their general corrosion
resistance may be no higher than types 302 or 304, they are essentially immune to sensitization
and the possible attendant intergranular corrosion under specific conditions.
Class B: Only types 305 and 384 are contained within class B. These have relatively high
nickel contents (12.0% and 15.0%) nominally and respectively. While they both have greater
corrosion resistance than the 18-8 steels, they were principally designed for extra-deep
drawing and cold heading operations, as allowed by the higher nickel content
A-3
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Class C: AISI types 302B, 308, 309, 309S, 310, 310S, and 314 are examples of the class C
group. Type 302B is a modified 18-8 and has a silicon addition (2.5%) that increases
oxidation resistance at elevated temperatures. Type 314 represents a higher alloy version
(25% chromium-20% nickel) of an 18-8 steel. It has a silicon addition that is more corrosion
resistant, especially to sulfuric acid, than type 302B and also has a high resistance to scaling at
elevated temperatures. Types 308, 309, 309S, 310, and 310S are all higher in chromium and
nickel and are commonly called 20-11 (20% chromium-11% nickel, type 308), 24-12 (24%
chromium-12% nickel, types 309 and 309S) and 25-20 (25% chromium-20% nickel, types
310 and 310S). They have a very high resistance to corrosion and oxidation at elevated
temperatures.
Class D: AISI types 316, 316L, 316F, 316N, 317 and 317L are part of this class. They
contain at a minimum 16% chromium and at least 2% molybdenum. The ferrite-forming
influence of the molybdenum requires an increase in nickel, as an austenite former, to at least
10%. The presence of molybdenum specifically enhances corrosion resistance to chloride
pitting and crevice corrosion and also increases general resistance to specific chemicals (e.g.,
organic acids, amines, phosphoric acid, dilute sulfuric acid).
2) Martensitic stainless steels., these are iron-chromium alloys which are hardened by heat
treatment. Heat treatment results in higher strength, with a corresponding proportional diminution of
ductility with increasing hardness. Corrosion resistance is less than in the other two groups. In the
hardened condition there may be a greater resistance to general corrosion but there is increasingly less
resistance to hydrogen-induced cracking. Martensitic steels can be heat-treated to obtain high tensile
strengths. The heat treatment results in higher strengths, with a corresponding proportional diminution
of ductility with increasing hardness. Corrosion resistance is less than in the other two groups. In the
hardened condition, there may be a greater resistance to general corrosion, but there is increasingly less
resistance to hydrogen-induced cracking. Chromium content is generally between 11.5-18% with
carefully controlled carbon content. Some of the AISI types that make up this group are 403, 410,
414, 416, 420, 420F, 431, 440A, 440B, and 440C.
A-4
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Types 403, 410, and 416 are known as "turbine quality." Type 403 is virtually identical to type
410, except that it is made from specially processed and rigorously inspected ingots, as is required for
steam turbine blades. Both types contain just enough chromium to maintain "stainlessness" (nominally
12.5%), but there are no significant amounts of other alloying elements. Type 416 is simply 410 with
the addition of free-machining additives. Although offering improved machining characteristics, there is
a sacrifice in corrosion resistance.
Types 414 and 431 provide better corrosion resistance than type 410, largely because they
contain a nominal amount (2.0%) of nickel. These steels have been commonly known as 12-2 (12%
chromium-2% nickel) and 16-2 (16% chromium-2% nickel), respectively.
Types 420 and 420F, despite having a higher chromium content than type 410, do not have an
appreciably higher corrosion resistance level. Type 420F is almost identical to type 420, except that
there is an addition of sulfur to improve machinability. This results in a slight sacrifice of corrosion
resistance.
Types 440A, 440B, and 440C are all high-carbon stainless steels and are sometimes called
"stainless tool steels." These types have the highest chromium range of any of the martensitic types, yet
their corrosion resistance levels are among the lowest because of their higher carbon content. There is
a gradual decrease in corrosion resistance from the A to C subtypes. This is due to the increase in
carbon content.
3) Ferritic stainless steels, these are nonhardenable steels so designated because they cannot
be hardened by heat treatment. They are hardenable only by cold-working. Chromium content is
generally between 11.5-27% with low carbon content. Examples of AISI types that make up this
group are 405, 409, 429, 430, 430F, 434, 436, 442, and 446. As a group the ferritic stainless steels
do not closely approach the austenitic types with respect to corrosion resistance. There are, however,
some ferritic types that may nearly equal the corrosion resistance levels of the austenitics in some
environments, but these are exceptions. One of the most interesting aspects of this group of stainless
steels is their resistance to stress corrosion.
A-5
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Type 405, while meeting the minimum requirements for a stainless steel, is actually relatively low
in its resistance to corrosion. The carbon level is 0.08% maximum and it has a nominal chromium
content of 12.5%. An addition of 0.10 to 0.30% aluminum (a powerful ferritizer) prevents the
formation of any appreciable amount of austenite at any temperature. It is thus the ideal grade for
welding. Of all the stainless steels, type 409 is generally considered to have the lowest degree of
corrosion resistance. It contains very nearly the minimum amount of chromium to qualify as a stainless
steel (10.5-11.75%) and is stabilized with titanium.
Types 430, 430F, 434, and 436 represent the old and well-known 17-chrome stainless steel
grade, which is the original type 430. Type 430 shows a high resistance against attack by practically all
types of atmospheres and also by many types of chemicals, notably oxidizing acids. At times, type 430
replaces the more expensive 18-8 austenitic types. Type 430F is a machinable grade of type 430. The
additives contained in it reduce the corrosion resistance of the basic type 430. Type 434 has the same
chromium content as type 430, but it has a nominal 1.0% molybdenum content, which adds greatly to
its resistance to certain types of corrosion, notably pitting corrosion. Type 436 is essentially type 434,
but it contains up to 0.70% niobium plus tantalum for carbide stabilization. Therefore, it is suited for
elevated temperature applications as well as for room-temperature corrosion resistance. Types 442
and 446 are frequently called "chrome-irons." They differ in composition only in chromium content
18.0-20.0% for type 442 and 23.0-27.0% for type 446. Neither is used to any great extent for
corrosion resistance at room temperatures. Their principal uses are in heat processing equipment
where resistance to scaling is important. Types 442 and 446 are capable of sustained operation at
temperatures of 980 °C and 1095 °C respectively, without experiencing destructive scaling. A need for
a higher degree of weldability than that provided by type 430 resulted in the development of type 429.
Both alloys have the same carbon content; however, 429 has a lower chromium content (14.0-16.0%).
This carbon-chromium ratio allows type 429 to retain its ferritic status.
4) The fourth group consists of the age-hardened or precipitation-hardening steels. They
are hardened and strengthened by solution-quenching followed by heating for substantial times at
temperatures in the range of 800-1000 degrees Fahrenheit. Precipitation-hardened stainless steels can
have a microstructure consisting of ferrite, martensite, or austenite depending on the heat treatment
A-6
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performed. The precipitation hardening process is thought to involve the formation of very fine
intermetallics that impede dislocation motion during deformation, producing higher strength. Prolonged
aging cause these intermetallics to coarsen, enabling dislocations to bypass them during deformation,
and their strength to begin to decline. In this condition, the material is said to be overaged. AISI types
that make up this group include 630, 631, 632, 633, 634, and 660. It is generally considered that the
average corrosion resistance of this group approaches that of the 18-8 austenitic grades and that it is
usually superior to the corrosion resistance of the martensitic and ferritic types.
Copper is the principal hardening agent in type 630. Its corrosion resistance approaches that of
types 302 and 304. In the heat treated condition, type 631 has a duplex structure. Stainless steels that
have a duplex structure have a two phase microstructure that exhibits improved strength and high
resistance to stress corrosion cracking. With the exception of an addition of molybdenum, type 632 is
very much like type 630. There is an improvement in strength and resistance to pitting corrosion due to
the addition of molybdenum.
Type 633 is also a duplex-structure grade, but has a slightly higher alloy content than types 631
and 632. Thus, its corrosion resistance is better than types 631 or 632. Type 634 is semiaustenitic
(duplex), but it has an alloy content slightly less than type 633. The duplex stainless steels are currently
popular for withstanding high chloride environments. These alloys have a two-phase microstructure that
exhibits improved strength and high resistance to stress corrosion. Most duplex stainless steels contain
high chromium (usually about 25%), low nickel (generally about 8% maximum), and 2-4%
molybdenum for enhanced resistance to chloride induced phenomena and to promote general corrosion
resistance, specifically pitting corrosion.
The super-austenitic stainless steels include such alloys as 904L and 254MO. These alloys
have increased resistance over the austenitic stainless steels due to the addition of 6% molybdenum or
other elements.
A-7
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Brass and Bronze Alloys
Brass, bronze, and other copper alloys have been widely used for centuries in many
applications because of their excellent corrosion resistance. Despite the formation of the common
green patina in natural environments, copper and its alloys corrode at negligible rates in unpolluted
water or air and in deaerated nonoxidizing acids. Copper roofing in rural atmospheres, where there is
little if any pollution, has been found to corrode at rates of less than 0.4 mm (15 mils) in 200 years.
Some copper alloy artifacts have been found in nearly perfect condition, with only small amounts of
corrosion on the surface, after having been buried in the earth for thousands of years.
Although classed as corrosion resistant, neither copper nor its alloys form the truly passive
corrosion-resistant film that characterizes most true corrosion-resistant alloys. In aqueous environments
at ambient temperatures, cuprous oxide or cupric carbonate forms the protective scale on copper and
copper alloys. The film is adherent and follows parabolic growth kinetics. For the corrosion reaction
to proceed, copper ions and electrons must migrate through the cuprous oxide or cupric carbonate
layer. Consequently, reducing the ionic or electronic conductivity of the film by doping with divalent or
trivalent cations should improve corrosion resistance. In practice alloying additions of aluminum, zinc,
tin (Sn), iron, and nickel are used to dope the corrosion product films, resulting in a significant reduction
in corrosion rate.
Copper alloys can be quite susceptible to stress-corrosion cracking. While high-zinc yellow
brasses are the most susceptible to stress-corrosion cracking, small amounts of phosphorus, arsenic
(As), antimony (Sb), silicon, aluminum, or nickel as constituents in other copper-base alloys render
them also susceptible to stress-corrosion cracking in ammoniacal environments. Other nitrogenous
environments, such as nitrite or nitrate solutions, as well as nitric acid vapors, can also cause stress-
corrosion cracking. As for other elements, the corrosion-resistant behavior of copper is best revealed
by considering its alloy systems. The basic systems for copper are copper-tin (bronze), copper-zinc
(brass), copper-nickel (cupro-nickels), and variations of these, including aluminum-bronzes, phosphor-
bronzes, and nickel-silvers.
A-8
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Copper and its alloys are classified in the United States by composition according to Copper
Development Association (CDA) designations which have been incorporated into the Unified
Numbering System (UNS) for metals and alloys. Wrought copper materials are assigned five digit
numerical designations which range from C10100 through C79999, but only the first three or
sometimes four numerals are frequently used for brevity. Designations that start with 8 or 9 are
reserved for cast copper alloys.
Most wrought alloys are provided in conditions that have been strengthened by various amounts
of cold work or heat treatment. Cold worked alloys are the result of cold rolling or drawing by
prescribed amounts of plastic deformations from the annealed condition. Alloys that respond to
strengthening by heat treatment are referred to as precipitation or age hardenable. The
designations and principal alloying elements of wrought copper alloys are given in Table A-2.
Table A-2
UNS (CDA) Designations for Brass and Bronze Alloys
Alloy group
Brasses
Leaded brasses
Tin brasses
Phosphor bronzes
Leaded bronzes
Phosphorus-silver
Aluminum bronze
Silicon bronze
Modified brass
UNS (CDA) designation
C20500-C28580
C31200-C38590
C40400-C40980
C50100-C52400
C53200-C54800
C55180-C55284
C60600-C64400
C64700-C66100
C66400-C69950
Principal alloy elements
Zn
Zn-Pb
Sn, Zn
Sn-P
Sn-P, Pb
Ag-P
Al, Fe, Ni, Co, Si
Si, Sn
Zn, Al, Si, Mn
Nickel and copper are mutually soluble or miscible. In commercial alloys known as copper-
nickels or cupronickels, where copper is the dominant element, the copper content ranges from about
54% to over 90%. Nickel provides the best general resistance to aqueous corrosion of all the
commercially important alloy elements. It promotes resistance to impingement or erosion corrosion and
to stress corrosion cracking. The addition of 10-25 wt% nickel to copper-zinc alloys produces alloys
called nickel-silvers. Most commonly these have about 18% nickel and 55-65% copper. Such alloy
A-9
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additions promote good resistance to corrosion in both fresh and salt waters. The nickel inhibits
dezincification. Nickel-silvers are much more corrosion resistant in saline solutions than brasses of
similar copper content.
Elements are added to copper alloys in varying amounts to enhance corrosion resistance. For
example, the addition of arsenic, antimony, or phosphorus improves resistance of Admiralty Metals
(72% copper, 26% zinc, 1% tin) to dezincification. Also, 2% aluminum is added to 76% copper-22%
zinc solutions to produce aluminum brass, and a small amount of arsenic (less than 0.10%) is added to
the alloy to inhibit dezincification.
Brass and bronze can be grouped according to how the principal elemental additions affect
properties. This grouping depends primarily on whether the additions that dissolve in the liquid copper
can form discrete second phases during melting/casting or in-process thermal treatment.
Brass and bronze are considered to be solid solution alloys when copper dissolves other
elements to varying degrees to produce a single-phase alloy that is strengthened relative to unalloyed
copper. The contribution to strengthening from an element depends on the amount of the element in
solution and by its particular physical characteristics, such as atom size and valency. Tin, silicon, and
aluminum show the highest strengthening efficiency of the common elemental additives, whereas nickel
and zinc are the least efficient. The limiting factor in their alloy range is the extent to which the elements,
either singly or in combination, remain dissolved in the copper during processing. Table A-3 gives the
designations and compositions of some specific brass and bronze wrought alloys. More details on
these specific alloys are provided below.
A-10
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Table A-3
UNS (CDA) Designation and Compositions of some Brass and Bronze
Wrought Alloys
Alloy group
Zinc brass
Leaded brass
Tin brass
Phosphor bronze
Aluminum bronze
Silicon bronze
Silicon bronze
Modified Cu-Zn
TINS designation
C260
C360
C425
C510
C638
C654
C655
C688
Elemental composition, wt% a
30 Zn
35 Zn, 3 Pb
9.5 Zn, 2.0 Sn
5.0Sn,0.1P
2.8 Al, 1.8 Si
3.0 Si, 1.5Sn,0.1Cr
3.3 Si, 0.9 Mn
22.7 Zn, 3.4 Al, 0.4 Co
Remaining percentage is copper.
The presence of finely dispersed second-phase particles in copper alloys contributes to
strength, through refined grain size and increased response to hardening from cold working. A
dispersion of fine particles can be incorporated into the alloy through thermomechanical processing
where the alloy content is above the solid state solubility limit. Precipitation and coarsening of the
excess solute by an in-process anneal is used in high copper alloys, such as C194 and C195, to form
iron or iron-cobalt dispersions.
Copper-Zinc (Cu-Zn) Brasses
Copper-zinc alloys have been the most widely used of the copper alloys during the 1990's.
Brass alloys fall within the designation C205 to C280 and cover the entire solid solution range up to 35
wt% zinc in the Cu-Zn alloy system. Zinc, which is generally less expensive than copper, does not
impair conductivity and ductility to any appreciable extent. The alloys have a yellow "brass" color at
zinc levels above 20 wt%. By far the best known and most used composition is the 30 wt% zinc alloy,
called Cartridge brass, which is best known for its applications as door knobs and bullet cartridges.
A-ll
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The series of brasses, C312 to C385, contain from 0.25-5.0 wt% lead (Pb) for the purpose of
improving machinability. C360, having the composition of 61.5 wt% copper, 35.4 wt% zinc, and 3.1
wt% lead, has become the industry standard for machinability performance.
Tin Brasses
The tin brass series of alloys consists of various copper-zinc (2.5-35 wt%) alloys to which up
to about 4 wt% tin has been added. These are the C40000 series of alloys. Tin provides better
general corrosion resistance and strength without greatly reducing electrical conductivity. Several tin
brasses have lead additions to enhance machinability. Naval Brass C485 contains 60.5 wt% copper,
37 wt% zinc, 0.7 wt% tin, and 1.8 wt% lead. Resistance to dezincification is increased with the
addition of tin. In brasses that contain a high zinc content, it is common to use other alloying additives
to enhance corrosion resistance. C443 contains 0.02-0.10 wt% arsenic, C444 contains 0.02-0.10
wt% antimony, and C445 contains 0.02-0.10 wt% phosphorus, which is added to control
dezincification. When any of these elements are used, the alloy is referred as being "inhibited."
Tin Bronzes
Tin bronzes may be the most familiar of copper alloys with roots going back into ancient times.
They are essentially solid solutions of tin in copper. Phosphorus at 0.03-0.35 wt% is commonly used
as a deoxidizer, and the residual phosphorus content gives rise to the term "phosphor bronze." The
addition of tin to copper promotes good resistance to fresh and sea water. Under some conditions,
when more than 5% tin is present, the corrosion resistance in marine applications is enhanced.
Strength, corrosion resistance, and stress relaxation resistance increases with tin content. Where the
water velocity is high, the tin content in copper alloys for marine applications should exceed 5%. Alloys
containing between 8-10% tin have high resistance to impingement or erosion attack. Tin bronzes tend
to have intermediate pitting resistance. One of the most highly used specialty tin bronzes is C544,
containing 88 wt% copper-4 wt% tin-4 wt% zinc-4 wt% lead. Zinc provides increased strength to this
tin bronze, whereas the lead addition provides good machinability.
A-12
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Aluminum Bronzes
Aluminum bronze alloys comprise a series of alloys (C606 to C644) based on the copper-
aluminum (2-15 wt%) binary system, to which iron, nickel, and/or manganese are added to increase
strength. Corrosion resistance results from the formation of an adherent aluminum oxide layer that
protects the surface from further oxidation. Mechanical damage to the surface is readily healed by the
redevelopment of this oxide. The aluminum bronzes are resistant to sulfuric or hydrochloric acids, but
not nitric acid. These alloys must be properly heat treated to be resistant to dealloying and general
corrosion.
Two single-phase, binary alloys are used commercially: C606, containing 5 wt% aluminum and
C610, containing 8 wt% aluminum. Most of the available aluminum bronzes contain additional alloy
elements. C608 contains 5 wt% aluminum to which 0.02-0.35 wt% arsenic has been added to
improve corrosion resistance. Alloy C614, in addition to having 7 wt% aluminum and 2.5 wt% iron,
also has a 0.3 wt% tin addition for improved resistance to stress corrosion.
Most of the aluminum bronzes contain substantial iron, nickel, or manganese additions. These
alloying elements increase strength by forming second phases during heat treatment. Iron, the most
commonly added element, separates as an iron-rich particle that controls grain size while it enhances
strength. Nickel also reacts with aluminum to form NiAl precipitate during heat treatment with the same
result as the iron addition.
Silicon Bronzes
Silicon bronzes have long been available for use in electrical connectors, heat exchange tubes,
and marine and pole line hardware because of their high solution hardened strength and resistance to
general and stress corrosion. Their compositions are limited to below 4.0 wt% silicon because above
this level, an extremely brittle phase is developed that prevents cold processing. The three most
popular alloys in this series are C651, C654, and C655.
A-13
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Modified Copper-Zinc Alloys
The series of brass alloys C664 to C698 have been modified by additions of manganese
(manganese brasses and manganese bronzes), aluminum, silicon, nickel, and cobalt. Each of the
modifying additions provides some property improvement to the already workable, formable, and
inexpensive Cu-Zn brass base alloy. Aluminum and silicon additions improve strength and corrosion
resistance. Nickel and cobalt form aluminide precipitates for grain size control and dispersion
strengthening by the presence of finely dispersed second-phase particles in the copper alloy.
Specific Properties of Cast Brass and Bronze Alloys
Cast copper alloys can be classified into two main groups: single-phase alloys, characterized by
moderate strength, high ductility (except for leaded varieties), moderate hardness and good impact
strength; and polyphase alloys, having high strength, moderate ductility, and moderate impact strength.
The tolerance for impurities is normally greater in cast copper alloys than in wrought copper alloy
because the cast alloys are not mechanically formed. However, in those cast alloys likely to be repaired
or joined by welding, some impurities can be very detrimental. On the basis of consumption, red brass
alloys, C83600 (85 wt% copper, 5 wt% tin, 5 wt% lead, and 5 wt% zinc), C84400 (81 wt% copper,
3 wt% tin, 7 wt% lead, and 9 wt% zinc), and C93200 (83 wt% copper, 7 wt% tin, 7 wt% lead, and 3
wt% zinc) are the most important of the cast copper alloys.
The mechanical properties of cast copper alloys (e.g., brass, bronze) are a function of alloying
elements and their concentrations. The nominal chemical composition and identification of some copper
casting alloys are listed in Table A-4.
A-14
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Table A-4
Nominal Composition by wt% of Some Casting Brass and Bronze Alloys
Common name
high strength
yellow brass
gun metal
tin bronze 84:16
high leaded tin
bronze
steam bronze
phosphorus
bronze
high leaded tin
bronze
journal bronze
aluminum bronze
9D
Al-Silicon
bronze
Mn-Al bronze
Ni-Al bronze
die-casting
yellow brass
die-cast silicon
brass
commercial no. 1
yellow brass
yellow brass
high strength
yellow brass
leaded high
strength yellow
brass
silicon bronze
silicon brass
silicon brass
tin bronze
leaded tin bronze
high leaded tin
bronze
nickel-tin bronze
leaded nickel-tin
bronze
TINS (CDA)
designation
C86300
C 90500
C 91 100
C 93700
C 92200
C 94400
C 93800
C 94100
C 95500
C 95600
C 95700
C 95800
C 85800
C 87800
C 85400
C 85700
C 86200
C 86400
C 87200
C 87400
C 87500
C 90300
C 92300
C 93200
C 94700
C 94800
Cu
63.0
88.0
84.0
80.0
88.0
81.0
78.0
70.0
81.0
91.0
75.0
81.0
58.0
82.0
67.0
63.0
64.0
59.0
89.0
83.0
82.0
88.0
87.0
83.0
88.0
87.0
Sn
10.0
16.0
10.0
6.0
8.0
7.0
5.5
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
8.0
8.0
7.0
5.0
5.0
Pb
10.0
1.5
11.0
15.0
18.0
1.0
3.0
1.0
1.0
0.5
1.0
7.0
1.0
Zn
25.0
2.0
4.5
3.0
40.0
14.0
29.0
34.7
26.0
40.0
5.0
14.0
14.0
4.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
2.5
Fe
3.0
4.0
3.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
2.5
Al
6.0
11.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
0.3
4.0
1.5
1.5
Others
3.0 Mn
0.35 P
4.0 Ni
2.0 Si
12.0Mn,2.0Ni
1.0MN,5.0Ni
4.0 Si
3.0 Mn
1.5 Mn
1.5Mn,4.0Si
3.0 Si
4.0 Si
5.0 Ni
5.0 Ni
A-15
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APPENDIX B
Selected Questions and Answers
Part 1: Relevant Questions and Answers Extracted from the
Revised 1998 EPCRA Section 313 Questions and Answers (December 1998) and EPCRA
Section 313 Questions and Answers Addendum for Federal Facilities (Revised 1999 Version)
Part 2: Selected Questions Received by EPA Since
Promulgation of the Lead Rule, and EPA's Answers
-------
Appendix B is comprised of two parts: Part 1 and Part 2. Part 1 includes relevant questions
and answers about metal and metal compounds extracted from EPA's Revised 1998 EPCRA Section
313 Questions and Answers (December 1998) and EPCRA Section 313 Questions and Answers
Addendum for Federal Facilities (Revised 1999 Version) documents. In Part 1 of Appendix B the
numbers in parentheses refer to the number of the question in the Revised 1998 EPCRA Section 313
Questions and Answers (December 1998) or EPCRA Section 313 Questions and Answers
Addendum for Federal Facilities (Revised 1999 Version) documents. Questions from the Federal
Facilities document will be distinguished with an additional "FF" within the parentheses. Note that
some of the questions have been modified (since publication of the 1998 Q&A document) to reflect the
new reporting requirements for lead and lead compounds. Questions that have been modified are
noted as such.
Part 2 of Appendix B contains selected questions received by EPA since promulgation of the
Lead Rule, and EPA's answers.
-------
Appendix B, Part 1:
Relevant Questions and Answers Extracted from the Revised 1998 EPCRA Section 313
Questions and Answers (December 1998) and EPCRA Section 313 Questions and Answers
Addendum for Federal Facilities (Revised 1999 Version)
Article Exemption - Lead
Question (Modified 376) -A covered manufacturing facility produces neon signs by
bending leaded glass tubing. The facility uses enough tubing annually to process in excess of 100
pounds of lead, an EPCRA Section 313 toxic chemical. When signs are formed from glass tubing,
the diameter of the tubes remains unchanged and lead is not released during the heating or
bending process, qualifying the tubes for the article exemption. If a discrete number of glass
tubes are broken and discarded during the year, under what circumstances would disposal of the
broken tubes constitute a release that negates the article exemption, and how would the facility
calculate the amount of lead used in their operation?
Answer: Disposal of the glass does not necessarily constitute a release which automatically
negates the article exemption. For the tubing to meet the definition of an article when discarded, the
diameter of the tubing must remain intact and unchanged. As a result, shards of glass no longer qualify
as articles. If more than 0.5 pounds of lead is released and not recycled, then the article exemption
would not apply to this glass tubing.
Article Exemption - Lead Bricks
Question (370) - A ship building facility incorporates lead bricks as ballast into the ships
it distributes in commerce. The lead bricks remain permanently with the ship. They could be
considered articles and therefore be exempt from reporting. However, the facility infrequently
cuts some of the bricks, generating lead dust, which it collects and sends to an off-site lead
reprocessor. How should the facility report? What should be counted towards the threshold if the
lead bricks are not considered articles?
Answer: If all of the lead is recycled or reused then the lead dust does not have to be counted
as a release. Therefore, the cut bricks retain their article status. If while cutting the bricks, there are
releases which are not recycled and that exceed 0.5 pounds for a year, then the cut bricks would not
be considered articles. In this case, count only the lead in bricks actually processed toward the
threshold determination. Any amounts of toxic chemicals sent off-site for recycling would be reported
appropriately on the Form R.
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Lead and Lead Compounds
Question (419) - For Section 313 reporting requirements and threshold determinations,
if a covered facility uses lead, lead chr ornate, and other chromium compounds, can they be
considered separately or must they be combined into categories? When reporting releases and
other waste management activities, must quantities of categories be determined as well?
Answer: Threshold determinations for metal containing compounds are made separately from
parent-metal threshold determinations because they are listed separately under Section 313. In the
scenario presented in the question, the facility would apply the quantity of the lead metal
manufactured, processed, or otherwise used to the appropriate threshold for lead. The facility would
apply the quantities of the lead chromate manufactured, processed, or otherwise used to the
appropriate threshold for lead compounds and would apply the quantities of the lead chromate and
other chromium compounds manufactured, processed, or otherwise used to the appropriate
threshold for chromium compounds. However, a facility may, once a threshold has been met
individually, combine the parent metal and its metal compounds for reporting. In completing the Form
R, only the weight of the parent metal (not the entire compound weight) is to be considered.
Question (Modified 421) - A covered facility processes both elemental lead and lead
compounds. The facility exceeds the 100 pounds per year processing threshold for lead
compounds, but not for elemental lead, and must submit a report for lead compounds only. When
calculating releases and other waste management activities from the lead compounds, the
owner/operator is only required to account for the weight of the parent metal released (40 CFR
Section 372.25(h)). Should the facility account for both releases of lead from activities involving
lead compounds and releases of lead from activities involving elemental lead?
Answer: No. In the case when an activity threshold is exceeded only for lead compounds, the
report is only required to be based on the releases and other waste management estimates of lead,
the parent metal, from lead compounds only. Releases and other waste management estimates of lead
resulting from activities involving elemental lead need not be included in the release and other waste
management calculations. Conversely, if fae, facility were to exceed an activity threshold for only
elemental lead, the report would only have to be based on releases and other waste management
estimates from activities involving elemental lead only.
Question (422) - A covered facility has determined that it needs to report under EPCRA
Section 313 for both elemental lead and lead compounds. Can this facility file one Form R that
takes into account both the releases and other waste management activities of lead and lead
compounds, or is it required to report separately?
Answer: If a covered facility exceeds thresholds for both the parent metal and compounds of
that same metal, it is allowed to file one joint Form R (e.g., one report for both lead compounds and
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elemental lead). EPA allows this because the release and other waste management information
reported in connection with metal compounds will be the total pounds of the parent metal released and
otherwise managed as a waste.
Lead Deposits
Question (160) -A remanufacturer of auto engines cleans the engine parts and thereby
produces a lead-containing waste (from gasoline lead deposits) which it sends off-site for
disposal. Does the facility manufacture, process, or otherwise use lead compounds?
Answer: None of the EPCRA Section 313 activities apply. Neither lead nor lead compounds
are manufactured. Lead is not incorporated into products for distribution in commerce nor is it a
manufacturing aid or a processing aid as those terms are defined. Lead in the waste would not be
included for a threshold determination. The facility does not manufacture, process, or otherwise use
lead compounds.
Metal Alloys
Question (Modified 107) - How does a facility determine the threshold for reporting of a
listed toxic chemical (such as lead) in a solid piece of steel which it processes?
Answer: Since steel is a mixture (and not a compound), the processing threshold
determination is made based on the total amount of each toxic chemical present in the steel. If the
toxic chemical is present in a known concentration, the amount present can be calculated by
multiplying the weight of the steel by the weight percent of the listed toxic chemical. The threshold for
processing is 25,000 pounds, for lead contained in stainless steel, brass, or bronze alloys.
Question (Modified 109) - Regarding metals in mixtures, such as lead in an alloy
(stainless steel), how are thresholds and releases and other waste management activities
accounted for in a foundry type operation where all of the metals are melted down? Could the
de minimis and article exemptions be applied?
Answer: For threshold purposes, if the listed toxic chemicals in the metals are processed,
otherwise used, manufactured as an impurity (that remains with the product), or imported below the
de minimis levels, then the de minimis exemption may be taken for that metal in the alloy. However, the
article exemption cannot be taken for this type of foundry operation since in founding, a metal is melted
down and poured into a mold. Consequently, the resulting metal is not recognizable as its original form.
Note that the de minimis exemption may apply for lead in stainless steel, brass, or bronze alloys.
Question (Modified 464) - How is galvanized sheet metal considered for EPCRA Section
313 reporting? Are metals in alloys subject to Section 313 reporting?
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Answer: Galvanized sheet metal is an alloy of several different metals. An alloy is considered a
mixture for Form R reporting because the individual metals in the alloy retain their chemical identities.
Like all other listed toxic chemicals in mixtures, alloys are subject to Form R reporting. When
determining whether a facility meets an activity threshold, the owner/operator should only consider the
weight percent of the listed chemical in the alloy.
For lead contained in stainless steel, brass or bronze alloy the 25,000 pound threshold for
manufacturing and processing, and the 10,000 pound threshold for otherwise use, is applied. It is
important to note, however, for facilities that manufacture, process, or otherwise use lead and stainless
steel, brass, or bronze alloys that contain lead, that all quantities of lead (regardless of whether they are
in an alloy) must still be applied to the 25,000 pound threshold for manufacturing and processing or the
10,000 pound threshold for otherwise use. When conducting threshold evaluations a facility must
consider the amount of lead not in stainless steel, brass, or bronze alloy toward both the 100 pound
threshold AND the 25,000 and 10,000 pound thresholds.
Metal Compounds
Question (108) -How are threshold determinations made for metal-containing
compounds?
Answer: Threshold quantities for metal compounds are based on the total weight of the metal
compound, not just the metal portion of the metal compound. The threshold quantities are determined
by adding up the total weight of all metal compounds containing the same parent metal. However,
release and other waste management calculations are based solely on the weight of the parent metal
portion of the metal compounds. Note that there are a few metal compounds that are separately listed
and are not counted in the metal compounds categories. For example, maneb (CAS number 12427-
38-2) is a manganese compound that is a separately listed chemical and is not reportable under the
manganese compounds category.
Question (112) —A covered facility manufactures specialty glass products. The starting
materials are primarily metal silicates which are ground into a powder, mixed, and heated. The
resulting mixture, the specialty glass, has all the metal silicates melted together in a non-
crystalline structure. Since the metal silicates do not exist by themselves in the mixture, how
should a threshold determination be made?
Answer: The metal silicates are processed since they become incorporated into a product (the
specialty glass) that is distributed in commerce. If the metal silicates still exist as the original metal
silicates but just mixed together then each metal silicate that belongs to a particular metal compound
category is included in Reprocessing threshold calculations for that category. If the metal silicates have
been reacted to produce another compound (i.e., if the specially glass is not just a mixture of individual
metal silicates but is another new metal compound) then the metal silicates have still been processed,
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but a new metal compound has also been manufactured and its weight (i.e., the whole weight of the
glass) must be included in the manufacturing threshold calculations.
Question (137) - In an electroplating operation, a facility uses an elemental copper
anode and an electrolyte solution containing a copper compound. During the electrolytic
process, elemental copper is deposited at the cathode (the item being plated). As elemental
copper is plated out at the cathode, copper goes into solution at the anode forming a copper
compound. For purposes ofEPCRA Section 313, how would the facility make threshold
determinations for copper and copper compounds?
Answer: The electroplating of copper is a two step process in which the elemental copper from
the anode is converted into a copper compound in solution and the copper compound in solution is
converted to elemental copper. A constant concentration of copper compounds is thus maintained in
the electrolytic solution surrounding the electrodes. In such an electrolytic cell, four separate thresholds
are applicable for purposes ofEPCRA Section 313:
a. The amount of copper anode consumed counts towards a processing threshold for
elemental copper (since its purpose is to provide copper to the cathode, via the bath);
b. The amount of copper compound generated in the electrolytic solution (as a result of
oxidation of elemental copper at the anode) would count towards a manufacturing
threshold for copper compounds;
c. The amount of copper compound converted to elemental copper in the electrolytic
solution counts toward a processing threshold for copper compounds (since it is
available for reduction at the cathode);
d. Finally, the amount of copper deposited at the cathode would count towards a
manufacturing threshold for elemental copper (since elemental copper is being
produced from a copper compound).
For example, & facility uses up 15,000 pounds of copper anode per year (the anode is
composed of elemental copper). The elemental copper is processed by manufacturing 37,000
pounds of copper sulfate (copper sulfate (CuSO4) is 40 percent copper by weight and, in this example,
is the form in which copper exists in the electroplating bath). The copper sulfate is then processed by
manufacturing 15,000 pounds of elemental copper.
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The following threshold quantities were calculated in this example:
Manufacture Process
Elemental Copper 15,000 pounds 15,000 pounds
Copper Compounds 37,000 pounds 37,000 pounds (CuSC^)
The facility would file a Form R for "Copper Compounds" because it exceeds the manufacturing and
processing thresholds for a copper compound.
Question (138) - A covered electroplating facility uses copper cyanide as its source of
copper in plating baths in their electroplating operation. Are they manufacturing, processing, or
otherwise using this compound? How do they determine whether they meet the activity threshold
and how are releases and other waste management activities reported for this chemical?
