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DCMD: SYNOPSIS OF CURRENT RESEARCH
EPA/600/R-05/031
April 2005
DECONTAMINATION AND CONSEQUENCE MANAGEMENT DIVISION'S
Synopsis of Current Research
Decontamination and Consequence Management Division
National Homeland Security Research Center
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
Recycled/Recyclable
Printed with vegetable-based ink on
paper that contains a minimum of
50% post-consumer fiber content
processed chlorine free
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DCMD: SYNOPSIS OF CURRENT RESEARCH
Disclaimer
Mention of trade names, products, or services does not convey, and should not be interpreted as conveying,
official EPA approval, endorsement, or recommendation.
iii
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DCMD: SYNOPSIS OF CURRENT RESEARCH
fcble of Contents
Introduction vi
Detection Research 1
Indoor Surfaces Sampling and Analysis to Support Decontamination 1
Task 1.2 - Toxicity-Based Chemical Agent Detection Systems: Continuous
Monitoring and Exposure History 1
Task 1.3 - Real-Time Detector for Chemicals, Biological Agents, and Toxic
Industrial Chemicals 2
Task 1.4 - Rapid Determination of Viability of Spores in Disinfectant-
Treated Samples 3
Task 1.5 - Rapid Airborne Chemical Contaminant Detection 4
Task 1.6 - Evaluating the Sampling Efficiency of Bacillus Anthracis Spore
Sampling Techniques 4
Task 1.7 - Characterizing Building Surfaces for Reoccupation Following
Chemical Attack 5
Technology Evaluations 6
Task 1.1 - Evaluating Commercial Detection Devices and Systems -
Technology Testing and Evaluation Program (TTEP) 6
Task 1.8 - Center for Expertise on Sentinel Animals 6
Containment Research 8
Effects of Building Design and Operation on Contaminant Dispersion 8
Task 2.3 - Impact of HVAC Design and Operation 8
Task 2.4 - Residential Safe Havens 9
Task 2.6 - Protection by Building Shell 10
Sources and Dispersion of Attack Agents Indoors and Outdoors 10
Task 2.1 - Emissions Models for Liquid Chemical Spills and Compressed
Gas Releases 10
Task 2.2 - Indoor Movement of Contaminants 11
Task 2.7 - Effects of Human Activities and Environmental Conditions on
Dispersion of Agents after Indoor or Outdoor Release 11
Task 2.9 - Effects of Indoor Sinks on Reemissions of Chemical and
Biological Agents 12
Commercial and Near-Commercial Systems for Building Protection 13
Task 2.10 - Air Cleaners and Filters for Chemical and Biological Threats ..13
Task 2.11 - Evaluations of Commercial Containment Technologies 14
Guidance on Containment and Protection 15
Task 2.16 - Retrofitting Buildings for Protection against Chemical and
Biological Attack 15
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DCMD: SYNOPSIS OF CURRENT RESEARCH
Task 2.22 - Training Programs and Materials 15
Decontamination Research 17
Standardized Decontamination Protocols 17
Task 3.1 - Decontamination Guidance 17
Task 3.2 - Sterilant Registration Protocol 17
Task 3.4 - Systematic Studies to Optimize Decontamination Methods 18
Task 3.5 - Evaluation of Commercial Decontamination Methods and
Systems 19
Task 3.6 - Novel Methods for Decontamination of High-Value Materials .20
Assessment of Residual Effects of Decontamination Chemicals 21
Task 3.3 - Engineering and Economic Analysis of Decontamination
Options 21
Task 3.7 - Lessons Learned from Building Decontamination Experience..21
Task 3.8 - Toxicity of Fumigants 22
Disposal Research 24
Thermal Destruction 24
Task 4.1 — Bench-Scale Investigations of Thermal Destruction
Characteristics of Surrogate Biological Agents 24
Task 4.2 - Bench-Scale Investigations of Thermal Desorption and
Destruction Characteristics of Surrogate Chemical Agents
Adsorption/Desorption Studies 25
Task 4.3 — Pilot-Scale Studies of Thermal Destruction, Permitting Issues,
and Modeling 26
Landfills 27
Task 4.6 - Permanence of Disposal: Assessing Conditions for Safe
Landfilling of Building Decontamination Wastes 27
Task 4.13 - Bench-Scale Investigations of Transport of Surrogate Biological
and Chemical Agents between Landfill Residue, Leachate, and Gas 28
Sampling/Analytical Methods 28
Task 4.8 - Sampling/Analytical Methods for BW Contaminants 28
Disposal Guidance 29
Task 4.4 — Guidance Tool for Combustion of Building Decontamination
Residues 29
Task 4.7 - Technical Resource Manual for the Consideration of the
Protection of the Public and Workers 29
Task 4.9 - Guidance for Emergency Responders, Disposal Permitters, and
Facilities 30
Task 4.10 - Disposal Workshop 30
Task 4.12 - Biocontaminant Laboratory Support for Tasks 4.1, 4.3, and 4.8
32
Risk Assessment and Communication 33
Appendix A: Acronyms List 34
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DCMD: SYNOPSIS OF CURRENT RESEARCH
Introduction
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) National Homeland Security
Research Center (NHSRC), Decontamination and Consequence Management Division
(DCMD), one of three divisions of the NHSRC, is located in Research Triangle Park,
North Carolina. The current focus of DCMD is on the decontamination of buildings that
have been intentionally contaminated by biological or chemical agents. DCMD scientists
study the chemical and biological contamination of air and indoor surfaces; provide
methods for upgrading buildings in ways that increase occupant protection; supply
information on decontamination methods, including safety, efficiency, cost; and analyze
disposal options for decontamination wastes.
Much progress has been made by the DCMD; however, research and development
(R&D) needs remain. Most of the current research has focused on anthrax, but there are
still major concerns about smallpox, plague, tularemia, and biological toxins, such as ricin
and botulinum toxin, as well as chemical warfare agents and toxic industrial chemicals. It
is expected that a system that would kill anthrax would kill other biological organisms, but
this expectation has not been tested. Although chlorine dioxide (ClO^ has shown the
most promise for use as a fumigant for biologically contaminated buildings and there
have been significant advances in commercial systems for providing it for
decontamination, there are still needs with regard to a system that would be safer, less
destructive of interior materials, and less costly.
The information contained in this report is divided into four research areas: detection,
containment, decontamination, and disposal. Included for each research area is a
description of tasks. For each task, information is provided on the task objective, research
partners, research location, task status, and associated products.
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DCMD: SYNOPSIS OF CURRENT RESEARCH
Task
Detection Research
The primary objective of detection research is to ensure that the sampling and
analysis tools necessary to support decontamination are available. Secondary
objectives are to develop monitoring tools and networks that can be used to detect an
attack, to inform containment and safe haven efforts, and to provide data on safe
reoccupancy. Preference is given to detection systems that can detect multiple hazards,
given the many possible scenarios.
