United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office of Air Quality
Planning and Standards
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
EPA-454/R-98-010
November 1998
AIR
& EPA
ANALYSES OF THE CALMET/CALPUFF
MODELING SYSTEM IN A SCREENING
MODE
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EPA-454/R-98-010
ANALYSES OF THE CALMET/CALPUFF MODELING SYSTEM
IN A SCREENING MODE
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
Emissions, Monitoring, and Analysis Division
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
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NOTICE
The information in this document has been reviewed in its entirety by the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and approved for publication as an EPA document.
Mention of trade names or services does not convey, and should not be interpreted as conveying,
official EPA approval, endorsement, or recommendation.
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PREFACE
CALPUFF is a multi-layer, gridded non-steady-state puff dispersion model that can
simulate the effects of temporally and spatially varying meteorological conditions on pollutant
transport, remove pollutants through dry and wet deposition processes, and transform pollutant
species through chemical reactions. This complexity requires a significant effort in creating the
meteorological data file for CALPUFF. An option within CALPUFF is to use an ISCST3
meteorological data file generated with a preprocessor such as PCRAMMET. This greatly
simplifies the input at the expense of temporal resolution in the modeling domain. In this report,
five years of ISCST3-type meteorological data are used in a 'screening' version of CALPUFF,
and the results are compared to those obtained using a fully developed wind field for one year of
data. The modeling domain was a 600 kilometer by 600 kilometer region in the central United
States where the influences of terrain are considered minimal.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This study was performed by James O. Paumier and Roger W. Erode of Pacific
Environmental Services, Inc. (PES), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. This effort was
funded by the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency under Contract No. 68D30032, with
Dennis Atkinson as Work Assignment Manager. The authors wish to thank John Irwin of the
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards for helpful discussions regarding the model
simulations and analysis of the results. In addition, this document was reviewed and commented
on by John Irwin (EPA, OAQPS), Tom Coulter (EPA, OAQPS), and Dennis Atkinson (EPA,
OAQPS).
in
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.0 INTRODUCTION 1
2.0 DEVELOPING CALPUFF INPUT 3
3.0 SCREENING METHODOLOGY 5
3.1 ISCST3 Control Files and Meteorology 5
3.2 Receptor grid 6
3.3 Terrain 7
4.0 MODEL RUNS AND ANALYSES 8
4.1 Source Characterization 9
4.2 Other Considerations for CALPUFF 9
4.3 Results 11
5.0 CONCLUDING REMARKS 28
5.1 Summary and Conclusions 28
5.2 Additional Analyses 28
6.0 REFERENCES 30
APPENDIX A
TABULATIONS OF MODEL RESULTS 31
APPENDIX B
PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED RUNNING THE CALPUFF MODELING
SYSTEM 39
APPENDIX C
BACKGROUND INFORMATION FOR SCREENING ANALYSIS 42
IV
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page
1. High-lst-high 1-hour average SO2 concentration estimates without deposition and
chemistry for 1990 for the a) 2-meter source, b) 35-meter source, and c) 200-meter
source 14
2. High-lst-high 24-hour average SO2 concentration estimates without deposition and
chemistry for 1990 for the a) 2-meter source, b) 35-meter source, and c) 200-meter
source 15
3. Period average SO2 concentration estimates without deposition and chemistry for 1990
for the a) 2-meter source, b) 35-meter source, and c) 200-meter source 16
4. Year to year variation of the ratio of the CALPUFF screen concentration estimates to the
ISCST3 estimates for the high-lst-high 1-hour average SO2 concentration estimates
without deposition and chemistry for the a) 2-meter source, b) 35-meter source, and
c) 200-meter source 17
5. Year to year variation of the ratio of the CALPUFF screen concentration estimates to the
ISCST3 estimates for the high-lst-high 24-hour average SO2 concentration estimates
without deposition and chemistry for the a) 2-meter source, b) 35-meter source, and
c) 200-meter source 18
6. Year to year variation of the ratio of the CALPUFF screen concentration estimates to the
ISCST3 estimates for the period average SO2 concentration estimates without deposition
and chemistry for the a) 2-meter source, b) 35-meter source, and c) 200-meter source. . 19
7. High-lst-high 1-hr average SO4 concentration estimates with deposition and chemistry
for 1990 for the a) 2-meter source, b) 35-meter source, and c) 200-meter source 20
8. High-lst-high 24-hr average SO4 concentration estimates with deposition and chemistry
for 1990 for the a) 2-meter source, b) 35-meter source, and c) 200-meter source 21
9. Period average SO4 concentration estimates with deposition and chemistry for 1990 for
the a) 2-meter source, b) 35-meter source, and c) 200-meter source 22
10. High-lst-high 1-hr average SO2 dry deposition estimates with deposition and chemistry
for 1990 for the a) 2-meter source, b) 35-meter source, and c) 200-meter source 23
11. High-1 st-high 24-hr average SO2 dry deposition estimates with deposition and chemistry
for 1990 for the a) 2-meter source, b) 35-meter source, and c) 200-meter source 24
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12. Period average SO2 dry deposition estimates with deposition and chemistry for 1990 for
the a) 2-meter source, b) 35-meter source, and c) 200-meter source 25
13. High-lst-high 24-hr average SO4 dry deposition estimates with deposition and chemistry
for 1990 for the a) 2-meter source, b) 35-meter source, and c) 200-meter source 26
14. Period average SO4 dry deposition estimates with deposition and chemistry for 1990 for
the a) 2-meter source, b) 35-meter source, and c) 200-meter source 27
VI
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1.0 INTRODUCTION
A simple method for estimating pollutant concentration without a complete application of
a refined model is a useful element in the air quality permitting process. An effective screening
procedure should be easy to implement, yet provide reasonable overestimates of that which
would be obtained from a more refined dispersion model. For example, SCREENS (U.S. EPA,
1995a) is a screening model for the Industrial Source Complex Short-Term (ISCST3) model
(U.S. EPA, 1995b). SCREENS is a single-source plume dispersion model that applies a matrix
of meteorological conditions that are likely to yield the highest 1-hour surface-level
concentration values. The useful domain of application for the ISCST3 model involves transport
distances where one may assume the meteorological conditions are reasonably steady-state.
To overcome some of the limitations of ISCST3, the CALPUFF dispersion model (U.S.
EPA, 1995c) is currently being investigated by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA). CALPUFF is especially envisioned to be useful for characterization of long-range
transport, say beyond 50 km, or where the meteorological conditions are highly variable either in
time or space. CALPUFF is a multi-layer, gridded non-steady-state puff dispersion model that
can simulate the effects of temporally and spatially varying meteorological conditions on
pollutant transport. In addition, CALPUFF can remove pollutants through dry and wet
deposition processes and transform pollutant species through chemical reactions. The input data
requirements for CALPUFF include a meteorological data file prepared by the CALMET
preprocessor (U.S. EPA, 1995d), and a control file that defines the modeling domain, the
modeling options, and source information. If variable-rate emissions are used, CALPUFF also
requires a file defining the hourly emission rates.
Preparing the input for a CALPUFF run requires more effort than running a simple plume
dispersion model. Developing the time-varying three-dimensional wind field and other
meteorological parameters, with all the data input and processing decisions, requires advanced
expertise and knowledge of micrometeorology. The purpose of this study was to test a screening
mode by which a simpler set of input data can be applied to the CALPUFF dispersion model and
provide concentration estimates that are reasonably conservative when compared to a CALPUFF
modeling effort with a fully-developed (hereafter referred to as 'refined') wind field. In place of
developing a full characterization of the meteorology, the CALPUFF model is run using the
meteorological input as would be used to drive the ISCST3 model.
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Section 2 briefly describes the input for a refined CALPUFF run, particularly the input to
CALMET. The specific methodology and assumptions for obtaining screening estimates are
discussed in Section 3. Section 4 describes the testing that was performed. Section 5 presents
the comparison of screening versus refined modeling results. Results in a tabular form appear in
Appendix A, and problems encountered in developing the meteorological fields for a refined
CALPUFF model run are discussed in Appendix B. Appendix C offers some background
information concerning the modeling domain, meteorological data, and modeling options.
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2.0 DEVELOPING CALPUFF INPUT
To run the CALPUFF dispersion model, there are two required input files and several
optional input files. The simplest mode of running CALPUFF requires the control file and a file
of hourly, gridded meteorological data. The optional files include time-varying emissions,
complex terrain hill data, turbulence data, chemical transformation rates, deposition velocities
(for deposition only), and hourly ozone data.
Preparing the gridded meteorological data with CALMET is a multi-step process, with
the following inputs required at a minimum:
1) Hourly surface observations in the National Climatic Data Center's (NCDC) TD-1440
format or from the Solar and Meteorological Surface Observation Network (SAMSON)
compact disc; data for one or more stations are required.
2) Upper air data - at a minimum, the twice-daily soundings released at 00 Greenwich Mean
Time (GMT) and 12 GMT; data for one or more stations are required.
3) Geophysical parameters (land use, terrain heights, surface roughness length, albedo,
Bowen ratio, soil and anthropogenic heat fluxes, and leaf area index) for each cell in the
lowest layer of the meteorological grid.
4) CALMET input control file.
Other files that may be required, depending on the application, are:
5) Hourly precipitation data in NCDC's TD-3240 format for modeling wet processes; data
for one or more stations are required if wet processes are modeled.
6) Over water data files.
7) Gridded wind field data, such as output from the MM4 prognostic model, used as the
initial guess wind fields, a "step 1" field, or as "observations."
8) Terrain weighting factor for MM4-derived wind field data if the MM4 data are used as
"step 1" field or as "observations."
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CALMET requires data from one or more hourly surface stations and one or more upper
air sounding stations. These data may be from National Weather Service (NWS) sites, but any
data that are in the proper format are acceptable. For applications over a large domain (several
hundred kilometers), 10-20 NWS surface and 10 NWS upper air stations may be used in a
modeling study. For smaller applications, the number of stations may be reduced. Whether the
number of surface and upper air stations to be processed is small or large, considerable effort is
required to format these data.
In addition to the meteorological data, a file of gridded land use and gridded terrain
heights is required to estimate the geophysical parameters such as surface roughness length and
mixing height. The land use and terrain heights may be derived from programs and data
provided with the CALPUFF Modeling System compact disc (EPA, 1996) or may be generated
with the user's own software and data. Whatever method is chosen, several steps are required to
obtain the final file of geophysical parameters (the file referred to as 'GEO.DAT' in the
CALMET user's guide (U.S. EPA, 1995a)).
CALMET also requires its own input control file that contains station information,
processing options, and information about the meteorological grid including the origin, size,
resolution, and the vertical levels. This information varies according to the individual
application of the CALPUFF modeling system.
Much effort can be expended creating the meteorological file and determining which
options to use. Defining the wind fields is especially important in areas of complex terrain. If
items 5-8 are included in the data preparation, then the effort is even greater. Another
consideration in running CALPUFF is the size of the meteorological input file. Depending on
the size of the meteorological domain, the grid resolution, and the number of levels, the size of
the meteorological file can tax a personal-computer-based system's storage capacity. For
example, one year of meteorological data on a 42-by-40 horizontal grid with six vertical layers
would require about 1.7 gigabytes of hard disk space to store the meteorological input to
CALPUFF.
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3.0 SCREENING METHODOLOGY
In a screening procedure, the effort to create the input should be minimized. CALPUFF
has a built-in mode whereby it can use the meteorological data file generated by PCRAMMET
(U.S. EPA, 1995e) for the ISCST3 model, thus bypassing the need to run CALMET.
The CALPUFF system also includes a program (ISC2PUF) that translates an ISCST3
control file to a CALPUFF control file. The converted control file should be reviewed prior to
running CALPUFF and can be generated in one of two ways: using a text editor to modify the
control file directly, or using the CALPUFF graphical user interface (GUI) to guide the user
through the options.
The following approach for running CALPUFF in a screening mode to estimate ground-
level concentrations over a large area was used in this effort:
1) generate ISCST3 input meteorology using PCRAMMET,
2) generate an ISCST3 control file and use the ISC2PUF conversion program to
create the CALPUFF control file,
3) use the GUI to finalize the CALPUFF control file before running the CALPUFF
model,
4) run CALPUFF with the ISCMET.DAT data option, and
5) pick the maximum concentration for each distance modeled (see section 3.2 for
the discussion on receptors).
3.1 ISCST3 Control Files and Meteorology
Using this proposed methodology, the control file and meteorology input can be created
as if preparing for an application of the ISCST3 dispersion model. This approach has the
advantage that many dispersion modelers are familiar with both the meteorological data and
control file structures.
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3.1.1 ISCST3 Control File Options
The rural dispersion coefficients were used with the regulatory default settings, which
include use of stack-tip downwash, buoyancy induced dispersion, final plume rise, default wind
speed profile exponents, and default vertical potential temperature gradient. Averaging times for
the model runs were 1-hr, 3-hr, 24-hr, and annual averages.
3.1.2 Meteorology
PCRAMMET was used to generate the meteorological data files for CALPUFF.
Utilizing hourly surface observations and twice-daily mixing heights, PCRAMMET computes
atmospheric stability in the form of Pasquill-Gifford (PG) categories and rural and urban mixing
heights. These data, along with the wind direction, wind speed, and temperature, are read
directly by CALPUFF without any modification to the data file. Although the meteorology does
not vary spatially as in a refined CALMET/CALPUFF modeling effort, the use of PCRAMMET-
generated meteorology provides a complete range of time-varying meteorological conditions for
a single location.
To perform dry deposition calculations, the surface roughness, friction velocity, and
Monin-Obukhov length are required. These parameters can be computed by PCRAMMET and
written to the output file as well. In order to estimate these additional parameters, several
additional input values are required by PCRAMMET, including: surface roughness at the site
where the wind measurements are taken (usually an airport), surface roughness at the site where
the model is to be applied, noon-time albedo, Bowen ratio, and fraction of the net radiation
absorbed by the ground. For this application, a surface roughness length at the measurement site
(Oklahoma City airport) of 0.10 meters was assumed. To obtain the roughness length at the
application site, which is the entire modeling domain, the roughness lengths for all grid cells
generated for the 'GEO.DAT' file were averaged. The result was 0.34 meters. A similar
analysis was performed for the albedo and Bowen ratio, resulting in a noon-time albedo of 0.15
and a Bowen ratio of 1.00. A value of 0.15 was assumed for the fraction of net radiation
absorbed by the ground.
3.2 Receptor grid
A polar grid was used to define the receptor locations. However, CALPUFF does not
accept a polar grid directly. Receptors must be a subset of the computational domain (which is a
subset of the meteorological domain), i.e., a Cartesian grid, or they must be discrete receptors.
The ISC2PUF program can convert a polar grid and associated terrain to discrete receptors with
terrain. However, the ISC2PUF has a limitation on the number of receptors that can be
processed. The number is not known exactly, but is thought to be about 1200. Since the source
code is not available, large applications may require two or more runs of this program followed
by merging the results into a single CALPUFF control file.
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For this initial phase, the following polar networks were used:
Receptor Spacing Distance Along Ring
Distance (km) Along Each Ring # Receptors Between Receptors
1,2,3,5,10,15,20,30,50 every 10° 324 0.2 - 8.7 km
75,100,150,200,250,300 every 5° 432 6.5-26.2 km
These two networks result in 756 receptors, well below the limit of about 1200. Thus,
CALPUFF was run once per source and option configuration.
