5
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/A newsletter about soil, sediment, and groundwater characterization and remediation technologies
Issue 51
o/Technology News and Trends highlights pilot-scale and demonstration projects to
characterize and remediate sites with fractured bedrock contaminated by volatile organic
compounds. Technologies applied in these projects involve subsurface injection of reactive
amendments, in situ thermal conductive heating systems, and a range of geophysical tools to
interpret a site 's existing or emplaced network of hydraulic fractures.
EPA Studies Efficacy of Potassium Permanganate
ISCO in Fractured Bedrock
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
Region 3 recently completed an in situ
chemical oxidation (ISCO) pilot study for
volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in
fractured bedrock at the Valmont TCE
Superfund Site near Hazleton, PA.
Hydrofracturing technology was used to
inject a high volume of potassium
permanganate (KMnO4) slurry into isolated
zones within the bedrock. The pilot study
objectives were to evaluate effectiveness of
ISCO as a stand-alone remedy, determine if
KMnO4 slurry could be injected into the
fractured bedrock, and estimate the radial
influence of chemical oxidation around the
inj ection wells and throughout the plume area.
Results indicate that the injected KMnO4 slurry
extended as far as 160 feet from the injection
points and provided sufficient oxidant
residence time to significantly decrease VOCs
in the source area and throughout the plume.
The study site is located within an industrial
park adjacent to a residential area. Past site
operations included upholstery manufacturing
and stain-guard treatment with trichloroethene
(TCE). Releases of process waste
contaminated the soil and groundwater, with
groundwater contamination reaching
approximately 110 feet below ground surface
(bgs) and TCE concentrations as high as 26
mg/L in a bedrock aquifer. The contaminant
plume is approximately 500 feet wide by 1,500
feet long.
The site is underlain by the Pennsylvanian-
age Pottsville Group, which consists of
interbedded conglomerate, sandstone, and
siltstone fluvial deposits, with minor amounts
of anthracite coal beds and shales. The
average depth to competent bedrock is about
14 bgs, and the depth to groundwater ranges
from 10 to 30 feet bgs. Groundwater migration
is controlled primarily by the orientation of
bedding plane fractures and joints within
individual beds. Maximum fracture densities
are associated with thinner, more brittle units
near lithologic contacts. The predominant
strike of bedding planes is east-northeast with
a 7° dip to the northwest.
The matrix porosity measured in cores and
obtained from geophysical logs averaged
between 4-5%. Fracture porosity was
calculated to be 0.041% based on fracture
density data in geophysical logs and an
estimated fracture aperture of 0.5 mm. These
findings indicated that most of the
groundwater flow occurs in fracture porosity,
while most of the groundwater is stored in the
matrix porosity. A groundwater divide running
beneath the facility causes groundwater to
flow along strike in both northeast and
southwest directions.
Six injection wells were drilled to 150 feet bgs
across the source area. Well spacing was
based on a predicted 150-foot injection radius
of influence. The injection wells were
completed as open bedrock wells. Borehole
geophysical logging was used to correlate
stratigraphic units, locate fractures, and obtain
porosity values to estimate the volume and
[continued on page 2]
December 2010
Contents
EPA Studies Efficacy
of Potassium
Permanganate
ISCO in Fractured
Bedrock
pagel
U.S. Navy
Demonstrates Thermal
Conductive Heating
for DNAPL Removal
in Fractured Rock page 3
USAGE Integrates
Fracturing and Iron/
Carbon Injections at
Colorado Site
page 4
CLU-IN Resources
The U.S. EPA's Office of
Superfund Remediation and
Technology Innovation is
assembling information on
characterization and
remediation of sites with
contaminated fractured rock.
Site-specific information in
more than 150 brief profiles
includes the nature and extent
of contamination problems,
affecting geology, and tech-
nologies undertaken or
planned. View the new profiles,
orsubmit additional profiles,
and access additional resources
at: www.clu-in.org/fracrock/.
Recyc led/Recycl abl e
Printed wilh Soy/Canola Ink on paper that
contains at least 50% recycled fiber
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[continued from page 1]
vertical distribution of contaminant mass
stored in the matrix porosity. Geophysical
logging included gamma ray, temperature,
fluid resistivity, heat pulse, normal
resistivity, acoustic televiewer, caliper,
compensated neutron/density porosity, and
compensated sonic porosity tools.