Indoor Surfaces Sampling and Analysis to Support
Decontamination
Task 1.2 - Toxicity-Based Chemical Agent Detection Systems: Continuous Monitoring and
Exposure History
Objective
The objective of this task is to demonstrate the feasibility of technology that will
introduce air samples into existing, multi-analyte, toxicity-based detection systems. The
new system design will give near-real-time outputs and will have adequate sensitivity to
detect most chemical threats. The results of this task will provide broad toxicological
screening information to first responders and building decontamination personnel. The
goal is to detect the presence of airborne chemical agents that could impair metabolic
or neurological function. Determinations of duration of exposure and the prior hazard
condition in the building can also be determined.
Partners
U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)
Location of Research
EPA research facilities in Las Vegas, Nevada, and the USGS's Columbia
Environmental Research Center in Columbia, Missouri
Status of Research
Ongoing
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DCMD: SYNOPSIS OF CURRENT RESEARCH
A project within this task has demonstrated feasibility regarding sampling of chemical
agents using Semipermeable Membrane Devices (SPMD). Ongoing research is focused
on improving detection capabilities by developing methods to concentrate samples
prior to analysis.
Products
2003 EPA Science Forum abstract, "Toxicity-Based Chemical Agent Detection
Systems: Continuous Monitor Exposure History." This abstract can be found on the
EPA's Science Forum Web site at:
http://www.epa.gov/ord/scienceforum/2003/abstracts_security.htm.
The results of this research will also be published as a journal article.
EPA Report EPA/600/R-04/069, "Vapor Sampling Device for Interface with
Microtox Assay for Screening Toxic Industrial Chemicals."
Task 1.3 - Real-Time Detector for Chemicals, Biological Agents, and Toxic Industrial
Chemicals
Objective
This task will demonstrate the combined application of three commercially available
real-time technologies as a single, integrated, immediate warning device for detecting
airborne biological and chemical contaminants in building air inlet systems. These
technologies include SPI (Single Photon lonization), Jet KEMPT (Jet Resonance-
Enhanced Multiple Photon lonization) and LIBS (Laser-Induced Breakdown
Spectroscopy). The integrated device, when tied to airflow control, could immediately
cease air intake, eliminating contaminant spread. This task will test field-worthy
components in the lab to develop a prototype field unit design. The same system will
be used for rapid indoor surface sampling to locate contaminated areas and to inform
cleanup personnel, eliminating the delays of field sampling and lab-based analysis.
Included in this task is an ongoing laser-related research project investigating the use of
laser technologies as contaminant detectors. One such research project, the "Laser-
Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) Analysis of Aerosol Agent Surrogate
Project," will determine instrument sensitivity and evaluate potential interferences
related to the use of this technology as a detector.
Partners
EPA research laboratories in Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, and Department
of Defense (DOD)'s Army Research Laboratory (ARL)
Location of Research
Army ARL test facilities
Status of Research
Ongoing
Testing with anthrax surrogates showed functionality and the ability to discriminate
from background. Further testing will study the detectability and discrimination of
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DCMD: SYNOPSIS OF CURRENT RESEARCH
other chemical and biological agents of concern relative to background. Improvements
in software and in the ruggedness of the hardware will be made. A system design
recommendation will be made and efforts to commercialize the unit will be supported.
Products
Research on this task has focused on adapting laser technologies, with the following
laser-related research products having been completed:
LIBS library for biologicals. This library was completed as an EPA internal report.
"Resonance-Enhanced Multiphoton lonization (REMPI) Feasibility Tests on
Chemical Agents" was published as an EPA internal report.
A Single Photon lonization (SPI) system has been built and is available at EPA's
Research Triangle Park facility.
Task 1.4 - Rapid Determination of Viability of Spores in Disinfectant-Treated Samples
Objective
The objective of this task is to evaluate Quantitative Real-Time Polymerase Chain
Reaction (QRT PCR) analysis of biological contaminants. Standardized methods are
needed to ensure rapid, accurate, and sensitive detection of bacteria after
decontamination. Current methods require growth in lab media to tell whether
decontamination was successful. These methods can take several days. This task will
evaluate the use of (QRT PCR) analysis as a potentially more efficient and rapid
analytical method.
Effects of residual disinfectant/fumigant on spore viability will also be assessed.
Partners
University of California, Irvine
Location of Research
EPA's National Exposure Research Laboratory (NERL) in Cincinnati, Ohio
Status of Research
Ongoing
Quantitative PCR (QPCR) test methods have been developed for Bacillus anthrads and
surrogate species of several other organisms of concern. A semi-automated culture
method for detecting Bacillus anthrads by QPCR has been developed and tested. A
semi-automated hard surface disinfection method has been developed and is
undergoing testing. Methods for differentiating live from dead cells in Staphylococcus
aureus and Corynebacterim glutamicum using QPCR have been identified. Future work will
repeat the study with Bacillus spores.
Product
Method for detection and determination of viability of biological organisms, utilizing
accelerated enrichment and QPCR techniques
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DCMD: SYNOPSIS OF CURRENT RESEARCH
Task 1.5 - Rapid Airborne Chemical Contaminant Detection
Objective
The objective of this task is to modify commercial Open Path-Fourier Transform
Infrared (OP-FTIR) detectors for use as real-time sensors in large building spaces (e.g.,
airports) and in heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) ducts. An additional
objective is to modify these detectors for use as small, mobile detectors, mounted on
robotic devices, for use in emergency monitoring or cleanup operations.
Partners
None
Location of Research
EPA research facilities at Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
Status of Research
Ongoing
Rapid airborne chemical contaminant research continues including preparation of a
Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) selection guidance document (in progress) and
real-time software for a mobile laboratory.
Products
Products from this task are under development and include:
Real-time sensors for large open spaces
Mobile sensors for use with robotics for unmanned entry into contaminated areas
Task 1.6 - Evaluating the Sampling Efficiency of Bacillus Antiiracis Spore Sampling
Techniques
Objective
This task assesses the recovery of anthrax spores collected from various indoor
surfaces using various sampling methods to determine attainment of target cleanup
levels. These studies will be used to produce an optimized protocol for indoor surface
sampling.
Partners
DOD, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
Location of Research
Sampling is being conducted at DOD's Dugway Proving Grounds in Utah. Analyses
are being conducted at EPA's laboratory in Cincinnati, Ohio, and the CDC's
laboratory in Atlanta, Georgia.
Status of Research
Ongoing
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DCMD: SYNOPSIS OF CURRENT RESEARCH
A wind tunnel has been fabricated at Dugway to simulate the deposition of anthrax
spores on surfaces. The efficiency of sampling methods is being tested. The first
samples are expected to arrive in Cincinnati for analysis in late February 2005.
Following the investigation of anthrax spores, similar studies will be performed on
other biological organisms of concern.
Products
The following draft reports have been prepared:
A multi-laboratory study to validate methods for surface sampling for Bacillus anthrads
spores
Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) for sample analysis of Bad/Ins anthrads spores
Reports on the success of sampling methods for detection of Bacillus anthrads and other
organisms will be prepared throughout the study.
Task 1.7 - Characterizing Building Surfaces for Reoccupation Following Chemical Attack
Objective
This task will develop procedures to sample porous and nonporous indoor surfaces for
the presence of toxic industrial chemicals, including pesticides. Liquid
Chromatographic-Mass Spectrographic (LC-MS) and Gas Chromatographic-Mass
Spectrographic (GC-MS) methods will be adapted for the chemicals of concern. The
techniques will be published as SOPs.