Answer: In this process the copper cyanide is both manufactured and processed. The copper
cyanide is created in the plating solution, and the amount created should be counted towards the
25,000 pound manufacturing threshold. The copper cyanide is also being processed since the copper
from the copper cyanide is plated onto an object that is to be distributed in commerce. Thus, the
copper cyanide used in this process should be counted towards the processing threshold for both
copper and cyanide compounds. The copper cyanide is both a copper compound and a cyanide
compound and is reportable under both the copper compounds category and the cyanide compounds
category. The total weight of the copper cyanide is to be counted towards the thresholds for both
categories. However, for reporting releases and other waste management activities, the total weight of
the copper cyanide is to be reported under the cyanide compounds category, but only the weight of the
copper is to be reported under the copper compounds category.
Question (154) - Do covered facilities need to consider the inadvertent conversion of
one metal compound to another as manufacturing? For example, a pulp and paper mill
inadvertently converts metal carbonates and oxides in wood to metal sulfides during pulping. Is
this a covered manufacturing activity?
Answer: Yes. Manufacturing is not limited to intentional manufacturing, it also includes
coincidental manufacture or, inadvertent manufacture. In general, anytime one metal compound has
been converted to another metal compound, the facility must count the new metal compound towards
the manufacturing threshold. The fact that the parent metal is the same in both compounds does not
negate the fact that a new metal compound has been manufactured.
Question (162) -A glass manufacturer uses brick in its refractory kiln that contains
chromium (III) compounds. During the manufacturing process, the chromium reacts to generate
chromium (VI) compounds. The chromium compounds, while being used in the kiln, become part
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of the glass being manufactured. All the brick in the kiln is replaced every four to five years.
What activity thresholds apply to chromium in this situation?
Answer: The brick, and thus the chromium (HI) compounds in the brick, are being otherwise
used based on the quantity of the bricks installed within a reporting year. The chromium compounds in
the bricks are also considered processed, because the chromium compounds in the brick are
incorporated as an impurity into the final product (the glass) which is distributed in commerce.
However, for this processing step, the de minimis exemption may be taken. The chromium (VI)
compounds generated from the chromium (HI) compounds are considered manufactured. Thus,
threshold calculations should be made for all three EPCRA Section 313 activity thresholds. The
thresholds would be calculated based on the total weight of the chromium compounds being
manufactured, processed, or otherwise used. However, only the weight of the chromium in the
chromium compounds are used in release and other waste management calculations. Any releases
that go up the stack or are sent off-site for waste management must be included. When the brick is
replaced and disposed of, the amount of chromium that remains in the brick would also need to be
included in release and other waste management calculations.
Question (391) -How are toxic chemical categories handled under Section 313 threshold
determinations and release and other waste management calculations?
Answer: All toxic chemicals in the category that are manufactured, processed, or otherwise
used at a covered facility must be totaled and compared to the appropriate thresholds. A threshold
determination for toxic chemical categories is based on the total weight of the compound. Except for
metal compound categories and nitrate compounds, the total weight of the compound released or
otherwise managed as waste must be reported. Releases and other waste management quantities of
metal compounds are reported as the parent metal portion of the compounds. If the metal and
corresponding metal compounds exceed thresholds, a joint report for metal compounds, including the
parent metal, can cover both reporting requirements. Similarly, releases and other waste management
quantities of nitrate compounds are reported as the nitrate portion of the compound.
Question (395) - Do we count the nonmetal portion of metal compounds?
Answer: The nonmetal portion of metal compounds is included in threshold determinations but
not in release and other waste management calculations.
Question (398) —A covered facility has a coal-fired boiler. The combustion of the coal
generates aerosol forms of hydrochloric acid as a byproduct. Should the aerosol forms of the
HCl emissions be reported under EPCRA Section 313?
Answer: Yes. In the combustion of coal, the facility will be coincidentally manufacturing
aerosol forms of hydrochloric acid, as well as hydrofluoric acid and sulfuric acid. The combustion of
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coal will also result in the coincidental manufacture of new metal compounds. The facility must submit
a Form R if it manufactures more than 25,000 pounds of any of these listed toxic chemicah.
Question (412) - For Section 313 reporting, a catalyst contains 61 percent total nickel,
which includes 26 per cent nickel metal and 35 percent nickel contained in compounds. Should
the threshold determination be based on the 61 percent total nickel?
Answer: No. The 61 percent total nickel cannot be used in the threshold determinations.
Nickel compounds are a listed toxic chemical category; therefore, the full weight of nickel compounds
(not just the 35 percent nickel contained in the compounds) must be used in the threshold determination
for nickel compounds. A separate threshold determination is required for the nickel metal since nickel
is a separately listed toxic chemical under Section 313.
Question (414) —A covered facility uses chromium compounds in its electroplating
operation, and as a result, a hexavalent chrornate compound is generated. Are the hexavalent
chrornate compounds reportable under Section 313?
Answer: The hexavalent chromate compounds are members of a reportable toxic chemical
category, chromium compounds, and have been manufactured by the oxidation/reduction reaction that
occurred in the electroplating operation. As a result, the total amount of the hexavalent chromate
compounds produced must be included in the manufacturing threshold for chromium compounds.
Question (415) - Is the conversion from one metal compound to another metal
compound within the same metal compound category considered manufacturing for purposes of
threshold determinations and release, and other waste management calculations?
Answer: Yes. The conversion of one metal compound to another metal compound within the
same metal compound category is considered the manufacture of a metal compound, which must be
considered toward threshold determinations. This is identical to how threshold calculations are derived
for listed toxic chemicals in non-metal compound categories. The unique aspect for metal compounds,
as compared to non-metal compounds within a listed compound category, is how amounts released
and otherwise managed as waste are reported. As stated in the final rule (62 FR 23850; May 1, 1997),
"if a metal is converted to a metal compound or if a metal compound is converted to another metal
compound,..., a metal compound has been manufactured as defined under EPCRA Section 313."
However, provided that thresholds are exceeded, covered facilities are instructed to report only the
amount of the parent metal contained in the metal compound for amounts released or otherwise
managed as waste. If thresholds for both the elemental metal and its metal compounds have been
exceeded, covered facilities have the option to submit one Form R that includes on their report the
amounts of the elemental metal from the parent metal along with amounts of the metal portion from the
metal compounds.
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Question (416) -An electroplating facility uses metal cyanide compounds in their
electroplating operations. Are they processing or otherwise using those cyanide compounds?
How do they determine whether they meet the threshold, and which threshold applies?
Answer: The parent metal is plated onto a substance electrochemically. The metal compounds
are processed, and the cyanide compounds are processed because the metal cyanide is the source of
the metal that is plated and subsequently distributed in commerce. Metal cyanides are reportable as
both cyanide compounds and metal cyanides. The total compound weight is applied for threshold
determinations for both categories.
Question (417) - We manufacture and use copper wire. We also use copper compounds
in various parts of our processes. The Section 313 list contains both copper and copper
compounds. Should we combine these categories for our determination of thresholds and
reporting? Do we report the release and other waste management of copper compounds as
copper metal?
Answer: Copper and copper compounds are separate entries on the Section 313 list, and
therefore threshold determinations should be made separately. Copper compounds are a listed
category and will include the aggregate of all copper compounds (other than the free metal). For
copper compounds, report releases and other waste management activities as copper (e.g., as the
copper ion in wastewater), not as the total mass of copper compounds. If a facility exceeds thresholds
for both the parent metal and compounds of the same metal, EPA allows ^facility to file a combined
report (e.g., one report for copper compounds and copper metal).
Question (420)-Are chromium compounds (e.g., chromic acid, CAS number
11115-74-5, or chromic acetate CAS number 1066-30-4) reportable under Section 313?
Answer: All chromium compounds are reportable. They must be aggregated together for
purposes of threshold and maximum amount on-site calculations. However, release and other waste
management amounts should be for the chromium metal portion only.
Question (423) - An oxidation/reduction reaction that occurs as part of a waste
treatment operation results in the formation of 2,500 pounds of lead chr ornate. How must a
threshold determination be made for this compound?
Answer: Lead chromate meets the criteria for both a lead compound and a chromium
compound. In such cases, the total amount of the compound manufactured, processed, or otherwise
used must be applied to the threshold determination for both metal compound categories. The weight of
the entire compound, not the weight of the parent metal, is applied for the threshold determination of
each metal compound category.
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Question (584) - In Part II, Section 7A of the Form R, should covered facilities report
the influent concentration to a treatment system for metal compounds in a wastestreamfor the
parent metal only? How do I consider treatment efficiencies for metal compounds?
Answer: For metal compounds, the calculation of the reportable concentration and waste
treatment efficiency must be based on the weight of the parent metal, not on the weight of the metal
compounds. Metals are not destroyed, only physically removed or chemically converted from one form
to another. The waste treatment efficiency reported must represent only the physical removal from the
wastestream (except for incineration) not the percent conversion from one form to another. If a listed
waste treatment method converts but does not remove a metal (e.g., chrome reduction), the method
must be reported with a waste treatment efficiency of zero.
Metals
Question (382) -Are there recommended methods for determining if the 0.5 pound
release limit is exceeded from a metal stamping operation?
Answer: EPA recommends thatfacilities use one or more of the following for performing
release and other waste management calculations of EPCRA Section 313 chemicals: monitoring data,
mass balance, emission factors, and engineering calculations. If all wastes generated from stamping
operations (including fume, dust, sludge and scrap pieces) are recycled or reused and the facility's
total releases will be equal to or less than 0.5 pound limit for each toxic chemical per year, the article
exemption may apply. If releases (including disposal) of a toxic chemical are more than 0.5 pound,
the article exemption is negated for that chemical and all quantities of that chemical in the metal sheets
should be included in threshold determinations and release and other waste management calculations.
Question (494) - Why does EPA not allow covered facilities to use the efficiency of a
combustion unit (e.g., incinerator, industrial furnace or boiler) to calculate releases of metals
from the unit?
Answer: Metals cannot be destroyed by combustion. Therefore, the efficiency of a combustion
unit has no relation to the releases of metals from the unit.
Question (568) -A covered facility sends a toxic chemical in a paint thinner waste to a
firm for fuel blending purposes. Should the amount of toluene andxylene in the waste be
reported on the Form R, Part II, Section 6 as a transfer off-site?
Answer: A toxic chemical in a wastestream sent off-site for waste fuel blending is considered
combusted for energy recovery if the listed toxic chemical has a significant heat value and is
combusted in an energy recovery device. EPA believes that waste blended into fuel will be combusted
in an integrated energy recovery device. Where both elements are met, the quantity of the toxic
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chemical must be reported as an off-site transfer for purposes of energy recovery on the Form R.
However, other reportable toxic chemicals in the waste (e.g., metal pigments) that are incombustible
or that do not add significant heat value to energy recovery upon combustion must be reported as off-
site transfers for purposes of waste treatment or disposal, as appropriate. Please note that metals
cannot be treated or combusted for energy recovery purposes and, therefore, should be reported as
disposed in Section 8 of the Form R, unless the facility has knowledge the metals are being recycled.
Question (588) - If a covered facility sends metal scraps containing chromium off-site to
be remelted and subsequently reused, does it report the amount of toxic chemical in the metal as
recycled off-site ?
Answer: Assuming no contaminants are removed during the melting process, the chromium in
the metal scraps is not actually being recovered but merely melted and reused. Therefore, the amount of
the toxic chemical in the metal scraps would not be reportable in Part II, Sections 6.2 or 8 of the
Form R. However, because the facility is repackaging and distributing the toxic chemicals in
commerce, it should consider these amounts of the toxic chemical towards the facility's processing
threshold. If the covered facility exceeds a chemical activity threshold, it is required to file a TRI
Report for that chemical.
Question (590) - If I send ten pounds of chromium (or any metal) to aPOTW or other
wastewater treatment facility where should I report the ten pounds in Section 8 of the Form R?
Answer: Because metals cannot be destroyed, they should not be reported as treated in Part
n, Section 8.6 or 8.7 of the Form R. If you do not know what the POTW does with the metal
constituents they receive, you should assume they are released and report the ten pounds sent to a
POTW in Part H, Section 8.1 on the Form R.
Welding
Question (347)- A covered facility uses sheet metal to manufacture metal desks. When
manufacturing the desks, the operator welds and solders some of the sheet metal together. Must
the facility include the toxic chemicals in the welding rods, solders, and the metals being joined
for its threshold determination? Does the metal desk meet the article exemption?
Answer: If 0.5 pounds or less of the toxic chemical is released from all like articles in the
reporting year and the overall thickness or diameter of the sheet metal is not changed ^Unprocessed
into the desk, the sheet metal would retain its article status. The desk itself would not meet the criteria
for the article exemption because the exemption does not apply to the manufacture of articles. Also,
because air emissions are generated from the welding and soldering rods when they are used, the
owner/operator must assess the entire amount of the toxic chemical in the rods for processing threshold
purposes.
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Question (371)- During the construction and repair of ships, small quantities of a listed
toxic chemical are emitted in the form of fumes when steel plates are being welded together. The
steel plates are formed to a specific shape during manufacture and their end use function is
dependent upon their shape. Are these steel plates articles and should the amount of toxic
chemical (fumes from the steel plates) emitted from the steel plates during the welding process
be included in determining the threshold?
Answer: If the processing or otherwise use of all like manufactured items results in the release
of 0.5 pounds or less of a toxic chemical, EPA will allow this quantity to be rounded to zero and the
steel plates may be exempt as articles. If the listed toxic chemical that is released exceeds 0.5 pounds
over a calender year and is completely recycled or reused, on-site or off-site, then these steel plates
may also be exempt as articles. Any amount that is not recycled or reused will count toward the 0.5
pound per year cut-off value.
Firing Ranges. Fugitive Releases. Lead Bullets
Question (Modified 124 - FF): Military sites have firing ranges for their personnel. The
bullets used by the military personnel are made out of lead. How would lead released from the
use of bullets in a firing range be reported on the Form R?
Answer There are two types of releases that take place during the firing of bullets from
firearms. One type of release is the lead bullet itself coming to rest after it has been fired. That is, during
firing the bullets are released to the environment (land or water) as they impact with their targets or
otherwise come to rest. The other type of release is the emission of trace amounts of lead vapor to air.
This type of release results from the burning of the cartridge powder during firing, which causes
volatilization of trace amounts of lead from the bullets, and subsequent emission of lead vapors to air
from the gun muzzle as the bullets leave the muzzle. Lead in fired, unrecovered bullets would be
reported as releases to land: other disposal — Part n, Section 5.5.4 of Form R. Lead in fired bullets
that are recovered and sent off-site for disposal or recycling would be reported in the appropriate
sections of the Form R. Releases of lead vapor from the firing of the bullets would be reported as
fugitive releases to air - Part n, Section 5.1 of Form R. According to the EPA document,
Compilation of Air Emission Factors (AP.42), approximately 1.2 pounds of lead is released as
fugitive air emission for every 2,000 pounds of lead bullets fired. (See Chapter 11, Section 3:
Explosives Detonation).
It should be noted that private (i.e., non-governmental) shooting ranges are not within covered
SIC codes for EPCRA section 313 reporting. The following lists the SIC codes for private shooting
ranges:
SIC code 7997 - Shooting clubs, memberships; and
SIC code 7999 - Shooting galleries; Operation of shooting ranges.
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Appendix B Part 2:
Selected Questions (with Answers) Received Since Promulgation of the Lead Rule
[and not previously published in EPA's EPCRA Section 313 Questions and Answers [Q&As] -
Revised 1998 Version" (December 1998, EPA 745-B-98-004)]
Question 1: Under this new rule, are private dental offices or manufacturers of dental
equipment now required to report releases and other waste management activities of lead? That
is, are private dental offices required to submit EPCRA section 313 release (Form R) reports to
the U.S. EPA and state and tribal governments? Is there a specific exemption for dental offices?
Answer: A facility is required to file Form R reports if it meets all three of the following
criteria: 1) it is included in certain Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) codes; 2) it has 10 or more
full-time employee equivalents (i.e., the equivalent of 20,000 hours per year); and 3) it manufactures
(includes imports), processes, or otherwise uses any of the toxic chemicals (e.g., lead, lead
compounds) listed on the EPCRA Section 313 list in amounts greater than the threshold quantities.
While private dental offices have been assigned an SIC code (SIC code 8021), this SIC code is not
covered under EPCRA section 313 and, therefore, private dental offices do not have to report their
releases and other waste management quantities of chemicals listed on the EPCRA section 313 list of
toxic chemicals. If, however, a dental office is part of a facility that is covered under EPCRA section
313, activities involving listed toxic chemicals within that dental office may need to be applied to
threshold determinations and release and other waste management quantities for the facility as a whole,
depending upon whether the activities involving the listed chemicals are for personal use by employees
of the facility. If the activities within the dental office are for the personal use of the employees at the
facility then those activities would be exempt from the reporting requirements under the personal use
exemption (see 40 CFR 372.38(c)(3)). If the activities within such a dental office are not for the
personal use of the employees at the facility then these activities would be subject to threshold
determinations and the reporting of releases and waste management quantities for the facility.
To determine if a given facility (including dental offices and manufacturers of dental equipment)
is subject to the reporting requirements of EPCRA section 313 one should first determine the facility's
primary SIC code, and if the SIC code is regulated under EPCRA section 313. A listing of the SIC
groups (with codes) subject to EPCRA section 313 reporting requirements is provided below, as well
as in Chapter 1, section 1.2 of this document. For a facility that meets the SIC code requirement one
should then determine whether the facility meets the employee threshold before they determine if they
exceed the manufacturing, processing, and otherwise use activity thresholds of a listed chemical.
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Standard Industrial Classification (SIQ groups subject to EPCRA section 313 reporting requirements:
Metal mining (SIC code in the 1000s, except for SIC codes 1011, 1081, and 1094)
Coal mining (SIC codes in the 1200s, except for 1241 and extraction activities)
Primary codes 2000-3900 (Manufacturing Industries including: 2000 Food, 2100 Tobacco, 2200
Textiles, 2300 Apparel, 2400 Lumber and Wood, 2500 Furniture, 2600 Paper, 2700 Printing and
Publishing, 2800 Chemicals, 2900 Petroleum and Coal, 3000 Rubber and Plastics, 3100 Leather,
3200 Stone, Clay, and Glass, 3300 Primary Metals, 3400 Fabricated Metals, 3500 Machinery
(excluding electrical), 3600 Electrical and Electronic Equipment, 3700 Transportation Equipment, 3800
Instruments, 3900 Miscellaneous Manufacturing)
Electrical utilities that combust coal and/or oil (SIC codes 4911, 4931, and 4939, limited to facilities
that combust coal and/or oil for the purpose of generating electricity for distribution in commerce)
Hazardous waste treatment and disposal facilities (SIC code 4953, limited to facilities regulated under
the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, Subtitle C, 42 U.S.C. section 6921 et seq.)
Chemicals and allied products wholesale distributors (SIC code 5169)
Petroleum bulk plants and terminals (SIC code 5171)
Solvent recovery services (SIC code 7389, (limited to facilities primarily engaged in solvent recovery
services on a contract or fee basis)
Question 2: Will facilities affected by the new TRI lead rule have to consider their
manufacturing, processing, and usage of lead and lead compounds for ALL of 2001, or just the
portion of 2001 subsequent to April 17, the date the rule finally became effective?
Answer: The first reporting year for the new TRI lead rule began January 1, 2001 and ended
December 31, 2001. Facilities will have to report to EPA their release and other waste management
quantities for the entire 2001 calendar year no later than July 1, 2002. This means that any facility
affected by the new TRI lead rule must consider manufacturing, processing and otherwise use activities
involving lead and lead compounds that took place at their facility from January 1, 2001 through
December 31, 2001, to determine whether they have exceeded the activity threshold for reporting and
calculating releases and other waste management quantities of lead and lead compounds.
Question 3: Does the new TRI lead rule encompass leaded glass in computer screens
after they are disposed of by a company from a typical office environment? [Assume the
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company receives the computers intact and simply uses them as computers, as opposed to
actually manufacturing computers, and then disposes of the computers.] Would this "use " of
lead be considered exempt from the regulation for the normal user of computers/screens? Also,
would the solder used on the computer circuit cards be exempt for the user of computers and
hence not repor table, after proper disposal by the user?
Answer: In the scenario described in this question the computers would likely qualify as articles
eligible for the articles exemption. That is, chemicals included on the EPCRA section 313 list of toxic
chemicals that are contained in articles (e.g., computers, pipes) are exempt from both threshold
determinations and release and other waste management calculations (i.e., exempt from inclusion on a
Form R report) provided that the item meets the criteria of the articles exemption. However, if a facility
were to take the computers and modify them in a way such that they are no longer articles (e.g., crush
them), the facility may be subject to EPCRA section 313 reporting requirements. For additional
information on article exemptions see Directive 1, Article Exemptions in "EPCRA Section 313
Questions and Answers [Q&As] - Revised 1998 Version" (EPA 745-B-98-004) (The Q&A
document is available at http://www.epa.gov/tri/guid_docs).
Question 4: Does the new TRI lead rule encompass plumbing that is being removed from
service in a building during renovations or modifications?
Answer: In this scenario the pipes would likely qualify as articles eligible for the articles
exemption. That is, chemicals included on the EPCRA section 313 list of toxic chemicals that are
contained in articles (e.g., computers, pipes) are exempt from both threshold determinations and
release and other waste management calculations (i.e., exempt from inclusion on a Form R report)
provided that the items meets the criteria of the articles exemption. However, if a facility were to take
the pipes and modify them in a way such that they are no longer articles (e.g., melt them), the facility
may be subject to EPCRA section 313 reporting requirements. For additional information on article
exemptions see Directive 1, Article Exemptions in "EPCRA Section 313 Questions and Answers
[Q&As] - Revised 1998 Version" (EPA 745-B-98-004) (The Q&A document is available at
http://www.epa.gov/tri/guid_docs).
Question 5: The following questions pertain to facilities that use lead as a source of
protection from radioactive materials.
5a). Facility # 1 is a pharmaceutical manufacturing facility. They manufacture
radioactive materials that are used in medical treatments. Lead shields are used to protect
workers from the radioactive materials. No lead is released from the use of the shields. Would
this qualify for the "personal use" exemption?
5b). Facility # 2 uses lead bricks as a barrier to protect workers and other people from
radioactivity. The bricks are permanent, they are never removed or replaced, but they are not
built into the facility (i.e., they are not part of the facility). No lead is released from the bricks.
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[This question is similar to Q & A # 277, of the "EPCRA Section 313 Questions and Answers
[Q&As] - Revised 1998 Version" ] Does this qualify for any exemptions, i.e. structural
components exemption or articles exemption? Please answer the question in two ways:
(i) as it applies to lead in bricks used at the facility before the enactment of the lead rule;
(ii) if and how the lead rule would change the answer to (i).
Answer: With regard to Facility #1, it appears that the lead shields would meet the definition
of an article and qualify for the articles exemption. These shields, however, would not qualify for the
personal use exemption because the shields are process related. (See Q&A 243 in "EPCRA Section
313 Questions and Answers [Q&As] - Revised 1998 Version". The Q&A document is available at
http://www.epa.gov/tri/guid_docs).
With regard to Facility #2, if in fact no lead is released from the bricks then, again, the articles
exemption may apply. The structural component exemption would not apply because these bricks are
facility-process related. (See Q&A 277 of "EPCRA Section 313 Questions and Answers [Q&As] -
Revised 1998 Version". The Q&A document is available at http://www.epa.gov/tri/guid_docs). Lastly,
per sub-questions (i) and (ii), the lead rule did not change the articles exemption.
Question 6: The following questions pertain to lead in stainless steel, brass or bronze
alloys.
6a) With regard to alloys of stainless steel, brass and bronze that contain lead does
this mean that these alloys in whatever form, solid or molten, are exempt from the 100 pound
activity threshold for reporting releases and other waste management quantities for lead ?
6b) Does this also mean that any fumes from these alloys as a result, for example, of
welding are also exempt?
6c) Does this also mean that these alloys do not have a 25,000 or 10,000 pound threshold
for lead?
Answer: The final TRI lead rule states that the 25,000 pound manufacturing, processing, and
10,000 pound otherwise use activity thresholds for reporting releases and other waste management
quantities of lead and lead compounds have been lowered to 100 pounds. The final TRI lead rule
further states that the reporting threshold of 100 pounds applies to all lead compounds and to lead
except for lead contained in stainless steel, brass, and bronze alloys. There is no "exemption" for lead
contained in stainless steel, brass, and bronze alloys: lead in these alloys are still subject to the
manufacture and process threshold of 25,000 pounds, and an otherwise use threshold of 10,000
pounds.
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Regarding stainless steel, brass or bronze alloys that contain lead, EPA's interpretation is that
the 100 pound threshold does not apply while the lead is literally in (i.e., a component of) the alloy.
While the 100 pound threshold does not apply to lead while it is in stainless steel, brass and bronze
alloys, there may be certain activities that involve these alloys in which the 100 pound threshold will
apply. Below is a brief logic tree that can help one to determine whether the 100 pound threshold
applies and/or 25,000 pound/10,000 pound threshold applies. You may also find Section 3.1 of
Chapter 3 of this document helpful.
a) If a facility uses lead or a lead compound in the manufacture of a stainless steel alloy, bronze
alloy, or brass alloy that contains lead, the 100 pound threshold applies to the lead or lead
compound(s) used in the manufacture of the alloy. Thus, in this scenario, the facility is using lead to
manufacture the alloy and the 100 pound threshold applies to that amount of lead being used in the
manufacture of the alloy.
b) If a facility is processing a lead-containing stainless steel, bronze, or brass alloy in such a way
that lead is removed / released from the alloy, the 100 pound threshold applies to that amount of lead
that has been removed /released. For example, a facility obtains a stainless steel alloy that contains
lead. The stainless steel alloy is melted, and while in a molten state some lead fumes are generated.
Some of these fumes are released into the environment via stacks. The facility must apply the 100
pound threshold to that amount of lead that volatilized from the molten, stainless steel alloy, and report if
a threshold is exceeded that amount of lead that has been released through a stack in section 5.2 of
Form R. In addition, because the stainless steel alloy is being processed, the lead contained in the alloy
must be applied to the 25,000 pound processing threshold. Thus, in this scenario, there are two
thresholds that need to be applied: the 100 pound threshold for that quantity of the lead that has been
removed/released from the alloy; and the 25,000 pound processing threshold for lead in the alloy itself.
The 100 pound threshold also applies to fumes of lead that are generated from welding of stainless
steel, bronze or brass alloys that contain lead.
c) If a facility is processing a lead-containing stainless steel, bronze, or brass alloy in such a way
that the lead is not removed/released from the alloy, the 100 pound threshold does not apply. For
example, a facility obtains 100,000 pounds of a stainless steel alloy that contains lead. The stainless
steel alloy is processed in such a way that no lead is removed/released from the alloy. The facility need
only apply the 25,000 pound threshold to the processing of stainless steel alloy.
d) If a facility is otherwise using a stainless steel, bronze or brass alloy that contains lead, the
10,000 pound threshold applies to the entire amount of lead in the alloy. If any lead is
removed/released from the alloys during the otherwise use activity, the 100 pound threshold also
applies to that amount of lead that was removed/released.
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Some important guidelines to use are:
i) quantities of lead "in stainless steel, brass or bronze alloy," are only applied toward the
25,000/10,000 pound thresholds;
ii) quantities of lead not in stainless steel, brass or bronze alloys are applied to both the 100
pound threshold and the 25,000/10,000 pound thresholds;
iii) a facility may take the de minimis exemption (i.e., threshold variable) for those quantities of
lead in stainless steel, brass, or bronze alloys that meet the de minimis exemption requirements (e.g.,
manufactured as an impurity). The de minimis exemption applies to threshold determinations
addressing numerous activities at a facility. However, the de minimis exemption does not include listed
substances that are manufactured as byproducts. More details on this point are available. (See
Appendix A, Directive 2 of "EPCRA Section 313 Questions and Answers [Q&As] - Revised 1998
Version". The Q&A document is available at http://www.epa.gov/tri/guid_docs). Accordingly, EPA
will allow the de minimis exemption to be considered for all quantities of lead in stainless steel, brass,
or bronze alloy even though this exemption will not be applied to lead not in stainless steel, brass, or
bronze alloy.
iv) The Form A certification statement and range reporting for Sections 5 and 6 of Part II of
the Form R) cannot be applied to lead reporting if the lower, 100 pound threshold has been exceeded.
Therefore, if a facility exceeds the 25,000/10,000 pound threshold but does not exceed the 100 pound
threshold, the facility may consider the reporting variables. If the 100 pound threshold is exceeded, the
facility may not use the Form A certification statement or range reporting option on the Form R even if
the 25,000/10,000 pound threshold is also exceeded.
v) consolidated reporting between lead and lead compounds is allowed.
6d) Why is lead in stainless steel, brass or bronze alloy not a PBT chemical while lead in
any other alloy is a PBT chemical?
Answer Lead is a PBT chemical, regardless of whether it is in an alloy or in the form of a
compound or its metallic (i.e., pure metal) form. The form or mixture that lead is in does not determine
whether it is a PBT chemical. Lead in any alloy, including stainless steel, brass or bronze is a PBT
chemical. EPA has deferred on a decision to lower the 25,000 pound and 10,000 pound thresholds
for lead when contained in stainless steel, brass, and bronze alloys. EPA's deferral for the lower
threshold for lead when contained in stainless steel, brass, and bronze alloys was based on the fact that
the Agency is currently evaluating a petition, as well as comments received in response to previous
petition denials, that requested the Agency to revise the EPCRA section 313 reporting requirements for
certain metals contained in stainless steel, brass, and bronze alloys. In light of the ongoing scientific
review, EPA has decided to defer the lower thresholds for lead when contained in these alloys until the
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review is complete. Other alloys are not part of this review since the Agency did not receive any
information or data from commenters that would allow the Agency to conclude that lead in all other
alloys are similarly situated.
6e) A facility processed 200 pounds of lead in alloys other than stainless steel, brass or
bronze alloy. In doing so the facility has exceeded the 100 pound reporting threshold for lead
and, therefore, must file a Form Rfor lead. In the same calendar year the facility processed
24,000 pounds of lead in stainless steel, brass or bronze alloy. Does the facility need to include
releases and waste management quantities of the lead in stainless steel, brass, or bronze alloy on
the Form R?
Answer: No, because the 25,000 pound processing threshold is not exceeded in this scenario.
There are two thresholds to consider in this scenario: the 100 pound threshold for lead not in stainless
steel, brass or bronze alloys, and the 25,000 pound processing threshold for all lead, including lead in
stainless steel, brass and bronze alloys (i.e., the qualified alloys). In this scenario the 100 pound
reporting (activity) threshold is exceeded, but the 25,000 pound activity threshold is not exceeded. The
100 pound threshold is exceeded because of the processing of 200 pounds of lead in alloys other than
stainless steel, brass or bronze. The 25,000 pound threshold is not exceeded because the combined
weight of lead in the qualified alloys and non-qualified alloys does not meet or exceed 25,000 pounds
(24,000 pounds + 200 pounds = 24,200 pounds). If, however, in this scenario the amount of
processed lead in stainless steel, brass, or bronze were 24,850 pounds, then both the 100 pound
threshold and the 25,000 pounds thresholds are exceeded.
Some important guidelines to use are:
i) quantities of lead "in stainless steel, brass or bronze alloy," are only applied toward the
25,000/10,000 pound thresholds;
ii) quantities of lead not in stainless steel, brass or bronze alloys are applied to both the 100
pound threshold and the 25,000/10,000 pound thresholds;
iii) a facility may take the de minimis exemption (i.e., threshold variable) for those quantities of
lead in stainless steel, brass, or bronze alloys that meet the de minimis exemption requirements (e.g.,
manufactured as an impurity). The de minimis exemption applies to threshold determinations
addressing numerous activities at a facility. However, the de minimis exemption does not include listed
substances that are manufactured as byproducts. More details on this point are available. (See
Appendix A, Directive 2 of "EPCRA Section 313 Questions and Answers [Q&As] - Revised 1998
Version". The Q&A document is available at http://www.epa.gov/tri/guid_docs). Accordingly, EPA
will allow the de minimis exemption to be considered for all quantities of lead in stainless steel, brass,
or bronze alloy even though this exemption will not be applied to lead not in stainless steel, brass, or
bronze alloy.
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iv) The Form A certification statement and range reporting for Sections 5 and 6 of Part II of
the Form R) cannot be applied to lead reporting if the lower, 100 pound threshold has been exceeded.
Therefore, if a facility exceeds the 25,000/10,000 pound threshold but does not exceed the 100 pound
threshold, the facility may consider the reporting variables. If the 100 pound threshold is exceeded, the
facility may not use the Form A certification statement or range reporting option on the Form R even if
the 25,000/10,000 pound threshold is also exceeded.
v) because there is only one listing for lead, consolidated reporting between lead and lead
compounds is required.
6f) If a facility processes 95 pounds of lead in alloys other than stainless steel, brass or
bronze alloys, and processes 24,910 pounds of lead in stainless steel, brass or bronze alloy, does
the facility need to prepare a Form R?
Answer: Yes, because the 25,000 pound threshold for lead in stainless steel, brass or bronze
has been exceeded. The 100 pound threshold for lead has not been exceeded. In this scenario the
facility may consider the de minimis exemption for quantities of lead in stainless steel, brass, or bronze
alloy and the facility may consider the use of the Form A certification statement, range reporting, and
pre-PBT significant digit reporting requirement options.
6g) I use cold rolled steel that contains lead and stainless steel that contains lead. I
exceed the 100 pound threshold for lead in the cold rolled steel, but I do not exceed the 10,000
pound threshold for otherwise using lead when contained in stainless steel. Do I have to
consider when preparing my Form R report the releases and other waste management of lead
from both the stainless and the cold rolled steel, or just the releases from the cold rolled steel?
Answer: If a facility meets or exceeds a threshold for lead of 25,000 pounds manufactured,
25,000 pounds processed, or 10,000 pounds otherwise used, then all lead (except for specific
quantities qualifying for one of the exemptions) at the facility is reportable. However, if only the 100
pound threshold for manufacturing, processing or otherwise use is exceeded for "lead (except when
contained in stainless steel, brass, or bronze alloy)" then all releases and other waste management
quantities of lead is reportable, except for the lead when contained in the qualified alloys. Thus, in the
scenario described in question 6g above, the releases and other waste management activities
(quantities) of lead from the stainless steel that contains lead does not have to be considered for
preparing the Form R report.
Question 7. Where can I see specifics about Form R and what information is required to
complete Form Rfor lead.
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Answer: A good place to start is to go to EPA's Toxic Release Inventory Program's internet
home page: http://www.epa.gov/tri/. Once you are at this site look for "Reporting Forms and
Instructions" for information about Form R, how to complete a Form R report, as well as other related
information. You may also want to browse the Toxics Release Inventory Public Data Release report,
which is published annually by the EPA's Office of Environmental Information. Information pertaining
to obtaining a copy of this report is also available from the above internet address.
Question 8. Piston-powered aircraft currently use leaded aviation fuel (AVGAS). There
seems to be some question as to whether the new 100 pound reporting threshold for lead and
lead compounds would apply to businesses that transport, store, and sell leaded A VGAS. There
is also some concern that the new reporting requirements may also apply to businesses that
consume leaded AVGAS through the operation of their aircraft. What is the applicability of the
new reporting requirements for lead and lead compounds to the general aviation industry?
Answer: To address this question concerning the reporting of lead contained in leaded
gasoline used in aviation fuels several factors need to be considered. The first is whether the facility is in
a Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) code covered under section 313 of the Emergency Planning
and Community Right-to-Know Act (EPCRA). In addition, under EPCRA section 313 there is a
motor vehicle exemption that exempts the otherwise use of fuel in motor vehicles (including aircraft).
Also, while petroleum bulk terminals (SIC code 5171) are covered facilities, not all facilities that
transport, store, and sell AVGAS are in covered SIC codes. (The complete list of SIC codes covered
by section 313 of EPCRA is listed in the answer to question 1 above.)
