EPA/600/R-10/037 | August 2010 | www.epa.gov/ord
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Compatibility of Material and
Electronic Equipment with
Chlorine Dioxide Fumigation
ASSESSMENT AND EVALUATION REPORT
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Center
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of
ASSESSMENT AND EVALUATION
U.S. PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE OF AND DEVELOPMENT
NATIONAL
CENTER
TRIANGLE NC 27711
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Center
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Disclaimer
The United States Environmental Protection Agency, through its Office of Research and
Development's National Homeland Security Research Center, funded and managed this investigation
through EP-C-04-023 WA 4-50 with ARCADIS U.S., Inc. This report has been peer and
administratively reviewed and has been approved for publication as an Environmental Protection
Agency document. It does not necessarily reflect the views of the Environmental Protection Agency.
No official endorsement should be inferred. This report includes photographs of commercially
available products. The photographs are included for purposes of illustration only and are not
intended to imply that EPA approves or endorses the product or its manufacturer. Environmental
Protection Agency does not endorse the purchase or sale of any commercial products or services.
Questions concerning this document or its application should be addressed to:
Shawn P. Ryan, Ph.D.
National Homeland Security Research Center
Office of Research and Development (E-343-06)
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
109 T W. Alexander Dr.
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
(919) 541-0699
rvan. shawn@,epa. gov
If you have difficulty accessing this PDF document, please contact Kathy Nickel (Nickel.Kathyfg)
epa.gov) or Amelia McCall (McCall. Amelia@,epa. govl for assistance.
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The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) holds responsibilities associated with homeland
security events: EPA is the primary federal agency responsible for the country's water supplies
and for decontamination following a chemical, biological, and/or radiological (CBR) attack. The
National Homeland Security Research Center (NHSRC) was established to conduct research
and deliver scientific products that improve the capability of the Agency to carry out these
responsibilities.
An important goal of NHSRC's research is to develop and deliver information on decontamination
methods and technologies to clean up CBR contamination. When directing such a recovery
operation, EPA and other stakeholders must identify and implement decontamination technologies
that are appropriate for the given situation. Decontamination strategies applied to high-value.
historic, or sensitive items require use of technologies that are effective while causing minimal
adverse effects on the native materials. This document provides information on the impact of a
decontamination method - fumigation with chlorine dioxide gas - on materials and equipment
including sensitive electronics.
NHSRC is pleased to make this publication available to assist the response community to prepare for
and recover from disasters involving CBR contamination. This research is intended to move EPA
one-step closer to achieving its homeland security goals and its overall mission of protecting human
health and the environment while providing sustainable solutions to our environmental problems.
Gregory7 Sayles, Ph.D., Acting Director
National Homeland Security Research Center
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Disclaimer iii
Foreword iv
Table of Contents v
List of Figures vii
List of Tables x
List of Appendices xi
List of Acronyms and Abbreviations xii
List of Units xiv
Acknowledgements xv
Executive Summary xvii
1.0 Project Description and Objectives 1
1.1 Purpose 1
1.2 Process 1
1.2.1 Overview of the CIO, Fumigation Process 1
1.2.2 Laboratory Facility Description 2
1.3 Project Objectives 3
1.3.1 Category 2 Materials 3
1.3.2 Category 3 Materials 5
1.3.3 Category 4 Equipment 6
2.0 Experimental Approach 9
2.1 DTRL Chlorine Dioxide Analytical Capabilities 9
2.2 General Approach 9
2.3 Sampling Strategy 9
2.4 Sampling/Monitoring Points 10
2.5 Frequency of Sampling/Monitoring Events 11
2.6 Fumigation Event Sequence 11
3.0 Testing and Measurement Protocols 13
3.1 Methods 13
3.1.1 Photometric Monitors 13
3.1.2 Modified Standard Method 4500-C1O2 E 13
3.1.3 InterScanLD233 14
3.1.4 Temperature and RH Measurement 14
3.1.5 Biological Indicators (Bis) 15
3.1.6 Visual Inspection 15
3.1.7 Functionality Testing 15
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3.1.8 Detailed Functionality Analysis (subset of Category 4) 16
3.2 Cross-Contamination 16
3.3 Representative Sample 16
3.4 Sample Preservation Methods 16
3.5 Material/Equipment Identification 17
3.6 Sample Shipping Procedures 23
3.7 Chain of Custody 23
3.8 Test Conditions 24
4.0 Visual Inspection 27
4.1 Category 2 Materials 27
4.1.1 Ambient RH: Alone and With Low-Level Fumigation 27
4.1.2 Standard Fumigation RH: Low- and High-Level Fumigation 30
4.1.3 High RH Fumigation: Control and High-Level Fumigations 33
4.2 Category 3 Materials 37
4.3 Category 4 Equipment 39
5.0 Data Analysis/Functionality Tests 43
5.1 Category 2 Materials 43
5.2 Category 3 Materials 45
5.3 Category 4 Equipment 46
6.0 Fumigation Effectiveness and Fumigation Safetj- 57
6.1 Fumigation Effectiveness 57
6.2 Health and Safety Effects of CIO, Fumigation 58
7.0 Quality Assurance 59
7.1 Data Quality 59
7.2 Audits 59
7.3 Data Review 59
8.0 Conclusions 61
8.1 Category 2 Materials 61
8.2 Category 3 Materials 63
8.3 Category 4 Equipment 63
9.0 Recommendations 65
9.1 Corrective Actions 65
9.2 Listing of "At Risk" Material and Electronic Components 65
9.3 Further Research 65
10.0 References 67
Appendix A: Computer Specifications 69
Appendix B: Parts List: of Copper and Aluminum Sendee Panels 71
Appendix C: Category 4 Subsystems (Provided by Alcatel-Lucent) 73
Appendix D: PC-Doctor® Sendee Center™ 6 Tests 77
Appendix E: Exposure Conditions 83
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List of Figures
Figure 1-1. Schematic diagram of the MEC Chambers 3
Figure 1-2. Photograph of the MEC Test Chamber 3
Figure 1-3. Location of HOBO®, Metal Coupons, IPC Board, and BI within the Computers
(left side panel shown from a top-down view with respect to the computer) 7
Figure 2-1. Experimental Setup of the MEC Test Chamber: 3,000 ppmv Scenario 10
Figure 2-2. Experimental Setup of the MEC Test Chamber: 75 ppmv Scenario 10
Figure 2-3. Material and Equipment Exposure Time Sequence 12
Figure 3-1. Metal Coupons used in the Compatibility Testing (photos prior to fumigation):
(a) 3003 Aluminum; (b) 101 Copper; (c) Low Carbon Steel; (d) 410 Stainless
Steel; (e) 430 Stainless Steel; (f) 304 Stainless Steel; (g) 316 Stainless Steel; and
(h) 309 Stainless Steel 19
Figure 3-2. (a) Stranded Wire (b) DSL Conditioner (c) Steel Outlet/Switch Box with
Sealant (Caulk) (d) Gasket (e) and Drywall Screws and Nails used in the
Compatibility Testing 19
Figure 3-3. (a, c) Copper Services, (b, d) Aluminum Services, and (e) Circuit Breaker used
in the Compatibility Testing 20
Figure 3-4. (a) Smoke Detector and (b, c) Lamp Switch used in the Compatibility Testing 21
Figure 3-5. (a) Laser and (b) InkJet Printed Color Papers, and (c) Photograph used in the
Compatibility Testing 21
Figure 3-6. (a) PDA, (b) Cell Phone, and (c) Fax Machine used in the Compatibility
Testing 22
Figure 3-7. (a) Front of DVD (b) back of DVD (c) front of CD, and (d) back of CD used
in the Compatibility Testing 22
Figure 3-8. (a) Desktop Computer and Monitor, (b) Keyboard, (c) Power Cord, and
(d) Mouse used in the Compatibility Testing 23
Figure 3-9. Inside of a Computer Showing Two of the Five Bis, the HOBO® Data Logger,
the IPC Board, and the Mounted Metal Coupons 23
Figure 4-1. Corrosion on breaker screws at 12 months post exposure to (a) ambient conditions only
(R05), (b) low RH fumigation (R04), and (c) high RH fumigation (R02); breakers are
numbered 1-10 and a close-up of the screws for breaker 8 is shown. The arrows point
to areas of corrosion evident on the screw on breaker 8 after exposure to high RH
fumigation (labeled c-8 in the figure) 29
Figure 4-2. Laser (left) versus inkjet (right) color printed paper at 12 months post-exposure to
ambient conditions (R05) 30
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Figure 4-3. Corrosion on Cu service box at 12 months post-exposure to (a) low concentration
fumigation (R03), (b) standard fumigation (R01), and (c) low RH fumigation (R04);
lower pictures show a zoomed in area designated by the yellow boxes (arrows point
out corrosion on edges of services) 31
Figure 4-4. 101 Copper coupon (a) before and 12 months after the exposure to (b) low concentration
fumigation (R03), (c) standard fumigations (R01), and (d) ambient conditions only
(R05) 31
Figure 4-5. Low carbon steel coupon (a) before, (b) immediately after low concentration
fumigation (R03), (c) immediately after standard fumigation (R01), and
(d) 12 months post-exposure to standard fumigation (R01) 31
Figure 4-6. (a) Laser and (b) inkjet printed pages at 12 months post-exposure to standard
fumigation (R01) 32
Figure 4-7. Photograph (a) before, (b) immediately after, and (c) at 12 months post-exposure to
standard fumigation (R01), and (d) 12 months post-exposure to low concentration
fumigation (R03) 32
Figure 4-8. Al Service (a) prior to fumigation, (b) at 12 months post-exposure to high RH
fumigation (R06); the arrows point to the originally white-cased wire that turned
greenish in color after fumigation under R06 33
Figure 4-9. 101 Copper coupon (a) before, (b) immediately after, and (c) at 12 months post
exposure to high RH fumigation (R06) 33
Figure 4-10. 410 Stainless steel coupons (a) before, (b) immediately after, and (c) at 12 months
post-exposure to high RH fumigation (R06) 34
Figure 4-11. 430 Stainless steel coupons (a) before, (b) immediately after, and (c) at 12 months
post-exposure to high RH fumigation (R07) 34
Figure 4-12. 3003 Aluminum coupons (a) before, (b) immediately after, and (c) at 12 months
post-exposure to high RH fumigation (R07) 34
Figure 4-13. Strand wire (a) prior to and (b) immediately following the high RH fumigation
(R07); note discoloration of the housing insulation 35
Figure 4-14. DSL connector (a) before, (b) immediately after, and (c) at 12 months post-exposure
to high RH fumigation (R06) 35
Figure 4-15. Chalky white substance found on the steel outlet/switch box (a) at 5 months and
(b) 12 months post-exposure to high RH fumigation (R06) 35
Figure 4-16. Results of high RH fumigation (R06) shown for (a) laser printed paper at 12
months post-exposure, (b) inkjet printed pages immediately after exposure, and
(c) inkjet printed pages at 12 months post-exposure 36
Figure 4-17. Photographs (a) before, (b) immediately after, and (c) 12 months post-exposure
to high RH fumigation (R06) 36
Figure 4-18. Results of exposure to high RH fumigation (R06) for (a, b) drywall screws
(a - before and b - 12 months post-exposure) and (c, d) nails (c - before and
d- 12 months post-exposure) 36
Figure 4-19. Smoke detector (a) before and (c) immediately after exposure to high RH
fumigation (R06); close-up of battery (b) before exposure and (d) immediately
following fumigation 37
Figure 4-20. Cell phone screen (a) before and (b) at 12 months post-exposure to high RH
fumigation (R06) 38
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Figure 4-21. Fax machines at 12 months post-exposure to (a) highRH only (R08) and
(b) high RH fumigation (R06); arrow in photo (b) shows corrosion on the
printing bar 38
Figure 4-22. (a) Back and (b) front of the CD after high RH fumigation (Run 07); arrow
points to the label on the CD front that has faded and is now visible on the
back surface 39
Figure 4-23. Rust on the stamped metal grid on the back of the computer at 12 months
post exposure to (a) high RH fumigation (R06) compared to the lack of rust
observed due to exposure to (b) high RH only (R08); arrow points to the grid 40
Figure 4-24. (a) Inside of computer at 12 months post-exposure to high RH fumigation (R06)
(Arrow 1 points to dust on the heat sink and Arrow 2 to dust particles on the
bottom of the case); (b) close-up of the heat sink 41
Figure 4-25. Effects on computer wiring at (a) high RH fumigation with the computers in the
ON power state (Test 3); (b) standard fumigation with the computers in the ON
power state (Test 2) and (c) standard fumigation with the computers in the OFF
power state (Test 1) 42
Figure 5-1. Steel outlet/switch box (a) before fumigation and (b) at 12 months post-exposure
to low concentration fumigation (R03); the white sealant can be observed in the
upper right hand corner of the steel outlet/switch box 45
Figure 6-1. Location of two of the five Bis inside the computer side cover 57
Figure 6-2. Location of the remaining three Bis in both high and low air flow locations
inside the computer 57
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Table 1 -1. Category 2 Material Information and Post-Fumigation Testing Description 4
Table 1-2. Category 3 Materials 5
Table 1-3. Post-Fumigation Testing Procedures for Category 3 Materials 6
Table 1-4. Category 4 Tested Materials 6
Table 2-1. Available Chlorine Dioxide Analyses 9
Table 2-2. Monitoring Methods 11
Table 3-1. CSI EMS/GMPs Photometric Monitor Characteristics 13
Table 3-2. InterScan LD233 Specifications 14
Table 3-3. RH and Temperature Sensor Specifications 14
Table 3-4. Sample Coding 18
Table 3-5. Test Conditions for Category 2 and 3 Materials 25
Table 3-6. Test Conditions for Category 4 Equipment 26
Table 4-1. Documented Visual Changes in Category 2 Materials 27
Table 4-2. Summary of Visual Changes Noted in Category 2 Materials 28
Table 4-3. Documented Visual Changes in Category 3 Materials 37
Table 4-4. Summary of Visual Changes Noted in Category 3 Materials 37
Table 4-5. Documented Visual Changes in Category 4 Equipment 39
Table 4-6. Summary of Visual Changes Noted in Category 4 Equipment 39
Table 5-1. Documented Functional Changes in Category 2 Materials 43
Table 5-2. Summary of Functional Changes Noted in Category 2 Materials 44
Table 5-3. Functional Tests for Category 3 Materials 45
Table 5-4. Summary of Functional Changes Noted in Category 3 Materials 45
Table 5-5. DIMM Card Reseating Dates 47
Table 5-6. PC-Doctor® Tests That Failed Twice for all Computer Fumigation Scenarios 48
Table 5-7. PC-Doctor® Failed Test Correlation to PC Subsystem Components 55
Table 5-8. Total "Fail" Results over Year-Long Study 56
Table 6-1. BI Viability in the Chamber and Computers for each Fumigation Scenario 58
Table 7-1. Data Quality of Fumigation Parameters 60
Table 8-1. Summary of Category 2 Incompatibility- with Fumigation Conditions 62
Table 8-2. Summary of Fumigation Effects on Category 3 Materials 63
Table 8-3. Total Number of PC-Doctor® Sendee Center™ 6 'Tail" Results for Year-long
Study 63
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Appendix A: Computer Specifications for Category 4 Testing
Appendix B: Parts List of Copper and Aluminum Sendee Panels
Appendix C: Subsystems of Category 4 Computers
Appendix D: Table of PC-Doctor* Tests
Appendix E: Exposure Conditions
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List of Acronyms and Abbreviations
AMI
APPCD
AVI
AWWA
BA
BI(s)
BIOS
BIT
CBRTA
CD
CD-ROM
CD/DVD
CEM
C1O2
CMOS
coc
CODEC
CPU
CSI
CT
DCMD
DHS
DI
DIMM
DNA
DOS
DQO(s)
DSL
DTRL
DVD
EDS
EMS
EMS/GMP
EPA
BSD
FIFRA
GMP
GPU
HC1
HOBO®
HSPD
IA&E
IPC
KI
American Media Incorporated
Air Pollution Prevention and Control Division
Audio Visual Interleave
American Water Works Association
Bacillus anthracis
Biological Indicator(s)
Basic Input/Output System
Burn-in Test
Chemical, Biological, and Radiological Technology Alliance
Compact Disk
Compact Disk - Read Only Memory
Compact Disk/Digital Video Disk
Continuous Emissions Monitor
Chlorine Dioxide
Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor
Chain of Custody
Compression Decompression module
Central Processing Unit
ClorDiSys Solutions, Inc.
The product of multiplying the factors Concentration and Time. Has
the units of mass*time/vorume
Decontamination and Consequence Management Division
Department of Homeland Security
Deionized
Dual In-Line Memory Module
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
Disk Operating System
Data Quality Objective(s)
Digital Subscriber Line
Decontamination Technology Research Laboratory
Digital Video Disk
Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy
CSI Environmental Monitoring System
Environmental Monitoring System/Good Manufacturing Practices
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Electrostatic Discharge
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act
CSI "Good Manufacturing Practices" C1O2 generator system
Graphics Processing Unit
Hydrochloric Acid
Onset Computer Corp. RH and T data loggers
Homeland Security Presidential Directive
Independent Assessment and Evaluation
Industrial printed circuit (boards)
Potassium iodide
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K1PB
LCD
LED
MEC
N
NA
N/A
MB
NGA
NHSRC
NIST
ON
OPA
ORD
OSHA
P&DC
PC
PDA
PDAQ
PEL
PVC
QA
QAPP
RH
RTF
S&T
SD
SEM
SPI
SVGA
T
TSA
TWA
USPS
WAL
Phosphate buffered potassium iodide solution
Liquid Crystal Display
Light Emitting Diode
Material/Equipment Compatibility
Normality
Not Applicable
Not available
Nutrient Broth
National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency
National Homeland Security Research Center
National Institute for Standards and Technology
The powered state of electrical equipment
Optical parametric amplifier
Office of Research and Development
Occupational Safety and Health Administration
Processing and Distribution Centers
Personal Computer
Personal Digital Assistant
Personal Data Acquisition (System)
Permissible Exposure Limit
Poly vinyl chloride
Quality Assurance
Quality Assurance Project Plan
Relative Humidity
Research Triangle Park
Department of Homeland Security, Directorate for Science &
Technology
Standard Deviation
Scanning Electron Microscopy
Serial Peripheral Interface
Super Video Graphics Array
Temperature
Tryptic Soy Agar
Time Weighted Average
United States Postal Sendee
Work Assignment Leader
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g Gram
°F Degree Fahrenheit
°C Degree Celsius
L/min, Lpm Liters per Minute
mg/L Milligrams per Liter
mg/m3 Milligrams per cubic meter
mL Milliliter
ppb Parts per Billion
ppm Parts per Million
ppmv Parts per Million by Volume
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The United Stales Environmental Protection Agency, through the Office of Research and
Development's National Homeland Security Research Center, funded and managed this study
through an On-site Laboratory Support Contract (EP-C-04-023) with ARCADIS U.S., Inc. The
efforts of ARCADIS U.S., Inc. in conducting the testing and documentation of the data are
greatly appreciated. Parts of this effort involved work performed by Alcatel-Lucent (Murray Hill,
New Jersey) though LGS Innovations, Inc. as the prime performer for a Chemical, Biological,
Radiological Technology Alliance Independent Assessment and Evaluation. The Independent
Assessment and Evaluation effort was funded by Environmental Protection Agency and Department
of Homeland Security through interagency agreements with the National Geospalial-Inlelligence
Agency, the executive agency for Chemical, Biological, and Radiological Technology Alliance
efforts. The authors would like to thank Mr. Lance Brooks of Department of Homeland Security,
Science and Technology Directorate, for their partial funding of this study. Additionally, Mr. Bob
Greenberg (formally with NGA), Mr. Mark Gungoll (Program Director, Chemical, Biological, and
Radiological Technology Alliance), Ms. Rosemary Scykowski (Operations Manager, Chemical,
Biological, and Radiological Technology Alliance), Mr. Larry Clarke (Program Support Manager,
Chemical, Biological, and Radiological Technology Alliance) and Mr. William Sellers (LGS
Innovations, Inc., Vienna, Virginia) were essential in establishing Independent Assessment
and Evaluation through the Chemical, Biological, and Radiological Technology Alliance that
was used for parts of this effort. Their program management and coordination throughout is
greatly appreciated. The technical expertise and contributions of Alcatel-Lucent are gratefully
acknowledged, specifically Dr. William Reents, Jr., Dr. Mary Mandich, Dr. Gus Derkits, Ms.
Debra Fleming, Mr. John Francy, Dr. Rose Kopf, and Dr. Chen Xu. The authors would also like
to specifically thank Mr. JohnFraney (Alcatel-Lucent) for his on-site training and assessment of
electrostatic discharge techniques that were used throughout this study.
The authors also wish to acknowledge the support of all those who helped plan and conduct the
investigation, analyze the data, and prepare this report. We also would like to thank Mr. Leroy
Mickelsen (Environmental Protection Agency National Decontamination Team), Mr. G. Blair Martin
(Environmental Protection Agency/Office of Research and Development/National Risk Management
Research Laboratory), and Dr. Paul Lemieux (Environmental Protection Agency/Office of Research
and Development/National/National Homeland Security Research Center) for reviewing this report.
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Executive Summary
In response to Homeland Security Presidential Directive
10 (HSPD-10), the Department of Homeland Security
(DHS) and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA), through its National Homeland Security
Research Center (NHSRC), coordinated to develop
a comprehensive program to provide scientific
expertise and evaluation of actual and future potential
decontamination technologies that could be used to
recover and restore buildings and sensitive equipment
contaminated by biological warfare agents.
Chlorine dioxide gas (C1O2) fumigation has been used
successfully for the remediation of several federal
buildings contaminated by Bacillus anthracis (B.
anthracis) spores contained in letters. As part of an on-
going evaluation of the chlorine dioxide decontamination
method, this study was initiated by NHSRC and DHS
and conducted at EPA's Decontamination Technology
Research Laboratory (DTRL) in Research Triangle Park,
North Carolina. The goal was to provide information on
the effects of potentially corrosive C1O2 gas on sensitive
electronic components and materials, which substituted
for the types of components also found in high-end
military and commercial equipment such as medical
devices and airport scanners.
Four categories of materials were defined by the
principal investigator. Not included in this study were
Category 1 materials, which are structural materials
with a large surface area inside a typical building. While
the field experience and subsequent NHSRC laboratory
testing have clearly demonstrated that these materials in
the building can have a significant effect on the ability
to achieve and maintain the required concentration of
fumigant, fumigation has not been shown to affect their
functionality.13 The three categories examined in this
study were:
• Category 2 Materials included low surface area
structural materials that were expected to have
minimal impact on the maintenance of fumigation
conditions during the decontamination event;
however, their functionality and use may be affected
by the fumigation.
• Category 3 Materials included small, personal
electronic equipment.
• Category 4 Materials included desktop computers
and monitors.
By using visual inspection and tests on equipment
function, this study documented the effects of different
fumigation conditions on the C1O2 fumigation of three
categories of materials and equipment commonly
found inside large buildings and offices. Equipment
and materials were subjected to a variety of fumigation
conditions. The standard fumigation condition, defined
as 3,000 parts per million by volume (ppmv) chlorine
dioxide with 75 percent relative humidity (RH), is
the basis for remediating sites contaminated with B.
anthracis spores.
Other fumigation conditions included:
• 75 ppmv C1O2 at 75 percent RH (applicable to non
spore-forming organisms)
• 75 ppmv C1O2 at 40 percent RH
• 3,000 ppmv C1O2 at 90 percent RH._
Exposures to 40 percent and 90 percent RH without
chlorine dioxide were performed to determine the effect
of RH alone.
The observed effects were a direct function of the
conditions to which the material or equipment was
exposed. Fumigation at levels of RH exceeding standard
fumigation conditions (i.e., 75 percent RH) resulted in
the most significant impacts. In general, the effects were
directly related to the C1O2 concentration, RH, and type
of material or equipment exposed.
Results obtained in this study show that RH during
fumigation should be maintained between 65 percent and
75 percent to maximize compatibility for most materials.
Effects of fumigation for each category of material/
equipment are summarized below:
Category 2:
• No visual or functional changes were noted for 300
series stainless steel, laser-printed paper, or gaskets
under any of the test run conditions.
• The screws on the circuit breakers and the inkjet
printed paper were affected at every condition,
including the tests with only high humidity (no
C1O2). The high C1O2 and high humidity (>88
percent) resulted in the most corrosion of the screw
and fading of the inkjet paper.
• The exposure to only high humidity affected the
circuit breaker screw (mild corrosion) and inkjet
paper (very mild fading). Any additional effects
noted for these and other materials at the other test
conditions were due to the combination of C1O2 and
humidity.