3.3 Terrain
The modeling in this approach is for a region in the central part of the United States with
relatively flat terrain. The transport distances are large and terrain effects would likely be
minimal. For this initial screening effort, CALPUFF was run in a flat terrain mode, i.e., all
source and receptor elevations were set to 0. This assumption allows assessing the screening
procedure and results without the confounding effects of terrain. Any conclusions reached
without considering terrain would not necessarily be applicable to the screening procedures
applied in areas of significant terrain.
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4.0 MODEL RUNS AND ANALYSES
Five years of meteorological data were processed through PCRAMMET to create the
necessary input meteorology for the CALPUFF screening. Oklahoma City was used for the
hourly surface observations and Oklahoma City/Norman for the upper air data. Data from the
Solar and Meteorological Surface Observation Network (SAMSON) compact disc were used to
obtain the hourly surface data. The twice-daily mixing heights were retrieved from EPA's
Support Center for Regulatory Air Models (SCRAM) system. The mixing height data on
SCRAM restricted the period of choice from 1984 through 1991. The upper air station changed
from Oklahoma City to Norman in 1989. Due to this change, there were no 1989 mixing height
data on SCRAM. Data from Oklahoma City for 1986-1988 and data from Norman for 1990-
1991 were used for this modeling effort, since Norman is only 25-30 kilometers from Oklahoma
City. There were no periods of missing data for Oklahoma City that required filling. However,
there were five 2-hour periods of unfilled mixing heights for the two years of data at Norman.
The mixing heights were filled by linearly interpolating between the hours before and after the
missing mixing height periods.
A screening procedure must be tested against the results of a refined modeling analysis to
determine if the screening method provides a reasonably conservative estimate. The CALPUFF
screening results for the Oklahoma 600-kilometer study were compared to results from ISCST3
for the period 1985-1988, 1990-1991, and using a refined wind field and spatial variations of the
geophysical parameters in CALPUFF for 1990 only. To test the screening procedure, the 600-
kilometer Oklahoma field experiment was used since the meteorological domain is large enough
to accommodate the proposed polar grid without modifying the geophysical parameter file
developed for a tracer study analysis (U.S. EPA, 1998). The sources were located near the center
of the meteorological domain for the modeling. This location allowed for modeling out to 300
kilometers from the sources. For additional background information on the Great Plains field
experiment (which originated near Oklahoma City, OK), see Appendix C.
The size of one year of PCRAMMET-generated meteorological data, without parameters
for deposition estimates, is about 700 Kb. As noted earlier, the size of one year of CALMET-
generated meteorological data for a 42-by-40-by-6 domain with a 20-kilometer grid resolution
requires about 1.7 gigabytes of hard disk space. For the refined modeling, meteorological data
for 1990 from 19 hourly surface stations and nine upper air stations were used.
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4.1 Source Characterization
The initial focus was on buoyant point sources only. The following source
characterizations were used in this analysis:
Stack ht.
(m)
2.0
35.0
200.0
Stack diameter
(m)
0.5
2.4
5.6
Exit velocity
(ms-1)
10.0
11.7
26.5
Exit temp.
(K)
300
432
425
Bldg. ht.
(m)
NA
NA
NA
Bldg. width
(m)
NA
NA
NA
Emission rate
(g s'1)
100.0
100.0
100.0
4.2 Other Considerations for CALPUFF
In CALPUFF, there are several options that the user must specify through the GUI or by
editing the control file directly (independent of the ISC2PUF conversion program). These
options include the use of puffs or slugs and the type of dispersion - Pasquill-Gifford or
internally-computed o's. Also to be considered are the pollutants of interest, modeling of
chemical transformations, and modeling dry deposition processes.
4.2.1 Pollutants
The transformation pathways for five active pollutants are treated by the MESOPUFF n
scheme in CALPUFF: SO2, SO4, NOX, HNO3, and NO3. Since haze and visibility are of concern
in areas such as national parks, CALPUFF is most likely to be applied to sulfates. Therefore, for
this modeling effort, the focus was on SO2 and SO4.
4.2.2 Slug model vs puff model
The slug model with the set of default options for slugs was used for the initial screening
and refined modeling. The primary advantage of using the slug model vs the puff model is to
prevent underestimation of concentration at receptors between puffs. At nearby receptors, there
is a tendency for the puff model to either underestimate concentrations between receptors or to
overestimate concentration at receptors at the puff centers. Also, slugs are free to evolve
independently in response to local effects such as dispersion, chemical transformation, and
removal.
4.2.3 Dispersion coefficients
Pasquill-Gifford dispersion coefficients for both the screening and refined CALPUFF
modeling were used.
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4.2.4 Concentration estimates
CALPUFF was run initially for both the refined (one year) and screening modes (five
years) without any chemistry treatment or deposition. This provides 'baseline' concentration
estimates without the effects of chemistry and deposition.
4.2.5 Chemical transformations
There are two transformation options in CALPUFF: 1) MESOPUFF II mechanisms and
2) a file with a diurnal cycle of transformation rates. The MESOPUFF n option requires relative
humidity as one of the input variables for chemical transformations. However, this variable is
not present in the ISCST3 meteorological data file and limits the application to SO2 and NOX
transformations since the HNO3 -> NO3 transformation is a function of relative humidity. The
second mode requires a file of diurnal transformation rates specified by the user. In this mode,
transformation rates are spatially uniform but provides for some temporal variability. The second
method, with the file of transformation rates, was used in this modeling effort.
For this study, John Vimont of the U.S. National Park Service recommended a 3.0 %/hr
transformation rate for daylight hours and 0.2 %/hr at night for the SO2 to SO4 transformation,
with these rates skewed toward the length of a summer day. These rates were used for both
CALPUFF refined and screening modes, with the daytime period defined as 0700 to 2000 local
standard time.
4.2.6 Dry deposition
In CALPUFF, deposition can be modeled as either particle or gas, depending on the
pollutant. Since the primary pollutant is SO4, the deposition was modeled for particles (per
communication with John Vimont). The current version of ISCST3 can compute the deposition
of particles.
To estimate deposition, the surface roughness length, surface friction velocity, and
Monin-Obukhov length are estimated by CALMET and vary temporally and spatially when
CALPUFF is run in a refined mode. In the screening mode, though, these variables are specified
for each hour on an 'extended' data record in the meteorological file. PCRAMMET was run to
generate these extended data records for the CALPUFF screening mode.
To compute dry deposition of particles, CALPUFF requires one of the following: 1) a file
of the diurnal variation of deposition velocities for each pollutant modeled, or 2) specification of
the mass mean diameter, geometric standard deviation, and number of particle size intervals to
evaluate the effective particle deposition velocity. CALPUFF has default parameters for several
pollutants, including SO4, for the latter option. For this modeling effort, the latter option was
chosen.
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4.2.7 Model run summary
To summarize, the following model runs were performed:
CALPUFF refined
(with slugs and PG dispersion)
CALPUFF screening
(with slugs and PG dispersion)
ISCST3
Concentration without
deposition or chemistry
treatment
(for SO2)
1 year
5 years
5 years
Dry deposition and
chemistry treatment
(for SO2 and SO4)
1 year
5 years
not applicable
4.3 Results
CALPUFF screening mode and ISCST3 were run for SO2 concentration estimates without
deposition or chemistry treatment for a five year period (as noted above). CALPUFF refined
mode was run only for 1990 for SO2 concentration estimates due to limitations of computer
resources.
Figures 1-3 show the results for 1990 for each of the three sources for the 1-hr, 24-hr ,
and period averages for SO2 concentration without deposition or chemistry treatment. There is
no clear tendency for the concentration estimates from any one model to be greater or less than
the others. The 1-hr average CALPUFF refined estimates are just as likely to be as great or
greater than the screening estimates, whereas for 24-hr averages, the refined estimates are greater
than the screening estimates for nearly all sources and downwind distances, with the only
exception being the 200-meter source at 10 kilometers. For the annual average SO2
concentration, the CALPUFF screening mode produced greater values than the refined mode for
all sources and at all distances, except close in for the 200-meter source.
The year to year variation between CALPUFF screening mode and ISCST3 are shown in
Figures 4-6 as a ratio formed by dividing the CALPUFF screen result by the ISCST3 result. As
averaging time increased, there was less variation between years. There are some generals trends
in the 1-hr averages. For the 2-meter source, CALPUFF screen concentration estimates were less
than ISCST3 estimates at all distances (except for a spike at 20 kilometers), with the ratio
ranging from about 0.75 near the source to 0.1 at 300 kilometers. This trend was apparent in the
24-hr and period average also, although the ratio was a little larger for the 24-hr and period
averages.
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For the 35-meter source, there was a lot of variation for the 1-hr averages, with the ratio
decreasing from about 0.95 near the source to about 0.60 at 300 kilometers. For the 24-hr and
period averages, there was good agreement between CALPUFF screen and ISCST3 out to about
10 kilometers. At distances greater than 10 kilometers, the 24-hr averages display much scatter
with a tendency for CALPUFF screen to produce larger results, and the period averages first
show a slight tendency for larger values from CALPUFF screen out to about 50 kilometers, at
which point the CALPUFF screen estimates are less than the ISCST3 estimates.
The 200-meter source displays some year to year coherence within 10 kilometers of the
source (excluding 1990). Beyond 10 kilometers, there is much scatter, with CALPUFF screen
estimates exceeding ISCST3 estimates by as much as a factor of 3.0 or more. The 24-hr averages
for the 200-meter source show a curious, unexplainable "U" shape in the ratios. The overall
tendency is for CALPUFF screen estimates to be larger than the ISCST3 estimates. The
CALPUFF screen period averages display a factor of 2-3 greater than the ISCST3 estimates near
the source, but settle down to about a 25% difference beyond that point.
Estimates of sulfate (SO4) concentrations and dry deposition from CALPUFF screening
and refined modes for 1990 were compared. An SO2 release was simulated with dry deposition
and chemistry "turned on" in CALPUFF to generate sulfate. Since ISCST3 does not have any
chemistry mechanisms, there were no model runs made with ISCST3. However, the Interagency
Workgroup on Air Quality Modeling (EPA, 1993) recommends the following for a level 1
analysis for evaluating the effects of long range transport and regional visibility:
"... it should be assumed that all SO2 has been converted to SO4"... in the analysis."
"Multiply the hourly concentrations of SO2 and NOX by the ratios of the molecular
weights of the secondary species to the primary species."
Thus, for SO2 to sulfate, the SO2 results should be multiplied by 1.5 (96 and 64 for SO4 and SO2,
respectively).
Figures 7-9 show the resulting SO4 concentration estimates. The solid line in each figure
represents the SO2 concentrations estimated by ISCST3; the ISCST3 estimates have not been
multiplied by 1.5. There is no clear trend for concentration estimates from CALPUFF screening
mode to be greater or less than the estimates from CALPUFF refined mode. One thing is clear
though: the ISCST3 results are much greater than the CALPUFF results even without using the
multiplicative factor. Note that in Figure 9, the ISCST3 estimates extend above 0.10 jig m-3 in
the middle section (from two to 100 kilometers), but the plotting software dropped all data
outside the axis limit and connected the lines.
Figures 10-12 show the SO2 dry deposition estimates from CALPUFF screening and
refined modes. There are no dry deposition estimates from ISCST3. The overall tendency here
is that the CALPUFF refined estimates are greater than the CALPUFF screening estimates,
12
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except possibly for the period averages for the 2-meter source, where the estimates are nearly
equal, and the period averages for the 35-meter source beyond about 5 kilometers. If the
screening estimates were multiplied by a factor of two, then the screening estimates would be
greater than the refined estimates about 90-95% of the time, with the exceptions being the 1-hr
and 24-hr averages for the 200-meter source closer than about five kilometers.
Figures 13 and 14 show the SO4 dry deposition estimates from CALPUFF screening and
refined modes for the 24-hr and period averages. There are no dry deposition estimates from
ISCST3. Generally, the reverse trend is seen here, with the CALPUFF screening estimates
greater than the refined estimates except for the 24-hr average for the 200-meter source.
Tabulations of these results, that include 3-hr averages, can be found in Appendix A.
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|
O
50000
40000-
30000- •
20000-
8
§-
o
03
10000-
1-hr average M1H, 2-meter source, 1
No deposition, no chemistry
ISCST3
- - - CALPUFF Screen
CALPUFF Refined
(a)
3001
250
200-
E 150-
(U 100-
c
o
O
§ 501
1-hr average H1H, 35-meter source, 1
No deposition, no chemistry
- ISCST3
- CALPUFF Screen
•• CALPUFF Refined
10 100
Distance (kilometers)
(b)
10 100
Distance (kilometers)
60.00-1
so.oo-
I
| 40.00'
ra
O>
E
.o
.E, 30.00
c
o
8
N
20.00-
10.00-
0.00
1-hr average H1H, 200-meter source, 1
No deposition, no chemistry
ISCST3
CALPUFF Screen
CALPUFF Refined
(C)
10 100
Distance (kilometers)
Figure 1. Highest (H1H) 1-hour average SO2 concentration estimates without deposition
and chemistry for 1990 for the a) 2-meter source, b) 35-meter source, and
c) 200-meter source.
14
-------
I
c
o
o
O
W
50001
4000-
3000-
2000-
1000-
24-hr average H1H, 2-meter source, 1
No deposition, no chemistry
ISCST3
CALPUFF Screen
CALPUFF Refined
(a)
100 n
24-hr average H1H, 35-meter source, 1
No deposition, no chemistry
ISCST3
CALPUFF Screen
CALPUFF Refined
10 100
Distance (kilometers)
10 100
Distance (kilometers)
10 -i
8 -
D> 6
2
o
E,
c
o
c
o
O
CM
O
(c)
24-hr average H1H, 200-meter source, 1
No deposition, no chemistry
ISCST3
CALPUFF Screen
CALPUFF Refined
10
Distance (kilometers')
100
Figure 2. Highest (H1H) 24-hour average SO2 concentration estimates without deposition
and chemistry for 1990 for the a) the 2-meter source, b) 35-meter source, and
c) the 200-meter source.
15
-------
300
o
™
o
200
100 -
Period average, 2-meter source, 1990
No deposition, no chemistry
10
ISCST3
CALPUFF Screen
CALPUFF Refined
100
o
CM
O
Period average, 35-meter source, 1990
No deposition, no chemistry
- - - CALPUFF Screen
CALPUFF Refined
Distance (kilometers)
10 100
Distance (kilometers)
0.25 n
0.15 -
o
CM
o
0.05 -
0.00
Period average, 200-meter source, 1990
No deposition, no chemistry
ISCST3
CALPUFF Screen
CALPUFF Refined
10 100
Distance (kilometers)
Figure 3. Period average SO2 concentration estimates without deposition and chemistry for
1990 for the a) 2-meter source, b) 35-meter source, and c) 200-meter source.
