United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Region 5
77 West Jackson Boulevard
Chicago, Illinois
EPA 905-B-00-002
June 2000
&EPA
IDEA Cost Estimating Model
User's Guide
Illegal
Dumping
Economic
Assessment
Cost Estimating Model
Version 1.2
-------
For further information on using the IDEA model or implementing illegal dumping
prevention programs, please contact:
Paul Ruesch
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Region 5
77 West Jackson Boulevard (DW-8J)
Chicago, IL 60604
(312)886-7598
e-mail: ruesch.paul(S)epa.gov
iTetra Tech EM Inc.
Jack Brunner
Tetra Tech EM Inc.
200 East Randolph Drive, Suite 4700
Chicago, IL 60601
(312)856-8788
e-mail: brunnej(S)ttem i. com
Enviro Impact
Solutions
Jeff Swano
Enviro Impact Solutions
8738 Washington Avenue
Brookfield, IL 60513
(708)485-4190
e-mail: jswano(S)concentric.net
-------
CONTENTS
Section
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1
CHAPTER 2 SCOPE OF THE MODEL 3
ASSUMPTIONS AND COST SOURCES 4
PARAMETERS INCLUDED 5
PARAMETERS NOT INCLUDED 5
Lost Hauling and Disposal Revenues of Legitimate Businesses 5
Age of an Illegal Dump Site 6
Migration of Waste 6
Hazardous Waste 6
USING MODEL DEFAULT VALUES OR USER-SUPPLIED VALUES 6
CLEANUP CREW PROCESS RATE 7
CHAPTER 3 USING THE MODEL 8
HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS 8
GETTING STARTED 8
USING THE MODEL INPUT WORKSHEET 9
Schedule A. Identify Illegal Dump Site Features 10
Limitations 11
Schedule B. Select Values for Waste Type, Quantity, and Disposal Method 11
Schedule C. Estimate Site Cleanup Costs 13
Default Labor 13
Default Process Equipment 14
Term Equipment 14
Per-Unit Equipment 15
Default Process Rates 15
Changing Process Rates 16
Changing Default Values 20
Manual Mode 21
Limitations 22
Schedule D. Estimate Waste Transport Costs 22
Schedule E. Estimate Disposal Costs 23
Limitations 23
Schedule F. Estimate Site Restoration and Security Costs 24
Limitations 25
Schedule G. Estimate Site Surveillance Costs 25
Limitations 26
Schedule H. Assess Property Liabilities 26
Schedule I. Estimate Program Administrative Costs 27
Limitations 27
Schedule J. Estimate Offsetting Costs 27
Schedule K. Adjustments to Default Cost Values 28
Contents
-------
Section
CONTENTS (Continued)
USING THE ADJUSTING DEFAULT VALUES WORKSHEET 28
USING THE COST SUMMARY WORKSHEET 29
USING THE TOOLS WORKSHEET 29
THE DO NOT ALTER WORKSHEET 30
INDEX 31
Appendix
APPENDIX A MODEL INPUT WORKSHEET
APPENDIX B ADJUSTING DEFAULT VALUES WORKSHEET
APPENDIX C COST SUMMARY WORKSHEET
APPENDIX D EXAMPLE DATA COLLECTION FORM
APPENDIX E MODEL INPUT WORKSHEET FLOW CHART
TABLES AND FIGURES
Table B-1. Standard Waste Types and Weight and Volume Conversions Used in Model... 12
Table C-2. Default Process Equipment Types and Hourly Costs 14
Table C-3. Calculation of Default Process Rates by Waste Type 16
Figure C-1. Illustration of the Default Cleanup Crews and Cleanup Processes for the
Standard Waste Types 18
Table C-4. Changes in Default Process Rates Based on Equipment Bucket Sizes 19
Table C-5. Changes to Process Rate Based on Multiple Mobilizations 20
Table D-1. Calculation of Default Waste Transport Costs 22
Table E-1. Default Disposal Facility Costs 23
Table F-1. Calculation of Default Site Restoration and Security Costs 24
Contents
-------
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Illegal dumping is a major problem in many urban and rural communities throughout the United States.
For many communities, the financial and social impacts of illegal dumping activities are understood only in
a general sense. It is widely accepted that illegal dumping affects public health and safety, decreases
property values, discourages economic development, increases municipal operating costs, increases
property taxes and service fees, and results in lost revenues. Furthermore, local governments and private
property owners incur significant capital and operation and maintenance costs associated with the need to
continuously clean up, haul, and dispose of illegally dumped wastes. For many municipalities, these costs
are inadequately measured by current accounting practices. As a result, the true costs of illegal dumping
activities have yet to be fully realized, and no effective means for cost recovery have been identified.
The Illegal Dumping Economic Assessment (IDEA) model was developed to provide community leaders
with a tool for assessing and measuring the costs of illegal dumping activities. Use of the model can be a
first step in quantifying such costs, thereby supporting cost management and policy-making decisions
associated with illegal dumping prevention programs. Intended users of the IDEA model include state,
tribal, and local government authorities; municipal departments; community groups; and civic
organizations. The model is a tool for assembling baseline and ongoing cost data for prevention program
measurement, cost recovery, and enforcement efforts and for calculating cleanup cost estimates. The
information generated by the model can be used to publicize prevention program results, which are
necessary to obtain continued support from high-level authorities as well as to maintain cooperation
between municipal authorities and community groups.
As discussed in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Illegal Dumping Prevention Guidebook
(http://www.epa.gov/region5/dmpguide.htm), an effective illegal dumping prevention approach requires
integration of several strategies that complement one another, including site maintenance and controls,
community outreach and involvement, targeted enforcement, and program measurement. Use of the
IDEA model provides summary data not only for evaluating prevention program efforts but also for cost-
benefit analyses, budget hearings, and grant program accountability.
The IDEA model is designed to be intuitive for ease of use. This user's guide presents the background
information used to develop the IDEA model and provides general instructions and helpful tips for using
the model to assess illegal dump site costs.
Chapter 1
Introduction
-------
Specifically, Chapter 2 focuses on the scope of the model and its underlying structure, including:
• Suggested uses of the model
• Underlying assumptions
• Cost sources
• Parameters relevant to illegal dumping activities included in the model
• Parameters considered but not included in the model
• Model default values
• The illegal dump site cleanup process
Chapter 3 provides additional specific assumptions used in developing the model and general instructions,
tips, and examples for using the IDEA model spreadsheet, including:
• Data to collect for model input
• How to input data into the model
• How to adjust default cost values included in the model or override them with actual cost
values
• The flexibility of the model
Before continuing through this document, either upload the IDEA model on your computer to become
familiar with it or review the worksheets, data collection form, and flowchart included in Appendices A
through E of this document.
Chapter 1
Introduction
-------
CHAPTER 2
SCOPE OF THE MODEL
The formulas of the IDEA model and its option buttons, macros, and other features are embedded in
several worksheets of a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet. This format makes the model an easy-to-use cost
analysis tool that is available in a popular software platform.
Intended users of the IDEA model include state, tribal, and local government authorities; municipal
departments; community groups; and civic organizations. As indicated below, the model can be used to
assess a variety of costs associated with illegal dumping activities in urban and rural areas.
You can use the IDEA model in a variety of ways.
Estimate the costs
of cleanup activities for
• An individual illegal dump site
• A specific group of illegal dump sites
• All the illegal dump sites in a given
community
Assess indirect costs for
• Site surveillance activities
• Property liabilities and impairment factors
• Illegal dumping prevention activities
Conduct cost analyses for
Comparison of different cleanup methods,
what-if scenarios, and varying productivity
rates
Capital equipment investment decisions
Evaluation of the costs and benefits of
illegal dumping prevention activities
Proposed site surveillance operations
Compile or accrue
actual cleanup costs for
• Cleanup cost recovery actions
• Enforcement efforts
• Historical and trend analyses
• Budget development, goal setting, and
performance measurement
A summary of the costs can be printed out in a financial statement format (see Using the Cost Summary
Worksheet in Chapter 3). This statement can be used to inform decision-makers or to give notice to
responsible parties during cost recovery actions. In addition, the financial statement allows the model
user to analyze costs and adjust them by conducting what-if analyses of specific parameters or variables.