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• Visual changes to other materials were a function of
the C1O2 concentration and RH.
— At low concentration and low RH no
additional materials were impacted.
— Increasing the humidity to 75 percent
resulted in severe corrosion of the low
carbon steel, tarnishing of the copper,
yellowing of the photographs, mild
corrosion of the dry wall nails and screws.
— At the higher C1O2 concentration, the
impacts noted above were predominantly
exacerbated for most material. Increasing
the humidity further at the high C1O2
concentration further increased the
deleterious visual impacts noted.
— The presence of condensation during
fumigation also resulted in corrosion
of 430 stainless steel, discoloration of
wiring and a chalky residue on aluminum.
These impacts were a direct result of the
combination of C1O2 with a condensing
humidity environment, as such impacts
were not observed in the presence of
condensation alone.
• The corrosion on metals, as noted above, resulted in
unstable or unreliable resistance measurements.
• The smoke detector was only impacted by
fumigation at condensing humidity; the addition of
C1O2 seemed to exacerbate the impact.
• The light switch fumigated with C1O2 at the
higher temperature and condensing humidity had
intermittent failures.
Category 3:
• There were no visual or functional changes noted
for the Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs) under any
fumigation conditions.
• Mild discoloration of the cell phone screen occurred
at standard fumigation conditions in this project
(3,000 ppmv C1O2 and 75 percent RH).
• The presence of C1O2 and condensing humidity
resulted in fading of the cell phone screen, severe
corrosion on the fax machine printer bar, and
damages to both the compact disk (CD) and digital
video disk (DVD). At lower humidity (75 percent
and below) and lower C1O2 concentration, these
impacts were not observed. Typical C1O2 fumigation
conditions do not reach such a high RH.
Category 4:
• Power state of the computer did seem to have an
effect on the material compatibility. The higher
internal temperatures of ON (powered) computers
reduced the internal RH and mitigated some effects
of fumigation. Reducing the internal humidity
also reduced effectiveness of fumigation against
biological indicators (Bis) inside the computer.
• The presence of C1O2 in the atmosphere and
humidity of at least 75 percent resulted in corrosion
of the stamped metal grid on the back of the
computer, wire discoloration, corrosion of the plug,
and the formation of a white dust due to interaction
of the C1O2 with one of the heat sinks (nickel-coated
aluminum). The dust formation was not observed on
the other aluminum heat sink, making the alloy very
important to the impacts observed. Greater amounts
of dust were formed at higher C1O2 concentrations
and higher RH values. This dust may cause human
health effects and must be removed.
• Optical plastics were damaged in the CD/DVD drive
by 3,000 ppmv C1O2 and RH inside the computer
greater than 75 percent.
Materials with the potential for damage include, but are
not limited to, the following:
• Unpainted and unlubricated carbon steel.
• Ferritic and martensitic chromium alloys of stainless
steel (Type 400 series).
• Certain alloys of aluminum.
• Devices with exposed copper contacts, including
battery-powered devices.
• Any device with optical plastic components, such
as consumer-grade cameras, CD/DVD drives, laser
pointers.
• Equipment containing extensive color-coded wire
insulation.
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1.0
Project Description and Objectives
Chlorine dioxide gas (C1O2) was used to decontaminate
two of the United States Postal Service Processing
and Distribution Centers [Curseen-Morris (former
Brentwood Road facility, Washington, D.C.) and Trenton
(Hamilton Township, N.J.)], as well as the American
Media Inc. (AMI) facility in Boca Raton, FL., as part of
remediation activities following the delivery of letters
contaminated by B. anthracis (B A) spores in the fall of
2001.1 The success of the building decontaminations for
BA spores and subsequent laboratory work by NHSRC
has produced substantial data regarding the efficacy and
practicality of the use of C1O2 for the decontamination of
high-threat biological agents.2"4
While no significant impacts on building structural
materials have been determined in recent NHSRC
work5'6 no specific data related to the impact of
decontamination on electronic equipment have
previously been published with respect to homeland
security-related decontamination. Data on the effect of
decontamination on electronic equipment are needed to
further define guidelines on the selection and use of C1O2
for building and equipment decontamination, especially
related to restoration of critical infrastructure. This
project was performed to provide such information.
1.1 Purpose
The main purpose of this work was to provide
information to decision makers about the potential
impact, if any, of the C1O2 decontamination process on
materials and electronic equipment. This effort looked
at the impact on the physical appearance, properties.
and functionality of certain types of materials and
equipment. While the impact on specific items was
addressed, the purpose was to also consider some
items, particularly the computer systems and electronic
components, as substitutes for high-end equipment such
as medical devices and airport scanners. The laser diode
in a DVD drive, for instance, is similar to laser diodes
found in equipment ranging from fiber optic systems.
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequencers, range finders.
and directed energy weaponry to industrial sorting
machines.
1.2 Process
In order to investigate the impact of C1O2 gas on
materials and equipment under specific fumigation
conditions, material was divided into categories: These
categories are described in sections 1.3, 1.3.1, 1.3.2.
and 1.3.3. Category 1 materials were not addressed
during this study. Materials in Categories 2 and 3 were
evaluated in-house before and for one year after the
date of exposure. Category 4 materials were evaluated
in-house before and immediately after fumigation. The
sample set was then divided with one of the triplicate
samples being sent to Alcatel-Lucent for in-depth
analysis. The other two samples remained for in-house
evaluation over the course of a year.
Due to its instability, C1O2 gas must be generated on
site by two primary methods (as discussed later, section
1.2.1). This laboratory-scale investigation was pertinent
to the process gas (i.e., C1O2, at defined concentrations.
in the absence of detectable C12) and fumigation
conditions (i.e., time, temperature and RH); the results
are not intended or expected to be specific to a particular
C1O2 generation method. A brief description of the C1O2
fumigation process for decontamination of facilities is
presented below, as well as an overview of the laboratory
facility in which the testing was performed.
1.2.1 Overview of the CIO2 Fumigation Process
Fumigation with C1O2 under conditions that have
been shown to be effective in other efforts for the
decontamination of biological threats on building
material surfaces was the process investigated in
this study. In past fumigation events for B. anthracis
decontamination, the conditions set by the Federal
Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA)
crisis exemptions required that a minimum concentration
of 750 ppmv be maintained in the fumigation space until
a minimum multiplication product of concentration and
time (CT) of 9,000 ppmv-hours was achieved.
Other important process parameters included a minimum
temperature of 24 °C (75 °F) as a target and a minimum
RH of 75 percent. While the minimum effective CT
has been maintained in subsequent events, substantial
improvement in the C1O2 fumigation process technology
allowed for higher concentrations to be achieved in large
buildings. At the commencement of this testing, the
standard practice for fumigation with C1O2 for Bacillus
spores had been moving toward a concentration of 3,000
ppmv within the volume for three hours to achieve the
CT of 9,000 ppmv-hr.7
While these conditions (9,000 ppmv-hours, 24 °C, 75
percent RH) have been required for the decontamination
of facilities contaminated with BA spores, NHSRC
research and field events have suggested that effective
inactivation of other biological agents (e.g., viruses.
vegetative bacteria, fungal spores, biotoxins) may be
-------
achieved at much lower concentrations and CT values.8
Field observations have suggested that 75 ppmv for
12 hours, a total of 900 ppmv-hr, may be effective
for decontamination of facilities lightly contaminated
with mold.9 NHSRC research has shown complete
inactivation of the vaccinia virus and vegetative bacteria
at CT values less than 50 ppmv-hours at 75 percent RH
(75 ppmv for 30 minutes, depending on organism and
material).10
Relative humidity is an important factor in the
inactivation of BA spores with C1O2 gas.2 Due to
the lack of information on the impact of RH on the
effectiveness of C1O2 gas against other agents, studies
are currently being performed. For BA spores on
building materials, the effectiveness of the gas drops
off significantly below 75 percent RH; conversely, the
CT required for a six log reduction in spores decreases
dramatically at higher RH.2
C1O2 is commercially generated by two methods. The
wet method, such as the one used by Sabre Technical
Services, LLC. (Slingerlands, N.Y.; http://www.
sabretechservices.com). generates the gas by stripping
C1O2 from an aqueous solution using emitters. The
liquid C1O2 is generated by reacting hydrochloric
acid (HC1), sodium hypochlorite and sodium chlorite
between pH 4.5 to 7.0. Sabre Technical Services was the
contractor for all fumigations related to the B A spore
decontaminations to date (with the exception of the State
Department mail facility [S A-32] which was fumigated
with vapor-phase hydrogen peroxide) and are currently
continuing to improve their process through use for
mold remediation of facilities in New Orleans. Sabre
has fumigated structures as large as 14,000,000 cubic
feet (USPS facility, former Brentwood Processing and
Distribution Center) at CTs in excess of 9,000 ppmv-hr.11
The dry method, such as that used by ClorDiSys
Solutions, Inc. (Lebanon, N.J.; http://www.clordisys.
com), passes a dilute chlorine gas (i.e., 2 percent in
nitrogen) over solid hydrated sodium chlorite to generate
C1O2 gas. ClorDiSys has performed several low level
fumigations (-100 ppmv for a total of-1200 ppmv-
hours) of facilities for non-spore-forming organisms,
and their technology is used widely in sterilization
chambers.12 No differences in the effectiveness of either
of the two generation techniques to inactivate B A spores
on building materials have been observed in laboratory-
scale investigations. Note that the wet technology is
potentially "self humidifying", while the dry technique
requires a secondary system to maintain RH. There
are significant differences in experience in the scale of
field operations, as well as in generation capacity and
state of advancement of technology application to large
structures.
7.2.2 Laboratory Facility Description
The material compatibility testing was performed
in the EPA's National Homeland Security Center
(NHSRC), Decontamination Consequence Management
Division's (DCMD's) Decontamination Technologies
Research Laboratory (DTRL) located in Research
Triangle Park, N.C. This facility is equipped with a
ClorDiSys Solutions, Inc. (CSI), Good Manufacturing
Practices (GMP) gas generation system, C1O2 gas
generation system and ancillary sampling/monitoring
equipment, test chambers, and support equipment.
The GMP automatically maintains a constant target
C1O2 concentration in an isolation chamber and injects
C1O2 (20 liters per minute (L/min) of ideally 40,000
ppmv C1O2 in nitrogen) when the concentration inside
the isolation chamber falls below a preset condition.
The isolation chamber is maintained at a set C1O2
concentration, temperature, and RH; this reservoir is
used as the supply of a constant C1O2 concentration
to several experimental setups (e.g., kinetics test
chamber, material/equipment compatibility test chamber,
permeation test system, adsorption test bed) within
DTRL. The C1O2 concentration inside the isolation
chamber is measured by the CSI gas generation system
via a photometric detector located in the GMP unit,
providing feedback to the generation system. A similar
ClorDiSys Solutions, Inc. environmental monitoring
system (EMS™) photometric detector (Lebanon, N.J.;
http://www.clordisys.com) is used for C1O2 monitoring
in test chambers or setups as required by specific test
protocols.
Other measurement capabilities within DTRL include
Drager Polytron 7000 (Draeger Safety, Inc., Pittsburgh,
PA) remote electrochemical sensors (C1O2/C12), a
Hach AutoCAT 9000™ Amperometric Titrator (Hach
Company, Loveland, Colo.) (to facilitate wet chemical
analysis for C1O2 concentration measurements via a
modification of American Water Works Association
(AWWA) Standard Method 4500-C1O2 E. Amperometric
II), an InterScan Corporation (Chatsworth, California)
LD233 dual range C1O2 monitor (0-200 ppb; 0-20
parts per million [ppm]), and an ion chromatograph
(DX-120; Dionex, Sunnyvale, CA) for use with the
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
ID-202 method, "Determination of Chlorine Dioxide in
Workplace Atmospheres." Method ID-202 was not used
during this particular study.
This task required that materials, computers, and other
potentially sensitive equipment be exposed to C1O2, at
conditions shown to be effective for decontamination
of biological and chemical agents on building materials
and/or in facilities, in order to assess the impact (hence,
compatibility) of the fumigation process on the material/
-------
equipment. Two identical isolation chambers (material/
equipment compatibility chambers or MEC chambers)
were used for these compatibility tests. The MEC control
chamber was never exposed to fumigant and was used
for control blanks only. The MEC test chamber served as
the isolation chamber for the fumigant-exposed material/
equipment. Figure 1-1 shows the dimensions of the
MEC chambers; a photograph of the MEC test chamber
is shown in Figure 1-2. Power is supplied within the
chambers by the inclusion of two seven-outlet surge
protectors [BELKIN seven-outlet home/office surge
protector with six-foot cord, Part # BE107200-06 (Belkin
International, Inc.; Compton, CA)] inside each chamber
(not shown in Figure 1-1). The power cord from each
surge protector penetrated the polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
chamber material on the bottom back wall of the chamber
and was sealed to the chamber to prevent the fumigant
from leaking out.
24" x 40" Clear
- acrylic door with
gasket seal
Figure 1-1. Schematic diagram of the MEC Chambers.
Figure 1-2. Photograph of the MEC Test Chamber.
The chambers are made of opaque PVC with a clear
acrylic door, which is fastened with a bolted flange. The
door is covered with an opaque material during tests
to prevent light-catalyzed reactions from taking place
during exposure. The three removable shelves within the
chamber are made of perforated PVC. Grounded woven
wire mesh (Type 304 Stainless steel, 0.011" gauge wire)
was placed on each shelf to dissipate any potential static
electricity. The ground wire penetrated the chamber wall
and was attached to the electrical service ground. Three
fans were placed in each chamber to facilitate mixing.
1.3 Project Objectives
The objective of this work was to assess the impact
of fumigation with C1O2 at conditions known to
be effective for decontamination of materials and/
or facilities contaminated with specific biological or
chemical threats, on materials, electrical circuits, and
electronic equipment.
The fumigation impact was investigated for:
• Fumigant concentration (none, low and high).
• RH (low, standard and high).
• Power state of the equipment (OFF or ON).
Three categories of material and equipment were tested
at the different fumigation conditions discussed in
detail in Section 3 (and listed in Tables 3-5 and 3-6); the
categories can be separated based upon the conditions of
testing and analysis performed to assess the impacts.
Category 1 materials are structural materials with a
large surface area inside a typical building. While the
field experience and subsequent NHSRC laboratory
testing have clearly demonstrated that these materials in
the building can have a significant effect on the ability
to achieve and maintain the required concentration.
fumigation has not been shown to affect their
functionality.13 This type of material was not included in
this study. The three categories that were investigated are
described below.
1.3.1 Category 2 Materials
Category 2 Materials include low surface area structural
materials which are expected to have minimal impact
on the maintenance of fumigation conditions within the
volume. However, the functionality and use of Category
2 materials may be impacted by the fumigation event.
The objective for this category of materials was to assess
the visual and/or functional (as appropriate) impact of
the fumigation process on the materials. The impact was
evaluated in two ways. First, through visual inspections
at each fumigant condition (concentration, temperature.
RH, and time), which were directed toward possible
locations suspected of corrosion and possible material
defects due to the fumigation process. Second,
-------
functionality was assessed, as appropriate, for the
material: resistance was measured for coupons and
stranded wires; circuit breakers and copper and
aluminum services were overloaded to determine the
time prior to tripping the breaker; sealants were checked
for leaks; gasket elasticity was tested with a simple stress
test; lamps were tested to see if the bulb would light;
the digital subscriber line (DSL) conditioner was tested
for transmission on a telephone or fax; and the smoke
detector batteries and lights were checked and were put
through a smoke test. Printed documents and pictures
were inspected for possible alteration of their content.
The visual inspections were documented in writing and
by digital photography for each material prior to and
after exposure in each fumigation event. Functional
testing of materials was assessed prior to and post-QO2
treatment, then monthly for five months, and again at
year's end. Table 1-1 lists specifics of these materials and
details the post-test procedures, where applicable. With
reference to the "Post-Fumigation Testing Description"
column of Table 1-1, "where applicable" means that
certain items were not tested for functionality after
exposure. The entry "not tested" is used in these cases.
Table 1-1. Category 2 Material Information and Post-Fumigation Testing Description
Material Name
Type 3003 Aluminum
Alloy 101 Copper
Low Carbon Steel
Lype 304 Stainless Steel
Lype 309 Stainless Steel
Lype 316 Stainless Steel
Lype 410 Stainless Steel
Lype 430 Stainless Steel
Yellow SJTO 300 VAC
Service Cord1
Silicone Caulk
Gasket
Incandescent Light
DSL Conditioner
Drywall Screw
Dry wall Nail
Copper Services
Aluminum Services
Circuit Breaker
Sample Dimension / Sample
Size
2" x 2" x 0.0625" / 3 pieces
2" x 2" x 0.64" / 3 pieces
1 .5" x 2" x 0.0625" / 3 pieces
2" x 2" x 0.0625" / 3 pieces
1.5"x2"/3 pieces
2" x 2" x 0.0625" / 3 pieces
2" x 2" x 0.0625" / 3 pieces
1" x 2" x 0.012" / 3 pieces
NA / 3 pieces
Approximately 1" bead on the
inside of a rectangular box
0.125" thick flange foam rubber
/ 3 pieces
NA / 3 pieces
NA / 1 piece
1.625" coarse thread / 3 pieces
1 .375" coated / 3 pieces
NA / 3 pieces
NA / 3 pieces
NA/ 10 pieces
Description
Metal
Coupon
Stranded
Wire
Sealant
-
Switch
-
-
-
Copper and
Aluminum
Services
-
Post-Fumigation Testing Description
Lriplicate coupons were stacked and the
resistance was measured between the top and
bottom coupon using an ohm meter.
The resistance of each wire was measured
and recorded.
Water was run into the corner of the outlet
box with the sealant and the box was
observed for leaks.
Gasket was folded in half and examined for
cracks.
A halogen light bulb was placed into the
socket and the lamp was turned on. If the
lamp failed to light the bulb, a new bulb
was tested to verify that the switch was
inoperable.
Simple connectivity was tested using a
laboratory telephone through the conditioner.
Not tested.
Not tested.
Services were tested at 15 amps (150%
capacity) and timed to failure.
Breakers were tested at 20 amps (200%
capacity) and timed to failure.
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Material Name
Smoke Detector
Steel Outlet/Switch Box
Laser Printed Paper2
Ink Jet Colored Paper2
Color Photograph
Sample Dimension / Sample
Ske
NA / 1 piece
2" x 3" x 1.5" /I piece
8. 5'' x 11" (15 pages)
8.5"x 11" (15 pages)
4" x 6" / 3 pieces
Description
-
-
-
-
-
Post-Fumigation Testing Description
Batter}' was tested by pressing the button on
the detector. In the hood, the alarm was tested
by spraying the "Smoke Check-Smoke Alarm
Tester" directly at the alarm. The light was
checked to see if it was functioning.
Not tested.
Not tested.
Not tested.
Not tested.
Note:'- ' indicates Material Name and General Description are the same and "NA' = not applicable.
'The outside of the cord served as Housing Wire Insulation, and the three-stranded interior wires served as the Stranded Wires.
Test page can be found in Appendix E of the EPA Quality Assurance Proj ect Plan (QAPP) entitled, "Compatibility of Material and Electronic
Equipment with Chlorine Dioxide Fumigation," dated July 2007.
NA not applicable
1.3.2 Category 3
Category 3 Materials include small, personal electronic
equipment. The objectives for this category were to
determine aesthetic (visual) and functionality impacts
on the equipment as a function of time post-fumigation.
The assessment of the impact was visual inspection
for aesthetic effects and evaluation of functionality
post-fumigation. Inspection occurred monthly for
five months, and then again at the one-year period.
with the equipment stored at monitored (logged)
ambient conditions throughout that time period. Visual
inspections of the equipment were documented in
writing and by digital photographs. Any indications
of odor emissions were also documented. Further, the
functionality of each piece of equipment was assessed
comparatively with similar equipment that was not
subjected to the fumigant exposure. Category 3 materials
are listed in Table 1-2 and Table 1-3 details the post-test
procedures.
Table 1-2. Category 3 Materials
Materials
Personal Digital
Assistant (PDA)
Cell Phone
Fax/Phone/ Copier
Machine
Data DVD
Data CD
Description
Handheld
Pay-as-you-go Super thin flip superphonic
ringtones full color screen
Plain-paper fax and copier with 10-page auto
document feeder and up to 50-sheet paper
capacity. 512KB memory stores up to 25
pages for out-of-paper fax reception
Standard 2 1331 DVD Video
Standard Audio CD
Manufacturer
Palm
Virgin (Kyocera)
Brother
Warner Brothers
CURB Records
Model Number
Z22
Marbl
Fax 575
Sample
Size
1 piece
1 piece
1 piece
1 piece
1 piece
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Table 1-3. Post-Fumigation Testing Procedures for
Category 3 Materials
Material
PDAs
Cell Phones
Fax
Machines
DVD
CD
Description of Testing Procedure
The import and export capabilities were tested,
and the screen condition was noted. Keypad
and screen conditions were noted.
Incoming and outgoing call capabilities were
tested by ring and audio functions. Keypad and
screen conditions were noted.
Incoming and outgoing fax capabilities were
tested, as were incoming and outgoing call
functions.
The audio and visual functions were tested.
The audio functions were tested by playing the
first 10 seconds of each song.
1.3.3 Category 4 Equipment
The assessment of the impact of fumigation on Category
4 equipment was done in conjunction with Alcatel-
Lucent. This assessment was performed through LGS
Innovations, Inc. as the prime performer of a Chemical,
Biological, and Radiological Technology Alliance
(CBRTA) Independent Assessment and Evaluation
(IA&E). The IA&E through CBRTA was funded by
EPA and the Department of Homeland Security S&T
(Directorate of Science & Technology) via interagency
agreements with the National Geospatial-Intelligence
Agency (NGA, the executive agency for CBRTA at the
time of the study).
Category 4 equipment includes desktop computers and
monitors. The objective of testing for this category of
equipment (and materials) was to assess the impact of
the fumigation conditions using a two- tiered approach:
(1) visual inspection and functionality testing using a
personal computer (PC) software diagnostic tool, and (2)
detailed analysis for a sub-set of the tested equipment
through the CBRTA IA&E. The computer systems not
sent for detailed analysis from each test set remained
at the EPA facility. Each of these computers was put
through a burn-in test (BIT) sequence five days a week,
for eight hours a day, to simulate normal working
conditions. For all computer systems, PC-Doctor®
Service Center™ 6 (PC-Doctor, Inc.; Reno, NV) was run
as the PC software diagnostic tool. The BIT sequence
and PC-Doctor® Service Center™ 6 protocols were
developed by Alcatel-Lucent specifically for this testing.
While the impact on computer systems was being
assessed directly in this effort, the purpose of the testing
was to consider the systems as surrogates to provide
many of the components common to high-end equipment
(e.g., medical devices, airport scanners). Hence, the
detailed analysis was a critical component of this testing.
The objective was to identify components and specific
parts of components that may be susceptible to corrosion
because of the fumigation process. This information
can then be used to make informed decisions about the
compatibility of other equipment that may have similar
components (at least similar in operation) and can reduce
further testing or uncertainty in the field application. All
equipment and materials listed below were selected by
Alcatel-Lucent as appropriate test vehicle sets to meet
the objectives of this testing. Table 1-4 lists the Category
4 equipment and materials included in these tests
Table 1-4. Category 4 Tested Materials
Computer
Component
Dell™ OptiPlex™ 745
desktop computer
Dell™ 15 inch flat
panel monitor
USB keyboard and
mouse
Super Video Graphics
Array [SVGA]
Metal coupons
Cables
Industrial printed
circuit board (IPC)
Description
Silver (Ag)
Copper (Cu)
Aluminum (Al)
Computer
power cord
Monitor power
cord
Analog video
cable
Additional
Details
See Appendix
A for
specifications^
See Appendix
A for
specifications.
These metals are
used extensively
in fabricating
desktop
computers.
Further objectives in this study for Category 4 equipment
and materials were to (1) provide an indication if
localized conditions in an operating computer may be
different from the bulk of the chamber and (2) obtain an
indication of the potential impact the local conditions
may have on the effectiveness of the C1O2 fumigation
process to inactivate BA spores potentially located
within the computer. For the first part of this objective,
process parameter measurements in the bulk chamber
and within the computers were compared. For the second
part, biological indicators (Bis) were used to provide an
indication of the effectiveness of the fumigation in the
bulk chamber and within each computer. Bis have been
shown not to correlate directly with achieving target
-------
fumigation conditions for B A spores or inactivating B A
spores on common building surfaces.14 While Bis do not
necessary indicate achievement, they will sufficiently
indicate a failure to achieve successful conditions.