16
-------
1.50 -i
co
C O
.° CO
O CO
O,,
0.50 -
0.00
1-hr average H1H, 2-meter source
No deposition, no chemistry
1986
1987
1.50 -i
0.00
10 100
Distance (kilometers)
1-hr average H1H, 35-meter source
No deposition, no chemistry
1986
1987
— — - 1988
10 100
Distance (kilometers)
3.50 -i
« 2.50 -
CO
!= O
.° CO
CM
CO Q-
<
O
1.50 -
1.00
0.50 -
0.00
1-hr average H1H, 200-meter source
No deposition, no chemistry
_ , ',
10
100
Distance (kilometers)
Figure 4. Year to year variation of the ratio of the CALPUFF screen concentration estimates
to the ISCST3 estimates for the highest (H1H) 1-hour average SO2 concentration
estimates without deposition and chemistry for the a) 2-meter source, b) 35-meter
source, and c) 200-meter source.
17
-------
1.50 -I
24-hr average H1H, 2-meter source
No deposition, no chemistry
1986
1987
0.00
1.50 -
CO
!= O
.2 co
" £ 1.00
o co
O,,
0.50 -
<
O
0.00
24-hr average H1H, 35-meter source
No deposition, no chemistry
10 100
Distance (kilometers)
10 100
Distance (kilometers)
2.50 -i
co
i—
CO
!= O
0 CO
'~- 1.50
O CO
o,,
<
O
0.50 -
0.00
24-hr average H1H, 200-meter source
No deposition, no chemistry
10 100
Distance (kilometers)
Figure 5. Year to year variation of the ratio of the CALPUFF screen concentration estimates
to the ISCST3 estimates for the highest (H1H) 24-hour average SO2 concentration
estimates without deposition and chemistry for the a) 2-meter source, b) 35-meter
source, and c) 200-meter source.
18
-------
1.50 -i Period average, 2-meter source
No deposition, no chemistry
co
C O
.° CO
o CO
O,,
0.50 -
0.00
1986
1987
1988
1990
1991
10 100
Distance (kilometers)
1.50 -i
CO
CO
.° CO
CM
1.00
CO Q-
_ I
<
O
0.50 -
Period average, 35-meter source
No deposition, no chemistry
1986
1987
1988
1990
1991
10 100
Distance (kilometers)
CO
<= O
.° cr>
O CO
o,,
O =>
CO D_
<
O
3.00 -|\ Period average, 200-meter source
No deposition, no chemistry
2.50
1986
1987
1988
1 990
1 991
1.50 -
1.00
0.50 -
0.00
10
Distance (kilometers)
100
Figure 6. Year to year variation of the ratio of the CALPUFF screen concentration estimates
to the ISCST3 estimates for the period average SO2 concentration estimates
without deposition and chemistry for the a) 2-meter source, b) 35-meter source,
and c) 200-meter source.
19
-------
1000 —i
1-hr average, 2-meter source, 1990
CALPUFF with deposition and chemistry
ISCST3
CALPUFF screen
CALPUFF refined
800 —
600 •
= 400 -
O
in
200 •
10
Distance (kilometers)
100
o
o
in
20 —i
15 —
10 —
1-hr average, 35-meter source, 1990
CALPUFF with deposition and chemistry
ISCST3
CALPUFF screen
CALPUFF refined
10
Distance (kilometers)
100
O
in
5 —i
1-hr average, 200-meter source, 1990
CALPUFF with deposition and chemistry
™ 3
r-n °
ISCST3
CALPUFF screen
CALPUFF refined
r
I
I
I ,
I
— 1
10
Distance (kilometers)
100
Figure 7. Highest (H1H) 1-hr average SO4 concentration estimates with deposition and
chemistry for 1990 for the a) 2-meter source, b) 35-meter source, and
c) 200-meter source.
20
-------
100 —i
24-hr average, 2-meter source, 1990
CALPUFF with deposition and chemistry
ISCST3
CALPUFF screen
CALPUFF refined
60
'•£ 40 - ,
O
in
20
10
Distance (kilometers)
100
o
o
in
20 —i
15 —
10 —
24-hr average, 35-meter source, 1990
CALPUFF with deposition and chemistry
ISCST3
CALPUFF screen
CALPUFF refined
10
Distance (kilometers)
100
O
in
3 —i
24-hr average, 200-meter source, 1990
CALPUFF with deposition and chemistry
ISCST3
CALPUFF screen
CALPUFF refined
10
Distance (kilometers)
100
Figure 8. Highest (H1H) 24-hr average SO4 concentration estimates with deposition and
chemistry for 1990 for the a) 2-meter source, b) 35-meter source, and
c) 200-meter source.
21
-------
Period average, 2-meter source, 1990
CALPUFF with deposition and chemistry
O
in
ISCST3
CALPUFF screen
CALPUFF refined
100
O
in
Period average, 35-meter source, 1990
CALPUFF with deposition and chemistry
0.5
0.0
ISCST3
CALPUFF screen
CALPUFF refined
Distance (kilometers)
10
Distance (kilometers)
100
o
in
0.10 —i
Period average, 200-meter source, 1990
CALPUFF with deposition and chemistry
0.05
0.00
ISCST3
CALPUFF screen
CALPUFF refined
10
Distance (kilometers)
100
Figure 9. Period average SO4 concentration estimates with deposition and chemistry for
1990 for the a) 2-meter source, b) 35-meter source, and c) 200-meter source.
22
-------
0.20 -i 1-h rave rage H1H, 2-meter source, 1990
CALPUFF with deposition and chemistry
0.16 -
0.12 -
O
(f)
0.04 -
0.00
Screening mode
Refined mode
10
100
O
(f)
0.010 -i
0.008 -
0.006 -
0.004 -
0.002 -
0.000
1-hr average H1H, 35-meter source, 1990
CALPUFF with deposition and chemistry
Screening mode
Refined mode
10
100
Distance (kilometers)
Distance (kilometers)
0.0015 -i
0.0010 -
^ 0.0005 -
O
(f)
0.0000
1-hraverage H1H, 200-meter source, 1990
CALPUFF with deposition and chemistry
Screening mode
Refined mode
10
100
Distance (kilometers)
Figure 10. Highest (H1H) 1-hr average SO2 dry deposition estimates with deposition and
chemistry for 1990 for the a) 2-meter source, b) 35-meter source, and
c) 200-meter source.
23
-------
0.80 -i 24-hr average H1H, 2-meter source, 1990
CALPUFF with deposition and chemistry
O
Screening mode
Refined mode
10
100
O
(f)
0.050 -i
0.040 -
0.030 -
0.020 -
0.010 -
0.000
24-hr average H1H, 35-meter source, 1990
CALPUFF with deposition and chemistry
Screening mode
Refined mode
10
100
Distance (kilometers)
Distance (kilometers)
0.0030 -i
0.0025
0.0020 -
;-E 0.0015 -
^ 0.0010 -
O
(f)
0.0005
0.0000
24-hr average H1H, 200-meter source, 1990
CALPUFF with deposition and chemistry
Screening mode
Refined mode
10 100
Distance (kilometers)
Figure 11. Highest (H1H) 24-hr average SO2 dry deposition estimates with deposition and
chemistry for 1990 for the a) 2-meter source, b) 35-meter source, and
c) 200-meter source.
24
-------
30.00 -i Period average, 2-meter source, 1990
CALPUFF with deposition and chemistry
Screening mode
Refined mode
20.00 -
^ 10.00 -
O
(f)
0.00 --
10
100
Q
>,
Q
O
(f)
Period average, 35-meter source, 1990
CALPUFF with deposition and chemistry
Screening mode
Refined mode
10
100
Distance (kilometers)
Distance (kilometers)
0.050 -i
;-E 0.025 -
O
(f)
0.000
Period average, 200-meter source, 1990
CALPUFF with deposition and chemistry
10
Distance (kilometers)
Screening mode
Refined mode
100
Figure 12. Period average SO2 dry deposition estimates with deposition and chemistry for
1990 for the a) 2-meter source, b) 35-meter source, and c) 200-meter source.
25
-------
•
o
ID
1.00E-3 -
8.00E-4 -
6.00E-4 -
4.00E-4 -
2.00E-4 -
O.OOE + 0
j\ 24-hr average H1H, 2-meter source, 1990
CALPUFF with deposition and chemistry
Screening mode
Refined mode
2.00E-4 -i
1.80E-4 -
1.60E-4 -
1.40E-4 -
1.20E-4 -
~ 1.00E-4 -
8.00E-5 -
6.00E-5 -
4.00E-5 -
2.00E-5 -
O.OOE + 0
24-hr average H1H, 35-meter source, 1990
CALPUFF with deposition and chemistry
Screening mode
Refined mode
10
Distance (kilometers)
100
10 100
Distance (kilometers)
1.00E-5 -i
8.00E-6 -
7.00E-6 -
6.00E-6 -
~ 5.00E-6 -
4.00E-6 -
3.00E-6 -
2.00E-6 -
O.OOE + 0
24-hr average H1H, 200-meter source, 1990
CALPUFF with deposition and chemistry
Screening mode
Refined mode
10 100
Distance (kilometers)
Figure 13. Highest (H1H) 24-hr average SO4 dry deposition estimates with deposition and
chemistry for 1990 for the a) 2-meter source, b) 35-meter source, and
c) 200-meter source.
26
-------
5.00E-2 -i
4.50E-2 -
4.00E-2 -
3.50E-2
3.00E-2 -
~ 2.50E-2
2.00E-2 -
1.50E-2
1.00E-2 -
5.00E-3
O.OOE + 0
Period average, 2-meter source, 1990
CALPUFF with deposition and chemistry
Screening mode
Refined mode
5.00E-3 -i
4.50E-3 -
4.00E-3 -
3.50E-3 -
3.00E-3 -
~ 2.50E-3 -
Q
^
Q
2.00E-3 -
1.50E-3 -
1.00E-3 -
5.00E-4 -
O.OOE + 0
Period average, 35-meter source, 1990
CALPUFF with deposition and chemistry
Screening mode
Refined mode
10
100
Distance (kilometers)
10 100
Distance (kilometers)
l.OOE-5 -
7.00E-5 -
~ 5.00E-5 -
Q
^
Q
3.00E-5 -
1.00E-5 -
O.OOE + 0
Period average, 200-meter source, 1990
CALPUFF with deposition and chemistry
10
100
Distance (kilometers)
Figure 14. Period average SO4 dry deposition estimates with deposition and chemistry for
1990 for the a) 2-meter source, b) 35-meter source, and c) 200-meter source.
27
-------
5.0 CONCLUDING REMARKS
5.1 Summary and Conclusions
The CALPUFF dispersion model was run for a five year period (1986-88, 1990-91) in a
"screening mode" in which the input meteorology was meteorological data prepared for the
ISCST3 dispersion model. In addition, a 3-dimensional wind field was developed to run
CALPUFF in a "refined" mode for a single year (1990). The ISCST3 model was also run for the
same five year period. Rings of receptors, ranging from 0.5 to 300 kilometers, were placed
around three idealized point sources centered in the middle of a 600 by 600 kilometer modeling
domain. Flat terrain was assumed for all modeling. Concentrations of SO2 without deposition or
chemical transformation were estimated by ISCST3 and the two CALPUFF modes. In addition,
chemical transformations and dry deposition of SO2 were assumed to occur (for 1990 only) to
estimate sulfate deposition and concentration from the two CALPUFF modeling modes.
When all the data are compared, there is no clear tendency for one model or mode to
dominate the others. Clearly, though, from the figures showing the year to year variability
(Figures 4-6), ISCST3 is not conservative relative to the CALPUFF screening mode and ISCST3
is overly conservative in estimating SO4 concentration (Figures 7-9). In comparing the two
CALPUFF modes, there is no clear tendency for one mode to be greater or less than the other
mode, although a multiplicative factor of two applied to the screening mode estimates for SO2
dry deposition (Figures 10-12) appears to provide a very good screening method for the refined
mode. The CALPUFF screening mode generally appears to be a good screen for the refined
mode for SO4 dry deposition (Figures 13-14) without any multiplicative factor.
5.2 Additional Analyses
Since only one year (1990) of refined modeling was performed, making a multi-year
model run would demonstrate if similar results are obtained for other years.
As a possible follow-on to this effort, one could include the effects of terrain in the
analysis. Since the terrain is relatively flat in the central United States, studying an area of the
country where there is complex terrain, such as in the Pacific Northwest, the Rocky Mountain
states or the Appalachian region, could be advantageous.
For cases with terrain, the user must specify the terrain height for each receptor. The
elevations could be taken directly from a U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) topographic map but
28
-------
the number of receptors does not make this option feasible. Alternatively, the elevations could
be obtained from Digital Elevation Model (DEM) (USGS, 1998a) data by using software
developed to extract the terrain height at user-defined locations. One-degree DEM data are
available free through the USGS' world wide web site (USGS, 1998b) and 7.5-minute data can
be purchased from USGS. A third option would be to use the terrain data provided on the
CALPUFF Modeling System compact disc (CD) (EPA, 1996) and modify the software provided
on the CD to extract the required data.
29
-------
6.0 REFERENCES
Irwin, John, 1997: A Comparison of CALPUFF Modeling Results with 1977 INEL Field Data
Results. Presented at 22nd NATO/CCMS International Technical Meeting on Air
Pollution Modelling and Its Application. June 2-6,1997. Clermont-Ferrand, France.
U.S. EPA, 1993: Interagency Workgroup on Air Quality Modeling (IWAQM) Phase 1 Report:
Interim Recommendation for Modeling Long Range Transport and Impacts on Regional
Visibility, 1993. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA-454/R-93-015, Research
Triangle Park, NC 27711.
—, 1995a: SCREENS User's Guide. EPA-454/B-95-004. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711.
—, 1995b: User's Guide for the Industrial Source Complex (ISC3) Dispersion Model.
Vol. I, User Instructions. EPA-454/B-95-003a, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711.
—, 1995c: A User's Guide for the Calpuff Dispersion Model. EPA-454/B-95-006, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711.
—, 1995d: A User's Guide for the Calmet Meteorological Model. EPA-454/B-95-002,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711.
—, 1995e: PCRAMMET User's Guide. EPA-454/B-96-001, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711.
—, 1996: Calmet, Calpuff, and Calpost Modeling System, Version 1.0 CD-ROM. U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711. Available from
National Technical Information Service (NTIS); product # PB96-502083.
, 1998: A Comparison of CALPUFF Modeling Results to Two Tracer Field
Experiments. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA-454/R-98-009, Research
Triangle Park, NC 27711.
U.S. Geological Survey, 1998a: Information available via USGS Digital Elevation Model
Information website at http://rmmcweb.cr.usgs.gov/elevation/dpi_dem.html .
