NUREG-1576 EPA402-B-04-001C NTIS PB2004-105421 Multi-Agency Radiological Laboratory Analytical Protocols Manual (MARLAP) Part II: Chapters 18-20 Appendix G (Volume III) United States Environmental Protection Agency United States Department of Defense United States Department of Energy United States Department of Homeland Security United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission United States Food and Drug Administration United States Geological Survey National Institute of Standards and Technology July 2004 ------- Disclaimer References within this manual to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily imply its endorsement or recommendation by the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency or branch thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, expressed or implied, nor assumes any legal liability of responsibility for any third party's use, or the results of such use, of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed in this manual, nor represents that its use by such third party would not infringe on privately owned rights. ------- FOREWORD MARLAP is organized into two parts. Part I, consisting of Chapters 1 through 9, is intended primarily for project planners and managers. Part I introduces the directed planning process central to MARLAP and provides guidance on project planning with emphasis on radioanalytical planning issues and radioanalytical data requirements. Part n, consisting of Chapters 10 through 20, is intended primarily for laboratory personnel and provides guidance in the relevant areas of radioanalytical laboratory work. In addition, MARLAP contains seven appendices—labeled A through G—that provide complementary information, detail background information, or concepts pertinent to more than one chapter. Six chapters and one appendix are immediately followed by one or more attachments that the authors believe will provide additional or more detailed explanations of concepts discussed within the chapter. Attachments to chapters have letter designators (e.g, Attachment "6A" or "3B"), while attachments to appendices are numbered (e.g., "Bl"). Thus, "Section B.I.I" refers to section 1.1 of appendix B, while "Section B 1.1" refers to section 1 of attachment 1 to appendix B. Cross-references within the text are explicit in order to avoid confusion. Because of its length, the printed version of MARLAP is bound in three volumes. Volume I (Chapters 1 through 9 and Appendices A through E) contains Part I. Because of its length, Part II is split between Volumes II and III. Volume II (Chapters 10 through 17 and Appendix F) covers most of the activities performed at radioanalytical laboratories, from field and sampling issues that affect laboratory measurements through waste management. Volume III (Chapters 18 through 20 and Appendix G) covers laboratory quality control, measurement uncertainty and detection and quantification capability. Each volume includes a table of contents, list of acronyms and abbreviations, and a complete glossary of terms. MARLAP and its periodic revisions are available online at www.epa.gov/radiation/marlap and www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/nuregs/staff/srl576/. The online version is updated periodically and may differ from the last printed version. Although references to material found on a web site bear the date the material was accessed, the material available on the date cited may subsequently be removed from the site. Printed and CD-ROM versions of MARLAP are available through the National Technical Information Service (NTIS). NTIS may be accessed online at www.ntis.gov. The NTIS Sales Desk can be reached between 8:30 a.m. and 