The locations of process measurement monitors, metal
coupons, IPC board and Bis within each computer are
shown in Figure 1-3. The HOBO® (U12-011, Onset
Computer Corporation, Pocasset, MA) is a relative
humidity and temperature monitor with a built-in
data logger. The placement of these items within the
computers was decided based upon the air flow within
the chamber and the desire not to affect the operation
of the computer. The items were affixed to the inside of
the side panel of the computer case using self-adhesive
hook-and-loop dots (P/Ns 9736K44 and 9736K45,
McMaster-Carr, Atlanta, GA).
Figure 1-3. Location of HOBO8, Metal Coupons, IPC
Board, and BI within the Computers (left side panel shown
from a top-down view with respect to the computer).
-------
-------
2.0
Experimental Approach
2.1 DTRL Chlorine Dioxide Analytical
Capabilities
DTRL C1O2 measurement capabilities include six
analytical techniques that were assessed separately or on
one-to-one basis depending on the type of measurement
needed (continuous versus extractive). The six available
techniques are listed in Table 2-1.
Table 2-1. Available Chlorine Dioxide Analyses
Manufacturer/
Organization
CSI
CSI
AWWA
InterScan
Drager
OSHA
Method
Standard
Method 4500-
C1O2 E Modified
Electrochemical
Voltametric
CEM
ID-202
Title
Amperometric
II
Determination
of Chlorine
Dioxide in
Workplace
Atmospheres
Equipment
Model GMP
photometric
monitor
Model EMS
photometric
monitor
LD233
Model
Chlorine
electro-
chemical
sensor with
Polytron
7000
transmitter
Among the six measurement techniques, the CSI
photometric monitors are applicable to the high
concentration included in the test matrices (3,000 ppmv).
The InterScan LD233 was used with a 10:1 dilution for
the 75 ppm C1O2 tests. The modified Standard Method
4500-C1O2 E was used for both concentrations. The
OSHA ID-202 was not used during this study while
the Drager Polytron 7000 sensors were used only for
safety (i.e., room monitor). Additional details on the
photometric monitors, modified Standard Method
4500 C1O2 E, and the InterScan LD233 will be found in
sections 3.1.1 through 3.1.3.
2.2 General Approach
The effect of the fumigation process on materials and
electronic equipment was investigated using visual
inspection and an assessment of functionality. All visual
inspections were documented in writing and with digital
photographs. Functionality testing was documented in
writing (and by digital photography, where appropriate).
Additionally, a subset of Category 4 test sets was
subjected to a detailed IA&E by Alcatel-Lucent and was
detailed in their final report, "Assessment and Evaluation
of the Impact of Chlorine Dioxide Gas on Electronic
Equipment," dated May 23, 2008.15
The impact of the fumigant on the material and
electronic equipment was investigated at different
fumigation conditions (concentration, temperature, RH.
and exposure time). The MEC control and test chambers
were both maintained at the same temperature, RH and
air exchange rates. The MEC control chamber was never
exposed to C1O2.
2.3 Sampling Strategy
The test matrices include tests at two different fumigant
concentrations (3,000 ppmv and 75 ppmv). The two
different concentrations required that two different
sampling and measurement techniques be used to
monitor the chamber concentrations. The 3,000
ppmtarget C1O2 concentration was directly controlled
with the GMP, as shown in Figure 2-1. The 75 ppmv
target was achieved using a mixing chamber (i.e., GMP
Box), as shown in Figure 2-2. The mixing chamber
was established at the desired temperature and RH and
controlled at 3,000 ppmv by the GMP. The MEC test
chamber inlet flow was divided between gas from the
mixing chamber (at 3,000 ppmv) and ambient air. C1O2
injection from the mixing chamber was controlled via
a feedback loop with measurement in the MEC test
chamber using the InterScan LD233 C1O2 monitor (0-20
ppmv range). The InterScan LD233 unit pulled a 500 cc/
min sample diluted 10:1 nominal) that included 450 cc/
min clean air controlled by a mass flow controller (Tylan
FC-260V, Nextron, Seoul, Korea), with the difference
continually pulled from the MEC test chamber.
Modified Standard Method 4500-C1O2 E samples were
taken every 30 minutes to confirm the concentration of
C1O2 in the MEC test chamber for both the high and low
concentration tests.
-------
K-type Thermocouple
Digital/Control Signal
2-way Heated Sample Lines
EMS - CSI Environmental Monitoring System
SM - Standard Method
T/RH -Temperature/Relative Humidity
GMP - CSI "Good Manufacturing Practice" CIO2 generator
Figure 2-1. Experimental Setup of the MEC Test Chamber:
3,000 ppmv Scenario.
K-type Thermocouple
Digital/Control Signal
2-way Heated Sample Lines
SM - Standard Method
T/RH -Temperature/Relative Humidity
GMP - CSI "Good Manufacturing Practice" CIO2 generator
Figure 2-2. Experimental Setup of the MEC Test Chamber:
75 ppmv Scenario.
The CSI GMP Box was configured for RH control
using either the ClorDiSys GMP or Lab VIEW (Version
8; National Instruments, Austin, TX). In each case, a
Vaisala Temperature/Relative humidity (T/RH) sensor
(HMD40Y; Vaisala, Helsinki, Finland), checked for
proper operation at the beginning of each test, provided a
signal used in a feedback loop. When the Vaisala T/
RH sensor read lower than the RH set point, solenoid
valves were opened to inject humid air from a gas
humidity bottle (LF-HBA; Fuel Cell Technologies Inc.,
Albuquerque, NM). The gas humidity bottle was heated
to 60 °C to create a warm air stream saturated with water
vapor. The GMP Box typically remained at ambient
temperature, for there is no major heat source inside. In
cases where a condition above ambient temperature was
desired, the temperature of the GMP Box was controlled
by the Lab VIEW temperature control module operating
a ceramic infrared lamp (ESES; Mor Electric Heating
Association, Inc., Comstack Park, MI). The steam
injectors were preheated to prevent any condensation.
The MEC test and control chambers needed to be
cooled because of the heat generated by the operating
equipment inside. If sufficient, all cooling was done
by controlling the air exchange rate in order to prevent
any cold spots within the chamber. A blower was used
to exhaust air from the chambers and pull in cooler air.
The blower also operated to prevent over-pressurization
of the isolation chamber. With the higher heat input of
operating computers, additional cooling was necessary:
cooling water above the dew point was circulated
through cooling fins inside the chamber.
2.4 Sampling/Monitoring Points
The testing strategy for the impact of the fumigation
process on material and electronic equipment required
monitoring the fumigation environment in both chambers
(MEC test and control) and inside the computers for
the testing of Category 4 equipment. Both the MEC test
and control chambers were conditioned and controlled
to provide the same temperature and RH for the entire
fumigation event.
Local variations in temperature were expected.
especially due to the heat output of electronic devices
while operating. This variation in temperature also
affected RH. Because RH was a critical parameter in
the effectiveness of the fumigant, the RH was checked
by placing multiple HOBO® T/RH sensors in and near
fumigated equipment. The location of the sensors
within the computers is shown in Figure 1-3. Each of
the HOBO® sensors was checked against both a Vaisala
T/RH sensor used as a reference (never exposed to
fumigant) and the Vaisala T/RH sensor used to measure
the bulk RH in the chamber in order to obtain direct
comparisons between the bulk and the localized RH
after correcting for individual sensor bias. The monitor
points within the computers allow determination of
temperature and RH gradients that might exist; the target
temperature, RH, and C1O2 concentration is that of the
bulk chamber (e.g., not within equipment). The HOBO®
sensors logged RH and temperature in real time, and the
-------
data were downloaded after the fumigation event was
complete.
2.5 Frequency of Sampling/
Monitoring Events
Table 2-2 provides information on method, test
location, sampling flow rates, concentration ranges, and
frequency for the measurement techniques used.
Table 2-2. Monitoring Methods
to reach the target concentration of fumigant.
For the high concentration exposure tests (3,000
ppmv target concentration), the GMP directly
fed the test chamber to reach the desired target
C1O2 concentration within the shortest time.
For the low concentration exposure tests (target
concentration 75 ppm), a mixing chamber
was used to feed the test chamber; the mixing
chamber concentration was set to 3,000 ppmv
Monitoring
Method
GMP C1O2
Monitor
EMS Monitor
Modified Standard
Method 4500-
C1O2E
InterScan
VaisalaT/RH
sensor
HOBO®U10T/
RH meter
Test Location
MEC test chamber (3,000
ppmv tests); GMP Box (75
ppmv tests)
MEC test chamber (3,000
ppmv tests);
GMP Box (75 ppmv tests)
MEC test chamber; GMP
Box
MEC test chamber (75
ppmv tests)
MEC test chamber; GMP
Box
MEC test chamber, Inside
Category 4 chassis
Sampling
Flow Rate
5 Lpm nominal
5 Lpm nominal
0.5 Lpm
0.5 Lpm
nominal
NA
NA
Concentration Range
C1O2 (ppmv)
50-10,000
50-10,000
36 -10,000
0-20 (undiluted)
0-200 (with dilution
system)
0-100%RH,-40to
60 °C
5-95% RH, -20 to 70 °C
Frequency and
Duration
Real-time; 4 per
minute
Real-time; 6 per
minute
Every 60
minutes; 4
minutes each
Real-time; 6 per
minute
Real-time; 6 per
minute
Real-time; 6 per
minute
NA - not applicable
2.6 Fumigation Event Sequence
The impact of the C1O2 exposure on materials and
electronic equipment was investigated for different
fumigation conditions and operational states of the
equipment (ON/OFF). The testing approach consisted
of first investigating the impact on Category 2 and 3
items, followed by completing the test matrix for the
Category 4 items. Each fumigation event sequence can
be generalized as follows:
Pre-conditioning Phase:
During this phase, both the test and the control MEC
chambers were conditioned to maintain a constant, pre-
determined temperature and RH.
Exposure Phase:
The exposure phase in the test chamber is divided into
two sequences:
1) Fumigant Charging Phase. The fumigant
charging phase corresponds to the time required
C1O2 concentration. The CT (ppmv-hours) of
the charging phase was around one percent of
the total CT accumulated in the overall exposure
phase.
2) Exposure Phase: The exposure phase corresponds
to the set concentration time exposure (CT). Time
zero was set as the time when the MEC test
chamber reached the desired concentration
(±10 percent standard deviation). The required
CT was set to 9,000 ppmv-hour for the high C1O2
concentration (3,000 ppmv) and to 900 ppmv-
hours for the low MEC test chamber concentration
(75 ppmv).
Aeration phase:
The aeration phase started when the exposure phase was
completed (i.e., when the target CT had been achieved),
proceeded overnight, and stopped when the concentration
inside the chamber was below the OSHA permissible
-------
exposure limit (PEL) for chlorine dioxide of 0.1 ppmv
(0.3 milligrams per cubic meter (mg/m3)) as an eight-
hour time-weighted average (TWA) concentration.
The phases of a fumigation event are graphically
depicted in Figure 2-3. The times and demand rates for
each phase shown are presented for illustration purposes
only.
• Target Concentration
• Chamber Concentration
Time (arb. scale)
Figure 2-3. Material and Equipment Exposure Time
Sequence.
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3.0
Testing and Measurement Protocols
Testing to accomplish the test matrices used two
isolation test chambers: the MEC control chamber
for the control tests (no fumigant), and the MEC test
chamber for the fumigant test conditions. The chambers
were controlled to establish fumigation conditions that
were identical with respect to temperature, RH, and air
exchange rate. Tested materials and equipment were
photographed before and after exposure and any visual
changes noted, including color, legibility, and contrast.
Off-gassing (i.e., noticeable odor) was also documented.
3.1 Methods
The photometric monitors (GMP monitor and EMS), the
InterScan LD23 3 continuous C1O2 gas monitor, and the
extractive modified Standard Method 4500-C1O2 E were
used for monitoring C1O2 concentrations in the MEC test
chamber and source chamber (GMP Box, as needed for
the low concentration tests). Table 2-2 specifies where
these methods were used within the experimental setups.
In addition to C1O2 measurements, other critical
parameters measured were temperature and RH. The
Vaisala T/RH sensor used for control was compared
against a Vaisala T/RH sensor used as a reference (never
exposed to fumigant) before each test (see Section
3.1.4). Secondary measurements in different locations
within the chamber were measured by HOBO® U10 data
loggers, and also compared to the standard meter.
Bis were also included in the testing of Category 4
equipment. The use of the Bis provided an indication of
whether or not acceptable decontamination conditions
were achieved due to variations in local conditions
within the computers.
The measurement equipment used in this project is
described below.
3.1.1 Photometric Monitors
The ClorDiSys EMS monitor is identical to the
photometric monitor built into the ClorDiSys generator
(GMP), which was used to generate the C1O2 in this
study. Comparisons of the two instruments performed
in a separate study indicated the two instruments read
within 3 percent of one another with an R2 value of
0.99.16
The monitors are photometric systems operating in
absorbance mode with a fixed path cell. An internal
pump in the EMS and GMP provides flow of the test
gas from the sample point to the analytical cell. The
maxima and minima of an unspecified and proprietary
ClO2-specific absorbance band are monitored. These
numbers are then used to calculate the absorbance
at this analytical band. Before delivery, calibration
was performed with National Institute for Standards
and Technology (NIST)-traceable transmission band
pass optical filters (385/0.9CU; optek-Danulat, Inc..
Essen, Germany). The photometric systems include a
photometer zero function to correct for detector aging
and accumulated dirt on the lenses. Daily operation of
the photometers includes moments when clean, C1O2-
free air is being cycled through the photometers. If the
photometer reads above 0.1 milligrams per liter (mg/L)
during these zero air purges, then the photometer is
re-zeroed. Problems arising from condensation when
sampling under high temperature or high RH conditions
have been addressed by heating the sample lines and
the photometer cell. Table 3-117'1S provides instrument
specifications.
Table 3-1. CSI EMS/GMPs Photometric Monitor
Characteristics
Parameter
Precision (SD1)
Range
Accuracy (SD)
Resolution
Value
mg/L
0.1
0.1-30
0.2 from
0.5-50
0.1
ppm
36
50-10,900
72 from 181-
18,100
36
1 SD stands for Standard Deviation
3.1.2 Modified Standard Method 4500-CIO2 E
Standard Method 4500-C1O2 E is an amperometric
titration suitable for aqueous C1O2 concentrations
between 0.1 to 100 mg/L. This method does not address
gas-phase sampling. The full method is quite complex
in that a multi-titration scheme is used to differentiate
several chlorine-containing analytes. A modification of
this method to incorporate gas-phase sampling is to use
a buffered potassium iodide bubbler sample collection
and restrict the official method to a single titration
based upon Procedure Step 4.b.19 This step analyzes the
combined chlorine, chlorine dioxide, and chlorite as a
single value, and can only be applied where chlorine
and chlorite are not present. Since the modified method
(modified Standard Method 4500-C1O2 E) described
below is applied to gas-phase samples, the presumption
of the absence of chlorite and chlorate is quite valid. The
-------
presumption of the absence of chlorine is based upon
experience by multiple generator manufacturers and
research groups, along with preliminary tests performed
previously.16
A discussion of the modified method Standard Method
4500-C1O2 E used in this test plan can be found in the
approved QAPP entitled, "Fumigant Permeability and
Breakthrough Curves, Revision 1, April 2006."16 The
modified Standard Method 4500-C1O2 E is performed as
follows:
• Add 20 mL of phosphate buffer solution, pH 7.2
with KI (25 g KI/ 500 mL of buffer phosphate)
(KIPB solution) to two impingers.
• Route C1O2 gas from the chamber into the KIPB
solution in the impingers in series at a flow rate of
0.5 L/min for four minutes.
• Combine the 20 mL of KIPB solution from each
impinger into a 200 mL volumetric flask and rinse
the impingers thoroughly with de-ionized water. Fill
the flask to the 200 mL mark.
• Dilute 5 mL of the resulting solution to 200 mL with
deionized water and add 1 mL of 6 N HC1 to the
solution.
• Place solution in dark for five minutes.
• Titrate the solution with 0.1 N sodium thiosulfate (N
= 0.1).
• Record the volume of sodium thiosulfate used in
the titration. Conversion calculations from titrant
volume to C1O2 concentration are based on Standard
Method 4500-C1O2 E
• C1O2 (mg/L) = Volume of sodium thiosulfate (mL) x
N x 13490 70.025 (fraction of gas titrated)
Where N = Normality.
This method removes many of the possible interferences
listed in Standard Method 4500-C1O2 E.19 The initial
presence of KI in excess prevents iodate formation.
which can occur in the absence of KI and leads to a
negative bias. The presence of the pH 7 buffer during
impinging prevents oxidation of iodide by oxygen which
occurs in strongly acidic solutions. Other interferences
are unlikely to be a problem in this application, as the
presence of manganese, copper, and nitrate is unlikely in
a gaseous sample.
The second impinger filled with buffered KI solution is
added in series to reduce the likelihood of breakthrough.
The second impinger was not analyzed independently,
but was combined with the first impinger for analysis.
System blanks were done, on a daily basis, by titration
of the KIPB sample. When titration yielded a volume of
titrant greater than 0.5 percent of the expected value of
the impinged sample, a new KIPB solution was mixed to
provide a lower blank value.
3.1.3 InterScan LD233
The InterScan LD233 is an electrochemical voltametric
continuous monitoring system similar in theory to the
operation of the Drager sensors that are being used in
concurrent NHSRC studies in DTRL. The InterScan
LD233 is essentially two separate analyzers in one.
measuring C1O2 in two ranges, 0-1999 ppb and 0-19.99
ppm. The resolution and detection limits are listed in
Table 3-2. This instrument may be used in parallel with
the Drager in order to add additional verification of the
low concentration. To measure the 75 ppm range with
the InterScan LD233, a 10:1 dilution system must be
used. This dilution was done directly from the MEC test
chamber in the sampling scheme.
Table 3-2. InterScan LD233 Specifications
Range
Resolution
Minimum Detection
0-1999 ppb
Ippb
20 ppb
0-19.99 ppm
0.01 ppm
0.2 ppm
3.1.4 Temperature and RH Measurement
Temperature and RH measurements were performed with
two types of sensors, the Vaisala HMP50 transmitter
and the HOBO® U10 logger. The Vaisala transmitter
was used for the real-time control of humidity, and
was placed at a point distant from the steam injector.
The HOBO® loggers were put in various places
within the MEC test and control chambers and within
computers (Category 4), to provide a map of humidity
and temperature conditions. The specifications of both
instruments are shown in Table 3-3.
Table 3-3. RH and Temperature Sensor Specifications
Instrument
RH Range
RH Accuracy -
0 to 90%
RH Accuracy -
90 to 98%
RH Resolution
Temperature Range
Temperature
Accuracy
Temperature
Resolution
Vaisala
0 to 98%
±3%
±5%
0.001% '
-10 to 60 °C
± 0.6 °C @ 20 °C
0.001 °C !
HOBO®
25 to 95%
± 3.5%
Unknown
0.07%
-20 to 70 °C
±0.4°C@25°C
0.1 °C
1 Vaisala resolution estimated from 22-bit resolution of personal data
acquisition system (PDAQ).
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Repeated exposure to fumigation conditions degrades
both instruments. In the case of the Vaisala, the RH
sensor becomes corroded and the higher resistance
results in inaccurate RH readings. Corroded sensors were
detected and replaced during the RH sensor comparisons
before each test (see below). In the case of the HOBO®.
the fumigant corrodes the circuit board so that download
of the logged data is sometimes impossible. To help
prevent this reaction, the HOBO® circuit board was
coated in a watertight sealant, taking care not to coat the
sensor elements themselves. This coating did not affect
the reading of the HOBO® and allowed the instrument to
survive the fumigation in most cases.
A separate, calibrated Vaisala HMP50, never exposed to
fumigation, was used as an independent reference. Before
each test, each sensor was compared to the reference
sensor at ambient (~40 percent RH) and at 75 percent
RH. If the Vaisala differed from the reference by more
than 4 percent, then the removable RH sensors were
replaced (independent of the rest of the transmitter). The
RH measurements from the HOBO® sensors are used
only for qualitative comparisons with the Vaisala sensor.
3.7.5 Biological Indicators (Bis)
The Bis for this effort were acquired from Apex Labs
(Sanford, NC). The Bis as received were Bacillus
atrophaeus (B. atrophaeus) spores, nominally IxlO6.
on stainless steel disks in Dupont™ Tyvek® envelopes.
These Bis have been used extensively in NHSRC-related
fumigation efficacy testing for B. anthracis spores
deposited onto building materials. While it is easier to
inactivate the spores on the Bis than on most materials.
Bis can provide a suitable indication of failure of the
inactivation of B. anthracis on surfaces. Thus, failure
to inactivate the Bis suggests that conditions required
to inactivate spores on environmental surfaces were
not achieved.20 Further, the inactivation of B. anthracis
spores on building materials and B. atrophaeus spores
on the stainless steel Bis is highly sensitive to RH. For
inactivation with C1O2, spores require a minimum of 65 -
75 percent RH for effective kill conditions.2
Within operational computers, higher local temperatures
were expected to be associated with lower RH than
the bulk of the chamber. Therefore, Bis were placed in
the bulk chamber and within each computer in order
to assess a difference in the failure to achieve the
appropriate decontamination conditions. Five Bis were
collocated in each computer and in the MEC test and
control chambers. After removal from the chambers
and computers after testing, the Bis were transferred
to the Air Pollution Prevention and Control Division's
(APPCD's) Microbiology Laboratory. The transfer was
accompanied by a chain of custody (COC) form for each
group of five Bis. In the Microbiology Laboratory, the
Bis were transferred aseptically from their envelopes
to a sterile conical tube (Fisherbrand, Thermo Fisher
Scientific, Inc., Waltham, MA) containing at least 25
mL of nutrient broth (NB) (BBL Dehydrated Nutrient
Broth, BD Diagnostics Systems, East Rutherford.
NJ). Each BI was placed in an individual sample tube;
both positive and negative controls were analyzed in
conjunction with each test group for quality assurance.
The tubes were incubated at 23 °C for seven days, and
then recorded as either "growth" or "no growth" based
upon visual inspection. Tubes with growth turned the NB
very cloudy and consistency of the NB was changed. All
tubes were plated on tryptic soy agar (TSA) (Remel Inc..
Lenexa, KS) to confirm that any growth in the tube was
indeed B. atrophaeus and not another organism that had
contaminated the samples. Using aseptic techniques, the
TSA plates were incubated overnight at 32 °C. A visual
inspection of the plates was performed the following
day to determine if the B. atrophaeus had grown; B.
atrophaeus grows producing a reddish tint on the agar.
Both positive and negative controls were used to confirm
that B. atrophaeus growth on TSA was consistent.
3.1.6 Visual Inspection
Visual inspection focused on the expected effects
of fumigation: a change in color and occurrence of
corrosion. The color change could also affect legibility
of printed paper materials. Digital photographs of each
coupon or material were taken prior to fumigation.
After fumigation, digital photographs were taken to
document the condition of the materials/equipment.
Some equipment was partially dismantled in order to take
digital photographs of the equipment inside the casing.
This dismantling was done at an approved electrostatic
discharge (BSD) station (Section 3.4). Any changes in
legibility or contrast of materials before/after fumigation
were recorded.
3.7.7 Functionality Testing
All electronic equipment in Category 3 and 4 underwent
functionality testing prior to and after fumigation, as did
selected materials from Category 2, as appropriate. These
tests were detailed in Tables 1-1 and 1-3 for the Category
2 and 3 materials, respectively.
For the Category 4 equipment, the protocols for the
computer setup and analysis were developed by Alcatel-
Lucent for the specific equipment included in this
category (see Appendix D of the EPA QAPP entitled.
"Compatibility of Material and Electronic Equipment
with Chlorine Dioxide Fumigation," dated July 2007).
After exposure to the test conditions, all Category 2 and
3 materials were maintained in an RH- and temperature-
controlled room for one year for follow-up testing.
Category 4 equipment was tested in triplicate; after
the post-fumigation functionality test, one of the three
Category 4 computers was sent to Alcatel Lucent for in-
depth failure analysis; the remaining two computers per
-------
test ran remained at DTRL for continued functionality
testing for one year. The post-fumigation analysis
continued monthly for these pieces of Category 4
equipment (except for months 9 and 11), and for the
first five months and then again at the one-year point for
all Category 2 and 3 materials. Based on observations
of effects, the post-fumigation testing schedule was
modified to reduce the number of evaluations in a way
that did not compromise achieving the overall objectives
of this project. During the one year period, all equipment
was stored in an indoor office/laboratory environment
with logged temperature and RH. The computer systems
were maintained in the operational (ON) state and were
put through a BIT sequence five days a week, for eight
hours a day, to simulate normal working conditions.