Partners
None
Location of Research
EPA research facilities in Cincinnati, Ohio
Status of Research
Ongoing
A sensitive, rapid, and systematic sampling procedure has been developed that can be
used to collect low concentrations of chemicals from surfaces. An LC-MS method has
been developed for the determination of two pesticides, a carbamate and diphacine. A
Gas Chromatographic system equipped with a Pulsed Flame Photometric Detector
(GC/PFPD) has been developed for the determination of organophosphate pesticides.
Testing of these methods and equipment will continue with a final report anticipated in
2005.
Products
Products associated with this task include:
Protocol for performing surface wipes with gauze pads
Protocol for sample handling and preparation for analysis
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DCMD: SYNOPSIS OF CURRENT RESEARCH
GC and LC analytical procedures for the determination of pesticides in surface wipe
samples
Report summarizing the results of testing of procedures for sampling porous and
nonporous surfaces
Technology Evaluations
Task 1.1- Evaluating Commercial Detection Devices and Systems - Technology Testing
and Evaluation Program (TTEP)
Objective
A critical element in the protection of buildings and building occupants is determining
those technologies that can be used to detect, measure, and monitor contaminants in
the air and on surfaces. These technologies are necessary to support research into early
warning systems and to determine whether decontamination has been successful. The
objective of this task is to develop test criteria and protocols, using stakeholder group
input, and to evaluate commercially available detection devices and systems.
Partners
None
Location of Research
Research facilities in Columbus, Ohio, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, and
Las Vegas, Nevada
Status of Research
Ongoing
Technology evaluations will continue. Priorities for technologies to be tested will be
determined with stakeholder input.
Products
One report has been completed:
• Technology Category - Surface Acoustic Wave Detectors
Microsensor Systems, Inc. HAZMATCAD™ Plus (November 2004)
available at http://www.epa.gov/etv/verifications/vcenterl2-2.html.
Additional reports will be made available at http://www.epa.gov/etv/verifications as
evaluations are completed.
Task 1.8 - Center for Expertise on Sentinel Animals
Objective
Historically, animals have been used as a measure of air quality. These animals, termed
sentinels, have especially been used in mining. This task will convene expert panels to
assess and formulate uses for sentinel animals in protecting buildings against indoor
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DCMD: SYNOPSIS OF CURRENT RESEARCH
chemical releases. Limited laboratory studies may be performed to optimize and
validate promising sentinel systems.
Partners
None
Location of Research
EPA research facilities at Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
Status of Research
Ongoing
An expert panel has been convened. A literature search and review of work by other
agencies has been conducted and a virtual library established. Ongoing efforts include
1) the reassessment of the use of birds and insects as sentinels, 2) modification of an
existing electronic monitoring system for honeybees, and 3) a literature search on the
sensitivity of songbirds in the vicinity of pesticide spraying operations.
Products
Completed products include:
An interim report on the current status of research and progress made in defining a
method for using sentinel animals indoors
A listing of EPA and outside experts
A draft virtual library
Anticipated products include:
A guidance document containing a comparison between the selectivity and sensitivity
of animal sentinels and detection instruments
Published papers repeating an early canary study, which either confirm or discount the
study findings or suggests ways to improve the use of bird species as sentinels for
airborne hazards
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DCMD: SYNOPSIS OF CURRENT RESEARCH
Task
Containment research is focused on development and testing of methods for
preventing the spread of contaminants and on protecting building occupants,
emergency responders, and decontamination crews. The objectives of the containment
research program are to provide tools, techniques, technologies, and guidance needed
to reduce or eliminate the impact of chemical or biological (CB) attack on building
occupants and to provide tools, techniques, and guidance necessary to determine the
effectiveness and economics of CB protection measures for new and existing
Effects of Building Design and Operation on
Contaminant Dispersion
Task 2.3 - Impact of HVAC Design and Operation
Objective
The objectives of this task are to determine the impact of HVAC design and operation
on the indoor dispersion of contaminants and to develop improved designs and
operational procedures to maximize containment. The products will consist of
guidance manuals on design and operation of HVAC systems.
Partners
None
Location of Research
EPA research facilities at Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
Status of Research
Ongoing
Existing HVAC systems are under evaluation to determine opportunities to improve
containment. Potential design and/or operational enhancements will be identified.
Products
The following products are either completed or under development:
Literature review and report is expected to be completed by March 2005.
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DCMD: SYNOPSIS OF CURRENT RESEARCH
A plan for filter testing has been approved.
Guidance manual on the design and operation of HVAC systems to maximize
containment in the event of a contaminant release
Task 2.4 - Residential Safe Havens
Objective
Studies indicate that sheltering in place, safe rooms, and other protected areas are
appropriate public protection tools when used under the right circumstances. The
objective of this task was to evaluate the effectiveness of these residential safe havens,
using the EPA indoor air quality research house.
Partners
Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), Department of Homeland Security
(DHS)
Location of Research
EPA indoor air quality research house at Gary, North Carolina
Status of Research
Completed
An improved method was developed to determine the airflow rate for a shelter inside a
house. As part of the research, participants using DHS guidelines applied expedient
sheltering measures (plastic sheeting and duct tape) to a room inside a test house.
Airflow rates were measured to determine protection factors under various scenarios
and were calculated both for the house and shelter under various occupancy times,
weather conditions, and outdoor exposure times for hazardous agents.
Results of this research indicate that proper sealing is crucial to the effectiveness of the
shelter. In addition, sheltering in place can be beneficial if people enter shelters before
the arrival of an airborne plume of hazardous agent and exit shelters immediately after
the plume passes. Sheltering in place can be detrimental if people enter or exit shelters
too late. Carbon dioxide (CO2) and oxygen (O2) concentrations inside the shelter are
not likely to reach dangerous levels under most scenarios but could reach dangerous
levels under extended sheltering or affect individuals with respiratory problems.
Products
The following residential safe haven reports summarize the work completed:
The "Data Summary Report" was published as an internal report and is maintained as
an electronic copy on file at EPA.
The results of a study of the effectiveness of in-house sheltering are to be published in
a journal article, "Effectiveness of Expedient Sheltering in Place in a Residence," in the
Journal of Hazardous Materials.
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DCMD: SYNOPSIS OF CURRENT RESEARCH
A project to study expedient sheltering in place in larger buildings will be conducted in
February 2005.
Task 2.6 - Protection by Building Shell
Objective
This task will determine how well the building shell (exterior walls) functions as a filter
to keep chemical and biological agents that were released outdoors from infiltrating a
building. The results of this research will provide guidance on sheltering-in-place
methods and safe haven protocols and will assist other groups in determining building
vulnerability.
Partners
None
Location of Research
EPA research facilities in Cincinnati, Ohio, and Research Triangle Park, North
Carolina
Status of Research
Ongoing
Experimental work will be completed by the end of February 2005. Data analysis and
reporting will be completed by July 2005.