Below are excerpts from the Response-to-Comments document from the final TRI lead rule
that lowered the EPCRA section 313 reporting thresholds for lead and lead compounds. These
excerpts contain EPA's responses to comments pertaining to the SIC code issue. Also provided below
are: 1) some questions and answers from EPA's document "EPCRA Section 313 Questions and
Answers [Q&As] - Revised 1998 Version"; and 2) the directive on the motor vehicle exemption from
the Q&A document. The Q&As below mention aircraft specifically but there are additional Q&As on
fuels and motor vehicles (e.g., Q&As 285-291), the Q&A document is available at
http://www.epa.gov/tri/guid_docs.
EPA does not expect that aviation businesses would be affected by lower reporting thresholds
for lead and lead compounds. As a group, establishments engaged in furnishing transportation by air
and in operating airports and flying fields are found in major SIC code 4500 (Transportation by air).
This is not an SIC code that is subject to reporting under EPCRA section 313. In addition, many of the
commenter's examples of lead and lead compound uses in aviation-ballasts, flight controls, wheels, and
propellers-are likely to be covered by the article exemption in their use.
The following two questions and answers and directive are from the "EPCRA Section 313
Questions and Answers - Revised 1998 Version" (December 1998, EPA-745-B-98-004).
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"792. A covered facility manufactures and repairs airplanes. Prior to beginning any
repair work, any fuel remaining in the airplane 'sfuel tanks is emptied by service
personnel at the facility. After the repairs are completed, the airplane is refueled with
fuel removed from the airplane 'sfuel tanks and/or new fuel. Should the owner/operator
of the manufacturing and repair facility consider the toxic chemicals present in the fuel
when making Section 313 threshold and release and other waste management
calculations?
Yes. For purposes ofEPCRA Section 313 threshold determinations and release and
other waste management calculations, the listed toxic chemicals present in the fuel are
considered to be processed because they are being repackaged and further distributed
in commerce."
"290. An airplane manufacturer uses JP4, a jet fuel, to move the planes around the
facility. Can this fuel be considered exempt under the "maintenance of motor vehicles
used at the facility" exemption?
Amounts of fuel used only at the facility to transport vehicles on the facility's property
do not have to be counted towards thresholds and can be included under the motor
vehicle exemption. If the jet fuel is in the planes when they leave the site to be sold or
distributed in commerce, then the facility is considered to be processing the jet fuel and
the listed chemicals in the fuel are subject to threshold determinations and release and
other waste management calculations. "
Motor Vehicle Exemptions
The use of "products containing toxic chemicals for the purpose of maintaining motor
vehicles operated by the facility" is exempt from threshold determinations and release and
other waste management reporting under Section 313. This exemption includes toxic
chemicals found in gasoline, diesel fuel, brake and transmission fluids, oils and lubricants,
antifreeze, batteries, cleaning solutions, and solvents in paint used for touch up, as long as the
products are used to maintain the vehicle operated by the facility. Motor vehicles include cars,
trucks, some cranes, forklifts, locomotive engines, and aircraft.
1. Motor Vehicle Use Exemption Applies Only to Otherwise Use of Chemical
The exemption applies only to the otherwise use of these chemicals, not their
manufacturing or processing for distribution in commerce. For example, manufacturing
gasoline is not exempt from reporting. Similarly, an automobile manufacturer who places
transmission fluids in automobiles before shipping the automobiles would be processing the
listed toxic chemical because the fluid is being incorporated into an item that the facility
distributes in commerce.
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Releases from the storage of fuel or motor vehicle maintenance products are exempt
from reporting by virtue of the fact that their use is exempt. For example, releases of listed
toxic chemicals in gasoline stored on-site for use in company owned vehicles are exempt from
inclusion in facility-wide release and other waste management determinations for those
chemicals.
2. Motor Vehicle Use Exemption Does Not Apply to Stationary Equipment
The motor vehicle exemption does not apply to the use of lubricants for stationary
process equipment such as pumps or compressors. Likewise, fuels used for furnaces, boilers,
heaters, or any stationary source of energy are not exempt.
Question 9. Could EPA provide clarification on the applicability of the new TR1 lead
rule to stained glass manufacturers, stained glass studios, stained glass glaziers (window
manufacturers), stained glass businesses that manufacture lamps, boxes, etc., studios that
restore architectural stained glass, and glass blowing studios ?
Answer: A facility is required to file Form R reports under the new TRI lead rule if it meets all
three of the following criteria: 1) it is included in certain Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) codes;
2) it has 10 or more full-time employee equivalents (i.e., the equivalent of 20,000 hours per year); and
3) it manufactures (includes imports), processes, or otherwise uses more than 100 pounds of lead or
lead compounds annually, or manufactures or processes 25,000 pounds or otherwise uses 10,000
pounds of lead in stainless steel, brass or bronze alloys. There are SIC codes that pertain to glass
blowing and the manufacture of stained or colored glass that are covered under EPCRA section 313.
These are: SIC code 3231, stained glass, manufactured from purchased glass; SIC code 3211,
manufacture of colored glass, cathedral and antique; SIC codes 3229 and 3231, decorative glass; SIC
code 3559, glass making machinery, glass blowing, molding, forming, grinding, etc. There are other
SIC codes that pertain to the manufacture, processing or otherwise use of glass products and that are
covered under EPCRA section 313. There is a SIC code (8999) that pertains to stained glass artists,
but this SIC code is not covered under EPCRA section 313.
Question 10: A facility exceeds a reporting threshold for lead metal. The facility also
has lead piping in its operations. The natural degradation of the lead piping causes lead to be
released in wastewater. Does the facility need to report this lead as released to water on the
Form R required to be submitted?
Answer: Yes. While the release of lead from the pipes is not related to a threshold activity
(i.e., a release activity by itself does not constitute the manufacture, processing, or otherwise use of lead
or a lead compound), if the threshold for lead has been exceeded as result of manufacturing,
processing, or otherwise use of lead elsewhere at the facility all other non-exempt releases and other
waste management quantities of lead must be included on the Form R. Such releases are not
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considered, however, in determining whether an activity threshold has been exceeded. For example, in
the above scenario the release of lead from degradation of the pipes would not be added to the quantity
that is being applied to the threshold determination. Pipes used in a non-process related activity may
qualify for the structural component exemption. It is important to note that the answer provided here is
based on the scenario provided in the question that the lead is being released from the pipe as lead itself
(i.e., Pb°), not as a lead compound, such as lead oxide. If in this example the lead released from the
pipe were in the form of a lead compound, the release of the lead from the piping would not have to be
included on the Form R.
Question 11. Our company is a decorator of decorative plates for major marketing
companies, such as the Franklin Mint and Bradford Exchange. A lead-bearing ceramic decal is
sent to us by customers. We hand apply the decal on porcelain and kiln fire. (We 're fairly certain
that lead contained in the decal processed per annum weighs more than 100 pounds) We apply
100 's of different decals per year, sent to us from all over the world. Accordingly, we think it
almost impossible to get an MSDSfor each decal.
In determining lead processing and it's waste stream ...we are not sure how to approach
this. Is it necessary to measure lead in the air above our stack? Is it necessary to measure lead in
water in which the decal is soaked?
Answer: The total quantity of a TRI chemical going into/through a facility's
manufacturing/processing operations and that becomes incorporated into the product to be distributed
in commerce is counted toward the processing activity threshold even though a portion of that TRI
chemical may not become part of the product and would be released into the environment or be
managed as a waste via recycling, energy recovery or treatment.
In the case of material being recycled, any recycled on-site would not be counted as new
material when reentering the facility's manufacturing/processing operations. But material recycled off-
site would be counted as new material when entering the facility's manufacturing/processing operations.
Metallic decals applied to glass via heat could remain articles, if they do not change totally in
thickness or diameter and less than 0.5 pounds of the TRI chemical from all like items is released into
the environment over the calender year. The separation of the decal from its backing does not change
its article status.
Small amounts of lead in a raw material (either as an impurity or as a necessary ingredient) must
be counted toward the processing activity threshold.
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APPENDIX C
Emission Factors Compiled from Various Sources
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Appendix C contains emission factors compiled from various sources including version 6.23 of
EPA's Factor Information Retrieval (FIRE) Data System, and the California Air Resource Board's
(CARB) California Air Toxic Emission Factors for Lead. The FIRE database can be accessed through
the Clearinghouse for Inventories and Emissions Factors (CHIEF) website at
http://www.epa.gov/air/ttn/chief Mouse-over the "Software and Tools" link, select "FIRE", and
choose "Download FIRE Software" or "FIRE FAQ" to view information on the FIRE database.
The data fields shown in Table C-l in this appendix are as follows:
1) Material - The substance being manufactured, processed, or combusted.
2) Source Classification Code - A numeric code related to the material and controls.
3) Primary Control - The primary air pollution control device used on the tested source if
applicable.
4) Secondary Control - The secondary air pollution control device used on the tested
source if applicable.
5) Emission Factor - The numerical result of the source test, usually an average of many
tests.
6) Unit - The measurement of the air emissions, usually in pounds of lead.
7) Measure - The measurement of the amount of material manufactured, processed, or
combusted.
8) Action - Whether the material was manufactured, processed, or combusted.
9) Notes - Any qualifications that must be reported regarding the use or interpretation of
the emission factor.
10) Formula - Any equation that must be reported regarding the use or interpretation of
the emission factor.
11) Reference - The document describing the development of the emission factor.
12) Quality - A data quality rating (e.g., A, B, C, D, E, or U) as defined below.
Data quality ratings for the source tests and the number of source tests available for a given
emission point were used to create the emission factor quality ratings shown in the FIRE database.
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Because of the difficult task of assigning a meaningful confidence limit to industry-specific variables
(e.g., sample size vs. sample population, industry and facility variability, method of measurement), the
use of a statistical confidence interval for establishing a representative emission factor for each source
category was not practical. Therefore, some subjective quality rating was necessary. The following
quality ratings were used in the emission factor tables in the FIRE Data System:
A Excellent. Emission factor is developed primarily from A- and B-rated source test data
taken from many randomly chosen facilities in the industry population. The source
category population is sufficiently specific to minimize variability.
B Above average. Emission factor is developed primarily from A- or B-rated test data
from a moderate number of facilities. Although no specific bias is evident, it is not clear
if the facilities tested represent a random sample of the industry. As with the A rating,
the source category population is sufficiently specific to minimize variability.
C Average. Emission factor is developed primarily from A-, B-, and C-rated test data
from a reasonable number of facilities. Although no specific bias is evident, it is not
clear if the facilities tested represent a random sample of the industry. As with the A
rating, the source category population is sufficiently specific to minimize variability.
D Below average. Emission factor is developed primarily from A-, B-, and C-rated test
data from a small number of facilities, and there may be reason to suspect that these
facilities do not represent a random sample of the industry. There also may be evidence
of variability within the source population.
E Poor. Factor is developed from C- rated and D-rated test data from a very few
number of facilities, and there may be reasons to suspect that the facilities tested do not
represent a random sample of the industry. There also may be evidence of variability
within the source category population.
C-2
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U Unrated (Only used in the Locating and Estimating Air Toxic Emissions report
series - Reference 4). Emission factor is developed from source tests that have not
been thoroughly evaluated, research papers, modeling data, or other sources that may
lack supporting documentation. The data are not necessarily "poor," but there is not
enough information to rate the factors according to the rating protocol.
C-3
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Table C-l
Lead Emission Factors Compiled from Version 6.23 of the Factor Information Retrieval (FIRE) Data System
Material
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Jnbleached
3ulp
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\nthracite
\nthracite
\nthracite
\nthracite
\nthracite
Source
Classification
Code
30700106
10200104
10200107
10300101
10100101
10300103
10200101
Primary
Control
Uncontrolled
Uncontrolled
Uncontrolled
Uncontrolled
Uncontrolled
Uncontrolled
Uncontrolled
Secondary
Control
Emission
Factor
1.09E-04
8.90E-03
8.90E-03
8.90E-03
8.90E-03
8.90E-03
8.90E-03
Unit
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Measure
Tons
Tons
Tons
Tons
Tons
Tons
Tons
Action
Produced
Burned
Burned
Burned
Burned
Burned
Burned
Notes
Detection Limits Used for
Non-detects.
References
ECOSERVE, Inc. Environmental Services. November
27, 1990. In: Pooled Air Toxics Source Test Program
for Kraft Pulp Mills, Report Number 2. Report
#1249A. Simpson Paper Company. Anderson,
California.
EPA. 1995. Section 1.2, Anthracite Coal Combustion.
In: Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors,
Volume 1 : Stationary Point and Area Sources, Fifth
Edition, AP-42. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards.
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
EPA. 1995. Section 1.2, Anthracite Coal Combustion.
In: Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors,
Volume 1 : Stationary Point and Area Sources, Fifth
Edition, AP-42. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards.
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
EPA. 1995. Section 1.2, Anthracite Coal Combustion.
In: Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors,
Volume 1 : Stationary Point and Area Sources, Fifth
Edition, AP-42. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards.
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
EPA. 1995. Section 1.2, Anthracite Coal Combustion.
In: Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors,
Volume 1 : Stationary Point and Area Sources, Fifth
Edition, AP-42. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards.
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
EPA. 1995. Section 1.2, Anthracite Coal Combustion.
In: Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors,
Volume 1 : Stationary Point and Area Sources, Fifth
Edition, AP-42. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards.
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
EPA. 1995. Section 1.2, Anthracite Coal Combustion.
In: Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors,
Volume 1 : Stationary Point and Area Sources, Fifth
Edition, AP-42. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards.
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
Quality
U
E
E
E
E
E
E
C-4
-------
Table C-l (Continued)
Lead Emission Factors Compiled from Version 6.23 of the Factor Information Retrieval (FIRE) Data System
Material
\nthracite
\nthracite
Bark
Bark
Bark
Source
Classification
Code
10300102
10100102
10300901
10200901
10300901
Primary
Control
Uncontrolled
Uncontrolled
Uncontrolled
Uncontrolled
Uncontrolled
Secondary
Control
Emission
Factor
8.90E-03
8.90E-03
4.45E-04
4.45E-04
2.90E-03
Unit
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Measure
Tons
Tons
Tons
Tons
Tons
Action
Burned
Burned
Burned
Burned
Burned
Notes
Emission Factors Are Based
on Wet, As-fired Wood
Waste with Average
Properties of 50 Weight
Percent Moisture and 2,500
Kcal/kg (4,500 Btu/lb)
Higher Heating Value.
Emission Factors Are Based
on Wet, As-fired Wood
Waste with Average
Properties of 50 Weight
Percent Moisture and 2,500
Kcal/kg (4,500 Btu/lb)
Higher Heating Value.
Units Are Lb of
Pollutant/ton of Wood
Waste Burned. Emission
Factors Are Based on Wet,
As-fired Wood Waste with
Average Properties of 50
Weight% Moisture and 4500
Btu/lb Higher Heating Value.
References
EPA. 1995. Section 1.2, Anthracite Coal Combustion.
In: Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors,
Volume 1 : Stationary Point and Area Sources, Fifth
Edition, AP-42. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards.
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
EPA. 1995. Section 1.2, Anthracite Coal Combustion.
In: Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors,
Volume 1 : Stationary Point and Area Sources, Fifth
Edition, AP-42. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards.
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
EPA. October, 1996. Section 1.6, Table 5, Wood
Waste Combustion in Boilers. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point
and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42, Supplement B.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. October, 1996. Section 1.6, Table 5, Wood
Waste Combustion in Boilers. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point
and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42, Supplement B.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. February, 1999. Section 1.6, Wood Waste
Combustion In Boilers. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point
and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42, Supplement E.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
Quality
E
E
B
B
D
C-5
-------
Table C-l (Continued)
Lead Emission Factors Compiled from Version 6.23 of the Factor Information Retrieval (FIRE) Data System
Material
Bark
Bark
Bark
Bark
Source
Classification
Code
10100901
10200904
10200904
10200901
Primary
Control
Uncontrolled
Uncontrolled
Uncontrolled
Uncontrolled
Secondary
Control
Emission
Factor
2.90E-03
4.45E-04
2.90E-03
2.90E-03
Unit
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Measure
Tons
Tons
Tons
Tons
Action
Burned
Burned
Burned
Burned
Notes
Units Are Lb of
Pollutant/ton of Wood
Waste Burned. Emission
Factors Are Based on Wet,
As-fired Wood Waste with
Average Properties of 50
Weight% Moisture and 4500
Btu/lb Higher Heating Value.
Emission Factors Are Based
on Wet, As-fired Wood
Waste with Average
Properties of 50 Weight
Percent Moisture and 2,500
Kcal/kg (4,500 Btu/lb)
Higher Heating Value.
Units Are Lb of
Pollutant/ton of Wood
Waste Burned. Emission
Factors Are Based on Wet,
As-fired Wood Waste with
Average Properties of 50
Weight% Moisture and 4500
Btu/lb Higher Heating Value.
Units Are Lb of
Pollutant/ton of Wood
Waste Burned. Emission
Factors Are Based on Wet,
As-fired Wood Waste with
Average Properties of 50
Weight% Moisture and 4500
Btu/lb Higher Heating Value.
References
EPA. February, 1999. Section 1.6, Wood Waste
Combustion In Boilers. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point
and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42, Supplement E.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. October, 1996. Section 1.6, Table 5, Wood
Waste Combustion in Boilers. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point
and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42, Supplement B.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. February, 1999. Section 1.6, Wood Waste
Combustion In Boilers. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point
and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42, Supplement E.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. February, 1999. Section 1.6, Wood Waste
Combustion In Boilers. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point
and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42, Supplement E.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
Quality
D
B
D
D
C-6
-------
Table C-l (Continued)
Lead Emission Factors Compiled from Version 6.23 of the Factor Information Retrieval (FIRE) Data System
Material
Bark
Bark
Source
Classification
Code
10200901
10300901
Primary
Control
Miscellaneous
Control Devices
Miscellaneous
Control Devices
Secondary
Control
Emission
Factor
4.45E-04
4.45E-04
Unit
Lb
Lb
Measure
Tons
Tons
Action
Burned
Burned
Notes
Units Are Lb of
Pollutant/ton of Wood
Waste Burned. Emission
Factors Are Based on Wet,
As-fired Wood Waste with
Average Properties of 50
Weight% Moisture and 4500
Btu/lb Higher Heating Value.
Emission Factor Represents
Measurements from Wood
Waste Combustors Equipped
with Pm Controls (I.e.,
Fabric Filters, Multi-
cyclones, Esp, and Wet
Scrubbers).
Units Are Lb of
Pollutant/ton of Wood
Waste Burned. Emission
Factors Are Based on Wet,
As-fired Wood Waste with
Average Properties of 50
Weight% Moisture and 4500
Btu/lb Higher Heating Value.
Emission Factor Represents
Measurements from Wood
Waste Combustors Equipped
with Pm Controls (I.e.,
Fabric Filters, Multi-
cyclones, Esp, and Wet
Scrubbers).
References
EPA. February, 1999. Section 1.6, Wood Waste
Combustion In Boilers. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point
and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42, Supplement E.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. February, 1999. Section 1.6, Wood Waste
Combustion In Boilers. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point
and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42, Supplement E.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
Quality
B
B
C-7
-------
Table C-l (Continued)
Lead Emission Factors Compiled from Version 6.23 of the Factor Information Retrieval (FIRE) Data System
Material
Bark
Bark
Bark
Source
Classification
Code
10200904
10100901
10100901
Primary
Control
Miscellaneous
Control Devices
Miscellaneous
Control Devices
Uncontrolled
Secondary
Control
Emission
Factor
4.45E-04
4.45E-04
4.45E-04
Unit
Lb
Lb
Lb
Measure
Tons
Tons
Tons
Action
Burned
Burned
Burned
Notes
Units Are Lb of
Pollutant/ton of Wood
Waste Burned. Emission
Factors Are Based on Wet,
As-fired Wood Waste with
Average Properties of 50
Weight% Moisture and 4500
Btu/lb Higher Heating Value.
Emission Factor Represents
Measurements from Wood
Waste Combustors Equipped
with Pm Controls (I.e.,
Fabric Filters, Multi-
cyclones, Esp, and Wet
Scrubbers).
Units Are Lb of
Pollutant/ton of Wood
Waste Burned. Emission
Factors Are Based on Wet,
As-fired Wood Waste with
Average Properties of 50
Weight% Moisture and 4500
Btu/lb Higher Heating Value.
Emission Factor Represents
Measurements from Wood
Waste Combustors Equipped
with Pm Controls (I.e.,
Fabric Filters, Multi-
cyclones, Esp, and Wet
Scrubbers).
Emission Factors Are Based
on Wet, As-fired Wood
Waste with Average
Properties of 50 Weight
Percent Moisture and 2,500
Kcal/kg (4,500 Btu/lb)
Higher Heating Value.
References
EPA. February, 1999. Section 1.6, Wood Waste
Combustion In Boilers. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point
and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42, Supplement E.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. February, 1999. Section 1.6, Wood Waste
Combustion In Boilers. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point
and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42, Supplement E.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. October, 1996. Section 1.6, Table 5, Wood
Waste Combustion in Boilers. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point
and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42, Supplement B.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
Quality
B
B
B
-------
Table C-l (Continued)
Lead Emission Factors Compiled from Version 6.23 of the Factor Information Retrieval (FIRE) Data System
Material
Batteries
Batteries
Batteries
Batteries
Batteries
Batteries
Batteries
Source
Classification
Code
30400506
30400509
30400508
30400505
30400504
30400503
30400502
Primary
Control
Uncontrolled
Uncontrolled
Baghouse
Uncontrolled
Uncontrolled
Uncontrolled
Uncontrolled
Secondary
Control
Emission
Factor
7.70E-01
1.06E+01
1.10E-01
1.53E+01
8.15E-01
1.92E-01
5.90E-02
Unit
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Measure
1000
Each
1000
Each
1000
Each
1000
Each
Tons
Tons
Tons
Action
Produced
Produced
Produced
Produced
Produced
Produced
Produced
Notes
References
EPA. 1995. Section 12.15, Storage Battery
Production. In: Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission
Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point and Area Sources,
Fifth Edition, AP-42. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards.
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
EPA. 1995. Section 12.15, Storage Battery
Production. In: Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission
Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point and Area Sources,
Fifth Edition, AP-42. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards.
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
EPA. 1995. Section 12.15, Storage Battery
Production. In: Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission
Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point and Area Sources,
Fifth Edition, AP-42. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards.
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
EPA. 1995. Section 12.15, Storage Battery
Production. In: Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission
Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point and Area Sources,
Fifth Edition, AP-42. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards.
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
Quality
B
B
C
U
U
u
u
C-9
-------
Table C-l (Continued)
Lead Emission Factors Compiled from Version 6.23 of the Factor Information Retrieval (FIRE) Data System
Material
Batteries
Batteries
Batteries
Batteries
Batteries
Batteries
Batteries
Bituminous
Hoal
Source
Classification
Code
30400507
30400510
30400509
30400511
30400506
30400501
30400508
10200206
Primary
Control
Uncontrolled
Uncontrolled
Fabric Filter
Uncontrolled
Rotoclone
Uncontrolled
Uncontrolled
Uncontrolled
Secondary
Control
Emission
Factor
1.10E+00
7.70E-01
3.77E-01
l.OOE-01
6.73E-02
1.18E+00
1.10E-01
1.33E-02
Unit
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Measure
1000
Each
1000
Each
1000
Each
1000
Each
1000
Each
Tons
1000
Each
Tons
Action
Produced
Produced
Produced
Produced
Produced
Produced
Produced
Burned
Notes
Baghouse Average Efficiency
of 97. 5% -98. 5%. Lack of
Supporting Documentation.
Lack of Supporting
Documentation .
Lack of Supporting
Documentation .
References
EPA. 1995. Section 12.15, Storage Battery
Production. In: Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission
Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point and Area Sources,
Fifth Edition, AP-42. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards.
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
EPA. 1995. Section 12.15, Storage Battery
Production. In: Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission
Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point and Area Sources,
Fifth Edition, AP-42. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards.
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
Composite. Radian FIRE database 1993 Release.
EPA. 1995. Section 12.15, Storage Battery
Production. In: Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission
Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point and Area Sources,
Fifth Edition, AP-42. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards.
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
Composite. Radian FIRE database 1993 Release.
EPA. September 1985. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point
and Area Sources, Fourth Edition with Supplements A,
B, and C, AP-42. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards.
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
EPA. March 1982. In: Fossil Fuel Fired Industrial
Boilers - Background Information, Volume 1 : Chapters
1-9. EPA-450/3-82-006a. U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency. Research Triangle Park, North
Carolina.
Quality
B
B
U
C
U
U
U
U
C-10
-------
Table C-l (Continued)
Lead Emission Factors Compiled from Version 6.23 of the Factor Information Retrieval (FIRE) Data System
Material
Bituminous
IJoal
Bituminous
IJoal
Bituminous
Hoal
Bituminous
Hoal
Bituminous
IJoal
Bituminous
Hoal
Source
Classification
Code
10100212
10300208
10300208
10200201
10300209
10200204
Primary
Control
Miscellaneous
Control Devices
Multiple
Cyclone W/o
Fly Ash
Reinjection
Multiple
Cyclone W/o
Fly Ash
Reinjection
Uncontrolled
Uncontrolled
Uncontrolled
Secondary
Control
Emission
Factor
4.20E-04
3.93E-02
1.21E-03
1.33E-02
1.33E-02
1.33E-02
Unit
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Measure
Tons
Tons
Tons
Tons
Tons
Tons
Action
Burned
Burned
Burned
Burned
Burned
Burned
Notes
Esp or Fabric Filter Only &
Wet Limestone Scrubber or
Spray Dryer W/esp or Fabric
Filter
Cem, Flue Gas O2 Averaged
5.2%, Co2 12. 9% (Dry),
16% by Weight Mixed Fuel.
Lack of Supporting
Documentation.
Cem, Flue Gas O2 Averaged
7%, Co2 12% (Dry). Lack
of Supporting
Documentation.
Based on Literature Review.
Based on Literature Review.
Based on Literature Review.
References
EPA. September, 1998. Section 1.1, Bituminous and
Subbituminous Coal Combustion. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point
and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42, Supplement E.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. May 1986. In: Project Summary: Environmental
Assessment of a Commercial Boiler Fired with a
Coal/Waste Plastic Mixture. EPA-600/S7-86/011. U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Air and Energy
Engineering Research Laboratory. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. May 1986. In: Project Summary: Environmental
Assessment of a Commercial Boiler Fired with a
Coal/Waste Plastic Mixture. EPA-600/S7-86/011. U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Air and Energy
Engineering Research Laboratory. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. 1995. Section 1.1, Bituminous and
Subbituminous Coal Combustion. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point
and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42. U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. 1995. Section 1.1, Bituminous and
Subbituminous Coal Combustion. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point
and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42. U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. 1995. Section 1.1, Bituminous and
Subbituminous Coal Combustion. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point
and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42. U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
Quality
A
U
U
E
E
E
C-ll
-------
Table C-l (Continued)
Lead Emission Factors Compiled from Version 6.23 of the Factor Information Retrieval (FIRE) Data System
Material
Bituminous
IJoal
Bituminous
IJoal
Bituminous
Hoal
Bituminous
IJoal
Bituminous
IJoal
Bituminous
IJoal
Source
Classification
Code
10200202
10200205
10100218
10300214
10300206
10100201
Primary
Control
Uncontrolled
Uncontrolled
Miscellaneous
Control Devices
Uncontrolled
Uncontrolled
Uncontrolled
Secondary
Control
Emission
Factor
1.33E-02
1.33E-02
4.20E-04
1.33E-02
1.33E-02
1.33E-02
Unit
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Measure
Tons
Tons
Tons
Tons
Tons
Tons
Action
Burned
Burned
Burned
Burned
Burned
Burned
Notes
Based on Literature Review.
Based on Literature Review.
Esp or Fabric Filter Only &
Wet Limestone Scrubber or
Spray Dryer W/esp or Fabric
Filter
Assumed Same as Other Coal
Combustion Lead Factors.
Based on Literature Review.
Based on Literature Review.
References
EPA. 1995. Section 1.1, Bituminous and
Subbituminous Coal Combustion. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point
and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42. U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. 1995. Section 1.1, Bituminous and
Subbituminous Coal Combustion. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point
and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42. U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. September, 1998. Section 1.1, Bituminous and
Subbituminous Coal Combustion. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point
and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42, Supplement E.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. 1995. Section 1.1, Bituminous and
Subbituminous Coal Combustion. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point
and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42. U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. 1995. Section 1.1, Bituminous and
Subbituminous Coal Combustion. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point
and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42. U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
Quality
E
E
A
E
E
E
C-12
-------
Table C-l (Continued)
Lead Emission Factors Compiled from Version 6.23 of the Factor Information Retrieval (FIRE) Data System
Material
Bituminous
IJoal
Bituminous
IJoal
Bituminous
Hoal
Bituminous
IJoal
Bituminous
Hoal
Source
Classification
Code
10300205
10200203
10100202
10100203
10100204
Primary
Control
Uncontrolled
Uncontrolled
Uncontrolled
Uncontrolled
Uncontrolled
Secondary
Control
Emission
Factor
1.33E-02
1.33E-02
1.33E-02
1.33E-02
1.33E-02
Unit
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Measure
Tons
Tons
Tons
Tons
Tons
Action
Burned
Burned
Burned
Burned
Burned
Notes
Based on Literature Review.
Based on Literature Review.
Based on Literature Review.
Based on Literature Review.
Based on Literature Review.
References
EPA. 1995. Section 1.1, Bituminous and
Subbituminous Coal Combustion. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point
and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42. U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. 1995. Section 1.1, Bituminous and
Subbituminous Coal Combustion. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point
and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42. U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. 1995. Section 1.1, Bituminous and
Subbituminous Coal Combustion. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point
and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42. U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. 1995. Section 1.1, Bituminous and
Subbituminous Coal Combustion. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point
and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42. U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. 1995. Section 1.1, Bituminous and
Subbituminous Coal Combustion. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point
and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42. U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
Quality
E
E
E
E
E
C-13
-------
Table C-l (Continued)
Lead Emission Factors Compiled from Version 6.23 of the Factor Information Retrieval (FIRE) Data System
Material
Bituminous
IJoal
Bituminous
IJoal
Bituminous
Hoal
Bituminous
Hoal
Bituminous
Hoal
Bituminous
Hoal
Bituminous
IJoal
Source
Classification
Code
10100205
10300208
10300207
10200210
10300211
10300218
10200202
Primary
Control
Uncontrolled
Uncontrolled
Uncontrolled
Uncontrolled
Uncontrolled
Miscellaneous
Control Devices
Miscellaneous
Control Devices
Secondary
Control
Emission
Factor
1.33E-02
1.33E-02
1.33E-02
1.33E-02
1.33E-02
4.20E-04
4.20E-04
Unit
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Measure
Tons
Tons
Tons
Tons
Tons
Tons
Tons
Action
Burned
Burned
Burned
Burned
Burned
Burned
Burned
Notes
Based on Literature Review.
Assumed Same as Other Coal
Combustion Lead Factors.
Based on Literature Review.
Esp or Fabric Filter Only &
Wet Limestone Scrubber or
Spray Dryer W/esp or Fabric
Filter
Esp or Fabric Filter Only &
Wet Limestone Scrubber or
Spray Dryer W/esp or Fabric
Filter
References
EPA. 1995. Section 1.1, Bituminous and
Subbituminous Coal Combustion. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point
and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42. U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. 1995. Section 1.1, Bituminous and
Subbituminous Coal Combustion. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point
and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42. U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. September, 1998. Section 1.1, Bituminous and
Subbituminous Coal Combustion. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point
and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42, Supplement E.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. September, 1998. Section 1.1, Bituminous and
Subbituminous Coal Combustion. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point
and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42, Supplement E.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
Quality
E
E
E
U
U
A
A
C-14
-------
Table C-l (Continued)
Lead Emission Factors Compiled from Version 6.23 of the Factor Information Retrieval (FIRE) Data System
Material
Bituminous
IJoal
Bituminous
IJoal
Bituminous
Hoal
Bituminous
IJoal
Bituminous
Hoal
Source
Classification
Code
10200212
10300203
10300216
10200218
10300203
Primary
Control
Miscellaneous
Control Devices
Uncontrolled
Miscellaneous
Control Devices
Miscellaneous
Control Devices
Miscellaneous
Control Devices
Secondary
Control
Emission
Factor
4.20E-04
1.33E-02
4.20E-04
4.20E-04
4.20E-04
Unit
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Measure
Tons
Tons
Tons
Tons
Tons
Action
Burned
Burned
Burned
Burned
Burned
Notes
Esp or Fabric Filter Only &
Wet Limestone Scrubber or
Spray Dryer W/esp or Fabric
Filter
Based on Literature Review.
Esp or Fabric Filter Only &
Wet Limestone Scrubber or
Spray Dryer W/esp or Fabric
Filter
Esp or Fabric Filter Only &
Wet Limestone Scrubber or
Spray Dryer W/esp or Fabric
Filter
Esp or Fabric Filter Only &
Wet Limestone Scrubber or
Spray Dryer W/esp or Fabric
Filter
References
EPA. September, 1998. Section 1.1, Bituminous and
Subbituminous Coal Combustion. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point
and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42, Supplement E.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. 1995. Section 1.1, Bituminous and
Subbituminous Coal Combustion. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point
and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42. U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. September, 1998. Section 1.1, Bituminous and
Subbituminous Coal Combustion. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point
and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42, Supplement E.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. September, 1998. Section 1.1, Bituminous and
Subbituminous Coal Combustion. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point
and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42, Supplement E.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. September, 1998. Section 1.1, Bituminous and
Subbituminous Coal Combustion. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point
and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42, Supplement E.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
Quality
A
E
A
A
A
C-15
-------
Table C-l (Continued)
Lead Emission Factors Compiled from Version 6.23 of the Factor Information Retrieval (FIRE) Data System
Material
Bituminous
IJoal
Bituminous
IJoal
Bituminous
Hoal
Bituminous
IJoal
Body
Brick
Source
Classification
Code
10100203
10200203
10100202
10300206
31502101
30500361
Primary
Control
Miscellaneous
Control Devices
Miscellaneous
Control Devices
Miscellaneous
Control Devices
Miscellaneous
Control Devices
Uncontrolled
Uncontrolled
Secondary
Control
Emission
Factor
4.20E-04
4.20E-04
4.20E-04
4.20E-04
6.62E-05
1.20E-04
Unit
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Measure
Tons
Tons
Tons
Tons
Each
Tons
Action
Burned
Burned
Burned
Burned
Burned
Produced
Notes
Esp or Fabric Filter Only &
Wet Limestone Scrubber or
Spray Dryer W/esp or Fabric
Filter
Esp or Fabric Filter Only &
Wet Limestone Scrubber or
Spray Dryer W/esp or Fabric
Filter
Esp or Fabric Filter Only &
Wet Limestone Scrubber or
Spray Dryer W/esp or Fabric
Filter
Esp or Fabric Filter Only &
Wet Limestone Scrubber or
Spray Dryer W/esp or Fabric
Filter
Wrapping Material = 4 Lbs
of Cardboard and 2 Lbs of
Wood.