A trailer-mounted dual-screw auger, KMnO4, and redox potential. Wells with
continuous mixing system was used to mix visual indication of KMnO4 were not sampled
KMnO4 solids with onsite water. The dry for VOCs under the
assumption that
KMnO4 was loaded into a hopper on the samples with KMnO4 would not contain
mixing unit, where the solids were metered detectable VOC concentrations. The oxidant
and blended with water to create slurry
with was not neutralized prior
to analysis.
a density of one pound of KMnO4 per gallon Results indicated VOC concentrations
of water. Slurry was then pumped to a triplex shallow groundwater
had
in
significantly
hydro fracturing pump capable of operating decreased near the injection wells, with
One injection well was cored specifically
to investigate the impact of matrix
diffusion and to determine physical
properties of the rock. Eighty core samples
were collected in 1.5-foot increments,
crushed onsite, placed in vials of
methanol for VOC preservation, and
shipped to an offsite laboratory for VOC
analysis. A subset of core samples was
analyzed for porosity, bulk density,
organic carbon, permanganate oxidant
demand, and metals. VOC analysis
indicated an estimated maximum TCE
concentration of 23 mg/L in matrix pore
water. Results also indicated that
approximately 95% of TCE mass in the
sampled borehole originated in the upper
26 feet of rock and 86% of the contaminant
mass is present in the sandstone matrix
porosity. Permanganate oxidant demand
ranged from 0.3 to 3 . 1 grams of oxidant per
kilogram of rock. The highest rock oxidant
demand was measured in organic rich
siltstone/coals.
Selection of intervals for KMnO4 injection
was based on matrix diffusion analysis,
fracture location, and stratigraphic
correlation with monitoring wells. Due to
injection intervals was limited to 3-4 zones
per well. Each interval was isolated with a
1 0-foot dual-packer assembly and received
3,000 gallons of fluid and up to 2,000
pounds of KMnO4 in a slurry form.
Figure 1. TCE concentrations in monitorir
at a flow rate of 80 gpm and pressure of 3, 000 source area wells exhibiting a 52-99%
psi. Field tests indicated that the pump could decrease in TCE concentrations and
handle a maximum slurry density of 3-4 do wngradient monitoring we 11s showing an
pounds KMnO4 per gallon.
average 67% decrease (from >300 to < 100
ug/L) (Figure 1). At the leading edge of the
Straightwaterwasusedtomitiatehydraulic plum6j approxlmately 735 feet downgradient
fracturing and flush the
" " of the nearest injection well, a 25% decrease
solids once the target dosage was met
in VOC concentrations
was observed.
highest breaking pressure observed during
hydrofacturing was 800 psi, with 50-400 psi Rebound in some wells was seen three
being typical. After fracture breakout, inj ection months after the final inj ection, but KMnO4
pressures dropped to 100 psi and then to was visually observed
below 50 psi.
in some injection
A total of 26,000 pounds of and monitoring wells for more than a year.
KMnO4wasinjectedatatypicalrateof60gpm. Decreasing contaminant concentrations
throughout the plume were accompanied
A network of monitoring wells surrounding the , • • • , ,• t-iu-u
by increases in oxidation potential, which
injection wells was equipped with pressure , ,
suggested decreases in contaminant
transducers to help estimate the radius of ,. ,
. . . concentrations were due to contaminant
influence during injections. Based on pressure , ,• ,, ,, ,•, ,•
e J . destruction rather than dilution.
transducer data, the minimum radius of
influence was
typically
50-70 feet with a An estimated 10, 500 pounds of TCE mass
maximum distance of 260 feet. Other indicators were destroyed during the pilot study the
of radial distribution included color changes in mass of TCE stoichiometicly destroyed by
monitoring wells and "day lighting" of oxidant 26,000 pounds of KMnO4 minus
on ground surfaces within the treatment area. estimated 2% loss due
an
to native oxidant
demand and other processes. The cost of
Selected monitoring we 11s were tested in the • • ,• ... , ,• , , c
e injection (including hydro fracturing, water
six months following the final injection event
i i i r^r^^ ,• [continued on page 31
to track levels or VOCs. dissolved metals.