Products
A model for estimating the degree of protection afforded by a building is under
development for use in the evaluation of the effectiveness of buildings as shelters.
Sources and Dispersion of Attack Agents Indoors
and Outdoors
Task 2.1 - Emissions Models for Liquid Chemical Spills and Compressed Gas Releases
Objective
Researchers involved in this task will develop models based on volatility and gas-phase
characteristics of contaminants to predict the spread of low-volatility chemical (i.e.,
nerve agent) contaminants in buildings. These methods and the models will be used to
identify contaminated areas for evacuation and decontamination. These data will also
be used to identify highest threat contaminants, based on their dispersion
characteristics.
Partners
Department of Energy's (DOE) Los Alamos National Laboratory
Location of Research
EPA research facilities in Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
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DCMD: SYNOPSIS OF CURRENT RESEARCH
Status of Research
Ongoing
Research that is underway or has been completed to date includes the development
and testing of several new emissions models.
Products
Products include:
An interim data summary report for emissions modeling for low vapor gases on
solvent spills is to be published in May 2005 as an EPA internal report titled,
"Modeling Liquid Spills inside the Building."
Additional reports and computer models will be available as research progresses.
Task 2.2 - Indoor Movement of Contaminants
Objective
The objective of this task is to study transport within buildings of nontoxic gases that
have similar molecular weights as chemical contaminants of concern. Results of this
study will be used by researchers to assemble information that will allow responders to
predict the amount of time building occupants have to escape from a building or move
to a designated safe haven.
Partners
None
Location of Research
EPA research facilities at Research Triangle Park facility, North Carolina
Status of Research
Ongoing
Experimental work will be completed in February 2005 with data analysis continuing
through 2005. The results of this work will be incorporated into indoor air quality
models in 2006.
Products
A model capable of estimating the time required for dispersion of heavy gases within a
building for varying building operation scenarios. This model will be used for assessing
the dispersion of gaseous threat agents.
Task 2.7 - Effects of Human Activities and Environmental Conditions on Dispersion of
Agents after Indoor or Outdoor Release
Objective
The objective of this task is to determine, through the use of fluid and aerosol
dynamics, how chemical or biological agents released outdoors or indoors can disperse
through or into a building and how human activities (e.g., opening an envelope,
walking on a carpet) impact the dispersion of agents.
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DCMD: SYNOPSIS OF CURRENT RESEARCH
Partners
DOD's Technical Support Working Group (TSWG), DOD Defense Advanced
Research Projects Agency (DARPA), DOE
Location of Research
The Aerosol Test facility at EPA's Research Triangle Park facility, North Carolina
Status of Research
Ongoing
A very low speed wind tunnel/visualization chamber and an indoor air dispersion test
room have been constructed, and experiments and models of aerosol release tests have
begun. Future studies will determine the impacts of varying humidity, temperature,
surface materials, and surface and particle charge as well as the impact of human
activity in the room.
Products
The following publications provide information on the research that has been
completed for this task:
"Airflow around a Child-Sized Manikin in a Low-Speed Wind Environment," in
Aerosol Science and Technology Journal, 2003 Volume 37, pages 303 — 314
Dispersion Analysis of the Simulation of Biological and Chemical Releases within
Buildings: Guidance Document
"Monitoring Exposure to Point-Source Aerosolized Contaminants: Can We Continue
to Assume They Are Well Mixed?", published by the Air and Waste Management
Association (AWMA) with other papers from "The Symposium on Air Quality
Measurement Methods and Technology - 2004"; April 19-22, 2004.
"Short-Term Dispersion of Indoor Aerosols: Can It Be Assumed the Room Is Well
Mixed?" an article submitted to Building and Environment in 2004
"Transport of Airborne Particles within a Room," an article submitted to Indoor Air'vn.
2004
Additional reports and computer models will be available as research progresses.
Task 2.9 - Effects of Indoor Sinks on Reemissions of Chemical and Biological Agents
Objective
This task will be used to determine the impact of indoor sinks (e.g., adsorbent or
absorbent materials, such as upholstery and wallboard) on exposure to chemical and
biological agents in buildings. Sink effects also impact the ability to decontaminate.
This research will be closely coordinated with Tasks 2.7 and 2.1.
Partners
None
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Location of Research
EPA facilities at Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
Status of Research
Ongoing
Model development and additional experimental work applying chemicals to indoor
surfaces and measuring absorption and desorption will be conducted in 2005 and 2006
so that new sink models can be incorporated into indoor air dispersion models. Data
are also being analyzed to determine the impact of sink effects on decontamination
processes.
Products
The following reports describe the results of this research and the models that are
under development:
"Indoor Sinks/Reemissions" will be published as an internal data summary in February
2005.
An EPA report, "Evaluation of Indoor Sink Models," is in progress.
"Recent Advances in Filter Efficiency Test Methods for Electric Filters and Electronic
Air Cleaners" was presented at the "9th World Filtration Conference," New Orleans,
Louisiana, April 19-23, 2004.
Additional reports and computer models will become available as research progresses.
Commercial and Near-Commercial Systems for
Building Protection
Task 2.10 - Air Cleaners and Filters for Chemical and Biological Threats
Objective
Researchers involved in this task will determine the costs and effectiveness of in-room
and whole-building air cleaners and filters and develop improved systems based on
near-commercial concepts. The new air cleaners/filters will provide improved
efficiency and/or reduced pressure drop, compared with existing technology.
Emphasis will be on filters/cleaners that remove toxic industrial chemicals (TICs) from
the air. Such technologies can also be used to provide staging areas for
decontamination and restoration activities.
Partners
DOD's TSWG and DARPA
Location of Research
EPA research facilities at Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
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DCMD: SYNOPSIS OF CURRENT RESEARCH
Status of Research
Ongoing
This task has been combined with Task 2.3, "Impact of HVAC Design and
Operation" research.
Products
See Task 2.3.
Task 2.11 - Evaluations of Commercial Containment Technologies
Objective
This task will evaluate the performance of commercial systems such as filters, HVAC
system modifications, and agent destruction devices that are claimed to protect
buildings in the event of the release of biological and chemical agents.
Partners
Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
Location of Research
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
Status of Research
Ongoing
Ten filters have been tested and reports prepared. Following peer review, reports are
posted on the EPA's ETV Web site. Future activities will include meeting with
stakeholders to identify and prioritize additional technologies for testing. The
technology areas of interest include capturing/containing/destroying gaseous warfare
agents as well as warfare agents in their particle form.
Products
Air filtration and cleaning technology and ventilation media air filter verification study
information is available on the ETV Web site. Reports on the following technologies
can be found at http://www.epa.gov/etv/centers/centerlO.html.