Chapter 2
Scope of the Model
-------
Before making the IDEA model available to the public, its underlying assumptions, parameters, layout, and
usability as well as the spreadsheet's formulas and calculations were tested using actual illegal dump site
cleanup data gathered from several municipalities. The rest of this chapter discusses assumptions and
cost sources used in the model, parameters included and not included in the model, the difference
between using the model's default values and user-supplied values, and cleanup crew process rates.
ASSUMPTIONS AND COST SOURCES
Several key assumptions used throughout the model are discussed below. Additional assumptions are
presented in specific sections of Chapter 3.
1. The model user has already assessed the illegal dump site or sites to be modeled and has collected
the data for the Model Input worksheet. Furthermore, the user understands the concepts of the
default values and process rates used in the model (see the last two sections of this chapter and
Chapter 3 for more details).
2. The site cleanup process is simple and straightforward—that is, the site is ready for waste removal,
and no demolition of structures, environmental investigations, or other significant site preparation
activities are needed. Heavy equipment places waste directly into containers at a steady rate.
3. The default labor rate values include fringe benefits and overhead. Default equipment values include
the costs of all supplies needed to operate the equipment.
4. Labor and equipment costs are based on an 8-hour workday. The model's default process rate
includes the time required for one round-trip mobilization per day.
5. The distance of waste transport to a disposal facility is based on travel time, not mileage. The
distance is either "near" (a 2-hour round trip) or "far" (a 4-hour round trip). This simplification is
needed to address the wide variation in waste transport costs and fee schedules. A "near" distance
assumes that the disposal facility is readily accessible.
6. After cleanup activities are completed, site restoration activities are limited to simple grading and
barrier installation.
7. Household waste, regardless of its constituents, is considered to be a nonhazardous municipal solid
waste.
8. Tires are not attached to metal wheel parts.
Chapter 2
Scope of the Model
-------
The cost values used in the IDEA model primarily come from 1999 R.S. Means cost estimating manuals,
which are widely used and accepted. Obtaining most of the cost values from a single source such as R.S.
Means helps to ensure that the costs in the model are comparable. Other sources of cost and conversion
values used in the model include environmental and economic reports.
PARAMETERS INCLUDED
The model is based on two information parameters and nine cost parameters relevant to illegal dumping
activities. These parameters correspond to the schedules in the Model Input worksheet, which provides
the space for entering most data.
Schedule A - Dump site features
Schedule B - Waste type, quantity, and disposal methods
Schedule C - Site cleanup costs
Schedule D - Waste transport costs
Schedule E - Waste disposal costs
Schedule F - Site restoration and security costs
Schedule G - Site surveillance costs
Schedule H - Property liability assessment
Schedule I - Program administrative costs
Schedule J - Offsetting costs
Schedule K - Adjustments to default cost values
PARAMETERS NOT INCLUDED
A variety of cost parameters associated with illegal dumping could not be included in the model because
either limited cost data would be available to the model user or gathering the cost data would be too
burdensome or complicated. Such parameters include short-term and long-term human health costs,
pest control costs, and community self-worth values. Although these parameters are not specifically
included in the model, the model has the space and flexibility for the user to manually enter additional cost
items if the necessary data are available. The cost parameters not included in the model are briefly
discussed below, including (1) a description of the parameter, (2) an explanation why the model does not
account for the parameter, and (3) suggested actions the user can take regarding the parameter.
Lost Hauling and Disposal Revenues of Legitimate Businesses
Once an illegal dump site is cleaned up, the revenues initially lost by legitimate waste haulers and disposal
facility operators will be realized. This revenue, however, would have to be discounted using an
appropriate interest rate (the time value of money) based on the amount of time that the waste was not
properly disposed of. This time period and the discount rate could not be easily incorporated into the
Chapter 2
Scope of the Model
-------
model. However, users are encouraged to explore the value of foregone revenues to better understand
the economic impacts associated with this cost parameter.
Age of an Illegal Dump Site
Time plays a critical role in the accumulation of wastes at an illegal dump site. This consideration is
important because an illegal dump site often serves as a magnet for additional dumping activities;
therefore, costs may increase between the time when the model is used and the time when the site is
actually cleaned up and secured. The model, however, does not consider the effects of time. Instead, the
model provides for evaluation of costs at only one moment in time: the date of the cost assessment.
Model users are encouraged to consider the effects of time and the potential for accumulation of
additional wastes. Of particular concern is the time that passes between conducting the cost assessment
and initiating removal of wastes and securing the dump site.
Migration of Waste
The effects of waste located in a body of water, absorbed into soil, or migrating away from a site is not
considered in the IDEA model. The model assumes that waste is located in one easily accessible area.
Users should understand the effects of migrating wastes on the cleanup crew's efficiency and the need for
special equipment. Users can then either make the appropriate adjustments to the model's default values
or use the additional line item spaces in the model to estimate additional labor and equipment costs
associated with special circumstances.
Hazardous Waste
Hazardous waste at illegal dump sites poses greater health risks and cleanup and disposal costs than
nonhazardous waste. In addition, hazardous waste is regulated under federal and state laws and involves
a different cleanup and cost recovery process than nonhazardous solid wastes. These issues make it
difficult to assess the costs of hazardous waste cleanup in a simplified model.
If hazardous or industrial liquid waste is encountered or suspected at an illegal dump site, the city or state
environmental protection office should be immediately contacted. No unqualified person should attempt to
determine the constituents of a hazardous liquid or waste, as this could have serious health
consequences.
USING MODEL DEFAULT VALUES OR USER-SUPPLIED VALUES
Cost estimates can be calculated using the IDEA model's default values, user-entered actual values that
override the default values, or a combination of default and actual values. Dump site cleanup costs can
be quickly estimated by completing the two information parameters (Schedules A and B) and allowing the
model's default values to calculate cleanup, transport, and disposal costs (Schedules C, D, and E). More
Chapter 2
6 Scope of the Model
-------
accurate cost estimates can be generated by collecting and entering actual cost data specific to a site or
geographic location. In general, the more data that are gathered and entered in the model, the more
accurate its output will be. For this reason, the model user is encouraged to (1) identify and measure
wastes as accurately as possible; (2) gather specific information on local labor, equipment, and material
costs; and (3) become familiar with the scope of local illegal dumping prevention and enforcement
programs.
Techniques for overriding or adjusting the default values are discussed in detail in Chapter 3 under
Schedule C. An example data collection form is provided in Appendix D.
CLEANUP CREW PROCESS RATE
The cleanup crew process rate is the most important variable in the site cleanup cost estimate. A process
rate represents the amount of waste that can be cleaned up by a cleanup crew in 1 hour. The model uses
an hourly process rate to determine the total length of time that equipment and labor will be employed to
clean up the total amount of waste estimated to be present at a dump site.
The IDEA model assumes a straightforward cleanup process with no adverse conditions. Therefore, the
default process rate should be considered an "ideal" process rate, the use of which tends to
underestimate costs. All "real world" impediments to the actual cleanup process, such as restricted site
access, would act to reduce the rate.
In reality, a process rate reflects the productivity of an entire cleanup crew, which depends on the size,
quantity, and efficiency of the heavy equipment used and the types and total amount of waste to be
removed.
The various process rates used in the model and ways to make adjustments to them are discussed in
detail in Chapter 3 under Schedule C.
Chapter 2
Scope of the Model
-------
CHAPTER 3
USING THE MODEL
This chapter presents background information and general guidance for using the IDEA model. The
chapter is divided into the following major sections: (1) hardware and software requirements, (2) getting
started, (3) using the Model Input worksheet, (4) using the Adjusting Default Values worksheet,
(5) using the Cost Summary worksheet, (6) using the Tools worksheet, and (7) the Do Not Alter
worksheet.
HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS
To operate the IDEA model, you will need to have an IBM-compatible personal computer and Microsoft
Excel for Windows 97, Version 5.0 or higher.