6:00 p.m. Eastern Time, Monday through Friday at 1-800-553-6847; TDD (hearing impaired only) at 703- 487-4639 between 8:30 a.m. and 5:00 p.m Eastern Time, Monday through Friday; or fax at 703- 605-6900. MARLAP is a living document, and future editions are already under consideration. Users are urged to provide feedback on how MARLAP can be improved. While suggestions may not always be acknowledged or adopted, commentors may be assured that they will be considered carefully. Comments may be submitted electronically through a link on EPA's MARLAP web site (www.epa.gov/radiation/marlap). JULY 2004 III MARLAP ------- ------- CONTENTS (VOLUME III) Page List of Figures XI List of Tables XII Acronyms and Abbreviations XIII Unit Conversion Factors XXI 18 Laboratory Quality Control 18-1 18.1 Introduction 18-1 18.1.1 Organization of Chapter 18-2 18.1.2 Format 18-2 18.2 Quality Control 18-3 18.3 Evaluation of Performance Indicators 18-3 18.3.1 Importance of Evaluating Performance Indicators 18-3 18.3.2 Statistical Means of Evaluating Performance Indicators — Control Charts .. 18-5 18.3.3 Tolerance Limits 18-7 18.3.4 Measurement Uncertainty 18-8 18.4 Radiochemistry Performance Indicators 18-9 18.4.1 Method and Reagent Blank 18-9 18.4.2 Laboratory Replicates 18-13 18.4.3 Laboratory Control Samples, Matrix Spikes, and Matrix Spike Duplicates . 18-16 18.4.4 Certified Reference Materials 18-18 18.4.5 Chemical/Tracer Yield 18-21 18.5 Instrumentation Performance Indicators 18-24 18.5.1 Instrument Background Measurements 18-24 18.5.2 Efficiency Calibrations 18-26 18.5.3 Spectrometry Systems 18-29 18.5.3.1 Energy Calibrations 18-29 18.5.3.2 Peak Resolution and Tailing 18-32 18.5.4 Gas Proportional Systems 18-36 18.5.4.1 Voltage Plateaus 18-36 18.5.4.2 Self-Absorption, Backscatter, and Crosstalk 18-37 18.5.5 Liquid Scintillation 18-38 18.5.6 Summary Guidance on Instrument Calibration, Background, and Quality Control 18-40 18.5.6.1 Gas Proportional Counting Systems 18-42 18.5.6.2 Gamma-Ray Detectors and Spectrometry Systems 18-45 18.5.6.3 Alpha Detector and Spectrometry Systems 18-49 JULY 2004 V MARLAP ------- Contents age 18.5.6.4 Liquid Scintillation Systems 18-51 18.5.7 Non-Nuclear Instrumentation 18-53 18.6 Related Concerns 18-54 18.6.1 Detection Capability 18-54 18.6.2 Radioactive Equilibrium 18-54 18.6.3 Half-Life 18-57 18.6.4 Interferences 18-58 18.6.5 Negative Results 18-60 18.6.6 Blind Samples 18-61 18.6.7 Calibration of Apparatus Used for Mass and Volume Measurements 18-63 18.7 References 18-65 18.7.1 Cited Sources 18-65 18.7.2 Other Sources 18-67 Attachment ISA: Control Charts 18-69 ISA. 1 Introduction 18-69 18A.2 JTCharts 18-69 18A.3 X Charts 18-72 18A.4 R Charts 18-74 18A.5 Control Charts for Instrument Response 18-75 18A.6 References 18-79 Attachment 18B: Statistical Tests for QC Results 18-81 18B. 1 Introduction 18-81 18B.2 Tests for Excess Variance in the Instrument Response 18-81 18B.3 Instrument Background Measurements 18-88 18B.3.1 Detection of Background Variability 18-88 18B.3.2 Comparing a Single Observation to Preset Limits 18-90 18B.3.3 Comparing the Results of Consecutive Measurements 18-93 18B.4 Negative Activities 18-96 18B.5 References 18-96 19 Measurement Uncertainty 19-1 19.1 Overview 19-1 19.2 The Need for Uncertainty Evaluation 19-1 19.3 Evaluating and Expressing Measurement Uncertainty 19-3 19.3.1 Measurement, Error, and Uncertainty 19-3 19.3.2 The Measurement Process 19-4 19.3.3 Analysis of Measurement Uncertainty 19-6 19.3.4 Corrections for Systematic Effects 19-7 19.3.5 Counting Uncertainty 19-7 MARLAP VI JULY 2004 ------- Contents Page 19.3.6 Expanded Uncertainty 19-7 19.3.7 Significant Figures 19-8 19.3.8 Reporting the Measurement