AAF International BioCel® I (Type SH) (February 2004)
AAF International DriPak® 90/95% (November 2003)
AAF International PerfectPleat Ultra, 175-102-863 (September 2004)
Aeolus Corporation Synthetic Mimpleat Panel, SMP-M12-2424 (February 2004)
Aeolus Corporation Synthetic Mimpleat V-Cell, SMV-M13-2424 (November 2003)
Aeolus Corporation Synthetic Mimpleat V-Cell, SMV-M14-2424 (November 2003)
Airflow Products AFP30 (February 2004)
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Columbus Industries High-Efficiency Minipleat (February 2004)
Columbus Industries SL-3 Ring Panel (February 2004)
Filtration Group AeroStar "C-Series" Polyester Panel Filter (February 2004)
Filtration Group AeroStar FP-98 Minipleat V-Bank Filter (February 2004)
Glasfloss Industries, Inc. Excel Filter, Model SBG24242898 (February 2004)
Glasfloss Industries, Inc. Z-Pak Series S, Model ZPS24241295BO (February 2004)
Tn-Dim Filter Corporation Predator II, Model 8VADTP123C23CCOOO (September
2004)
Additional reports will be made available as testing progresses.
Guidance on Containment and Protection
Task 2.16 - Retrofitting Buildings for Protection against Chemical and Biological Attack
Objective
Researchers involved in this task will prepare guidance for building owners and facility
managers on the installation of new technologies that can be used to upgrade
protective systems in existing buildings. The guidance will address both technical and
cost considerations.
Partners
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NISI)
Location of Research
NIST research facilities in Gaithersburg, Maryland, and EPA's Research Triangle Park
facility in North Carolina
Status of Research
Ongoing
A technical feasibility study of building retrofit options that will increase protection
from chemical and biological attack is underway.
Products
Guidance for retrofitting buildings to increase the effectiveness of protection from
chemical and biological attack is under development.
Task 2.22 - Training Programs and Materials
Objective
The objective of this task is to develop programs for training building owners, facility
managers, and building maintenance workers to utilize new technologies and to
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DCMD: SYNOPSIS OF CURRENT RESEARCH
implement methods that would limit the spread of airborne contaminants released near
or inside buildings.
Partners
None
Location of Research
EPA research facilities at Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
Status of Research
Ongoing
This task is in the beginning stages of development.
Products
Products from this task will include programs for training building owners, facility
managers, and building maintenance workers.
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DCMD: SYNOPSIS OF CURRENT RESEARCH
Task
Decontamination Research
s contain significant areas of porous surfaces, such as carpet and ceiling
tile, from which the removal of contaminants can be difficult. The decontamination
research program will emphasise decontamination of porous surfaces. The most
difficult to remove contaminant in each large category of contaminants (e.g.,
anthrax for biologicals, VXfor nerve agents) is the focus of initial research.
Standardized Decontamination Protocols
Task 3.1 - Decontamination Guidance
Objective
The objective of this task is to develop a user-oriented technical guidance document
that will provide information during the decontamination of buildings following a
chemical or biological attack. The guidance document will synthesize available
information and research findings.
Partners
None
Location of Research
EPA research facilities at Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
Status of Research
To be started
Research is anticipated to begin February 2005.
Products
A guidance document will be prepared.
Task 3.2 -Sterilant Registration Protocol
Objective
The objective of this task is to evaluate spore-killing methods for use by EPA's Office
of Pesticide Programs and Toxic Substances (OPTTS) in developing registration and
crisis exemptions under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act
(FIFRA).
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DCMD: SYNOPSIS OF CURRENT RESEARCH
Partners
DOD
Location of Research
DOD's Fort Mead in Maryland; protocol validation will also be done at other federal
laboratories
Status of Research
Ongoing
An Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) procedure and two alternative
procedures for determination of sterilant efficacy have been evaluated in a round-robin
study involving three laboratories. OPTTS will review the test results from evaluations
made during this task for possible improvement through modification of procedures
used for sporicide registration.
Products
The following products resulting from the testing of sterilant efficacy have been
completed:
"Recommendations for Quantitative Method for Liquids and Surrogates on Hard
Surfaces"
"Findings and Recommendations for Gases and Liquids," issued as an EPA internal
report
The following sterilant registration methods are under development:
Modified Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) International Sporicidal
Activity Test (SAT) or AOAC SAT collaborative-validation of modifications
EPA and DOD training on test methods
Task 3.4 - Systematic Studies to Optimize Decontamination Methods
Objective
Researchers involved in this task will experimentally determine the performance of
chemical and energy-based decontamination technologies for selected chemical and
biological agents. In this research, key parameters (i.e., decontamination agent
concentration, contact time, substrate type, environmental conditions, and energy
input) are systematically varied to enable optimization of decontamination methods.
Such studies also define the range of conditions under which a decontamination
method can be used.
Partners
U.S. Army's Edgewood Chemical Biological Center (ECBC)
Location of Research
ECBC, Aberdeen Proving Grounds, Maryland
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DCMD: SYNOPSIS OF CURRENT RESEARCH
Status of Research
Ongoing
Testing is currently being conducted at ECBC. Two experimental systems have been
constructed, and the first experiment on C1O2 has been completed.
Products
Products will consist of reports on systematic studies to optimize chemical
decontamination systems for biological agents by addressing the effects on
decontamination efficacy using different concentrations, temperatures, humidities,
duration of exposure, and surface types (e.g., carpet, wood, wallboard, concrete, and
metal).
Task 3.5 - Evaluation of Commercial Decontamination Methods and Systems
Objective
Researchers involved in this task have developed standardized test protocols to verify
the performance of commercial and near-commercial building decontamination
technologies (both chemical and energy-based treatments) for chemical and biological
attack agents. Technologies to be evaluated are prioritized based on stakeholder input.
Partners
None
Location of Research
Research facilities in Columbus, Ohio, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, and
Las Vegas, Nevada
Status of Research
Ongoing
Additional decontamination technologies will be tested.
Products
Evaluation results for the following technologies are available at
http://www.epa.gov/etv/verifications/verification-index.html#sbmdte.
• Building Decontamination Technology Center - Chlorine Dioxide
Decontamination Technology
CDG Research Corporation Bench-Scale Chlorine Dioxide Gas: Solid
Generator (September 2004)
• Building Decontamination Technology Center - Hydrogen Peroxide
Decontamination Technology
BIOQUELL, Inc. Clarus C Hydrogen Peroxide Gas (March 2004)
• Building Decontamination Technology Center - Paraformaldehyde
Decontamination Technology
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DCMD: SYNOPSIS OF CURRENT RESEARCH
CERTEK®, Inc. 1414RH Formaldehyde Generator/Neuralizer
(August 2004)
Additional reports will be made available as testing progresses.
Task 3.6 - Novel Methods for Decontamination of High-Value Materials
Objective
The objective of this task is to develop new methods for decontaminating high-value
or special materials as well as for electronics. Special materials include items found in
museums, historic homes, government buildings, or other significant buildings. As part
of this task, ideas submitted by small-business owners will be screened. Promising ideas
will be subjected to additional testing, resulting in the selection of usable technologies.