The model is in an electronic spreadsheet. You enter information (numbers, equations, or text) into yellow
data entry cells. Using an equal (=) sign, you can do quick calculations directly in a data entry cell. For
example, if you know that a lot size is 300 by 300 feet, you can quickly enter the square footage in a cell
that requests such data. Simply type the following: = 300*300 (then press Enter)
GETTING STARTED
Open the Excel software on your computer. Then open the file titled IDEA Model. Before the model is
completely operable, an option box will automatically pop up. At this point, you should press the "Enable
Macros" button. The spreadsheet will now be open and available for use.
Rle E* gem inert Format ta* Data Mndow Help
L:\a»01-MipaVI3S803 - Ihjal Duni
dacum«nt\IC€A Modd.xis contacts macros.
Mao~QS may concert yiryses. It is always safe to disable macros, but f the
macros are ie^tirnate, you naghl iose SOIBO functionality.
£JWg-..J aQManu-J rvMietc...
Chapter 3
Using the Model
-------
Immediately save this spreadsheet under a different name so that
you always have an unchanged copy. Give the new copy a
descriptive name, such as the name of the dump site or
community you are going to evaluate. Each time you assess a
new site, save the spreadsheet under a new file name to avoid
overwriting or loss of data on the last site you assessed using the
model.
Don't forget to IMMEDIATELY save your
spreadsheet under a different name.
Then frequently save your spreadsheet
when entering data.
The spreadsheet has five tabs at the bottom titled Model Input, Adjusting Default Values, Cost
Summary, Tools, and Do Not Alter. Clicking on a tab will open a worksheet in which data can be
entered or reviewed. Each worksheet is discussed in detail below. Blank copies of the Model Input,
Adjusting Default Values, and Cost Summary worksheets are provided in Appendices A through C,
respectively.
E3 Microsoft Excel - IDEA1.2.xls
J1Q File Edit View Insert Format lools Data Window Help
-Ifllxl
B I U
A - ,
Illegal LJiimping .Economic Assessment (IDEA)
Cost Estimating Model
Version 1.2
_L
1
Schedule A. Identify Illegal Dump Site Features
i using the model to. . . Q
located in. . . IT
that iS best described as. . . | a primarily residential ;
Area measurement
The assessed dump site is known as
City
.del Input X Adjusting Default Values / Cost Summary /Tools/ Do Not Alter /
USING THE MODEL INPUT WORKSHEET
The Model Input worksheet provides the space in which you will enter most of your data. This worksheet
is divided into schedules that correspond to the model's parameters (see Chapter 2). The schedules
consist of drop-down menus, data entry cells, and color-coded text to help you move through them as
follows:
• Drop-down menus allow you to push a button to select one of several options, usually a variable,
or to switch between the default and manual modes.
Chapter 3
Using the Model
-------
Q Microsoft Excel - IDEAI.2.xls
Ble Edit View Insert Format Tools Data Window Help
~ 11 - B I U
C&D-Building Materials
S.W. landfill/transfer
Mixed or unknown
Household
S.W. landfill/transfer
C&D-Concrete
rush or landscape
Appliances
S.W. landfill/transfer
H\ Model Input X Adjusting Default Values / Cost Summary /Tools/ Do Not Alter / <| I
Data entry cells are the only cells in which you
can enter data and are colored yellow. All other
cells are write-protected, so you don't have to
worry about accidentally deleting default values or
formulas.
Instructions are provided in purple to help guide
you through certain sections. Error messages and
important information are provided in red text.
Total and subtotal costs are highlighted in green
cells.
The Model Input worksheet is designed
to be intuitive for ease of use. All you
need to do is look for the words "Start
Here" at the top of Schedule A. Then
follow the instructions and enter data as
you work your way down through each
schedule of the worksheet.
For easy reference, the tab(s) along the right margin of the page indicate the schedule(s) discussed on
that page.
Schedule A. Identify Illegal Dump Site Features
Schedule A collects general information about the site or sites that you are about to evaluate. This
schedule consists of drop-down menus and data entry cells. The general dump site feature information
entered here is used in the Cost Summary worksheet as well as in several other schedules of the Model
Input worksheet. If you are using the model's original default values, you must enter your dump site's zip
code in Schedule A to automatically adjust the model's "national average" values to your geographic area.
10
Chapter 3
Using the Model
-------
Limitations
The first question in Schedule A asks how you intend to use the model. Your options are to use the model
to (1) estimate costs of an individual site, (2) estimate costs of several sites, or (3) compile actual costs.
Using the model to estimate costs or compile actual costs for an individual site is fairly straightforward.
However, to assess multiple sites, you will need to complete some work outside of the spreadsheet. Your
options include the following:
1. Run the model for each individual site and add up the costs (this option is best if you are
evaluating only a few sites, or if you are compiling actual costs of several sites):
• Input data, adjust default values if necessary, and run the model separately for each site
• Print out the 1 -page Cost Summary (or the 8-page Model Input worksheet) for each site
• Check the results for double counting of costs among the sites
• Add up each schedule's total by hand and then input the sums in a separate model for the
group of sites
2. Run the model using aggregate waste volume (this option is best if you are assessing a large
number of sites):
• Add up the total waste volume (by type) estimated to be present at all the sites you are
evaluating by hand (see note below regarding data collection at multiple sites)
• Enter the aggregated information in Schedules A and B and review the other schedules
for accuracy or additional data input
• Make necessary adjustments to the process rates to account for smaller sites or multiple
mobilizations in a single workday (see Schedule C, Table C-5) and run the model
Schedule B. Select Values for Waste Type, Quantity, and Disposal Method
Schedule B shows the standard waste types that
the model assesses. Hazardous wastes are not
assessed by the model but are included in this
schedule as a precaution so users can be
alerted to the actions to take if hazardous wastes
are encountered.
This schedule consists of data entry cells for the
waste volume and various drop-down menus for
selecting the unit of measure, disposal method,
and distance to the disposal facility. Purple text
guides you through the data entry process.
It is assumed that you have estimated the volume of
the waste during an inspection of the illegal dump site
or group of sites. You should use a data collection form
in the field to organize illegal dump site information.
An example data collection form is provided in
Appendix D. However, you are encouraged to create
your own data collection form based on the information
in the Model Input worksheet flow chart in Appendix E
in order to meet your particular needs.
11
Chapter 3
Using the Model
-------
The model allows you to enter the unit of measure that you used when estimating the waste quantity in the
field. In Schedule C, the model converts the unit of measure entered to a standard or default unit that is
used to calculate costs. Table B-1 shows the values used to convert standard waste types to an average
unit.
Table B-1. Standard Waste Types and Weight and Volume Conversions Used in Model
Standard Waste Types
Mixed or Unknown
Appliances
Tires
Brush or Landscape
Household
Construction and Demolition
(C&D)— Building Materials
C&D— Concrete
Hazardous
Standard or
Default Unit
cubic yards
units
units
cubic yards
cubic yards
cubic yards
cubic yards
not applicable
Conversion to an Average Unit
700 pounds per cubic yard
177 pounds per appliance
21 pounds per car tire, 70 pounds per
truck tire, or 45.5 pounds for a variety of
tires (the average for car and truck tires)
300 pounds per cubic yard
225 pounds per cubic yard
750 pounds per cubic yard
2,000 pounds per cubic yard
See Chapter 2 for a discussion of
hazardous wastes.
Reference
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
not applicable
References:
1. CalRecovery, Inc. 1993. "Conversion Factor Study In-Vehicle and In-Place Waste Densities." Report No.
1310. Average of in-truck densities for commercial sector wastes.
2. EPA. 1997. "Measuring Recycling, A Guide for State and Local Governments." Office of Solid Waste and
Emergency Response. EPA530-R-97-011. Average weight of a washing machine, clothes dryer,
oven/range, refrigerator, and water heater tank.
3. EPA. 1997. Reported values, no averages.
4. EPA. 1997. Rounded average of a weight range for uncompacted grass clippings and leaves.
5. EPA. 1997. Middle of a weight range for uncompacted residential wastes.
6. CalRecovery, Inc. 1993. Average of midrange of in-truck densities for nonconcrete C&D wastes.
7. CalRecovery, Inc. 1993. Reported value, not an average.
C&D waste can vary widely in its weight depending on the specific material
involved. The model allows for this variation by providing two C&D categories.