References
EPA. September, 1998. Section 1.1, Bituminous and
Subbituminous Coal Combustion. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point
and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42, Supplement E.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. September, 1998. Section 1.1, Bituminous and
Subbituminous Coal Combustion. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point
and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42, Supplement E.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. September, 1998. Section 1.1, Bituminous and
Subbituminous Coal Combustion. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point
and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42, Supplement E.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. September, 1998. Section 1.1, Bituminous and
Subbituminous Coal Combustion. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point
and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42, Supplement E.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
Emissions Testing of a Propane Fired Incinerator at a
Crematorium. October 29, 1992. (Confidential Report
No. ERC-39)
EPA. August 1997. Section 11.3, Brick And Structural
Clay Product Manufacturing. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point
and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42, Supplement C.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
Quality
A
A
A
A
U
E
C-16
-------
Table C-l (Continued)
Lead Emission Factors Compiled from Version 6.23 of the Factor Information Retrieval (FIRE) Data System
Material
Brick
Brick
Brick
Bullion
Hans
Hans
Hans
Source
Classification
Code
30500311
30500313
30500310
30301002
30400109
30400109
30400109
Primary
Control
Uncontrolled
Uncontrolled
Uncontrolled
Baghouse
Venturi Scrubber
Multiple
Cyclones
Baghouse
Secondary
Control
Emission
Factor
1.50E-04
1.50E-04
1.50E-04
6.70E-02
2.18E-06
1.08E-05
5.18E-09
Unit
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Measure
Tons
Tons
Tons
Tons
Pounds
Pounds
Pounds
Action
Produced
Produced
Produced
Processed
Processed
Processed
Processed
Notes
This Includes Emissions
from Dross Kettles.
Cans Are 95% Aluminum by
Weight.
Cans Are 95% Aluminum by
Weight.
References
EPA. August 1997. Section 11.3, Brick And Structural
Clay Product Manufacturing. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point
and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42, Supplement C.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. August 1997. Section 11.3, Brick And Structural
Clay Product Manufacturing. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point
and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42, Supplement C.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. August 1997. Section 11.3, Brick And Structural
Clay Product Manufacturing. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point
and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42, Supplement C.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. 1995. Section 12.6, Primary Lead Smelting. In:
Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume
1: Stationary Point and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-
42. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Air Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
Source Emissions Testing of an Aluminum Shredding and
Delacquering System. March 26, 1992 and April 10,
1992. (Confidential Report No. ERC-8)
Emissions Measurements of a Delaquering Unit for
AB2588 Toxics. September 7, 1991. (Confidential
Report No. ERC-32)
Source Emissions Testing of an Aluminum Shredding and
Delacquering System. March 26, 1992 and April 10,
1992. (Confidential Report No. ERC-8)
Quality
D
D
D
E
U
U
U
C-17
-------
Table C-l (Continued)
Lead Emission Factors Compiled from Version 6.23 of the Factor Information Retrieval (FIRE) Data System
Material
demerit
dement
demerit
demerit
demerit
blinker
Source
Classification
Code
30500717
30500606
30500613
30500617
30500706
30500606
Primary
Control
Uncontrolled
Uncontrolled
Uncontrolled
Uncontrolled
Uncontrolled
Electrostatic
Precipitator
Secondary
Control
Emission
Factor
2.00E-02
1.20E-01
4.00E-02
4.00E-02
l.OOE-01
7.10E-04
Unit
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Measure
Tons
Tons
Tons
Tons
Tons
Tons
Action
Produced
Produced
Produced
Produced
Produced
Produced
Notes
This Entry Has 4 Scc's:
30500606, 30500706,
30500622, and 30500623.
References
EPA. September 1985. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point
and Area Sources, Fourth Edition with Supplements A,
B, and C, AP-42. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards.
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
EPA. September 1985. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point
and Area Sources, Fourth Edition with Supplements A,
B, and C, AP-42. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards.
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
EPA. September 1985. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point
and Area Sources, Fourth Edition with Supplements A,
B, and C, AP-42. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards.
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
EPA. September 1985. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point
and Area Sources, Fourth Edition with Supplements A,
B, and C, AP-42. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards.
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
EPA. September 1985. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point
and Area Sources, Fourth Edition with Supplements A,
B, and C, AP-42. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards.
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
EPA. 1995. Section 11.6, Portland Cement
Manufacturing. In: Compilation of Air Pollutant
Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point and Area
Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42. U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and
Standards. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
Quality
U
U
U
U
U
D
C-18
-------
Table C-l (Continued)
Lead Emission Factors Compiled from Version 6.23 of the Factor Information Retrieval (FIRE) Data System
Material
blinker
blinker
blinker
blinker
blinker
blinker
Source
Classification
Code
30500622
30500706
30500623
30500623
30500622
30500606
Primary
Control
Electrostatic
Precipitator
Electrostatic
Precipitator
Electrostatic
Precipitator
Fabric Filter
Fabric Filter
Fabric Filter
Secondary
Control
Emission
Factor
7.10E-04
7.10E-04
7.10E-04
7.50E-05
7.50E-05
7.50E-05
Unit
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Measure
Tons
Tons
Tons
Tons
Tons
Tons
Action
Produced
Produced
Produced
Produced
Produced
Produced
Notes
This Entry Has 4 Scc's:
30500606, 30500706,
30500622, and 30500623.
This Entry Has 4 Scc's:
30500606, 30500706,
30500622, and 30500623.
This Entry Has 4 Scc's:
30500606, 30500706,
30500622, and 30500623.
This Entry Has 4 Scc's:
30500606, 30500706,
30500622, and 30500623.
This Entry Has 4 Scc's:
30500606, 30500706,
30500622, and 30500623.
This Entry Has 4 Scc's:
30500606, 30500706,
30500622, and 30500623.
References
EPA. 1995. Section 11.6, Portland Cement
Manufacturing. In: Compilation of Air Pollutant
Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point and Area
Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42. U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and
Standards. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
EPA. 1995. Section 11.6, Portland Cement
Manufacturing. In: Compilation of Air Pollutant
Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point and Area
Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42. U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and
Standards. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
EPA. 1995. Section 11.6, Portland Cement
Manufacturing. In: Compilation of Air Pollutant
Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point and Area
Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42. U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and
Standards. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
EPA. 1995. Section 11.6, Portland Cement
Manufacturing. In: Compilation of Air Pollutant
Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point and Area
Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42. U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and
Standards. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
EPA. 1995. Section 11.6, Portland Cement
Manufacturing. In: Compilation of Air Pollutant
Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point and Area
Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42. U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and
Standards. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
EPA. 1995. Section 11.6, Portland Cement
Manufacturing. In: Compilation of Air Pollutant
Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point and Area
Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42. U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and
Standards. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
Quality
D
D
D
D
D
D
C-19
-------
Table C-l (Continued)
Lead Emission Factors Compiled from Version 6.23 of the Factor Information Retrieval (FIRE) Data System
Material
blinker
Concentrate
lOre
Concentrate
lOre
Concentrate
lOre
Concentrate
lOre
Concentrate
lOre
Concentrate
lOre
Source
Classification
Code
30500706
30300503
30300504
30301001
30300502
30301003
30301006
Primary
Control
Fabric Filter
Uncontrolled
Uncontrolled
Uncontrolled
Uncontrolled
Uncontrolled
Uncontrolled
Secondary
Control
Emission
Factor
7.50E-05
7.20E-02
2.70E-01
1.05E+02
1.50E-01
2.90E+00
1.74E+02
Unit
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Measure
Tons
Tons
Tons
Tons
Tons
Tons
Tons
Action
Produced
Processed
Processed
Processed
Processed
Processed
Processed
Notes
This Entry Has 4 Scc's:
30500606, 30500706,
30500622, and 30500623.
The Emission Factor Is Used
to Determine Total Process
and Fugitive Emissions.
The Emission Factor Is Used
to Determine Total Process
and Fugitive Emissions.
The Emission Factor Is Used
to Determine Total Process
and Fugitive Emissions.
References
EPA. 1995. Section 11.6, Portland Cement
Manufacturing. In: Compilation of Air Pollutant
Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point and Area
Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42. U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and
Standards. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
EPA. 1995. Section 12.3, Primary Copper Smelting.
In: Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors,
Volume 1 : Stationary Point and Area Sources, Fifth
Edition, AP-42. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards.
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
EPA. 1995. Section 12.3, Primary Copper Smelting.
In: Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors,
Volume 1 : Stationary Point and Area Sources, Fifth
Edition, AP-42. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards.
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
EPA. 1995. Section 12.3, Primary Copper Smelting.
In: Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors,
Volume 1 : Stationary Point and Area Sources, Fifth
Edition, AP-42. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards.
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
EPA. September 1985. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point
and Area Sources, Fourth Edition with Supplements A,
B, and C, AP-42. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards.
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
Quality
D
C
C
U
C
U
U
C-20
-------
Table C-l (Continued)
Lead Emission Factors Compiled from Version 6.23 of the Factor Information Retrieval (FIRE) Data System
Material
Distillate
Dil
Distillate
Dil
Distillate
Dil
Distillate
Dil
Distillate
Dil (Diesel)
Distillate
Dil (No. 1
fe 2)
Source
Classification
Code
10300502
10200503
10300503
10200502
20100101
10100501
Primary
Control
Uncontrolled
Uncontrolled
Uncontrolled
Uncontrolled
Uncontrolled
Uncontrolled
Secondary
Control
Emission
Factor
1.25E-03
1.25E-03
1.25E-03
1.25E-03
8.10E-03
1.25E-03
Unit
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Measure
1000
Gallons
1000
Gallons
1000
Gallons
1000
Gallons
1000
Gallons
1000
Gallons
Action
Burned
Burned
Burned
Burned
Burned
Burned
Notes
Literature Review.
References
EPA. 1995. Section 1.3, Fuel Oil Combustion. In:
Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume
1: Stationary Point and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-
42. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Air Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. 1995. Section 1.3, Fuel Oil Combustion. In:
Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume
1: Stationary Point and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-
42. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Air Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. 1995. Section 1.3, Fuel Oil Combustion. In:
Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume
1: Stationary Point and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-
42. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Air Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. 1995. Section 1.3, Fuel Oil Combustion. In:
Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume
1: Stationary Point and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-
42. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Air Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. 1995. Section 3.1, Stationary Gas Turbines for
Electricity Generation. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point
and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42. U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. 1995. Section 1.3, Fuel Oil Combustion. In:
Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume
1: Stationary Point and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-
42. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Air Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
Quality
E
E
E
E
E
E
C-21
-------
Table C-l (Continued)
Lead Emission Factors Compiled from Version 6.23 of the Factor Information Retrieval (FIRE) Data System
Material
Distillate
Dil (No. 1
fe 2)
Distillate
Dil (No. 1
Dried Sludge
Dried Sludge
Dried Sludge
Dried Sludge
Source
Classification
Code
10300501
10200501
50100515
50100516
50100515
50100515
Primary
Control
Uncontrolled
Uncontrolled
Uncontrolled
Miscellaneous
Control Devices
Miscellaneous
Control Devices
Single Cyclone
Secondary
Control
Emission
Factor
1.25E-03
1.25E-03
l.OOE-01
2.00E-06
l.OOE-01
6.00E-02
Unit
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Measure
1000
Gallons
1000
Gallons
Tons
Tons
Tons
Tons
Action
Burned
Burned
Fed
Fed
Fed
Fed
Notes
Literature Review.
Literature Review.
Control Devices Are Venturi
Scrubber, Impingement Type
Wet Scrubber, and Esp.
Control Devices Are Venturi
Scrubber, Impingement Type
Wet Scrubber, and
Afterburner.
References
EPA. 1995. Section 1.3, Fuel Oil Combustion. In:
Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume
1: Stationary Point and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-
42. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Air Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. 1995. Section 1.3, Fuel Oil Combustion. In:
Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume
1: Stationary Point and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-
42. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Air Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. 1995. Section 2.2, Sewage Sludge Incineration.
In: Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors,
Volume 1 : Stationary Point and Area Sources, Fifth
Edition, AP-42. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards.
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
EPA. 1995. Section 2.2, Sewage Sludge Incineration.
In: Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors,
Volume 1 : Stationary Point and Area Sources, Fifth
Edition, AP-42. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards.
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
EPA. 1995. Section 2.2, Sewage Sludge Incineration.
In: Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors,
Volume 1 : Stationary Point and Area Sources, Fifth
Edition, AP-42. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards.
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
EPA. 1995. Section 2.2, Sewage Sludge Incineration.
In: Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors,
Volume 1 : Stationary Point and Area Sources, Fifth
Edition, AP-42. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards.
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
Quality
E
E
B
E
E
E
C-22
-------
Table C-l (Continued)
Lead Emission Factors Compiled from Version 6.23 of the Factor Information Retrieval (FIRE) Data System
Material
Dried Sludge
Dried Sludge
Dried Sludge
Dried Sludge
Dried Sludge
Dried Sludge
Source
Classification
Code
50100515
50100515
50100516
50100515
50100515
50100516
Primary
Control
Single Cyclone
Venturi Scrubber
Venturi Scrubber
Venturi Scrubber
Venturi Scrubber
Uncontrolled
Secondary
Control
Venturi
Scrubber
Wet
Electrostatic
Precipitator
Impingement
Type Wet
Scrubber
Impingement
Type Wet
Scrubber
Emission
Factor
6.00E-03
1.80E-04
1.60E-01
6.00E-02
1.80E-03
4.00E-02
Unit
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Measure
Tons
Tons
Tons
Tons
Tons
Tons
Action
Fed
Fed
Fed
Fed
Fed
Fed
Notes
References
EPA. 1995. Section 2.2, Sewage Sludge Incineration.
In: Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors,
Volume 1 : Stationary Point and Area Sources, Fifth
Edition, AP-42. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards.
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
EPA. 1995. Section 2.2, Sewage Sludge Incineration.
In: Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors,
Volume 1 : Stationary Point and Area Sources, Fifth
Edition, AP-42. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards.
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
EPA. 1995. Section 2.2, Sewage Sludge Incineration.
In: Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors,
Volume 1 : Stationary Point and Area Sources, Fifth
Edition, AP-42. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards.
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
EPA. 1995. Section 2.2, Sewage Sludge Incineration.
In: Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors,
Volume 1 : Stationary Point and Area Sources, Fifth
Edition, AP-42. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards.
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
EPA. 1995. Section 2.2, Sewage Sludge Incineration.
In: Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors,
Volume 1 : Stationary Point and Area Sources, Fifth
Edition, AP-42. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards.
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
EPA. 1995. Section 2.2, Sewage Sludge Incineration.
In: Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors,
Volume 1 : Stationary Point and Area Sources, Fifth
Edition, AP-42. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards.
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
Quality
E
E
E
B
E
E
C-23
-------
Table C-l (Continued)
Lead Emission Factors Compiled from Version 6.23 of the Factor Information Retrieval (FIRE) Data System
Material
Dried Sludge
Dried Sludge
Dried Sludge
Dried Sludge
Dried Sludge
ilectrode
Source
Classification
Code
50100516
50100515
50100516
50100515
50100515
30905152
Primary
Control
Impingement
Type Wet
Scrubber
Impingement
Type Wet
Scrubber
Fabric Filter
Electrostatic
Precipitator
Miscellaneous
Control Devices
Uncontrolled
Secondary
Control
Emission
Factor
6.00E-03
4.00E-02
l.OOE-05
2.00E-03
2.20E-02
1.62E-01
Unit
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Measure
Tons
Tons
Tons
Tons
Tons
1000
Pounds
Action
Fed
Fed
Fed
Fed
Fed
Consumed
Notes
Control Devices Are Single
Cyclone, Venturi Scrubber,
and Impingement Scrubber.
Current = 102 to 225 A;
Voltage = 21 to 34 v.
References
EPA. 1995. Section 2.2, Sewage Sludge Incineration.
In: Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors,
Volume 1 : Stationary Point and Area Sources, Fifth
Edition, AP-42. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards.
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
EPA. 1995. Section 2.2, Sewage Sludge Incineration.
In: Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors,
Volume 1 : Stationary Point and Area Sources, Fifth
Edition, AP-42. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards.
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
EPA. 1995. Section 2.2, Sewage Sludge Incineration.
In: Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors,
Volume 1 : Stationary Point and Area Sources, Fifth
Edition, AP-42. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards.
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
EPA. 1995. Section 2.2, Sewage Sludge Incineration.
In: Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors,
Volume 1 : Stationary Point and Area Sources, Fifth
Edition, AP-42. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards.
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
EPA. 1995. Section 2.2, Sewage Sludge Incineration.
In: Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors,
Volume 1 : Stationary Point and Area Sources, Fifth
Edition, AP-42. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards.
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
EPA. 1995. Section 12.19, Electric Arc Welding. In:
Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume
1: Stationary Point and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-
42. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Air Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
Quality
E
E
E
E
E
C
C-24
-------
Table C-l (Continued)
Lead Emission Factors Compiled from Version 6.23 of the Factor Information Retrieval (FIRE) Data System
Material
ilectrode
inergy
Tuel
Tuel
niel
Source
Classification
Code
30905116
30300702
20300102
20100101
20200103
Primary
Control
Uncontrolled
Venturi Scrubber
Uncontrolled
Uncontrolled
Uncontrolled
Secondary
Control
Emission
Factor
2.40E-02
6.06E+00
1.40E-05
1.40E-05
1.40E-05
Unit
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Measure
1000
Pounds
Megawat
t-Hour
Million
Btus
Million
Btus
Million
Btus
Action
Consumed
Consumed
Input
Input
Input
Notes
Current = 102 to 225 A;
Voltage = 21 to 34 V.
Includes E3 10-15.
Lack of Supporting
Documentation.
Emission Factors Based on
an Average Distillate Oil
Heating Value of 139
Mmbtu/1000 Gallons. To
Convert from (Lb/mmbtu) to
(Lb/1000 Gallons), Multiply
by 139.
Emission Factors Based on
an Average Distillate Oil
Heating Value of 139
Mmbtu/1000 Gallons. To
Convert from (Lb/mmbtu) to
(Lb/1000 Gallons), Multiply
by 139.
Emission Factors Based on
an Average Distillate Oil
Heating Value of 139
Mmbtu/1000 Gallons. To
Convert from (Lb/mmbtu) to
(Lb/1000 Gallons), Multiply
by 139.
References
EPA. 1995. Section 12.19, Electric Arc Welding. In:
Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume
1: Stationary Point and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-
42. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Air Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. December 1980. In: A Review of Standards of
Performance for New Stationary Sources - Ferroalloy
Production Facilities. EPA-450/3-80-041. U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. 2000. Section 3.1, Stationary Gas Turbines for
Electricity Generation. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point
and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42. U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency.
EPA. 2000. Section 3.1, Stationary Gas Turbines for
Electricity Generation. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point
and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42. U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency.
EPA. 2000. Section 3.1, Stationary Gas Turbines for
Electricity Generation. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point
and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42. U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency.
Quality
C
u
C
C
C
C-25
-------
Table C-l (Continued)
Lead Emission Factors Compiled from Version 6.23 of the Factor Information Retrieval (FIRE) Data System
Material
Tuel
niel
jlaze
jray Iron
jray Iron
Source
Classification
Code
20300701
20200101
30500845
30400301
30400303
Primary
Control
Uncontrolled
Uncontrolled
Uncontrolled
Uncontrolled
Uncontrolled
Secondary
Control
Emission
Factor
3.40E-06
1.40E-05
3.00E+00
l.OOE-01
9.00E-03
Unit
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Measure
Million
Btus
Million
Btus
Tons
Tons
Tons
Action
Input
Input
Used
Produced
Produced
Notes
Compound Was Not
Detected. Emission Factor
Is Based on One-half of the
Detection Limit. Emission
Factor Based on an Average
Digester Gas Heating Value
(Hhv) of 600 Btu/scf at 60
Deg. F. To Convert from
(Lb/mmbtu) to (Lb/10% Scf)
Multiply by 600.
Emission Factors Based on
an Average Distillate Oil
Heating Value of 139
Mmbtu/1000 Gallons. To
Convert from (Lb/mmbtu) to
(Lb/1000 Gallons), Multiply
by 139.
Glaze Being Applied
Contained about 24% Lead
Oxide.
References
EPA. 2000. Section 3.1, Stationary Gas Turbines for
Electricity Generation. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point
and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42. U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency.
EPA. 2000. Section 3.1, Stationary Gas Turbines for
Electricity Generation. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point
and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42. U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency.
EPA. October, 1996. Section 1 1 .7, Ceramic Clay
Manufacturing. In: Compilation of Air Pollutant
Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point and Area
Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42, Supplement B. U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. 1995. Section 12.10, Gray Iron Foundries. In:
Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume
1: Stationary Point and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-
42. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Air Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. 1995. Section 12.10, Gray Iron Foundries. In:
Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume
1: Stationary Point and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-
42. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Air Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
Quality
D
C
E
B
B
C-26
-------
Table C-l (Continued)
Lead Emission Factors Compiled from Version 6.23 of the Factor Information Retrieval (FIRE) Data System
Material
jray Iron
ieat
ieat
ieat
ieat
ieat
Source
Classification
Code
30400302
10200204
30600101
10100501
10200201
10200203
Primary
Control
Uncontrolled
Uncontrolled
Uncontrolled
Uncontrolled
Uncontrolled
Uncontrolled
Secondary
Control
Emission
Factor
1.20E-02
5.07E-04
2.10E-06
9.00E-06
5.07E-04
5.07E-04
Unit
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Measure
Tons
Million
Btus
Million
Btus
Million
Btus
Million
Btus
Million
Btus
Action
Produced
Input
Input
Input
Input
Input
Notes
Carb2588 Data.
References
EPA. 1995. Section 12.10, Gray Iron Foundries. In:
Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume
1: Stationary Point and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-
42. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Air Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. September, 1998. Section 1.1, Bituminous and
Subbituminous Coal Combustion. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point
and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42, Supplement E.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
Pape & Steiner Environmental Services. September
1990. In: AB-2588 Testing at Texaco Trading and
Transportation Inc. Panoche Station, Volumes I, II,
and III. Report PS-90-2187. Prepared for Texaco
Trading and Transportation Inc.
EPA. September, 1998. Section 1.3, Fuel Oil
Combustion. In: Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission
Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point and Area Sources,
Fifth Edition, AP-42, Supplement E. U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. September, 1998. Section 1.1, Bituminous and
Subbituminous Coal Combustion. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point
and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42, Supplement E.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. September, 1998. Section 1.1, Bituminous and
Subbituminous Coal Combustion. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point
and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42, Supplement E.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
Quality
B
E
U
E
E
E
C-27
-------
Table C-l (Continued)
Lead Emission Factors Compiled from Version 6.23 of the Factor Information Retrieval (FIRE) Data System
Material
ieat
ieat
ieat
ieat
ieat
ieat
Source
Classification
Code
10101201
10100224
10200206
10300209
10300207
10200222
Primary
Control
Electrostatic
Precipitator
Uncontrolled
Uncontrolled
Uncontrolled
Uncontrolled
Uncontrolled
Secondary
Control
Emission
Factor
1.24E-04
5.07E-04
5.07E-04
5.07E-04
5.07E-04
5.07E-04
Unit
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Measure
Million
Btus
Million
Btus
Million
Btus
Million
Btus
Million
Btus
Million
Btus
Action
Input
Input
Input
Input
Input
Input
Notes
References
Composite. Radian FIRE database 1994 Release.
EPA. September, 1998. Section 1.1, Bituminous and
Subbituminous Coal Combustion. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point
and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42, Supplement E.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. September, 1998. Section 1.1, Bituminous and
Subbituminous Coal Combustion. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point
and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42, Supplement E.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. September, 1998. Section 1.1, Bituminous and
Subbituminous Coal Combustion. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point
and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42, Supplement E.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. September, 1998. Section 1.1, Bituminous and
Subbituminous Coal Combustion. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point
and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42, Supplement E.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. September, 1998. Section 1.1, Bituminous and
Subbituminous Coal Combustion. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point
and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42, Supplement E.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
Quality
U
E
E
E
E
E
C-28
-------
Table C-l (Continued)
Lead Emission Factors Compiled from Version 6.23 of the Factor Information Retrieval (FIRE) Data System
Material
ieat
ieat
ieat
ieat
ieat
ieat
ieat
ieat
Source
Classification
Code
10200903
10200903
10200906
31000413
10200903
10100903
10200901
10200221
Primary
Control
Multiple
Cyclone W/o
Fly Ash
Reinjection
Multiple
Cyclone W/o
Fly Ash
Reinjection
Scrubber
Low Nox
Burners
Wet Scrubber -
Medium
Efficiency
Miscellaneous
Control Devices
Electrostatic
Precipitator -
Medium
Efficiency
Uncontrolled
Secondary
Control
Electrostatic
Precipitator -
Medium
Efficiency
Wet Scrubber
- Medium
Efficiency
Emission
Factor
2.25E-06
4.00E-05
1.14E-05
1.94E-06
1.60E-05
4.49E-06
1.50E-06
5.07E-04
Unit
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Measure
Million
Btus
Million
Btus
Million
Btus
Million
Btus
Million
Btus
Million
Btus
Million
Btus
Million
Btus
Action
Input
Input
Input
Input
Input
Input
Input
Input
Notes
F Factor 9,240 Dscf/mmbtu.
Emission Factor Developed
from Metal to Pm Ratio in
Front-half Sample.
F-factor, 9,240 Dscf/mmbtu.
Emission Factor Developed
from Metal to Pm Ratio in
Front-half Sample.
Factors Calculated Using an
F-factor for Wood of 9240
Dscf/mmbtu.
F-factor 9,420 Dscf/mmbtu.
Emission Factor Developed
from Metal to Pm Ratio in
Front-half Sample.
Control Devices Were
Limestone Injection,
Thermal De-nox with
Ammonia Injection, Water
Treatment, Multi-cyclone
Dust Collector, 8
Compartment Fabric
Collector.
F-factor 9,600 Dscf/mmbtu.
Emission Factor Developed
from Metal to Pm Ratio in
Front-half Sample.
References
Composite. Radian FIRE database 1993 Release.
Galston Technical Services. February 1991. In: Source
Emission Testing of the Wood-fired Boiler at Catalyst
Hudson, Inc., Anderson, California. Performed for the
Timber Association of California.
Determination of AB 2588 Emissions from a Wood-
fired Boiler Exhaust. February 10 - 13, 1992.
(Confidential Report No. ERC-63)
Composite. Radian FIRE database 1993 Release.
Galston Technical Services. February 1991. In: Source
Emission Testing of the Wood- fired Boiler #3 Exhaust
at Georgia Pacific, Fort Bragg, California. Performed
for the Timber Association of California.
Results of Source Testing at a Power Production
Facility. (Confidential Report No. ERC-83)
Galston Technical Services. February 1991. In: Source
Emission Testing of the Wood-fired Boiler C Exhaust at
Pacific Timber, Scotia, California. Performed for the
Timber Association of California.
EPA. September, 1998. Section 1.1, Bituminous and
Subbituminous Coal Combustion. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point
and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42, Supplement E.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
Quality
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
E
C-29
-------
Table C-l (Continued)
Lead Emission Factors Compiled from Version 6.23 of the Factor Information Retrieval (FIRE) Data System
Material
ieat
ieat
ieat
ieat
ieat
Source
Classification
Code
10300224
10200223
10200224
10200225
10300221
Primary
Control
Uncontrolled
Uncontrolled
Uncontrolled
Uncontrolled
Uncontrolled
Secondary
Control
Emission
Factor
5.07E-04
5.07E-04
5.07E-04
5.07E-04
5.07E-04
Unit
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Measure
Million
Btus
Million
Btus
Million
Btus
Million
Btus
Million
Btus
Action
Input
Input
Input
Input
Input
Notes
References
EPA. September, 1998. Section 1.1, Bituminous and
Subbituminous Coal Combustion. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point
and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42, Supplement E.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. September, 1998. Section 1.1, Bituminous and
Subbituminous Coal Combustion. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point
and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42, Supplement E.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. September, 1998. Section 1.1, Bituminous and
Subbituminous Coal Combustion. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point
and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42, Supplement E.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. September, 1998. Section 1.1, Bituminous and
Subbituminous Coal Combustion. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point
and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42, Supplement E.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. September, 1998. Section 1.1, Bituminous and
Subbituminous Coal Combustion. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point
and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42, Supplement E.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
Quality
E
E
E
E
E
C-30
-------
Table C-l (Continued)
Lead Emission Factors Compiled from Version 6.23 of the Factor Information Retrieval (FIRE) Data System
Material
ieat
ieat
ieat
ieat
ieat
Source
Classification
Code
10300203
10300222
10300205
10100223
10300223
Primary
Control
Uncontrolled
Uncontrolled
Uncontrolled
Uncontrolled
Uncontrolled
Secondary
Control
Emission
Factor
5.07E-04
5.07E-04
5.07E-04
5.07E-04
5.07E-04
Unit
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Measure
Million
Btus
Million
Btus
Million
Btus
Million
Btus
Million
Btus
Action
Input
Input
Input
Input
Input
Notes
References
EPA. September, 1998. Section 1.1, Bituminous and
Subbituminous Coal Combustion. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point
and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42, Supplement E.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. September, 1998. Section 1.1, Bituminous and
Subbituminous Coal Combustion. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point
and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42, Supplement E.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. September, 1998. Section 1.1, Bituminous and
Subbituminous Coal Combustion. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point
and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42, Supplement E.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. September, 1998. Section 1.1, Bituminous and
Subbituminous Coal Combustion. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point
and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42, Supplement E.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. September, 1998. Section 1.1, Bituminous and
Subbituminous Coal Combustion. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point
and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42, Supplement E.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
Quality
E
E
E
E
E
C-31
-------
Table C-l (Continued)
Lead Emission Factors Compiled from Version 6.23 of the Factor Information Retrieval (FIRE) Data System
Material
ieat
ieat
ieat
ieat
ieat
Source
Classification
Code
10100222
10200205
10300206
10100201
10100204
Primary
Control
Uncontrolled
Uncontrolled
Uncontrolled
Uncontrolled
Uncontrolled
Secondary
Control
Emission
Factor
5.07E-04
5.07E-04
5.07E-04
5.07E-04
5.07E-04
Unit
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Measure
Million
Btus
Million
Btus
Million
Btus
Million
Btus
Million
Btus
Action
Input
Input
Input
Input
Input
Notes
References
EPA. September, 1998. Section 1.1, Bituminous and
Subbituminous Coal Combustion. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point
and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42, Supplement E.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. September, 1998. Section 1.1, Bituminous and
Subbituminous Coal Combustion. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point
and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42, Supplement E.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. September, 1998. Section 1.1, Bituminous and
Subbituminous Coal Combustion. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point
and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42, Supplement E.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. September, 1998. Section 1.1, Bituminous and
Subbituminous Coal Combustion. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point
and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42, Supplement E.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. September, 1998. Section 1.1, Bituminous and
Subbituminous Coal Combustion. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point
and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42, Supplement E.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
Quality
E
E
E
E
E
C-32
-------
Table C-l (Continued)
Lead Emission Factors Compiled from Version 6.23 of the Factor Information Retrieval (FIRE) Data System
Material
ieat
ieat
ieat
ieat
ieat
ieat
Source
Classification
Code
10100205
10100202
10100203
10100225
10200799
10300225
Primary
Control
Uncontrolled
Uncontrolled
Uncontrolled
Uncontrolled
Uncontrolled
Uncontrolled
Secondary
Control
Emission
Factor
5.07E-04
5.07E-04
5.07E-04
5.07E-04
6.66E-06
5.07E-04
Unit
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Measure
Million
Btus
Million
Btus
Million
Btus
Million
Btus
Million
Btus
Million
Btus
Action
Input
Input
Input
Input
Input
Input
Notes
References
EPA. September, 1998. Section 1.1, Bituminous and
Subbituminous Coal Combustion. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point
and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42, Supplement E.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. September, 1998. Section 1.1, Bituminous and
Subbituminous Coal Combustion. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point
and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42, Supplement E.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. September, 1998. Section 1.1, Bituminous and
Subbituminous Coal Combustion. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point
and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42, Supplement E.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. September, 1998. Section 1.1, Bituminous and
Subbituminous Coal Combustion. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point
and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42, Supplement E.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
Source Test Report, Landfill Boiler and Flare Systems.
(Confidential Report No. ERC-3)
EPA. September, 1998. Section 1.1, Bituminous and
Subbituminous Coal Combustion. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point
and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42, Supplement E.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
Quality
E
E
E
E
U
E
C-33
-------
Table C-l (Continued)
Lead Emission Factors Compiled from Version 6.23 of the Factor Information Retrieval (FIRE) Data System
Material
ieat
ieat
ieat
iot Mix
\sphalt
lot Mix
\sphalt
lot Mix
\sphalt
lot Mix
\sphalt
Source
Classification
Code
10300501
10200501
10100221
30500258
30500201
30500201
30500201
Primary
Control
Uncontrolled
Uncontrolled
Uncontrolled
Fabric Filter
Single Cyclone
Single Cyclone
Multiple
Cyclone W/o
Fly Ash
Reinjection
Secondary
Control
Wet Scrubber
- Medium
Efficiency
Baghouse
Baghouse
Emission
Factor
9.00E-06
9.00E-06
5.07E-04
3.30E-06
1.03E-06
2.00E-06
2.08E-07
Unit
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Measure
Million
Btus
Million
Btus
Million
Btus
Tons
Tons
Tons
Tons
Action
Input
Input
Input
Produced
Produced
Produced
Produced
Notes
Based on 180, 190, & 170
Tons/hour Concrete
Production Rate
Respectively During Three
120-min Tests.
References
EPA. September, 1998. Section 1.3, Fuel Oil
Combustion. In: Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission
Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point and Area Sources,
Fifth Edition, AP-42, Supplement E. U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. September, 1998. Section 1.3, Fuel Oil
Combustion. In: Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission
Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point and Area Sources,
Fifth Edition, AP-42, Supplement E. U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. September, 1998. Section 1.1, Bituminous and
Subbituminous Coal Combustion. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point
and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42, Supplement E.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. 1995. Section 11.1, Hot Mix Asphalt Plants. In:
Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume
1: Stationary Point and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-
42. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Air Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
Source Emissions Testing of a Dryer. November 13,
1991. (Confidential Report No. ERC-11)
Source Emissions Testing of a Dryer. December 1991.
(Confidential Report No. ERC-12)
Composite. Radian FIRE database 1993 Release.
Quality
E
E
E
D
U
U
U
C-34
-------
Table C-l (Continued)
Lead Emission Factors Compiled from Version 6.23 of the Factor Information Retrieval (FIRE) Data System
Material
lot Mix
\sphalt
lot Mix
\sphalt
^ead
^ead
^ead
^ead
^ead
Source
Classification
Code
30500252
30500201
30400414
30400413
30400426
30400425
30400510
Primary
Control
Fabric Filter
Wet Scrubber -
Medium
Efficiency
Miscellaneous
Control Devices
Baghouse
Uncontrolled
Uncontrolled
Scrubber
Secondary
Control
Emission
Factor
7.40E-07
3.10E-06
2.40E+00
1.20E-02
l.OOE-02
7.00E-04
1.01E-01
Unit
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Measure
Tons
Tons
Tons
Tons
Tons
Tons
Tons
Action
Produced
Produced
Produced
Produced
Produced
Produced
Processed
Notes
Based on Avg. Of 246 Tons
Asphalt During Two 72 Min.
Tests. 1 Detection Limit
Used.
Control Devices Are
Afterburner, Fabric Filter,
Venturi Scrubber, and
Demister. Lack of
Supporting Documentation.
Lead Content of Kettle
Refining Emissions Is 40%.
Controlled by Cascade
Scrubber at Average
Efficiency of 98.3%, Lead
Acid Batteries. Lack of
Supporting Documentation.
References
EPA. 1995. Section 11.1, Hot Mix Asphalt Plants. In:
Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume
1: Stationary Point and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-
42. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Air Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
Eureka Laboratories. January 1991. In: Compilation of
Air Toxics Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume II B:
Technical Support Information, Asphalt Concrete
Plants, 1991 Edition, Appendix E, Plant 50. Prepared
for Central Valley Rock, Sand & Gravel Association.