Partners
None
Location of Research
Research locations vary. Research is monitored by EPA
Status of Research
Ongoing
The evaluations of two products have been completed:
Development of a Portable Field Decontamination Unit
Whole-Structure Decontamination of Bacillus Spores by Methyl Bromide Fumigation
Evaluations of the following technologies are underway:
Compact Decontamination Device Using Cold-Plasma-Generated Singlet Oxygen
Electrostatically Charged Aerosol Decontamination (ECAD) System for Small
Building Decontamination
Novel Bioterrorism Decontamination Systems
Ultra-Sensitive Toxic Chemical Detector
Reformulated NanoBio Nontoxic Hard Surface Sanitizer/Disinfectant Formulation to
Inactivate and Kill B anthraces and Other Bio-Attack Pathogens
Self-Regenerating Filters for Decontamination of Chemical and Biological Agents in
Building Ventilation Systems
Research is planned for the following projects:
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DCMD: SYNOPSIS OF CURRENT RESEARCH
Development of a Room-Level Protection/Containment System for
Chemical/Biological Agents
Singlet Delta Oxygen Airflow Sterilization for Building Protection
Wireless Decontamination Gas Monitor
Products
Information on ongoing or completed evaluations is available on the EPA SBIR Web
site at http://es.epa.gov/ncer/sbir/.
Assessment of Residual Effects of
Decontamination Chemicals
Task 3.3 - Engineering and Economic Analysis of Decontamination Options
Objective
The objective of this task is to conduct an engineering and economic analysis of
building decontamination alternatives. This analysis will consider the efficiency and
applicability of decontamination systems under varying conditions. The purpose of this
analysis is to facilitate the selection of efficacious, safe, and cost-effective
decontamination approaches. Existing and developing technologies and systems will be
studied.
Partners
None
Location of Research
Research facilities at Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
Status of Research
Planning was initiated early in 2005.
Products
Product will be an engineering and economic analysis of various decontamination
options. This information will be incorporated into updates of the decontamination
guidance (Task 3.1).
Task 3.7 - Lessons Learned from Building Decontamination Experience
Objective
This task will document EPA's experience and analyze data generated from in-field
building fumigations for anthrax decontamination. The purpose of this research is to
provide improved procedures for use in planning and conducting future
decontaminations.
Partners
None
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DCMD: SYNOPSIS OF CURRENT RESEARCH
Location of Research
Research is conducted at EPA facilities, using information gathered in the field at sites
that were affected by anthrax.
Status of Research
Ongoing
Anthrax decontamination data analyses have been completed for two sites. Additional
analysis continues. Reports will be published as the analyses are completed.
Products
Researchers involved in this task have made the following presentations:
"Protecting Infrastructure: Learning from Anthrax Remediations" was presented at
"Decon 2004" in Palm Harbor, Florida, on May 19, 2004.
• "Anthrax Remediations: Lessons Learned for Future Protection" was
presented at the "International Physical Security Forum" in Oslo, Norway, on
June 1, 2004.
• "Addressing Residual Risk Issues at Anthrax Cleanups" was presented at the
"Toxicology and Risk Assessment Conference" in April 2004.
A report titled "Remediation of Bacillus A.nthrads Contamination in U.S. Department of
Justice Mailroom" has been completed.
• A report on remediation of the Department of State facility is completed in
draft form.
Task 3.8 - Toxicity of Fumigants
Objective
Through animal exposure to low concentrations of selected decontamination
fumigants, researchers will determine the inhalation dose-response relationship for
these fumigants. This research will be used to better define acceptable exposure values
for safe, long-term reoccupancy of a building after fumigation/decontamination.
Partners
None
Location of Research
EPA research facilities at Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
Status of Research
This project was withdrawn due to a lack of FY05 funding.
This research is related to Task 1.8.
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DCMD: SYNOPSIS OF CURRENT RESEARCH
Products
• Study implementation plans (Laboratory Animal Project Review Application,
Institutional Research Protocol [IRP] Level 2).
A poster presentation was made in 2003 on the use of C1O2 as a disinfectant for
anthrax and on the use of sentinel animals to determine the effect of C1O2.
An interim report will be prepared on research findings to date.
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DCMD: SYNOPSIS OF CURRENT RESEARCH
Task
Disposal Research
The objectives of the disposal research program are to provide guidance for disposal
of materials contaminated by CB attack or contaminated by the materials used to
decontaminate a building. Additionally, the research will result in tools, techniques,
and technologies needed to remove and transport materials contaminated by CB
attack to a disposal site. The research will also provide information on the
pollutants likely to be generated by disposal (i.e., incineration) and recommend
methods for minimising their impact on the environment.
Thermal Destruction
Task 4.1 - Bench-Scale Investigations of Thermal Destruction Characteristics of
Surrogate Biological Agents
Objective
After decontamination of a building, there can be a significant amount of residual
materials and wastes requiring disposal. These materials include such items as
absorbents and other cleaning materials, building construction materials, carpets, and
air filters. The objective of this task is to investigate the potential complexity and
variability associated with thermal destruction of such diverse materials. The
investigation will examine thermal destruction through the use of surrogate biological
contaminants in a laboratory-scale reactor. Research results will enable the DCMD to
understand time/temperature requirements for incineration of various building
decontamination wastes.
Partners
None
Location of Research
EPA research facilities at Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
Status of Research
Ongoing
A report is being prepared describing the results of bench-scale thermal destruction
research and the destruction of decontamination wastes.
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DCMD: SYNOPSIS OF CURRENT RESEARCH
Products
"Medical Waste Spore Survivability Results for the Bench-Scale Thermal Destruction
Studies" was presented at the May 2004 "International Conference on Incineration and
Thermal Treatment Technologies" (ITS) in May 2004.
Wood, J.P.; Lemieux, P.M.; Lee, C.W., "Destruction Efficiency of Microbiological
Organisms in Medical Waste Incinerators: A Review of Available Data" was presented
at the "International Conference on Incineration and Thermal Treatment
Technologies" in Phoenix, Arizona, May 10 — 14, 2004.
Brown, P.; Rau, E.H.; Lemieux, P.; Johnson, B.K.; Bacote, A.E.; Gajdusek, D.C.
(2004), "Infectivity Studies of Both Ash and Air Emissions from Simulated
Incineration of Scrapie-Contaminated Tissues," published in Environmental Sdence and
Technology, Volume 38, pages 6155-6160.
A report summarizing the results of the bench-scale studies is under preparation.
Task 4.2 - Bench-Scale Investigations of Thermal Desorption and Destruction
Characteristics of Surrogate Chemical Agents Adsorption/Desorption Studies
Objective
After decontamination of a building, there can be a significant amount of residual
materials and waste requiring disposal. Included in these materials are absorbents and
other cleaning materials, carpets, building construction materials, and air filters. This
task uses bench-scale incineration processes to examine adsorption/desorption of
TICs and of surrogate chemical warfare (CW) agents from activated carbon and other
filter media in a laboratory-scale reactor. The research results will facilitate
understanding of minimum time/temperature requirements that will ensure adequate
destruction of contaminated filters and building decontamination residue during
incineration.
Partners
None
Location of Research
EPA research facilities at Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
Status of Research
Ongoing
This task is being combined with Task 4.1 starting March 2005.
Products
See Task 4.1.
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DCMD: SYNOPSIS OF CURRENT RESEARCH
Task 4.3 - Pilot-Scale Studies of Thermal Destruction, Permitting Issues, and Modeling
Objective
After decontamination of a building, there can be a significant amount of residual
materials and waste requiring disposal. Included in these materials are absorbents and
other cleaning materials, carpets, building construction materials, and air filters.