^ 1998b: Information available via USGS website at http://www.usgs.gov
30
-------
APPENDIX A
TABULATIONS OF MODEL RESULTS
Table Title
Table A-l Five years of CALPUFF screening and ISCST3 highest 1-hour SO2
concentration (ug/m3) estimates without deposition and chemistry treatment
Table A-2 Five years of CALPUFF screening and ISCST3 highest 24-hour average SO2
concentration (ug/m3) estimates without deposition and chemistry treatment
Table A-3 Five years of CALPUFF screening and ISCST3 highest annual average
concentration (ug/m3) estimates without deposition and chemistry treatment
Table A-4 1990 CALPUFF screening (S), refined (R), and ISCST3 highest (H1H) average
SO2 concentration (ug/m3) estimates without deposition or chemistry
treatment
Table A-5 1990 CALPUFF screening (S)/refmed (R) for highest (H1H) & 2nd highest
(H2H) SO2 dry fluxes (ug/m2/s) with deposition and chemistry for SO2
Table A-6 1990 CALPUFF screening (S)/refmed (R) for highest (H1H) & 2nd highest
(H2H) SO4 dry fluxes (ug/m2/s) with deposition and chemistry for SO2
Table A-7 1990 CALPUFF screening (S)/refmed (R) for highest (H1H) and 2nd highest
(H2H) SO4 concentrations (ug/m3) with deposition and chemistry for SO2
31
-------
Table A-1 . F ive ye a rs of CALPUFF screening and ISCST3highest1-hourSO2 concentration (ug/m 3) estimates without deposit ion and chemistry
Distance
2-meter
1
2
3
5
10
15
20
30
50
75
100
150
200
250
300
35-meter
1
2
3
5
10
15
20
30
50
75
100
150
200
250
300
200-meter
1
2
3
5
10
15
20
30
50
75
100
150
200
250
300
1986
CALPUFF
ISCST3
H1H
27103.00
8505.40
4510.60
2608.70
1495.90
729.84
1051.30
368.36
200.18
118.34
41.20
40.06
13.74
8.60
7.12
42964.00
18089.00
10844.00
5688.20
2347.30
1402.50
1002.50
684.66
422.59
556.86
435.13
308.27
241.95
200.80
172.60
CAL/ISC
0.63
0.47
0.42
0.46
0.64
0.52
1.05
0.54
0.47
0.21
0.09
0.13
0.06
0.04
0.04
256.49
253.70
213.06
154.45
113.56
120.27
100.75
61.82
51.45
27.85
27.73
16.33
8.42
8.92
7.64
260.42
264.27
219.28
183.33
128.10
113.55
102.71
84.18
59.73
43.75
34.62
24.63
19.23
15.82
13.46
0.98
0.96
0.97
0.84
0.89
1.06
0.98
0.73
0.86
0.64
0.80
0.66
0.44
0.56
0.57
25.27
28.14
20.89
18.34
11.48
21.58
19.93
8.90
9.77
7.78
3.42
3.33
3.08
1.65
1.35
25.61
37.20
28.33
21.03
15.41
11.22
10.16
7.49
4.82
3.73
3.01
2.25
1.83
1.54
1.32
0.99
0.76
0.74
0.87
0.74
1.92
1.96
1.19
2.03
2.09
1.14
1.48
1.68
1.07
1.02
1987
CALPUFF
ISCST3
CAL/ISC
H1H
23548.00
7701.30
4257.60
2570.60
1246.20
818.81
487.07
451.27
183.41
160.09
101.88
28.30
15.27
12.29
8.04
34534.00
14429.00
9999.40
6312.80
3396.40
2369.50
1837.60
1286.80
824.32
580.70
453.77
321.47
252.31
209.40
180.00
0.68
0.53
0.43
0.41
0.37
0.35
0.27
0.35
0.22
0.28
0.22
0.09
0.06
0.06
0.04
287.94
283.55
216.73
139.63
136.12
83.43
78.77
58.97
38.32
27.88
22.23
19.23
13.97
6.73
5.42
305.21
319.77
228.00
155.84
128.34
99.83
83.54
65.86
45.15
32.41
25.36
17.79
13.77
11.26
9.54
0.94
0.89
0.95
0.90
1.06
0.84
0.94
0.90
0.85
0.86
0.88
1.08
1.01
0.60
0.57
29.54
27.90
19.75
16.43
12.34
21.56
21.85
8.90
6.52
9.92
10.96
2.42
2.26
1.60
1.79
30.90
32.04
23.98
21.27
15.26
11.89
9.37
6.62
4.28
3.61
3.09
2.31
1.83
1.52
1.33
0.96
0.87
0.82
0.77
0.81
1.81
2.33
1.34
1.52
2.75
3.54
1.05
1.23
1.05
1.35
1988
CALPUFF
ISCST3
CAL/ISC
H1H
31054.00
9851.60
4270.90
1841.20
1141.50
1161.30
389.05
263.93
131.77
67.22
54.69
34.25
26.35
21.64
13.45
47533.00
19627.00
11435.00
5880.50
3136.50
2177.40
1682.10
1170.70
742.95
518.78
402.44
281.74
218.96
180.15
153.64
0.65
0.50
0.37
0.31
0.36
0.53
0.23
0.23
0.18
0.13
0.14
0.12
0.12
0.12
0.09
251.97
276.62
212.90
155.10
104.43
79.37
82.49
96.18
37.84
33.61
22.68
12.28
10.18
6.69
6.45
257.85
303.61
228.87
182.36
127.02
1 14.43
103.40
84.64
59.98
43.91
34.74
24.70
19.27
15.85
13.49
0.98
0.91
0.93
0.85
0.82
0.69
0.80
1.14
0.63
0.77
0.65
0.50
0.53
0.42
0.48
32.79
32.81
22.06
17.15
12.12
9.46
10.32
8.09
4.41
3.15
9.59
2.80
1.90
1.65
1 .16
33.54
37.85
27.93
19.76
15.30
11.22
9.66
7.22
4.65
3.53
3.04
2.28
1.81
1.51
1.30
0.98
0.87
0.79
0.87
0.79
0.84
1.07
1.12
0.95
0.89
3.15
1.23
1.05
1.10
0.90
1990
CALPUFF
ISCST3
CAL/ISC
H1H
30175.00
10926.00
7594.60
1827.50
911.83
535.53
381.76
265.08
217.05
106.52
46.54
31.63
21.81
14.40
10.47
47541.00
19625.00
11435.00
5903.20
2426.50
1447.90
1045.80
714.24
440.78
299.71
227.50
153.68
116.58
96.75
83.17
0.63
0.56
0.66
0.31
0.38
0.37
0.37
0.37
0.49
0.36
0.20
0.21
0.19
0.15
0.13
250.62
266.26
241.33
179.33
96.69
152.36
100.43
63.37
41.51
30.15
24.96
18.90
10.65
7.01
6.56
253.41
291.94
213.01
166.39
129.18
115.16
104.36
85.73
60.96
44.71
35.41
25.22
19.69
16.21
13.80
0.99
0.91
1.13
1.08
0.75
1.32
0.96
0.74
0.68
0.67
0.70
0.75
0.54
0.43
0.48
27.46
27.13
18.08
49.45
41.32
28.65
22.16
10.20
6.28
3.59
2.80
2.18
2.72
2.18
1.38
25.74
34.29
26.11
20.75
16.67
13.26
10.39
7.29
4.68
3.83
3.24
2.40
1.92
1.60
1.38
1.07
0.79
0.69
2.38
2.48
2.16
2.13
1.40
1.34
0.94
0.86
0.91
1.42
1.36
1.00
1991
CALPUFF
ISCST3
CAL/ISC
H1H
24674.00
8512.90
4312.60
2668.20
1208.20
577.34
510.79
365.30
273.75
151 .99
88.20
33.29
12.28
8.17
6.42
34535.00
13576.00
7807.80
3979.40
1869.00
1297.50
1002.30
697.52
442.70
457.36
354.80
248.39
193.03
158.82
135.45
0.71
0.63
0.55
0.67
0.65
0.44
0.51
0.52
0.62
0.33
0.25
0.13
0.06
0.05
0.05
251.97
243.17
230.68
155.71
97.75
83.34
81.05
54.28
46.72
39.11
28.90
18.97
14.04
8.30
6.36
254.59
262.36
258.25
187.75
116.37
96.08
84.13
66.23
45.35
43.85
34.80
24.84
19.43
16.01
13.65
0.99
0.93
0.89
0.83
0.84
0.87
0.96
0.82
1.03
0.89
0.83
0.76
0.72
0.52
0.47
44.63
34.49
23.46
19.27
11.89
19.71
21.22
12.35
9.39
6.73
4.68
2.23
2.31
1.96
1.71
46.10
38.52
28.19
22.41
15.28
11.73
9.45
6.59
4.33
3.47
3.02
2.38
2.00
1.81
1.65
0.97
0.90
0.83
0.86
0.78
1.68
2.24
1.87
2.17
1.94
1.55
0.94
1.15
1.08
1.04
32
-------
Table A-2. Five years of CALPUFF screening and ISCST3 highest 24-hour average SO2 concentration (ug/m3) estimates without deposition and chemistry
Distance
2-meter
1
2
3
5
10
15
20
30
50
75
100
150
200
250
300
35-meter
1
2
3
5
10
15
20
30
50
75
100
150
200
250
300
200-meter
1
2
3
5
10
15
20
30
50
75
100
150
200
250
300
1986
CALPUFF
ISCST3
H1H
3093.00
1218.00
656.40
298.83
179.21
102.65
54.07
42.21
17.69
14.18
8.81
3.94
2.83
2.02
1.73
4094.80
1559.30
877.77
433.66
167.89
97.40
70.93
45.77
26.88
24.57
19.17
13.55
10.62
8.80
7.56
CAL/ISC
0.76
0.78
0.75
0.69
1.07
1.05
0.76
0.92
0.66
0.58
0.46
0.29
0.27
0.23
0.23
98.81
92.44
66.77
37.93
22.17
15.47
11.85
7.97
5.83
3.78
3.07
2.47
1.91
1.32
0.95
98.83
92.95
67.57
38.48
21.93
15.18
12.03
8.62
5.43
3.72
2.84
1.93
1.47
1.18
0.99
1.00
0.99
0.99
0.99
1.01
1.02
0.99
0.92
1.07
1.02
1.08
1.28
1.30
1 .1 1
0.96
2.82
3.21
2.47
2.54
1.68
1.55
1.44
1.23
1.07
1.01
0.72
0.55
0.53
0.55
0.54
1.35
2.07
2.33
2.50
1.74
1.44
1.44
1.20
1.06
0.83
0.66
0.46
0.35
0.28
0.24
2.09
1.55
1.06
1.02
0.96
1.08
1.00
1.02
1.01
1.23
1.10
1.20
1.51
1.94
2.26
1987
CALPUFF
ISCST3
H1H
3685.00
1264.90
668.65
322.86
154.30
90.02
59.27
34.87
18.52
12.44
9.06
4.56
3.12
2.24
1.47
4871.60
1814.90
1020.40
507.06
201.63
122.19
87.30
54.65
34.35
24.20
18.91
13.40
10.51
8.72
7.50
CAL/ISC
0.76
0.70
0.66
0.64
0.77
0.74
0.68
0.64
0.54
0.51
0.48
0.34
0.30
0.26
0.20
72.23
93.04
76.12
46.95
20.11
15.79
13.20
9.83
5.40
4.02
3.59
3.45
3.10
2.27
1.70
72.02
93.71
77.48
48.87
21.09
15.79
12.88
9.36
5.96
4.08
3.09
2.08
1.56
1.25
1.04
1.00
0.99
0.98
0.96
0.95
1.00
1.02
1.05
0.91
0.99
1.16
1.66
1.99
1.82
1.64
2.57
2.31
2.33
2.63
1.74
1.39
1.46
1.28
1.04
0.91
0.70
0.48
0.49
0.44
0.38
1.95
2.29
2.32
2.90
2.19
1.46
1.47
1.36
0.96
0.78
0.61
0.42
0.32
0.26
0.22
1.32
1.01
1.01
0.91
0.79
0.95
0.99
0.94
1.08
1.16
1.14
1.13
1.50
1.67
1.74
1988
CALPUFF
ISCST3
H1H
2695.90
1122.60
651.16
332.37
148.91
150.29
70.75
47.90
32.24
23.81
18.58
12.71
8.72
6.12
4.41
3570.10
1407.70
804.95
403.04
179.32
120.73
91.26
61.58
37.55
25.36
19.20
12.98
9.84
7.93
6.67
CAL/ISC
0.76
0.80
0.81
0.82
0.83
1.24
0.78
0.78
0.86
0.94
0.97
0.98
0.89
0.77
0.66
85.56
80.39
63.49
38.96
19.66
16.21
14.07
14.57
7.07
5.41
3.87
2.04
1.76
1.29
0.71
85.52
80.22
63.47
39.26
19.63
15.05
12.21
8.74
5.47
3.70
2.79
1.86
1.39
1.11
0.92
1.00
1.00
1.00
0.99
1.00
1.08
1.15
1.67
1.29
1.46
1.39
1.10
1.26
1.16
0.77
2.53
2.26
2.37
2.27
1.53
1.40
1.36
1.23
0.88
0.81
0.70
0.54
0.42
0.38
0.29
2.16
1.93
2.39
2.15
1.44
1.16
1.25
1.15
0.83
0.82
0.63
0.43
0.33
0.26
0.22
1.17
1.17
0.99
1.05
1.06
1.21
1.09
1.07
1.05
0.99
1.11
1.27
1.29
1.46
1.29
1990
CALPUFF
ISCST3
H1H
3112.00
1127.10
610.96
293.12
127.98
69.59
46.25
23.97
13.50
10.92
8.34
5.56
2.95
2.65
1.74
4018.40
1532.70
861.89
425.36
163.66
94.12
65.07
42.98
26.11
17.55
13.21
8.82
6.61
5.27
4.37
CAL/ISC
0.77
0.74
0.71
0.69
0.78
0.74
0.71
0.56
0.52
0.62
0.63
0.63
0.45
0.50
0.40
74.20
81.92
62.24
42.26
20.76
16.48
13.64
9.46
5.65
3.21
2.51
1.90
1.48
1.25
1.02
73.93
81.90
62.60
43.21
21.55
13.20
9.86
6.87
4.37
2.97
2.24
1.49
1.10
0.87
0.74
1.00
1.00
0.99
0.98
0.96
1.25
1.38
1.38
1.29
1.08
1.12
1.28
1.34
1.43
1.38
2.16
1.85
2.37
2.61
3.16
1.94
1.30
1.11
1.05
0.85
0.78
0.54
0.46
0.43
0.37
2.18
1.81
2.23
2.63
1.72
1.20
1.26
1.11
0.80
0.62
0.48
0.33
0.25
0.21
0.17
0.99
1.02
1.06
0.99
1.83
1.62
1.03
1.01
1.32
1.36
1.62
1.62
1.80
2.08
2.10
1991
CALPUFF
ISCST3
H1H
3259.30
1146.90
618.66
286.08
138.74
70.88
44.50
36.34
24.21
16.59
10.92
5.75
2.86
2.24
1.79
4523.90
1685.90
941.01
460.31
175.26
100.23
69.15
41.31
22.17
19.75
15.23
10.59
8.20
6.73
5.73
CAL/ISC
0.72
0.68
0.66
0.62