C&D—Building Materials assumes that the waste is composed of roofing, siding,
wood, or similar "lighter" materials. C&D—Concrete assumes that the waste is
composed of concrete, brick, asphalt, metal, or similar "heavier" materials.
Use the Tools
worksheet to make
volume, area, and
weight conversions.
Some wastes that may be encountered at an illegal dump site are not included among the model's
standard waste types. In general, however, you can include most nonstandard waste types with the Mixed
or Unknown waste type. Or you can use your judgment and include a nonstandard waste type with a
12
Chapter 3
Using the Model
-------
standard waste type that has a similar weight (see Table B-1). Just be sure that the nonstandard waste
type will be disposed of in the same way as the standard waste type you decided to include it with.
Schedule C. Estimate Site Cleanup Costs
All you need to do in order to quickly estimate site cleanup costs is enter the dump site's zip code in
Schedule A and complete Schedule B. You can do this because Schedule C uses a standardized site
cleanup method based on the waste type. The model standardizes the heavy equipment, containers,
process rate, and labor needed to clean up a site and provides default values for the quantities, time rates,
and costs of these items. Drop-down menus and purple text will guide you through Schedule C and its
four parts.
Schedule C is divided into four parts. Part 1 allows you to enter a lump sum value for the site cleanup
cost (for example, a contractor's estimate) and then go on to Schedule D. Part 2 estimates cleanup costs
for the Mixed or Unknown, Household, C&D—Building Materials, C&D—Concrete, and Brush or
Landscape waste types. These wastes are assumed to be cleaned up using the same method and at the
same process rate. Part 3 estimates cleanup costs for Appliances, and Part 4 estimates cleanup costs for
Tires. These wastes are addressed in separate parts because the model uses either different default
labor, equipment, or process rate values to calculate cleanup costs for them.
The following sections discuss the default labor, process equipment, term equipment, per unit equipment
and process rates used in the model; how to calculate and make changes to the default process rates;
how to change default values; how to add just cost values on a line-by-line basis using the manual mode;
and some of the limitations of Schedule C.
Default Labor
The model assumes that all cleanup crew members regardless of their duties will be at a site for the same
amount of time. The total hours that labor will be needed at a site is a function of the default process rate
and the type and volume of waste present. Labor wage rates include direct pay plus any required fringe
benefits and overhead but not profit. The model's default labor types and hourly wage rates are
summarized in Table C-1.
Chapter 3
13 Using the Model
-------
Table C-1. Default Labor Types and Hourly Wage Rates
Waste Type
Mixed or Unknown,
Household, C&D, and
Brush or Landscape
Appliances and Tires
Number of
Personnel
1
1
2
1
1
1
Labor Type
Supervisor
Front-end loader operator
Dump truck driver
Supervisor
Front-end loader operator
Other worker
Hourly Wage
Rate
$23.45
$27.20
$22.10
$23.45
$27.20
$21.45
Be sure to compare your actual cleanup crew labor makeup to the model's default labor types. If they are
similar, you know that the cost estimate will be reasonable. If they are very different in terms of the
numbers, types, costs, or efficiencies of personnel, make the necessary spreadsheet modifications using
the methods described in the sections of this chapter titled Changing Process Rates, Changing Default
Values, and Manual Mode.
Default Process Equipment
Process equipment consists of the heavy equipment that will be used to clean up an illegal dump site.
The model assumes that all process equipment will be at a site for the same amount of time. The total
time that equipment will be needed at a site is a function of the default process rate and the type and
volume of waste present. The model's default process equipment types and hourly costs are summarized
in Table C-2.
Table C-2. Default Process Equipment Types and Hourly Costs
Waste Type
Mixed or Unknown,
Household, C&D, and
Brush or Landscape
Appliances and Tires
Number of
Equipment Units
1
2
1
Equipment Type
Front-end loader
20-cubic-yard dump truck
Front-end loader
Hourly Cost
$72.11
$59.06
$72.11
Be sure to compare your actual process equipment types to the model's default equipment types. If they
are similar, you know that the cost estimate will be reasonable. If they are very different in terms of the
numbers, types, costs, or efficiencies of equipment units, make the necessary spreadsheet modifications
using the methods described in the sections of this chapter titled Changing Process Rates, Changing
Default Values, and Manual Mode.
Term Equipment
Some equipment used during a cleanup will be available only on a daily, weekly, or monthly basis.
Equipment that is priced based on the duration of its use is referred to as "term equipment" because it is
14
Chapter 3
Using the Model
-------
used for a specific term or period of time. The model allows you to manually enter the term (such as day,
week, or month), the number of equipment units, the length of term (as a number), and the costs of
several term equipment options.
Per-Unit Equipment
Per-unit equipment (such as roll-off boxes and other containers) is based on waste volume, or the number
of units (such as tires or appliances) that will fit into it, rather than the duration of a cleanup. This
equipment is assumed to be at a dump site until it is full at which point it is transported to a disposal facility
and another empty unit immediately replaces it.
The default per-unit equipment consists of 40-cubic-yard roll-off containers that are used to accumulate
Appliances and Tires. Each container is assumed to cost $200 and to hold either 50 individual appliance
units or 345 tires. The model calculates the number of containers needed based on this assumption. The
labor and roll-off truck equipment costs relevant to the drop-off and pick-up of a container is assumed to
be included in the waste transport costs of Schedule D.
Default Process Rates
As mentioned in Chapter 2, process rates are the most
important variables in the site cleanup cost estimate. The
model uses the process rate to determine the length of time
that equipment and labor will be needed to clean up the total
amount of waste at a dump site. The model converts the
amount of waste indicated in Schedule B into a default unit.
This value is then divided by the process rate to determine the
value in the "Total Hours" column of Schedule C.
The process rate is essentially the
productivity of your cleanup crew. This
productivity is a function of numerous
variables, including heavy equipment
bucket size, the number of mobilizations
made during an 8-hour workday, and
dump site logistics. Adjusting the
process rate greatly affects the cost
estimate, so understanding how this
variable changes in the "real world" will
allow you to generate better cost
estimates.
The default process rate is calculated based on the waste
type and an assumed cleanup process. The Mixed or
Unknown, Household, C&D—Building Materials, C&D—
Concrete, and Brush or Landscape waste types are assumed to be cleaned up using the same process.
Appliances and tires are cleaned up using different processes.
Regardless of the waste type, the default cleanup process is dependent on the type of heavy equipment
used to remove wastes at a dump site. Each heavy equipment type is assumed to have a particular
capacity that determines the amount of waste that it can handle in one "trip." A single trip consists of
using the equipment to reshape a waste pile, scoop up wastes, transport them to a disposal container,
and then return to the waste pile. The model assumes that either a 20-cubic-yard dump truck or a roll-off
truck leaves the site as soon as it is full and that an empty 20-cubic-yard dump truck or roll-off container is
15
Chapter 3
Using the Model
-------
immediately available at the site. A time per trip is assumed, which is then converted into an hourly rate.
Finally, the number of units for each equipment type is assumed to determine the total hourly process rate
for the waste type. Table C-3 summarizes how the default process rates were calculated.
Table C-3. Calculation of Default Process Rates by Waste Type
Waste Type
Mixed or
Unknown,
Household,
C&D, and Brush
or Landscape
Appliances
Tires
Equipment
Type
4-cubic-
yard, front-
end loader
4-cubic-
yard, front-
end loader
4-cubic-
yard, front-
end loader
Equipment
Capacity
4 cubic yards
1 unit
46 tires minus
15% for
bounce-out =
40 tires
Time Per
Trip
Not
applicable
Every 5
minutes
assumed
Every 1 0
minutes
assumed
Total Hourly
Rate
12 to 44
cubic yards
per hour
observed
12 units per
hour
assumed
240 tires per
hour
assumed
Number of
Equipment
Units
1
1
1
Total
Process
Rate
28 cubic
yards per
hour
12 units per
hour
240 tires
per hour
Figure C-1 illustrates the default labor, default process equipment, and default cleanup processes for the
various standard waste types. The corresponding hourly process rates are also shown. Be sure to
compare your actual cleanup crew's process rate to the model's default rates. If they are similar, you
know that the cost estimate will be reasonable. If they are very different, make the necessary spreadsheet
modifications using the methods described in the sections of this chapter titled Changing Process Rates,
Changing Default Values, and Manual Mode.