Uncertainty 19-9 19.3.9 Recommendations 19-10 19.4 Procedures for Evaluating Uncertainty 19-11 19.4.1 Identifying Sources of Uncertainty 19-12 19.4.2 Evaluation of Standard Uncertainties 19-13 19.4.2.1 Type A Evaluations 19-13 19.4.2.2 Type B Evaluations 19-16 19.4.3 Combined Standard Uncertainty 19-20 19.4.3.1 Uncertainty Propagation Formula 19-20 19.4.3.2 Components of Uncertainty 19-24 19.4.3.3 Special Forms of the Uncertainty Propagation Formula 19-25 19.4.4 The Estimated Covariance of Two Output Estimates 19-26 19.4.5 Special Considerations for Nonlinear Models 19-29 19.4.5.1 Uncertainty Propagation for Nonlinear Models 19-29 19.4.5.2 Bias due to Nonlinearity 19-31 19.4.6 Monte Carlo Methods 19-34 19.5 Radiation Measurement Uncertainty 19-34 19.5.1 Radioactive Decay 19-34 19.5.2 Radiation Counting 19-35 19.5.2.1 Binomial Model 19-35 19.5.2.2 Poisson Approximation 19-36 19.5.3 Count Time and Count Rate 19-38 19.5.3.1 Dead Time 19-39 19.5.3.2 A Confidence Interval for the Count Rate 19-40 19.5.4 Instrument Background 19-41 19.5.5 Radiochemical Blanks 19-42 19.5.6 Counting Efficiency 19-43 19.5.7 Radionuclide Half-Life 19-47 19.5.8 Gamma-Ray Spectrometry 19-48 19.5.9 Balances 19-48 19.5.10 Pipets and Other Volumetric Apparatus 19-52 19.5.11 Digital Displays and Rounding 19-54 19.5.12 Subsampling 19-55 19.5.13 The Standard Uncertainty for a Hypothetical Measurement 19-56 19.6 References 19-58 19.6.1 Cited Sources 19-58 19.6.2 Other Sources 19-61 Attachment 19A: Statistical Concepts and Terms 19-63 JULY 2004 VII MARLAP ------- Contents age 19A. 1 Basic Concepts 19-63 19A.2 Probability Distributions 19-66 19A.2.1 Normal Distributions 19-67 19A.2.2 Log-normal Distributions 19-68 19A.2.3 Chi-squared Distributions 19-69 19A.2.4 T-Distributions 19-70 19A.2.5 Rectangular Distributions 19-71 19A.2.6 Trapezoidal and Triangular Distributions 19-72 19A.2.7 Exponential Distributions 19-73 19A.2.8 Binomial Distributions 19-73 19A.2.9 Poisson Distributions 19-74 19A.3 References 19-76 Attachment 19B: Example Calculations 19-77 19B.1 Overview 19-77 19B.2 Sample Collection and Analysis 19-77 19B.3 The Measurement Model 19-78 19B.4 The Combined Standard Uncertainty 19-80 Attachment 19C: Multicomponent Measurement Models 19-83 19C.1 Introduction 19-83 19C.2 The Covariance Matrix 19-83 19C.3 Least-Squares Regression 19-83 19C.4 References 19-84 Attachment 19D: Estimation of Coverage Factors 19-85 19D. 1 Introduction 19-85 19D.2 Procedure 19-85 19D.2.1 Basis of Procedure 19-85 19D.2.2 Assumptions 19-85 19D.2.3 Effective Degrees of Freedom 19-86 19D.2.4 Coverage Factor 19-87 19D.3 Poisson Counting Uncertainty 19-88 19D.4 References 19-91 Attachment 19E: Uncertainties of Mass and Volume Measurements 19-93 19E.1 Purpose 19-93 19E.2 Mass Measurements 19-93 19E.2.1 Considerations 19-93 19E.2.2 Repeatability 19-94 19E.2.3 Environmental Factors 19-95 19E.2.4 Calibration 19-97 19E.2.5 Linearity 19-98 19E.2.6 Gain or Loss of Mass 19-98 MARLAP VIII JULY 2004 ------- Contents 19E.2.7 Air-Buoyancy Corrections 19-99 19E.2.8 Combining the Components 19-103 19E.3 Volume Measurements 19-105 19E.3.1 First Approach 19-105 19E.3.2 Second Approach 19-108 19E.3.3 Third Approach 19-111 19E.4 References 19-111 20 Detection and Quantification Capabilities 20-1 20.1 Overview 20-1 20.2 Concepts and Definitions 20-1 20.2.1 Analyte Detection Decisions 20-1 20.2.2 The Critical Value 20-3 20.2.3 The Blank 20-5 20.2.4 The Minimum Detectable Concentration 20-5 20.2.6 Other Detection Terminologies 20-9 20.2.7 The Minimum Quantifiable Concentration 20-10 20.3 Recommendations 20-11 20.4 Calculation of Detection and Quantification Limits 20-12 20.4.1 Calculation of the Critical Value 20-12 20.4.1.1 