0.79
0.71
0.64
0.88
1.09
0.84
0.72
0.54
0.35
0.33
0.31
62.85
89.59
74.96
46.70
19.48
14.43
11.51
8.48
4.81
3.51
4.04
2.08
1.96
1.94
1.59
62.81
89.35
75.19
47.43
20.25
15.00
12.07
8.54
5.23
3.46
2.55
1.65
1.21
0.98
0.83
1.00
1.00
1.00
0.98
0.96
0.96
0.95
0.99
0.92
1.02
1.58
1.27
1.63
1.98
1.91
2.63
2.77
2.53
2.39
1.75
1.77
2.10
2.11
1.65
1.24
1.04
0.83
0.70
0.63
0.53
3.02
3.16
3.02
2.43
1.56
1.54
1.88
1.95
1.52
1.09
0.84
0.57
0.43
0.35
0.29
0.87
0.88
0.84
0.98
1.12
1.15
1.12
1.08
1.09
1.13
1.24
1.46
1.63
1.81
1.84
33
-------
Table A-3. Five years of CALPUFF screening and ISCST3 highest annual average concentration (ug/m3) estimates without deposition and chemistry
Distance
2-meter
1
2
3
5
10
15
20
30
50
75
100
150
200
250
300
35-meter
1
2
3
5
10
15
20
30
50
75
100
150
200
250
300
200-meter
1
2
3
5
10
15
20
30
50
75
100
150
200
250
300
1986
CALPUFF
ISCST3
H1H
353.05
121.33
65.20
30.41
11.08
6.13
3.76
2.05
0.96
0.51
0.30
0.15
0.10
0.07
0.04
396.13
138.52
74.56
34.69
12.47
6.97
4.67
2.70
1.40
0.84
0.59
0.36
0.26
0.20
0.16
CAL/ISC
0.89
0.88
0.87
0.88
0.89
0.88
0.81
0.76
0.69
0.60
0.51
0.42
0.38
0.33
0.26
10.06
12.40
10.91
7.80
4.07
2.65
1.92
1.21
0.61
0.34
0.23
0.13
0.08
0.06
0.04
9.84
12.29
10.82
7.71
3.98
2.54
1.81
1.11
0.60
0.37
0.26
0.16
0.12
0.09
0.07
1.02
1.01
1.01
1.01
1.02
1.04
1.06
1.09
1.02
0.92
0.87
0.78
0.71
0.64
0.55
0.03
0.07
0.12
0.17
0.19
0.20
0.20
0.18
0.13
0.10
0.07
0.05
0.03
0.03
0.02
0.01
0.03
0.09
0.15
0.16
0.17
0.17
0.15
0.12
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.03
0.03
0.02
3.14
1.93
1.34
1.15
1.14
1.15
1.15
1.16
1.15
1.15
1.09
1.04
1.01
0.99
0.93
1987
CALPUFF
ISCST3
H1H
341.29
120.75
65.12
30.28
11.15
6.09
3.94
2.27
1.01
0.54
0.34
0.15
0.08
0.05
0.04
402.09
145.17
79.27
37.55
13.78
7.78
5.26
3.07
1.60
0.97
0.69
0.42
0.30
0.23
0.19
CAL/ISC
0.85
0.83
0.82
0.81
0.81
0.78
0.75
0.74
0.63
0.56
0.50
0.35
0.25
0.23
0.19
9.78
10.60
8.82
6.11
3.36
2.22
1.62
1.02
0.55
0.32
0.22
0.13
0.09
0.06
0.04
9.64
10.57
8.81
6.04
3.33
2.21
1.62
1.03
0.57
0.36
0.26
0.16
0.12
0.09
0.08
1.01
1.00
1.00
1.01
1.01
1.00
1.00
0.99
0.95
0.88
0.85
0.79
0.75
0.60
0.47
0.03
0.08
0.16
0.21
0.19
0.18
0.17
0.15
0.10
0.07
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.05
0.13
0.19
0.18
0.16
0.15
0.13
0.10
0.07
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.02
2.55
1.60
1.23
1.09
1.08
1.10
1.11
1.09
1.07
1.06
1.04
1.04
1.10
1.15
1.15
1988
CALPUFF
ISCST3
H1H
323.15
112.23
60.08
27.78
9.89
5.50
3.52
2.01
0.90
0.52
0.31
0.14
0.08
0.05
0.03
373.99
133.27
72.43
34.10
12.46
7.02
4.73
2.76
1.44
0.87
0.61
0.38
0.27
0.20
0.17
CAL/ISC
0.86
0.84
0.83
0.81
0.79
0.78
0.74
0.73
0.63
0.60
0.51
0.38
0.29
0.24
0.20
9.808
10.59
9.02
6.49
3.49
2.27
1.63
1.01
0.53
0.33
0.22
0.13
0.08
0.05
0.04
9.659
10.52
8.86
6.35
3.36
2.18
1.56
0.97
0.53
0.33
0.23
0.14
0.10
0.08
0.06
1.02
1.01
1.02
1.02
1.04
1.04
1.04
1.04
1.00
1.01
0.94
0.90
0.80
0.66
0.56
0.03
0.07
0.13
0.17
0.17
0.17
0.16
0.14
0.10
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.03
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.05
0.11
0.16
0.16
0.15
0.15
0.13
0.10
0.07
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.02
2.15
1.64
1.26
1.12
1.10
1.10
1.08
1.07
1.08
1.10
1.12
1.10
1.15
1.14
1.03
1990
CALPUFF
ISCST3
H1H
393.53
136.81
73.04
33.35
11.76
6.63
4.55
2.38
1.13
0.65
0.41
0.19
0.11
0.08
0.05
462.17
165.75
90.32
42.67
15.66
8.84
5.97
3.48
1.81
1.09
0.77
0.47
0.33
0.25
0.20
CAL/ISC
0.85
0.83
0.81
0.78
0.75
0.75
0.76
0.68
0.62
0.59
0.53
0.41
0.34
0.30
0.25
11.19
13.08
11.09
7.69
4.14
2.70
1.97
1.25
0.66
0.39
0.26
0.16
0.10
0.07
0.05
11.03
13.01
11.05
7.59
4.07
2.64
1.90
1.17
0.64
0.39
0.28
0.17
0.12
0.09
0.08
1.01
1.01
1.00
1.01
1.02
1.02
1.04
1.06
1.03
0.99
0.95
0.93
0.83
0.75
0.64
0.03
0.07
0.14
0.18
0.19
0.20
0.20
0.17
0.12
0.09
0.07
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0.05
0.11
0.16
0.17
0.18
0.18
0.16
0.12
0.09
0.07
0.04
0.03
0.03
0.02
1.98
1.59
1.24
1.13
1.13
1.14
1.12
1.09
1.08
1.06
1.08
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.05
1991
CALPUFF
ISCST3
H1H
365.51
129.25
69.75
32.37
11.65
6.51
4.36
2.38
1.09
0.55
0.34
0.16
0.09
0.06
0.04
427.06
153.16
83.36
39.33
14.37
8.09
5.45
3.16
1.64
0.99
0.69
0.42
0.30
0.23
0.18
CAL/ISC
0.86
0.84
0.84
0.82
0.81
0.81
0.80
0.75
0.66
0.56
0.49
0.38
0.29
0.25
0.21
9.66
11.23
9.54
6.59
3.69
2.46
1.79
1.14
0.60
0.36
0.24
0.13
0.09
0.06
0.04
9.47
11.15
9.48
6.52
3.57
2.35
1.70
1.07
0.59
0.36
0.26
0.16
0.12
0.09
0.07
1.02
1.01
1.01
1.01
1.03
1.05
1.05
1.07
1.03
1.00
0.93
0.83
0.76
0.63
0.50
0.04
0.08
0.14
0.19
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.16
0.11
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.05
0.11
0.16
0.16
0.16
0.16
0.14
0.10
0.07
0.06
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.02
1.95
1.68
1.28
1.14
1.12
1.14
1.13
1.12
1.06
1.08
1.11
1.09
1.12
1.07
1.00
34
-------
Table A-4. 1990 CALPUFF screening (S), refined (R), and ISCST3 highest (H1 H) average SO2 concentration (ug/m3) estimates without deposition or chemistry
Distance
2-meter
1
2
3
5
10
15
20
30
50
75
100
150
200
250
300
35-meter
1
2
3
5
10
15
20
30
50
75
100
150
200
250
300
200-meter
1
2
3
5
10
15
20
30
50
75
100
150
200
250
300
ISCST3
CALPUFF-S
CALPUFF-R
SO2 1-hour average
47541.00
19625.00
11435.00
5903.20
2426.50
1447.90
1045.80
714.24
440.78
299.71
227.50
153.68
116.58
96.75
83.17
30175.00
10926.00
7594.60
1827.50
911.83
535.53
381.76
265.08
217.05
106.52
46.54
31.63
21.81
14.40
10.47
33042.00
10835.00
7024.60
4393.20
1798.30
1081.40
882.93
356.22
202.84
96.56
53.88
21.28
11.20
5.09
5.01
scrn/ISC3
0.63
0.56
0.66
0.31
0.38
0.37
0.37
0.37
0.49
0.36
0.20
0.21
0.19
0.15
0.13
scrn/ref
0.91
1.01
1.08
0.42
0.51
0.50
0.43
0.74
1.07
1.10
0.86
1.49
1.95
2.83
2.09
253.41
291.94
213.01
166.39
129.18
115.16
104.36
85.73
60.96
44.71
35.41
25.22
19.69
16.21
13.80
250.62
266.26
241.33
179.33
96.69
152.36
100.43
63.37
41.51
30.15
24.96
18.90
10.65
7.01
6.56
287.58
239.74
192.09
179.17
133.21
98.91
99.05
70.41
31.79
23.53
20.26
10.94
7.50
5.66
3.44
0.99
0.91
1.13
1.08
0.75
1.32
0.96
0.74
0.68
0.67
0.70
0.75
0.54
0.43
0.48
0.87
1.11
1.26
1.00
0.73
1.54
1.01
0.90
1.31
1.28
1.23
1.73
1.42
1.24
1.90
25.74
34.29
26.11
20.75
16.67
13.26
10.39
7.29
4.68
3.83
3.24
2.40
1.92
1.60
1.38
27.46
27.13
18.08
49.45
41.32
28.65
22.16
10.20
6.28
3.59
2.80
2.18
2.72
2.18
1.38
56.40
34.86
24.39
19.62
18.54
12.03
20.03
12.89
8.61
6.73
4.70
3.46
3.68
2.49
1.99
1.07
0.79
0.69
2.38
2.48
2.16
2.13
1.40
1.34
0.94
0.86
0.91
1.42
1.36
1.00
0.49
0.78
0.74
2.52
2.23
2.38
1.11
0.79
0.73
0.53
0.59
0.63
0.74
0.88
0.69
ISCST3
CALPUFF-S
CALPUFF-R
SO2 3-hour average
16865.00
6709.80
3893.30
1992.70
808.84
482.62
348.59
238.08
146.93
99.90
75.83
51.23
39.00
32.34
27.79
13281.00
6606.10
3687.30
1465.80
728.62
409.20
252.12
121.99
92.72
52.13
34.66
20.46
14.99
10.67
7.05
17074.00
6342.60
3168.10
1838.10
910.28
555.95
414.13
181.12
79.13
71.39
32.31
16.16
5.49
4.03
3.13
scrn/ISC3
0.79
0.98
0.95
0.74
0.9
0.85
0.72
0.51
0.63
0.52
0.46
0.4
0.38
0.33
0.25
scrn/ref
0.78
1.04
1.16
0.8
0.8
0.74
0.61
0.67
1.17
0.73
1.07
1.27
2.73
2.65
2.25
219.63
162.74
133.20
103.06
69.94
57.42
46.86
33.69
21.24
15.40
11.80
8.41
6.56
5.40
4.60
216.18
158.78
127.88
102.42
62.13
58.19
53.70
38.76
29.21
16.13
13.21
10.81
6.44
5.68
5.09
219.63
170.34
136.93
133.70
85.92
62.16
57.38
45.96
20.50
15.05
12.65
8.05
4.88
4.23
2.98
0.98
0.98
0.96
0.99
0.89
1.01
1.15
1.15
1.38
1.05
1.12
1.29
0.98
1.05
1.11
0.98
0.93
0.93
0.77
0.72
0.94
0.94
0.84
1.43
1.07
1.04
1.34
1.32
1.34
1.71
16.09
11.43
10.93
10.99
8.62
6.34
4.86
3.32
2.48
2.01
1.63
1.17
0.92
0.76
0.65
15.72
12.78
10.89
17.12
23.65
9.84
8.71
4.71
2.39
2.18
1.95
1.69
1.15
1.07
1.09
26.36
19.30
14.74
12.48
11.59
8.78
7.97
5.44
4.72
3.56
3.87
2.48
2.69
1.96
1.47
0.98
1.12
1
1.56
2.74
1.55
1.79
1.42
0.96
1.09
1.19
1.44
1.26
1.42
1.69
0.6
0.66
0.74
1.37
2.04
1.12
1.09
0.87
0.51
0.61
0.5
0.68
0.43
0.55
0.75
ISCST3
CALPUFF-S
CALPUFF-R
SO2 24-hour average
4018.40
1532.70
861.89
425.36
163.66
94.12
65.07
42.98
26.11
17.55
13.21
8.82
6.61
5.27
4.37
3112.00
1127.10
610.96
293.12
127.98
69.59
46.25
23.97
13.50
10.92
8.34
5.56
2.95
2.65
1.74
4817.60
1578.20
749.83
333.77
124.70
89.14
56.93
39.43
16.06
17.07
6.58
2.92
1.57
0.80
0.67
scrn/ISC3
0.77
0.74
0.71
0.69
0.78
0.74
0.71
0.56
0.52
0.62
0.63
0.63
0.45
0.5
0.4
scrn/ref
0.65
0.71
0.81
0.88
1.03
0.78
0.81
0.61
0.84
0.64
1.27
1.9
1.88
3.29
2.59
73.93
81.90
62.60
43.21
21.55
13.20
9.86
6.87
4.37
2.97
2.24
1.49
1.10
0.88
0.74
74.20
81.92
62.24
42.26
20.76
16.48
13.64
9.46
5.65
3.21
2.51
1.90
1.48
1.25
1.02
99.11
100.33
80.96
50.27
29.59
19.90
15.39
11.42
5.62
4.75
3.36
2.41
1.25
1.04
0.65
1
1
0.99
0.98
0.96
1.25
1.38
1.38
1.29
1.08
1.12
1.28
1.34
1.43
1.38
0.75
0.82
0.77
0.84
0.7
0.83
0.89
0.83
1
0.67
0.75
0.79
1.18
1.2
1.57
2.18
1.81
2.23
2.63
1.72
1.20
1.26
1.11
0.80
0.62
0.48
0.33
0.25
0.21
0.18
2.16
1.85
2.37
2.61
3.16
1.94
1.31
1.11
1.05
0.85
0.78
0.54
0.46
0.43
0.37
5.54
4.27
3.49
3.87
2.89
2.16
1.83
1.48
1.02
1.05
1.33
0.86
0.53
0.43
0.53
0.99
1.02
1.06
0.99
1.83
1.62
1.03
1.01
1.32
1.36
1.62
1.62
1.8
2.08
2.1
0.39
0.43
0.68
0.67
1.09
0.9
0.71
0.75
1.03
0.81
0.59
0.63
0.87
1
0.69
ISCST3
CALPUFF-S
SO2 period aver;
4.62E+02
1.66E+02
9.03E+01
4.27E+01
1.57E+01
8.84E+00
5.97E+00
3.48E+00
1.81E+00
1.09E+00
7.69E-01
4.70E-01
3.33E-01
2.55E-01
2.05E-01
3.94E+02
1.37E+02