Changing Process Rates
A process rate reflects the productivity of an entire cleanup crew,
which depends primarily on the size, quantity, and efficiency of the
heavy equipment used; the total volume of waste removed; and site
logistics. You can obtain the information needed to calculate your
actual response rate either from direct observation or from records
(such as timesheets or waste disposal receipts) generated during
cleanup operations.
Remember that changing process
rates is an optional exercise that
will improve cost estimates. All
you need to do in order to quickly
estimate site cleanup costs is to
complete Schedules A and B. If
you do not change process rates
or default values, Schedule C uses
standardized site cleanup values
to develop cost estimates.
16
Chapter 3
Using the Model
-------
There are two ways to calculate the actual process rate of your cleanup crew:
1. If each unit in the entire crew (including both labor and equipment units) worked the
same number of hours, use this formula:
WQ
Process Rate =
T,
Where
WQ = Total waste quantity
T1 = Total hours of any one cleanup crew unit
Example C-1-Calculate Process Rate of Crew with Same Total Unit Hours
Example: Your cleanup crew consisted of three laborers and two pieces of heavy equipment. Based on
timesheets, you determine that they each worked 8 hours at an illegal dump site. Based on waste disposal
receipts, the crew removed 90 tons of waste. Because each labor and equipment unit was at the site for
8 hours, you would calculate the process rate to be (90/8), which equals 11.25 tons per hour.
2. If individual crew units worked different numbers of hours, use this formula:
fWQ + WQ^ fWQ+ WQ^
U, +- En I
Process Rate = =- +
n
Where
n = number of labor or equipment units
WQ = total waste quantity (in equivalent units)
L-i... Ln = labor hours of each individual labor unit employed
E! ... En = equipment hours of each individual equipment unit employed
Example C-2-Calculate Process Rate of Crew with Varying Total Unit Hours
Example: Your cleanup crew consisted of three laborers and two pieces of heavy equipment. Based on
timesheets, you determine that one supervisor and one equipment operator worked at an illegal dump site for
8 hours and that one equipment operator worked at the site for 6 hours. Based on waste disposal receipts, the
crew removed 90 tons of waste. To calculate the actual process rate, you would need to average the labor:
(90/8 + 90/8 + 90/6) / 3, which equals 12.5 tons per hour. Next, you would average the equipment:
(90/8 +90/6] 12, which equals 13.125 tons per hour. Finally, you would divide the two results by 2 to get the
entire cleanup crew's actual process rate: (12.5 +13.125) / 2, which equals 12.8 tons per hour.
Chapter 3
17 Using the Model
-------
CS)
LU
its
if!
LU (/) DC
X Z> O
DC
OQ
LU
O
LU
DC
CO
CO
LLJ
O
O
DC
a.
LLJ
CD
CO
O
oo
CM
(
Q.
3
Q
"w
D)
0)
LLJ
CO
CO
LLJ
O
O
DC
LLJ
Q
O
CD
CD
Q.
CM
CM
© I
co c
0) CO
I/I
0)
Q.
(A
s
re
T3
c
re
0)
*J
13
£
-------
If you take the time to measure cleanup crew efficiencies, you will be able to observe their overall
productivity and gain a better understanding of the significance of this variable. In addition, you will be
able to determine how site conditions and other factors affect productivity, which will allow you to generate
better cost estimates.
Based on limited observations of the efficiencies of cleanup crews during model development, the process
rate has been found to be affected by three specific variables:
• The bucket size and quantity of the heavy equipment used to load waste into containers
• The number of mobilizations required in an 8-hour workday
• Dump site logistics such as ease of site access, equipment maneuverability, and accessibility
of wastes
Tables C-4 and C-5 offer general adjustment factors used to make changes in default process rates (or
actual process rates) based on equipment bucket sizes and mobilization factors. However, because site
logistics are highly variable from one site to the next, no general adjustment factor guidance is offered for
the effects of site logistics on cleanup crew productivity.
Table C-4. Changes in Default Process Rates Based on Equipment Bucket Sizes
Standard Waste Type
Mixed or Unknown, Household,
C&D, and Brush or Landscape
Appliances
Tires
Equipment Bucket
Size in Cubic Yards
4
3.5
3
2.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
Process Rate
28 cubic yards per hour
24 cubic yards per hour
21 cubic yards per hour
1 7 cubic yards per hour
12 units per hour
10 units per hour
9 units per hour
7 units per hour
240 tires per hour
210 tires per hour
180 tires per hour
150 tires per hour
Default process rates assume two 1/2-hour mobilizations for every 8-hour workday, which means that only
one site is cleaned up each day. Therefore, the model's default process rates can be affected by
• Additional mobilizations
• A change in mobilization time
• A change in the length of a workday
19
Chapter 3
Using the Model
-------
The percentages presented in Table C-5 can be applied to your actual process rate as well as the model's
default process rate.
Table C-5. Changes to Process Rate Based on Multiple Mobilizations
Number of Sites Cleaned Up per
8-Hour Workday
1
2
3
4
5
Lower the Process
Rate by
13%*
19%
25%
31%
38%
Note: * For actual process rates only. Do not apply this to the default process rate
because it already assumes one site cleanup per day.
This section offers general guidelines for adjusting default and actual process rates. Once you have a
process rate that you want to use in place of the default process rate, you can make the necessary
spreadsheet modifications using the methods described in the next two sections of this chapter titled
Changing Default Values and Manual Mode.
Changing Default Values
You can generate more accurate cost estimates and
conduct cost analyses by collecting and entering actual
cost data specific to a site and location. In general, the
more data you gather and enter in the model, the more
accurate the output will be. For this reason, you are
encouraged to (1) identify and measure wastes as
accurately as possible; (2) gather specific information on
local labor, equipment, and material costs; and (3) become
familiar with the extent and characteristics of local illegal
dumping prevention and enforcement programs.
In the Adjusting Default Values
worksheet, enter the process rate and
the labor, equipment, disposal, and
other costs you have knowledge of, and
then save the file. Now when you open
the model, your actual values will be
available.
Techniques for overriding or changing default values include the following:
• In Schedule A, localize the "national average" default cost values by entering the illegal dump
site's zip code.
• In the manual mode (see the next section), enter specific costs on a line-by-line basis.
20
Chapter 3
Using the Model
-------
In the Adjusting Default Values worksheet, enter your actual cost values for any or all of the
process rate labor, equipment, material, or disposal site default values. This will change the
default values used throughout the model, thereby customizing it to your specific circumstances
(see the Using the Adjusting Default Values Worksheet section later in this chapter).
For cost estimates generated after 1999, all values can be adjusted using price-inflator indices
such as the consumer price index or producer price index (which are available from the U.S.
Department of Labor or at various financial web sites). Enter the percentage change in the
appropriate data entry cell in Schedule K.
Use a combination of default and actual costs, depending on which costs are available to you.
Manual Mode
You can adjust cost values on a line-by-line basis using the manual
mode. A drop-down menu allows you to select either the default or
manual mode for calculating a particular line item value. In the drop-
down menu, select Manual. The default value disappears, and an
instruction line appears that says "enter manual #s here-*." The
arrow points to a yellow-shaded data entry cell.
If you want to zero out a particular
default item, select Manual and
then do not enter any data.
87
Labor Costs
Process Rate
# of Workers Cu Yd/Hour
| Manual -rj Supervisor
liter manual #s here==>
.Equipment Operator
Drivers
(Manual Only)
Other Laborl
14 < t M \ Model ln|.ui,: Ad ujhnq Default Values /! Cost Summary /["Tools/"
Ready
2ft
2ft
For line items that have a default or manual option, you can use either the default values or the manual
values in the calculation but not a mixture of the two types. This prevents double counting and allows you
to switch between the two modes in order to see differences, compare alternatives, and conduct what-if
analyses.