10,000 1
c
1,000 '
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— 100 •
LU
«^H B
wells within and 275 feet downgradient (MW-
6) oj the treatment area illustrate the range oj
contaminant destruction and rebound over the 1
five months following injection completion at ^^^Bl
the Valmont TCE Superfund site.
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KMnOa Injections
Occurred Between
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[continued from page 2]ontinued on page g&sed on the pilot study results, EPA
tank rental, and KMnO4 material) was
approximately $250,000, or about $25 per
pound of TCE destroyed. Other project costs
included $87,000 for injection wells, $25,000
for coring, $40,300 for a matrix diffusion
study, and $26,000 for borehole geophysics.
Region 3 has selected ISCO as the final
groundwater remedy. Full-scale ISCO is
anticipated to involve three additional
injection wells to treat the complete source
area and restore the entire plume area to
beneficial use.
Contributed by Bhupi Khona
(khona.bhupi(q),epa.gov or
215-814-3213), Brad White
(white. brad(q),epa. gov or
215-814-3217), and Bruce Rundell
(rundell.bruce(q),epa.gov or
215-814-3317), U.S. EPA Region 3
U.S. Navy Demonstrates Thermal Conductive Heating for DNAPL Removal in Fractured Rock
Thermal conductive heating (TCH) was
demonstrated on a pilot scale in 2008-2009
to remove TCE, cw-dichloroethene (DCE),
and vinyl chloride mass from fractured rock
at the Naval Air Warfare Center (NAWC)
site in West Trenton, NJ. Project objectives
were to reduce contaminant lifespan in the
fractured rock and reduce aqueous-phase
contaminant flux and concentrations in the
target 400-ft2by 740-yd3 treatment area. An
estimated 530 pounds of chlorinated VOCs
(CVOCs) were removed (an estimated 69-
84% mass reduction) through active
heating of the subsurface over 14 weeks.
Results of the demonstration, which was
funded by the Environmental Security
Technology Certification Program (ESTCP),
will be used to develop guidance on using
TCH to remove contaminant mass.
Since 2002, the NAWC has served as a
demonstration site for investigative and
remedial technologies explored by the U. S.
Geological Survey, U.S. Navy, universities,
and industry. Mudstone bedrock in the area
is generally encountered 5 feet bgs. Most
of the soil in the area of the primary
contaminant plume was removed by the
Navy during NAWC construction in the
1950s, leaving relatively competent bedrock
close to site surface. Site investigations
indicate that an area covering more than 5
acres and extending to a depth of over 200
feet bgs was contaminated by TCE used
for jet engine testing in the 1950s through
1990s. A pump-and-treat system has
operated since the mid 1990s to treat
groundwater with pre-treatment CVOC
concentrations exceeding 600,000 ug/L.
Aqueous and dense nonaqueous phase
liquid (DNAPL) forms of TCE as well as
aqueous-phase degradation products such
as cw-DCE and vinyl chloride exist in water
of the bedrock fracture network, where
contaminants are sorbed to the rock matrix at
various distances from the fracture surface.
The field demonstration involved installing
15 heater borings, each equipped with a
vapor extraction screen, to a depth of 55
feet bgs. Electricity from an adjacent power
supply was applied to the 15 heater borings
at depths of 5 to 55 feet bgs and a rate of
210 kW (Figure 2) to reach a target
temperature of 100°C.
The heating system operated continuously
for 98 days, injecting a total of 493,000 kWh
of electricity into the treatment zone. All
subsurface zones above 35 feet bgs
reached temperatures of 99-110°C, consistent
with in situ boiling temperatures of
groundwater. At 40-50 feet bgs, temperatures
increased to 70-80 °C but remained below the
boiling point of water.
Air, steam, and fluids were extracted from the
bedrock at 15 recovery points through
stainless steel well screens connected to
flexible hoses. Contaminated water, condensed
water, and CVOC vapors passed through an
off-gas vapor and liquid treatment system
consisting of one 5 5-ft2 heat exchanger, a
150-scfm positive displacement blower, two
1,000-pound granular activated carbon units,
and an 18-ton chiller. Water exiting the
system was diverted to an existing onsite
groundwater treatment plant.
Based on photoionization detector readings
and observed flow rates, approximately 500
pounds of total VOCs were removed from
740 yd3 of bedrock by way of vapor
extraction. Based on laboratory data and
actual flow rates, an estimated 30 pounds
of VOCs were additionally removed from
the water and condensed stream.