7.30E+01
3.33E+01
1.18E+01
6.63E+00
4.55E+00
2.38E+00
1.13E+00
6.46E-01
4.05E-01
1.95E-01
1.13E-01
7.70E-02
5.20E-02
1.10E+01
1.30E+01
1.10E+01
7.60E+00
4.07E+00
2.64E+00
1.90E+00
1.18E+00
6.39E-01
3.93E-01
2.79E-01
1.72E-01
1.22E-01
9.40E-02
7.60E-02
1.12E+01
1.31E+01
1.11E+01
7.69E+00
4.14E+00
2.70E+00
1.97E+00
1.25E+00
6.58E-01
3.91E-01
2.65E-01
1.60E-01
1.02E-01
7.10E-02
4.90E-02
1.30E-02
4.60E-02
1.12E-01
1.62E-01
1.67E-01
1.76E-01
1.77E-01
1.58E-01
1.15E-01
8.50E-02
6.60E-02
4.50E-02
3.40E-02
2.70E-02
2.20E-02
2.60E-02
7.30E-02
1.39E-01
1.82E-01
1.89E-01
2.00E-01
1.99E-01
1.73E-01
1.24E-01
9.00E-02
7.10E-02
4.80E-02
3.70E-02
3.00E-02
2.40E-02
35
-------
Table A-5. 1990 CALPUFF screening (S)/re fined (R) for highest (H 1 H) & 2nd highest (H2H) SO2 dry fluxes (ug/m2/s) w/dep. and chemistry for SO2
2-meter
1
2
3
5
10
15
20
30
50
75
100
150
200
250
300
35-meter
1
2
3
5
10
15
20
30
50
75
100
150
200
250
300
200-meter
1
2
3
5
10
15
20
30
50
75
100
150
200
250
300
SO2 1-hour average
H1H
S
4.69E + 01
1.92E + 01
1.27E + 01
7.28E + 00
3.07E + 00
1.70E + 00
1.09E + 00
4.97E-01
2.71E-01
1.34E-01
6.31E-02
2.77E-02
1.24E-02
6.98E-03
5.56E-03
R
4.95E + 01
1.78E + 01
1.06E + 01
5.63E + 00
2.32E + 00
2.46E + 00
7.44E-01
5.02E-01
1.98E-01
1.83E-01
6.91E-02
2.34E-02
1.76E-02
8.34E-03
6.72E-03
H2H
S
3.54E + 01
1.21E + 01
6.61E + 00
3.50E + 00
1.57E + 00
8.97E-01
5.77E-01
3.41E-01
1.83E-01
1.12E-01
4.73E-02
2.44E-02
1.05E-02
6.38E-03
3.67E-03
R
4.61E + 01
1.69E + 01
1.03E + 01
4.69E + 00
2.02E + 00
1.10E + 00
6.85E-01
4.11E-01
1.93E-01
8.16E-02
5.30E-02
2.21E-02
1.08E-02
6.63E-03
4.32E-03
1.58E + 00
1.16E + 00
8.73E-01
5.32E-01
2.36E-01
3.45E-01
2.21E-01
1.00E-01
8.89E-02
6.60E-02
4.36E-02
3.15E-02
2.21E-02
1.16E-02
9.59E-03
1.68E + 00
1.20E + 00
9.76E-01
6.57E-01
4.89E-01
3.89E-01
3.17E-01
1.65E-01
7.65E-02
5.74E-02
4.45E-02
2.95E-02
2.15E-02
1.36E-02
7.58E-03
1.54E + 00
1.15E + 00
8.55E-01
5.18E-01
2.05E-01
1.46E-01
1.26E-01
9.57E-02
6.03E-02
4.38E-02
3.72E-02
2.22E-02
1.41E-02
1.05E-02
8.51E-03
1.66E + 00
1.18E + 00
9.70E-01
6.00E-01
2.60E-01
2.13E-01
1.91E-01
1.07E-01
5.96E-02
4.34E-02
4.30E-02
2.47E-02
1.30E-02
9.66E-03
5.99E-03
1.26E-01
7.17E-02
7.78E-02
1.18E-01
9.87E-02
6.61E-02
5.21E-02
2.56E-02
1.41E-02
8.86E-03
7.14E-03
4.91E-03
6.60E-03
4.55E-03
3.00E-03
2.97E-01
2.19E-01
1.53E-01
1.20E-01
1.03E-01
6.43E-02
1.25E-01
7.14E-02
5.04E-02
3.93E-02
2.36E-02
1.49E-02
1.07E-02
8.44E-03
6.71E-03
6.49E-02
5.87E-02
7.68E-02
5.92E-02
6.87E-02
3.46E-02
1.85E-02
1.43E-02
9.61E-03
7.89E-03
5.97E-03
4.16E-03
3.00E-03
3.15E-03
2.27E-03
2.01E-01
1.72E-01
1.18E-01
9.77E-02
6.42E-02
4.79E-02
5.26E-02
3.98E-02
2.81E-02
2.94E-02
2.33E-02
1.24E-02
8.37E-03
6.99E-03
6.17E-03
SO2 3-hour average
H1H
S
2.41E + 01
9.18E + 00
5.17E + 00
2.65E + 00
1.30E + 00
6.94E-01
4.14E-01
2.43E-01
1.19E-01
7.17E-02
3.83E-02
1.95E-02
8.67E-03
5.73E-03
2.96E-03
R
2.98E + 01
1.25E + 01
6.78E + 00
3.41E + 00
1.34E + 00
1.34E + 00
3.89E-01
2.29E-01
1.24E-01
7.02E-02
5.51E-02
1.86E-02
9.65E-03
5.79E-03
3.45E-03
H2H
S
1.85E + 01
8.20E + 00
4.71E + 00
2.29E + 00
8.62E-01
5.34E-01
3.61E-01
1.96E-01
8.55E-02
5.81E-02
3.68E-02
1.62E-02
8.22E-03
5.04E-03
2.35E-03
R
2.79E + 01
1.02E + 01
5.25E + 00
2.67E + 00
9.82E-01
7.49E-01
3.63E-01
1.85E-01
8.38E-02
4.32E-02
2.50E-02
1.19E-02
6.26E-03
4.74E-03
2.93E-03
1.17E + 00
8.12E-01
6.60E-01
3.96E-01
1.56E-01
1.26E-01
9.82E-02
6.96E-02
4.63E-02
2.92E-02
2.39E-02
1.98E-02
9.54E-03
9.15E-03
7.74E-03
1.51E + 00
1.11E + 00
8.60E-01
5.19E-01
2.62E-01
1.92E-01
1.26E-01
8.88E-02
5.09E-02
3.52E-02
3.35E-02
2.00E-02
1.10E-02
8.72E-03
5.27E-03
1.17E + 00
6.51E-01
4.83E-01
2.93E-01
1.49E-01
1.05E-01
8.49E-02
6.23E-02
3.44E-02
2.79E-02
1.96E-02
1.39E-02
8.84E-03
6.21E-03
4.72E-03
1.41E + 00
9.33E-01
7.66E-01
4.71E-01
1.89E-01
1.12E-01
9.49E-02
6.27E-02
4.04E-02
3.27E-02
2.18E-02
1.15E-02
7.59E-03
5.61E-03
3.60E-03
4.45E-02
3.14E-02
4.67E-02
4.63E-02
5.58E-02
2.27E-02
2.05E-02
1.11E-02
6.92E-03
7.00E-03
5.05E-03
3.65E-03
2.94E-03
2.39E-03
1.55E-03
1.65E-01
1.20E-01
9.07E-02
7.75E-02
6.43E-02
3.53E-02
4.92E-02
2.99E-02
2.56E-02
1.48E-02
1.87E-02
1.06E-02
6.90E-03
5.21E-03
4.31E-03
2.41E-02
2.44E-02
3.12E-02
3.57E-02
2.05E-02
1.34E-02
1.13E-02
8.75E-03
6.20E-03
4.87E-03
3.86E-03
3.44E-03
2.18E-03
1.74E-03
1.44E-03
1.12E-01
9.10E-02
8.14E-02
6.65E-02
3.82E-02
2.71E-02
2.20E-02
1.95E-02
1.47E-02
1.19E-02
1.00E-02
8.31E-03
4.56E-03
4.63E-03
3.02E-03
SO2 24-hour average
H1H
S
5.82E + 00
2.10E + 00
1.14E + 00
5.37E-01
2.28E-01
1.44E-01
9.14E-02
5.00E-02
2.49E-02
1.63E-02
1.09E-02
5.01E-03
2.29E-03
1.60E-03
1.42E-03
R
8.94E + 00
3.01E + 00
1.63E + 00
7.73E-01
2.84E-01
1.72E-01
8.03E-02
4.53E-02
2.63E-02
1.37E-02
8.78E-03
4.13E-03
2.20E-03
1.46E-03
1.16E-03
H2H
S
4.55E + 00
1.63E + 00
9.28E-01
4.96E-01
2.11E-01
1.17E-01
7.88E-02
3.49E-02
1.84E-02
1.35E-02
7.01E-03
3.97E-03
2.05E-03
1.30E-03
1.11E-03
R
7.73E + 00
2.94E + 00
1.56E + 00
7.37E-01
2.41E-01
1.02E-01
7.65E-02
3.13E-02
1.81E-02
9.00E-03
4.83E-03
3.32E-03
1.53E-03
8.87E-04
6.84E-04
3.09E-01
2.36E-01
1.79E-01
1.11E-01
5.28E-02
3.19E-02
2.50E-02
1.69E-02
9.94E-03
7.03E-03
4.75E-03
3.59E-03
2.54E-03
1.87E-03
1.45E-03
5.66E-01
4.68E-01
3.52E-01
2.11E-01
9.45E-02
5.85E-02
4.12E-02
2.90E-02
1.57E-02
1.16E-02
8.14E-03
4.36E-03
2.86E-03
1.68E-03
1.38E-03
2.58E-01
1.89E-01
1.48E-01
9.02E-02
4.64E-02
3.08E-02
2.33E-02
1.60E-02
8.96E-03
6.05E-03
4.40E-03
3.06E-03
1.83E-03
1.45E-03
1.14E-03
4.16E-01
4.43E-01
3.38E-01
2.11E-01
9.21E-02
5.28E-02
3.42E-02
2.13E-02
1.09E-02
6.55E-03
4.39E-03
2.99E-03
1.81E-03
1.21E-03
8.73E-04
5.68E-03
5.84E-03
8.50E-03
1.23E-02
7.84E-03
4.52E-03
3.73E-03
3.18E-03
2.70E-03
2.18E-03
2.05E-03
1.33E-03
1.07E-03
9.05E-04
7.44E-04
3.46E-02
2.64E-02
2.12E-02
2.25E-02
1.40E-02
1.03E-02
8.05E-03
6.91E-03
4.34E-03
3.61E-03
4.97E-03
2.01E-03
1.86E-03
1.17E-03
1.24E-03
3.73E-03
4.55E-03
6.27E-03
8.79E-03
5.67E-03
3.34E-03
3.01E-03
2.67E-03
2.15E-03
1.55E-03
1.25E-03
9.34E-04
8.21E-04
5.82E-04
5.24E-04
1.44E-02
1.58E-02
1.99E-02
1.66E-02
1.22E-02
8.68E-03
6.96E-03
5.49E-03
3.70E-03
3.14E-03
2.49E-03
1.89E-03
1.20E-03
9.48E-04
7.08E-04
SO2 period average
Highest
S
9.476E-01
3.270E-01
1.740E-01
7.932E-02
2.778E-02
1.551E-02
1.035E-02
5.281E-03
2.315E-03
1.199E-03
7.364E-04
3.381E-04
1.878E-04
1.235E-04
7.962E-05
R
9.470E-01
3.129E-01
1.604E-01
6.819E-02
2.098E-02
1.013E-02
6.091E-03
3.321E-03
1.318E-03
5.751E-04
2.901E-04
1.404E-04
9.307E-05
7.853E-05
5.296E-05
SIR
1.00
1.05
1.08
1.16
1.32
1.53
1.70
1.59
1.76
2.09
2.54
2.41
2.02
1.57
1.50
3.355E-02
3.751E-02
3.105E-02
2.058E-02
1.054E-02
6.770E-03
4.883E-03
3.033E-03
1.547E-03
8.826E-04
5.726E-04
3.146E-04
1.924E-04
1.304E-04
8.720E-05
3.725E-02
4.053E-02
3.280E-02
2.083E-02
9.257E-03
5.390E-03
3.610E-03
1.967E-03
9.069E-04
4.777E-04
2.785E-04
1.479E-04
1.036E-04
8.016E-05
5.886E-05
0.90
0.93
0.95
0.99
1.14
1.26
1.35
1.54
1.71
1.85
2.06
2.13
1.86
1.63
1.48
7.251E-05
2.285E-04
4.640E-04
6.054E-04
5.627E-04
5.784E-04
5.642E-04
4.841E-04
3.375E-04
2.325E-04
1.785E-04
1.160E-04
8.637E-05
6.611E-05
5.283E-05
2.417E-04
4.445E-04
7.863E-04
9.394E-04
8.050E-04
7.273E-04
6.652E-04
5.507E-04
3.717E-04
2.598E-04
1.908E-04
1.183E-04
8.481E-05
6.934E-05
5.427E-05
0.30
0.51
0.59
0.64
0.70
0.80
0.85
0.88
0.91
0.89
0.94
0.98
1.02
0.95
0.97
36
-------
Table A-6. 1990 CALPUFF screening (S)/refined (R) for highest (H1H) & 2nd highest (H2H) SO4 dry fluxes (ug/m2/s) w/dep. and chemistry for SO2
Distance
2-meter
1
2
3
5
10
15
20
30
50
75
100
150
200
250
300
35-meter
1
2
3
5
10
15
20
30
50
75
100
150
200
250
300
200-meter
1
2
3
5
10
15
20
30
50
75
100
150
200
250
300
SO4 1-hour average
H1H
S
2.16E-01
1.16E-01
8.07E-02
5.07E-02
2.49E-02
1.37E-02
6.31 E-03
3.18E-03
2.45E-03
3.41 E-03
3.47E-03
2.49E-03
1.45E-03
1.08E-03
1.23E-03
R
5.43E-02
1.98E-02
1.19E-02
1.41E-02
7.16E-03
3.52E-03
2.52E-03
1.84E-03
1.76E-03
2.22E-03
1.38E-03
9.02E-04
9.13E-04
8.14E-04
6.59E-04
H2H
S
1.00E-01
3.39E-02
1.99E-02
1.06E-02
5.56E-03
3.54E-03
2.33E-03
1.80E-03
1.88E-03
1.60E-03
1.85E-03
1.41 E-03
1.03E-03
8.12E-04
7.61 E-04
R
4.17E-02
1.72E-02
9.89E-03
8.26E-03
5.53E-03
3.40E-03
1.40E-03
1.22E-03
1.17E-03
1.03E-03
9.93E-04
5.56E-04
5.49E-04
6.62E-04
4.59E-04
2.62E-02
1.73E-02
1.12E-02
6.06E-03
3.38E-03
2.39E-03
1.84E-03
1.33E-03
1.22E-03
1.34E-03
1.33E-03
1.40E-03
1.49E-03
7.95E-04
7.66E-04
6.39E-03
5.25E-03
3.82E-03
2.27E-03
9.84E-04
9.16E-04
1.28E-03
6.56E-04
1.00E-03
9.82E-04
1.12E-03
5.34E-04
7.99E-04
8.45E-04
4.74E-04
1.66E-02
1.29E-02
8.88E-03
5.03E-03
2.15E-03
1.35E-03
1.01 E-03
7.47E-04
7.54E-04
7.27E-04
9.19E-04
9.51 E-04
9.15E-04
6.88E-04
4.46E-04
6.30E-03
4.98E-03
3.72E-03
2.23E-03
9.67E-04
7.66E-04
7.76E-04
5.95E-04
4.68E-04
5.45E-04
7.31 E-04
3.92E-04
7.80E-04
5.81 E-04
3.25E-04
2.81 E-04
2.88E-04
4.08E-04
6.30E-04
6.61 E-04
5.31 E-04
5.29E-04
4.16E-04
4.34E-04
5.03E-04
4.40E-04
5.65E-04
5.66E-04
2.91 E-04
3.08E-04
2.08E-04
2.40E-04
2.65E-04
2.87E-04
3.95E-04
4.07E-04
5.21 E-04
3.47E-04
2.81 E-04
5.64E-04
5.94E-04
5.99E-04
5.47E-04
6.40E-04
3.61 E-04
1.26E-04
1.83E-04
2.87E-04
3.01 E-04
5.23E-04
3.50E-04
3.63E-04
3.33E-04
2.54E-04
2.75E-04
3.15E-04
2.21 E-04
1.96E-04
1.74E-04
1.47E-04
1.88E-04
2. 11 E-04
2.22E-04
2.23E-04
2.69E-04
2.87E-04
2.63E-04
2.24E-04
2.32E-04
3.27E-04
4.98E-04
2.83E-04
5.05E-04
4.87E-04
3.24E-04
SO4 3-hour average
H1H
S
7.31E-02
3.94E-02
2.77E-02