EPA. October 1990. In: Assessment of the
Controllability of Condensible Emissions. EPA-600/8-
90-075. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Air
and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory. Research
Triangle Park, North Carolina.
Pacific Environmental Services, Inc. March 15, 1994.
In: Draft Final Test Report, East Penn Manufacturing
Company, Secondary Lead Smelter, Volume I, Report
and Appendices A & B. Research Triangle Park, North
Carolina.
EPA. 1995. Section 12.11, Secondary Lead Processing.
In: Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors,
Volume 1 : Stationary Point and Area Sources, Fifth
Edition, AP-42. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards.
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
EPA. 1995. Section 12.11, Secondary Lead Processing.
In: Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors,
Volume 1 : Stationary Point and Area Sources, Fifth
Edition, AP-42. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards.
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
EPA. November 1979. In: Lead-acid Battery
Manufacture - Background Information for Proposed
Standards. EPA-450/3-79-028a. U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency. Research Triangle Park, North
Carolina.
Quality
D
U
U
U
c
E
U
C-35
-------
Table C-l (Continued)
Lead Emission Factors Compiled from Version 6.23 of the Factor Information Retrieval (FIRE) Data System
Material
^ead
^ead
^ead
^ead
^ead
^ead
Source
Classification
Code
30301002
30301002
30405101
30400413
30400409
30405103
Primary
Control
Uncontrolled
Spray Tower
Uncontrolled
Uncontrolled
Uncontrolled
Uncontrolled
Secondary
Control
Fabric Filter
Emission
Factor
l.OOE-04
1.70E-02
l.OOE+00
2.00E-01
l.OOE-02
1.50E+00
Unit
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Measure
Tons
Tons
Tons
Tons
Tons
Tons
Action
Produced
Produced
Processed
Produced
Cast
Processed
Notes
Lack of Supporting
Documentation.
Lack of Supporting
Documentation .
Lead Content of Casting
Emissions Is 36%.
References
EPA. October 1990. In: Assessment of the
Controllability of Condensible Emissions. EPA-600/8-
90-075. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Air
and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory. Research
Triangle Park, North Carolina.
EPA. October 1990. In: Assessment of the
Controllability of Condensible Emissions. EPA-600/8-
90-075. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Air
and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory. Research
Triangle Park, North Carolina.
EPA. 1995. Section 12.17, Miscellaneous Lead
Products. In: Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission
Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point and Area Sources,
Fifth Edition, AP-42. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards.
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
EPA. 1995. Section 12.11, Secondary Lead Processing.
In: Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors,
Volume 1 : Stationary Point and Area Sources, Fifth
Edition, AP-42. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards.
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
EPA. 1995. Section 12.11, Secondary Lead Processing.
In: Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors,
Volume 1 : Stationary Point and Area Sources, Fifth
Edition, AP-42. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards.
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
EPA. 1995. Section 12.17, Miscellaneous Lead
Products. In: Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission
Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point and Area Sources,
Fifth Edition, AP-42. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards.
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
Quality
U
U
c
E
C
C
C-36
-------
Table C-l (Continued)
Lead Emission Factors Compiled from Version 6.23 of the Factor Information Retrieval (FIRE) Data System
Material
^ead
^ead
^ead in Ore
^ead Oxide
^ignite
Source
Classification
Code
30400414
30400507
30301004
30400408
10200302
Primary
Control
Uncontrolled
Wet Scrubber -
Medium
Efficiency
Baghouse
Uncontrolled
Miscellaneous
Control Devices
Secondary
Control
Emission
Factor
6.00E-04
4.00E-04
2.00E-03
4.40E-01
4.20E-04
Unit
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Measure
Tons
Tons
Tons
Tons
Tons
Action
Produced
Produced
Crushed
Produced
Burned
Notes
Uncontrolled Emissions =
3.3e-4Lb/ton. Lack of
Supporting Documentation.
The Factor Applies to
Boilers Utilizing Either
Venturi Scrubbers, Spray
Dryer Absorbers, or Wet
Limestone Scrubbers with an
Electrostatic Precipitator
(Esp) or Fabric Filter (Ff).
In Addition, the Factor
Applies to Boilers Using
Only an Esp, Ff, or Venturi
Scrubber. Emission Factor
Equations Are Available in
Ap42 Table 1.7-12 for this
Pollutant for All Typical
Firing Configurations and
Control Scenarios
References
EPA. 1995. Section 12.11, Secondary Lead Processing.
In: Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors,
Volume 1 : Stationary Point and Area Sources, Fifth
Edition, AP-42. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards.
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
EPA. October 1990. In: Assessment of the
Controllability of Condensible Emissions. EPA-600/8-
90-075. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Air
and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory. Research
Triangle Park, North Carolina.
EPA. 1995. Section 12.6, Primary Lead Smelting. In:
Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume
1: Stationary Point and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-
42. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Air Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. September, 1998. Section 1.7, Lignite
Combustion. In: Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission
Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point and Area Sources,
Fifth Edition, AP-42, Supplement E. U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
Quality
E
U
E
U
A
C-37
-------
Table C-l (Continued)
Lead Emission Factors Compiled from Version 6.23 of the Factor Information Retrieval (FIRE) Data System
Material
^ignite
^ignite
Source
Classification
Code
10300306
10200301
Primary
Control
Miscellaneous
Control Devices
Miscellaneous
Control Devices
Secondary
Control
Emission
Factor
4.20E-04
4.20E-04
Unit
Lb
Lb
Measure
Tons
Tons
Action
Burned
Burned
Notes
The Factor Applies to
Boilers Utilizing Either
Venturi Scrubbers, Spray
Dryer Absorbers, or Wet
Limestone Scrubbers with an
Electrostatic Precipitator
(Esp) or Fabric Filter (Ff).
In Addition, the Factor
Applies to Boilers Using
Only an Esp, Ff, or Venturi
Scrubber. Emission Factor
Equations Are Available in
Ap42 Table 1.7-12 for this
Pollutant for All Typical
Firing Configurations and
Control Scenarios
The Factor Applies to
Boilers Utilizing Either
Venturi Scrubbers, Spray
Dryer Absorbers, or Wet
Limestone Scrubbers with an
Electrostatic Precipitator
(Esp) or Fabric Filter (Ff).
In Addition, the Factor
Applies to Boilers Using
Only an Esp, Ff, or Venturi
Scrubber. Emission Factor
Equations Are Available in
Ap42 Table 1.7-12 for this
Pollutant for All Typical
Firing Configurations and
Control Scenarios
References
EPA. September, 1998. Section 1.7, Lignite
Combustion. In: Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission
Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point and Area Sources,
Fifth Edition, AP-42, Supplement E. U.S.
ENVIRONMENTAL Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. September, 1998. Section 1.7, Lignite
Combustion. In: Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission
Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point and Area Sources,
Fifth Edition, AP-42, Supplement E. U.S.
ENVIRONMENTAL Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
Quality
A
A
C-38
-------
Table C-l (Continued)
Lead Emission Factors Compiled from Version 6.23 of the Factor Information Retrieval (FIRE) Data System
Material
^ignite
^ignite
Source
Classification
Code
10100318
10200303
Primary
Control
Miscellaneous
Control Devices
Miscellaneous
Control Devices
Secondary
Control
Emission
Factor
4.20E-04
4.20E-04
Unit
Lb
Lb
Measure
Tons
Tons
Action
Burned
Burned
Notes
The Factor Applies to
Boilers Utilizing Either
Venturi Scrubbers, Spray
Dryer Absorbers, or Wet
Limestone Scrubbers with an
Electrostatic Precipitator
(Esp) or Fabric Filter (Ff).
In Addition, the Factor
Applies to Boilers Using
Only an Esp, Ff, or Venturi
Scrubber. Emission Factor
Equations Are Available in
Ap42 Table 1.7-12 for this
Pollutant for All Typical
Firing Configurations and
Control Scenarios
The Factor Applies to
Boilers Utilizing Either
Venturi Scrubbers, Spray
Dryer Absorbers, or Wet
Limestone Scrubbers with an
Electrostatic Precipitator
(Esp) or Fabric Filter (Ff).
In Addition, the Factor
Applies to Boilers Using
Only an Esp, Ff, or Venturi
Scrubber. Emission Factor
Equations Are Available in
Ap42 Table 1.7-12 for this
Pollutant for All Typical
Firing Configurations and
Control Scenarios
References
EPA. September, 1998. Section 1.7, Lignite
Combustion. In: Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission
Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point and Area Sources,
Fifth Edition, AP-42, Supplement E. U.S.
ENVIRONMENTAL Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. September, 1998. Section 1.7, Lignite
Combustion. In: Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission
Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point and Area Sources,
Fifth Edition, AP-42, Supplement E. U.S.
ENVIRONMENTAL Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
Quality
A
A
C-39
-------
Table C-l (Continued)
Lead Emission Factors Compiled from Version 6.23 of the Factor Information Retrieval (FIRE) Data System
Material
^ignite
^ignite
Source
Classification
Code
10100301
10100303
Primary
Control
Miscellaneous
Control Devices
Miscellaneous
Control Devices
Secondary
Control
Emission
Factor
4.20E-04
4.20E-04
Unit
Lb
Lb
Measure
Tons
Tons
Action
Burned
Burned
Notes
The Factor Applies to
Boilers Utilizing Either
Venturi Scrubbers, Spray
Dryer Absorbers, or Wet
Limestone Scrubbers with an
Electrostatic Precipitator
(Esp) or Fabric Filter (Ff).
In Addition, the Factor
Applies to Boilers Using
Only an Esp, Ff, or Venturi
Scrubber. Emission Factor
Equations Are Available in
Ap42 Table 1.7-12 for this
Pollutant for All Typical
Firing Configurations and
Control Scenarios
The Factor Applies to
Boilers Utilizing Either
Venturi Scrubbers, Spray
Dryer Absorbers, or Wet
Limestone Scrubbers with an
Electrostatic Precipitator
(Esp) or Fabric Filter (Ff).
In Addition, the Factor
Applies to Boilers Using
Only an Esp, Ff, or Venturi
Scrubber. Emission Factor
Equations Are Available in
Ap42 Table 1.7-12 for this
Pollutant for All Typical
Firing Configurations and
Control Scenarios
References
EPA. September, 1998. Section 1.7, Lignite
Combustion. In: Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission
Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point and Area Sources,
Fifth Edition, AP-42, Supplement E. U.S.
ENVIRONMENTAL Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. September, 1998. Section 1.7, Lignite
Combustion. In: Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission
Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point and Area Sources,
Fifth Edition, AP-42, Supplement E. U.S.
ENVIRONMENTAL Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
Quality
A
A
C-40
-------
Table C-l (Continued)
Lead Emission Factors Compiled from Version 6.23 of the Factor Information Retrieval (FIRE) Data System
Material
^ignite
^ignite
Vlaterial
Source
Classification
Code
10100302
10300305
30501305
Primary
Control
Miscellaneous
Control Devices
Miscellaneous
Control Devices
Fabric Filter
Secondary
Control
Emission
Factor
4.20E-04
4.20E-04
l.OOE-05
Unit
Lb
Lb
Lb
Measure
Tons
Tons
Tons
Action
Burned
Burned
Fed
Notes
The Factor Applies to
Boilers Utilizing Either
Venturi Scrubbers, Spray
Dryer Absorbers, or Wet
Limestone Scrubbers with an
Electrostatic Precipitator
(Esp) or Fabric Filter (Ff).
In Addition, the Factor
Applies to Boilers Using
Only an Esp, Ff, or Venturi
Scrubber. Emission Factor
Equations Are Available in
Ap42 Table 1.7-12 for this
Pollutant for All Typical
Firing Configurations and
Control Scenarios
The Factor Applies to
Boilers Utilizing Either
Venturi Scrubbers, Spray
Dryer Absorbers, or Wet
Limestone Scrubbers with an
Electrostatic Precipitator
(Esp) or Fabric Filter (Ff).
In Addition, the Factor
Applies to Boilers Using
Only an Esp, Ff, or Venturi
Scrubber. Emission Factor
Equations Are Available in
Ap42 Table 1.7-12 for this
Pollutant for All Typical
Firing Configurations and
Control Scenarios
References
EPA. September, 1998. Section 1.7, Lignite
Combustion. In: Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission
Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point and Area Sources,
Fifth Edition, AP-42, Supplement E. U.S.
ENVIRONMENTAL Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. September, 1998. Section 1.7, Lignite
Combustion. In: Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission
Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point and Area Sources,
Fifth Edition, AP-42, Supplement E. U.S.
ENVIRONMENTAL Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. June, 1997. Section 11.14, Frit Manufacturing.
In: Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors,
Volume 1 : Stationary Point and Area Sources, Fifth
Edition, AP-42, Supplement C. U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and
Standards. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
Quality
A
A
E
C-41
-------
Table C-l (Continued)
Lead Emission Factors Compiled from Version 6.23 of the Factor Information Retrieval (FIRE) Data System
Material
Vlaterial
Vlaterial
Vlaterial
Vlaterial
Vlaterial
Vlaterial
Source
Classification
Code
30400398
30103507
30501306
30103510
30503505
30300604
Primary
Control
Baghouse
Baghouse
Fabric Filter
Uncontrolled
Wet Scrubber
Uncontrolled
Secondary
Control
Emission
Factor
3.80E-05
5.00E-02
l.OOE-05
9.00E-01
4.40E-03
3.10E-03
Unit
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Measure
Tons
Tons
Tons
Tons
Tons
Tons
Action
Processed
Produced
Fed
Produced
Processed
Produced
Notes
References
United States Pipe and Foundry Company. August 14 -
16, 1991. In: Stack Emission Tests of the Iron Melting
Cupola Dust Collector and the Ductile Treating Dust
Collector. Burlington, New Jersey. (Confidential
Report No. ERC-1 16)
EPA. 1995. Section 12.16, Lead Oxide and Pigment
Production. In: Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission
Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point and Area Sources,
Fifth Edition, AP-42. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards.
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
EPA. June, 1997. Section 11.14, Frit Manufacturing.
In: Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors,
Volume 1 : Stationary Point and Area Sources, Fifth
Edition, AP-42, Supplement C. U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and
Standards. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
EPA. 1995. Section 12.16, Lead Oxide and Pigment
Production. In: Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission
Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point and Area Sources,
Fifth Edition, AP-42. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards.
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
EPA. 1995. Section 11.31, Bonded Abrasive Products.
In: Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors,
Volume 1 : Stationary Point and Area Sources, Fifth
Edition, AP-42. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards.
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
EPA. September 1985. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point
and Area Sources, Fourth Edition with Supplements A,
B, and C, AP-42. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards.
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
Quality
U
E
E
B
E
U
C-42
-------
Table C-l (Continued)
Lead Emission Factors Compiled from Version 6.23 of the Factor Information Retrieval (FIRE) Data System
Material
Vlaterial
Vlaterial
Vlaterial
Vlaterial
Vlaterial
Vlaterial
Source
Classification
Code
30300701
30103507
30400522
30400243
30104201
30400244
Primary
Control
Uncontrolled
Uncontrolled
Uncontrolled
Uncontrolled
Fabric Filter
Uncontrolled
Secondary
Control
Wet Scrubber
Emission
Factor
1.10E-01
1.40E+01
1.39E-01
5.00E+01
5.50E+01
1.32E+01
Unit
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Measure
Tons
Tons
Tons
Tons
Tons
Tons
Action
Produced
Produced
Processed
Produced
Produced
Produced
Notes
Lack of Supporting
Documentation.
References
EPA. September 1985. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point
and Area Sources, Fourth Edition with Supplements A,
B, and C, AP-42. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards.
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
EPA. 1995. Section 12.16, Lead Oxide and Pigment
Production. In: Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission
Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point and Area Sources,
Fifth Edition, AP-42. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards.
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
EPA. November 1979. In: Lead-acid Battery
Manufacture - Background Information for Proposed
Standards. EPA-450/3-79-028a. U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency. Research Triangle Park, North
Carolina.
EPA. 1995. Section 12.9, Secondary Copper Smelting
and Alloying. In: Compilation of Air Pollutant
Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point and Area
Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42. U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and
Standards. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
EPA. 1995. Section 6. 12, Lead Alkyl. In:
Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume
1: Stationary Point and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-
42. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Air Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. 1995. Section 12.9, Secondary Copper Smelting
and Alloying. In: Compilation of Air Pollutant
Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point and Area
Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42. U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and
Standards. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
Quality
U
E
U
B
B
B
C-43
-------
Table C-l (Continued)
Lead Emission Factors Compiled from Version 6.23 of the Factor Information Retrieval (FIRE) Data System
Material
Vlaterial
Vlaterial
Vlaterial
Vlaterial
Vlaterial
Vlaterial
Source
Classification
Code
30104202
30104203
30104204
30103520
30300605
30103506
Primary
Control
Uncontrolled
Uncontrolled
Uncontrolled
Uncontrolled
Uncontrolled
Uncontrolled
Secondary
Control
Emission
Factor
4.00E+00
1.50E+02
1.20E+00
1.30E-01
5.70E-03
4.40E-01
Unit
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Measure
Tons
Tons
Tons
Tons
Tons
Tons
Action
Produced
Produced
Produced
Produced
Produced
Produced
Notes
Emissions Are Fugitive.
References
EPA. September 1985. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point
and Area Sources, Fourth Edition with Supplements A,
B, and C, AP-42. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards.
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
EPA. September 1985. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point
and Area Sources, Fourth Edition with Supplements A,
B, and C, AP-42. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards.
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
EPA. 1995. Section 6. 12, Lead Alkyl. In:
Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume
1: Stationary Point and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-
42. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Air Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. 1995. Section 12.16, Lead Oxide and Pigment
Production. In: Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission
Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point and Area Sources,
Fifth Edition, AP-42. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards.
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
September 1986. In: National Council on Air and
Stream Improvement for the Pulp and Paper Industry
(NCASI) Technical Bulletin 504. VOC emission factor
averaged from data presented and applies to dryers in
the wood panelboard industry. Emissions are reported as
loss of carbon.
EPA. 1995. Section 12.16, Lead Oxide and Pigment
Production. In: Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission
Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point and Area Sources,
Fifth Edition, AP-42. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards.
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
Quality
U
U
B
B
U
E
C-44
-------
Table C-l (Continued)
Lead Emission Factors Compiled from Version 6.23 of the Factor Information Retrieval (FIRE) Data System
Material
Vlaterial
Vlaterial
Vlaterial
Vlaterial
Vlaterial
Vlaterial
Source
Classification
Code
30300601
30104301
30103515
50300203
30400242
30404001
Primary
Control
Uncontrolled
Uncontrolled
Uncontrolled
Uncontrolled
Uncontrolled
Uncontrolled
Secondary
Control
Emission
Factor
2.90E-01
l.OOE+00
5.50E-01
2.00E-04
5.00E+00
5.00E-01
Unit
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Measure
Tons
Tons
Tons
Tons
Tons
Tons
Action
Produced
Produced
Produced
Burned
Produced
Processed
Notes
References
EPA. September 1985. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point
and Area Sources, Fourth Edition with Supplements A,
B, and C, AP-42. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards.
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
EPA. September 1985. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point
and Area Sources, Fourth Edition with Supplements A,
B, and C, AP-42. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards.
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
EPA. 1995. Section 12.16, Lead Oxide and Pigment
Production. In: Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission
Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point and Area Sources,
Fifth Edition, AP-42. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards.
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
EPA. 1995. Section 2.5, Open Burning. In:
Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume
1: Stationary Point and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-
42. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Air Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. 1995. Section 12.9, Secondary Copper Smelting
and Alloying. In: Compilation of Air Pollutant
Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point and Area
Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42. U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and
Standards. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
EPA. 1995. Section 12.17, Miscellaneous Lead
Products. In: Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission
Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point and Area Sources,
Fifth Edition, AP-42. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards.
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
Quality
U
U
B
C
B
C
C-45
-------
Table C-l (Continued)
Lead Emission Factors Compiled from Version 6.23 of the Factor Information Retrieval (FIRE) Data System
Material
Vlaterial
Vlaterial
Vlaterial
Vlaterial
Vlaterial
Vlaterial
Source
Classification
Code
36000101
30104201
30400526
50300203
30400523
30104202
Primary
Control
Uncontrolled
Uncontrolled
Uncontrolled
Uncontrolled
Uncontrolled
Miscellaneous
Control Devices
Secondary
Control
Emission
Factor
2.50E-01
5.50E+01
5.90E+00
6.70E-04
1.72E+00
4.00E+00
Unit
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Measure
Tons
Tons
Tons
Tons
Tons
Tons
Action
Melted
Produced
Processed
Burned
Processed
Produced
Notes
Lack of Supporting
Documentation.
Lead Acid Batteries. Lack of
Supporting Documentation.
Controls Are Incinerator and
Fabric Filter or Wet Scrubber
and Incinerator.
References
EPA. 1995. Section 12.17, Miscellaneous Lead
Products. In: Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission
Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point and Area Sources,
Fifth Edition, AP-42. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards.
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
EPA. September 1985. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point
and Area Sources, Fourth Edition with Supplements A,
B, and C, AP-42. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards.
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
EPA. November 1979. In: Lead-acid Battery
Manufacture - Background Information for Proposed
Standards. EPA-450/3-79-028a. U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency. Research Triangle Park, North
Carolina.
EPA. 1995. Section 2.5, Open Burning. In:
Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume
1: Stationary Point and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-
42. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Air Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
Letter from C. Hester, Midwest Research Institute,
Cary, North Carolina, to D. Michelitsch, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina. May 5, 1989.
EPA. 1995. Section 6. 12, Lead Alkyl. In:
Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume
1: Stationary Point and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-
42. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Air Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
Quality
C
u
u
C
u
B
C-46
-------
Table C-l (Continued)
Lead Emission Factors Compiled from Version 6.23 of the Factor Information Retrieval (FIRE) Data System
Material
Vlaterial
Vlaterial
Vledical
Waste
Vledical
Waste
Vledical
Waste
Vledical
Waste
Source
Classification
Code
30104301
30104203
50200503
50200501
50200503
50200501
Primary
Control
Miscellaneous
Control Devices
Miscellaneous
Control Devices
Spray Dryer
Wet Scrubber -
High Efficiency
Spray Dryer
Wet Scrubber -
Low Efficiency
Secondary
Control
Miscellaneous
Control
Devices
Fabric Filter
Emission
Factor
l.OOE+00
1.50E+02
7.38E-05
6.98E-02
1.89E-04
7.94E-02
Unit
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Measure
Tons
Tons
Tons
Tons
Tons
Tons
Action
Produced
Produced
Burned
Burned
Burned
Burned
Notes
Controls Are an Elevated
Flare and a Liquid
Incinerator, While a Scrubber
W/toluene as Medium
Controls the Blending and
Tank Car Loading/unloading
Systems.
Controls Are Incinerator and
Fabric Filter, or Wet
Scrubber and Incinerator.
Control Devices Used Were
Spray Dryer, Carbon
Injection, and Fabric Filter.
References
EPA. 1995. Section 6. 12, Lead Alkyl. In:
Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume
1: Stationary Point and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-
42. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Air Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. 1995. Section 6. 12, Lead Alkyl. In:
Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume
1: Stationary Point and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-
42. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Air Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. 1995. Section 2.3, Medical Waste Incineration.
In: Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors,
Volume 1 : Stationary Point and Area Sources, Fifth
Edition, AP-42. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards.
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
EPA. 1995. Section 2.3, Medical Waste Incineration.
In: Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors,
Volume 1 : Stationary Point and Area Sources, Fifth
Edition, AP-42. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards.
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
EPA. 1995. Section 2.3, Medical Waste Incineration.
In: Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors,
Volume 1 : Stationary Point and Area Sources, Fifth
Edition, AP-42. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards.
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
EPA. 1995. Section 2.3, Medical Waste Incineration.
In: Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors,
Volume 1 : Stationary Point and Area Sources, Fifth
Edition, AP-42. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards.
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
Quality
B
B
E
E
E
E
C-47
-------
Table C-l (Continued)
Lead Emission Factors Compiled from Version 6.23 of the Factor Information Retrieval (FIRE) Data System
Material
Vledical
Waste
Vledical
Waste
Vledical
Waste
Vledical
Waste
Vledical
Waste
Vledical
Waste
Source
Classification
Code
50200501
50200503
50200501
50200501
50200501
50200501
Primary
Control
Dry Sorbent
Injection
Uncontrolled
Fabric Filter
Wet Scrubber -
Medium
Efficiency
Uncontrolled
Dry Sorbent
Injection
Secondary
Control
Baghouse
Fabric Filter
Fabric Filter
Emission
Factor
5.17E-05
1.24E-01
9.92E-05
1.60E-03
7.28E-02
6.25E-05
Unit
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Measure
Tons
Tons
Tons
Tons
Tons
Tons
Action
Burned
Burned
Burned
Burned
Burned
Burned
Notes
Control Devices Are Dry
Sorbent Injection, Baghouse,
and Scrubber.
References
EPA. 1995. Section 2.3, Medical Waste Incineration.
In: Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors,
Volume 1 : Stationary Point and Area Sources, Fifth
Edition, AP-42. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards.
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
EPA. 1995. Section 2.3, Medical Waste Incineration.
In: Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors,
Volume 1 : Stationary Point and Area Sources, Fifth
Edition, AP-42. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards.
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
EPA. 1995. Section 2.3, Medical Waste Incineration.
In: Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors,
Volume 1 : Stationary Point and Area Sources, Fifth
Edition, AP-42. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards.
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
EPA. 1995. Section 2.3, Medical Waste Incineration.
In: Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors,
Volume 1 : Stationary Point and Area Sources, Fifth
Edition, AP-42. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards.
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
EPA. 1995. Section 2.3, Medical Waste Incineration.
In: Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors,
Volume 1 : Stationary Point and Area Sources, Fifth
Edition, AP-42. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards.
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
EPA. 1995. Section 2.3, Medical Waste Incineration.
In: Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors,
Volume 1 : Stationary Point and Area Sources, Fifth
Edition, AP-42. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards.
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
Quality
E
E
E
E
B
E
C-48
-------
Table C-l (Continued)
Lead Emission Factors Compiled from Version 6.23 of the Factor Information Retrieval (FIRE) Data System
Material
Vledical
Waste
Vledical
Waste
Vletal
Vletal
Vletal
Vletal
Source
Classification
Code
50200501
50200501
30400301
30400403
30400404
30400403
Primary
Control
Dry Sorbent
Injection
Dry Sorbent
Injection
Secondary
Control
Electrostatic
Precipitator
Carbon
Injection
Baghouse
Miscellaneous
Control Devices
Uncontrolled
Uncontrolled
Emission
Factor
4.70E-03
9.27E-05
2.67E-03
2.90E-01
7.00E+00
1.04E+02
Unit
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Measure
Tons
Tons
Tons
Tons
Tons
Tons
Action
Burned
Burned
Charged
Produced
Produced
Produced
Notes
Control Devices Used Were
Dry Sorbent Injection,
Carbon Injection, and Fabric
Filter.
Iron Melting Stack Data
Exceeded the Standards
Specified by the Permit for
All Pollutants, Except Sulfur
Dioxide.
The Controlled Emission
Factor Was Estimated from
Tests Using Several Control
Devices Such as Baghouse,
Wet Scrubber, Cyclone,
Fabric Filter, Settling
Chamber and Demister.
The Emissions Are Based on
the Assumption That
Uncontrolled Reverberatory
Furnace Flue Emissions Are
23% Lead.
References
EPA. 1995. Section 2.3, Medical Waste Incineration.
In: Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors,
Volume 1 : Stationary Point and Area Sources, Fifth
Edition, AP-42. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards.
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
EPA. 1995. Section 2.3, Medical Waste Incineration.
In: Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors,
Volume 1 : Stationary Point and Area Sources, Fifth
Edition, AP-42. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards.
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
United States Pipe and Foundry Company. August 14 -
16, 1991. In: Stack Emission Tests of the Iron Melting
Cupola Dust Collector and the Ductile Treating Dust
Collector. Burlington, New Jersey. (Confidential
Report No. ERC-1 16)
EPA. 1995. Section 12.11, Secondary Lead Processing.
In: Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors,
Volume 1 : Stationary Point and Area Sources, Fifth
Edition, AP-42. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards.
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
EPA. 1995. Section 12.11, Secondary Lead Processing.
In: Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors,
Volume 1 : Stationary Point and Area Sources, Fifth
Edition, AP-42. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards.
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
EPA. 1995. Section 12.11, Secondary Lead Processing.
In: Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors,
Volume 1 : Stationary Point and Area Sources, Fifth
Edition, AP-42. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards.
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
Quality
E
E
U
C
E
C
C-49
-------
Table C-l (Continued)
Lead Emission Factors Compiled from Version 6.23 of the Factor Information Retrieval (FIRE) Data System
Material
Vletal
Vietal
Natural Gas
Natural Gas
Natural Gas
Source
Classification
Code
30400402
30400412
10100602
10300601
10300603
Primary
Control
Uncontrolled
Uncontrolled
Uncontrolled
Uncontrolled
Uncontrolled
Secondary
Control
Emission
Factor
6.50E+01
4.00E-01
5.00E-04
5.00E-04
5.00E-04
Unit
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Measure
Tons
Tons
Million
Cubic
Feet
Million
Cubic
Feet
Million
Cubic
Feet
Action
Produced
Charged
Burned
Burned
Burned
Notes
Assumes 23% Lead Content
of Uncontrolled Blast
Furnace Fire Emissions.
Hazardous Air Pollutant
(Hap) as Defined by Section
112(b) of the Clean Air Act.
Hap Because it Is Polycyclic
Organic Matter (Pom). Pom
Is a Hap as Defined by
Section 112(b) of the Clean
Air Act.
Hazardous Air Pollutant
(Hap) as Defined by Section
112(b) of the Clean Air Act.
Hap Because it Is Polycyclic
Organic Matter (Pom). Pom
Is a Hap as Defined by
Section 112(b) of the Clean
Air Act.
Hazardous Air Pollutant
(Hap) as Defined by Section
112(b) of the Clean Air Act.
Hap Because it Is Polycyclic
Organic Matter (Pom). Pom
Is a Hap as Defined by
Section 112(b) of the Clean
Air Act.
References
EPA. 1995. Section 12.11, Secondary Lead Processing.
In: Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors,
Volume 1 : Stationary Point and Area Sources, Fifth
Edition, AP-42. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards.
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
EPA. 1995. Section 12.11, Secondary Lead Processing.
In: Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors,
Volume 1 : Stationary Point and Area Sources, Fifth
Edition, AP-42. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards.
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
EPA. March, 1998. Section 1.4, Natural Gas
Combustion. In: Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission
Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point and Area Sources,
Fifth Edition, AP-42, Supplement D. U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. March, 1998. Section 1.4, Natural Gas
Combustion. In: Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission
Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point and Area Sources,
Fifth Edition, AP-42, Supplement D. U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. March, 1998. Section 1.4, Natural Gas
Combustion. In: Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission
Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point and Area Sources,
Fifth Edition, AP-42, Supplement D. U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
Quality
C
E
D
D
D
C-50
-------
Table C-l (Continued)
Lead Emission Factors Compiled from Version 6.23 of the Factor Information Retrieval (FIRE) Data System
Material
Natural Gas
Natural Gas
Natural Gas
Natural Gas
Natural Gas
Source
Classification
Code
10300602
10200602
10200601
10100601
A2104006010
Primary
Control
Uncontrolled
Uncontrolled
Uncontrolled
Uncontrolled
Uncontrolled
Secondary
Control
Emission
Factor
5.00E-04
5.00E-04
5.00E-04
5.00E-04
5.00E-04
Unit
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Measure
Million
Cubic
Feet
Million
Cubic
Feet
Million
Cubic
Feet
Million
Cubic
Feet
Million
Cubic
Feet
Action
Burned
Burned
Burned
Burned
Burned
Notes
Hazardous Air Pollutant
(Hap) as Defined by Section
112(b) of the Clean Air Act.
Hap Because it Is Polycyclic
Organic Matter (Pom). Pom
Is a Hap as Defined by
Section 112(b) of the Clean
Air Act.
Hazardous Air Pollutant
(Hap) as Defined by Section
112(b) of the Clean Air Act.
Hap Because it Is Polycyclic
Organic Matter (Pom). Pom
Is a Hap as Defined by
Section 112(b) of the Clean
Air Act.
Hazardous Air Pollutant
(Hap) as Defined by Section
112(b) of the Clean Air Act.
Hap Because it Is Polycyclic
Organic Matter (Pom). Pom
Is a Hap as Defined by
Section 112(b) of the Clean
Air Act.
Hazardous Air Pollutant
(Hap) as Defined by Section
112(b) of the Clean Air Act.
Hap Because it Is Polycyclic
Organic Matter (Pom). Pom
Is a Hap as Defined by
Section 112(b) of the Clean
Air Act.
Hazardous Air Pollutant
(Hap) as Defined by Section
112(b) of the Clean Air Act.
Hap Because it Is Polycyclic
Organic Matter (Pom). Pom
Is a Hap as Defined by
Section 112(b) of the Clean
Air Act.
References
EPA. March, 1998. Section 1.4, Natural Gas
Combustion. In: Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission
Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point and Area Sources,
Fifth Edition, AP-42, Supplement D. U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. March, 1998. Section 1.4, Natural Gas
Combustion. In: Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission
Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point and Area Sources,
Fifth Edition, AP-42, Supplement D. U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. March, 1998. Section 1.4, Natural Gas
Combustion. In: Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission
Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point and Area Sources,
Fifth Edition, AP-42, Supplement D. U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. March, 1998. Section 1.4, Natural Gas
Combustion. In: Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission
Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point and Area Sources,
Fifth Edition, AP-42, Supplement D. U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. March, 1998. Section 1.4, Natural Gas
Combustion. In: Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission
Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point and Area Sources,
Fifth Edition, AP-42, Supplement D. U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
Quality
D
D
D
D
D
C-51
-------
Table C-l (Continued)
Lead Emission Factors Compiled from Version 6.23 of the Factor Information Retrieval (FIRE) Data System
Material
Natural Gas
Dre
Dre
Dre
Dre
Dre
Source
Classification
Code
10100604
30303103
30301004
30303105
30303104
30301028
Primary
Control
Uncontrolled
Uncontrolled
Uncontrolled
Uncontrolled
Uncontrolled
Baghouse
Secondary
Control
Emission
Factor
5.00E-04
1.20E-02
3.00E-01
1.20E-01
1.20E-01
6.00E-04
Unit
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Measure
Million
Cubic
Feet
Tons
Tons
Tons
Tons
Tons
Action
Burned
Processed
Crushed
Processed
Processed
Processed
Notes
Hazardous Air Pollutant
(Hap) as Defined by Section
112(b) of the Clean Air Act.
Hap Because it Is Polycyclic
Organic Matter (Pom). Pom
Is a Hap as Defined by
Section 112(b) of the Clean
Air Act.
References
EPA. March, 1998. Section 1.4, Natural Gas
Combustion. In: Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission
Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point and Area Sources,
Fifth Edition, AP-42, Supplement D. U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. 1995. Section 12.18, Leadbearing Ore Crushing
and Grinding. In: Compilation of Air Pollutant
Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point and Area
Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42. U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and
Standards. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
EPA. September 1985. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point
and Area Sources, Fourth Edition with Supplements A,
B, and C, AP-42. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards.