21
Chapter 3
Using the Model
-------
Limitations
As a result of the model's incorporation of a
standardized cleanup method, all waste is assumed to
be managed by the labor and equipment at a
standardized process rate. Thus, the model does not
allow for varying rates of processing or for
percentages of a particular waste volume being
processed at different rates. In reality, the process
rate is affected by numerous site-specific and
unpredictable variables.
You can use the model to see the differences
associated with substituting labor for
equipment in the cleanup phase. Use the model
to help you decide whether to purchase or
rent capital equipment (for example, if you
have a large volume of waste and are
considering purchasing or renting a particular
piece of equipment—say a shredder for tires).
For manual entries, the model does not calculate the "length of term" values for term equipment. This is
the case because the basis for the term can depend on more than one variable (such as the length of time
needed for waste cleanup and the waste volume).
Schedule D. Estimate Waste Transport Costs
Waste transport typically involves a per load charge,
may involve a per mile charge, and can involve other
fees when the waste is handled by hauling and cartage
companies. However, the model assumes that waste
transport will incur labor costs and equipment charges
based on the time required for a round trip from the
illegal dump site to the disposal facility.
Schedules D and E are fully automated in the
Default mode. As a result, you should check
all values to see whether you agree with them.
Use the Manual Mode or Adjusting Default
Values worksheet to make any changes to
transport and disposal costs to reflect local
conditions.
The Hours Per Load charge depends on whether you
selected the "Near" or "Far" button for the distance to the disposal facility in Schedule B. The "Near"
category assumes a 2-hour round trip, and the "Far" category assumes a 4-hour round trip. The
combined labor and equipment hourly rate is $81.16. The total cost per load is presented in Table D-1.
Table D-1. Calculation of Default Waste Transport Costs
Disposal Facility Distance
Near
Far
Round-Trip Duration
2 hours
4 hours
Combined Labor and Equipment Total Cost
$162.32
$324.64
22
Chapter 3
Using the Model
-------
Schedule E. Estimate Disposal Costs
Disposal costs are based on either the total weight or total volume of the wastes being disposed of and
the disposal method you selected in Schedule B. The model calculates disposal costs as indicated in
Table E-1.
Table E-1. Default Disposal Facility Costs
Disposal Facility
Solid waste landfill or transfer station
Solid waste incinerator
C&D landfill
C&D recycler
Compost landfill
Metal recycler
Tire recycler
Tire incinerator
Cost per Ton
$37.00
$40.00
$42.00
$28.00
$20.00
$22.00
$26.00
$31.00
A column titled "Waste Total (in cu yds)" is provided for manual entries.
The model allows you to change the amount of waste
present at an illegal dump site in order to see the
impact on costs. To do this, when you have completed
all the schedules, save your work and print out the Cost
Summary. Then vary the amount of waste or select a
different disposal facility and print out a new Cost
Summary. If you do not want to lose your original
data, do not save the new information unless you do so
under a new file name.
Limitations
You cannot divide the amount of a single waste type among different disposal methods (for example, half
the tires at a site go to a recycler and the other half to an incinerator).
If you do not expect to incur disposal costs for wastes that have been cleaned up, you can adjust the
waste totals using the manual mode. To do this, look at the Waste Total amount calculated by the model
and subtract the value of the materials not disposed of. Then enter the new Waste Total value and the
disposal costs using the manual mode.
23
Chapter 3
Using the Model
-------
Schedule F. Estimate Site Restoration and Security Costs
After a site has been cleaned up, the model can estimate certain site restoration and security costs.
However, the model does not automatically calculate such costs. Most of the variables needed to
calculate these costs must be entered manually because the variables are highly site-specific. However,
the model does provide a few default unit cost values, which are presented in Table F-1.
Table F-1. Calculation of Default Site Restoration and Security Costs
Activity
Grading
Fencing
Barrier installation (as an
alternative to fencing)
Sign installation
Police surveillance (short-term)
User Input Needed
square feet (area)
linear feet
number of gates
linear feet
linear feet
hours
Model Default Cost
Costs of front-end loader labor ($32.40) and
equipment ($46.65) operating at a rate of 3,000
square feet per hour
$30 per linear foot of fencing
$250 per gate
$28 per linear foot
1 sign for every 100 linear feet at $48 per
sign
None
Grading of a site would be required after removal of wastes if uneven terrain or soil piles existed and you
think it would be desirable to level the terrain in order to make the property more salable or less attractive
as an illegal dump site. This activity is assumed to consist of using a front-end loader (assumed to be
already on site) to level the site at a rate of 10 minutes per 300 square feet (or for rough grading, at a rate
of 190 square yards per hour). Using the front-end loader default values, the model calculates the labor
and equipment costs if a square-foot area is provided. You can also manually enter additional activities
associated with site restoration such as seeding, demolition, or infrastructure improvement.
Fencing of a site would be required to completely limit access to the site. The fencing is assumed to
consist of posts, 10-foot-tall cyclone fencing, and a number of 10-foot-wide gates selected by the user.
The model calculates the labor and equipment costs if the linear feet of fencing needed to surround the
site is provided.
As an alternative to fencing, solid barriers could be installed across site access points. These barriers are
assumed to consist of concrete barricades typically used at highway construction sites. The model
assumes that users will incur barrier purchase, transport, and installation costs, and the model calculates
the costs if the linear feet to be covered is provided.
Signs are needed to indicate that no dumping is allowed at a site. If you have estimated costs for fencing
or barriers, the model assumes installation of one sign per 100 linear feet covered. The model applies this
24
Chapter 3
Using the Model
-------
rate to the total linear feet value that you provided. The model calculates the costs of the labor and
materials needed to install signs. To bypass the automatic assumption of one sign every 100 linear feet,
you can manually input the total number of signs desired.
Limitations
Default values do not reflect economies of scale that are likely to apply at larger sites. During an actual
large-scale cleanup, the cost per unit tends to decrease as more units are purchased. The model,
however, calculates the site restoration costs regardless of site size.
Schedule G. Estimate Site Surveillance Costs
Site surveillance costs are future direct costs that may be incurred. You should estimate these costs if
police surveillance is desired to catch illegal dumpers at heavily used sites or if you want to quantify the
value of community surveillance.
The model will calculate site surveillance costs if you provide the term, labor rate, equipment rate, and
material costs applicable to this activity. Costs can be estimated depending on the term (the duration of
the surveillance in either hourly, daily, or total terms). The model does not automatically calculate these
costs and does not provide default cost values.
You can estimate the total number of hours (manhours) or the number of days using the Total Hours
Scratch Pad imbedded in the model. Here you can enter the number of people to be used, the number of
hours per day that they will work, and the number of days that they will work to calculate the hourly term
total. You can also enter only the number of people and the hours to be worked per day to get a daily term
total.
J Pte Edfc pw Insert FoiitKft Tods
[fete
tO CO JO/JO $
-------
Once the term total is calculated, you can apply an appropriate loaded labor dollar rate and an equipment
dollar rate in the hourly or daily term rows. Types of surveillance equipment used may include video and
night vision cameras. Your equipment rate is a rental, lease, or operating expense rate. If equipment rates
are available only on a daily or lump sum basis, enter these costs in the corresponding row.
Limitations
Schedule G is best used to estimate site surveillance costs for a single illegal dump site. If you wish to
calculate such costs for a number of sites, you should enter the data in Schedule I.
Only two lines are provided for each term. Therefore, if you have a variety of dollar rates, you should use
the model scratch pad to calculate the total number of hourly, daily, or lump sum terms one at a time.
Once you have several totals, add them together, enter the sum in the appropriate column of the lump
sum row, and enter a 1 in the "Term Total" column.
Example G-1—Using the Site Surveillance Scratch Pad
Example: You might have four people monitoring a site, each with a different labor rate and a different term
total. Calculate the "$ Total" for each person individually, and jot down the value on a piece of paper. Then add
up the "$ Total" values, enter this lump sum value in the "Labor Rate" cell, and enter a 1 in the "Term Total" cell.
Schedule H. Assess Property Liabilities
<3=D One of the greatest impacts of illegal dumping is on the
value of real estate, and estimating its effects on a
property's value is highly desirable. The real estate
market, however, is extremely intricate and is affected by
numerous economic, geographic, and aesthetic factors.