Functionality testing was done by running a predefined
routine specific to each of the items. These routines
were documented for each item and maintained in the
item's log book or test sheets, which were then taped
into the logbook. For the computer systems, PC-Doctor®
Service Center™ 6 was ran to complete a hardware and
software diagnostic investigation. The BIT sequence and
PC-Doctor® Service Center™ protocols were developed
by Alcatel-Lucent specifically for this testing. The
results of the diagnostic protocol were maintained in the
appropriate log book.
3.1.8 Detailed Functionality Analysis
(subset of Category 4)
The assessment of the impact of fumigation on Category
4 equipment was performed in conjunction with
Alcatel-Lucent through LGS Innovations, Inc. as the
prime performer of a CBRTA IA&E. One computer
and monitor from each of the seven test sets was sent
to Alcatel-Lucent for detailed functionality testing. The
worst-performing computer from each of the triplicate
test sets was chosen for this in-depth testing. These
computers and monitors, after undergoing the initial pre-/
post-fumigation visual (Section 3.1.7) and functionality
screening (Section 3.1.8), were preserved and shipped
according to Section 3.4. The computers were shipped
to Alcatel-Lucent without forwarding knowledge of
the conditions under which the equipment was treated
(i.e., test information was not provided). Alcatel-Lucent
used a hierarchical approach to the analysis. The order
or increasing level of analysis was (1) aesthetic and
functionality evaluation (energize, ran diagnostic
protocol), (2) visual inspection and more advanced
diagnostics to identify affected components, (3) modular
investigation, and (4) cross-section and failure mode
analysis. The metal coupons and IPC boards were also
analyzed by Alcatel-Lucent for visual impacts and
changes in conductivity (i.e., IPC boards).
3.2 Cross-Contamination
The two isolation chambers, MEC test and control,
were set up in two different laboratories. There was no
contact between the two chambers in order to eliminate
any potential exposure of the MEC control chamber to
the fumigant because the reuse of limited PC-Doctor®
Service Center™ 6 hardware between computers has
raised the possibility of cross-contamination by the
transfer of corrosion products.15
3.3 Representative Sample
Materials and equipment were chosen as representative
of, or as surrogates for, typical indoor construction
materials or modern electronic devices. Each material
or piece of equipment was tested in triplicate for
representativeness. After initial inspection to confirm the
representativeness of the Category 4 equipment post-
treatment under the test conditions, the set that fared the
worst from each test condition was sent for the detailed
analysis performed by Alcatel-Lucent. The initial
inspection was an assessment for visual changes and PC
diagnostic using PC-Doctor® Service Center™ 6.21
3.4 Sample Preservation Methods
Test samples (i.e., materials and equipment) were stored
in temperature- and RH-controlled, indoor ambient
laboratory conditions until testing was performed. All
samples, both test and control, were stored under the
same conditions prior to and after the fumigation event.
The Category 4 items, specifically the computers
and monitors, were treated differently from the items
included in the other categories. Due to the detailed
analysis a subset of this test equipment was to undergo,
this equipment was stored in the original shipping
packaging until anti-static and anti-corrosion bags
(Corrosion Intercept Technology;
http://www.staticintercept.com/index.htm) could
be obtained. These bags were developed by Bell
Laboratories and recommended by Alcatel-Lucent. The
bags are specifically designed to protect the bagged
equipment from exposure to potentially damaging
electrostatic charge or corrosive gases. The computers
and monitors were removed from their original
packaging, labeled with a designated sample number
(see Section 3.5), and set up according to the protocol
provided by Alcatel-Lucent. After the pre-test analysis,
the computers were dismantled, placed in an individual
bag, sealed and stored until reassembly and preparation
for the fumigation event. The computers were also
dismantled and bagged during transport to and from the
MEC chambers. After exposure to the test conditions,
the equipment underwent visual inspection and initial
diagnostics with PC-Doctor® Service Center™6. The
protocols for running PC-Doctor® Service Center™
6 were developed and provided by Alcatel-Lucent,
pecifically for the equipment included in this testing.
One computer and monitor from each test group was
transferred back to its respective bag and stored until the
completion of the test matrix for Category 4. Once
-------
completed, the bagged equipment was shipped to
Alcatel-Lucent for the detailed analysis. The Category
4 items not shipped and all Category 2 and 3 items were
transferred to an appropriate area (BSD work station.
E-288, see below) in which the computers and monitors
could remain energized and operated over the course
of a year to continually assess delayed effects due to
the test conditions under which they were treated. The
temperature and RH in the area were monitored and
logged.
Before testing of the computers, the systems were
opened to insert a T/RH monitor (HOBO® U10) and Bis
in each desktop case. The Category 4 metal coupons and
IPC board were also placed in each computer case. The
location and method of fastening the equipment inside
the case were specified by Alcatel-Lucent. The insides of
the desktop computers were digitally photographed. To
maintain the integrity of the computer by avoiding static
electricity, an electrostatic discharge work station (BSD
Station) was established for work on the computers. An
BSD station was set up in E-288 (EPA Facility, RTF, NC)
and a second sub-station (smaller) next to the MEC test
chamber in H-224 (EPA Facility, RTF, NC). Training
on this work station in E-288 was provided by Alcatel-
Lucent on July 18, 2007. In general, the station consisted
of an electrostatic discharge work mat, an electrostatic
monitor, and electrostatic discharge wristbands. All
computers were inspected and operated (i.e., diagnostic
testing, long-term operation of computers for analysis
of residual effects) on the certified BSD work stations
according to certified procedures. During operation
of the computers, all computers were energized using
surge protectors (BELKIN seven-outlet home/office
surge protector with six-foot cord, Part # BE107200-06)
(Belkin International, Inc.; Compton, CA).
The B. atrophaeus Bis were maintained in their
sterile Dupont™ Tyvek® envelopes, refrigerated, until
ready for use. The Bis were allowed to come to the
test temperature before being placed in the MEC test
chamber. The Bis were maintained in their protective
Dupont™ Tyvek® envelopes until transferred to the on-
site Microbiology Laboratory for analysis.
Modified Method 4500E samples were kept in a dark
refrigerator for one week after initial analysis for
potential re-titration.
3.5 Material/Equipment Identification
Each material and piece of equipment was given an
identifying code number unique to that test sample
material/equipment. The codes and code sequence
were explained to the laboratory personnel to prevent
sample mislabeling. Proper application of the code
simplified sample tracking throughout the collection.
handling, analysis, and reporting processes. All COC
documentation for the test sample material/equipment
was labeled with the identifying code number. Table
3-4 shows the sample coding used in this study, with
Figures 3-1 through 3-9 showing pictures of all of the
materials that were tested. The Category 4 equipment
was labeled as DECON###, where ### refers to a three-
digit sequential number. A total of 24 computers and
liquid crystal display (LCD) monitors were purchased
for this project; therefore, the numbers ranged from 001
to 024. Of these 24 computers, DECON001 was not
tested. Sample DECON001 served as a control sample.
The experimental log for the tests cross-referenced the
label on the computer equipment (i.e., DECON001) to
the coding shown below with respect to Category 4. The
use of the generic labeling for Category 4 equipment was
required to maintain a blindness of the analysis for the
equipment sent to Alcatel-Lucent. The cross-reference
between the generic label (DECONXXX) and the coding
shown below was not provided to Alcatel-Lucent.
-------
Table 3-4. Sample Coding
AAA-NN-TXX-RXX
Sample Code
2AL
2CU
2CS
2S1
2S3
2S4
2S6
2S9
2SW
2LC
2EB
2SE
2GA
2DS
2DN
2CS*
2AS
2CB
AAA 2SD
2SW**
2LP
2IP
2PH
3PD
3CE
3FA
3DV
3CD
4CO
4MO
4KB
4PC
4CM
BIX
NN 01,02, or 03
TXX T01orT02
RXX R01-R08
Figure
3-la
3-lb
3-lc
3-ld
3-le
3-lf
3-lg
3-lh
3-2a
3-2b
3-2c
3-2d
3-2e
3-2f
3-2g
3-3a,b,c
3-3d,e,f
3-3g
3-4a
3-4b,c
3-5a
3-5b
3-5c
3-6a
3-6b
3-6c
3-7a
3-7b
3-8a
3-8a
3-8b
3-8c
3-8d
3-9
Sample Type
3003 Aluminum coupons
101 Copper coupons
Low carbon steel coupons
410 Stainless steel coupons
430 Stainless steel coupons
304 Stainless steel coupons
316 Stainless steel coupons
309 Stainless steel coupons
Stranded wires
DSL conditioner
Steel outlet/Switch box
Sealants (caulk)
Gaskets
Drywall screw
Dry wall nail
Copper services
Aluminum services
Circuit breaker
Smoke detector
Switches (lamps)
Laser printed colored papers (stack of 15 pages)
InkJet printed colored papers (stack of 15 pages)
Photographs
PDAs
Cell phones
Fax machines (with telephones)
DVDs
CDs
Desktop computer
Computer monitor
Computer keyboard
Computer power cord
Computer mouse
Biological Indicator (X= 1 for inside Computer 1 ,
X=2 for inside Computer 2, X=3 for inside Computer 3,
X=4 for inside bulk chamber)
Replicate number (01, 02, 03)
Test Matrix (Category 2 and 3 = T01; Category 4 = T02)
Run Number (RO 1 -R08)
* 2CS was used for low carbon steel coupons and the copper services.
** 2SW was used for stranded wire and the switches; also 2HW was deleted as a separate category (Housing wiring insulations) because 2HW was
on the outside of the three-piece stranded wire (2SW).
-------
(d)
Figure 3-1. Metal Coupons used in the Compatibility Testing (photos prior to fumigation):
(a) 3003 Aluminum; (b) 101 Copper; (c) Low Carbon Steel; (d) 410 Stainless Steel; (e) 430 Stainless Steel; (f) 304 Stainless
Steel; (g) 316 Stainless Steel; and (h) 309 Stainless Steel.
OOll
Figure 3-2. (a) Stranded Wire (b) DSL Conditioner (c) Steel Outlet/Switch Box with Sealant (Caulk) (d) Gasket (e) and
Drywall Screws and Nails used in the Compatibility Testing.
-------
Figure 3-3. (a, c) Copper Services, (b, d) Aluminum Services, and (e) Circuit Breaker used in the Compatibility Testing.
-------
Figure 3-4. (a) Smoke Detector and (b, c) Lamp Switch used in the Compatibility Testing.
Figure 3-5. (a) Laser and (b) InkJet Printed Color Papers, and (c) Photograph used in the Compatibility Testing.
-------
Figure 3-6. (a) PDA (b) Cell Phone, and (c) Fax Machine used in the Compatibility Testing.
Figure 3-7. (a) Front of DVD (b) back of DVD (c) front of CD, and (d) back of CD used in the Compatibility Testing.
-------
Figure 3-8. (a) Desktop Computer and Monitor, (b) Keyboard, (c) Power Cord, and (d) Mouse used in the Compatibility
Testing.
Figure 3-9. Inside of a Computer Showing Two of the Five Bis, the HOBO® Data Logger, the IPC Board, and the Mounted
Metal Coupons.
3.6 Sample Shipping Procedures
The computer, monitor, and ancillary equipment shipped
to Alcatel-Lucent were packaged inside Corrosion
Intercept Technology bags
(http://www.staticintercept.com/index.htni). The bagged
equipment was shipped to Alcatel-Lucent using the
original packaging (i.e., boxes and foam) after post-
fumigation tests. The shipping and handling protocols
were provided by Alcatel-Lucent.
3.7 Chain of Custody
Each material/piece of equipment sent to Alcatel-Lucent
had a COC record describing the material/equipment and
analysis to be performed. Similarly, all the BI samples
sent for analysis by the On-site Microbiology Laboratory
had a COC. Examples of the COC forms for the transfer
of the BI samples to the Microbiology Laboratory and
the Category 4 equipment to Alcatel-Lucent are provided
in Appendix B of the EPAQAPP entitled, "Compatibility
of Material and Electronic Equipment with Chlorine
Dioxide Fumigation," dated July 2007.22
-------
3.8 Conditions
Two sets of test conditions were used for the testing.
Test condition T01 was used for Category 2 and 3
materials (combined) and test condition T02 was used
for Category 4 equipment. The test conditions were
based on the main objective of this project: to assess the
damages, if any, to materials and electronic equipment
functionality after remediation of a contaminated space
using the C1O2 technology under various fumigation
scenarios and equipment states of operation. The
parameters that were investigated include:
1. Effect of fumigation at high concentration (3.000
ppmv C1O2) at standard conditions (75 percent RH,
24 °C) with a CT of 9,000 ppmv-hr,
2. Effect of fumigation at low concentration (75 ppmv
C1O2) at standard conditions (75 percent RH, 24 °C)
with a CT of 900 ppmv-hr;
3. Impact of the power state (ON/OFF) of the
electronic equipment during the fumigation under
die standard conditions (3,000 ppmv C1O2, 9,000
ppmv-hr, 75 percent RH, 24 °C);
4. Impact on die equipment of standard (75 percent)
and high (90 percent) RH during fumigation at high
concentration (3,000 ppmv C1O2, 9,000 ppmv-hr);
5. Impact on the equipment of the low (40 percent) RH
during fumigation at low concentration (75 ppmv
CIO,, 900 ppmv-hr);
6. Impact of a high RH (90 percent) environment alone
(without added CIO,);
7. Impact of ambient conditions (40 percent RH) only.;
and
8. Impact of fumigation time (or CT) and duration of
use after a fumigation event.
The test conditions for Category 2 and 3 materials are
presented in Table 3-5 and for Category 4 equipment in
Table 3-6. Tests without C1O2 added were performed in
the MEC control chamber; all other tests were performed
in the MEC test chamber.
-------
Table 3-5. Test Conditions for Category 2 and 3 Materials
Test
Condition
Run Name
Treatment Conditions
and Equipment Power State
Purpose of Test
mi
Standard Fumigation:
3,000 ppmv CIO,
75% RH
24 °C
3 hours
ON
Determine flic effect of standard fumigation conditions.
R02
High RH Fumigation:
3,000 ppmv C1O2
90% RH
24 °C
3 hours
ON
Determine the effect of standard fumigation concentration
at higher RH and standard temperature.
Problem: Aborted due to condensation
R03
Low Concentration Fumigation:
75 ppmv C1O2
75% RH
24 °C
12 hours
ON
Determine the effect of lower fumigation concentration at
standard temperature and RH.
R04
Low RH Fumigation:
75 ppmv CIO
40% RH
24 °C
12 hours
ON
Determine the effect of lower fumigation concentration at
lower RH (ambient RH) and standard temperature.
R05
Ambient Conditions Only, No CIOY
0 ppmv C1O2
40% RH
24 °C
12 hours
ON
Determine baseline conditions.
Determine the effect of no fumigation, lower RH, and
standard temperature.
R06
High RH Fumigation:
3,000 ppmv CIO,
90% RH
24 °C
3 hours
ON
Determine flic effect of standard fumigation concentration
at higher RH and standard temperature.
1st reran of Test Condition 2 (same conditions)
Problem: Condensation still present
R07
High RH Fumigation:
3,000 ppmv C1O2
88% RH
27 °C
3 hours
ON
Determine the effect of standard fumigation concentration
at higher RH and standard temperature.
2nd reran of Test Condition 2 (raised the temperature 5 °¥
and lowered RH 2%)
Problem: Condensation still present
R08
High RH, No CIO2:
0 ppmv C1O2
90% RH
24 °C
3 hours
ON
Determine baseline conditions for run for Test Condition 2
(since condensation could not be avoided at higher RH).
Determine the effect of no fumigation, higher RH, and
standard temperature (isolate effect of combination of
CIO and higher humidity).
-------
Table 3-6. Test Conditions for Category 4 Equipment
Test
Condition
or Run
Name
1
!
2
3
4
s
„'
6
7
Subset Run Name
or Computer
Label
DECON004
DECON006
DECON014
DECON003
DECON012
DECON023
DECONOH
DECON016
DECON024
DECON009
DECON010
DECON021
DECON002
DECON008
DECON019
DECON0132
DECON0172
DECON0202
DECON005
DECON007
DECON022
DECON015
DECON018
Treatment Conditions
and Equipment Power State
Standard Fumigation:
3,000 ppmv C1O2
75% RH
24 °C
3 hours
OFF
Standard Fumigation:
3,000 ppmv CIO,
75% RH
24 °C
3 hours
ON
High RH Fumigation:
3,000 ppmv C1O2
90% RH
24 °C
3 hours
ON1
HighRH,NoClO2:
0 ppmv CIO,
90% RH
24 °C
3 hours
ON1
Low Concentration Fumigation:
75 ppmv C1O2
75% RH
24 °C
12 hours
ON1
Low RH Fumigation:
75 ppmv CIO,
40% RH
24 °C
12 hours
ON1
Ambient Conditions Only, No CIO,:
0 ppmv CIO,
40%RII
24 °C
12 hours
ON1
Purpose of Test
Determine the effect of standard fumigation conditions
with power OFF.
Determine the effect of standard fumigation conditions
with power ON.
Determine the effect of standard fumigation
concentration at higher RH and standard temperature.
Determine the effect of no fumigation, higher RH, and
standard temperature (isolate effect of combination of
CIO, and higher humidity).
Determine the effect of lower fumigation concentration
at standard temperature and RH.
Determine the effect of lower fumigation concentration
at lower RH (ambient RH) and standard temperature.
Determine baseline conditions.
Determine the effect of no fumigation, lower RH,
and standard temperature.
Note: Bold indicates computer systems sent to Alcatel-Lucent for detailed IA&E.
'The power states for Test Sets 3 through? were determined based on the impact determined in Test Sets 1 and 2.
Condensation occurred in these computers due to a i'aulty valve; therefore, the computers were not used in the testing.
-------
4.0
Visual Inspection
Photographs were to be taken as part of the scheduled
functionality testing.
The purpose of this physical documentation was to make
comparisons over time, looking for changes such as
discoloration of wire insulation, corrosion, residue, and
decrease in the quality or readability of documents and
photographs. Where changes were noted, all visual files
and written documentation were reviewed to provide a
detailed understanding of the effects of fumigation over
time on that material/component. Functional effects are
presented and discussed in Section 5.
4.1 Category 2 Materials
A description of the visual changes documented in
Category 2 materials is detailed in Table 4-1. A summary
of the noted visual changes by run number (condition) is
shown in Table 4-2. Impacts were observed primarily in
the high RH runs.
Table 4-1. Documented Visual Changes in Category 2 Materials
4.1.1 Ambient RH: Alone and With Low-Level
Fumigation
Runs R04 and R05 were conducted at 40 percent RH.
with and without low-level fumigation, respectively.
Only two of the Category 2 materials were affected by
these conditions, and fumigation with C1O2 appears to
have had no additional visual impact beyond that seen
under ambient conditions alone.
Figure 4-1 (a) shows that by year's end, very mild
corrosion was seen on some of the connector screws in
the breakers even under ambient conditions (without
C1O2 fumigation). The addition of 75 ppmv C1O2 (Figure
4-l(b)) shows a very slight increase in corrosion. Figure
4-l(c) shows that increasing the RH to 90 percent (Run
08) resulted in just slightly more corrosion than the
corrosion seen at 40 percent RH alone.
The second visual impact that could be seen was a very
mild fading of the colors in the inkjet-printed pages
Material
Cu and Al services
Circuit breaker
Metal coupons
Laser- and inkjet-printed color papers
Photographs
Dry wall nails and screws
Stranded wire
Housing insulation
Steel outlet/switch box
Sealants (caulk)
Gaskets
DSL conditioner
Smoke detector
Visual Change
Corrosion and wire insulation discoloration
Corrosion
Corrosion
Fading, discoloration, loss of legibility
Fading, discoloration
Corrosion
Individual wire insulation discoloration and corrosion of wire ends
Discoloration
Corrosion
Discoloration
Discoloration
Discoloration
Corrosion
No visual changes were noted for 300 series stainless
steel, laser-printed paper, caulk sealant or gaskets under
any of the test run conditions. The results are presented
below in three groups according to the RH of the run
condition: ambient (40 percent), standard fumigation
conditions (75 percent) and highRH (90 percent).
Within each group, the variations in visual effects are
presented for each level of fumigation, whether control
(0 ppmv), low (75 ppmv) or high (3,000 ppmv) CIO
over the year-long observation period. Once again, there
seemed to be no additional visual damage caused by the
75 ppmv C1O2 fumigation in run R04. The black printing
was unaffected, and the last page of these 15-page stacks
looked identical to the first. Figure 4-2 shows that the
laser-printed paper (on the left) is still quite vibrant. The
slight fading of the inkjet colors was not unexpected, as
this decrease in color staying power is a known trade-off
of this much less expensive printing option.
-------
Table 4-2. Summary of Visual Changes Noted in Category 2 Materials
Temp, °C
RH
ppmv
Test Condition1
Cu and Al Sendees
Circuit Breakers
101 Copper
coupons
Low carbon steel
coupons
410 Stainless steel
coupons
430 Stainless steel
coupons
304 Stainless steel
coupons
316 Stainless steel
coupons
309 Stainless steel
coupons
3003 Aluminum
coupons
Housing Insulation.
DSL connector
Steel outlet/
switch box
Caulk sealant
Gaskets
InkJet-printed
paper
Laser-printed paper
Photographs
Drywall nails
Drywall screws
Stranded wire
Smoke detector
Lamp switches
24
40%
0
R05
—
Very mild
screw
corrosion
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
...
—
—
...
—
Very mild
fading
...
—
...
...
—
—
—
24
40%
75
R04
—
Very mild
screw
corrosion
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
...
—
—
...
—
Very mild
fading
...
—
...
...
—
—
—
24
75%
75
R03
Corrosion on
edges
Mild screw
corrosion
Tarnish
Severe
corrosion
—
—
—
—
—
—
...
—
—
...
—
Moderate
fading
...
Slight
yellowing
Mild corrosion
Mild corrosion
Tarnished wire
ends
—
—
24
75%
3,000
R01
Corrosion on
edges, mild Al
sendee wire
discoloration
Mild screw
corrosion
Tarnish
Severe
corrosion
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
--
--
Moderate
fading
—
Severe fading
Mild corrosion
Mild corrosion
Tarnished wire
ends
—
—
24
90%
0
R08
...
Mild screw
corrosion
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
Very mild
fading
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
24
90%
3,000
R06
Corrosion
on edges, Al
service wire
discoloration
Screw
corrosion
Severe
corrosion
Severe
corrosion
Severe
corrosion
—
—
—
—
—
—
Discoloration
ChalkA' residue
—
—
Severe Fading
—
Severe Fading
Corrosion
Corrosion
Corrosion
Terminals
corroded
—
27
88%
3,000
R07
Corrosion
on edges, A 1
sendee wire
discoloration
Screw corrosion
Severe
corrosion
Severe
corrosion
Severe
corrosion
Corrosion
—
—
—
Chalky residue
Discoloration
Discoloration
—
...
—
Severe Fading
...
Severe Fading
Corrosion
Corrosion
Corrosion
Terminals
corroded
—
Note:
1. R02 data were not collected, nor are data presented here. Runs were aborted due to condensation issues.
-------
4.5 6-7
Figure 4-1. Corrosion on breaker screws at 12 months post exposure to (a) ambient conditions only (R05), (b) low RH
fumigation (R04), and (c) high RH fumigation (R02); breakers are numbered 1-10 and a close-up of the screws for
breaker 8 is shown. The arrows point to areas of corrosion evident on the screw on breaker 8 after exposure to high RH
fumigation (labeled c-8 in the figure).
-------
Figure 4-2. Laser (left) versus inkjet (right) color printed paper at 12 months post-exposure to ambient conditions (R05).
Impact of RH Alone and with Low-level Fumigation:
Increasing the RH from ambient levels (40 percent) to
almost condensation stage (90 percent), or operating at
ambient RH levels with low-level fumigation (75 ppmv)
seemed to have little or no impact beyond the natural
degradation of this type of material over a one-year-long
observation period.
4.7.2 Standard Fumigation RH: Low- and High-
Level Fumigation
The next two runs were conducted at the standard
fumigation RH of 75 percent and at both the low-level
(75 ppmv C1O2 in R03) and high-level (3,000 ppmv C1O2
in R01) fumigation conditions. The majority of visual
changes noted were similar between the two runs, but
the visual changes were of a more severe nature for those
materials exposed to the 3,000 ppmv C1O2 fumigation.
The first visual change noted for the Al or Cu Services
was corrosion on the edges of the steel box itself, seen
in both of these 75 percent RH runs (75 and 3,000 ppmv
C1O2). Since the impact of high RH alone (90 percent
RH) and low-level fumigation at ambient RH (75
ppmv C1O2, 40 percent RH) seems to be insignificant,
the combination of C1O2 and elevated RH seems to be
the cause of the observed corrosion along the exposed
edges. Figure 4-3 shows this corrosion in both standard
fumigation RH runs next to the unaffected 75 ppmv
C1O2, 40 percent RH run.