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
EPA. 1995. Section 12.18, Leadbearing Ore Crushing
and Grinding. In: Compilation of Air Pollutant
Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point and Area
Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42. U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and
Standards. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
EPA. 1995. Section 12.18, Leadbearing Ore Crushing
and Grinding. In: Compilation of Air Pollutant
Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point and Area
Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42. U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and
Standards. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
EPA. 1995. Section 12.6, Primary Lead Smelting. In:
Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume
1: Stationary Point and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-
42. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Air Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
Quality
D
B
U
B
B
E
C-52
-------
Table C-l (Continued)
Lead Emission Factors Compiled from Version 6.23 of the Factor Information Retrieval (FIRE) Data System
Material
Dre
Dre
Dre
Dre
Dre
3ellets
Source
Classification
Code
30301032
30303107
30303102
30303101
30303106
30302352
Primary
Control
Baghouse
Uncontrolled
Uncontrolled
Uncontrolled
Uncontrolled
Multiple
Cyclones
Secondary
Control
Emission
Factor
2.00E-03
1.20E-01
1.20E-02
3.00E-01
1.20E-02
5.00E-04
Unit
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Measure
Tons
Tons
Tons
Tons
Tons
Tons
Action
Processed
Processed
Processed
Processed
Processed
Produced
Notes
References
EPA. 1995. Section 12.6, Primary Lead Smelting. In:
Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume
1: Stationary Point and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-
42. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Air Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. 1995. Section 12.18, Leadbearing Ore Crushing
and Grinding. In: Compilation of Air Pollutant
Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point and Area
Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42. U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and
Standards. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
EPA. 1995. Section 12.18, Leadbearing Ore Crushing
and Grinding. In: Compilation of Air Pollutant
Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point and Area
Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42. U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and
Standards. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
EPA. 1995. Section 12.18, Leadbearing Ore Crushing
and Grinding. In: Compilation of Air Pollutant
Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point and Area
Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42. U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and
Standards. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
EPA. 1995. Section 12.18, Leadbearing Ore Crushing
and Grinding. In: Compilation of Air Pollutant
Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point and Area
Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42. U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and
Standards. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
EPA. February 1997. Section 11.23, Taconite Ore
Processing. In: Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission
Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point and Area Sources,
Fifth Edition, AP-42, Supplement C. U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
Quality
E
B
B
B
B
E
C-53
-------
Table C-l (Continued)
Lead Emission Factors Compiled from Version 6.23 of the Factor Information Retrieval (FIRE) Data System
Material
3ellets
3ellets
3ellets
3ellets
3ellets
law
Vlaterial
Source
Classification
Code
30302351
30302382
30302381
30302388
30302387
30303012
Primary
Control
Multiple
Cyclones
Multiple
Cyclones
Multiple
Cyclones
Multiple
Cyclones
Multiple
Cyclones
Uncontrolled
Secondary
Control
Wet Scrubber
Wet Scrubber
Wet Scrubber
Wet Scrubber
Emission
Factor
5.00E-04
6.80E-05
6.80E-05
7.60E-05
7.60E-05
1.30E-01
Unit
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Measure
Tons
Tons
Tons
Tons
Tons
Tons
Action
Produced
Produced
Produced
Produced
Produced
Processed
Notes
References
EPA. February 1997. Section 11.23, Taconite Ore
Processing. In: Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission
Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point and Area Sources,
Fifth Edition, AP-42, Supplement C. U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. February 1997. Section 11.23, Taconite Ore
Processing. In: Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission
Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point and Area Sources,
Fifth Edition, AP-42, Supplement C. U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. February 1997. Section 11.23, Taconite Ore
Processing. In: Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission
Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point and Area Sources,
Fifth Edition, AP-42, Supplement C. U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. February 1997. Section 11.23, Taconite Ore
Processing. In: Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission
Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point and Area Sources,
Fifth Edition, AP-42, Supplement C. U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. February 1997. Section 11.23, Taconite Ore
Processing. In: Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission
Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point and Area Sources,
Fifth Edition, AP-42, Supplement C. U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
Quality
E
E
E
E
E
U
C-54
-------
Table C-l (Continued)
Lead Emission Factors Compiled from Version 6.23 of the Factor Information Retrieval (FIRE) Data System
Material
lefuse
Derived Fuel
Refuse
Derived Fuel
lefuse
Derived Fuel
lefuse
Derived Fuel
Source
Classification
Code
10301202
10201202
50100103
50100103
Primary
Control
Uncontrolled
Uncontrolled
Electrostatic
Precipitator
Spray Dryer
Secondary
Control
Electrostatic
Precipitator
Emission
Factor
1.30E-01
1.30E-01
3.66E-03
1.16E-03
Unit
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Measure
Tons
Tons
Tons
Tons
Action
Burned
Burned
Burned
Burned
Notes
Edited 05/19/92
Edited 05/19/92
Ef Calculated from F-factor
of 9570 Dscf/mbtuand
Heating Value of 5500
Btu/lb. Ef Should Be Used
for Estimating Long-term
Emission Levels. This
Particularly Applies to
Pollutants Measured W/
Continuous Emission
Monitoring System (E.g.,
So2, Nox, Co).
Ef Calculated from F-factor
of 9570 Dscf/mbtuand
Heating Value of 5500
Btu/lb. Ef Should Be Used
for Estimating Long-term
Emission Levels. This
Particularly Applies to
Pollutants Measured W/
Continuous Emission
Monitoring System (E.g.,
So2, Nox, Co).
References
EPA. September 1985. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point
and Area Sources, Fourth Edition with Supplements A,
B, and C, AP-42. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards.
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
EPA. September 1985. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point
and Area Sources, Fourth Edition with Supplements A,
B, and C, AP-42. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards.
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
EPA. 1995. Section 2.1, Refuse Combustion. In:
Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume
1: Stationary Point and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-
42. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Air Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. 1995. Section 2.1, Refuse Combustion. In:
Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume
1: Stationary Point and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-
42. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Air Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
Quality
U
U
A
B
C-55
-------
Table C-l (Continued)
Lead Emission Factors Compiled from Version 6.23 of the Factor Information Retrieval (FIRE) Data System
Material
lefuse
Derived Fuel
lefuse
Derived Fuel
Residual Oil
lesidual Oil
No. 5)
lesidual Oil
No. 6)
Source
Classification
Code
50100103
50100103
31000402
10100405
10100404
Primary
Control
Uncontrolled
Spray Dryer
Uncontrolled
Uncontrolled
Uncontrolled
Secondary
Control
Fabric Filter
Emission
Factor
2.01E-01
1.04E-03
2.24E-03
2.40E-03
1.51E-03
Unit
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Measure
Tons
Tons
1000
Gallons
1000
Gallons
1000
Gallons
Action
Burned
Burned
Burned
Burned
Burned
Notes
Ef Calculated from F-factor
of 9570 Dscf/mbtuand
Heating Value of 5500
Btu/lb. Ef Should Be Used
for Estimating Long-term
Emission Levels. This
Particularly Applies to
Pollutants Measured W/
Continuous Emission
Monitoring System (E.g.,
So2, Nox, Co).
Ef Calculated from F-factor
of 9570 Dscf/mbtuand
Heating Value of 5500
Btu/lb. Ef Should Be Used
for Estimating Long-term
Emission Levels. This
Particularly Applies to
Pollutants Measured W/
Continuous Emission
Monitoring System (E.g.,
So2, Nox, Co).
F-factor, Residual Oil
(Calculated) = 9,103
Dscf/mmbtu.
Carb2588 Data.
References
EPA. 1995. Section 2.1, Refuse Combustion. In:
Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume
1: Stationary Point and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-
42. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Air Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. 1995. Section 2.1, Refuse Combustion. In:
Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume
1: Stationary Point and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-
42. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Air Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
CARNOT. May 1990. In: Emissions Inventory
Testing at Huntington Beach Generating Station Fuel
Oil Heater No. 2. Prepared for Southern California
Edison Company. Rosemead, California.
Hopkins, K.C. and L.A. Green, CARNOT, Tustin,
California. May 1990. In: Air Toxics Emissions
Testing at Morro Bay Unit 3. CR1 109-2088. Prepared
for Pacific Gas and Electric Company, San Francisco,
California. For inclusion in Air Toxics Hot Spots
Inventory Required Under AB-2588.
EPA. September, 1998. Section 1.3, Fuel Oil
Combustion. In: Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission
Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point and Area Sources,
Fifth Edition, AP-42, Supplement E. U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
Quality
C
D
U
u
C
C-56
-------
Table C-l (Continued)
Lead Emission Factors Compiled from Version 6.23 of the Factor Information Retrieval (FIRE) Data System
Material
lesidual Oil
No. 6)
Sinter
Sinter
Solid Waste
Source
Classification
Code
10100401
30301029
30301025
50300112
Primary
Control
Uncontrolled
Electrostatic
Precipitator
Electrostatic
Precipitator
Uncontrolled
Secondary
Control
Scrubber
Scrubber
Emission
Factor
1.51E-03
1.90E-02
3.20E-02
2.13E-01
Unit
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Measure
1000
Gallons
Tons
Tons
Tons
Action
Burned
Produced
Processed
Burned
Notes
This Includes Fugitive
Emissions from Sinter
Building.
Ef Calculated from F-factor
of 9570 Dscf/mbtuand
Heating Value of 4500
Btu/lb. Ef Should Be Used
for Estimating Long-term
Emission Levels. This
Particularly Applies to
Pollutants Measured W/
Continuous Emission
Monitoring System (E.g.,
So2).
References
EPA. September, 1998. Section 1.3, Fuel Oil
Combustion. In: Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission
Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point and Area Sources,
Fifth Edition, AP-42, Supplement E. U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. 1995. Section 12.6, Primary Lead Smelting. In:
Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume
1: Stationary Point and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-
42. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Air Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. 1995. Section 12.6, Primary Lead Smelting. In:
Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume
1: Stationary Point and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-
42. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Air Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. 1995. Section 2.1, Refuse Combustion. In:
Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume
1: Stationary Point and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-
42. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Air Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
Quality
C
E
E
A
C-57
-------
Table C-l (Continued)
Lead Emission Factors Compiled from Version 6.23 of the Factor Information Retrieval (FIRE) Data System
Material
Solid Waste
Solid Waste
Solid Waste
Source
Classification
Code
50100104
50300112
50300111
Primary
Control
Uncontrolled
Spray Dryer
Spray Dryer
Secondary
Control
Fabric Filter
Fabric Filter
Emission
Factor
2.13E-01
2.61E-04
2.61E-04
Unit
Lb
Lb
Lb
Measure
Tons
Tons
Tons
Action
Burned
Burned
Burned
Notes
Ef Calculated from F-factor
of 9570 Dscf/mbtuand
Heating Value of 4500
Btu/lb. Ef Should Be Used
for Estimating Long-term
Emission Levels. This
Particularly Applies to
Pollutants Measured W/
Continuous Emission
Monitoring System (E.g.,
So2).
Ef Calculated from F-factor
of 9570 Dscf/mbtuand
Heating Value of 4500
Btu/lb. Ef Should Be Used
for Estimating Long-term
Emission Levels. This
Particularly Applies to
Pollutants Measured W/
Continuous Emission
Monitoring System (E.g.,
So2).
Ef Calculated from F-factor
of 9570 Dscf/mbtuand
Heating Value of 4500
Btu/lb. Ef Should Be Used
for Estimating Long-term
Emission Levels. This
Particularly Applies to
Pollutants Measured W/
Continuous Emission
Monitoring System (E.g.,
So2).
References
EPA. 1995. Section 2.1, Refuse Combustion. In:
Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume
1: Stationary Point and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-
42. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Air Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. 1995. Section 2.1, Refuse Combustion. In:
Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume
1: Stationary Point and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-
42. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Air Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. 1995. Section 2.1, Refuse Combustion. In:
Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume
1: Stationary Point and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-
42. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Air Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
Quality
A
A
A
C-58
-------
Table C-l (Continued)
Lead Emission Factors Compiled from Version 6.23 of the Factor Information Retrieval (FIRE) Data System
Material
Solid Waste
Solid Waste
Solid Waste
Solid Waste
Source
Classification
Code
50100106
50300115
50100105
10101201
Primary
Control
Uncontrolled
Spray Dryer
Uncontrolled
Uncontrolled
Secondary
Control
Fabric Filter
Emission
Factor
2.13E-01
2.61E-04
2.13E-01
2.65E-01
Unit
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Measure
Tons
Tons
Tons
Tons
Action
Burned
Burned
Burned
Burned
Notes
Ef Calculated from F-factor
of 9570 Dscf/mbtuand
Heating Value of 4500
Btu/lb. Ef Should Be Used
for Estimating Long-term
Emission Levels. This
Particularly Applies to
Pollutants Measured W/
Continuous Emission
Monitoring System (E.g.,
So2).
Ef Calculated from F-factor
of 9570 Dscf/mbtuand
Heating Value of 4500
Btu/lb. Ef Should Be Used
for Estimating Long-term
Emission Levels. This
Particularly Applies to
Pollutants Measured W/
Continuous Emission
Monitoring System (E.g.,
So2).
Ef Calculated from F-factor
of 9570 Dscf/mbtuand
Heating Value of 4500
Btu/lb. Ef Should Be Used
for Estimating Long-term
Emission Levels. This
Particularly Applies to
Pollutants Measured W/
Continuous Emission
Monitoring System (E.g.,
So2).
References
EPA. 1995. Section 2.1, Refuse Combustion. In:
Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume
1: Stationary Point and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-
42. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Air Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. 1995. Section 2.1, Refuse Combustion. In:
Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume
1: Stationary Point and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-
42. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Air Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. 1995. Section 2.1, Refuse Combustion. In:
Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume
1: Stationary Point and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-
42. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Air Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
Composite. Radian FIRE database 1994 Release.
Quality
A
A
A
U
C-59
-------
Table C-l (Continued)
Lead Emission Factors Compiled from Version 6.23 of the Factor Information Retrieval (FIRE) Data System
Material
Solid Waste
Solid Waste
Solid Waste
Source
Classification
Code
50300111
50300115
50300113
Primary
Control
Uncontrolled
Electrostatic
Precipitator
Uncontrolled
Secondary
Control
Emission
Factor
2.13E-01
3.00E-03
2.13E-01
Unit
Lb
Lb
Lb
Measure
Tons
Tons
Tons
Action
Burned
Burned
Burned
Notes
Ef Calculated from F-factor
of 9570 Dscf/mbtuand
Heating Value of 4500
Btu/lb. Ef Should Be Used
for Estimating Long-term
Emission Levels. This
Particularly Applies to
Pollutants Measured W/
Continuous Emission
Monitoring System (E.g.,
So2).
Ef Calculated from F-factor
of 9570 Dscf/mbtuand
Heating Value of 4500
Btu/lb. Ef Should Be Used
for Estimating Long-term
Emission Levels. This
Particularly Applies to
Pollutants Measured W/
Continuous Emission
Monitoring System (E.g.,
So2).
Ef Calculated from F-factor
of 9570 Dscf/mbtuand
Heating Value of 4500
Btu/lb. Ef Should Be Used
for Estimating Long-term
Emission Levels. This
Particularly Applies to
Pollutants Measured W/
Continuous Emission
Monitoring System (E.g.,
So2).
References
EPA. 1995. Section 2.1, Refuse Combustion. In:
Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume
1: Stationary Point and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-
42. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Air Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. 1995. Section 2.1, Refuse Combustion. In:
Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume
1: Stationary Point and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-
42. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Air Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. 1995. Section 2.1, Refuse Combustion. In:
Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume
1: Stationary Point and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-
42. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Air Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
Quality
A
A
A
C-60
-------
Table C-l (Continued)
Lead Emission Factors Compiled from Version 6.23 of the Factor Information Retrieval (FIRE) Data System
Material
Solid Waste
Solid Waste
Solid Waste
Solid Waste
Source
Classification
Code
50300115
50100102
50300113
50100105
Primary
Control
Uncontrolled
Uncontrolled
Spray Dryer
Spray Dryer
Secondary
Control
Fabric Filter
Fabric Filter
Emission
Factor
2.13E-01
1.80E-01
2.61E-04
2.61E-04
Unit
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Measure
Tons
Tons
Tons
Tons
Action
Burned
Burned
Burned
Burned
Notes
Ef Calculated from F-factor
of 9570 Dscf/mbtuand
Heating Value of 4500
Btu/lb. Ef Should Be Used
for Estimating Long-term
Emission Levels. This
Particularly Applies to
Pollutants Measured W/
Continuous Emission
Monitoring System (E.g.,
So2).
Ef Calculated from F-factor
of 9570 Dscf/mbtuand
Heating Value of 4500
Btu/lb. Ef Should Be Used
for Estimating Long-term
Emission Levels. This
Particularly Applies to
Pollutants Measured W/
Continuous Emission
Monitoring System (E.g.,
So2).
Ef Calculated from F-factor
of 9570 Dscf/mbtuand
Heating Value of 4500
Btu/lb. Ef Should Be Used
for Estimating Long-term
Emission Levels. This
Particularly Applies to
Pollutants Measured W/
Continuous Emission
Monitoring System (E.g.,
So2).
References
EPA. 1995. Section 2.1, Refuse Combustion. In:
Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume
1: Stationary Point and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-
42. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Air Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. September 1985. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point
and Area Sources, Fourth Edition with Supplements A,
B, and C, AP-42. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards.
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
EPA. 1995. Section 2.1, Refuse Combustion. In:
Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume
1: Stationary Point and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-
42. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Air Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. 1995. Section 2.1, Refuse Combustion. In:
Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume
1: Stationary Point and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-
42. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Air Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
Quality
A
U
A
A
C-61
-------
Table C-l (Continued)
Lead Emission Factors Compiled from Version 6.23 of the Factor Information Retrieval (FIRE) Data System
Material
Solid Waste
Solid Waste
Solid Waste
Solid Waste
Source
Classification
Code
50100106
50100104
50300102
50300112
Primary
Control
Spray Dryer
Spray Dryer
Uncontrolled
Dry Sorbent
Injection
Secondary
Control
Fabric Filter
Fabric Filter
Fabric Filter
Emission
Factor
2.61E-04
2.61E-04
1.81E-03
2.97E-04
Unit
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Measure
Tons
Tons
Tons
Tons
Action
Burned
Burned
Burned
Burned
Notes
Ef Calculated from F-factor
of 9570 Dscf/mbtuand
Heating Value of 4500
Btu/lb. Ef Should Be Used
for Estimating Long-term
Emission Levels. This
Particularly Applies to
Pollutants Measured W/
Continuous Emission
Monitoring System (E.g.,
So2).
Ef Calculated from F-factor
of 9570 Dscf/mbtuand
Heating Value of 4500
Btu/lb. Ef Should Be Used
for Estimating Long-term
Emission Levels. This
Particularly Applies to
Pollutants Measured W/
Continuous Emission
Monitoring System (E.g.,
So2).
Ef Calculated from F-factor
of 9570 Dscf/mbtuand
Heating Value of 4500
Btu/lb. Ef Should Be Used
for Estimating Long-term
Emission Levels. This
Particularly Applies to
Pollutants Measured W/
Continuous Emission
Monitoring System (E.g.,
So2).
References
EPA. 1995. Section 2.1, Refuse Combustion. In:
Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume
1: Stationary Point and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-
42. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Air Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. 1995. Section 2.1, Refuse Combustion. In:
Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume
1: Stationary Point and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-
42. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Air Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
Compliance and Toxics Testing of an Incinerator at a
Ski Resort. (Confidential Report No. ERC-88)
EPA. 1995. Section 2.1, Refuse Combustion. In:
Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume
1: Stationary Point and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-
42. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Air Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
Quality
A
A
U
C
C-62
-------
Table C-l (Continued)
Lead Emission Factors Compiled from Version 6.23 of the Factor Information Retrieval (FIRE) Data System
Material
Solid Waste
Solid Waste
Solid Waste
Source
Classification
Code
50300115
50300112
50100107
Primary
Control
Dry Sorbent
Injection
Dry Sorbent
Injection
Dry Sorbent
Injection
Secondary
Control
Electrostatic
Precipitator
Electrostatic
Precipitator
Electrostatic
Precipitator
Emission
Factor
2.90E-03
2.90E-03
2.90E-03
Unit
Lb
Lb
Lb
Measure
Tons
Tons
Tons
Action
Burned
Burned
Burned
Notes
Ef Calculated from F-factor
of 9570 Dscf/mbtuand
Heating Value of 4500
Btu/lb. Ef Should Be Used
for Estimating Long-term
Emission Levels. This
Particularly Applies to
Pollutants Measured W/
Continuous Emission
Monitoring System (E.g.,
So2).
Ef Calculated from F-factor
of 9570 Dscf/mbtuand
Heating Value of 4500
Btu/lb. Ef Should Be Used
for Estimating Long-term
Emission Levels. This
Particularly Applies to
Pollutants Measured W/
Continuous Emission
Monitoring System (E.g.,
So2).
Ef Calculated from F-factor
of 9570 Dscf/mbtuand
Heating Value of 4500
Btu/lb. Ef Should Be Used
for Estimating Long-term
Emission Levels. This
Particularly Applies to
Pollutants Measured W/
Continuous Emission
Monitoring System (E.g.,
So2).
References
EPA. 1995. Section 2.1, Refuse Combustion. In:
Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume
1: Stationary Point and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-
42. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Air Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. 1995. Section 2.1, Refuse Combustion. In:
Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume
1: Stationary Point and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-
42. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Air Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. 1995. Section 2.1, Refuse Combustion. In:
Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume
1: Stationary Point and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-
42. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Air Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
Quality
E
E
E
C-63
-------
Table C-l (Continued)
Lead Emission Factors Compiled from Version 6.23 of the Factor Information Retrieval (FIRE) Data System
Material
Solid Waste
Solid Waste
Solid Waste
Source
Classification
Code
50100104
50100105
50100106
Primary
Control
Dry Sorbent
Injection
Dry Sorbent
Injection
Dry Sorbent
Injection
Secondary
Control
Electrostatic
Precipitator
Electrostatic
Precipitator
Electrostatic
Precipitator
Emission
Factor
2.90E-03
2.90E-03
2.90E-03
Unit
Lb
Lb
Lb
Measure
Tons
Tons
Tons
Action
Burned
Burned
Burned
Notes
Ef Calculated from F-factor
of 9570 Dscf/mbtuand
Heating Value of 4500
Btu/lb. Ef Should Be Used
for Estimating Long-term
Emission Levels. This
Particularly Applies to
Pollutants Measured W/
Continuous Emission
Monitoring System (E.g.,
So2).
Ef Calculated from F-factor
of 9570 Dscf/mbtuand
Heating Value of 4500
Btu/lb. Ef Should Be Used
for Estimating Long-term
Emission Levels. This
Particularly Applies to
Pollutants Measured W/
Continuous Emission
Monitoring System (E.g.,
So2).
Ef Calculated from F-factor
of 9570 Dscf/mbtuand
Heating Value of 4500
Btu/lb. Ef Should Be Used
for Estimating Long-term
Emission Levels. This
Particularly Applies to
Pollutants Measured W/
Continuous Emission
Monitoring System (E.g.,
So2).
References
EPA. 1995. Section 2.1, Refuse Combustion. In:
Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume
1: Stationary Point and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-
42. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Air Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. 1995. Section 2.1, Refuse Combustion. In:
Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume
1: Stationary Point and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-
42. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Air Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. 1995. Section 2.1, Refuse Combustion. In:
Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume
1: Stationary Point and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-
42. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Air Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
Quality
E
E
E
C-64
-------
Table C-l (Continued)
Lead Emission Factors Compiled from Version 6.23 of the Factor Information Retrieval (FIRE) Data System
Material
Solid Waste
Solid Waste
Solid Waste
Source
Classification
Code
50300111
50300113
50100107
Primary
Control
Dry Sorbent
Injection
Dry Sorbent
Injection
Dry Sorbent
Injection
Secondary
Control
Electrostatic
Precipitator
Electrostatic
Precipitator
Fabric Filter
Emission
Factor
2.90E-03
2.90E-03
2.97E-04
Unit
Lb
Lb
Lb
Measure
Tons
Tons
Tons
Action
Burned
Burned
Burned
Notes
Ef Calculated from F-factor
of 9570 Dscf/mbtuand
Heating Value of 4500
Btu/lb. Ef Should Be Used
for Estimating Long-term
Emission Levels. This
Particularly Applies to
Pollutants Measured W/
Continuous Emission
Monitoring System (E.g.,
So2).
Ef Calculated from F-factor
of 9570 Dscf/mbtuand
Heating Value of 4500
Btu/lb. Ef Should Be Used
for Estimating Long-term
Emission Levels. This
Particularly Applies to
Pollutants Measured W/
Continuous Emission
Monitoring System (E.g.,
So2).
Ef Calculated from F-factor
of 9570 Dscf/mbtuand
Heating Value of 4500
Btu/lb. Ef Should Be Used
for Estimating Long-term
Emission Levels. This
Particularly Applies to
Pollutants Measured W/
Continuous Emission
Monitoring System (E.g.,
So2).
References
EPA. 1995. Section 2.1, Refuse Combustion. In:
Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume
1: Stationary Point and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-
42. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Air Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. 1995. Section 2.1, Refuse Combustion. In:
Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume
1: Stationary Point and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-
42. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Air Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. 1995. Section 2.1, Refuse Combustion. In:
Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume
1: Stationary Point and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-
42. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Air Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
Quality
E
E
C
C-65
-------
Table C-l (Continued)
Lead Emission Factors Compiled from Version 6.23 of the Factor Information Retrieval (FIRE) Data System
Material
Solid Waste
Solid Waste
Solid Waste
Source
Classification
Code
50100104
50100105
50300113
Primary
Control
Dry Sorbent
Injection
Dry Sorbent
Injection
Electrostatic
Precipitator
Secondary
Control
Fabric Filter
Fabric Filter
Emission
Factor
2.97E-04
2.97E-04
3.00E-03
Unit
Lb
Lb
Lb
Measure
Tons
Tons
Tons
Action
Burned
Burned
Burned
Notes
Ef Calculated from F-factor
of 9570 Dscf/mbtuand
Heating Value of 4500
Btu/lb. Ef Should Be Used
for Estimating Long-term
Emission Levels. This
Particularly Applies to
Pollutants Measured W/
Continuous Emission
Monitoring System (E.g.,
So2).
Ef Calculated from F-factor
of 9570 Dscf/mbtuand
Heating Value of 4500
Btu/lb. Ef Should Be Used
for Estimating Long-term
Emission Levels. This
Particularly Applies to
Pollutants Measured W/
Continuous Emission
Monitoring System (E.g.,
So2).
Ef Calculated from F-factor
of 9570 Dscf/mbtuand
Heating Value of 4500
Btu/lb. Ef Should Be Used
for Estimating Long-term
Emission Levels. This
Particularly Applies to
Pollutants Measured W/
Continuous Emission
Monitoring System (E.g.,
So2).
References
EPA. 1995. Section 2.1, Refuse Combustion. In:
Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume
1: Stationary Point and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-
42. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Air Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. 1995. Section 2.1, Refuse Combustion. In:
Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume
1: Stationary Point and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-
42. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Air Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. 1995. Section 2.1, Refuse Combustion. In:
Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume
1: Stationary Point and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-
42. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Air Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
Quality
C
C
A
C-66
-------
Table C-l (Continued)
Lead Emission Factors Compiled from Version 6.23 of the Factor Information Retrieval (FIRE) Data System
Material
Solid Waste
Solid Waste
Solid Waste
Solid Waste
Source
Classification
Code
50100106
50100101
50300113
50300111
Primary
Control
Dry Sorbent
Injection
Uncontrolled
Dry Sorbent
Injection
Dry Sorbent
Injection
Secondary
Control
Fabric Filter
Fabric Filter
Fabric Filter
Emission
Factor
2.97E-04
1.20E-01
2.97E-04
2.97E-04
Unit
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Measure
Tons
Tons
Tons
Tons
Action
Burned
Burned
Burned
Burned
Notes
Ef Calculated from F-factor
of 9570 Dscf/mbtuand
Heating Value of 4500
Btu/lb. Ef Should Be Used
for Estimating Long-term
Emission Levels. This
Particularly Applies to
Pollutants Measured W/
Continuous Emission
Monitoring System (E.g.,
So2).
Ef Calculated from F-factor
of 9570 Dscf/mbtuand
Heating Value of 4500
Btu/lb. Ef Should Be Used
for Estimating Long-term
Emission Levels. This
Particularly Applies to
Pollutants Measured W/
Continuous Emission
Monitoring System (E.g.,
So2).
Ef Calculated from F-factor
of 9570 Dscf/mbtuand
Heating Value of 4500
Btu/lb. Ef Should Be Used
for Estimating Long-term
Emission Levels. This
Particularly Applies to
Pollutants Measured W/
Continuous Emission
Monitoring System (E.g.,
So2).
References
EPA. 1995. Section 2.1, Refuse Combustion. In:
Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume
1: Stationary Point and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-
42. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Air Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. September 1985. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point
and Area Sources, Fourth Edition with Supplements A,
B, and C, AP-42. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards.
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
EPA. 1995. Section 2.1, Refuse Combustion. In:
Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume
1: Stationary Point and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-
42. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Air Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. 1995. Section 2.1, Refuse Combustion. In:
Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume
1: Stationary Point and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-
42. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Air Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
Quality
C
u
C
C
C-67
-------
Table C-l (Continued)
Lead Emission Factors Compiled from Version 6.23 of the Factor Information Retrieval (FIRE) Data System
Material
Solid Waste
Solid Waste
Solid Waste
Source
Classification
Code
50100105
50100104
50100101
Primary
Control
Electrostatic
Precipitator
Electrostatic
Precipitator
Electrostatic
Precipitator
Secondary
Control
Emission
Factor
3.00E-03
3.00E-03
2.82E-03
Unit
Lb
Lb
Lb
Measure
Tons
Tons
Tons
Action
Burned
Burned
Burned
Notes
Ef Calculated from F-factor
of 9570 Dscf/mbtuand
Heating Value of 4500
Btu/lb. Ef Should Be Used
for Estimating Long-term
Emission Levels. This
Particularly Applies to
Pollutants Measured W/
Continuous Emission
Monitoring System (E.g.,
So2).
Ef Calculated from F-factor
of 9570 Dscf/mbtuand
Heating Value of 4500
Btu/lb. Ef Should Be Used
for Estimating Long-term
Emission Levels. This
Particularly Applies to
Pollutants Measured W/
Continuous Emission
Monitoring System (E.g.,
So2).
Ef Calculated from F-factor
of 9570 Dscf/mbtuand
Heating Value of 4500
Btu/lb. Ef Should Be Used
for Estimating Long-term
Emission Levels. This
Particularly Applies to
Pollutants Measured W/
Continuous Emission
Monitoring System (E.g.,
Co, Nox).
References
EPA. 1995. Section 2.1, Refuse Combustion. In:
Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume
1: Stationary Point and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-
42. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Air Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. 1995. Section 2.1, Refuse Combustion. In:
Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume
1: Stationary Point and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-
42. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Air Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. 1995. Section 2.1, Refuse Combustion. In:
Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume
1: Stationary Point and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-
42. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Air Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
Quality
A
A
C
C-68
-------
Table C-l (Continued)
Lead Emission Factors Compiled from Version 6.23 of the Factor Information Retrieval (FIRE) Data System
Material
Solid Waste
Solid Waste
Solid Waste
Source
Classification
Code
50300112
50100106
50300111
Primary
Control
Electrostatic
Precipitator
Electrostatic
Precipitator
Electrostatic
Precipitator
Secondary
Control
Emission
Factor
3.00E-03
3.00E-03
3.00E-03
Unit
Lb
Lb
Lb
Measure
Tons
Tons
Tons
Action
Burned
Burned
Burned
Notes
Ef Calculated from F-factor
of 9570 Dscf/mbtuand
Heating Value of 4500
Btu/lb. Ef Should Be Used
for Estimating Long-term
Emission Levels. This
Particularly Applies to
Pollutants Measured W/
Continuous Emission
Monitoring System (E.g.,
So2).
Ef Calculated from F-factor
of 9570 Dscf/mbtuand
Heating Value of 4500
Btu/lb. Ef Should Be Used
for Estimating Long-term
Emission Levels. This
Particularly Applies to
Pollutants Measured W/
Continuous Emission
Monitoring System (E.g.,
So2).
Ef Calculated from F-factor
of 9570 Dscf/mbtuand
Heating Value of 4500
Btu/lb. Ef Should Be Used
for Estimating Long-term
Emission Levels. This
Particularly Applies to
Pollutants Measured W/
Continuous Emission
Monitoring System (E.g.,
So2).
References
EPA. 1995. Section 2.1, Refuse Combustion. In:
Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume
1: Stationary Point and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-
42. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Air Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. 1995. Section 2.1, Refuse Combustion. In:
Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume
1: Stationary Point and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-
42. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Air Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. 1995. Section 2.1, Refuse Combustion. In:
Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume
1: Stationary Point and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-
42. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Air Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
Quality
A
A
A
C-69
-------
Table C-l (Continued)
Lead Emission Factors Compiled from Version 6.23 of the Factor Information Retrieval (FIRE) Data System
Material
Solid Waste
Solid Waste
Solid Waste
Source
Classification
Code
50300114
50100107
50100107
Primary
Control
Electrostatic
Precipitator
Uncontrolled
Electrostatic
Precipitator
Secondary
Control
Emission
Factor
2.82E-03
2.13E-01
3.00E-03
Unit
Lb
Lb
Lb
Measure
Tons
Tons
Tons
Action
Burned
Burned
Burned
Notes
Ef Calculated from F-factor
of 9570 Dscf/mbtuand
Heating Value of 4500
Btu/lb. Ef Should Be Used
for Estimating Long-term
Emission Levels. This
Particularly Applies to
Pollutants Measured W/
Continuous Emission
Monitoring System (E.g.,
Co, Nox).
Ef Calculated from F-factor
of 9570 Dscf/mbtuand
Heating Value of 4500
Btu/lb. Ef Should Be Used
for Estimating Long-term
Emission Levels. This
Particularly Applies to
Pollutants Measured W/
Continuous Emission
Monitoring System (E.g.,
So2).
Ef Calculated from F-factor
of 9570 Dscf/mbtuand
Heating Value of 4500
Btu/lb. Ef Should Be Used
for Estimating Long-term
Emission Levels. This
Particularly Applies to
Pollutants Measured W/
Continuous Emission
Monitoring System (E.g.,
So2).
References
EPA. 1995. Section 2.1, Refuse Combustion. In:
Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume
1: Stationary Point and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-
42. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Air Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. 1995. Section 2.1, Refuse Combustion. In:
Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume
1: Stationary Point and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-
42. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Air Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. 1995. Section 2.1, Refuse Combustion. In:
Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume
1: Stationary Point and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-
42. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Air Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
Quality
C
A
A
C-70
-------
Table C-l (Continued)
Lead Emission Factors Compiled from Version 6.23 of the Factor Information Retrieval (FIRE) Data System
Material
Solid Waste
Solid Waste
Solid Waste
Source
Classification
Code
50300115
50300112
50100107
Primary
Control
Dry Sorbent
Injection
Spray Dryer
Spray Dryer
Secondary
Control
Fabric Filter
Electrostatic
Precipitator
Fabric Filter
Emission
Factor
2.97E-04
9.15E-04
2.61E-04
Unit
Lb
Lb
Lb
Measure
Tons
Tons
Tons
Action
Burned
Burned
Burned
Notes
Ef Calculated from F-factor
of 9570 Dscf/mbtuand
Heating Value of 4500
Btu/lb. Ef Should Be Used
for Estimating Long-term
Emission Levels. This
Particularly Applies to
Pollutants Measured W/
Continuous Emission
Monitoring System (E.g.,
So2).
Ef Calculated from F-factor
of 9570 Dscf/mbtuand
Heating Value of 4500
Btu/lb. Ef Should Be Used
for Estimating Long-term
Emission Levels. This
Particularly Applies to
Pollutants Measured W/
Continuous Emission
Monitoring System (E.g.,
So2).
Ef Calculated from F-factor
of 9570 Dscf/mbtuand
Heating Value of 4500
Btu/lb. Ef Should Be Used
for Estimating Long-term
Emission Levels. This
Particularly Applies to
Pollutants Measured W/
Continuous Emission
Monitoring System (E.g.,
So2).