TCE, c/5-DCE, and vinyl chloride
concentrations were measured in three rock
cores at 5-foot intervals from 5 to 55 feet
bgs prior to heating and in three new rock
cores one week after heating ended. Results
indicated total VOC concentrations were as
high as 277 mg/kg prior to heating. After
heating, some samples of the matrix were
below 5 mg/kg but remained high (100-275
mg/kg) in intervals associated with distinct
[continued on page 4]
Figure 2. TCH equipment
at NAWC includes thermal
' conduction heaters
controlled through
, TTfll silicon-controlled
fW rectifiers plus vapor
extraction wells
connected to a central
| vapor manifold via flexible
; »*! hoses. Concrete cover at
~ ground surface provides
vapor control and reduces
rain infiltration into the
treatment zone.
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[continued from page 3]
fracture zones. Higher than expected flow
of cold groundwater in these fracture
zones during heating likely led to
incomplete heating of surrounding rock.
VOC concentrations in larger matrix blocks
with no evident fractures were reduced to
levels below 5 mg/kg.
The expected groundwater extraction rate
due to in situ boiling of water and steam
removal was 0.1-0.2 gpm; the actual rate
measured during the pilot test was 2-3 gpm.
This 10-fold increase was attributed to the
co-location of vapor recovery wells in the
same boreholes as heater wells and the
extension of well screens below the water
table to the bottom of the borehole (55 ft
bgs). This design configuration created a
situation where steam generated along the
heater beneath the water table periodically
pushed water up and out of the vapor
recovery well.
An estimated 8,600-17,200 gallons of water
were expected to be extracted during
heating; however, 270,000 gallons were
actually extracted. Temperature monitoring
and water and energy balances indicated
that the unexpectedly high rates of
groundwater extraction from the treatment
zone caused water to flow through the
fractures and limit the rates of subsurface
heating and VOC removal. Higher rates of
VOC removal are expected in full-scale TCH
applications that limit groundwater
extraction and inflow.
The higher groundwater flux also caused the
treatment zone to experience a 65% heat loss
as compared to the 50% rate assumed in
project design. For the TCH process to be
effective in this setting, the flow of cold and
contaminated groundwater into the treatment
volume must be lower and/or controlled.
Although this mechanism is expected to
have less impact in full-scale applications
where the ratio of surface area to volume
of fractures decreases with scale, the influx
of groundwater may be limited by using larger-
diameter vapor extraction wells to allow the
steam to bubble through standing water
(without pushing it out), reduce steam
velocity, and reduce the amount of entrained
water extracted from the wells; installing a
hydraulic barrier such as a freeze-wall, grout
curtain, or sheet piles where possible; or
injecting steam into water-bearing fractures
to displace groundwater and heat the
fracture system.
Researchers at Queen's University in
Kingston, Ontario, Canada are nearing
completion of a concurrent laboratory
treatability study and numerical modeling
to evaluate VOC removal rates, the
necessary temperatures, and expected
duration for effective TCH applications in
fractured rock. The treatability study
includes measuring dry bulk density,
fraction of organic carbon, matrix porosity
and pore throat distribution; determining
intrinsic permeability of siltstone, limestone,
sandstone, and dolostone samples collected
from NAWC and other sites; and
conducting bench-scale heating tests.
Numerical modeling focuses on the
influence of inflowing cold groundwater,
heating dynamics in the rock matrix, and
back-diffusion effects following TCH
application. Final results and additional
details of the field demonstration and
treatability study will be available in an
ESTCP cost and performance report to be
released in 2011.
Contributed by Carmen Lebron,
NAVFAC Engineering Service Center
(carmen.lebron&naw.mil or 805-982-
1616) and Devon Phelan, TerraTherm,
Inc. (dphelan(q)terratherm.com or
978-343-0300)
EPA Studies Hydraulic Fracturing
Due to public concerns regarding
the hydraulic fracturing process
used in natural gas production,
EPA's Office of Research and
Development is studying potential
relationships between hydraulic
fracturing and drinking water. The
process commonly uses different
techniques to emplace larger
fracture networks when compared
to processes used to remediate
contaminated sites. Learn more
about the issues and study
findings as they become available at:
http://water.epa.gov/tvpe/qroundwa-
ter/uic/class2/hvdraulicfracturing/.