Thus, it is difficult to simplify the estimation process and still
produce significant results. Therefore, the model should be
used to make comparative analyses in order to assess how
an illegal dump site may affect property values as well as to
tally any other identified liabilities.
Generating an estimate in Schedule H
does not constitute fulfillment of general
obligations to identify impairments, liens,
or other liabilities associated with a
particular property (known as due
diligence). However, if you have
conducted due diligence, enter your
findings in this schedule, and type "Yes"
in the appropriate data entry box.
Schedule H summarizes certain property and waste information entered earlier in the Model Input
worksheet and allows you to compile comparable real estate values. Because of the real estate market's
intricacies, you should consult real estate professionals as you assess property value effects and draw
conclusions.
26
Chapter 3
Using the Model
-------
Schedule I. Estimate Program Administrative Costs
Program administrative costs include the labor,
equipment not covered in other schedules, and
material costs incurred in an effort to combat illegal
dumping. Typical program administrative costs
include costs for salaried staff, dedicated equipment,
office space, printed materials, and the time to run
the model. The model allows you to provide lump
sum values for up to seven individual costs.
The actual dollar values that you enter in Schedule I
will depend on whether you are using the model to (1)
estimate costs for an individual site, (2) estimate
costs for several sites, or (3) compile actual costs.
You will have made this determination in answering the
first question in Schedule A.
Type in a name for the cost item being estimated. Enter a quantity value for the item. Then enter the cost
value in the appropriate columns. The model provides sums broken down by labor, equipment, and
material costs and also calculates the total dollar value for all costs.
Limitations
The specific values that you enter in Schedule I will depend on how you answered the first question in
Schedule A. For example, if you are using the model to estimate costs for a single illegal dump site, you
should enter prorated administrative costs or specific hourly administrative costs relevant to the site. Keep
this in mind to avoid double counting of program administrative costs.
Schedule J. Estimate Offsetting Costs
Certain factors associated with illegal dump sites can offset their costs. These factors include (1) civil
penalties collected, (2) public grants and private donations aimed at reducing illegal dumping, and (3)
efforts of the community or volunteers. The model allows you to provide lump sum values for these
factors. The model considers any value calculated in Schedule J to be a debit against the total costs
estimated in the Model Input worksheet and will subtract this value from the total cost.
Civil Penalties: The dollar value of civil penalties can be entered if you know that the offending party has
been identified and the fines have been paid. Community service hours can also be considered if the
service performed involved litter removal or anti-illegal dumping activities.
Grants and Private Donations: Funds are available to support illegal dumping programs and can be
from either public or private sources.
27
Chapter 3
Using the Model
-------
Community and Volunteer Efforts: Volunteers provide
community service that is not always valued in dollar terms.
The model allows you to consider the hours that volunteers
provide as offsetting labor costs associated with site
cleanup or as a lump sum offsetting administrative costs.
Schedule K. Adjustments to Default Cost Values
You can assess the economic impact
of volunteer efforts in dollar terms
based on costs avoided.
Default cost values reflect national averages of prices in 1999 dollars. As such, they are geographically
neutral, and they are subject to inflation.
Default cost values will be automatically adjusted for your geographic location if you entered a zip code in
Schedule A.
To adjust default cost values for inflation, look up the implicit price deflator figures (or other applicable
inflation rates) published by the U.S. Department of Labor available on line at
http://stats.bls.gov:80/eag/eag.map.htm. Enter the percent increase that you want to use in the available
data entry cell and the corresponding year. The model will update all default values accordingly. You can
also use this area of Schedule K to adjust default costs by a specific percentage in order to conduct a
contingency analysis.
USING THE ADJUSTING DEFAULT VALUES WORKSHEET
The default cost values used in the IDEA model are considered to
be national averages and should be adjusted to reflect local
conditions whenever possible.
The Adjusting Default Values worksheet provides tables of all
the default values used in the model categorized by process
rates, labor costs, equipment costs, material costs, and disposal
facility costs (see Appendix B). The tables allow you to enter your
own values in the yellow data entry cells, and your values then
replace the default values in the appropriate Model Input
schedules and formulas. This process allows you to customize the
and equipment costs and process rates.
Once you have entered your actual
costs in the Adjusting Default
Values worksheet, save the file
before entering specific illegal dump
site information. Now when you use
the IDEA model, you will have a
customized model that better
reflects local labor and equipment
costs and process rates.
model according to your local labor
28
Chapter 3
Using the Model
-------
In addition, the model's default cost values can be changed if you enter a value in the Annual Inflation
Rate cell in Schedule K. You would do so to update default values for the years beyond 1999. The price
inflator feature applies only to the model's original default values and will not affect any actual values
entered by you.
USING THE COST SUMMARY WORKSHEET
The Cost Summary worksheet is a financial statement of the costs entered in the Model Input worksheet,
and no user input to this worksheet is necessary. When you have worked completely through the Model
Input worksheet, press the Cost Summary tab to view and print the Cost Summary worksheet (see
Appendix C).
The Cost Summary worksheet may display error messages if your Model Input worksheet has simple
errors. For example, if you indicated that a lump sum is available for transport costs but you do not enter
a lump sum in the correct data entry cell, an error message will describe the error and where to go in order
to view or fix it.
USING THE TOOLS WORKSHEET
1. Volume. Area and Weight Conversions
The Tools worksheet provides two conversion tables in a spreadsheet format. As with the Model Input
worksheet, purple text guides you to enter the necessary values in yellow cells. The first Tools table
allows you to convert area, volume, and weight measurements. The column headings are written in a
conversational style to help guide you through the
process.
The second Tools table allows you to make
calculations for expressions with multiple variables,
such as tons per hour. The column headings are
written in a conversational style to help guide you
through the process. Enter the variables that you
know in the second and fourth columns to get the
outcome described in the seventh column. All other
columns contain unit titles.
20 2. Multiple Variable Conversions
nm.i«2 mamma
;Hgir:IIIIIIIIItD|yE
29
Chapter 3
Using the Model
-------
THE DO NOT ALTER WORKSHEET
The Do Not Alter worksheet contains the inner workings of the model's other worksheets. The Do Not
Alter worksheet is write-protected to prevent you from accidentally altering the model, and in general, you
should ignore this worksheet.
Insert Format X
,10, B
I H
S % » toS «°8 i ip ip _ - &- 4 <• ,
s'
Schedule A. Identify illegal Dump Site Features
i'm using the model to...
located in. . .
that is best described as. . .
Area measurement
The assessed dump site is known as
Street address
Ready
30
Chapter 3
Using the Model
-------
INDEX
actual costs, 11, 21, 27, 28
actual process rate, 19, 20
Adjusting Default Values worksheet, 8, 20, 21,
28, Appendix B
assumptions, 2, 4
barriers, 24
brush or landscape, 15
civil penalties, 27
cleanup costs, 3, 5, 13
cleanup crew process rate, 4, 7
cleanup process, 2, 4, 7, 15, 16
concrete, 12, 24
conversion tables, 29
cost sources, 4
Cost Summary worksheet, 8, 9, 10, 29,
Appendix C
data entry cells, 8, 9, 10, 11, 28
default labor, 4, 13, 14, 16
default process equipment, 14, 16
default process rates, 13, 16, 19
default values, 2, 4, 6, 7,10,13, 20, 21, 24, 28,
29
disposal costs, 5, 6, 23
disposal facility, 4,5,11, 22, 23, 28
disposal method, 5, 11, 23
Do Not Alter worksheet, 8, 30
donations, 27
drop-down menus, 9, 10, 11
due diligence, 26
example data collection form, Appendix D
fencing, 24
flow chart, Appendix E
grading, 4, 24
grants, 27
hazardous waste, 6, 11, 12
input, 2, 11,25,29
labor rate, 25, 26
limitations, 11,22,23,25,26,27
lump sum, 13, 26, 27, 28, 29
manual mode, 9, 13, 20, 21, 23
mixed or unknown, 15
mobilization, 4, 19
Model Input worksheet, 4, 5, 8, 9, 10, 11, 26,
27, 29, Appendix A
output, 7, 20
parameters, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9
process rate, 4,7,11,13,14,15,16,18,19, 20,
21,22,28
program administrative costs, 27
property values, 1, 26
Schedule A, 5, 10, 11, 13, 20, 27, 28
Schedules, 5, 11, 13, 15,22,23
Schedule C, 5, 7, 12, 13, 15
Schedule D, 5, 13,22
Schedule E, 5, 23
Schedule F, 5, 24
Schedule G, 5, 25, 26
Schedule H, 5, 26
Schedule I, 5, 26, 27
Scheduled, 5, 27
Schedule K, 5, 21,28, 29
security costs, 5, 24
signs, 25
site cleanup costs, 6, 13
site restoration, 4, 24, 25
software requirements, 8
standard waste types, 11, 12, 16
surveillance, 3, 5, 24, 25, 26
term equipment, 13, 14, 15, 22
tires, 12, 15, 16, 19,22,23
Tools worksheet, 8, 12, 29
variable, 7, 9, 15, 19,22
volunteers, 27, 28
waste quantity, 12, 17
waste transport, 4, 22
waste type, 12, 13, 15, 18,23
zip code, 10, 13, 20, 28
Index
31
-------
APPENDIX A
MODEL INPUT WORKSHEET
(Eight Pages)
-------
Illegal Dumping fc/conomic Assessment (IDEA)
Cost Estimating Model
Version 1.2
Start Here
Schedule A. Identify Illegal Dump Site Features
I'm using the model to. . .