References
EPA. 1995. Section 2.1, Refuse Combustion. In:
Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume
1: Stationary Point and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-
42. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Air Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. 1995. Section 2.1, Refuse Combustion. In:
Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume
1: Stationary Point and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-
42. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Air Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. 1995. Section 2.1, Refuse Combustion. In:
Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume
1: Stationary Point and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-
42. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Air Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
Quality
C
A
A
C-71
-------
Table C-l (Continued)
Lead Emission Factors Compiled from Version 6.23 of the Factor Information Retrieval (FIRE) Data System
Material
Solid Waste
Solid Waste
Solid Waste
Solid Waste
Source
Classification
Code
50100104
10101201
50300111
50100107
Primary
Control
Spray Dryer
Miscellaneous
Control Devices
Spray Dryer
Spray Dryer
Secondary
Control
Electrostatic
Precipitator
Electrostatic
Precipitator
Electrostatic
Precipitator
Emission
Factor
9.15E-04
2.66E-04
9.15E-04
9.15E-04
Unit
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Measure
Tons
Tons
Tons
Tons
Action
Burned
Burned
Burned
Burned
Notes
Ef Calculated from F-factor
of 9570 Dscf/mbtuand
Heating Value of 4500
Btu/lb. Ef Should Be Used
for Estimating Long-term
Emission Levels. This
Particularly Applies to
Pollutants Measured W/
Continuous Emission
Monitoring System (E.g.,
So2).
Control Devices Are Spray
Dryer, Absorber, and
Electrostatic Precipitator.
Two Detection Limit Values
Were Used to Calculate the
Emission Factor Averages.
Ef Calculated from F-factor
of 9570 Dscf/mbtuand
Heating Value of 4500
Btu/lb. Ef Should Be Used
for Estimating Long-term
Emission Levels. This
Particularly Applies to
Pollutants Measured W/
Continuous Emission
Monitoring System (E.g.,
So2).
Ef Calculated from F-factor
of 9570 Dscf/mbtuand
Heating Value of 4500
Btu/lb. Ef Should Be Used
for Estimating Long-term
Emission Levels. This
Particularly Applies to
Pollutants Measured W/
Continuous Emission
Monitoring System (E.g.,
So2).
References
EPA. 1995. Section 2.1, Refuse Combustion. In:
Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume
1: Stationary Point and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-
42. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Air Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
Camden Resource Recovery Facility, Unit 1 stack
emissions tests. Test date: October 18, 1991.
(Confidential Report No. ERC-107)
EPA. 1995. Section 2.1, Refuse Combustion. In:
Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume
1: Stationary Point and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-
42. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Air Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. 1995. Section 2.1, Refuse Combustion. In:
Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume
1: Stationary Point and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-
42. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Air Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
Quality
A
U
A
A
C-72
-------
Table C-l (Continued)
Lead Emission Factors Compiled from Version 6.23 of the Factor Information Retrieval (FIRE) Data System
Material
Solid Waste
Solid Waste
Solid Waste
Source
Classification
Code
50300113
50100105
50100106
Primary
Control
Spray Dryer
Spray Dryer
Spray Dryer
Secondary
Control
Electrostatic
Precipitator
Electrostatic
Precipitator
Electrostatic
Precipitator
Emission
Factor
9.15E-04
9.15E-04
9.15E-04
Unit
Lb
Lb
Lb
Measure
Tons
Tons
Tons
Action
Burned
Burned
Burned
Notes
Ef Calculated from F-factor
of 9570 Dscf/mbtuand
Heating Value of 4500
Btu/lb. Ef Should Be Used
for Estimating Long-term
Emission Levels. This
Particularly Applies to
Pollutants Measured W/
Continuous Emission
Monitoring System (E.g.,
So2).
Ef Calculated from F-factor
of 9570 Dscf/mbtuand
Heating Value of 4500
Btu/lb. Ef Should Be Used
for Estimating Long-term
Emission Levels. This
Particularly Applies to
Pollutants Measured W/
Continuous Emission
Monitoring System (E.g.,
So2).
Ef Calculated from F-factor
of 9570 Dscf/mbtuand
Heating Value of 4500
Btu/lb. Ef Should Be Used
for Estimating Long-term
Emission Levels. This
Particularly Applies to
Pollutants Measured W/
Continuous Emission
Monitoring System (E.g.,
So2).
References
EPA. 1995. Section 2.1, Refuse Combustion. In:
Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume
1: Stationary Point and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-
42. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Air Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. 1995. Section 2.1, Refuse Combustion. In:
Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume
1: Stationary Point and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-
42. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Air Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. 1995. Section 2.1, Refuse Combustion. In:
Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume
1: Stationary Point and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-
42. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Air Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
Quality
A
A
A
C-73
-------
Table C-l (Continued)
Lead Emission Factors Compiled from Version 6.23 of the Factor Information Retrieval (FIRE) Data System
Material
Solid Waste
Sprayed
Metal
Steel
Subbitumino
is Coal
Subbitumino
is Coal
Subbitumino
is Coal
Source
Classification
Code
50300115
30904001
30900198
10200221
10300223
10300224
Primary
Control
Spray Dryer
Uncontrolled
Baghouse
Uncontrolled
Uncontrolled
Uncontrolled
Secondary
Control
Electrostatic
Precipitator
Emission
Factor
9.15E-04
5.00E-01
2.94E-03
1.33E-02
1.33E-02
1.33E-02
Unit
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Measure
Tons
Tons
Tons
Tons
Tons
Tons
Action
Burned
Consumed
Produced
Burned
Burned
Burned
Notes
Ef Calculated from F-factor
of 9570 Dscf/mbtuand
Heating Value of 4500
Btu/lb. Ef Should Be Used
for Estimating Long-term
Emission Levels. This
Particularly Applies to
Pollutants Measured W/
Continuous Emission
Monitoring System (E.g.,
So2).
Emission Factors Are Based
on the Sum of the Results of
the Front and Back Half
Sample Analysis.
Based on Literature Review.
Based on Literature Review.
Based on Literature Review.
References
EPA. 1995. Section 2.1, Refuse Combustion. In:
Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume
1: Stationary Point and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-
42. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Air Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
Determination of EPA Combined Metals and Cadmium
Emissions from an ARC Furnace Baghouse. June 25,
1990. Test dates: May 30 - June 1, 1990. (Confidential
Report No. ERC-60)
EPA. 1995. Section 1.1, Bituminous and
Subbituminous Coal Combustion. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point
and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42. U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. 1995. Section 1.1, Bituminous and
Subbituminous Coal Combustion. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point
and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42. U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. 1995. Section 1.1, Bituminous and
Subbituminous Coal Combustion. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point
and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42. U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
Quality
A
U
U
E
E
E
C-74
-------
Table C-l (Continued)
Lead Emission Factors Compiled from Version 6.23 of the Factor Information Retrieval (FIRE) Data System
Material
iubbitumino
is Coal
iubbitumino
is Coal
iubbitumino
is Coal
iubbitumino
is Coal
iubbitumino
is Coal
Source
Classification
Code
10300222
10200224
10300225
10100222
10300221
Primary
Control
Uncontrolled
Uncontrolled
Uncontrolled
Uncontrolled
Uncontrolled
Secondary
Control
Emission
Factor
1.33E-02
1.33E-02
1.33E-02
1.33E-02
1.33E-02
Unit
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Measure
Tons
Tons
Tons
Tons
Tons
Action
Burned
Burned
Burned
Burned
Burned
Notes
Based on Literature Review.
Based on Literature Review.
Based on Literature Review.
Based on Literature Review.
Based on Literature Review.
References
EPA. 1995. Section 1.1, Bituminous and
Subbituminous Coal Combustion. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point
and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42. U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. 1995. Section 1.1, Bituminous and
Subbituminous Coal Combustion. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point
and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42. U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. 1995. Section 1.1, Bituminous and
Subbituminous Coal Combustion. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point
and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42. U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. 1995. Section 1.1, Bituminous and
Subbituminous Coal Combustion. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point
and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42. U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. 1995. Section 1.1, Bituminous and
Subbituminous Coal Combustion. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point
and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42. U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
Quality
E
E
E
E
E
C-75
-------
Table C-l (Continued)
Lead Emission Factors Compiled from Version 6.23 of the Factor Information Retrieval (FIRE) Data System
Material
iubbitumino
is Coal
iubbitumino
is Coal
iubbitumino
is Coal
iubbitumino
is Coal
iubbitumino
is Coal
Source
Classification
Code
10100222
10200222
10100224
10100223
10100221
Primary
Control
Miscellaneous
Control Devices
Uncontrolled
Uncontrolled
Uncontrolled
Uncontrolled
Secondary
Control
Emission
Factor
4.20E-04
1.33E-02
1.33E-02
1.33E-02
1.33E-02
Unit
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Measure
Tons
Tons
Tons
Tons
Tons
Action
Burned
Burned
Burned
Burned
Burned
Notes
Esp or Fabric Filter Only &
Wet Limestone Scrubber or
Spray Dryer W/esp or Fabric
Filter
Based on Literature Review.
Based on Literature Review.
Based on Literature Review.
Based on Literature Review.
References
EPA. September, 1998. Section 1.1, Bituminous and
Subbituminous Coal Combustion. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point
and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42, Supplement E.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. 1995. Section 1.1, Bituminous and
Subbituminous Coal Combustion. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point
and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42. U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. 1995. Section 1.1, Bituminous and
Subbituminous Coal Combustion. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point
and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42. U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. 1995. Section 1.1, Bituminous and
Subbituminous Coal Combustion. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point
and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42. U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. 1995. Section 1.1, Bituminous and
Subbituminous Coal Combustion. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point
and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42. U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
Quality
A
E
E
E
E
C-76
-------
Table C-l (Continued)
Lead Emission Factors Compiled from Version 6.23 of the Factor Information Retrieval (FIRE) Data System
Material
iubbitumino
is Coal
iubbitumino
is Coal
iubbitumino
is Coal
iubbitumino
is Coal
iubbitumino
is Coal
Source
Classification
Code
10200225
10100225
10300223
10300222
10300226
Primary
Control
Uncontrolled
Uncontrolled
Miscellaneous
Control Devices
Miscellaneous
Control Devices
Miscellaneous
Control Devices
Secondary
Control
Emission
Factor
1.33E-02
1.33E-02
4.20E-04
4.20E-04
4.20E-04
Unit
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Measure
Tons
Tons
Tons
Tons
Tons
Action
Burned
Burned
Burned
Burned
Burned
Notes
Based on Literature Review.
Based on Literature Review.
Esp or Fabric Filter Only &
Wet Limestone Scrubber or
Spray Dryer W/esp or Fabric
Filter
Esp or Fabric Filter Only &
Wet Limestone Scrubber or
Spray Dryer W/esp or Fabric
Filter
Esp or Fabric Filter Only &
Wet Limestone Scrubber or
Spray Dryer W/esp or Fabric
Filter
References
EPA. 1995. Section 1.1, Bituminous and
Subbituminous Coal Combustion. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point
and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42. U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. 1995. Section 1.1, Bituminous and
Subbituminous Coal Combustion. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point
and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42. U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. September, 1998. Section 1.1, Bituminous and
Subbituminous Coal Combustion. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point
and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42, Supplement E.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. September, 1998. Section 1.1, Bituminous and
Subbituminous Coal Combustion. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point
and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42, Supplement E.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. September, 1998. Section 1.1, Bituminous and
Subbituminous Coal Combustion. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point
and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42, Supplement E.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
Quality
E
E
A
A
A
C-77
-------
Table C-l (Continued)
Lead Emission Factors Compiled from Version 6.23 of the Factor Information Retrieval (FIRE) Data System
Material
iubbitumino
is Coal
iubbitumino
is Coal
iubbitumino
is Coal
iubbitumino
is Coal
iubbitumino
is Coal
Source
Classification
Code
10100226
10200222
10100223
10200226
10200223
Primary
Control
Miscellaneous
Control Devices
Miscellaneous
Control Devices
Miscellaneous
Control Devices
Miscellaneous
Control Devices
Miscellaneous
Control Devices
Secondary
Control
Emission
Factor
4.20E-04
4.20E-04
4.20E-04
4.20E-04
4.20E-04
Unit
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Measure
Tons
Tons
Tons
Tons
Tons
Action
Burned
Burned
Burned
Burned
Burned
Notes
Esp or Fabric Filter Only &
Wet Limestone Scrubber or
Spray Dryer W/esp or Fabric
Filter
Esp or Fabric Filter Only &
Wet Limestone Scrubber or
Spray Dryer W/esp or Fabric
Filter
Esp or Fabric Filter Only &
Wet Limestone Scrubber or
Spray Dryer W/esp or Fabric
Filter
Esp or Fabric Filter Only &
Wet Limestone Scrubber or
Spray Dryer W/esp or Fabric
Filter
Esp or Fabric Filter Only &
Wet Limestone Scrubber or
Spray Dryer W/esp or Fabric
Filter
References
EPA. September, 1998. Section 1.1, Bituminous and
Subbituminous Coal Combustion. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point
and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42, Supplement E.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. September, 1998. Section 1.1, Bituminous and
Subbituminous Coal Combustion. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point
and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42, Supplement E.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. September, 1998. Section 1.1, Bituminous and
Subbituminous Coal Combustion. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point
and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42, Supplement E.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. September, 1998. Section 1.1, Bituminous and
Subbituminous Coal Combustion. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point
and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42, Supplement E.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. September, 1998. Section 1.1, Bituminous and
Subbituminous Coal Combustion. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point
and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42, Supplement E.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
Quality
A
A
A
A
A
C-78
-------
Table C-l (Continued)
Lead Emission Factors Compiled from Version 6.23 of the Factor Information Retrieval (FIRE) Data System
Material
iubbitumino
is Coal
iubbitumino
is Coal
Waste Oil
Waste Oil
Waste Oil
Source
Classification
Code
10100238
10200223
10301302
10201302
10500114
Primary
Control
Miscellaneous
Control Devices
Uncontrolled
Uncontrolled
Uncontrolled
Uncontrolled
Secondary
Control
Emission
Factor
4.20E-04
1.33E-02
2.20E+00
2.20E+00
1.64E-02
Unit
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Measure
Tons
Tons
1000
Gallons
1000
Gallons
1000
Gallons
Action
Burned
Burned
Burned
Burned
Burned
Notes
Esp or Fabric Filter Only &
Wet Limestone Scrubber or
Spray Dryer W/esp or Fabric
Filter
Based on Literature Review.
Formula for this Factor Is
551 Where "L"= Weight%
Lead in Fuel. Multiply
Numeric Value by L to
Obtain Emission Factor. For
Example, If Lead Content Is
5%, ThenL=5. Std Factor
Based on Assumed 0.04
Weight % Lead.
Formula for this Factor Is
0.411 Where "L"= Weight%
Lead in Fuel. Multiply
Numeric Value by L to
Obtain Emission Factor. For
Example, If Lead Content Is
5%, ThenL=5. Std Factor
Based on Assumed 0.04
Weight % Lead.
References
EPA. September, 1998. Section 1.1, Bituminous and
Subbituminous Coal Combustion. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point
and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42, Supplement E.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. 1995. Section 1.1, Bituminous and
Subbituminous Coal Combustion. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point
and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42. U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. October, 1996. Section 1.11, Waste Oil
Combustion. In: Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission
Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point and Area Sources,
Fifth Edition, AP-42. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards.
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
EPA. 1995. Section 1.11, Waste Oil Combustion. In:
Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume
1: Stationary Point and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-
42. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Air Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. October, 1996. Section 1.11, Waste Oil
Combustion. In: Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission
Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point and Area Sources,
Fifth Edition, AP-42. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards.
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
Quality
A
E
D
D
D
C-79
-------
Table C-l (Continued)
Lead Emission Factors Compiled from Version 6.23 of the Factor Information Retrieval (FIRE) Data System
Material
Waste Oil
Waste Oil
Waste Oil
Waste Oil
Source
Classification
Code
10500213
10500113
10500214
10101302
Primary
Control
Uncontrolled
Uncontrolled
Uncontrolled
Uncontrolled
Secondary
Control
Emission
Factor
2.00E+00
2.00E+00
1.64E-02
2.20E+00
Unit
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Measure
1000
Gallons
1000
Gallons
1000
Gallons
1000
Gallons
Action
Burned
Burned
Burned
Burned
Notes
Formula for this Factor Is
501 Where "L"= Weight%
Lead in Fuel. Multiply
Numeric Value by L to
Obtain Emission Factor. For
Example, If Lead Content Is
5%, ThenL=5. Std Factor
Based on Assumed 0.04
Weight % Lead.
Formula for this Factor Is
501 Where "L"= Weight%
Lead in Fuel. Multiply
Numeric Value by L to
Obtain Emission Factor. For
Example, If Lead Content Is
5%, ThenL=5. Std Factor
Based on Assumed 0.04
Weight % Lead.
Formula for this Factor Is
0.411 Where "L"= Weight%
Lead in Fuel. Multiply
Numeric Value by L to
Obtain Emission Factor. For
Example, If Lead Content Is
5%, ThenL=5. Std Factor
Based on Assumed 0.04
Weight % Lead.
References
EPA. October, 1996. Section 1.11, Waste Oil
Combustion. In: Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission
Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point and Area Sources,
Fifth Edition, AP-42. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards.
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
EPA. October, 1996. Section 1.11, Waste Oil
Combustion. In: Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission
Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point and Area Sources,
Fifth Edition, AP-42. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards.
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
EPA. October, 1996. Section 1.11, Waste Oil
Combustion. In: Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission
Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point and Area Sources,
Fifth Edition, AP-42. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards.
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
EPA. 1995. Section 1.11, Waste Oil Combustion. In:
Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume
1: Stationary Point and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-
42. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Air Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
Quality
D
D
D
D
C-80
-------
Table C-l (Continued)
Lead Emission Factors Compiled from Version 6.23 of the Factor Information Retrieval (FIRE) Data System
Material
Wood
Wood
Wood
Wood
Wood
Source
Classification
Code
10200903
10200906
10100903
10300903
10200906
Primary
Control
Uncontrolled
Uncontrolled
Multiple
Cyclone W/o
Fly Ash
Reinjection
Multiple
Cyclone W/o
Fly Ash
Reinjection
Multiple
Cyclone W/o
Fly Ash
Reinjection
Secondary
Control
Emission
Factor
4.45E-04
4.45E-04
3.10E-04
3.10E-04
3.10E-04
Unit
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Measure
Tons
Tons
Tons
Tons
Tons
Action
Burned
Burned
Burned
Burned
Burned
Notes
Emission Factors Are Based
on Wet, As-fired Wood
Waste with Average
Properties of 50 Weight
Percent Moisture and 2,500
Kcal/kg (4,500btu/lb) Higher
Heating Value.
Emission Factors Are Based
on Wet, As-fired Wood
Waste with Average
Properties of 50 Weight
Percent Moisture and 2,500
Kcal/kg (4,500btu/lb) Higher
Heating Value.
Emission Factors Are Based
on Wet, As-fired Wood
Waste with Average
Properties of 50 Weight
Percent Moisture and 2,500
Kcal/kg (4,500 Btu/lb)
Higher Heating Value.
Emission Factors Are Based
on Wet, As-fired Wood
Waste with Average
Properties of 50 Weight
Percent Moisture and 2,500
Kcal/kg (4,500 Btu/lb)
Higher Heating Value.
Emission Factors Are Based
on Wet, As-fired Wood
Waste with Average
Properties of 50 Weight
Percent Moisture and 2,500
Kcal/kg (4,500 Btu/lb)
Higher Heating Value.
References
EPA. October, 1996. Section 1.6, Table 5, Wood
Waste Combustion in Boilers. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point
and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42, Supplement B.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. October, 1996. Section 1.6, Table 5, Wood
Waste Combustion in Boilers. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point
and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42, Supplement B.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. February, 1999. Section 1.6, Wood Waste
Combustion In Boilers. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point
and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42, Supplement E.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. February, 1999. Section 1.6, Wood Waste
Combustion In Boilers. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point
and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42, Supplement E.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. February, 1999. Section 1.6, Wood Waste
Combustion In Boilers. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point
and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42, Supplement E.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
Quality
B
B
D
D
D
C-81
-------
Table C-l (Continued)
Lead Emission Factors Compiled from Version 6.23 of the Factor Information Retrieval (FIRE) Data System
Material
Wood
Wood
Wood
Wood
Source
Classification
Code
10200903
10100903
10100903
10200906
Primary
Control
Multiple
Cyclone W/o
Fly Ash
Reinjection
Electrostatic
Precipitator
Uncontrolled
Electrostatic
Precipitator
Secondary
Control
Emission
Factor
3.10E-04
1.10E-03
4.45E-04
1.10E-03
Unit
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Measure
Tons
Tons
Tons
Tons
Action
Burned
Burned
Burned
Burned
Notes
Emission Factors Are Based
on Wet, As-fired Wood
Waste with Average
Properties of 50 Weight
Percent Moisture and 2,500
Kcal/kg (4,500 Btu/lb)
Higher Heating Value.
Emission Factors Are Based
on Wet, As-fired Wood
Waste with Average
Properties of 50 Weight
Percent Moisture and 2,500
Kcal/kg (4,500 Btu/lb)
Higher Heating Value.
Emission Factors Are Based
on Wet, As-fired Wood
Waste with Average
Properties of 50 Weight
Percent Moisture and 2,500
Kcal/kg (4,500btu/lb) Higher
Heating Value.
Emission Factors Are Based
on Wet, As-fired Wood
Waste with Average
Properties of 50 Weight
Percent Moisture and 2,500
Kcal/kg (4,500 Btu/lb)
Higher Heating Value.
References
EPA. February, 1999. Section 1.6, Wood Waste
Combustion In Boilers. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point
and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42, Supplement E.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. February, 1999. Section 1.6, Wood Waste
Combustion In Boilers. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point
and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42, Supplement E.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. October, 1996. Section 1.6, Table 5, Wood
Waste Combustion in Boilers. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point
and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42, Supplement B.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. February, 1999. Section 1.6, Wood Waste
Combustion In Boilers. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point
and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42, Supplement E.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
Quality
D
D
B
D
C-82
-------
Table C-l (Continued)
Lead Emission Factors Compiled from Version 6.23 of the Factor Information Retrieval (FIRE) Data System
Material
Wood
Wood
Source
Classification
Code
10200907
10300903
Primary
Control
Miscellaneous
Control Devices
Miscellaneous
Control Devices
Secondary
Control
Emission
Factor
4.45E-04
4.45E-04
Unit
Lb
Lb
Measure
Tons
Tons
Action
Burned
Burned
Notes
Units Are Lb of
Pollutant/ton of Wood
Waste Burned. Emission
Factors Are Based on Wet,
As-fired Wood Waste with
Average Properties of 50
Weight% Moisture and 4500
Btu/lb Higher Heating Value.
Emission Factor Represents
Measurements from Wood
Waste Combustors Equipped
with Pm Controls (I.e.,
Fabric Filters, Multi-
cyclones, Esp, and Wet
Scrubbers).
Units Are Lb of
Pollutant/ton of Wood
Waste Burned. Emission
Factors Are Based on Wet,
As-fired Wood Waste with
Average Properties of 50
Weight% Moisture and 4500
Btu/lb Higher Heating Value.
Emission Factor Represents
Measurements from Wood
Waste Combustors Equipped
with Pm Controls (I.e.,
Fabric Filters, Multi-
cyclones, Esp, and Wet
Scrubbers).
References
EPA. February, 1999. Section 1.6, Wood Waste
Combustion In Boilers. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point
and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42, Supplement E.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. February, 1999. Section 1.6, Wood Waste
Combustion In Boilers. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point
and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42, Supplement E.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
Quality
B
B
C-83
-------
Table C-l (Continued)
Lead Emission Factors Compiled from Version 6.23 of the Factor Information Retrieval (FIRE) Data System
Material
Wood
Wood
Source
Classification
Code
10200906
10200903
Primary
Control
Miscellaneous
Control Devices
Miscellaneous
Control Devices
Secondary
Control
Emission
Factor
4.45E-04
4.45E-04
Unit
Lb
Lb
Measure
Tons
Tons
Action
Burned
Burned
Notes
Units Are Lb of
Pollutant/ton of Wood
Waste Burned. Emission
Factors Are Based on Wet,
As-fired Wood Waste with
Average Properties of 50
Weight% Moisture and 4500
Btu/lb Higher Heating Value.
Emission Factor Represents
Measurements from Wood
Waste Combustors Equipped
with Pm Controls (I.e.,
Fabric Filters, Multi-
cyclones, Esp, and Wet
Scrubbers).
Units Are Lb of
Pollutant/ton of Wood
Waste Burned. Emission
Factors Are Based on Wet,
As-fired Wood Waste with
Average Properties of 50
Weight% Moisture and 4500
Btu/lb Higher Heating Value.
Emission Factor Represents
Measurements from Wood
Waste Combustors Equipped
with Pm Controls (I.e.,
Fabric Filters, Multi-
cyclones, Esp, and Wet
Scrubbers).
References
EPA. February, 1999. Section 1.6, Wood Waste
Combustion In Boilers. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point
and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42, Supplement E.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. February, 1999. Section 1.6, Wood Waste
Combustion In Boilers. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point
and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42, Supplement E.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
Quality
B
B
C-84
-------
Table C-l (Continued)
Lead Emission Factors Compiled from Version 6.23 of the Factor Information Retrieval (FIRE) Data System
Material
Wood
Wood
Wood
Wood
Source
Classification
Code
10100903
10200903
10300903
10300903
Primary
Control
Miscellaneous
Control Devices
Electrostatic
Precipitator
Electrostatic
Precipitator
Uncontrolled
Secondary
Control
Emission
Factor
4.45E-04
1.10E-03
1.10E-03
4.45E-04
Unit
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Measure
Tons
Tons
Tons
Tons
Action
Burned
Burned
Burned
Burned
Notes
Units Are Lb of
Pollutant/ton of Wood
Waste Burned. Emission
Factors Are Based on Wet,
As-fired Wood Waste with
Average Properties of 50
Weight% Moisture and 4500
Btu/lb Higher Heating Value.
Emission Factor Represents
Measurements from Wood
Waste Combustors Equipped
with Pm Controls (I.e.,
Fabric Filters, Multi-
cyclones, Esp, and Wet
Scrubbers).
Units Are Lb of
Pollutant/ton of Wood
Waste Burned. Emission
Factors Are Based on Wet,
As-fired Wood Waste with
Average Properties of 50
Weight% Moisture and 4500
Btu/lb Higher Heating Value.
Emission Factors Are Based
on Wet, As-fired Wood
Waste with Average
Properties of 50 Weight
Percent Moisture and 2,500
Kcal/kg (4,500 Btu/lb)
Higher Heating Value.
Emission Factors Are Based
on Wet, As-fired Wood
Waste with Average
Properties of 50 Weight
Percent Moisture and 2,500
Kcal/kg (4,500btu/lb) Higher
Heating Value.
References
EPA. February, 1999. Section 1.6, Wood Waste
Combustion In Boilers. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point
and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42, Supplement E.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. February, 1999. Section 1.6, Wood Waste
Combustion In Boilers. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point
and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42, Supplement E.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. February, 1999. Section 1.6, Wood Waste
Combustion In Boilers. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point
and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42, Supplement E.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. October, 1996. Section 1.6, Table 5, Wood
Waste Combustion in Boilers. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point
and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42, Supplement B.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
Quality
B
D
D
B
C-85
-------
Table C-l (Continued)
Lead Emission Factors Compiled from Version 6.23 of the Factor Information Retrieval (FIRE) Data System
Material
Wood/Bark
Wood/Bark
Wood/Bark
Wood/Bark
Wood/Bark
Source
Classification
Code
10200905
10100902
10200902
10200905
10300902
Primary
Control
Multiple
Cyclone W/o
Fly Ash
Reinjection
Scrubber
Scrubber
Scrubber
Scrubber
Secondary
Control
Emission
Factor
3.20E-04
3.50E-04
3.50E-04
3.50E-04
3.50E-04
Unit
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Measure
Tons
Tons
Tons
Tons
Tons
Action
Burned
Burned
Burned
Burned
Burned
Notes
Emission Factors Are Based
on Wet, As-fired Wood
Waste with Average
Properties of 50 Weight
Percent Moisture and 2,500
Kcal/kg (4,500 Btu/lb)
Higher Heating Value.
Emission Factors Are Based
on Wet, As-fired Wood
Waste with Average
Properties of 50 Weight
Percent Moisture and 2,500
Kcal/kg (4,500 Btu/lb)
Higher Heating Value.
Emission Factors Are Based
on Wet, As-fired Wood
Waste with Average
Properties of 50 Weight
Percent Moisture and 2,500
Kcal/kg (4,500 Btu/lb)
Higher Heating Value.
Emission Factors Are Based
on Wet, As-fired Wood
Waste with Average
Properties of 50 Weight
Percent Moisture and 2,500
Kcal/kg (4,500 Btu/lb)
Higher Heating Value.
Emission Factors Are Based
on Wet, As-fired Wood
Waste with Average
Properties of 50 Weight
Percent Moisture and 2,500
Kcal/kg (4,500 Btu/lb)
Higher Heating Value.
References
EPA. 1995. Section 1.6, Wood Waste Combustion in
Boilers. In: Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission
Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point and Area Sources,
Fifth Edition, AP-42. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards.
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
EPA. 1995. Section 1.6, Wood Waste Combustion in
Boilers. In: Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission
Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point and Area Sources,
Fifth Edition, AP-42. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards.
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
EPA. 1995. Section 1.6, Wood Waste Combustion in
Boilers. In: Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission
Factors, Volume 1: Stationary Point and Area Sources,
Fifth Edition, AP-42. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards.
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
EPA. 1995. Section 1.6, Wood Waste Combustion in
Boilers. In: Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission
Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point and Area Sources,
Fifth Edition, AP-42. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards.
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
EPA. 1995. Section 1.6, Wood Waste Combustion in
Boilers. In: Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission
Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point and Area Sources,
Fifth Edition, AP-42. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards.
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
Quality
D
D
D
D
D
C-86
-------
Table C-l (Continued)
Lead Emission Factors Compiled from Version 6.23 of the Factor Information Retrieval (FIRE) Data System
Material
Wood/Bark
Wood/Bark
Wood/Bark
Wood/Bark
Source
Classification
Code
10100902
10200902
10200905
10300902
Primary
Control
Wet Scrubber
Uncontrolled
Uncontrolled
Multiple
Cyclone W/o
Fly Ash
Reinjection
Secondary
Control
Emission
Factor
3.50E-04
4.45E-04
4.45E-04
3.20E-04
Unit
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Measure
Tons
Tons
Tons
Tons
Action
Burned
Burned
Burned
Burned
Notes
Units Are Lb of
Pollutant/ton of Wood
Waste Burned. Emission
Factors Are Based on Wet,
As-fired Wood Waste with
Average Properties of 50
Weight% Moisture and 4500
Btu/lb Higher Heating Value.
Emission Factors Are Based
on Wet, As-fired Wood
Waste with Average
Properties of 50 Weight
Percent Moisture and 2,500
Kcal/kg (4,500btu/lb) Higher
Heating Value.
Emission Factors Are Based
on Wet, As-fired Wood
Waste with Average
Properties of 50 Weight
Percent Moisture and 2,500
Kcal/kg (4,500btu/lb) Higher
Heating Value.
Units Are Lb of
Pollutant/ton of Wood
Waste Burned. Emission
Factors Are Based on Wet,
As-fired Wood Waste with
Average Properties of 50
Weight% Moisture and 4500
Btu/lb Higher Heating Value.
Due to Lead's Relative
Volatility, it Is Assumed
That Flyash Reinjection
Does Not Have a Significant
Effect on Lead Emissions
Following Mechanical
Collectors.
References
EPA. February, 1999. Section 1.6, Wood Waste
Combustion In Boilers. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point
and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42, Supplement E.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. October, 1996. Section 1.6, Table 5, Wood
Waste Combustion in Boilers. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point
and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42, Supplement B.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. October, 1996. Section 1.6, Table 5, Wood
Waste Combustion in Boilers. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point
and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42, Supplement B.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. February, 1999. Section 1.6, Wood Waste
Combustion In Boilers. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point
and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42, Supplement E.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
Quality
D
B
B
D
C-87
-------
Table C-l (Continued)
Lead Emission Factors Compiled from Version 6.23 of the Factor Information Retrieval (FIRE) Data System
Material
Wood/Bark
Wood/Bark
Wood/Bark
Wood/Bark
Wood/Bark
Source
Classification
Code
10300902
10300902
10200905
10300902
10200902
Primary
Control
Uncontrolled
Multiple
Cyclone W/o
Fly Ash
Reinjection
Wet Scrubber
Wet Scrubber
Wet Scrubber
Secondary
Control
Emission
Factor
4.45E-04
3.20E-04
3.50E-04
3.50E-04
3.50E-04
Unit
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Measure
Tons
Tons
Tons
Tons
Tons
Action
Burned
Burned
Burned
Burned
Burned
Notes
Emission Factors Are Based
on Wet, As-fired Wood
Waste with Average
Properties of 50 Weight
Percent Moisture and 2,500
Kcal/kg (4,500btu/lb) Higher
Heating Value.
Emission Factors Are Based
on Wet, As-fired Wood
Waste with Average
Properties of 50 Weight
Percent Moisture and 2,500
Kcal/kg (4,500 Btu/lb)
Higher Heating Value.
Units Are Lb of
Pollutant/ton of Wood
Waste Burned. Emission
Factors Are Based on Wet,
As-fired Wood Waste with
Average Properties of 50
Weight% Moisture and 4500
Btu/lb Higher Heating Value.
Units Are Lb of
Pollutant/ton of Wood
Waste Burned. Emission
Factors Are Based on Wet,
As-fired Wood Waste with
Average Properties of 50
Weight% Moisture and 4500
Btu/lb Higher Heating Value.
Units Are Lb of
Pollutant/ton of Wood
Waste Burned. Emission
Factors Are Based on Wet,
As-fired Wood Waste with
Average Properties of 50
Weight% Moisture and 4500
Btu/lb Higher Heating Value.
References
EPA. October, 1996. Section 1.6, Table 5, Wood
Waste Combustion in Boilers. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point
and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42, Supplement B.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. 1995. Section 1.6, Wood Waste Combustion in
Boilers. In: Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission
Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point and Area Sources,
Fifth Edition, AP-42. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards.
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
EPA. February, 1999. Section 1.6, Wood Waste
Combustion In Boilers. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point
and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42, Supplement E.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. February, 1999. Section 1.6, Wood Waste
Combustion In Boilers. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point
and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42, Supplement E.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. February, 1999. Section 1.6, Wood Waste
Combustion In Boilers. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point
and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42, Supplement E.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
Quality
B
D
D
D
D
C-88
-------
Table C-l (Continued)
Lead Emission Factors Compiled from Version 6.23 of the Factor Information Retrieval (FIRE) Data System
Material
Wood/Bark
Wood/Bark
Wood/Bark
Wood/Bark
Source
Classification
Code
10100902
10200905
10100902
10100902
Primary
Control
Uncontrolled
Electrostatic
Precipitator
Multiple
Cyclone W/ Fly
Ash Reinjection
Multiple
Cyclone W/ Fly
Ash Reinjection
Secondary
Control
Emission
Factor
4.45E-04
1.60E-05
3.20E-04
3.20E-04
Unit
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Measure
Tons
Tons
Tons
Tons
Action
Burned
Burned
Burned
Burned
Notes
Emission Factors Are Based
on Wet, As-fired Wood
Waste with Average
Properties of 50 Weight
Percent Moisture and 2,500
Kcal/kg (4,500btu/lb) Higher
Heating Value.
Emission Factors Are Based
on Wet, As-fired Wood
Waste with Average
Properties of 50 Weight
Percent Moisture and 2,500
Kcal/kg (4,500 Btu/lb)
Higher Heating Value.