The second visual change was noted only in the Al
service under the 3,000 ppmv C1O2, 75 percent RH
fumigation conditions. Although the change was
difficult to see in the photographs, there was a mild
green discoloration of the lighter beige wire insulation
that was not seen in the 75 ppmv C1O2, 75 percent RH
fumigation.
The breakers in both of these runs experienced
mild corrosion of the screws. At both fumigation
concentrations for 75 percent RH this corrosion was very
similar to the corrosion seen for the 0 ppmv C1O2, 90
percent RH run shown in Figure 4-l(c).
The 101 copper coupons in both runs showed some
mild discoloration (tarnish) by year's end. However, as
shown in Figure 4-4, this discoloration does not appear
to be much more than the discoloration that was seen
on the R05 coupons which were maintained at ambient
humidity and were not subjected to C1O2 fumigation at
all. This conclusion is supported by the lack of significant
change in resistivity seen during the functionality tests.
The low carbon steel coupons fared among the worst
of all the Category 2 and 3 materials at both of the 75
percent RH conditions. Figure 4-5 shows the severe
corrosion which was apparent immediately following
fumigation and which looked similar through the first
five months. By year end, the corrosion had turned into a
copious, flaking, rust-like covering.
The laser-printed paper continued to hold the colors well.
However, the inkjet colors experienced moderate fading
at both the 75 and 3,000 ppmv C1O2 conditions. Figure
4-6 shows the first and last laser printed page (left side of
each picture) next to the comparable inkjet-printed page.
Being at the bottom of the stack of 15 sheets appears to
have provided no protection from fading for the inkjet
colors. The black printing was unaffected.
-------
Figure 4-3. Corrosion on Cu service box at 12 months post-exposure to (a) low concentration fumigation (R03), (b) standard
fumigation (R01), and (c) low RH fumigation (R04); lower pictures show a zoomed in area designated by the yellow boxes
(arrows point out corrosion on edges of services).
• (b)
Figure 4-4. 101 Copper coupon (a) before and 12 months after the exposure to (b) low concentration fumigation (R03), (c)
standard fumigations (R01), and (d) ambient conditions only (R05).
(a) (b) (c) (d)
Figure 4-5. Low carbon steel coupon (a) before, (b) immediately after low concentration fumigation (R03), (c) immediately
after standard fumigation (R01), and (d) 12 months post-exposure to standard fumigation (R01).
-------
Figure 4-6. (a) Laser and (b) inkjet printed pages at 12 months post-exposure to standard fumigation (R01).
The photographs from the 75 ppmv C1O2, 75 percent RH fumigation conditions were not faded, but did appear slightly
discolored (yellowed) by year's end (Figure 4-7(d)). However, for the 3,000 ppmv C1O2, 75 percent RH conditions,
there was severe fading immediately following C1O2 exposure. Although there was some further lightening by year
end, the majority of the damage could be directly attributed to the fumigation process itself.
The only other visual effects noted for the standard fumigation RH runs were some mild corrosion on the drywall nails
and screws, and some tarnish on the exposed ends of the stranded wire.
001
Figure 4-7. Photograph (a) before, (b) immediately after, and (c) at 12 months post-exposure to standard fumigation (R01),
and (d) 12 months post-exposure to low concentration fumigation (R03).
-------
Impact of Low- and High-Level Fumigation at
Standard RH: Some Category 2 materials (as noted
in Table 4-2) subjected to standard fumigation RH of
75 percent and to low (75 ppmv C1O2, 900 ppmv-hour)
and high (3,000 ppmv C1O2, 9,000 ppmv-hour) level
fumigation concentrations were significantly impacted.
In most instances, the degree and type of degradation of
specific materials were similar between the two runs, but
of a more severe nature for those exposed to the higher
level of fumigation. The most significant impacts were
severe corrosion of the low carbon steel coupons in both
runs, and severe fading of the photographs in the 3,000
ppmv C1O2, 75 percent RH run.
4.1.3 High RH Fumigation: Control and High-
Level Fumigations
Condensation was a recurring and ultimately
unsolvable problem with the high RH runs. Because
of condensation, a control run (R08) was conducted
to document any effects caused by the 90 percent RH
itself. The only visual effects noted were the mild screw
corrosion on the breakers (as shown in Figure 4-1) and
some mild fading of the inkjet colors, identical to the
visual effects seen in the ambient RH control run (R05)
and shown in Figure 4-2.
The final two runs were both 3,000 ppmv C1O2
fumigations. Run R06 was conducted at 90 percent
RH and 24 °C (75 °F). Because condensation was
still present, a second run (R07) was conducted at
a slightly reduced RH (88 percent) and a slightly
elevated temperature, 27 °C (80 °F), to try to alleviate
the problem. Although the condensation persisted, the
control run (R08) showed that the moist conditions alone
were not responsible for the much more severe and
widespread damage noted for both of these 3,000 ppmv
C1O2 fumigations. The visual impacts noted for these
two runs were similar, and of a higher magnitude than
the visual impacts seen in the 75 percent RH fumigation
runs.
As discussed earlier, the Al and Cu service boxes
experienced corrosion on their edges. In addition, both
Al services fumigated at the 3,000 ppmv C1O2 and
high RH conditions experienced a green discoloration
of one of the wires that had been white insulation.
This discoloration can clearly be seen in Figure 4-8.
The breakers in both of the high fumigant, high RH
runs experienced marked corrosion of the screws. Not
unexpectedly, these harshest fumigation conditions
caused more corrosion than had been seen under any of
the other test scenarios (see Figure 4-1).
The 101 copper coupons were much more heavily
impacted at the increased RH (see Figure 4-4 for the
3,000 ppmv C1O2, 75 percent RH coupons) and appeared
heavily corroded. Figure 4-9 shows the copper coupon
before fumigation, immediately thereafter, and at the end
of the one-year period.
Figure 4-8. Al Service (a) prior to fumigation, (b) at 12 months post-exposure to high RH fumigation (R06); the arrows
point to the originally white-cased wire that turned greenish in color after fumigation under R06.
Figure 4-9. 101 Copper coupon (a) before, (b) immediately after, and (c) at 12 months post-exposure to high RH fumigation
(R06).
-------
The low carbon steel coupons experienced the same severe corrosion as seen at the 75 percent RH conditions (see
Figure 4-5). The 410 stainless steel coupons were also severely corroded as shown in Figure 4-10.
(b)
(c)
Figure 4-10. 410 Stainless steel coupons (a) before, (b) immediately after, and (c) at 12 months post-exposure to high RH
fumigation (R06).
Three visual differences were noted between these two high-concentration, high RH runs. The first difference was seen
in the 430 stainless steel coupons. The slightly elevated temperature in run R07 (27 versus 24 °C) apparently caused
some corrosion on the 430 stainless steel coupons that was not seen in the R06 coupons. The RH was actually lower in
R07 (88 versus 90 percent), indicating the increased temperature as the cause of the corrosion seen in Figure 4-11.
(a) V (b) (c)
Figure 4-11. 430 Stainless steel coupons (a) before, (b) immediately after, and (c) at 12 months post-exposure to high RH
fumigation (R07.)
The second visual change apparently caused by the elevated temperature in run R07 was observed in the 3003
aluminum coupons. Although it is not apparent in Figure 4-12 below, there was a chalky residue on these coupons.
This layer interfered with the ability of the coupon to conduct electricity and resulted in an unstable reading at the
year-end testing. Otherwise, no observed differences were noted (Figure 4-12).
Figure 4-12. 3003 Aluminum coupons (a) before, (b) immediately after, and (c) at 12 months post-exposure to high RH
fumigation (R07).
The final visual change noted in the R07 run and apparently caused by the elevated temperature was that the housing
insulation covering the stranded wire turned green as shown in Figure 4-13. This discoloration was not seen in any of
the other runs.
-------
(»)• (b)
Figure 4-13. Strand wire (a) prior to and (b) immediately following the high RH fumigation (R07); note discoloration of the
housing insulation.
Interestingly, there was discoloration of the DSL connector during both high-humidity, high fumigation runs. As with
the housing insulation for run R07, the insulation turned green, as shown in Figure 4-14.
Figure 4-14. DSL connector (a) before, (b) immediately after, and (c) at 12 months post-exposure to high RH fumigation
(R06).
There was just one visual change that was unique to run R06 (3,000 ppmv C1O2, 90 percent RH, and 24 °C). A chalky
white residue was found on the steel outlet/switch box at month five and can clearly be seen in Figure 4-15. The right-
hand photograph shows that the residue worsened only slightly by year end.
(b)
Figure 4-15. Chalky white substance found on the steel outlet/switch box (a) at 5 months and (b) 12 months post-exposure to
high RH fumigation (R06).
The combination of the 3,000 ppmv C1O2 fumigation with high RH, both at 24 and 27 °C, led to immediate and severe
damage to both inkjet colors and to the photographs. Quality did not appear to be further degraded over the next year,
and the last pages of the 15-page stacks looked very similar to the first. The inkjet black printing was still clearly
legible, and the laser-printed colors remained quite vibrant throughout. Figures 4-16 and 4-17 show the impacts of
high-level, high humidity fumigation on inkjet printed papers and on photographs, respectively.
-------
Figure 4-16. Results of high RH fumigation (R06) shown for (a) laser printed paper at 12 months post-exposure, (b) inkjet
printed pages immediately after exposure, and (c) inkjet printed pages at 12 months post-exposure.
Figure 4-17. Photographs (a) before, (b) immediately after, and (c) 12 months post-exposure to high RH fumigation (R06).
The C1O2 fumigation caused some mild corrosion of the dry wall nails and screws at 75 percent RH. At the high RH of
runsR06 andR07, corrosion could be clearly seen on both by the end of the year as shown in Figure 4-18.
(b)
(d)
Figure 4-18. Results of exposure to high RH fumigation (R06) for (a, b) diywall screws (a - before and b - 12 months post-
exposure) and (c, d) nails (c - before and d - 12 months post-exposure).
Although difficult to see in the photographs, the ends of the stranded wire became tarnished from the high level, high
RH fumigation, as noted in both high RH runs. The smoke detectors in both high level, high RH runs experienced
severe corrosion of the battery terminals, noted immediately following the fumigations and seen in Figure 4-19.
-------
Figure 4-19. Smoke detector (a) before and (c) immediately after exposure to high RH fumigation (R06); close-up of battery
(b) before exposure and (d) immediately following fumigation.
Impact of the Combination of High RH and High
Fumigation Settings: The Category 2 materials
subjected to high RH (88 or 90 percent) and high
fumigation concentration (3,000 ppmv C1O2)
experienced degradation that was visible; many of
the effects were severe in nature. In both runs, severe
corrosion was seen not only on the low carbon steel
coupons but on the 101 copper coupons and 410
stainless steel coupons. The inkjet color pages and the
photographs experienced severe fading, and corrosion
was seen on the copper and aluminum services, breakers,
the drywall nails and screws, the stranded wire, and on
the smoke detector battery terminals. In addition, both
runs showed wire discoloration in the aluminum services
and in the DSL connector.
4.2 Category 3 Materials
The visual changes documented in Category 3 materials
are detailed in Table 4-3. A summary of the noted visual
changes by run number (condition) is shown in Table
4-4. Impacts were observed only for the high C1O2
concentration, high RH runs.
Table 4-3. Documented Visual Changes in Category 3
Materials
Table 4-4. Summary of Visual Changes Noted in Category
3 Materials
Material
PDAs and Cell Phones
Fax machines
DVDs and CDs
Visual Change
Screen discoloration or keypad
corrosion
Keypad, terminal, or internal
corrosion
Label or play side discoloration or
corrosion
Temp, °C
RH
ppmv
Test
Condition1
PDA
Cell
Phone
Fax
DVD
CD
24
40%
0
R05
—
-
24
40%
75
R04
—
-
24
75%
75
R03
—
-
24
75%
3,000
R01
Mild
Discoloration
-
24
90%
0
R08
—
-
24
90%
3,000
R06
Discolored/
faded
screen
Severe
printer
bar
corrosion
27
88%
3,000
R07
Discolored/
faded
screen
Severe
printer
bar
corrosion
Thinned
coating
Note:
1. R02 data were not collected, nor are data presented here. Runs were aborted due to
condensation issues.
As Table 4-4 shows, very few visual changes were
observed for the Category 3 materials. No visual changes
were noted for either the PDAs or the DVDs, and neither
of these items had any functional issues.
The only visual change noted for the cell phones was
related to screen discoloration seen at the higher level
fumigations. The screen legibility did not appear to be
compromised. While milder at 75 percent RH, the effect
was more marked in the high humidity runs, as can be
seen in Figure 4-20.
-------
(a) ^^^^^^^^m (b)
Figure 4-20. Cell phone screen (a) before and (b) at 12 months post-exposure to high RH fumigation (R06).
The fax machines at the high C1O2 concentration, high RH runs showed severe corrosion of the metal printing bars
which are exposed at the front of each machine. Figure 4-21 shows this bar as being unaffected on the machine
subjected to 90 percent RH only (left), whereas the machine exposed to 3,000 ppmv, 90 percent RH conditions (right)
is severely corroded.
(b)
Figure 4-21. Fax machines at 12 months post-exposure to (a) high RH only (R08) and (b) high RH fumigation (R06); arrow
in photo (b) shows corrosion on the printing bar.
The only CD with functional issues was seen in Run R07 (3,000 ppmv C1O2, 88 percent RH, and 27 °C). At first
inspection, there appeared to be no apparent visual evidence to explain why the CD would not play. However, after
a closer inspection, these harshest of all fumigation conditions actually seem to have thinned the coating on the CD.
Figure 4-22 shows that the label from the front of the disk can now be seen from the back of the CD. The coating on
the CD had thinned - or perhaps been chemically altered to become more transparent - and the front label could be
seen from the back side of the disk.
Impact of CIO. Decontamination on Category 3 Materials: Except for some mild cell phone screen discolorations
seen at 3,000 ppmv C1O2 and 75 percent RH (run R01), the only visual impacts were encountered under the harshest
decontamination settings (3,000 ppmv C1O2 and RH > 88 percent). In both runs R06 and R07, the cell phone screen
became faded and markedly discolored by year's end (Figure 4-20). In addition, severe corrosion of the exposed
printer bar at the front of the fax machines for both runs was observed (Figure 4-21). However, once again, the slight
increase in run temperature for R07 (27 versus 24 °C) caused degradation that was seen only under these conditions.
-------
Figure 4-22. (a) Back and (b) front of the CD after high RH fumigation (Run 07); arrow points to the label on the CD front
that has faded and is now visible on the back surface.
4.3 Category 4 Equipment
The visual changes documented for Category 4 equipment are detailed in Table 4-5. A summary of the noted visual
changes by run number (condition) is shown in Table 4-6.
Table 4-5. Documented Visual Changes in Category 4 Equipment
Equipment
Desktop computer
Computer monitor
Computer keyboard
Computer power cord
Computer mouse
Visual Change
Corrosion and residue (outside and inside)
Discoloration and residue
None
Some corrosion
None
No visual changes were noted for the monitors, keyboards, power cords or the mice, with the exception of some
corrosion on the power cord plug copper contacts at the 3,000 ppmv C1O2 fumigations, and some monitor screen
discoloration at the harshest conditions (3,000 ppmv, 90 percent RH). The plastics used for these components seem to
be unaffected by even the high C1O2, high RH conditions.
The only external visual evidence on the computers themselves was severe corrosion (rust) of the grid on the back of
the computers exposed to 3,000 ppmv of C1O2. Figure 4-23 shows this grid from the computer exposed to the 3,000
Table 4-6. Summary of Visual Changes Noted in Category 4 Equipment
Temp, °C
RH
ppmv
Test Condition
Desktop
Computer
Computer
Monitor
Computer
Power Cord
24
40%
0
7
24
40%
75
6
24
75%
75
5
Some
internal
dust
24
75%
3,000, Off
1
Rust on metal
grid on back.
Internal dust.
Wire
discoloration
Plug corrosion
24
75%
3,000, On
2
Rust on metal
grid on back.
Internal dust.
Wire
discoloration
Plug corrosion
24
90%
0
4
24
90%
3,000
3
Rust on metal grid on back.
Internal dust.
Wire discoloration
Screen discoloration
Plug corrosion
-------
** '•»
»*••
• *•**
Figure 4-23. Rust on the stamped metal grid on the back of the computer at 12 months post exposure to (a) high RH
fumigation (R06) compared to the lack of rust observed due to exposure to (b) high RH only (R08); arrow points to the grid.
ppmv C1O2, 90 percent RH conditions. This figure also
shows this same grid from the back of the computer
exposed to 90 percent RH only (no fumigation), showing
that this corrosion is a direct result of the C1O2 exposure.
Large amounts of dust were observed inside many
computers after fumigation, particularly at the higher
C1O2 concentrations. Alcatel-Lucent used scanning
electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive
spectroscopy (EDS) to determine the morphology and
elemental composition of the dust.15
Per Alcatel-Lucent's analysis and conclusions15, four
prevalent types of corrosion particles were found:
• A1-C1: These particles are spherical and consist
of aluminum, chlorine, oxygen, and carbon. The
particles have smooth surfaces that appear to have
undergone hydrolysis and dehydration.
• Al-Ni: The Al-Ni particles are rough and platelet-
like, consisting of aluminum, chlorine, oxygen,
nickel, phosphorus, and carbon. The Al-Ni particles
appear to be agglomerates of finer particles. The
source of these particles was also the nickel coated
central processing unit (CPU) aluminum heat sink.
• Fe: The Fe particles are smooth-surfaced and
hygroscopic, consisting of iron, zinc, chlorine.
oxygen, and carbon. The potential source of these
Fe-containing corrosion particles was the multiple
iron-containing metal surfaces, including the case
sheet metal, metal hardware, and the motherboard
battery.
• Ni: The Ni particles are coarse, consisting of nickel,
zinc, copper, chlorine, oxygen, and carbon. These
particles are found adhering to corroded surfaces
and are not found distributed elsewhere inside or
outside the computers. The primary source of these
nickel corrosion particles was the rear connector
nuts.15
This dust was formed only on the CPU heat sink, and not
on the graphics processing unit (GPU) heat sink. Alcatel-
Lucent noted:
The low degree of corrosion of the GPU heat sink
in comparison with the CPU heat sink is most
probably due to the lack of galvanic corrosion.
In contrast to the CPU heat sink which is made
of aluminum alloy coated with nickel phosphorus
ball, the GPU heat is made of a single aluminum
alloy.15"
The compatibility of any aluminum-containing
equipment with C1O2 fumigation may be difficult to
determine without details of the composition of specific
alloys of aluminum used in the equipment.
Because the PC-Doctor® testing protocol required
opening the computer chassis, the dust inside the
computer chassis presented a safety hazard to operators.
The computers were placed on an anti-static mat within
a hood and vacuumed out during monthly PC-Doctor®
tests. The cleaning operation may have improved the
operation of the computers by removing hygroscopic
particles that could have conducted or shorted any
electrical components within the chassis. However,
removal of this dust was only a temporary solution since
new dust continued to be either formed or released over
time while the computers sat in ambient room air. Figure
4-24 shows the inside of one of the computers fumigated
at 3,000 ppmv C1O2 and 90 percent RH during the
year-end testing. Even with repeated vacuuming, dust
can still be seen on the floor of the computer. The dust
accumulation on and below the CPU heat sink makes the
heat sink the obvious source of the particles still being
seen a full year after the CIO fumigation.
-------
(b)
Figure 4-24. (a) Inside of computer at 12 months post-exposure to high RH fumigation (R06) (Arrow 1 points to dust on the
heat sink and Arrow 2 to dust particles on the bottom of the case); (b) close-up of the heat sink.
For some of the wire insulation in the Category 2
materials, discoloration was found in the high C1O2
fumigation runs. However, Figure 4-25 shows that only
one of each set of computers at each 3,000 ppmv C1O2
condition (the third having been sent to Alcatel-Lucent)
showed the wire insulation discoloration. The location
within the chamber seems to be the factor determining
whether or not a computer has the discoloration - the
computer more to the right is more discolored than the
computer that was placed more to the left. The left-hand
side is closer to the C1O2 injection point and the right-
hand side is closer to the humidity injection and fresh air
intake. Because there is no trend of RH or temperature
within the computers based on location, the evidence
indicates complex C1O2 gradients within the chamber
despite the mixing fans. While not ideal, such gradients
are not considered atypical of actual fumigation events
for larger structures.
In Figure 4-25, comparing the left and right computers
with each test condition (Figure 4-25 a, b, c) shows
the difference in coloring of some of the wiring due
to position in the chamber during exposure to C1O2 at
the defined conditions. The most easily observable
differences in the photos are for the yellow wires (right
figures) that have more of a greenish tint than in the left
figures. Other color changes were also apparent, but are
more difficult to discern from the photos. The 75 ppmv
C1O2, 75 percent RH computers appear to have been
unaffected.
Impact of CIO. Decontamination on Category 4
Equipment: The major visible damages experienced
by the tested computers and their respective ancillary
equipment were discoloration of the internal wires
and dust formation inside the computer casing. These
damages were encountered primarily at the high
concentration CIO fumigation settings (3,000 ppmv
C1O2, RH > 75 percent). Although the low concentration
C1O2 fumigation setting (75 ppmv C1O2, 75 percent
RH) did have some visible internal dust, there was no
apparent discoloration of the wires.
-------
(a) High RH fumigation (Test 3), ON condition (decon016 [left] and decon024 [right])
(b) Standard Fumigation (Test 2), ON Condition (decon003 [left] and decon023 [right])
(c) Standard Fumigation (Test 1), OFF Condition (decon014 [left] and decon004 [right])
Figure 4-25. Effects on computer wiring at (a) high RH fumigation with the computers in the ON power state
(Test 3); (b) standard fumigation with the computers in the ON power state (Test 2) and (c) standard fumigation
with the computers in the OFF power state (Test 1).
-------
5.0
Data Analysis/Functionality Tests
The results of functionality tests were reviewed for
each material pre-exposure, immediately post-exposure.
and then monthly thereafter for a period of one year
looking for instances of intermittent or repeated
failures. The only exceptions were for Category 2 and 3
materials (which were tested monthly for five months.
then again at year's end) and Category 4 equipment
(which was tested every month except for months 9
and 11). These tests ranged from simple stress tests
performed on gaskets to the highly detailed PC-Doctor®
Service Center™ 6 testing conducted on the Category 4
computers. Where changes were noted, all visual files
and written documentation were reviewed to provide a
detailed understanding of the effects of fumigation and
the different run conditions on that material/component.
For the Category 4 computers, failures are identified
by the component parts themselves (such as CDs and
DVDs) as well as the sub-component parts that are most
likely to lead to failure of that component.
5.1 Category 2 Materials
Functional changes, as appropriate, were sought in the
Category 2 materials as detailed in Table 5-1. Table 5-2
details those changes by run number (condition).
Table 5-1. Documented Functional Changes in Category 2
Materials
Material
Cu and Al Services
Circuit breaker
Metal coupons
DSL conditioner
Sealants (caulk)
Gaskets
Switches (lamp)
Stranded wire
Smoke detector
Functional Change
Time to failure
Time to failure
Change in resistance
Phone would not work through this
connection
Leakage (failure of caulk to seal)
Simple stress test (decreased integrity
when bent)
Bulb would not light
Change in resistance
Failure of battery and smoke test;
failure of light function
The breakers used in the Cu and Al services were the
same 10 amp breakers that were tested alone. Originally.
the breakers (10 per run condition) and services were
tested at 15 amps (or 150 percent). However, the
minimum to maximum time range to failure under these
conditions is from 40 seconds to 16.6 minutes. Because
of the large number of breakers requiring testing, the
breaker testing conditions were changed to 20 amps (200
percent). This change lowered the acceptable range of
failure time from 10 to 100 seconds.
One of the individual breakers from runs R03, R06.
and R07 was found to be cracked at different periods
throughout the year, but the cracks did not appear
to affect the functionality. These cracks may be an
effect of the rigors of the testing procedure and not of
the fumigation. Under all fumigation scenarios, the
services and individual breakers tripped within the
manufacturers' established breaker curves for their
respective loads.
The low carbon steel coupons suffered severe corrosion
during run R03 (75 ppmv C1O2, 75 percent RH)
and during all of the high-level, 3,000 ppmv C1O2
fumigations (R01, R06 and R07). This surface corrosion
caused increased contact resistance, making resistance
measurement of the base metal unreliable. The high-
level, high RH runs (R06 and R07) caused the same
problems with the 101 copper coupons and the 410
stainless steel coupons.