1.77E-02
9. 11 E-03
5.36E-03
2.85E-03
1.50E-03
1.45E-03
1.31 E-03
1.28E-03
1.38E-03
9.00E-04
6.86E-04
6.24E-04
R
3.56E-02
1.29E-02
7.52E-03
6. 11 E-03
2.42E-03
2.87E-03
1.31 E-03
9.16E-04
6.62E-04
7.81 E-04
6.08E-04
3.99E-04
5. 11 E-04
5.67E-04
4.43E-04
H2H
S
4.83E-02
1.68E-02
9.13E-03
5.37E-03
3.25E-03
2.44E-03
1.94E-03
1.06E-03
9.98E-04
1.07E-03
9.40E-04
7.04E-04
7.21 E-04
4.92E-04
3.62E-04
R
2.92E-02
1.04E-02
6.23E-03
3.30E-03
2.17E-03
1.03E-03
7.06E-04
5.19E-04
5.56E-04
6.13E-04
5.28E-04
1.82E-04
3.47E-04
1.70E-04
2.50E-04
9.28E-03
7.47E-03
5.17E-03
2.93E-03
1.23E-03
8.26E-04
6.41 E-04
4.76E-04
4.32E-04
4.62E-04
5.54E-04
5.88E-04
5.38E-04
4.05E-04
3.96E-04
4.70E-03
4.48E-03
3.27E-03
1.90E-03
8.18E-04
4.81 E-04
4.41 E-04
4.98E-04
4.22E-04
4.17E-04
5.60E-04
2.60E-04
5.62E-04
4.85E-04
2.72E-04
8.76E-03
5.82E-03
3.78E-03
2.03E-03
8.31 E-04
5.12E-04
3.90E-04
2.80E-04
3.41 E-04
3.41 E-04
4.52E-04
3.27E-04
3.98E-04
3.96E-04
2.63E-04
4.40E-03
3.95E-03
3.07E-03
1.88E-03
8.01 E-04
4.69E-04
3.61 E-04
2.66E-04
3.31 E-04
3.26E-04
3.59E-04
1.77E-04
4.49E-04
2.56E-04
2.00E-04
9.79E-05
9.98E-05
1.63E-04
2.22E-04
3.57E-04
2.06E-04
2.15E-04
1.95E-04
1.79E-04
1.93E-04
1.52E-04
1.91 E-04
1.90E-04
1.38E-04
1.34E-04
1.48E-04
1.70E-04
1.83E-04
1.69E-04
1.74E-04
2.06E-04
2.24E-04
1.50E-04
1.47E-04
3.13E-04
2.78E-04
3.25E-04
3.74E-04
4.07E-04
2.90E-04
6.41E-05
6.44E-05
1.05E-04
1.24E-04
1.09E-04
1.26E-04
1.24E-04
1.27E-04
1.13E-04
1.05E-04
1.30E-04
1.25E-04
8.97E-05
8.94E-05
8.39E-05
1.39E-04
1.33E-04
1.37E-04
1.49E-04
1.13E-04
1.18E-04
1.12E-04
1.27E-04
1.15E-04
1.30E-04
2.07E-04
1.27E-04
1.95E-04
2. 11 E-04
1.12E-04
SO4 24-hour average
H1H
S
1.18E-02
6.21 E-03
4.35E-03
2.78E-03
1.44E-03
9.57E-04
7.36E-04
4.99E-04
4.76E-04
4.01 E-04
4.19E-04
3.44E-04
2.16E-04
1.52E-04
1.18E-04
R
1.27E-02
4.43E-03
2.42E-03
1.17E-03
5.73E-04
3.63E-04
2.64E-04
1.93E-04
2.05E-04
2.03E-04
1.31 E-04
7.63E-05
1.18E-04
9.44E-05
7.85E-05
H2H
S
1.04E-02
3.76E-03
2.06E-03
9.99E-04
3.83E-04
2.19E-04
1.74E-04
1.39E-04
1.04E-04
1.14E-04
1.23E-04
1.21 E-04
1.10E-04
9.22E-05
7.83E-05
R
1.05E-02
3.66E-03
1.96E-03
9.13E-04
3.16E-04
2.16E-04
1.70E-04
1.14E-04
7.27E-05
9.30E-05
1.07E-04
5.27E-05
5.36E-05
3.35E-05
5.23E-05
1.71 E-03
1.42E-03
1.05E-03
6.60E-04
3.48E-04
2.43E-04
1.89E-04
1.29E-04
9.42E-05
1.06E-04
1.30E-04
1.24E-04
1.13E-04
8.60E-05
7.57E-05
1.62E-03
1.34E-03
1.06E-03
6.72E-04
3.04E-04
1.80E-04
1.51E-04
1.39E-04
1.20E-04
1.18E-04
8.66E-05
7.90E-05
1.08E-04
9.57E-05
7.13E-05
1.09E-03
1.07E-03
7.94E-04
4.73E-04
2.10E-04
1.30E-04
9.18E-05
6.87E-05
5.62E-05
6.18E-05
5.70E-05
6.38E-05
7.25E-05
7.15E-05
5.30E-05
1.21 E-03
1.32E-03
9.82E-04
5.88E-04
2.54E-04
1.51 E-04
1.03E-04
6.79E-05
4.95E-05
4.44E-05
7.06E-05
5.74E-05
9.36E-05
5.81 E-05
4.97E-05
1.22E-05
1.25E-05
2.52E-05
2.92E-05
4.64E-05
3.84E-05
3.05E-05
2.49E-05
2.70E-05
2.75E-05
2.65E-05
2.85E-05
3.22E-05
3.17E-05
3.06E-05
3.86E-05
4.21 E-05
4.56E-05
3.96E-05
3.55E-05
2.78E-05
2.80E-05
3.46E-05
2.77E-05
4.67E-05
8.45E-05
4.77E-05
6.15E-05
6.74E-05
4.48E-05
9.34E-06
1.12E-05
1.73E-05
2.23E-05
1.87E-05
2.02E-05
2.06E-05
1.86E-05
1.89E-05
2.02E-05
1.90E-05
2.12E-05
2.00E-05
2.28E-05
1.88E-05
2.92E-05
3.18E-05
3.25E-05
3.27E-05
1.94E-05
2.47E-05
2.36E-05
2.59E-05
2.16E-05
3.39E-05
3.82E-05
3.10E-05
3.03E-05
5. 11 E-05
2.68E-05
SO4 period average
H1H
S
1.38E-03
4.82E-04
2.66E-04
1.30E-04
5.02E-05
3.06E-05
2.35E-05
1.87E-05
1.47E-05
1.24E-05
1.12E-05
9.43E-06
7.73E-06
6.99E-06
5.65E-06
R
9.77E-04
3.39E-04
1.85E-04
8.59E-05
3.12E-05
1.79E-05
1.29E-05
1.01 E-05
7.18E-06
5.41E-06
5.63E-06
2.94E-06
2.22E-06
1.78E-06
1.39E-06
SIR
1.41
1.42
1.44
1.51
1.61
1.71
1.83
1.85
2.05
2.29
1.98
3.20
3.48
3.92
4.07
1.16E-04
1.19E-04
9.55E-05
6.18E-05
2.98E-05
1.88E-05
1.36E-05
1.02E-05
8.43E-06
6.90E-06
5.93E-06
5.16E-06
4.79E-06
4.15E-06
3.62E-06
6.09E-05
7.21 E-05
6.03E-05
4.02E-05
1.93E-05
1.19E-05
8.33E-06
5.71E-06
4.51E-06
4.11E-06
4.29E-06
2.58E-06
2.04E-06
1.60E-06
1.38E-06
1.90
1.66
1.58
1.54
1.54
1.57
1.63
1.78
1.87
1.68
1.38
2.00
2.34
2.59
2.63
5.04E-07
1.02E-06
1.87E-06
2.53E-06
2.73E-06
2.85E-06
2.83E-06
2.54E-06
2.46E-06
2.43E-06
2.22E-06
1.89E-06
1.68E-06
1.54E-06
1.40E-06
6.29E-07
1.00E-06
1.50E-06
1.83E-06
2.00E-06
2.13E-06
2.12E-06
1.98E-06
2.21E-06
2.54E-06
2.72E-06
1.93E-06
1.53E-06
1.39E-06
1.10E-06
0.80
1.02
1.24
1.39
1.37
1.34
1.34
1.28
1.11
0.96
0.81
0.98
1.10
1.10
1.27
37
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Table A-7. 1990 CALPUFF screening (S)/refined (R) for highest (H1H) & 2nd highest (H2H) SO4 concentrations (ug/m3) w/dry dep. and chemistry for SO2
Distance
2-meter
1
2
3
5
10
15
20
30
50
75
100
150
200
250
300
35-meter
1
2
3
5
10
15
20
30
50
75
100
150
200
250
300
200-meter
1
2
3
5
10
15
20
30
50
75
100
150
200
250
300
SO4 1-hr average
H1H
S
485.89
211.11
138.63
87.12
62.45
30.78
20.93
13.39
9.41
11.39
7.97
7.88
5.59
3.70
2.58
R
659.89
243.79
156.10
167.77
85.87
62.96
47.45
23.96
16.41
14.93
6.85
3.43
2.17
1.57
1.73
H2H
S
347.82
136.82
77.22
41.18
27.25
21.98
18.45
12.45
7.68
5.12
5.30
5.36
3.16
2.71
1.71
R
548.87
229.15
110.65
80.28
57.29
38.81
21.53
17.97
11.84
12.80
5.88
2.55
1.84
1.28
1.08
5.96
13.99
13.73
12.14
7.87
13.11
11.99
3.74
3.01
3.92
2.29
2.27
2.53
2.06
1.72
7.48
6.91
6.48
7.10
6.56
7.54
9.30
5.77
4.27
5.08
3.96
1.98
1.68
1.34
0.82
5.84
9.45
6.82
4.25
3.71
3.65
5.09
3.37
2.32
2.42
1.64
1.89
2.16
1.99
1.59
5.82
5.91
5.70
5.71
6.41
6.07
5.05
4.39
3.82
4.11
3.84
1.36
1.12
0.96
0.75
0.81
1.09
1.02
3.74
3.96
3.52
3.09
1.74
1.39
0.86
0.93
0.54
0.56
0.50
0.48
1.43
1.58
1.76
2.18
3.42
3.52
2.72
2.42
1.71
2.16
1.83
1.63
1.43
1.11
0.95
0.61
0.64
0.71
0.79
3.17
1.98
1.07
0.78
0.65
0.53
0.52
0.41
0.40
0.41
0.39
1.37
1.44
1.51
1.34
1.33
1.40
2.25
1.64
1.34
1.25
1.38
0.90
1.22
0.97
0.94
SO4 3-hr average
H1H
S
207.72
100.63
59.30
34.43
24.22
15.10
10.84
7.70
4.86
6.20
4.42
5.23
3.91
2.78
1.78
R
392.62
158.10
77.58
82.42
33.70
23.44
18.18
13.55
9.65
11.05
4.17
1.61
1.63
1.16
0.98
H2H
S
133.88
62.69
36.36
17.52
9.88
8.04
7.06
6.12
3.99
3.59
4.33
3.17
2.51
2.16
1.47
R
249.74
108.50
61.50
29.38
21.97
15.65
14.07
7.80
5.94
9.48
4.11
1.09
0.79
0.92
0.57
5.29
5.03
4.82
4.66
3.41
4.76
4.00
2.01
1.40
1.89
1.45
1.46
1.40
1.71
1.31
5.17
5.54
4.88
4.82
5.77
4.13
4.43
4.21
3.70
3.26
2.71
1.31
1.03
0.89
0.61
4.73
3.86
3.05
2.24
1.68
1.52
1.71
1.69
1.25
1.18
1.03
1.03
1.18
1.24
1.15
4.62
3.84
3.74
3.64
3.62
3.48
3.12
3.26
2.42
2.84
2.44
0.96
0.76
0.76
0.56
0.42
0.61
0.48
1.32
2.28
1.20
1.23
0.78
0.61
0.45
0.56
0.31
0.28
0.35
0.30
0.92
1.06
1.13
1.04
1.47
1.74
1.65
1.21
0.83
1.20
1.13
0.94
1.13
0.86
0.65
0.26
0.32
0.31
0.37
0.55
0.71
0.63
0.32
0.28
0.30
0.23
0.25
0.22
0.23
0.22
0.75
0.84
0.89
0.87
0.83
0.72
0.94
1.03
0.80
1.18
1.04
0.50
0.49
0.67
0.54
SO4 24-hr average
H1H
S
40.33
19.14
12.15
6.87
3.93
3.31
2.86
1.97
1.67
1.79
1.76
1.45
0.86
0.64
0.50
R
51.71
21.88
11.71
11.06
6.45
3.65
3.24
2.33
1.99
3.09
1.03
0.47
0.37
0.28
0.22
H2H
S
27.69
11.51
6.82
3.63
2.04
1.46
1.13
1.04
0.64
0.53
0.73
0.52
0.45
0.34
0.24
R
43.34
18.31
10.31
4.43
3.63
2.60
2.51
1.80
0.73
0.57
0.86
0.39
0.27
0.17
0.19
1.40
1.51
1.21
0.76
0.60
0.66
0.74
0.53
0.46
0.46
0.45
0.42
0.48
0.31
0.29
1.93
1.82
1.50
1.38
1.67
1.32
1.57
1.26
1.08
1.22
0.71
0.40
0.33
0.23
0.19
1.31
1.14
1.01
0.67
0.35
0.33
0.33
0.28
0.27
0.31
0.21
0.20
0.18
0.30
0.21
1.67
1.65
1.27
1.06
1.20
1.15
0.82
0.89
0.40
0.32
0.56
0.31
0.24
0.18
0.11
0.07
0.10
0.08
0.17
0.30
0.24
0.18
0.10
0.12
0.08
0.07
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.07
0.23
0.26
0.27
0.24
0.21
0.23
0.22
0.33
0.23
0.30
0.47
0.28
0.25
0.25
0.27
0.06
0.06
0.07
0.09
0.09
0.09
0.10
0.06
0.06
0.08
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.08
0.06
0.20
0.20
0.21
0.20
0.18
0.15
0.14
0.17
0.16
0.18
0.21
0.17
0.13
0.18
0.09
SO4 period average
S
4.00E+00
1.47E+00
8.30E-01
4.16E-01
1.71E-01
1.19E-01
1.02E-01
7.71E-02
5.91 E-02
4.62E-02
4.04E-02
3. 11 E-02
2.44E-02
1.96E-02
1.50E-02
R
3.58E+00
1.34E+00
7.58E-01
3.56E-01
1.43E-01
8.58E-02
6.32E-02
4.81 E-02
2.93E-02
2.12E-02
1.35E-02
9.70E-03
9.31 E-03
9.83E-03
7.37E-03
SIR
1.12
1.10
1.10
1.17
1.20
1.38
1.61
1.60
2.02
2.18
2.99
3.20
2.62
2.00
2.04
2.28E-01
2.52E-01
2.10E-01
1.45E-01
7.57E-02
5.07E-02
4.09E-02
3.45E-02
2.74E-02
2.28E-02
2.01 E-02
1.67E-02
1.50E-02
1.28E-02
1.04E-02
1.60E-01
1.91E-01
1.66E-01
1.18E-01
6.41 E-02
4.36E-02
3.32E-02
2.51 E-02
1.80E-02
1.40E-02
1.13E-02
8.87E-03
8.29E-03
8.54E-03
6.77E-03
1.43
1.32
1.27
1.23
1.18
1.16
1.23
1.38
1.52
1.63
1.78
1.88
1.81
1.50
1.54
1.90E-03
3.39E-03
5.35E-03
6.80E-03
6.61 E-03
6.69E-03
6.67E-03
6.28E-03
6.32E-03
6.06E-03
5.64E-03
4.91E-03
4.60E-03
4.50E-03
3.82E-03
4.08E-03
5.19E-03
6.75E-03
7.62E-03
7.51 E-03
7.36E-03
7.14E-03
6.96E-03
7.71 E-03
7.62E-03
7.16E-03
6.56E-03
6.29E-03
6.36E-03
5.58E-03
0.47
0.65
0.79
0.89
0.88
0.91
0.93
0.90
0.82
0.80
0.79
0.75
0.73
0.71
0.68
38
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APPENDIX B
PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED RUNNING
THE CALPUFF MODELING SYSTEM
39
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As noted in the introduction, developing the meteorological data file with the CALMET
processor requires much effort. CALMET requires several different data type, which include:
• hourly surface weather observations,
• upper air soundings,
• gridded land use, and
• gridded terrain data.