Normally Distributed Signals 20-13 20.4.1.2 Poisson Counting 20-13 20.4.1.3 Batch Blanks 20-17 20.4.2 Calculation of the Minimum Detectable Concentration 20-18 20.4.2.1 The Minimum Detectable Net Instrument Signal 20-19 20.4.2.2 Normally Distributed Signals 20-20 20.4.2.3 Poisson Counting 20-24 20.4.2.4 More Conservative Approaches 20-28 20.4.2.5 Experimental Verification of the MDC 20-28 20.4.3 Calculation of the Minimum Quantifiable Concentration 20-29 20.5 References 20-33 20.5.1 Cited Sources 20-33 20.5.2 Other Sources 20-35 Attachment 20A: Low-Background Detection Issues 20-37 20A.1 Overview 20-37 20A.2 Calculation of the Critical Value 20-37 20A.2.1 Normally Distributed Signals 20-37 20A.2.2 Poisson Counting 20-39 20A.3 Calculation of the Minimum Detectable Concentration 20-53 20A.3.1 Normally Distributed Signals 20-54 20A.3.2 Poisson Counting 20-58 JULY 2004 IX MARLAP ------- Contents rage 20A.4 References 20-62 MARLAP X JULY 2004 ------- Contents age Appendix (Volume III) G Statistical Tables G-l Glossary End of volume JULY 2004 XI MARLAP ------- Contents age List of Figures (Volume III) Figure 18.1 Problems leading to loss of analytical control 18-4 Figure 18.2 Control chart for daily counting of a standard reference source, with limits corrected for decay 18-7 Figure 18.3 Three general categories of blank changes 18-12 Figure 18.4 Failed performance indicator: replicates 18-15 Figure 18.5 Failed performance indicator: chemical yield 18-23 Figure 19.1 Addition of uncertainty components 19-25 Figure 19.2 Expected fraction of atoms remaining at time t 19-35 Figure 19.3 A symmetric distribution 19-64 Figure 19.4 An asymmetric distribution 19-65 Figure 19.5 A normal distribution 19-67 Figure 19.6 A log-normal distribution 19-68 Figure 19.7 Chi-squared distributions 19-69 Figure 19.8 The ^-distribution with 3 degrees of freedom 19-70 Figure 19.9 A rectangular distribution 19-72 Figure 19.10 A trapezoidal distribution 19-72 Figure 19.11 An exponential distribution 19-73 Figure 19.12a Poisson distribution vs. normal distribution, // = 3 19-75 Figure 19.12b Poisson distribution vs. normal distribution, ju = 100 19-76 Figure 19.13 Nonlinear balance response curve 19-98 Figure 20.1 The critical net signal, Sc, and minimum detectable net signal, SD 20-6 Figure 20.2 Type I error rates for Table 20.1 20-41 Figure 20.3 Type I error rate for the Poisson-normal approximation (tB = ts) 20-42 Figure 20.4 Type I error rates for Formula A 20-44 Figure 20.5 Type I error rates for Formula B 20-45 Figure 20.6 Type I error rates for Formula C 20-46 Figure 20.7 Type I error rates for the Stapleton approximation 20-48 Figure 20.8 Type I error rates for the nonrandomized exact test 20-49 MARLAP XII JULY 2004 ------- Contents age List of Tables (Volume III) Table 18. la Certified Massic activities for natural radionuclides with a normal distribution of measurement results 18-20 Table 18. Ib Certified Massic activities for anthropogenic radionuclides with a Weibull distribution of measurement results 18-20 Table 18. Ic Uncertified Massic activities 18-20 Table 18.2 Instrument background evaluation 18-26 Table 18.3 Root-cause analysis of performance check results for spectrometry systems . . . 