USAGE Integrates Fracturing and Iron/Carbon Injections at Colorado Site
The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
(USAGE) performed a large-scale pilot test
in 2009 for remediating TCE-contaminated
groundwater at the "Atlas 12" formerly used
defense site. Hydraulic fracturing was
conducted to optimize emplacement of a
zero-valent micro-iron/complex carbon
amendment that chemically and biologically
reduces contaminants in bedrock. Three-
dimensional (3-D) mapping was used to
monitor the amendment's subsurface
pathways and evaluate its in situ
performance. Nine months after fracturing
and injections, changes in volume and
concentration-weighted averages estimated
an 82% TCE mass reduction in the
contaminant source area.
The Atlas "E" Missile Site No. 12 (Atlas 12)
is a former F.E. Warren Air Force Base facility
in Windsor, CO. Site investigations in 1996
identified TCE and petroleum contamination
in soil and shallow groundwater surrounding
the facility's launch and service building,
where TCE was used from 1960 to 1965 to
flush the missile fuel tanks. The waste
TCE and residual rocket fuel was released
to a wastewater drainage sump that
subsequently seeped into groundwater.
The water table at the facility is
approximately 35-45 feet bgs. Prior to the
treatment, the groundwater had TCE
concentrations reaching 3,600 |J,g/L and
associated degradation products. The site
[continued on page 5]
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[continued from page 4]
is underlain by a thin surficial soil layer of
eolian sand and silt up to 10 feet thick
that overlie 45-50 feet of sandstone,
followed by a transitional zone of shale
approximately 130 feet thick. The saturated
zone targeted for pilot-scale treatment is
estimated to be 30-40 feet thick.
The pilot test focused on groundwater
treatment in the source area and portions
of the distal end of the plume. Over 30 days
in the spring of 2009, fracturing was
conducted from nine pre-drilled boreholes
using a skid-mounted fracture rig, primary
and backup sets of downhole fracturing
tools, and biodegradable fracture chemicals
such as a linear protein gel viscosifier.
Hollow stem augers were used to
temporarily case the upper 30 feet of each
hole and maintain borehole stability until
fracturing was complete. Additional
stability was gained by installing
temporary 4-inch-diameter PVC casing
that extended to the bottom of each
borehole. Based on earlier core tests
indicating rock cohesion values of 50-60
kPa, a triplex pump was used for fracturing
and amendment delivery to the target
bedrock in 5-foot increments at depths of
35-63 feetbgs.
Applied pressures for initiating fractures in
the source area ranged from 124 to 838 psi,
with the higher break pressures generally
relating to deeper fractures or overburden
pressure rather than cohesive strength of
the bedrock. The average fracture
propagation pressures ranged from 140 to
700 psi. Fracture pressures were typically
lower in the distal plume area.
During fracturing, 6,000-32,000 pounds of
amendment in the form of a biodegradable,
linear protein gel slurry were emplaced in
each borehole. The slurry contained sand
and potable water mixed at a design loading
rate of 0.27% amendment (by weight) for
the seven source area boreholes and 0.10%
amendment for the two boreholes reaching
the distal end of the plume. Discrete fracture
intervals were created by placement and
SiltySand -I
Weathered
Sandstone
Siltstone
Water Table
Figure 3. Tiltmetric mapping
of fracture propagation from
one Atlas 12 borehole
four disk-shaped fractures
that emplaced the iron/
carbon amendment into
bedrock to treat TCE-
contaminated groundwater.
pressurized inflation of straddle packers
below and above the desired fracture
depth at approximate 4-foot intervals.
Slurry pumping rates ranged from 12 to 65
gpm with an average of 31 gpm.
Tilt sensors at ground surface were
deployed to characterize each fracture's
length, width, thickness, asymmetry,
orientation, and angle of ascent (Figure 3).
Tiltmetric data were correlated with
operational fracturing data such as
pressures and flow rates over time to
create a dynamic 3-D model depicting
individual boreholes as well as the entire
fracture network.
A total of 188,085 pounds of amendment
was emplaced in bedrock at target depths
of 35-63 feet bgs, with an average
borehole delivery rate of 2.2 pounds of
amendment per gallon of injected slurry.
The overall delivery efficiency was
estimated at 98% with some slurry loss
due to hydraulic communication with an
open, pre-drilled borehole. This loss was
rectified by installing a utility packer inside
the well casing.