Researchers involved in this task are investigating issues related to incineration of
surrogate CW and biological warfare (BW) materials. Efforts will be directed at
understanding incinerator operations with an emphasis on safe disposal of
decontamination wastes and compliance with applicable environmental regulations.
Partners
None
Location of Research
EPA's rotary kiln incinerator simulator (RKIS), located at Research Triangle Park,
North Carolina.
Status of Research
Ongoing
Testing is ongoing to assess emissions of conventional pollutants from the combustion
of carpeting, ceiling tile, and wallboard. Testing is ongoing to evaluate spore
destruction as a function of time and temperature in the rotary kiln. Modeling efforts
are underway to scale-up results from projects 4.1 and 4.3 to full-scale incineration
systems.
Products
A journal article on the results of pilot studies of the combustion of waste carpeting
was published in the Journal oj'Environmental'Management, Volume 70, Issue 1, pages 27—
33 (January 2004). This article, titled "Emissions Study of Co-Firing Waste Carpet in a
Rotary Kiln" is available on the Web at
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/03014797.
"Carpet as a Fuel in Cement Kilns" was presented at the "8th Annual Conference on
Recycling of Fibrous Textile and Carpet Waste" in Dalton, Georgia, May 12 — 13,
2003.
"EPA Safe Buildings Program: Protection and Decontamination of Indoor
Environments" was presented at the "2003 Real-World Clean Air Symposium" in
Seattle, Washington, May 19-22, 2003.
"Further studies of ash residues and air emissions from simulated incineration of
scrapie-contaminated tissues" was submitted to Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences Journal in September 2003.
"Destruction Efficiency of Microbiological Organisms in Medical Waste Incinerators:
A Review of Available Data" was presented at the "23rd Annual International
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DCMD: SYNOPSIS OF CURRENT RESEARCH
Conference on Incineration and Thermal Treatment Technologies" in Phoenix,
Arizona, May 10-14, 2004.
"Thermal Destruction of Animal Carcasses" was presented at the "Bovine Spongiform
Encephalopathy (BSE) Meeting" in Washington, D.C., on March 10, 2004.
"Pilot-Scale Carpet Combustion" was presented at the "2004 American Society of
Mechanical Engineers (ASME) Subcommittee on Municipal and Hazardous Waste
Incineration" in Washington, D.C., on April 6, 2004.
"Advanced Modeling of Incineration of Building Decontamination Residue" was
presented at the "Air and Waste Management Association's 98th Annual Conference
and Exhibition" in June 2004.
"Pilot-Scale Combustion of Building Decontamination Residue Air" will be presented
at the "Waste Management Association Annual Meeting" in June 2005.
Landfills
Task 4.6 - Permanence of Disposal: Assessing Conditions for Safe Landfilling of Building
Decontamination Wastes
Objective
The ultimate fate of contaminants associated with building decontamination wastes is a
concern long after disposal. Decontamination wastes in which contaminants have been
completely destroyed present little potential for problems; however, wastes that have
residual levels of contaminants present a potential concern. Under this task researchers
are investigating the survivability of various BW agents in a landfill environment and
the behavior of various CW agents and their decomposition products in a landfill
environment. This research will be used to determine possible modes of contaminant
transport (e.g., air, water, and leachate) from landfills and how effective the landfill is in
reducing the survival time of biological agents.
Partners
DOD
Location of Research
U.S. Army's ECBC at Aberdeen Proving Grounds and EPA research facilities in
Cincinnati, Ohio
Status of Research
Ongoing
Testing has been initiated to examine the long-term survival of live agents in a landfill
leachate environment. These tests are being performed in a DOD Bio-Safety Level
(BSL)-3 laboratory.
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DCMD: SYNOPSIS OF CURRENT RESEARCH
Products
The product will be an EPA report. Information from the study will be incorporated
into a Disposal Guidance Tool (Task 4.9).
Task 4.13 - Bench-Scale Investigations of Transport of Surrogate Biological and Chemical
Agents between Landfill Residue, Leachate, and Gas
Objective
This task investigates the fate and transport of CW and BW agent simulants in a landfill
environment. These investigations will be used to determine the capability of these
contaminant simulants, or their by-products, to migrate as leachate or as landfill gas.
Partners
North Carolina State University and EPA's Research Triangle Park facility in North
Carolina
Location of Research
North Carolina State University at Raleigh
Status of Research
Ongoing
A literature search has been performed, and bounding calculations are being identified.
Based on those bounding calculations, a series of experiments will be performed to
assess the fate and transport of CW and BW agents in a landfill environment.
Products
A conference paper based on the bounding calculations is anticipated in 2005. A final
report is anticipated in 2006.
Sampling/Analytical Methods
Task 4.8 - Sampling/Analytical Methods for BW Contaminants
Objective
The mobility of biological contaminants in landfills or in thermal devices has not been
well explored. To develop an understanding, this task is expanding on preliminary
sampling and analytical methods for measurement of BW contaminants from
combustor stacks and landfills. Emphasis is on method validation, sample hold times,
interferents, and detection limits. Researchers will produce bench- and pilot-scale
investigations to support the development of methods to measure biological agents in
combustor emissions.
Partners
None
Location of Research
EPA research facilities at Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
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DCMD: SYNOPSIS OF CURRENT RESEARCH
Status of Research
Ongoing
Testing is ongoing to evaluate several different sample train designs and their ability to
successfully recover 100 percent of spores injected into a high temperature duct under
a variety of conditions. The most successful of the sample trains will be selected for
further studies in which large quantities of spores will be injected into the EPA rotary
kiln incinerator simulator and sampled under a variety of conditions to assess sample
recovery and spore survival.
Products
A draft sampling method is anticipated to be completed in 2006. A conference paper
based on the initial results is also anticipated in 2006.
Disposal Guidance
Task 4.4 - Guidance Tool for Combustion of Building Decontamination Residues
Objective
The objective of this task was to provide guidance for disposal of building
decontamination residues (BDR). It included the preparation of a Web-based guidance
tool and handbooks on incineration of building decontamination wastes and on
transportation, safety, and disposal capacity for landfilling.
Partners
None
Location of Research
EPA research facilities at Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
Status of Research
Completed
Products
Research on the technical requirements for incineration of building decontamination-
related wastes are included in a handbook titled "Building Decontamination Residue
(BDR) Disposal Decision Tool" and as a Web-based computer tool, "BDR Disposal
Decision Support Tool Version 1.0." The handbook and Web-based tool are on a
restricted access Web site available only to authorized account users.
Task 4.7 - Technical Resource Manual for the Consideration of the Protection of the Public
and Workers
Objective
Under this task, researchers prepared technical guidance related to worker and public
safety considerations associated with the transport, treatment, and disposal of waste
materials generated from the decontamination of buildings.
Partners
None
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DCMD: SYNOPSIS OF CURRENT RESEARCH
Location of Research
EPA research facilities at Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
Status of Research
Completed
Products
The product from this project is a compilation of information that will be added to the
decision support tool under project 4.9.
