Q \ The Integrated Environmental Strategies (IES)
^^* Source Apportionment Study in Hyderabad, India
Background on the IES-India Program
The IES Program engages develop-
ing countries to help build support
for integrated planning to reduce
emissions of both global green-
house gases (GHGs) and local air
pollutants. The program promotes
the analysis of and local support
for implementing policy measures
that result in multiple environ-
mental, public health, and economic "co-benefits."
The IBS-India Program began in 2002 with an
emission inventory of GHGs and ambient air
pollutants, such as carbon dioxide (CO2), methane
(CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and particulate matter
(PM), for the Hyderabad Urban Development Area
(HUDA). Additionally, the IES team analyzed a
number of mitigation options, including public
transportation promotion and fuel conversion,
vehicle inspection and maintenance, more stringent
emission standards, and reductions in transpor-
tation and industrial dust pollution. Results of the
study are available at .
In 2003, the Supreme Court of India directed
several states to produce action plans to combat
rapidly increasing air pollution and related
widespread respiratory disease. To provide
additional scientific backing for the Hyderabad
Action Plan, the Andhra Pradesh Pollution Control
Board (APPCB) embarked on a source apportion-
ment study in Hyderabad to examine the sources of
PM identified in the original inventory and
additional sources not included in the original
inventory. APPCB, with support from the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), provided
in-country leadership and coordination for the
project, including collecting and analyzing samples
and providing financial resources. Other collabora-
ting parties included the World Bank, the National
Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), and the
Desert Research Institute (DRI).
Objectives of the lES-lndia Source
Apportionment Project
The four key objectives of the Hyderabad source
apportionment project were to: 1) improve and
validate the 2001 HUDA emission inventory by
determining major sources of PM; 2) build capacity
in sampling and analysis; 3) strengthen environ-
mental management at the local level; and 4) provide
data to support the reduction of both PM and GHG
emissions through integrated strategies.
Findings
The November 2005-November 2006 study yielded
six primary findings: 1) ambient PM levels increased
since the 2001 inventory; 2) the majority of PM
concentrations resulted from mobile sources;
3) pollution from diesel fuel increased from both
mobile and industrial sources; 4) construction
activities and vehicles increased pollution by re-
suspending fine dust particles; 5) long-range
pollution from industries outside the city increased
from 2005 to 2006; and 6) waste burning represented
a significant source of pollution. The results of the
source apportionment study for PM are summarized
in Table 1.
Recommendations
Based on the results of the Co-benefits Analysis of
the Hyderabad City Action Plan included in this
phase of work, APPCB recommended several
intervention strategies as particularly effective in
achieving co-control of PM and CO2 in the city of
Hyderabad. Table 2 lists the recommended
strategies and shows the estimated reductions in
PM10 and CO2 by 2010 if these strategies are
implemented.
The IBS-India project team shared the results
and recommendations of the India source
apportionment study and the co-benefits analysis
with local and national policymakers to encourage
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Table I. Overview of Source Apportionment Results (% of Total PM)
^^^^ Source ^^^^_^^_ % PM|0, ^^^_^_ % PM,5. ^^^
Vehicles
Road Dust
Secondary Pollutants
Industry
Biomass Burning
48
33
8
6
5
49
5
5
5
5
* Particulate matter of 10 mm or less
** Participate matter of 2.5 mm or less
the adoption of integrated co-benefits measures.
Additional details on the source apportionment
study can be found at .
Table 2. Estimated Reductions in PM|0 and CO2 Through Co-Benefits Measures Compared to Business As Usual Projections for 2010
Form of Intervention
Convert all petrol-based three-wheelers to liquefied petroleum
gas (LPG).
Promote public transport; expected reductions in kilometers traveled
are 10% in cars, 20% in two-wheelers, and 20% in three-wheelers.
Replace 50% of the current diesel public transport bus fleet with
cleaner diesel buses.
Inspect and maintain in-use vehicles to improve deterioration rates
by 5%.
Double the stringency of emission standards for in-use diesel goods
vehicles (light and heavy duty).
Promote wet sweeping to reduce silt loading on paved roads by 20%
and increase moisture content on unpaved roads by 5%.
Improve dust collection efficiency at industrial sites by 25%.
Tons of PM|0
847
1,554
21 1
202
1,317
630
2,105
% Reduction PM|0
2.5
4.5
0.6
0.6
3.8
1.8
6.1
Tons of CO2
105,847
642,599
55,851
154,670
834,393
N/A
N/A
% Reduction CO2
I.I
6.9
0.6
1.6
8.9
N/A
N/A
For More Information
Visit the IES Web site at or e-mail .
irtCKAEOLOGKAL SURVEY OF INDIA
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Photographs courtesy of National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL),Monisha Shah, and Adam Chambers
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
I ntegrated
(-4 nvlronmental
trategies
EPA 430-F-08-006
April 2008
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