Surprisingly, the slight increase in temperature of R07
(27 °C) over R06 (at 24 °C) resulted in corrosion of the
430 stainless steel coupons and in a chalky residue on
the 3003 aluminum coupons, both of which resulted
in unstable resistance measurements. Apparently the
corrosive nature of C1O2 is exacerbated by an increase in
temperature, as well as by absolute humidity.
An intermittent failure of the sealant occurred in run
R03 (75 ppmv C1O2, 75 percent RH). Figure 5-1 shows
the steel outlet/switch box with the sealant both before
fumigation and at one year after fumigation. There is no
discoloration, obvious pulling away from the surface.
or other visual indication of failure. Corrosion can be
seen in the unfinished and unsealed edges of the box;
the arrows in Figure 5-1 point out some of the observed
corrosion. These surfaces were not sealed.
During the control test at 90 percent RH (0 ppmv C1O2),
the smoke detector failed the smoke test and light
function test at three months. The smoke detector passed
all three tests every other time it was tested. However, in
run R06 (3,000 ppmv C1O2, 90 percent oRH), the smoke
detector failed following fumigation, and the battery.
smoke and light function tests failed from the one
month testing through the end of the year. In run R07
(3,000 ppmv C1O2, 88 percent RH) all tests failed post-
fumigation. Figure 4-21 showed the battery terminal
-------
Table 5-2. Summary of Functional Changes Noted in Category 2 Materials
Temp, °C
RH
ppmv
Test Condition1' *
1 0 1 Copper coupons
Low carbon steel
coupons
410 Stainless steel
coupons
430 Stainless steel
coupons
3003 Aluminum
coupons
Sealant (caulk)
Smoke detector
Light (switch)
Cu and Al Services
Circuit Breakers
304 Stainless steel
coupons
316 Stainless steel
coupons
309 Stainless steel
coupons
Housing insulation.
DSL connector
Steel outlet/
switch box
Gaskets
InkJet paper
Laser-printed paper
Photographs
Drywall nails
Dry wall screws
Stranded wire
24
40%
0
R05
—
—
...
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
...
...
—
24
40%
75
R04
—
—
...
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
...
...
—
—
...
...
—
24
75%
75
R03
—
N/A
—
—
—
Intermittent
failure
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
24
75%
3,000
R01
—
N/A
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
24
90%
0
R08
—
—
—
—
—
—
Intermittent
failure
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
24
90%
3,000
R06
N/A
N/A
N/A
—
—
—
FAILED
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
27
88%
3,000
R07
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
—
FAILED
Intermittent
failure
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
Notes:
N/A = Not available due to unreliable resistance measurements. Increased contact resistance from surface corrosion made i
measurement of the base material unstable and/or unreliable.
* Test condition refers to column "Run Name" of Table 3-5.
1. R02 data were not collected, nor are data presented here. Runs were aborted due to condensation issues.
-------
(b)
Figure 5-1. Steel outlet/switch box (a) before fumigation and (b) at 12 months post-exposure to low concentration fumigation
(R03); the white sealant can be observed in the upper right hand corner of the steel outlet/switch box.
corrosion caused by this combination of humidity
and C1O2. During the year-end testing, the battery
was changed in both of these nonfunctioning smoke
detectors. In R06, this battery change made no difference
and the unit again failed all tests. However, in R07,
once a new battery was installed, the smoke detector
proceeded to pass all three function tests.
The light switch in R07 (3,000 ppmv C1O2, 88 percent
RH) failed to work during both the one- and two-
month testing. A new bulb was tried both times to
verify that the switch was failing. However, this failure
was intermittent, as on month three and every month
thereafter, the switch functioned properly and would
light the bulb.
5.2 Category 3 Materials
The functional changes in Category 3 materials are
detailed in Table 5-3. Table 5-4 details those changes by
run number (condition).
Table 5-3. Functional Tests for Category 3 Materials
Material
PDAs
Cell Phones
Fax machines
DVDs
CDs
Functional Change
Inability to import and export files
via synchronization with personal
computer
Inability to receive (incoming) and
make (outgoing) calls, changes to
ring and audio
Inability to receive (incoming) and
send (outgoing) faxes; inability
to receive (incoming) and make
(outgoing) calls on telephone
Inability to perform Read and Seek
functions, tested via audio and visual
checks of each chapter
Inability to perform Read and Seek
functions, tested via audio checks of
each song
Table 5-4. Summary of Functional Changes Noted in
Category 3 Materials
Temp, °C
RH
ppmv
Test
Condition'1
Cell Phone
Fax
DVD
24
40%
0
R05
—
24
40%
75
R04
—
24
75%
75
R03
24
75%
3,000
R01
—
24
90%
0
R08
24
90%
3,000
R06
Intermittent
failure
Intermittent
send noise
Loud
humming
norse
27
88%
3,000
R07
Intermittent
failure
Send failure
and send
norse
Loud
humming
norse
Read
Notes:
t Test condition refers to column "Run Name" of Table 3-5.
1. R02 data were not collected, nor are data presented here. Runs were aborted due to condensation
issues.
The PDAs were the single item in this category that had
no functional problems over the one year testing period.
In all of the fumigation scenarios, only the high C1O2
concentration, high RH runs (R06 and R07) resulted in
functional problems.
For both runs R06 and R07, the only visual indication
of impacts on the cell phones from the fumigation was
screen discoloration (see Figure 4-22), and operational
problems were intermittent. In R06, the buttons were
noticeably harder to use just one month after C1O2
exposure. During the two-month post-fumigation
testing, the phone would ring, but many of the keys
were inoperative. Incoming audio and outbound ring and
audio were not working. However, at months four and
five, and again at year's end, all functional tests were
passed. These observations indicate that at least some
of the damage noted is reversible, probably due either
to removal or drying of hydroscopic particles formed
during fumigation.
-------
The cell phone from R07 showed similar failures at
month two. The phone could not be answered and
outgoing calls could not be made due to the failure of
certain keys on the keypad. All tests passed at month
four. However, at the five-month post-fumigation testing.
a marked drop in the audio level was noted. This drop in
the audio level was the only functional issue noted at the
year-end testing.
The visual evidence documented for the Category 2
and 3 materials indicated that the slight increase in
fumigation temperature between runs R06 and R07
(from 24 to 27 °C) increased the detrimental effects of
the high concentration C1O2 fumigation under high RH
conditions. The fax machines from runs R06 and R07
provide a good example of this effect.
The only operational problem encountered with the fax
from run R06 was an intermittent internal noise when
sending a document (at month three and again at year's
end). In run R07, a consistent problem of only being
able to send one-half of a page started immediately after
the fumigation and persisted throughout the year. Like
the R06 fax, a noise when sending a document started at
month three. But in this case, the noise turned into a loud
clicking by month five. Both of these faxes had severe
corrosion on the exposed printer bar at the front of the
machine (see Figure 4-23).
Although the DVD could be read after both high
concentration, high RH runs, a loud humming noise was
noted at the one-year testing that had not been present
at five months. No visual changes were noted for either
of these disks, but something must be occurring to the
coatings to cause this first indication that the disks are
becoming hard to read. The change in coatings also
opens up the possibility that at some not-too-distant
point, these two DVDs would no longer be functional.
This statement is supported by the fact that the CD could
not be read after run R07, the run with the harshest
fumigation conditions that included the elevated
temperature (27 °C). In the first few months, there
were intermittent failures of the CD, and sometimes
only certain tracks would play. But at month five and
at year's end, the disk could not be read at all. At first
there appeared to be no visual indication why this
failure was happening, but upon closer inspection, the
coating on the disk appeared to have thinned (see Figure
4-22). The thinning coating on the DVDs appears to be
causing the humming noise when the DVDs are read.
In addition, since the humming noise was not present at
five months, but was present at year's end, the damage
from the fumigation process to these disks is apparently
progressive, possibly due to continued degradation of a
protective plastic layer, or progressive damage caused
by the act of reading the optical disk through a damaged
protective layer.
5.3 Category 4 Equipment
PC-Doctor® Service Center™ 6 is commercially available
software designed to diagnose and detect computer
component failures. While the exact number and type of
tests depends on the system being tested, for the case of
the Category 4 equipment a total of 172 tests were run.
Some tests were not compatible with Dell™ basic input/
output system (BIOS) under Windows and needed to be
tested in the disk operating system (DOS) environment.
A complete list of the PC-Doctor® Service Center™ 6
tests is shown in Appendix D. The PC-Doctor® Service
Center™ 6 protocol was developed and provided by
Alcatel-Lucent for this effort. Alcatel-Lucent determined
the appropriate choice of the use of PC-Doctor® in
order to have an industry-accepted standard method
of determining pass versus failure of the computer
subsystems. PC-Doctor® Service Center™ 6 functionality
testing was conducted pre-fumigation, one day post-
fumigation, then monthly for the next year, except
for months 9 and 11. This testing provided valuable
information about the extent and time dependence of the
degradation of these computers following the various
C1O2 exposure scenarios. All computers were kept under
ambient laboratory conditions where humidity was not
controlled.
Over the course of the experiment, attempts were made
to mitigate memory problems. Dual in-line memory
module (DIMM) cards were reinserted into some of
the computers so that they could recover from memory
errors and reboot and attempts were made to resolve
dust problems (visible dust was vacuumed out to prevent
surface resistance problems due to hygroscopic dust).
In several cases, computers would not reboot after
fumigation or occasional shut-downs. A beep code
was sometimes heard, indicating a problem with the
memory module. In other cases, there was no beep code.
but the light emitting diode (LED) combination on the
front of the computer also indicated a memory error.
In all cases, the problem was repaired by removing the
memory module and firmly reinserting it. Pulling out and
reseating the DIMM card served the purpose of wiping
the corrosion off the contacting surfaces, allowing for
a good connection contact. The likelihood of a DIMM
failure was proportional to the amount of ClO2-generated
dust present, in turn proportional to C1O2 concentration
and RH during exposure.
The memory module problem seems to have occurred
following the longer term complete de-energizing of
the motherboard during the PC-Doctor® power supply
tests. The memory module problem did not occur during
regular reboots or even unplugging of the computers.
In March, 2008, the PC-Doctor® testing protocol was
changed to remove redundant power supply tests; i.e., if
the motherboard had previously passed all tests, it
-------
Table 5-5. DIMM Card Reseating Dates
Decon
ID
008
004
013
017
016
024
023
003
Fumigation
Condition
75 ppmv C1O2,
75% RH, On
3000 ppmv
C102, 75% RH,
Off
75 ppmv C1O2,
condensing
RH,On
75 ppmv C1O2,
condensing
RH,On
3000 ppmv
C102, 90% RH,
On
3000 ppmv
C1O2, 90% RH,
On
3000 ppmv
C102, 75% RH,
On
3000 ppmv
C1O2, 75% RH,
On
Dates of Reseating
Memory Module
10/21/2007,1/31/2008
10/09/200, 3/27/2008
10/09/2007
10/09/2007
10/30/2007,1/07/2008
10/30/2007
10/09/2007,10/30/2007,
11/26/2007
10/09/2007,10/30/2007,
12/30/2007,1/28/2008
was apparent that the motherboard was being powered
and the motherboard was not tested independently for
power supply. The memory module failures were sharply
reduced after this change in protocol, though it is unclear
whether this increase in reliability was due to this step
or some other uncontrolled effect. Table 5-5 shows the
dates when, following PC-Doctor® testing, the DIMM
card was reseated. The one date following the change in
protocol is shown in red.
Standard protocol called for each test to be performed
once. If any particular test failed the first time, the
computer was tested a second time to allow for possible
human error. A test failed the second time was labeled
"Fail". If the test failed the first time but passed the
second time, it was labeled "Pass2". For tabulation,
a score of 1,000 was assigned to each "Fail", while a
"Pass2" received a score of 1. During each pre- and
post fumigation testing period, a total PC-Doctor® score
was assigned to each computer based upon the number
of tests failed on the first or second attempt. Table 5-6
shows this score for each month for each computer. For
months and computers where tests received a "Fail",
the specific tests that failed are listed by test number
for the month in adjacent columns. The test numbers
are described in Table 5-6. All yellow-highlighted test
numbers are related to DVD drive components, and
orange-highlighted test numbers are related to floppy
disk drive components.
As an example, Table 5-6 shows DECON014 with a
score of 6,000 for October and 5001 for December.
These numbers mean that during October testing, 6
specific tests received a "Fail" during testing (6 x 1,000),
while during December, 1 test received a "Pass2" (1 x
1) and 5 tests received a "Fail" (5 x 1,000). The column
to the right under the appropriate date shows the number
of the test that failed. Cross-reference this number with
Appendix D to find that, for October, tests 53-58 all test
the CD drive. These tests are highlighted yellow. During
November testing, only one test, 168, received a "Fail,
which is not highlighted because it is a test for PCI
connectors, which is neither related to the DVD drive
nor the floppy disk drive. On the other hand, all of the
"Fails" during April were for the floppy disk drive.
Alcatel-Lucent compiled a table of all subsystem
components of the Category 4 computers and related
them to PC-Doctor® Service Center™ 6 tests. The list
of subsystem components is shown in Appendix C.
Table 5-7 shows the correlation between the failed test
number and these computer subsystems which could
have failed in order to result in the PC-Doctor® failure.
For example, the DECON014 October "Fail" for test 53
(from Table 5-6 as discussed above) could have been
due to subsystem 18, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, or 62. These
subsystems are identified in the column to the right:
DVD drive cable connector, DVD drive motor, DVD
drive head, DVD drive power connector, DVD drive
power cable, DVD drive data cable, DVD drive drawer
open/close button on chassis. Failure of one subsystem
(such as the CD/DVD drive) can result in many
individual PC-Doctor® test failures.
As the failed tests in Table 5-6 were examined,
regardless of fumigation scenario, the vast majority
(83.6 percent) were seen to be related to the DVD drive
(yellow highlight). Some other failures (4.4 percent)
were related to the floppy drive (orange highlight).
Almost all other failures - and accounting for no more
than 12 percent of the total failures during the year-long
testing period - were related to connectors.
-------
Table 5-6. PC-Doctor® Tests That Failed Twice for all Computer Fumigation Scenarios
(Yellow = DVD-related components; Orange = Floppy drive-related components)
0 ppmv, 40% RH, On
decon018
On
August
September
October
November
December
January
February
March
April
May
July
September
Day
-10
1
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
300
360
Score
0
0
0
0
5001
0
0
0
0
13000
0
0
December
5001
54
55
56
57
58
May
13000
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
70
-------
0 ppmv, 90% RH, On
deconOOS
On-1
Day Score
August -10 0
September 1 0
October 30 0
November 60 0
December 90 0
January 120 1000
February 150 5000
March 180 0
April 210 0
May 240 5000
July 300 0
September 360 0
January February May
1000 5000 5000
70 54 54
55 55
56 56
57 57
58 58
decon021
On-2
Day Score
August -10 0
September 1 0
October 30 0
November 60 0
December 90 0
January 120 8000
February 150 1000
March 180 1000
April 210 12000
May 240 1000
July 300 1000
September 360 0
January February March April May July
8000 1000 1000 12000 1000 1000
52 52 52 47 52 52
53 48
54 49
55 50
56 51
57 52
58 53
70 54
55
56
57
58
75 ppmv, 40% RH, On
deconOOS
On-1
Day Score
August -10 0
September 1 0
October 30 0
November 60 0
December 90 0
January 120 7001
February 150 1000
March 180 11000
April 210 0
May 240 1000
July 300 0
September 360 0
January February March May
7001 1000 11000 1000
53 53 47 52
54 48
55 49
56 50
57 51
58 53
70 54
1 55
56
57
m
decon007
On-2
Day Score
August -10 0
September 1 0
October 30 13000
November 60 0
December 90 0
January 120 0
February 150 0
March 180 0
April 210 0
May 240 1
July 300 0
September 360 0
October
13000
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
-------
75 ppmv, 75% RH, Or
deconOOS
On-1
Day Score
August -10 0
September 1 0
October 30 16000
November 60 9
December 90 0
January 120 13000
February 150 1
March 180 0
April 210 0
May 240 0
July 300 0
September 360 0
October January
16000 13000
47 47
48 48
49 49
50 50
51 51
52 52
53 53
54 54
55 55
56 56
57 57
58 58
89 70
90
91
92
decon019
On-1
Day Score
August -10 0
September 1 0
October 30 0
November 60 0
December 90 0
January 120 11000
February 150 0
March 180 0
April 210 0
May 240 0
July 300 0
September 360 0
January
11000
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
75 ppmv, Condensing, RH-1, -2, and -3
decon013
RH-1
Day Score
August -10 0
September 1 0
October 30 0
November 60 1
December 90 1
January 120 1
February 150 2000
March 180 1000
April 210 1000
May 240 1001
July 300 1000
September 360 0
February March April May July
2000 1000 1000 1001 1000
52 52 52 53 52
70
decon017
RH-2
Day Score
August -10 0
September 1 0
October 30 2000
November 60 2
December 90 0
January 120 0
February 150 1000
March 180 0
April 210 0
May 240 1001
July 300 0
September 360 0
October February May
2000 1000 1001
47 70 53
100
-------
decon020
RH-3
August
September
October
November
December
January
February
March
April
May
Day
-10
1
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
July 300
September 360
Score
0
1
1000
1001
0
13000
1
0
0
0
October November January
1000 1001 13000
58
53
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
70
-------
3000 ppmv, 75% RH, Of
decon004
Off-1
Day
August -10
September 1
October 30
November 60
December 90
January 120
February 150
March 180
April 210
May 240
July 300
September 360
Score
1
0
7000
7000
7001
7001
7000
7000
7000
7001
6000
7002
October
7000
47
53
54
55
56
57
58
November
7000
47
53
54
I 55
I 56
57
58
December
7001
47
53
54
55
56
57
58
January
7001
47
53
54
55
56
57
58
February
7000
47
53
54
1 55
1 56
57
58
March
7000
47
53
54
55
56
57
58
April
7000
47
53
54
55
56
57
58
May
7001
47
53
54
55
56
57
58
July September
6000 7002
47 47
53 53
54 54
55 55
56 56
57 57
58
decon014
Off-2
Day Score
August -10 0
September 1 0
October 30 6000
November 60 1000
December 90 5001
January 120 14000
February 150 0
March 180 1000
April 210 5000
May 240 5002
July 300 0
September 360 0
October November December January March April May
6000 1000 5001 14000 1000 5000 5002
53 168 54 1 46 59 54
54 55 46 60 55
55 56 47 61 56
56 57 48 62 57
57 58 49
58 50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
63 58
58
-------
DOO ppmv, 75% RH, On
deconOOS
On-1
Day Score
August -10 0
September 1 0
October 30 12000
November 60 0
December 90 1
January 120 1
February 150 14000
March 180 0
April 210 1000
May 240 1000
July 300 0
September 360 0
October February April May
12000 14000 1000 1000
47 1
48 46
49 47
50 48
51 49
52 50
53 51
54 52
55 53
56 54
57 55
58 56
57
58
52 70
decon023
On-2
Day Score
August -10 0
September 1 0
October 30 0
November 60 0
December 90 0
January 120 2
February 150 0
March 180 0
April 210 0
May 240 2000
July 300 2002
September 360 0
May July
2000 2002
63 59
70 60
3000 ppmv, 90% RH, On
decon016
On-1
September October November December January February March April May July September
Day Score I 2000 9000 8000 12001 13002 13000 15000 13000 8000 13000 7000
August -10 0
September 1 2000
October 30 9000
November 60 8000
December 90 12001
January 120 13002
February 150 13000
March 180 15000
April 21 0 1 3000
May 240 8000
July 300 13000
September 360 7000
47 47 47 47 47 47 47 47 47 47 47
100 52 53 53 53 53 48 48 53 48 53
53 54 54 54 54 49 49 54 49 54
54 55 55 55 55 50 50 55 50 55
55 56 56 56 56 51 51 56 51 56
56 57 57 57 57 52 52 57 52 57
57 58 58 58 58 53 53 58 53 58
58 100 59 59 59 54 54 70 54
100 61 60 60 55 55 55
62 61 61 56 56 56
63 62 62 57 57 57
90 63 63 58 58 58
100 100 90 100 100
91
92
-------
decon024
On-2
Day
Score
September October November December January February March April May July September
2000 9000 2001 16001 8001 7001 33000 14000 10001 7000 7000
August
September
October
November
December
January
February
March
April
May
-10
1
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
July 300
September 360
0
2000
9000
2001
16001
8001
7001
33000
14000
10001
7000
7000
47
53
47
53
54
55
56
57
58
80
100
47
79
47
53
54
55
56
57
58
79
47
53
54
55
56
57
58
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
47
53
54
55
56
57
58
62
70
79
47
53
54
55
56
57
58
47
53
54
55
56
57
58
-------
Table 5-7. PC-Doctor® Failed Test Correlation to PC Subsystem Components
Failed PC-Doctor® Test
1
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
70
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
168
Subsystems
none
18, 57-62
18. 57-62
18, 57-62
18, 57-62
18, 57-62
18. 57-62
18. 57-62
18, 57-62
18, 57-62
18, 57-62
18. 57-62
18. 57-62
18, 57-62
3, 10, 26, 45-49
3, 10,26,45-49
3. 10, 26. 45-49
3, 10, 26, 45-49
3, 10, 26, 45-49
12
10,74
10, 74, 80
10. 74
10,74
10, 74
10, 75
10. 75
3
3,21,78
3.21,79
3,21
3,21,81
3. 21, 82
3,21,83
3, 72, 76
3, 70, 77
3, 7
3,7
3, 7, 9
3. 7, 9
3
14. 85, 86
24.25
Description of Subsystem Components
DVD drive cable connector, D\'D Drive (drive motor, head, power connector,
power cable, data cable, drawer open/close on chassis)
IO and SupcrlO Controllers (Motherboard), Floppy drive connector, Floppy disc
drive (motor, head, power connector, power cable, cable, data cable)
LAN-On-Mothcrboard
SuperlO Controller (Motherboard), COM1 connector on chassis
SuperlO Controller (Motherboard), COM1 connector on chassis, USB connector on
chassis
SuperlO Controller (Motherboard), COM1 connector on chassis
SuperlO Controller (Motherboard), COM1 connector on chassis
SupcrlO Controller (Motherboard), COM1 connector on chassis
SuperlO Controller (Motherboard), LPT1 connector on chassis
SuperlO Controller (Motherboard), LPT1 connector on chassis
10 Controller 1C
IO Controller 1C, MthBd cable connector, USB connector on chassis
IO Controller 1C. MthBd cable connector. USB connector on chassis
IO Controller 1C, MthBd cable connector
IO Controller 1C, MthBd cable connector, USB connector on chassis
IO Controller 1C. MthBd cable connector. USB connector on chassis
IO Controller 1C, MthBd cable connector, USB connector on chassis
IO Controller 1C, USB Data Cable, USB connector on chassis
IO Controller 1C, USB Data Cable, USB connector on chassis
IO Controller 1C, Graphic and Memory Controller Hub
IO Controller 1C, Graphic and Memory Controller Hub
IO Controller 1C, Graphic and Memory Controller Hub, SPI (Serial Peripheral
Device) Flash Device
IO Controller 1C, Graphic and Memory Controller Hub, SPI (Serial Peripheral
Device) Flash Device
10 Controller 1C
Audio CODEC (comp/decomp), MthBrd; Audio line out and in on chassis
PCI connectors (2 slots)
-------
Alcatel-Lucent determined that the DVD drive failures
were due to damage by the C1O2 to the optical pick-up
assembly.15 They identified damage to the quarter-wave
plate, the objective and focusing lenses, and the 90
turning mirror.
Alcatel-Lucent concluded:
The root cause of failure in the exposed CD/DVD
drives is laser and chemical damage of the passive
optical components in the optical parametric amplifier,
OPA. These optics sit in an optical bench which is
entirely open so they experience the full effect of the
decontamination gases during exposure. The most
heavily damaged optics are those fabricated using
optical plastics. Extensive optical damage is observed
in these plastics which are used for coatings, substrates,
and birefringent materials. The passive optical
components in the drive which are fabricated from
inorganic materials generally have far less damage.15
Several other conclusions can be drawn from the PC-
Doctor® results:
• Except for those computers subjected to the very
worst conditions, all computer failures were
intermittent and all computers passed the suite of
PC-Doctor® tests at the final one-year testing. The
only exceptions to this observation were for:
- One of the two computers at 3,000 ppmv C1O2,
75 percent RH failed tests for DVD components
at every post-fumigation test.
- Both of the computers at 3,000 ppmv C1O2, 90
percent RH experienced failures every month.
most being DVD-related.