18-35 Table 18.4 Some causes of excursions in liquid scintillation analysis 18-40 Table 18.5 Example gas proportional instrument calibration, background frequency, and performance criteria 18-44 Table 18.6 Example gamma spectrometry instrument calibration, background frequency, and performance criteria 18-48 Table 18.7 Example alpha spectrometry instrument calibration, background frequency, and performance criteria 18-50 Table 18.8 Example liquid scintillation counting systems calibration, background frequency, and performance criteria 18-53 Table 18A.I Bias-correction factor for the experimental standard deviation 18-70 Table 19.1 Differentiation rules 19-21 Table 19.2 Applications of the first-order uncertainty propagation formula 19-21 Table 19.3 95 % confidence interval for a Poisson mean 19-75 Table 19.4 Input estimates and standard uncertainties 19-81 Table 19.5 Coefficients of cubical expansion 19-107 Table 19.6 Density of air-free water 19-109 Table 20.1 Critical gross count (well-known blank) 20-40 Table 20.2 Bias factor for the experimental standard deviation 20-55 Table 20.3 Estimated and true values of SD (tB = ^s) 20-62 Table G.I Quantiles of the standard normal distribution G-l Table G.2 Quantiles of Student's t distribution G-3 Table G.3 Quantiles of chi-square G-5 Table G.4 Critical values for the nonrandomized exact test G-7 Table G.5 Summary of probability distributions G-l 1 JULY 2004 XIII MARLAP ------- MARLAP XIV JULY 2004 ------- ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS AC alternating current ADC analog to digital convenor AEA Atomic Energy Act AL action level AMS accelerator mass spectrometry ANSI American National Standards Institute AOAC Association of Official Analytical Chemists APHA American Public Health Association APS analytical protocol specification ARAR applicable or relevant and appropriate requirement (CERCLA/Superfund) ASL analytical support laboratory ASQC American Society for Quality Control ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials AID alpha track detector BGO bismuth germanate [detector] BNL Brookhaven National Laboratory (DOE) BOA basic ordering agreement CAA Clean Air Act CC charcoal canisters CEDE committed effective dose equivalent CERCLA .... Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 ("Superfund") c.f carrier free [tracer] cfm cubic feet per minute CFR Code of Federal Regulations CL central line (of a control chart) CMPO [octyl(phenyl)]-N,N-diisobutylcarbonylmethylphosphine oxide CMST Characterization, Monitoring, and Sensor Technology Program (DOE) CO contracting officer COC chain of custody COR contracting officer's representative cpm counts per minute cps counts per second CRM (1) continuous radon monitor; (2) certified reference material CSU combined standard uncertainty CV coefficient of variation CWA Clean Water Act CWLM continuous working level monitor JULY 2004 XV MARLAP ------- Acronyms and Abbreviations D DAAP . . . DC DCGL. . . DHS .... DIN DL DoD .... DOE .... DOELAP DOT .... OOP .... dpm .... DPPP . . . DQA .... DQI DQO .... DTPA . . . DVB .... EDO .... EDTA . . . EGTA . . . EMEDD . EPA .... ERPRIMS ESC .... eV FAR .... FBO .... FDA .... FEP fg FOM .... FWHM . . FWTM . . day[s] homogeneous distribution coefficient diamylamylphosphonate direct current derived concentration guideline level U.S. Department of Homeland Security di-isopropylnaphthalene discrimination limit U.S. Department of Defense U.S. Department of Energy DOE Laboratory Accreditation Program U.S. Department of Transportation dispersed oil particulate disintegrations per minute dipentylpentylphosphonate data quality assessment data quality indicator data quality objective diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid divinylbenzene emission probability per decay event maximum beta-particle energy electronic data deliverable ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid ethyleneglycol bis(2-aminoethylether)-tetraacetate environmental management electronic data deliverable (DOE) U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Environmental Resources Program Management System (U.S. Air Force) expedited site characterization; expedited site