Emission Factors Are Based
on Wet, As-fired Wood
Waste with Average
Properties of 50 Weight
Percent Moisture and 2,500
Kcal/kg (4,500 Btu/lb)
Higher Heating Value.
Units Are Lb of
Pollutant/ton of Wood
Waste Burned. Emission
Factors Are Based on Wet,
As-fired Wood Waste with
Average Properties of 50
Weight% Moisture and 4500
Btu/lb Higher Heating Value.
Due to Lead's Relative
Volatility, it Is Assumed
That Flyash Reinjection
Does Not Have a Significant
Effect on Lead Emissions
Following Mechanical
Collectors.
References
EPA. October, 1996. Section 1.6, Table 5, Wood
Waste Combustion in Boilers. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point
and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42, Supplement B.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. February, 1999. Section 1.6, Wood Waste
Combustion In Boilers. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point
and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42, Supplement E.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. 1995. Section 1.6, Wood Waste Combustion in
Boilers. In: Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission
Factors, Volume 1: Stationary Point and Area Sources,
Fifth Edition, AP-42. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards.
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
EPA. February, 1999. Section 1.6, Wood Waste
Combustion In Boilers. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point
and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42, Supplement E.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
Quality
B
D
D
D
C-89
-------
Table C-l (Continued)
Lead Emission Factors Compiled from Version 6.23 of the Factor Information Retrieval (FIRE) Data System
Material
Wood/Bark
Wood/Bark
Wood/Bark
Source
Classification
Code
10200902
10300902
10300902
Primary
Control
Multiple
Cyclone W/ Fly
Ash Reinjection
Multiple
Cyclone W/ Fly
Ash Reinjection
Multiple
Cyclone W/ Fly
Ash Reinjection
Secondary
Control
Emission
Factor
3.20E-04
3.20E-04
3.20E-04
Unit
Lb
Lb
Lb
Measure
Tons
Tons
Tons
Action
Burned
Burned
Burned
Notes
Emission Factors Are Based
on Wet, As-fired Wood
Waste with Average
Properties of 50 Weight
Percent Moisture and 2,500
Kcal/kg (4,500 Btu/lb)
Higher Heating Value.
Emission Factors Are Based
on Wet, As-fired Wood
Waste with Average
Properties of 50 Weight
Percent Moisture and 2,500
Kcal/kg (4,500 Btu/lb)
Higher Heating Value.
Units Are Lb of
Pollutant/ton of Wood
Waste Burned. Emission
Factors Are Based on Wet,
As-fired Wood Waste with
Average Properties of 50
Weight% Moisture and 4500
Btu/lb Higher Heating Value.
Due to Lead's Relative
Volatility, it Is Assumed
That Flyash Reinjection
Does Not Have a Significant
Effect on Lead Emissions
Following Mechanical
Collectors.
References
EPA. 1995. Section 1.6, Wood Waste Combustion in
Boilers. In: Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission
Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point and Area Sources,
Fifth Edition, AP-42. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards.
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
EPA. 1995. Section 1.6, Wood Waste Combustion in
Boilers. In: Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission
Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point and Area Sources,
Fifth Edition, AP-42. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards.
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
EPA. February, 1999. Section 1.6, Wood Waste
Combustion In Boilers. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point
and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42, Supplement E.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
Quality
D
D
D
C-90
-------
Table C-l (Continued)
Lead Emission Factors Compiled from Version 6.23 of the Factor Information Retrieval (FIRE) Data System
Material
Wood/Bark
Wood/Bark
Wood/Bark
Source
Classification
Code
10200905
10200905
10200902
Primary
Control
Multiple
Cyclone W/ Fly
Ash Reinjection
Multiple
Cyclone W/ Fly
Ash Reinjection
Miscellaneous
Control Devices
Secondary
Control
Emission
Factor
3.20E-04
3.20E-04
4.45E-04
Unit
Lb
Lb
Lb
Measure
Tons
Tons
Tons
Action
Burned
Burned
Burned
Notes
Units Are Lb of
Pollutant/ton of Wood
Waste Burned. Emission
Factors Are Based on Wet,
As-fired Wood Waste with
Average Properties of 50
Weight% Moisture and 4500
Btu/lb Higher Heating Value.
Due to Lead's Relative
Volatility, it Is Assumed
That Flyash Reinjection
Does Not Have a Significant
Effect on Lead Emissions
Following Mechanical
Collectors.
Emission Factors Are Based
on Wet, As-fired Wood
Waste with Average
Properties of 50 Weight
Percent Moisture and 2,500
Kcal/kg (4,500 Btu/lb)
Higher Heating Value.
Units Are Lb of
Pollutant/ton of Wood
Waste Burned. Emission
Factors Are Based on Wet,
As-fired Wood Waste with
Average Properties of 50
Weight% Moisture and 4500
Btu/lb Higher Heating Value.
Emission Factor Represents
Measurements from Wood
Waste Combustors Equipped
with Pm Controls (I.e.,
Fabric Filters, Multi-
cyclones, Esp, and Wet
Scrubbers).
References
EPA. February, 1999. Section 1.6, Wood Waste
Combustion In Boilers. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point
and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42, Supplement E.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. 1995. Section 1.6, Wood Waste Combustion in
Boilers. In: Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission
Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point and Area Sources,
Fifth Edition, AP-42. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards.
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
EPA. February, 1999. Section 1.6, Wood Waste
Combustion In Boilers. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point
and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42, Supplement E.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
Quality
D
D
B
C-91
-------
Table C-l (Continued)
Lead Emission Factors Compiled from Version 6.23 of the Factor Information Retrieval (FIRE) Data System
Material
Wood/Bark
Wood/Bark
Wood/Bark
Wood/Bark
Source
Classification
Code
10200902
10200902
10100902
10100902
Primary
Control
Multiple
Cyclone W/o
Fly Ash
Reinjection
Electrostatic
Precipitator
Miscellaneous
Control Devices
Electrostatic
Precipitator
Secondary
Control
Emission
Factor
3.20E-04
1.60E-05
4.45E-04
1.60E-05
Unit
Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Measure
Tons
Tons
Tons
Tons
Action
Burned
Burned
Burned
Burned
Notes
Emission Factors Are Based
on Wet, As-fired Wood
Waste with Average
Properties of 50 Weight
Percent Moisture and 2,500
Kcal/kg (4,500 Btu/lb)
Higher Heating Value.
Units Are Lb of
Pollutant/ton of Wood
Waste Burned. Emission
Factors Are Based on Wet,
As-fired Wood Waste with
Average Properties of 50
Weight% Moisture and 4500
Btu/lb Higher Heating Value.
Units Are Lb of
Pollutant/ton of Wood
Waste Burned. Emission
Factors Are Based on Wet,
As-fired Wood Waste with
Average Properties of 50
Weight% Moisture and 4500
Btu/lb Higher Heating Value.
Emission Factor Represents
Measurements from Wood
Waste Combustors Equipped
with Pm Controls (I.e.,
Fabric Filters, Multi-
cyclones, Esp, and Wet
Scrubbers).
Units Are Lb of
Pollutant/ton of Wood
Waste Burned. Emission
Factors Are Based on Wet,
As-fired Wood Waste with
Average Properties of 50
Weight% Moisture and 4500
Btu/lb Higher Heating Value.
References
EPA. 1995. Section 1.6, Wood Waste Combustion in
Boilers. In: Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission
Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point and Area Sources,
Fifth Edition, AP-42. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards.
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
EPA. February, 1999. Section 1.6, Wood Waste
Combustion In Boilers. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point
and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42, Supplement E.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. February, 1999. Section 1.6, Wood Waste
Combustion In Boilers. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point
and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42, Supplement E.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. February, 1999. Section 1.6, Wood Waste
Combustion In Boilers. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point
and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42, Supplement E.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
Quality
D
D
B
D
C-92
-------
Table C-l (Continued)
Lead Emission Factors Compiled from Version 6.23 of the Factor Information Retrieval (FIRE) Data System
Material
Wood/Bark
Wood/Bark
Wood/Bark
Source
Classification
Code
10300902
10100902
10100902
Primary
Control
Miscellaneous
Control Devices
Multiple
Cyclone W/o
Fly Ash
Reinjection
Multiple
Cyclone W/o
Fly Ash
Reinjection
Secondary
Control
Emission
Factor
4.45E-04
3.20E-04
3.20E-04
Unit
Lb
Lb
Lb
Measure
Tons
Tons
Tons
Action
Burned
Burned
Burned
Notes
Units Are Lb of
Pollutant/ton of Wood
Waste Burned. Emission
Factors Are Based on Wet,
As-fired Wood Waste with
Average Properties of 50
Weight% Moisture and 4500
Btu/lb Higher Heating Value.
Emission Factor Represents
Measurements from Wood
Waste Combustors Equipped
with Pm Controls (I.e.,
Fabric Filters, Multi-
cyclones, Esp, and Wet
Scrubbers).
Emission Factors Are Based
on Wet, As-fired Wood
Waste with Average
Properties of 50 Weight
Percent Moisture and 2,500
Kcal/kg (4,500 Btu/lb)
Higher Heating Value.
Units Are Lb of
Pollutant/ton of Wood
Waste Burned. Emission
Factors Are Based on Wet,
As-fired Wood Waste with
Average Properties of 50
Weight% Moisture and 4500
Btu/lb Higher Heating Value.
Due to Lead's Relative
Volatility, it Is Assumed
That Flyash Reinjection
Does Not Have a Significant
Effect on Lead Emissions
Following Mechanical
Collectors.
References
EPA. February, 1999. Section 1.6, Wood Waste
Combustion In Boilers. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point
and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42, Supplement E.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. 1995. Section 1.6, Wood Waste Combustion in
Boilers. In: Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission
Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point and Area Sources,
Fifth Edition, AP-42. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards.
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
EPA. February, 1999. Section 1.6, Wood Waste
Combustion In Boilers. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point
and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42, Supplement E.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
Quality
B
D
D
C-93
-------
Table C-l (Continued)
Lead Emission Factors Compiled from Version 6.23 of the Factor Information Retrieval (FIRE) Data System
Material
Wood/Bark
Wood/Bark
Source
Classification
Code
10200905
10200902
Primary
Control
Multiple
Cyclone W/o
Fly Ash
Reinjection
Multiple
Cyclone W/o
Fly Ash
Reinjection
Secondary
Control
Emission
Factor
3.20E-04
3.20E-04
Unit
Lb
Lb
Measure
Tons
Tons
Action
Burned
Burned
Notes
Units Are Lb of
Pollutant/ton of Wood
Waste Burned. Emission
Factors Are Based on Wet,
As-fired Wood Waste with
Average Properties of 50
Weight% Moisture and 4500
Btu/lb Higher Heating Value.
Due to Lead's Relative
Volatility, it Is Assumed
That Flyash Reinjection
Does Not Have a Significant
Effect on Lead Emissions
Following Mechanical
Collectors.
Units Are Lb of
Pollutant/ton of Wood
Waste Burned. Emission
Factors Are Based on Wet,
As-fired Wood Waste with
Average Properties of 50
Weight% Moisture and 4500
Btu/lb Higher Heating Value.
Due to Lead's Relative
Volatility, it Is Assumed
That Flyash Reinjection
Does Not Have a Significant
Effect on Lead Emissions
Following Mechanical
Collectors.
References
EPA. February, 1999. Section 1.6, Wood Waste
Combustion In Boilers. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point
and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42, Supplement E.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. February, 1999. Section 1.6, Wood Waste
Combustion In Boilers. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point
and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42, Supplement E.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
Quality
D
D
C-94
-------
Table C-l (Continued)
Lead Emission Factors Compiled from Version 6.23 of the Factor Information Retrieval (FIRE) Data System
Material
Wood/Bark
Wood/Bark
Wood/Bark
Source
Classification
Code
10200902
10200905
10300902
Primary
Control
Multiple
Cyclone W/ Fly
Ash Reinjection
Miscellaneous
Control Devices
Electrostatic
Precipitator
Secondary
Control
Emission
Factor
3.20E-04
4.45E-04
1.60E-05
Unit
Lb
Lb
Lb
Measure
Tons
Tons
Tons
Action
Burned
Burned
Burned
Notes
Units Are Lb of
Pollutant/ton of Wood
Waste Burned. Emission
Factors Are Based on Wet,
As-fired Wood Waste with
Average Properties of 50
Weight% Moisture and 4500
Btu/lb Higher Heating Value.
Due to Lead's Relative
Volatility, it Is Assumed
That Flyash Reinjection
Does Not Have a Significant
Effect on Lead Emissions
Following Mechanical
Collectors.
Units Are Lb of
Pollutant/ton of Wood
Waste Burned. Emission
Factors Are Based on Wet,
As-fired Wood Waste with
Average Properties of 50
Weight% Moisture and 4500
Btu/lb Higher Heating Value.
Emission Factor Represents
Measurements from Wood
Waste Combustors Equipped
with Pm Controls (I.e.,
Fabric Filters, Multi-
cyclones, Esp, and Wet
Scrubbers).
Emission factors are based
on wet, as-fired wood waste
with average properties of
50 weight percent moisture
and 2,500 kcal/kg (4,500
Btu/lb) higher heating value.
References
EPA. February, 1999. Section 1.6, Wood Waste
Combustion In Boilers. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point
and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42, Supplement E.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. February, 1999. Section 1.6, Wood Waste
Combustion In Boilers. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point
and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42, Supplement E.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
EPA. February, 1999. Section 1.6, Wood Waste
Combustion In Boilers. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1 : Stationary Point
and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42, Supplement E.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
Quality
D
B
D
C-95
-------
Table C-2
California Air Resources Board's (CARB) California Air Toxic Emission Factors for Lead
Source
Classification
Code (SCQ
N/A
30500211
30500205
30500205
N/A
N/A
N/A
30500211
30500211
30500211
30500211
30400522
30400505
System Type
Abrasive Blasting
Asphalt
Production
Asphalt
Production
Asphalt
Production
Asphalt
Production
Asphalt
Production
Asphalt
Production
Asphalt
Production
Asphalt
Production
Asphalt
Production
Asphalt
Production
Battery
Production
Battery
Production
Material Type
Dust
Diesel/Aggregate
Diesel/Aggregate
Diesel/Aggregate
Dust
Rock plant mine feed
Specialty mine feed
Natural gas/Aggregate
Natural gas/Aggregate
Back-up oil/Aggregate
Process oil 70/Aggregate
Gnds
Batteries
Air Pollution
Control Device
None
C/FF
FF
WS
None
None
None
C/FF
C/WS
C/BH
C/WS
None
None
Other
Description
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
Maximum
Emission
Factor
4.97E-KH
2.77E-06
4.04E-06
2.19E-03
1.40E-KH
1.40E-KH
1.40E-KH
2.10E-05
2.10E-05
7.41E-06
7.41E-06
7.98E-03
1.77E-02
Mean
Emission
Factor
5.75E-K)2
2.17E-06
1.45E-06
2.19E-03
1.40E+01
1.40E-KH
1.40E+01
1.52E-06
1.52E-06
2.11E-06
2.11E-06
6.46E-03
4.77E-03
Median
Emission
Factor
5.75E-K)2
2.17E-06
1.45E-06
2.19E-03
1.40E-KH
1.40E-KH
1.40E-KH
1.52E-06
1.52E-06
2.11E-06
2.11E-06
6.46E-03
4.77E-03
Units
mg/kg
Ibs/ton
Ibs/ton
Ibs/ton
mg/kg
mg/kg
mg/kg
Ibs/ton
Ibs/ton
Ibs/ton
Ibs/ton
Ibs/ton
Ibs/MBat
C-96
-------
Table C-2 (Continued)
California Air Resources Board's (CARB) California Air Toxic Emission Factors for Lead
Source
Classification
Code (SCQ
30400505
10100222
10200802
10100401
10200401
10200402
10200403
10200401
10300811
10200701
10200701
10200701
30500606
30500606
30601401
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
System Type
Battery
Production
Boiler
Boiler
Boiler
Boiler
Boiler
Boiler
Boiler
Boiler
Boiler
Boiler
Boiler
Cement Kiln
Cement Kiln
Coke Calcining
Composition
Composition
Composition
Composition
Composition
Material Type
Batteries
Coal/Natural gas
Coke/Coal
No. 6 Fuel oil
No. 6 Fuel oil
No. 6 Fuel oil
No. 6 Fuel oil
Residual oil
Landfill gas
Refinery gas
Refinery gas
Refinery gas
Coal/Raw materials
Coal/Coke/Raw materials
Natural gas/Coke
Crude oil
Diesel
Jp-4
Jp-5
Lube oil
Air Pollution
Control Device
None
None
LI/AI/B
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
SCR
None
FF
FF
SD/FF
None
None
None
None
None
Other
Description
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
EA<100%
EA<100%
EA>100%
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
Maximum
Emission
Factor
2.39E-02
3.14E-04
4.41E-06
3.79E-03
3.62E-02
3.62E-02
3.62E-02
3.62E-02
6.85E-03
2.49E-03
2.49E-03
7.73E-03
3.06E-04
2.34E-06
9.27E-05
2.97E-K)2
2.58E+02
1.64E-KB
2.05E-K)2
1.98E+02
Mean
Emission
Factor
8.43E-03
2.70E-04
4.32E-06
1.04E-03
6.41E-04
6.41E-04
6.41E-04
6.41E-04
5.71E-03
2.42E-03
2.42E-03
7.51E-04
1.96E-05
8.91E-07
4.92E-05
2.97E-K)2
4.17E+02
1.64E-KB
2.05E-+02
2.97E+02
Median
Emission
Factor
8.43E-03
2.70E-04
4.32E-06
1.04E-03
6.41E-04
6.41E-04
6.41E-04
6.41E-04
5.71E-03
2.42E-03
2.42E-03
7.51E-04
1.96E-05
8.91E-07
4.92E-05
2.97E-K)2
4.17E+02
1.64EKB
2.05E-K)2
2.97E+02
Units
Ibs/MBat
Ibs/ton
Ibs/ton
Ibs/Mgal
Ibs/Mgal
Ibs/Mgal
Ibs/Mgal
Ibs/Mgal
Ibs/MMcf
Ibs/MMcf
Ibs/MMcf
Ibs/MMcf
Ibs/ton
Ibs/ton
Ibs/ton
ug/1
ug/1
ug/1
ug/1
ug/1
C-97
-------
Table C-2 (Continued)
California Air Resources Board's (CARB) California Air Toxic Emission Factors for Lead
Source
Classification
Code (SCQ
31502101
50100506
30400101
30902501
30502201
30502201
10100903
10100903
10100903
10100217
10100217
10100801
30600201
N/A
30300926
System Type
Crematory
Dehydrator
Delaquering
Drum Burning
Furnace
Dryer
Dryer
Fluidized Bed
Combustor
Fluidized Bed
Combustor
Fluidized Bed
Combustor
Fluidized Bed
Combustor
Fluidized Bed
Combustor
Fluidized Bed
Combustor
Fluid Catalytic
Cracking Unit
Fugitives
Furnace
Material Type
Propane/Bodies
Natural gas/Sludge
Aluminum
Drums
Potash
Sulf ate of potash
Agricultural waste
Agricultural/Urban wood waste
Urban wood waste
Coal
Coal
Coke
Refinery gas/Oils
Casing gas/Natural gas
Alloy stock
Air Pollution
Control Device
None
C
None
AB
S
BH
AI/C/FF
LI/SNCR/C/FF
LI/SNCR/C/FF
LI/AI/C/FF
LI/AI/FF/ESP
LI/AI/C/FF
ESP/COB
None
None
Other
Description
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
Electric
Induction
Maximum
Emission
Factor
6.29E-05
4.93E-07
2.25E-02
4.98E-04
6.76E-05
1.86E-03
6.77E-05
1.32E-04
5.99E-05
2.11E-04
2.11E-04
4.12E-04
5.76E-04
1.10E-03
8.64E-03
Mean
Emission
Factor
6.27E-05
4.93E-07
2.12E-02
3.98E-04
6.62E-05
1.71E-03
6.71E-05
1.28E-04
5.94E-05
3.30E-05
3.30E-05
8.49E-05
3.43E-04
2.00E-03
8.55E-03
Median
Emission
Factor
6.27E-05
4.93E-07
2.12E-02
3.98E-04
6.62E-05
1.71E-03
6.71E-05
1.28E-04
5.94E-05
3.30E-05
3.30E-05
8.49E-05
3.43E-04
2.00E-03
8.55E-03
Units
Ibs/body
Ibs/ton
Ibs/ton
Ibs/drum
Ibs/ton
Ibs/ton
Ibs/ton
Ibs/ton
Ibs/ton
Ibs/ton
Ibs/ton
Ibs/ton
Ibs/MBar
ppbv
Ibs/ton
C-98
-------
Table C-2 (Continued)
California Air Resources Board's (CARB) California Air Toxic Emission Factors for Lead
Source
Classification
Code (SCQ
30400107
30400199
30400103
30400103
30400224
30501402
30501403
30400401
30400401
30400408
30400408
N/A
31000403
30600106
30600106
30600106
30600106
30600106
30600106
System Type
Furnace
Furnace
Furnace
Furnace
Furnace
Furnace
Furnace
Furnace
Furnace
Furnace
Furnace
Gas Processing
Heater
Heater
Heater
Heater
Heater
Heater
Heater
Material Type
Aluminum
Aluminum
Aluminum
Aluminum
Brass/Bronze ingot
Raw materials
Raw materials
Lead
Lead
Lead
Lead
Fuel gas
Pipeline oil
Refinery gas
Refinery gas
Refinery gas
Refinery gas
Refinery gas
Refinery gas
Air Pollution
Control Device
FF
None
FF
None
FF
None
None
FF
FF
FF
FF
None
None
DeNOx
DeNOx
None
None
SCR
SCR
Other
Description
Dross
Melting Pot
Reverberate
ry
Reverberate
iy
Electric
Induction
None
None
Melting Pot
Melting Pot
Melting Pot
Melting Pot
None
None
EA<100%
EA<100%
EA<100%
EA<100%
EA<100%
EA<100%
Maximum
Emission
Factor
5.28E-04
1.60E-06
3.87E-04
1.87E-03
1.32E-03
5.21E-04
5.21E-04
4.57E-03
4.57E-03
2.05E-03
2.05E-03
2.36E-01
5.48E-04
8.43E-03
8.43E-03
8.43E-03
8.43E-03
8.43E-03
8.43E-03
Mean
Emission
Factor
4.16E-04
1.20E-06
3.36E-04
2.98E-04
1.02E-03
5.13E-04
5.13E-04
2.77E-03
2.77E-03
1.16E-03
1.16E-03
3.56E+00
1.79E-04
1.50E-03
1.50E-03
1.50E-03
1.50E-03
1.50E-03
1.50E-03
Median
Emission
Factor
4.16E-04
1.20E-06
3.36E-04
2.98E-04
1.02E-03
5.13E-04
5.13E-04
2.77E-03
2.77E-03
1.16E-03
1.16E-03
3.56E+00
1.79E-04
1.50E-03
1.50E-03
1.50E-03
1.50E-03
1.50E-03
1.50E-03
Units
Ibs/ton
Ibs/ton
Ibs/ton
Ibs/ton
Ibs/ton
Ibs/ton
Ibs/ton
Ibs/ton
Ibs/ton
Ibs/ton
Ibs/ton
ppbv
Ibs/Mgal
Ibs/MMcf
Ibs/MMcf
Ibs/MMcf
Ibs/MMcf
Ibs/MMcf
Ibs/MMcf
C-99
-------
Table C-2 (Continued)
California Air Resources Board's (CARB) California Air Toxic Emission Factors for Lead
Source
Classification
Code (SCQ
30600106
30600106
30600106
30600106
50300205
31307001
30901006
30501622
31000413
31000413
30400101
30400108
N/A
20200103
20200203
20200705
20200203
20200705
System Type
Heater
Heater
Heater
Heater
Incinerator
Oven
Plating
Preheater Kiln
Steam Generator
Steam Generator
Shredding and
Delaquering
Shredding and
Delaquering
Tank
Turbine
Turbine
Turbine
Turbine
Turbine
Material Type
Refinery gas
Refinery gas
Refinery gas
Refinery gas
Diesel/Waste explosives
Coatings of electric motor
winding wires
Chromic acid
Coal/Raw materials
Crude oil
Crude oil
Aluminum
Aluminum
Produced water
No. 2 Distillate oil
Natural gas/Refinery gas
Natural gas/Refinery gas
Natural gas/Refinery gas
Natural gas/Refinery gas
Air Pollution
Control Device
None
None
SCR
SCR
None
None
PBS
C/FF
None
SO2 Scrub
BH
BH
None
None
COC/SCR
COC/SCR
SCR/AI/COC
SCR/AI/COC
Other
Description
EA>100%
EA>100%
EA>100%
EA>100%
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
Maximum
Emission
Factor
9.28E-04
9.28E-04
9.28E-04
9.28E-04
2.47E-02
1.78E-02
1.53E+02
5.89E-05
4.90E-04
4.90E-04
4.97E-05
4.97E-05
7.00E-04
7.18E-04
1.90E-03
1.90E-03
1.90E-03
1.90E-03
Mean
Emission
Factor
9.19E-04
9.19E-04
9.19E-04
9.19E-04
7.42E-03
1.51E-02
1.29E+02
3.92E-05
2.60E-04
2.60E-04
3.19E-05
3.19E-05
7.00E-04
7.04E-04
1.81E-03
1.81E-03
1.81E-03
1.81E-03
Median
Emission
Factor
9.19E-04
9.19E-04
9.19E-04
9.19E-04
7.42E-03
1.51E-02
1.29E+02
3.92E-05
2.60E-04
2.60E-04
3.19E-05
3.19E-05
7.00E-04
7.04E-04
1.81E-03
1.81E-03
1.81E-03
1.81E-03
Units
Ibs/MMcf
Ibs/MMcf
Ibs/MMcf
Ibs/MMcf
Ibs/ton
Ibs/ton
mg/amp-h
Ibs/ton
Ibs/Mgal
Ibs/Mgal
Ibs/ton
Ibs/ton
ppbv
Ibs/Mgal
Ibs/MMcf
Ibs/MMcf
Ibs/MMcf
Ibs/MMcf
C-100
-------
Table C-2 (Continued)
California Air Resources Board's (CARB) California Air Toxic Emission Factors for Lead
Source
Classification
Code (SCQ
20200203
20200705
20201013
20200701
System Type
Turbine
Turbine
Turbine
Turbine
Material Type
Natural/Refinery/Liquid
petroleum gas
Natural/Refinery/Liquid
petroleum gas
Natural/Refinery/Liquid
petroleum gas
Refinery gas
Air Pollution
Control Device
COC/SCR
COC/SCR
COC/SCR
COC
Other
Description
None
None
None
None
Maximum
Emission
Factor
7.16E-02
7.16E-02
7.16E-02
4.18E-02
Mean
Emission
Factor
6.85E-02
6.85E-02
6.85E-02
4.15E-02
Median
Emission
Factor
6.85E-02
6.85E-02
6.85E-02
4.15E-02
Units
Ibs/MMcf
Ibs/MMcf
Ibs/MMcf
Ibs/MMcf
C-101
-------
INDEX
The pages listed in bold text in the index correspond to the primary uses or definitions of the associated
term. Additionally, this index includes a list of primary purposes for the numerical examples that are
presented throughout the document and selected questions and answers contained in Appendix B.
Air emissions (see also Emission Factors) 2-9, 2-10, 2-12, 5-1 to 5-5, 5-9
Fugitive or nonpoint source 2-9, 2-10, 5-3, 5-4, 5-7, B-12
Stack or point source 2-8, 2-10, 5-1, 5-2, 5-4 to 5-6, 5-8, 5-9, B-7, B-17, B-24
Alloys .... 1-2, 1-6, 1-8 to 1-10, 2-1, 2-2, 2-5, 2-6, Chapter 3, 4-1, 4-3, 4-4, 4-10, Appendix A,
B-3, B-4, B-16 to B-20, B-23
Brass (only) 3-1, 3-4, 3-5, 4-3, 4-12, 4-15, 5-3
Bronze (only) 3-1, 3-4, 3-5, 4-3, 4-12, 4-15, 5-3
Qualified (all) 1-2, 2-7, 3-1, 3-2, 3-5 to 3-8, B-19, B-20
Stainless steel (only) 2-6, 3-1 to 3-3
Stainless steel, brass, and bronze (together) . 1-2, 3-1 to 3-3, B-3, B-4, B-16 to B-20, B-23
AP-42 5-1, 5-2
Article exemption (see Exemptions)
Brass (see Alloys)
Bronze (see Alloys)
Coal mining 1-4, 2-5, 2-8, 4-13 to 4-15, B-14
Combustion 1-12, 2-2, 2-3, 2-7, 2-9, 2-11, 4-17, 4-18, 5-2 to 5-4, 5-7 to 5-9
Release calculation examples 5-2, 5-8
Threshold determination examples 2-3, 2-6
De minimis (see Exemptions)
Emission factors 1-12, 2-11, 2-12, 5-1, 5-2, 5-4, 5-5, B-10, B-12, B-25, Appendix C
AP-42 5-1, 5-2
California Air Resources Board 5-2
Fire Data System 5-1, 5-2, 5-4
Foundries 5-1
Soldering 5-5
Energy recovery 1-1, 1-12, 2-9 to 2-11, 4-17, 5-7, B-10, B-ll, B-24
EPCRAhotline 1-12
Examples 2-2 to 2-4, 2-6, 3-1, 3-2, 3-7, 3-8, 5-2, 5-4 to 5-6, 5-8
Air emissions (see also Emission Factors) 5-2, 5-4, 5-5, 5-8
Alloys 3-7
Combustion 2-3, 2-6, 5-2, 5-8
Direct measurements 5-6
Engineering calculations 2-11, 2-12, 5-4, 5-5, 5-7, B-10
Exemptions 2-6
Mass balance 2-6, 5-4, 5-8
Index - 1
-------
INDEX (Continued)
Other waste management (solid waste) 5-8
Threshold determinations 2-2 to 2-4, 3-7
Water releases 5-6
Exemptions 1-9, 2-4 to 2-8, B-15, B-16, B-20, B-22
Activity-related 2-7
Article 2-4 to 2-7, B-l, B-3, B-10, B-11,B-21
De minimis 1-9, 2-4, 3-6 to 3-8, B-3, B-7, B-18 to B-20
Grounds maintenance 2-5, 2-8
Intake air and water 2-5, 2-8, 5-1, 5-5
Janitorial 2-5, 2-8
Laboratory activities exemption 2-6, 2-7
Mining (coal and metal) 2-5, 2-8
Motor vehicle maintenance 2-5, 2-8
Personal use 2-5, 2-8, B-13, B-15, B-16
Structural components 2-5, 2-8, B-16
Form A 1-9, 1-10, 2-7, 3-6-8, 4-13, 4-14, B-18, B-20
FormR 1-7, 1-10, 1-11, 2-2, 2-3, 2-7 to 2-11, 3-6 to 3-8, 4-11, 4-13,
4-14, 4-18, 5-2, 5-4, 5-5, 5-7 to 5-9
Firing ranges B-12
Foundries 4-15, 5-1, 5-3
Grounds maintenance (see Exemptions)
Impurity 1-7, 2-2, 2-4, 3-3, 3-6, B-3, B-7, B-18, B-19, B-24
Industries 1-3, 1-4, 1-8, 1-12, 4-9, 4-11, 4-13 to 4-15, 5-6, B-14
Coal mining 1-8, 2-5, 2-8, 4-13 to 4-15, B-14
Foundries 4-15, 5-1, 5-3
Metal mining 1-4, 1-8, 2-5, 2-8, 4-13, 4-14
Soldering 1-8, 2-6, 4-4, 4-11, 4-12, 5-3, 5-5, B-l 1
Intake air and water (see Exemptions)
Janitorial (see Exemptions)
Laboratory activities (see Exemptions)
Lead
Compounds of ... 1-7, 1-8, 1-10, 2-1, 2-2, 4-1 to 4-10, 4-14, B-2, B-3, B-14, B-18, B-20
In ammunition 1-8,4-3, 4-11, 4-12, 5-3
Infuels 2-2, 4-16, 4-18, 5-2
In ores 4-3, 4-10, 5-3
In the environment 4-1, 4-15, 4-17
Physical properties 4-1 to 4-3
Production and use 4-10 to 4-12
Release calculations 5-1, 5-2, 5-5 to 5-9
Index - 2
-------
INDEX (Continued)
Rule 1-2, 1-9, 3-1, B-8, B-13 to B-16, B-21, B-23
Threshold determination calculations 2-2 to 2-4, 2-6, 3-7
Sources of 1-8, 2-9, 4-15 to 4-17, 5-1, 5-3 to 5
Manufacture/Manufacturing
Byproduct 1-7, B-7
Coincidental 1-7, 2-2, 2-3, 2-7, 4-18, 5-2
Metal mining 1-4, 1-8, 2-5, 2-8, 4-13, 4-14
Mining (see Exemptions)
Motor vehicle maintenance (see Exemptions)
Otherwise use 1-2, 1-5 to 1-7, 2-1, 2-2, 2-6, 4-18, 5-2, 5-5, 5-8, Appendix B
PBT Chemicals 1-1, 1-2, 1-6, l-9tol-ll, 2-5
Personal use (see Exemptions)
POTW 2-10, 5-4 to 5-7, B-l 1
Process equipment
Baghouse 2-9, 2-10, 5-1, 5-2
Boiler 2-3, 2-6, 5-2, 5-3, 5-8, B-7, B-10
Electrostatic precipitator 2-9, 2-11, 5-4, 5-8
Exhaust system 5-5
Scrubber 2-9, 5-1, 5-2, 5-4, 5-5, 5-8
Wave soldering 5-5
Qualified alloys (see Alloys)
Questions and Answers Appendix B
Article exemption - lead B-l
Article exemption - lead bricks B-l
Firing ranges B-12
Lead and lead compounds B-2, B-3
Lead deposits B-3
Lead rule questions and answers B-13 to B-24
Metal alloys B-3, B-4
Metal compounds B-4 to B-10
Metals B-10, B-l 1
Welding B-l 1
Recycling 2-7, 2-8, 2-11, 4-17, B-l, B-12, B-24
Reportable amount estimate methods 2-11
Direct measurements 5-6
Emission factors (see Emission factors)
Engineering calculations 5-5
Mass balance 2-6, 2-11, 2-12, 5-4, 5-5, 5-7, 5-8, 5-9
Reporting releases 2-8 to 2-11, Chapter 5, Appendix B
Index - 3
-------
INDEX (Continued)
Reporting thresholds 1-1 to 1-3, 1-5 to 1-6, 1-10, 2-1, 2-2, 2-6, 3-1, 3-5, 3-6, B-21
Reuse 4-17
Soldering 1-8, 2-6, 4-4, 4-11, 4-12, 5-3, 5-5, B-l 1
Solid waste 5-4, 5-5, 5-7
Stainless steel (see Alloys)
Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) Codes 1-4, 4-12 to 4-15, B-13, B-23
Structural components (see Exemptions)
Supplier notification 1-10, 4-16
Threshold determinations 1-3, 1-7, 2-2 to 2-7, 2-9, 3-7, 3-8, 5-8
Treatment for destruction 1-7
TRI 1-1, 1-2, 1-5, 1-11
Background 1-1, 1-2, 1-5
Database 1-1, 1-12
Home Page/Website 1-12
Waste management 1-7, 2-2, 2-8, 2-9 to 2-11, 3-5, Chapter 5, Appendix B
Waste treatment 1-8, 2-9, 2-10, B-9 to B-l 1, B-14
Wastewater discharge 2-8, B-l 1
Water releases 5-5
Wave soldering 5-5
Index - 4
------- |