Field observations and tilt response
showed that the radius of fracture
emplacement in the bedrock reached nearly
80 feet, with a typical fracture overlap of
30-50%. Tiltmetric data indicated fractures
with a median thickness of 0.33 inches and
an average length of 79 feet along their
inclination and 65 feet horizontally. Six
percent of the fractures were nearly
horizontal, 12% slightly ascended, 57%
moderately ascended, and 25% strongly
ascended toward ground surface. Source
area mapping indicated that the slurry had
reached a 64,000 ft2 area encompassing
52 individual fractures.
TCE concentrations were reduced more
than 90% over the 9-month monitoring
period following injection/fracturing in
areas receiving the largest quantities of
amendment and where fractures extensively
interconnected and overlapped. The
monitoring well with the highest pre-
treatment TCE concentration (3,600 |J,g/L)
had 160 jig/L TCE at the end of
monitoring. Two nearby wells showed
pre- and post-pilot test TCE concentration
declines from 2,300 to 120 jig/L and 1,700
to 150 |J,g/L. TCE reductions greater than
50% were observed in areas with lower
[continued on page 6]
FRTR Addresses Fractured Rock
The Federal Remediation Technolo-
gies Roundtable (FRTR) meeting on
November 9,2010, focused on
characterization and remediation of
sites with fractured bedrock. To view
the presentations and meeting
summary, visit the FRTR online at:
www.frtr.gov/meetinqs1 .htm.
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Solid Waste and
Emergency Response
(5203P)
EPA 542-N-10-006
December 2010
Issue No. 51
United States
Environmental Protection Agency
National Service Center for Environmental Publications
P.O. Box 42419
Cincinnati, OH 45242
Presorted Standard
Postage and Fees Paid
EPA "
Permit No. G-35
Official Business
Penalty for Private Use $300
[continued from page 5]
amendment mass, fewer fractures, and
greater distance between boreholes.
Simultaneous declines of TCE and cis-
DCE and production of ethene indicated
that chemical reduction facilitated by zero
valent micro-iron was the primary
mechanism for contaminant degradation.
The monitoring well with the highest cis-
DCE concentration (470 ug/L) prior to
treatment had 97 |J,g/L cis-DCE at the end
of monitoring, and surrounding wells
showed reductions from 110 to 13 |J,g/L
and 100 to 10 |J,g/L. Biological reduction
facilitated by the complex carbon was
identified as a secondary degradation
mechanism, as evidenced by redox
conditions changing from aerobic to
anaerobic and limited cis-DCE production
in wells not exhibiting chemical reduction.
The unit cost for hydraulic fracturing,
geophysical mapping, and over 100 tons
of amendment is estimated at $8/ton of
bedrock treated. Costs for the amendment
and hydraulic fracturing totaled
approximately $700,000.
The USAGE is now integrating the pilot
test results into design of a full-scale
remedial action to be initiated at Atlas 12
in 2011. Full-scale application is expected
to take over three years and include an
amendment fracture network, institutional
controls such as restricted groundwater
use, and a long-term groundwater
monitoring plan.
Contributed by Jeff Skog, USAGE
(iefferv.a.skos&.usace.armv.mil or
402-995-2739), Gordon Bures,
Frac Rite Environmental Ltd.,
(sbures(q)fracrite. ca or 403-265-
5533), and Dana Swift, North Wind,
Inc. (dswift(q)nortrrwind-inc. com or
208-528-8718)
Contact Us
Technology News and Trends
is on the NET! View, download,
subscribe, and unsubscribe at:
www.epa.qov/superfund/remedvtech
www.clu-in .orq/newsletters/
Suggestions for articles may
be submitted to:
JohnQuander
Office of Superfund Remediation
and Technology Innovation
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Phone:703-603-7198
quander.iohn@.epa.qov
Errata
Regarding the October 2010 article "In
Situ Thermal Desorption Minimizes
Cleanup Duration at Dunn Field BRAC
Site," the estimated total VOC mass was
12,000 pounds. It was incorrectly cited
as 1,200 pounds in the article.
EPA is publishing this newsletter as a means of disseminating useful information regarding innovative and alternative characterization and treatment
techniques or technologies. The Agency does not endorse specific technology vendors.
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