conversion electron volts Federal Acquisition Regulations, CFR Title 48 Federal Business Opportunities [formerly Commerce Business Daily] U.S. Food and Drug Administration full energy peak femtogram figure of merit full width of a peak at half maximum full width of a peak at tenth maximum MARLAP XVI JULY 2004 ------- Acronyms and Abbreviations GC gas chromatography GLPC gas-liquid phase chromatography GM Geiger-Mueller [detector] GP gas proportional [counter] GUM Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (ISO) Gy gray[s] h hour[s] H0 null hypothesis HA, Hj alternative hypothesis HDBP dibutylphosphoric acid HDEHP bis(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid HDPE high-density polyethylene HLW high-level [radioactive] waste HPGe high-purity germanium HPLC high-pressure liquid chromatography; high-performance liquid chromatography HTRW hazardous, toxic, and radioactive waste IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency ICRU International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements ICP-MS inductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy IPPD integrated product and process development ISO International Organization for Standardization IUPAC International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry k coverage factor keV kilo electron volts KPA kinetic phosphorimeter analysis LAN local area network LANL Los Alamos National Laboratory (DOE) LBGR lower bound of the gray region LCL lower control limit LCS laboratory control samples LDPE low-density polyethylene LEGe low-energy germanium LEVIS laboratory information management system LLD lower limit of detection LLNL Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (DOE) LLRW low-level radioactive waste LLRWPA .... Low Level Radioactive Waste Policy Act JULY 2004 XVII MARLAP ------- Acronyms and Abbreviations LOMI low oxidation-state transition-metal ion LPC liquid-partition chromatography; liquid-phase chromatography LS liquid scintillation LSC liquid scintillation counter LWL lower warning limit MAPEP Mixed Analyte Performance Evaluation Program (DOE) MARS SIM . . . Multi-Agency Radiation Survey and Site Investigation Manual MCA multichannel analyzer MCL maximum contaminant limit MDA minimum detectable amount; minimum detectable activity MDC minimum detectable concentration MDL method detection limit MeV mega electron volts MIBK methyl isobutyl ketone min minute[s] MPa megapascals MQC minimum quantifiable concentration MQO measurement quality objective MS matrix spike; mass spectrometer MSD matrix spike duplicate MVRM method validation reference material NAA Nal(Tl) NCP NCRP NELAC .... NESHAP . . . MM MST NPL NRC NRIP NTA (NTTA) NTU NVLAP .... OA OFHC neutron activation analysis thallium-activated sodium iodide [detector] National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurement National Environmental Laboratory Accreditation Conference National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (EPA) nuclear instrumentation module National Institute of Standards and Technology National Physics Laboratory (United Kingdom); National Priorities List (United States) U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission NIST Radiochemistry Intercomparison Program nitrilotriacetate nephelometric turbidity units National Voluntary Laboratory Accreditation Program (NIST) observational approach oxygen-free high-conductivity MARLAP XVIII JULY 2004 ------- Acronyms and Abbreviations OFPP Pa PARCC PBBO PCB pCi pdf PE PERALS PFA PIC PIPS PM PMT PT PTB PTFE PUREX PVC QA QAP QAPP QC rad RCRA REE REGe rem RFP RFQ RI/FS RMDC ROI RPD RPM RSD RSO Office of Federal Procurement Policy required relative method uncertainty pascals