• The control computers (no C1O2 fumigation and at
ambient [40 percent] and high [90 percent] RH) also
experienced intermittent failures, again with the vast
majority being related to the DVD drives.
• Fumigation at 75 ppmv C1O2 resulted in failures
very similar to those seen at ambient conditions.
Although there were more PC-Doctor® tests that
failed, the failures were primarily associated with
the DVD drives and were intermittent in nature.
• Many subsystems are hardy and unaffected by
fumigation.
Burn-In Test (BIT) was not run during fumigation
exposure. Alcatel-Lucent provided the BIT protocol after
some computers had already been exposed. Computers
were turned on and allowed to go into stand-by mode
according to the preset power mode options. This
condition was considered representative of most systems
during a fumigation event.
The results of the BIT conducted eight hours a day, 5
days a week, were similar to the PC-Doctor® results and
can be summarized as follows:
• Failures were associated with either the CD/DVD or
floppy drives, or various connectors (primarily the
parallel port, USB plug, and serial port).
• On this more continuous operational basis of
40 hours per week, there was a higher and more
frequent failure of the floppy drives than was seen
with the monthly PC-Doctor® tests.
• As with the PC-Doctor® tests, failures were
intermittent.
Table 5-8 provides a total of all incidents of PC-Doctor®
Service Center™ 6 tests that received a "Fail." For each
test condition, the results are shown for each of the two
computers that underwent year-long testing.
Table 5-8. Total "Fail" Results over Year-Long Study
Temp, °C
RH
ppmv,
Computer
Power
State
Test
Condition
Computer
A
Computer
B
24
40%
0,
On
7
18
NA
24
40%
75,
On
6
20
13
24
75%
75,
On
5
29
11
24
75%
3,000,
Off
1
69
37
24
75%
3,000,
On
2
28
4
24
90%
0,
On
4
11
25
24
90%
3,000,
On
3
113
115
NA-Not Applicable
-------
6.0
Fumigation Effectiveness and Fumigation
Safety
6.1 Fumigation Effectiveness
Bis were used to obtain an indication of the potential
impact of local conditions on the effectiveness of
the C1O2 fumigation process to inactivate B A spores
potentially located within the computer. Specifically,
the Bis were used to investigate C1O2 sporicidal
effectiveness under the different fumigation scenarios
for localized hot spots inside the computers, where
the RH may be lower because of the heat generated
by the computer electronics during operation. The
Bis provided a qualitative result of growth or no
growth after an incubation period of seven days.
Bis have been shown not to correlate directly with
achieving target fumigation conditions for BA spores
or inactivation of B A spores on common building
surfaces.14 While Bis do not necessary indicate
achievement, they provide a sufficient indication of a
failure to achieve successful fumigation conditions.20
Figures 6-1 and 6-2 show the locations of the Bis
within each computer. These locations were chosen
based on the available mounting surfaces that
afforded relatively unrestricted air flow. Two Bis
were placed on the side cover (Figure 6-1) in areas
which would remain open once the side panel was
closed. Three more Bis (Figure 6-2) were placed
inside the computer to capture both high and low air
flow locations. Bis were also present in the MEC
Figure 6-1. Location of two of the five Bis inside the
computer side cover.
Figure 6-2. Location of the remaining three Bis in both
high and low air flow locations inside the computer.
chamber, one on top of each Category 4 computer
case and two between the keyboards and monitors on
the top shelf of the MEC chamber.
Table 6-1 details the effect of each fumigation
scenario on BI viability in both the fumigation
chamber and inside the computers. Bis were not
placed in the control runs that were conducted
without C1O2.
Bacillus atmphaeus spores are known to be highly
sensitive to RH and require a minimum RH of 65
through 75 percent for inactivation with C1O2. In our
75 ppmv C1O2, 40 percent RH run, none of the Bis
were killed in either the chamber or in any of the
individual computers.
Two of the three computers in the 75 ppmv
C1O2, 75 percent run had surviving spores. The
three computers that had condensing conditions
due to a faulty valve and failed to meet the data
quality objectives (DECON013, DECON017 and
DECON020) had a 100 percent kill rate.
Of the three 3,000 ppmv C1O2 runs, the 75 percent
RH (in the OFF condition) and the 90 percent RH
had a 100 percent kill rate of spores. The 75 percent
run (in the ON condition) had spores that remained
viable in two of the three computers. The ON
condition possibly does create localized areas of
higher temperature, and therefore lower humidity,
which reduced the effectiveness of the fumigation in
this scenario. Although the computers were ON in the
90 percent RH run, the increased bulk chamber
-------
humidity may be able to compensate for any elevated
temperatures encountered inside the computers.
Table 6-1. BI Viability in the Chamber and Computers for
each Fumigation Scenario
Test
Condition
0 ppmv
C1O2, 40%
RH "
75 ppmv
C1O2, 40%
RH
75 ppmv
C102, 75%
RH
3,000 ppmv
CIO, 75%
RH (OFF)
3,000 ppmv
CIO,, 75%
RH (ON)
0 ppmv
CIO,. 90%
RH"
3,000 ppmv
C1O2, 90%
RH
Run Name
DECON015
DECON018
DECON005
DECON007
DECON022
DECON002
DECON008
DECON019
DECON0132
DECON0172
DECON020 2
DECON004
DECON006
DECON014
DECON003
DECON012
DECON023
DECON009
DECON010
DECON021
DECON011
DECON016
DECON024
% Chamber
Bis Killed
NA
0
100
100
100
NA
100
% Computer
Bis Killed
NA
0
0
0
80
100
20
100
100
100
100
100
100
80
100
60
NA
100
100
100
Bold- Sent to Alcatel-Lucent
NA- not applicable
6.2 and of CIO2
Fumigation
As discussed in Section 4.3. fumigation with CIO,
produced large amounts of dust inside the computers,
particularly the higher concentration fumigations. When
the computers were opened the dust could be seen
and an acrid smell (attributed to hydrogen chloride)
could be sensed. In addition, even though the dust was
vacuumed out during each monthly test, dust continued
to be produced for months in those units exposed to
the highest CIO, concentrations. This dust can be seen
clearly in Figure 4-26. Alcatel-Lucent discussed this dust
as a potential inhalation health hazard and a possible
contact dermatitis hazard in their report (May 2008). The
dust also forms an acid when mixed with water.15
Vacuuming of the visible dust appears not only to have
kept the computers from experiencing the "'catastrophic
failures" reported by Alcatel-Lucent, but also to have
kept all computers almost fully operational after an
entire calendar year. Vacuuming also served to remove
the majority of this probable health hazard and prevent
the dust from being spread outside the computers by
Hie cooling fan or during maintenance and cleaning
procedures.
As noted by Alcatel-Lucent:
"'Copious amounts of corrosion related dust
particles were found throughout the interior and
exterior of the computers after exposure; wide
distribution of particles up and downstream of
the cooling fan indicates that this dust readily
disperses." "
Therefore, in any fumigation scenario involving CIO,,
the inside of computers should be vacuumed frequently
for as long as required to remove this potential health
hazard, as well as to prevent further corrosion or oilier
deleterious effects from this dust. Any other critical
equipment that may be susceptible to this corrosion
should be examined carefully and treated similarly.
The corrosion formed on only one of two heat sinks
inside the computers. This reaction is probably specific
to certain alloys of aluminum, the presence of which, in
any fumigated equipment or material, could lead to these
potential health hazards.
-------
7.0
Quality Assurance
The objective of this study was to assess the impact
of C1O2 on material and electronic equipment due to
fumigation with C1O2 at conditions known to be effective
against biological threats. The Data Quality Objectives
(DQOs) address this impact using visual inspection
(both externally and internally) to assess the loss in
value or use of the tested material/equipment, as well
as functionality of the material/electronic equipment.
The following measurements were considered critical to
accomplishing part or all of the project objectives:
« Real-time fumigant concentrations
* Temperature
• RH
• Fumigation time sequence
• Material inspection and electronic equipment
functionality time sequence
* Growth/no growth of the Bis.
7.1 Data Quality
The QAPP22 in place for this testing was followed
with few deviations; many of the deviations were
documented in the text above. Deviations included
out-of-range differences between C1O2 detection
methods, inability to maintain 90 percent RH without
condensation, and reducing frequency of visual
inspections. These deviations did not substantially
affect data quality-. Table 7-1 shows actual fumigation
parameters and standard deviations for each run. The
high standard deviation in RH for Run 8 was caused
by the high humidity due to mechanical failure and
was the reason this fumigation was omitted from the
original matrix. Repeating this run in turn necessitated a
reduction of control computers to two.
The evidence of non-homogeneous mixing within
the MEC chamber during fumigations (Section
4-3) is disconcerting. Preliminary tests had shown
CIO, concentration inside a computer to be equal to
bulk chamber measurements. BI growth showed no
correlation between location and sporicidal effectiveness
of fumigation, and internal RH sensors showed no trend
of changing RH or temperature with computer location.
These data, taken in bulk, suggest that while position
within the chamber did have an apparent effect on
compatibility-, the results are representative of the effects
of fumigation of a larger structure.
7.2
This project was assigned Quality Assurance (QA)
Category III and did not require technical systems or
performance evaluation audits.
7.3 Review
The ARCADIS Work Assignment Leader (WAL), project
engineer and QA Officer performed a data review of
the detailed IA&E testing performed by Alcatel-Lucent
on a subset of the Category 4 computers. The results
of their evaluation were detailed in their final report.
"Assessment and Evaluation of the Impact of Chlorine
Dioxide Gas on Electronic Equipment." dated May 23.
2008.'5 ARCADIS' comments and recommendations
were summarized in a report to EPA of the same title
dated Julv 31.2008.
-------
Table 7-1. Data Quality of Fumigation Parameters
Run
Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Concentration
(ppmv)
(target)
(average)
(StDev)
3,000
3009
30
3,000
3002
29
3,000
2922
42
0
0
0
75
71
2
75
72
5
0
0
0
75
72
1
RH
(target)
(average)
(StDev)
75
77
0
75
75
0
90
89
0
90
85
1
75
77
0
40
41
0
40
40
1
75
70
21
Temperature
(target)
(average)
(StDev)
24
24
0
24
24
0
24
24
2
24
26
0
24
24
0
24
24
0
24
24
2
24
24
0
Power
condition
Off
On
On
On
On
On
On
On
Computers
#1 (Left)
#2 (center)
#3 (Right)
decon004
decon006
decon014
decon012
decon023
decon003
decon024
decon016
deconO 1 1
decon021
deconOlO
decon009
decon019
decon002
decon008
decon022
deconOOS
deconOO?
decon018
deconOlS
NA
decon013
deconOl?
decon020
Intra-
Computer
HOBO8
RH
80
77
76
72
83
79
84
84
87
95
90
92
75
60
#N/A
42
45
48
41
NA
63
66
66
Intra-
Computer
HOBO8
Temperature
25
25
25
24
24
24
26
26
26
26
27
27
24
27
#N/A
25
25
23
22
NA
25
24
25
%
Computer
His killed
100
100
100
100
80
60
100
100
100
NA
NA
NA
20
100
80
0
0
0
NA
NA
NA
100
100
100
%
Chamber
Bis
killed
100
100
100
NA
100
0
NA
100
-------
8.0
Conclusions
Compatibility of materials and electronic equipment
with chlorine dioxide depends on both the concentration
of the chlorine dioxide and the RH during exposure.
The most severe effects of fumigation for all three
categories of materials were seen at high RH (above
75 percent) and at higher concentrations of C1O2
(3,000 ppmv C1O2). Fumigation at 75 ppmv C1O2 and
40 percent RH does not seem to present any material
compatibility issues.
This section summarizes the failures in each category
of materials as these failures relate to the functionality
of that material/component. By viewing these specific
items as surrogates, these experimental results provide
insight into which materials and components are most
at risk for damage from a decontamination scenario
using C1O2 gas, and how damage to these materials
and components could impact operations within a
government facility, office or other commercial building
immediately after and up to a year after fumigation.
These at-risk components can then be sought in any
critical equipment, which could include medical devices.
airport scanners, and security equipment.
8.1 Category 2 Materials
Category 2 materials included low surface area
structural materials expected to have minimal impact
on the maintenance of fumigation conditions during
the decontamination event; however, their functionality
and use may be affected by the fumigation. Copper
and aluminum electrical services and electrical
breakers suffered increased corrosion on the edges
of the electrical boxes in the presence of C1O2 and
RH at 75 percent and above. These effects were only
cosmetic - the function of the breakers and services
themselves was not compromised. While the wire
insulation was sometimes discolored, the wires were
always identifiable with the limited palette of colors
used for electrical wiring. Multi-stranded data cable
may not have all wires identifiable: slight changes in
insulation color may require time-intensive mitigation
during routine maintenance. The lamp switch suffered
intermittent failures at one of two 3,000 ppmv C1O2
fumigations with RH above 75 percent. The copper
coupons were tarnished in the presence of C1O2 and RH
at 75 percent and severely corroded at 3,000 ppmv C1O2
and condensing humidity. Humidity alone had no effect.
C1O2 compatibility challenges arise for any electrical
equipment which has copper contacts. Fumigation of
aluminum coupons and the steel receptacle box at RH
above 75 percent sometimes created chalky residues
on the material. These residues, probably aluminum
chloride and zinc chloride, respectively, could be
hazardous to human health.
Carbon steel was severely corroded at any C1O2
exposure in the presence of RH above 40 percent.
Carbon steel will naturally rust in the presence of air and
moisture, though the short duration of the 90 percent
RH test did not show any effects. Note that this carbon
steel was not painted or sealed in any way - C1O2 may
be more compatible with painted or sealed carbon steel.
Drywall nails and screws were corroded in the presence
of C1O2 and RH at 75 percent or above. The corrosion
was not sufficient to affect the function, but this
corrosion could cause cosmetic problems. The corrosion
could cause functional problems in the longer term
(greater than the one year duration of this study). Type
410 stainless steel was severely corroded with 3,000
ppmv C1O2 at RH above 75 percent. Type 410 stainless
steel is typically used for wear-resistant purposes.
though its proclivity to corrosion is well known. Type
430 stainless steel was corroded only in one instance of
C1O2 with high humidity. Because Type 430 stainless
steel is used mostly for decorative purposes, fumigation
of this material is expected to cause at most cosmetic
damage. Types 304, 309, and 316 stainless steel seemed
compatible with all fumigation conditions.
InkJet-printed paper exhibited some fading at all
conditions, even at 40 percent and 90 percent RH
without C1O2. Increased fading was seen with C1O2
at RH of 75 percent, and fading sufficiently severe to
threaten function was seen at fumigation with RH above
75 percent. Photographs were slightly affected at 75
ppmv C1O2 and 75 percent RH and severely faded in
the presence of higher C1O2 or higher RH. Laser-printed
paper was not affected.
The smoke detector displayed incompatibility at all
conditions with RH above 75 percent, even without
C1O2. In the presence of C1O2 at high RH, however, the
battery terminals were sufficiently corroded that the
smoke detector would not function. This effect on the
battery terminals has been seen in other apparatus as
well (e.g., HOBO® RH data loggers). Any device with
unsealed batteries, especially any safety device, should
be considered incompatible with C1O2 at an RH above
75 percent.
Table 8-1 shows a summary of effects of fumigation
conditions on Category 2 materials.
-------
Table 8-1. Summary of Category 2 Incompatibility with Fumigation Conditions
Temp, °C
RH
ppmv
Test Condition
CuandAl
Services
Circuit
breakers
101 Copper
coupons
Low carbon
steel coupons
410 Stainless
steel coupons
430 Stainless
steel coupons
3003
Aluminum
coupons
Housing
insulation.
DSL connector
Steel outlet/
switch box
InkJet paper
Photographs
Drywall nails
Drywall screws
Stranded wire
Smoke detector
Caulk
Lamp (switch)
24
40%
0
R05
Very mild
screw
corrosion
Very mild
fading
24
40%
75
R04
Very mild
screw
corrosion
Very mild
fading
24
75%
75
R03
Corrosion on
edges
Mild screw
corrosion
Tarnish
Severe
corrosion
Moderate
fading
Slight
yellowing
Mild
corrosion
Mild
corrosion
Tarnished
wire ends
Intermittent
failure
24
75%
3,000
R01
Corrosion on
edges, mild Al
sendee wire
discoloration
Mild screw
corrosion
Tarnish
Severe
corrosion
Moderate
fading
Severe Fading
Mild corrosion
Mild corrosion
Tarnished wire
ends
24
90%
0
R08
Mild screw
corrosion
Very mild
fading
Intermittent
failure
24
90%
3,000
R06
Corrosion
on edges, Al
service wire
discoloration
Screw corrosion
Severe
Corrosion
Severe
corrosion
Severe
corrosion
Discoloration
Chalky residue
Severe fading
Severe Fading
Corrosion
Corrosion
Corrosion
Intermittent
failure
27
88%
3,000
R07
Corrosion
on edges, Al
service wire
discoloration
Screw corrosion
Severe
Corrosion
Severe
corrosion
Severe
corrosion
Corrosion
Chalky residue
Discoloration
Discoloration
Severe fading
Severe Fading
Corrosion
Corrosion
Corrosion
Intermittent
failure
Intermittent
failure
-------
8.2 Category 3 Materials
Category 3 materials included small, personal electronic
equipment. Perhaps counter-intuitively, the PDA was
completely compatible with all fumigation conditions.
possibly because the PDA is relatively sealed against
dust and dirt, which also provides some protection
against fumigation. All incompatibility issues for this
group occurred in the fumigation at 3,000 ppmv C1O2
and RH above 75 percent (see Table 8-2 and Table 8-3).
Cell phones suffered a discolored screen and intermittent
button failures after fumigation, although these failures
mitigated themselves over time. The corrosion of the
roller bar on the fax machine prevented the "send"
operation, an example of how a single material
incompatibility, i.e., the steel on the roller bar, can cause
issues for a more complex item. The DVD and the CD
were damaged, though the CD only exhibited failures in
one of two instances of this fumigation at 3,000 ppmv
C1O2 and RH above 75 percent. The loud humming noise
of the DVD indicates that though damage occurred, the
error-correcting algorithms in the DVD player were able
to counteract the damage. The damage to the CD was
too severe for similar algorithms to retrieve the data.
Both results suggest that unsealed data storage could
be severely compromised following fumigation at RH
above 75 percent. This failure has greater implications
than portable storage media as these same optical plastic
coatings may be a vital component of many types of
security equipment as well.
Table 8-2. Summary of Fumigation Effects on Category 3
Materials
Temp, °C
RH
ppmv
Test
Condition
Cell
Phone
Fax
DVD
CD
24
40%
0
R05
-
—
-
24
40%
75
R04
-
—
-
24
75%
75
R03
-
—
...
24
75%
3,000
R01
MHd
Discoloration
—
-
24
90%
0
R08
-
—
-
24
90%
3,000
R06
Discolored/
faded screen,
intermittent
failure
Severe
printer bar
corrosion,
Intermittent
send noise
Loud
humming
noise
-
27
88%
3,000
R07
Discolored/
faded
screen,
intermittent
failure
Severe
printer bar
corrosion,
Send failure
and send
noise
Loud
humming
noise
Thinned
coating,
failure
reading disk
8.3 Category 4 Equipment
Category 4 materials included desktop computers
and monitors. Category 4 equipment exhibited more
frequent PC-Doctor® Service Center™ 6 failures after
fumigation at 3,000 ppmv CIO and 90 percent RH.
The results for computers exposed to 3,000 ppmv
C1O2 and 75 percent RH were notably better for those
computers that were "ON" though the fumigation was
not as effective at killing the Bis when the computers
were "ON". The failure rate for fumigation at standard
conditions was slightly elevated for "OFF" computers.
Many of the computer subsystems held up well to
fumigations, including, importantly, the hard drive and
the motherboard. Many of the significant issues were
caused by the hygroscopic dust, which may be specific
to few alloys. Removal of this dust through vacuuming
and drying of the dust (over time in a relatively dry
office atmosphere) ameliorated effects. Significant
failures included the DVD drive and floppy drive.
lending credence to effects of fumigation on optical
plastics. Despite these effects and visible corrosion, the
computers, with the exception of some DVD drives.
were still in operation with no replacement parts one
year after fumigation.
Table 8-3. Total Number of PC-Doctor® Service Center™6
"Fail" Results for Year-long Study
Temp, °C
RH
ppmv,
Computer
Power
State
Test
Condition
Computer
A
Computer
B
24
40%
0,
On
7
18
NA
24
40%
75,
On
6
20
13
24
75%
75,
On
5
29
11
24
75%
3,000,
Off
1
69
37
24
75%
3,000,
On
2
28
4
24
90%
0, On
4
11
25
24
90%
3,000,
On
3
113
115
NA - not applicable
-------
-------
9.0
Recommendations
This section provides recommendations deduced
from the experiments. The recommendations relate
to functional failures of various tested materials
and electronic components that were subjected to
decontamination scenarios using C1O2 gas. These
recommendations arc presented below.
9.1 Corrective Actions
Corrective actions can be implemented immediately
after the fumigation event to reduce/prevent further
degradation of sensitive materials and components.
These corrective actions include making copies of all
sensitive documents and electronic records as if they
were going to be altered, and removing all dust resulting
from the fumigation and treating the dust as a health
hazard and probable vehicle for further degradation of
material and equipment operability.
9.2 Listing of "At Risk" and
Electronic Components
During the planning stages of a remediation, inventory
at-risk components, including those that contain affected
subsystems, such as optical plastics. These components
could be candidates for alternative decontamination
techniques or immediate replacement after fumigation.
9.3 Further
Develop a research plan to investigate additional
materials/electronic component compatibilities that are
vital to other high-end electronic equipment, but not
covered under these experiments. The list may include
the compatibility of lubricated metals, aluminum
alloys, and other types of plastic used in the electronics
industry. As more information becomes available on
the effectiveness of additional fumigation conditions,
investigation of these additional fumigation conditions
is important. In planning activities for remediation, the
inventoty of at-risk items and components can be done
so that these items and components can be identified
for special alternative decontamination procedures or
immediate replacement.
-------
-------
10.0
References
1. Martin, G. B. Practical Experiences with
Technologies for Decontamination ofB. anthracis
in Large Buildings, In: AWMA/EPA Indoor Air
Quality Problems and Engineering Solutions
Specialty Conference and Exhibition, Research
Triangle Park, N.C., July 21-23, 2003; Research
Triangle Park, N.C.
2. Ryan, S.; Wood, I; Martin, G. B.; Rastogi, V K.;
Stone, H. NHSRC's Systematic Decontamination
Studies, In: Wood, I, Report on the 2007 Workshop
on Decontamination, Cleanup, and Associated
Issues for Sites Contaminated with Chemical.
Biological, or Radiological Materials, Research
Triangle Park, N.C., 2007; Research Triangle Park,
N.C., EPA/600/R-08/059 2008.
3. Rastogi, V. K.; Wallace, L.; Smith, L.; Ryan, S.
Systematic Decontamination-Challenges and
Successes, In: Wood, J., Report on the 2007
Workshop on Decontamination, Cleanup, and
Associated Issues for Sites Contaminated with
Chemical, Biological, or Radiological Materials.
Research Triangle Park, NC, 2007; Research
Triangle Park, NC, EPA/600/R-08/059 2008.
4. Science Applications International Corp.
Compilation of Available Data on Building
Decontamination Alternatives; EPA/600/R-05/036;
U.S. EPA: Washington, D.C., 2005.
5. Brickhouse, M. D.; Lalain, T; Bartram, P. W.; Hall,
M.; Hess, Z.; Mantooth, B.; Reiff, L. Effects of
Vapor-Based Decontamination Systems on Selected
Building Interior Materials: Chlorine Dioxide:
EPA/600/R-08/054; U.S. EPA: Washington, D.C,
2008.
6. Brickhouse, M. D.; Lalain, T; Bartram, P. W.;
Hall, M.; Hess, Z.; Reiff, L.; Mantooth, B. Effects
of Vapor-Based Decontamination Systems on
Selected Building Interior Materials: Vaporized
Hydrogen Peroxide; EPA/600/R-08/074; U.S. EPA:
Washington, D.C., 2008.
7. Rogers, J. V; Richter, W. R.; Choi, Y. W;
Waugh, J. D.; Taylor, M. L.; Riggs, K. B.; Stone,
H. J.; Willenberg, Z. J.; Krile, R. T; Wood, J.
P. Technology Evaluation Report: Evaluation
ofSporicidal Decontamination Technology,
Sabre Technology Services Chlorine Dioxide
Gas Generator; EPA/600/R-06/168; U.S. EPA:
Washington, D.C., 2006.