Task 4.9 - Guidance for Emergency Responders, Disposal Permitters, and Facilities
Objective
Disposal of building decontamination wastes must be in accordance with
environmental regulations. This task involves developing a consolidated guidance
document that will address safety and regulatory issues associated with transport and
disposal. These guidelines will inform selection of the best methods for disposal of
building decontamination wastes and facilitate decontamination choices that do not
produce disposal problems. The guidelines are being developed as an online decision
support tool to address disposal of building decontamination residue.
Partners
None
Location of Research
EPA research facilities at Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
Status of Research
Ongoing
This task is an expansion of Task 4.4.
Products
See Task 4.4.
Task 4.10 - Disposal Workshop
Objective
The objective of this task is to hold workshops involving government, state, and
private sector stakeholders to address issues related to building decontamination
residue.
The first workshop was held in May 2003 in Cincinnati, Ohio. The objectives of this
workshop were to:
Document the current understanding of the challenges faced when handling, storing,
transporting, and disposing of wastes from the cleanup of public and private facilities
contaminated with chemical and biological agents.
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DCMD: SYNOPSIS OF CURRENT RESEARCH
Identify research needs and opportunities for improving coordination among federal,
state, and local government agencies and other stakeholders in order to fill gaps in the
current understanding of these waste management challenges.
Partners
The workshop panelists included representatives from federal agencies (e.g., EPA,
DOD, Department of Transportation [DOT], CDC, state agencies, local agencies,
academia, and waste management companies).
Location of Research
The first workshop was held May 28 — 30, 2003, in Cincinnati, Ohio.
Status of Research
Ongoing
During the workshop, panelists gave presentations on specific topics, including the
waste management challenges posed by the World Trade Center disaster and the
anthrax contamination of office buildings in New York City and Washington, D.C.
Following each presentation, the workshop panelists engaged in free-flowing
discussions to elaborate upon the issues presented.
Additional workshops are anticipated.
Products
The report for the first workshop, "Report on the Homeland Security Workshop on
Transport and Disposal of Wastes from Facilities Contaminated with Chemical or
Biological Agents," was published as an EPA report, EPA/600/R-04/065, in
November 2003. Copies of this report are available at
http://www.epa.gov/ordnhsrc/pubs/reportFacilityWastell0104.pdf.
This report summarizes discussions on the following seven topics: 1) classes of
chemical and biological agents; 2) detection; 3) effectiveness of decontamination; 4)
triaging of wastes; 5) handling, storage, and transport of wastes; 6) landfilling; and 7)
incineration. For each topic, the report outlines the current state of knowledge,
identifies associated research needs, and lists action items identified during the
discussions. The technical content of this report is based entirely on discussions at the
workshop.
In addition to the topics listed above, some cross-cutting themes emerged during the
panelists' discussions, including the absence of widely accepted standards for effective
decontamination, federal involvement in transport infrastructure maintenance, and the
possibility of EPA's future development of relevant databases related to capacity and
transportation routes. Future workshops will address these issues.
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DCMD: SYNOPSIS OF CURRENT RESEARCH
Task 4.12 - Biocontaminant Laboratory Support for Tasks 4.1,4.3, and 4.8
Objective
The objective of this task is to provide technical support for inoculation and culturing
activities required by bench- and pilot-scale research activities investigating the
destruction of BW agents for Tasks 4.1, 4.3, and 4.8.
Partners
None
Location of Research
EPA research facilities at Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
Status of Research
Ongoing
Products
In support of this task, the biocontaminent lab facility manual expansion was
completed in May 2004 as an internal EPA document.
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DCMD: SYNOPSIS OF CURRENT RESEARCH
Risk Assessment and
Communication
Risk communication involves the development of guidance related to improved
detection, containment, and decontamination methods for facility managers, for
emergency responders, for those sampling and analysing materials in the
environment, and for decontamination crews. The communication of research
findings is incorporated into each project.
Risk assessment efforts are performed in collaboration with the NHSRC's Rapid
Risk Assessment (RRA) Team. The RRA is a component of the Threat and
Consequences Assessment Division (TCAD). The objective of risk assessments
for safe buildings is to determine the level of protection necessary to meet the
objectives of the containment program, the risks from proposed decontamination
and disposal procedures, and decontamination levels necessary before a
contaminated building can be returned to normal service. In cases for which risk
assessments cannot be conducted, the risk assessment program will develop
recommendations for research necessary to develop data needed for the risk
assessment.
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DCMD: SYNOPSIS OF CURRENT RESEARCH
Appendix A: Acronyms List
AOAC -Association of Official Analytical Chemists
ARL - Army Research Laboratory
ASME -American Society of Mechanical Engineers
AWMA - Air and Waste Management Association
BDR - Building Decontamination Residue
BSE - Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy
BSL - Bio-Safety Level
BW - biological warfare
CB - chemical or biological
CDC - Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
CW - chemical warfare
DARPA- Defense Advanced Research Program
DCMD - Decontamination and Consequence Management
DHS - Department of Homeland Security
DOD -Department of Defense
DOE - Department of Energy
DOT - Department of Transportation
ECAD - Electrostatically Charged Aerosol Decontamination
ECBC - Edgewood Chemical Biological Center
EPA - Environmental Protection Agency
ETV - Environmental Technology Verification
FEMA- Federal Emergency Management Agency
FIFRA- Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act
GC-MS - Gas Chromatographic-Mass Spectrographic
HVAC - heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
IRP - Institutional Research Protocol
IT3- Incineration and Thermal Treatment Technologies
LC-MS - Liquid Chromatographic-Mass Spectrographic
LIBS - Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy
NERL- National Exposure Research Laboratory
NHSRC - National Homeland Security Research Center
NIOSH - National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
NIST- National Institute of Standards and Technology
OP-FTIR - Open Path-Fourier Transform Infrared
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DCMD: SYNOPSIS OF CURRENT RESEARCH
OPPTS - Office of Pesticide Programs and Toxic Substances
PFPD - Pulsed Flame Photometric Detector
QPCR - Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction
QRT PCR - Quantitative Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
R&D - Research and Development
REMPI - Resonance Enhanced Multiple Photon lonization
RKIS - rotary kiln incinerator simulator
RRA - Rapid Risk Assessment
RTP - Research Triangle Park
SAT - Sporicidal Activity Test
SBIR-Small Business Innovation Research
SOP - Standard Operating Procedure
SPI - Single Photon lonization
SPMD - Semipermeable Membrane Devices
TCAD - Threats and Consequences Assessment Division
TICs - toxic industrial chemicals
TSWG - Technical Support Working Group
TTEP - Technology Testing and Evaluation Program
USGS - U. S. Geological Survey
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/EPA
Environmental
Agency
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Center
Cincinnati, OH 45268
Office Business
Penalty for Private Use
$300
EPA/600/R-05/031
April 2005
www.epa.gov/nhsrc
PRESORTED STANDARD
POSTAGE & FEES PAID
EPA
PERMIT No. G-35
m.
Recycled/Recyclable
Printed with vegetable-based ink on
paper that contains a minimum of
50% post-consumer fiber content
processed chlorine free
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