precision, accuracy, representativeness, completeness, and comparability 2-(4'-biphenylyl) 6-phenylbenzoxazole polychlorinated biphenyl picocurie probability density function performance evaluation Photon Electron Rejecting Alpha Li quid Scintillation® perfluoroalcoholoxil™ pressurized ionization chamber planar implanted passivated silicon [detector] project manager photomultiplier tube performance testing Physikalisch-Technische bundesanstalt (Germany) polytetrafluoroethylene plutonium uranium reduction extraction polyvinyl chloride quality assurance Quality Assessment Program (DOE) quality assurance project plan quality control radiation absorbed dose Resource Conservation and Recovery Act rare earth elements reverse-electrode germanium roentgen equivalent: man request for proposals request for quotations remedial investigation/feasibility study required minimum detectable concentration region of interest relative percent difference remedial project manager relative standard deviation radiation safety officer JULY 2004 XIX MARLAP ------- Acronyms and Abbreviations s second[s] SA spike activity Sc critical value SAFER Streamlined Approach for Environmental Restoration Program (DOE) SAM site assessment manager SAP sampling and analysis plan SEDD staged electronic data deliverable SI international system of units SMO sample management office[r] SOP standard operating procedure SOW statement of work SQC statistical quality control SPE solid-phase extraction SR unspiked sample result SRM standard reference material SSB silicon surface barrier [alpha detector] SSR spiked sample result Sv sievert[s] t,/2 half-life TAT turnaround time TBP tributylphosphate TC to contain TCLP toxicity characteristic leaching procedure TD to deliver TEC technical evaluation committee TEDE total effective dose equivalent TEC technical evaluation committee (USGS) TES technical evaluation sheet (USGS) TFM tetrafluorometoxil™ TIMS thermal ionization mass spectrometry TIOA triisooctylamine TLD thermoluminescent dosimeter TnOA tri-n-octylamine TOPO trioctylphosphinic oxide TPO technical project officer TPP technical project planning TPU total propagated uncertainty TQM Total Quality Management TRUEX trans-uranium extraction TSCA Toxic Substances Control Act MARLAP XX JULY 2004 ------- Acronyms and Abbreviations TSDF treatment, storage, or disposal facility tSIE transfomed spectral index of the external standard TTA thenoyltrifluoroacetone U expanded uncertainty WMK required absolute method uncertainty uc(y) combined standard uncertainty UBGR upper bound of the gray region UCL upper control limit USAGE United States Army Corps of Engineers USGS United States Geological Survey UV ultraviolet UWL upper warning limit V volt[s] WCP waste certification plan XML extensible mark-up language XtGe® extended-range germanium y year[s] Y response variable ZnS(Ag) silver-activated zinc sulfide [detector] JULY 2004 XXI MARLAP ------- ------- UNIT CONVERSION FACTORS To Convert Years (y) Disintegrations per second (dps) Bq Bq/kg Bq/m3 Bq/m3 Microcuries per milliliter (|iCi/mL) Disintegrations per minute (dpm) Gallons (gal) Gray (Gy) Roentgen Equivalent Man (rem) To Seconds (s) Minutes (min) Hours (h) Becquerels (Bq) Picocuries (pCi) pCi/g pCi/L Bq/L pCi/L |iCi pCi Liters (L) rad Sievert (Sv) Multiply by 3.16x 107 5.26 x 105 8.77 x 103 1.0 27.03 2.7 x io-2 2.7 x io-2 103 109 4.5 x io-7 4.5 x KT1 3.78 100 io-2 To Convert s min h Bq pCi pCi/g pCi/L Bq/L pCi/L pCi Liters rad Sv ' ' To y dps Bq Bq/kg Bq/m3 Bq/m3 jiCi/mL dpm Gallons Gy ' ' •;_ rem Multiply by 3,17x:iO~8 1,90 x lQ-« . 1.14 x 1Q~4 1.0, 3.7. xlQ-2 • 37 ' 37 . ' • io~3 - . iQ-9 2:22 :.". 0.265 io-2 IO2 , JULY 2004 XXIII MARLAP ------- |