8. Leighton, T; Wheeler, K. Decontamination
of Toxins and Vegetative Cells using Chlorine
Dioxide, In: Wood, J., Report on 2006 Workshop on
Decontamination, Cleanup, and Associated Issues
for Sites Contaminated with Chemical, Biological.
or Radiological Materials, Washington, D.C., 2006;
Washington, D.C., EPA/600/R-06/121 2007.
9. Burton, N. C.; Adhikari, A.; lossifova, Y;
Grinshpun, S. A.; Reponen, T., Effect of gaseous
chlorine dioxide on indoor microbial contaminants.
Journal of the Air and Waste Management
Association 2008, 58, (5), 647-656.
10. Ryan, S.; Wood, J. P.; Rastogi, V; Wallace, L.;
Smith, L.; Stone, H.; Rogers, J. V; Richter,
W.; Choi, Y; Phipps, A.; Shaw, M.; Weber, K.
Decontamination of Surfaces Contaminated with
Biological Agents using Fumigant Technologies,
In: Wood, J., Report on the 2008 Workshop
on Decontamination Research and Associated
Issues for Sites Contaminated with Chemical.
Biological, or Radiological Materials, Chapel Hill.
N.C., September 24-25, 2008; Chapel Hill, N.C.,
EPA/600/R-09/035 2009.
11. Canter, D. A. In Remediating Sites with Anthrax
Contamination: Building on Experience, AWMA/
EPA Indoor Air Quality Problems and Engineering
Solutions Specialty Conference and Exhibition.
Research Triangle Park, N.C., July 21-23, 2003;
Research Triangle Park, N.C., 2003.
12. Czarneski, M. Laboratory Decontamination of 65
Room New Animal Facility Using Chlorine Dioxide
Gas, In: Wood, J., Report on 2006 Workshop on
Decontamination, Cleanup, and Associated Issues
for Sites Contaminated with Chemical, Biological.
or Radiological Materials, Washington, D.C., 2006;
Washington, D.C., EPA/600/R-06/121 2007.
13. Bartram, P. W.; Lynn, J. T, Reiff, L. P.; Brickhouse,
M. D.; Lalain, T. A.; Ryan, S. P.; Martin, G.
B. Material Demand Studies: Interaction of
Chlorine Dioxide Gas With Building Materials;
R/600/R-08/091; U.S. EPA: Washington, D.C.,
2008.
14. Ryan, S.; Rastogi, V. K.; Wallace, L.; Martin, G.
B.; Smith, L. S.; Shah, S. S.; Clark, P. A Study on
the Use of Biological Indicators in Determining
-------
the Efficacy of the Decontamination of Building
Materials Contaminated with Bacillus Anthracis, In:
National Conference on Environmental Sampling
and Detection for Bio Threat Agents, Brooklyn, NY,
October 25 27, 2006; Brooklyn, NY, 2006.
15. LGS Innovations, LLC. Assessment and Evaluation
of the Impact of Chlorine Dioxide Gas on Electronic
Equipment; publication pending; U.S. EPA:
Washington, D.C., 2009.
16. Payne, S., Clayton, M, Touati, A. Final Test Report
on: Chlorine Dioxide Measurement Techniques
Assessment and Comparisons; Prepared by
ARCADIS G&M, Inc. for USEPA NHSRC; 2006.
17. Lorcheim, P. (ClorDiSys Systems Inc.) Personal
communication. In (ARCADIS-US), D. F. N., Ed.
Research Triangle Park, NC, 2005.
18. ClorDiSys Systems Inc., ClorDiSys EMS Chlorine
Dioxide Monitoring System: System Operations
Guide. Invl.OOed.; 2002.
19. Standard Method 4500-C1O2-E. Amperometric
II. In: Eaton, A. D.; Clesceri, L. S.; Rice, E. W.;
Greenberg, A. E., Eds. Standard Methods for
the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 21st
ed. American Public Health Association, Water
Environment Federation, and American Water
Works Association: Washington, D.C., 2005.
20. Ryan, S.; Rastogi, V K.; Wallace, L.; Martin,
G. B.; Smith, L. S.; Shah, S. S.; Clark, P.
Studies of the Efficacy of Chlorine Dioxide
Gas in Decontamination of Building Materials
Contaminated with Bacillus anthracis Spores,
In: Wood, I, Report on 2006 Workshop on
Decontamination, Cleanup, and Associated Issues
for Sites Contaminated with Chemical, Biological,
or Radiological Materials, Washington, D.C., 2006;
Washington, D.C., EPA/600/R-06/121 2007.
21. PC-Doctor Inc. PC-Doctor® Service Center™ 6
Technical Fact Sheet.
http://www.pc-doctor.com/files/english/PC-Doctor_
Service-Center-6_tech.pdf
22. Arcadis-US (Contract No. EP-C-04-023 Work
Assignment No. 3-50) Quality Assurance Project
Plan for the Compatibility of Material and
Electronic Equipment with Chlorine Dioxide
Fumigation; U.S. EPA: Washington, D.C., July
2007.
-------
Base Unit
Processor
Memoir}'
Keyboard
Monitor
Video Card
Hard Drive
Floppy Disk Drive
Operating System
MOHSC
TED-
CD-ROM or DVD-ROM Drive
Speakers
Documentation Diskette
Factory Installed Software
Service
Service
Service
Service
Service
Installation
Service One
Dell™ OptiPlcx™ 745 Minitower, Intel® Core™ 2 Duo E6400/2.13GHz, 2M, 1066FSB (222-
5690)
NTFS File System, Factory Install (420-3699)
5 1 2MB, Non-ECC, 667MHz DDR2 1 x5 1 2, Dell™ OptiPlex™ 745 (3 1 1 -5037)
Dell™ USB Keyboard, No Hot Keys, English, Black, OptiPlex™ (310-8010)
Dell™E157FP,15 Inch Flat Panel 15.0 Inch Viewable Image Size, OptiPlex™ and Latitude™
(320-4962)
Integrated Video, Intel8 GMA3000, Dell™ OptiPlex™ 745 (320-5169)
80GB SATA 3.0Gb/s and 8MB Data Burst Cache™, Dell™ OptiPlex™ 320 and 745 (341-4214)
3.5 inch,1.44MB,Floppy Drive Dell™ OptiPlex™ 320 and 745 Desktop or Minitower (341-
3840)
Microsoft Windows® XP Professional Sendee Pack 2, with Media, Dell™ OptiPlex™ 320, 740
and 745 English, Factory Install (420-6287)
Dell™ USB 2-Button Entry Mouse with Scroll, Black, OptiPlex™ (310-8008)
RoIIS Compliant Lead Free Chassis and Motherboard, Dell™ OptiPlex™ (464-1131)
16X DVD+/-RW SATA, Black, Roxio Creator™ Dell™ Edition, Dell™ OptiPlex™ 745 Desktop
or Minitower (3 1 3-4378)
No Speaker, Dell™ OptiPlex™ (313-1416)
Resource CD contains Diagnostics and Drivers for Dell™ OptiPlex™ Systems (313-7168)
Energy Smart, Energy Star Labeling, EIST for Dell™ OptiPlex™ (if applicable) (310-8344)
Non-Standard Service Option (900-9006)
Type 6 Contract -Next Business Day Parts Deliver}-1, Initial Year (980-4740)
Dell™ Hardware Warranty, Initial Year (985-2477)
Dell™ Hardware Warranty, Extended Year(s) (985-2478)
Type 6 Contract -Next Business Day Parts Delivery, 2YR Extended (970-8672)
Standard On-Srte Installation Declined (900-9987)
Dell™ Federal KYI ID Service (980-3067)
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Appendix B
Parts List of Copper and
Aluminum Service Panels
ARCADIS US INC
4915 PROSPECTUS DR
SUITS F
DURHAM NC
27713
C.B.S. (Garner!
214-A Garner Business Court,
Garner NC, 27529.
Phone: 919-661-1155
Fax: 919-661-8866
Email: Gamer0015fcea-UB.net
Date:
Entered by:
Account :
PACKING SLIP
GAR/031103
01 Oct 2008
Page 1/1
Robert Carr
Q015Q39S001
Order Number:
Cty
Item
84 BR110
1 SHIPPING 4 HANDLING
14 PSS PS5266-X
100 SO-14/3
14 MADISON MCG-50A560
14 C-H BH24L7CFGP
100 MABISOt) L-S1
30 NM-B-14/2 ALDM
2SO NM-8-14/2-Ca-25QC
14 RACQ 192
7 PSS 3232-1
7 PSS S6C-IG
14 MADISON CPB-5Q
14 P&S TPJ1B-I
14 RACO 778
Description
SP 1CA BR BREAKER
SHIPPING S HANDLING
15A 125V PLUG
SO-14/3
1/2 CORD CCHN
7C-A MLO FL LD CTR
3/8 2SCR HUE COHN
14/2 ALUM ROMEX
NM-B-14/2-CO-H6-25QCL
4SQ 1-1/2D BOX COMB KQ
DPLX RCPT-NEMA5-15R
SP 15A120V GRB AC SW
1/2 PLSTC IKS BOSH
IV 2G TOG/DPLX PLT
4-IN SO 1/2D 2G SW RIK6
$ Price Per
5.27
62.15
6.
936.
449.
26.
25.
BOO.
21S.
54.
55.
74.
12.
1
E
86 B
02 M
00 C
00 E
30 C
00 M
00 M
50 C
00 C
50 C
86 C
07 C
$ Goods
442.«8 *
82.15 *
96.04
93.60
62.86
364.00
25.30
IS.00
53.75
13.23
3.95
5.22
1.80
9.25
25.72
Signature:
•?HJ! KI3& Lit fiSE SOCUS SHALL i'A.s£ 1X3 ±s£ fUJi
tJOOt'S &K£ BtJUJ AL."Ci>SC'lK-^ till VEHfoJiii.3 AHIf L'UI
Princ Name:
Goods local:
Tax Total:
Total:
S1294.45
$87.38
51381.83
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-------
c
4
# Major subsystem
Description
Chipsets involved
PC-Doctoi'1'
Tests this
subsystem
(yes/no)
1 Motherboard
2 Motherboard
3 Motherboard
Motherboard
Motherboard
Mthbd card
connector
Motherboard
Motherboard
Motherboard
10 Motherboard
11 Motherboard
12 Motherboard
13 Motherboard
14 Motherboard
15 Motherboard
16 Motherboard
MthBd cable
17 connector
MthBd cable
18 connector
MthBd cable
19 connector
MthBd cable
20 connector
Dual processor CPU chip
Dual processor CPU heat sink
IO Controller 1C
CMOS (CMOS RAM with RTC &
NVRAM)
SDRAM memory cards (DIMM)
SRAM DIMM module board mounted
connector
Graphics and Memory Controller Hub
Intel 82Q965 heat sink
SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface) Flash
Device: ROM BIOS FWH (firmware
hub): contains BIOS Setup program
POST, PCI auto-config and Plug&Play
support
SuperlO Controller (contains floppy
drive controller, serial port controller,
parallel port controller, power
management (fan) controller
LPC Interface TPM (Trusted Platform
Module) protects signature keys and
encryption
Lan-On-Motherboard (NIC) with
10/100/GbE support
Battery (3V Lithium)
Audio CODEC (compression/
decompression)
Frequency timing generator/Real time
clock
battery — mount and socket
SATA DrivcO (hard drive)
SATA Drivel (DVD drive)
SATA Drive4 (not connected)
SATA DriveS (not connected)
Intel® Core™ 2 Duo E6400
Intel® Core™ 2 Duo E6400
Intel® 82801HB/82801HRICH8
Intel® 82801HB/82801HRICH8
Hyundai 512 MB DDRW-SDRAM
Intel® 82Q965
Intel® 82Q966
MXIC MX25L8005
SMSC SCH5514D-NS
Broadcom BCM5754KM Ethernet
NIC and ATMELAT45DBOOIB Flash
SPI memory device
Panasonic CR2032 3V
Analog Devices HO Audio
SoundMAX CODEC ADI 983
Intel® Core 2 Duo E6400,
TCS9LP5052 and 32.768k crystal
clock chip
Intel® 82801HB/82801HRICH8
Intel® 82801HB/82801HR TCH8
Intel® 82801HB/82801HR TCH8
Intel®82801HB/82801HR ICII8
-------
#
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
Major subsystem
MthBd cable
connector
MthBd card
connector
MthBd card
connector
MthBd card
connector
MthBd card
connector
MthBd cable
connector
MthBd cable
connector
MthBd cable
connector
MthBd cable
connector
MthBd cable
connector
MthBd cable
connector
MthBd component
MthBd component
MthBd component
MthBd component
MthBd component
MthBd component
MthBd component
Fan
Power supply
module
Power supply
module
Power supply
module
Power supply cable
to motherbrd 24 pin
conn
Floppy disk drive
Floppy disk drive
Description Chipsets involved
Front Panel Connector (ON/OFF
switch, 2 USB ports, front audio in/out
ports)
PCI Expressxl6 connector (SLOT 1) (not connected)
PCI Expressxl6 connector (SLOT4) (not connected)
PCI Connector (SLOT2)
PCI Connector (SLOT3)
Floppy drive connector
Serial connector (not connected)
Fan connector
Internal Speaker connector (not
connected)
Processor power connector (4 pin)
Main power connector (24 pin)
Beep speaker
Capacitor
Resistor
Transistor
Choke
Solder bond pad — specify location
screws and other mounting hardware
Main chassis fan
Electrical function
Mains power plugs ( 1 1 0V)
Chassis
Power cable
Chassis
Motor
PC-Doctor®
Tests this
subsystem
(yes/no)
Y
n
n
y
y
y
n
n
n
y
y
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
y
n
n
Y
11
y
-------
# Major subsystem
Description
Chipsets involved
PC-Doctor"'
Tests this
subsystem
(yes/no)
46 Floppy disk drive
47 Floppy disk drive
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
Floppy disk drive
Floppy disk drive
Hard drive
Hard drive
Hard drive
Hard drive
Hard drive
Hard drive
DVD Drive
DVD Drive
DVD Drive
DVD Drive
DVD Drive
DVD Drive
DVD Drive
Monitor
Monitor
Monitor
Monitor
Monitor
Monitor
Monitor
Mouse
Mouse
Keyboard
Keyboard
Commim. Fort
74
75
76
77
78
COM1
Printer Port
USB Port 1
keyboard
USB Port 2
USB Port 1
LPT1
mouse
79 USB Port 2
80 USB Port 3
81 USB Port 4
82 USB Port 5
Head
Power connector
Power cable
Data cable
Chassis
Motor
Head
Power connector
Power cable
Data cable
Chassis
Drive motor
Flead
Power connector
Power cable
Data cable
Drawer open/close on chassis
Screen
Data Cable
Data Cable connector
Power Cable
Power Cable HOVplug
Video connector on chassis
Base of monitor stand
USB Data Cable
Mechanical operation
USB Data Cable
Mechanical operation
COM! connector on chassis
LPT1 connector on chassis
USB connector on chassis
USB connector on chassis
USB connector on chassis
USB connector on chassis
USB connector on chassis
USB connector on chassis
USB connector on chassis
-------
#
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
Major subsystem
USB Port 6
Network (LAN)
Port
Audio out
Audio in
CASE
CASE
CASE
CASE
CASE
CASE
CASE
Description
USB connector on chassis
Network (LAN) adapter connector on
chassis
Audio line out connector (green) on
chassis
Audio line in connector (blue & pink)
on chassis
Removable side of case
Case interior floor
Case back panel screens
Case front panel
PCI Plates
Release Latch
Screws on exterior
PC-Doctoi*
™. » - , , Tests this
Chipsets involved .
subsystem
(yes/no)
y
y
y
y
11
11
n
n
n
n
n
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Appendix D
PC-Doctor® Service Center™ 6 Tests
Test#
Test
System Board
1
2
RTC Rollover Test
RTC Accuracy Test
Intel® Core™ 2 CPU 6400 @ 2.13GHz CPU:0
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Register Test
Level 2 Cache Test
Math Register Test
MMXTest
SSE Test
SSE2 Test
SSE3 Test
SSSE3 Test
Stress Test
Multicore Test
Intel® Core™ 2 CPU 6400 @ 2.13GHz CPU:1
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
Register Test
Level 2 Cache Test
Math Register Test
MMXTest
SSE Test
SSE2 Test
SSE3 Test
SSSE3 Test
Stress Test
Multicore Test
CMOS
23
24
Checksum Test
Pattern Test
512 MB DDR2-SDRAM (666 MHz)
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
Pattern Test
Advanced Pattern Test
Bit Low Test
Bit High Test
Nibble Move Test
Checkerboard Test
Walking One Left Test
-------
32
33
34
35
36
Walking One Right Test
Auxiliary Pattern Test
Address Test
Modulo20 Test
Moving Inversion Test
C:
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
Linear Seek Test
Random Seek Test
Funnel Seek Test
Surface Scan Test
SMART Status Test
SMART Short Self Test
SMART Extended Self Test
SMART Conveyance Self Test
HL-DT-ST DVD+-RW GSA-H31N
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
56
57
58
59
60
61
(DVD-RW Drive) Read Write Test
(DVD-R Drive) Read Write Test
(CD-R Drive) Read Write Test
(DVD Drive) Linear Seek Test
(DVD Drive) Random Seek Test
(DVD Drive) Funnel Seek Test
(DVD Drive) Linear Read Compare Test
(DVD+R DL Drive) Read Write Test
(DVD+RW Drive) Read Write Test
(DVD+R Drive) Read Write Test
(CD-RW Drive) Read Write Test
CD-ROM Drive) Linear Seek Test
(CD-ROM Drive) Random Seek Test
(CD-ROM Drive) Funnel Seek Test
(CD-ROM Drive) Linear Read Compare Test
(CD-ROM Drive) CD Audio Test
Floppy disk drive
62
63
64
65
Linear Seek Test
Random Seek Test
Funnel Seek Test
Surface Scan Test
PC-Doctor® USB Test Key 2.0 USB Device
66
67
68
69
70
71
Scan Test Port 1
Scan Test Port 2
Scan Test Port 3
Scan Test Port 4
Scan Test Port 5
Scan Test Port 6
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Intel® Q965/Q963 Express Chipset Family
72
73
74
Primary Surface Test
Fixed Transformation and Lighting Test
Transformation and Lighting Stress Test
Intel® Q965/Q963 Express Chipset Family
75
76
77
Primary Surface Test
Fixed Transformation and Lighting Test
Transformation and Lighting Stress Test
Broadcom NetXtreme 57xx Gigabit Controller
78
79
80
Network Link Test
TCP/IP Internal Loopback Test
Network External Loopback Test
HID Keyboard Device
81
Keyboard Interactive Test
Dell™ USB Mouse
82
Mouse Interactive Test
SoundMAX Integrated Digital HD Audio Driver
83
84
Playback Mixer State Test
Sound Interactive Test
Intel® Q965/Q963 Express Chipset Family
85
Audio Visual Interleave (AVI) Interactive Test
Dell ™ E157FP (Plug and Play Monitor)
86
Monitor Interactive Test
Communications Port (COM1)
87
88
89
90
91
External Register Test
External Loopback Test
Internal Register Test
Internal Control Signals Test
Internal Send and Receive Test
ECP Printer Port (LPT1)
92
93
Internal Read and Write Test
External Read and Write Test
PCI Bus
94
Configuration Test
PC-Doctor® USB Test Key 2.0 USB Device
95
USB Status Test
Dell™ USB Keyboard
96
USB Status Test
Dell™ USB Mouse
97
USB Status Test
Intel® Q963/Q965 PCI Express Root Port - 2991
98
PCI Express Status Test
Microsoft UAA Bus Driver for High Definition Audio
-------
99
PCI Express Status Test
Intel® ICH8 Family PCI Express Root Port 1 - 283F
100
PCI Express Status Test
Intel® ICH8 Family PCI Express Root Port 5 - 2847
101
PCI Express Status Test
Broadcom NetXtreme 57xx Gigabit Controller
102
PCI Express Status Test
SoundMAX Integrated Digital HD Audio Driver
103
Rough Audio Test
Batch 5
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
System Timer
BIOS Timer
IRQ Controller
DMA Channels
RAM Refresh
RTC Clock
CMOS RAM
Keyboard
PCI
USB Port
Video Memory
Video Pages
VGA Controller Registers
VGA Color-DAC Registers
VESA Full Video Memory Test
COM 1 Registers And Interrupts
COM 1 Internal Loopback
COM 1 FIFO Buffers (16550A)
LPT 1 Command And Data Port
SMBUS
Batch 4
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
CPU 1 CPU Registers
CPU 1 CPU Arithmetics
CPU 1 CPU Logical Operations
CPU 1 CPU String Operations
CPU 1 CPU Misc Operations
CPU 1 CPU Interrupts/Exceptions
CPU 1 CPU Buffers/Cache
CPU 1 CoProc Registers
CPU 1 CoProc Commands
CPU 1 CoProc Arithmetics
CPU 1 CoProc Transcendental
CPU 1 CoProc Exceptions
-------
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
CPU 1 MMX Test
CPU 2 CPU Registers
CPU 2 CPU Arithmetics
CPU 2 CPU Logical Operations
CPU 2 CPU String Operations
CPU 2 CPU Misc Operations
CPU 2 CPU Interrupts/Exceptions
CPU 2 CPU Buffers/Cache
CPU 2 CoProc Registers
CPU 2 CoProc Commands
CPU 2 CoProc Arithmetics
CPU 2 CoProc Transcendental
CPU 2 CoProc Exceptions
CPU 2 MMX Test
Base Fast Pattern
Base Fast Address
Base Medium Pattern
Base Medium Address
Base Heavy Pattern
Base Heavy Address
Base Bus Throughput
Extended Fast Pattern
Extended Fast Address
Extended Medium Pattern
Extended Medium Address
Extended Heavy Pattern
Extended Heavy Address
Extended Code Test
Extended Advanced Pattern
PC! post Card Test
165
166
167
168
169
170
Dl
D2
D3
D4
D5
D6
Power Supply Tests
171
172
173
174
175
20/24
Motherboard
Hard drive
DVD drive
Floppy Drive
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Appendix E
Exposure Conditions
Run 1 Fumigation Conditions
o
o
o
o
100
-- 80
--60
-- 40
--20
p
I
E
8.
9:36:00 12:00:00 2:24:00 4:48:00 7:12:00 9:36:00 12:00:00 2:24:00 4:48:00 7:12:00 9:36:00
AM PM PM PM PM PM AM AM AM AM AM
Time
MEC CI02
-Isolation 1 T
-Corrected Isolation 1 RH
-------
Run 3 Fumigation Conditions
"Si
o
o
g
o
-- 80
100
-- 60
o
40 r
--20 £
0 -
X
£
-- -20
-- -40
-60
12:14:24 2:38:24 PM 5:02:24 PM 7:26:24 PM 9:50:24 PM 12:14:24 2:38:24 AM 5:02:24 AM 7:26:24 AM
PM
Time
AM
CIO2 Concentration
-Temperature
RH
Run 4 Fumigation Conditions
100
CIO2 Concentration
-Temperature
RH
-20
10:48 13:12 15:36 18:00 20:24 22:48 1:12
Time
3:36
6:00
-------
Run 5 Fumigation Conditions
90
80
9/13/2007
9/13/2007 9/13/2007 9/14/2007
Time
9/14/2007
• 0
9/14/2007
t— CIO2 Concentration
»-RH
Temperature
Run 6 Fumigation Conditions
-CIO2 Concentration
-RH
Temperature
7:12:00 9:36:00 12:00:00 2:24:00 4:48:00 7:12:00 9:36:00 12:00:00 2:24:00 4:48:00 7:12:00
AM AM PM PM PM PM PM AM AM AM AM
Time
-------
Run 7 Fumigation Conditions
0.9
0.8
0.7
.2 0.6
"5
£
0}
o 0.5
o
O
2 0.4
O
0.3
0.2
0.1
-- 70
--60 J-3
-- 50
90
40 -a
-- 30
-- 20
-- 10
8:38:24
AM
11:02:24
AM
1:26:24
PM
3:50:24
PM
6:14:24 8:38:24
PM PM
Time
11:02:24
PM
1:26:24
AM
3:50:24
AM
6:14:24
AM
CIO2 Concentration
-RH
Temperature
Run 8 Fumigation Conditions
100
8:24:00 10:48:00 1:12:00
AM AM PM
3:36:00 6:00:00 8:24:00 10:48:00 1:12:00 3:36:00 6:00:00
PM PM PM PM AM AM AM
Time
0
8:24:00
AM
-------
-------
&ER&
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
PRESORTED STANDARD
POSTAGES FEES PAID
EPA
PERMIT NO. G-35
Office of Research and Development (8101R)
Washington, DC 20460
Official Business
Penalty for Private Use
$300
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