Each of these data types required special attention in order to successfully create the final
meteorological data file for input to CALPUFF. This appendix describes several of the special
processing steps or problems encountered during the meteorological data preparation.
HOURLY SURFACE WEATHER OBSERVATIONS
CALMET requires that the hourly surface observations be in a special format. A
preprocessor program, SMERGE, is provided for this purpose. SMERGE accepts hourly surface
observations in one of two formats: 1) the 80-column CD-144 format in which the hourly
weather observations are compactly reported in one record, and 2) the data retrieved from the
Solar and Meteorological Surface Observation Network (SAMSON) compact discs. SMERGE
formats selected variables from these files by combining the data from each station hour-by-hour.
In other words, each hour contains the weather variables from each station.
Two problems have been identified with the SMERGE program provided on the
CALPUFF modeling system compact disc. First, the program does not appear to process the
CD-144 formatted data. When CD-144 data are used, the output file consists of missing value
indicators for all variables for all hours. Second, when data from the SAMSON compact discs
are used, the data in the output file appears to be shifted by one hour (e.g., data from SAMSON
hour 2 is written as hour 3). Several attempts to "trick" SMERGE into writing the correct hour
met with failure, and the output file for this modeling effort had to be postprocessed to adjust all
the hours in the file.
UPPER AIR SOUNDINGS
Processing upper air data through CALMET has its own set of unique problems.
CALMET requires that:
1) the time difference between soundings be no greater than 12 hours;
2) the height above local ground of each sounding extend above the top of the modeling
domain;
3) the height of the top level be no greater than 9999.0 meters (a formatting limitation).
If either of the first two (error) conditions occur, the CALMET stops processing the data and
40
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reports the error. Without any restart capability, once the problem is corrected, CALMET must
be started from the first day to be processed. Such an iterative procedure could result in several
dozen attempts to completely process the data until all the errors are corrected. This is a very
inefficient way to process the data through CALMET and suggests that a processor be developed
that can check each sounding for various problems and report (but not necessarily correct) the
problem.
Extended periods of missing soundings are particularly difficult to correct. An
interpolation routine between stations is a possible solution, but this solution would require yet
another processor to perform the interpolation. A quicker approach would be to substitute from a
nearby upper air station, although it is likely that the station is already included in the analysis.
GRIPPED LAND USE DATA
The gridded land use that accompanies the CALMET/CALPUFF Modeling System CD
provides sufficient data to develop the file of geophysical parameters (GEO.DAT) required by
CALMET. However, the resolution of the data in the file is very coarse. The data are defined on
a 4-cell (east-west) by 6-cell (north-south) grid per degree, which is equivalent to about 27
kilometers east-west and 18 kilometers north-south. If data on a finer resolution are needed or
desired, the user must locate the data and develop the necessary software to prepare the data for
the GEO.DAT file.
41
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APPENDIX C
BACKGROUND INFORMATION
FOR SCREENING ANALYSIS
42
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In the EPA (1998) tracer report, concentration estimates from the CALPUFF dispersion
model were compared to observed tracer concentrations from two short term field experiments.
The first experiment was at the Savannah River Laboratory (SRL) in South Carolina in
December 1975 (DOE, 1978) and the second was the Great Plains experiment near Norman,
Oklahoma (Ferber et al., 1981) in July 1980. Both experiments examined long-range transport of
inert tracer materials to demonstrate the feasibility of using other tracers as alternatives to the
more commonly used sulfur hexafluoride (SF6). Several tracers were released for a short
duration (3-4 hours) and the resulting plume concentrations were recorded at an array of monitors
downwind from the source. For the SRL field experiment, monitors were located about 100
kilometers from the source. For the Great Plains experiment, arcs of monitors were located 100
and 600 kilometers from the source.
This appendix summarizes the processing of the meteorology for the Great Plains
experiment as these data were extended and employed in the screening analyses discussed in this
report.
MODELING DOMAIN
The CALPUFF modeling system uses a grid system consisting of an array of horizontal
grid cells and multiple vertical layers. Two grids must be defined in the CALPUFF model —
meteorological and computational. The meteorological grid defines the extent over which land
use, winds, and other meteorological variables are defined. The computational grid defines the
extent of the concentration calculations, and is required to be identical to or a subset of the
meteorological grid. For the Great Plains simulations, the computational grid is defined to be
identical to the meteorological grid.
To properly characterize the meteorology for the CALPUFF modeling system, a grid that
spans, at a minimum, the distance between source and receptor is required. However, to allow
for possible recirculation of puffs that may be transported beyond the receptors and to allow for
upstream influences on the wind field, the meteorological and computational domains should be
larger than this minimum.
The Great Plains site is shown in Figure 1. Two arcs of monitors were deployed during
the field experiment — 100 and 600 kilometers. For this analysis, two separate grids were
defined. For the 100-kilometer arc, a grid extending approximately from 35° N to 36.5°N
latitude and from 96° W to 98.5° W longitude was defined. A 42-by-40 horizontal grid with a
10-kilometer resolution was used for this arc. For the 600-kilometer arc, the grid extended from
approximately 35° N to 42°N latitude and from 89° W to 100° W longitude. A 44-by-40
horizontal grid with a 20-kilometer resolution was used for this arc.
To adequately characterize the vertical structure of the atmosphere, six layers were
defined: surface-20, 20-50, 50-100, 100-500, 500-2000, and 2000-3300 meters. This vertical
resolution is consistent with the analysis by Irwin (1997) of the 1977 Idaho Falls field study.
43
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43°W
40°
O BATS Samplers
© BATS &LASL Samplers
Rawinsonda Stati
X—x Aircraft Flight Path
Figure 1. Great Plains field experiment site.
44
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METEOROLOGICAL DATA
The CALMET preprocessor utilizes NWS meteorological data and on-site data to
produce temporally and spatially varying three dimensional wind fields for CALPUFF. Only
NWS data were used for this effort and came from two compact disc (CD) data sets (information
on where to obtain these discs is in Appendix B). The first was the Solar and Meteorological
Surface Observation Network (SAMSON) compact discs, which were used to obtain the hourly
surface observations. The following surface stations were used for each of the field experiments:
Arkansas:
Iowa:
Illinois:
Kansas:
Missouri:
Nebraska:
Oklahoma:
Texas:
Fort Smith
Des Moines
Springfield
Dodge City, Topeka, Wichita
Columbia, Kansas City, Springfield, St. Louis
Grand Island, Omaha, North Platte
Oklahoma City, Tulsa
Amarillo, Dallas-Fort Worth, Lubbock, Wichita Falls
Twice daily soundings came from the second set of compact discs, the Radiosonde Data
for North America. The following stations were used for each of the field experiments:
Arkansas:
Illinois:
Kansas:
Missouri:
Little Rock
Peoria
Dodge City, Topeka
Monett
Nebraska: North Platte, Omaha
Oklahoma: Oklahoma City
Texas: Amarillo
45
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MODELING OPTIONS
In the CALPUFF modeling system, each of the three programs (CALMET, CALPUFF,
and CALPOST) uses a control file of user-selectable options to control the data processing.
There are numerous options in each and several that can result in significant differences. The
following model controls for CALMET and CALPUFF were employed for the analyses with the
tracer data.
CALMET Options
The following CALMET control parameters and options are chosen to be consistent with
the 1977 INEL study by Irwin (1997). The most important options relate to the development of
the wind field and were set as follows:
IWFCOD = 1 Use diagnostic wind model to develop the 3-D wind fields
IFRADJ = 1 Compute Froude number adjustment effects (thermodynamic
blocking effects of terrain)
IKTNE =1 Compute kinematic effects of terrain
IOBR = 0 Do NOT use O'Brien procedure for adjusting vertical velocity
IEXTRP = 4 Use similarity theory to extrapolate surface winds to upper layers
IPROG = 0 Do NOT use prognostic wind field model output as input to
diagnostic wind field model
Mixing heights are important in the estimating ground level concentrations. The options
that affect mixing heights were set as follows:
IAVEZI = 1 Conduct spatial averaging
MNDAV = 3 Maximum search radius (in grid cells) in averaging process
HAFANG =30. Half-angle of upwind looking cone for averaging
ILEVZI =1 Layer of winds to use in upwind averaging
DPTMIN = .001 Minimum potential temperature lapse rate (K/m) in stable layer
above convective mixing height
DZZI = 200 Depth of layer (meters) over which the lapse rate is computed
ZEVIIN = 20 Minimum mixing height (meters) over land
ZEVIAX =3300 Maximum mixing height (meters) over land, defined to be the top
of the modeling domain
46
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CALPUFF Options
The following CALPUFF control parameters, which are a subset of the control
parameters, were used. As with CALMET, these parameters and options were chosen to be
consistent with the 1977 INEL study.
Technical options (group 2):
MCTADJ
MCTSG
MSLUG
MTRANS
MTIP
MSHEAR
MCHEM
MWET
MDRY
MPARTL
MREG
= 0
= 0
= 1
= 1
= 1
= 0
= 0
= 0
= 0
= 0
= 0
No terrain adjustment
No subgrid scale complex terrain is modeled
Near field puffs modeled as elongated (i.e., slugs)
Transitional plume rise is modeled
Stack tip downwash is modeled
Vertical wind shear is NOT modeled above stack top
No chemical transformations
No wet removal processes
No dry removal processes
No partial plume penetration
No check made to see if options conform to regulatory options
Two different values were used for the option MDISP:
= 2 Dispersion coefficients from internally calculated sigmas
= 3 PG dispersion coefficients for RURAL areas
Several miscellaneous dispersion and computational parameters (group 12) were set as follows:
SYTDEP = 550. Horizontal puff size beyond which Heffter equations are used for
sigma-y and sigma-z
MHFTSZ =0 Do NOT use Heffter equation for sigma-z
XMXLEN =0.1 Maximum length of slug (in grid cells)
XSAMLEN =0.1 Maximum travel distance of puff/slug (in grid cells) during one
sampling step
MXNEW =199 Maximum number of slugs/puffs released during one time step
SL2PF =5.0 Slug-to-puff transition criterion factor (= sigma-y/slug length)
For the screening analyses in this document, a full 5-year period of meteorological data
was used to compare CALPUFF screening to the ISCST3 refined model. The 5-year period of
1986-1991 was used. Tables A-l through A-3 (in Appendix A) illustrate the comparison of the
CALPUFF screening vs. ISCST3 analyses.
Meteorological processing discussed in the EPA (1998) tracer studies was limited to a
single year. A refined analysis run was made during 1990. Tables A-5 through A-7 (in
Appendix A) illustrate the comparison of the CALPUFF screening vs. refined analyses. Table A-
4 compares CALPUFF screening, CALPUFF refined, and ISCST3 analyses.
47
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO. 2.
EPA-454/R-98-010
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Analyses with the Calmet/Cal puff Modeling System in a Screening
Mode
7. AUTHOR(S)
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Pacific Environmental Services, Inc.
5001 South Miami Boulevard
P.O. Box 12077
Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2077
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
Emissions, Monitoring, and Analysis Division
Research Triangle Park, NC 2771 1
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
5. REPORT DATE
November 1998
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68D30032
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
The CALPUFF model is a multi-layer, gridded non- steady- state puff dispersion model that can simlulate the
effects of temperally and spatially varying meteorological conditions on pollutant transport, remove
pollutants through dry and wet deposition proceses, and transform pollutant species through chemical
reactions. Meteorological processing through the Calmet processor is a complex task. In order to provide a
screening version of CALPUFF, an ISCST3-type of meteorological file is used as input. Documentation
herein compares the screening and refined CALPUFF results.
17. KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
a. DESCRIPTORS
CALPUFF
Regional Modeling
Air Dispersion Models
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release Unlimited
b. IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS c. COSATI Field/Group
Model Performance
Long-Range Transport
19. SECURITY CLASS (Report) 21. NO. OF PAGES
Unclassified 48
20. SECURITY CLASS (Page) 22. PRICE
Unclassified
EPA Form 2220-1 (Rev. 4-77)PREVIOUS EDITION IS OBSOLETE
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