located in. . .
that is best described as. . .
Area measurement
The assessed dump site is known as
Street address
City
County
State
Zip Code
Date Evaluated
estimate costs of an individual site
an urban setting
an abandonned/vacant lot
Schedule B. Select Values for Waste Type, Quantity, and Disposal Methods
1.
For each waste type: Enter
how much
Mixed or unknown
Household
C&D-Building Materials
C&D-Concrete
Brush or landscape
Appliances
Tires
Hazardous waste
2.
Select unit
cu yd
cu yd
ton
cu yd
cu yd
units
various tires
drums
W
•V
T
W
T
•V
T
W
3.
Select a disposal
method and...
S.W. landfill/transfer
S.W. landfill/transfer
C&D landfill
T
W
W
C&D landfill
Compost landfill
S.W. landfill/transfer
Tires recycler
W
W
T
W
4.
distance to
the disposal
facility
near
w
near
near
W
^
near
w
near
w
near
w
near
T
IDEA Model
Model Input Schedules
Page 1 of 8
-------
Schedule C. Estimate Site Cleanup Costs
Schedule C, Part 1
1. Do you have a lump sum for the cleanup?
Then go on to Part 2 of this Schedule
Schedule C, Part 2. Cleanup Costs for the Following Waste Types
Mixed or unknown 0.0 Waste not present
Household 0.0 Waste not present
C&D-Building Materials 0.0 Waste not present
C&D-Concrete 0.0 Waste not present
Brush or landscape 0.0 Waste not present
Total 0.0 cubic yards
| Labor Costs # of Workers
Default ^ Supervisor 1
Default * Equipment Operator 1
Default ^ Drivers 2
(Manual Only) Other Labor
Process Equipment Costs Quantity
Default ^ Dump Truck 2
Default •»• Front-end Loader (4 cy) 1
(Manual Only) Compactor
(Manual Only) Other Equipment
Term
Term Equipment Costs (Day, wk, MO)
(Manual Only) Compactor
(Manual Only) Shredding Equipment
(Manual Only) 40-cu yd Container
(Manual Only) Other Term Equipment
Process Rate
Cu Yd/Hour Total Hours $ per hour Total
28 0.0 $23.45 $0.00
0.0
28 0.0 $27.20 $0.00
0.0
28 0.0 $22.10 $0.00
0.0
0.0
Labor Subtotal $0.00
Process Rate
Cu Yd/Hour Total Hours $ Per Hour Total
28 0.0 $59.06 $0.00
0.0
28 0.0 $72.11 $0.00
0.0
0.0 $0.00
0.0 $0.00
# of Equipment Length $ Per Unit
Units of Term Per Term Total
$0.00
$0.00
$0.00
$0.00
Equipment Subtotal $0.00
IDEA Model
Model Input Schedules
Page 2 of 8
-------
[Schedule C, Part 3. Cleanup Costs by the Following Waste Type
Total 0
Process Rate
Labor Costs # of Workers Units Per Hour
Default •»• Supervisor 1 12
Default v Equipment Operator 1 12
Default •»• Other Worker 1 12
(Manual Only) Other Labor
Process Rate
Process Equipment Costs Quantity Units Per Hour
Default ^ Front-end Loader (4 cy) 1 12
(Manual Only) Crusher or Grinder
Units Per
Per Unit Equipment Costs Container
Default v 40-cubic yard Container 50
(Manual Only) Other Container
Term # of Equipment
Term Equipment Costs (Day.wk.Mo) Units
(Manual Only) Crusher or Grinder
(Manual Only) Other Container
(Manual Only) Other Term Equipment
Waste not present
Total Hours $ per hour Total
0.0 $23.45 $0.00
0.0
0.0 $27.20 $0.00
0.0
0.0 $21.45 $0.00
0.0
0.0 $0.00
Labor Subtotal $0.00
Total Hours $ Per Hour Total
0.0 $72.11 $0.00
0.0
0.0 $0.00
Total Cost per
Containers Container Total
0 $200.00 $0.00
0
0 $0.00
Length $ Per Unit
of Term Per Term Total
$0.00
$0.00
$0.00
Equipment Subtotal $0.00
IDEA Model
Model Input Schedules
Page 3 of 8
-------
[Schedule C, Part 4. Cleanup Costs by the Following Waste Type
Total 0 tires
Process Rate
Labor Costs # of Workers Units Per Hour
Default v Supervisor 1 240
Default •»• Equipment Operator 1 240
Default v Other Worker 1 240
(Manual Only) Other Labor
Process Rate
Process Equipment Costs Quantity Units Per Hour
Default T Front-end I natter (4 ny) 1 ?40
(Manual Only) Shredder
Units Per
Per Unit Equipment Costs Container
Default •»• 40-cubic yard Container 345
(Manual Only) Other Container
Term # of Equipment
Term Equipment Costs (Day.wk.Mo) Units
(Manual Only) Shredder
(Manual Only) Other Container
(Manual Only) Other Term Equipment
Waste not present
Total Hours $ per hour Total
0.0 $23.45 $0.00
0.0
0.0 $27.20 $0.00
0.0
0.0 $21.45 $0.00
0.0
0.0 $0.00
Labor Subtotal $0.00
Total Hours $ Per Hour Total
00 $72 1 1 $0 00
0.0
0.0 $0.00
Total Cost per
Containers Container Total
0 $200.00 $0.00
0
0 $0.00
Length $ Per Unit
of Term Per Term Total
$0.00
$0.00
$0.00
Equipment Subtotal $0.00
IDEA Model
Model Input Schedules
Page 4 of 8
-------
Schedule E. Estimate Disposal Costs
Do you have a lump sum for disposal costs?
Review this Schedule for accuracy. I
Waste Total
(in cu yds)
Waste Total
(in tons)
$ Per
Unit
Total
Default
w
Default
v
Default
w
Default
v
Default
w
Default
V
Default
Default
w
w
Solid Waste Landfill
Solid Waste Incinerator
C&D Landfill
C&D Recycler
Compost Landfill
Metals Recycler
Tire Recycler
Tire Incinerator
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
$37.00
$40.00
$42.00
$28.00
$20.00
$22.00
$26.00
$31.00
$0
$0
$0
$0
$0
$0
$0
$0
Total Disposal Costs
$0
IDEA Model
Model Input Schedules
Page 5 of 8
-------
Schedule F. Estimate Site Restoration and Security Costs
Site Restoration
Area in Square Feet Equipment Labor
Square Feet Per Hour $ Per Hour $ Per Hour
Total
Default
Grading
3,000
(Manual Only) Reseeding
(Manual Only) Infrastructure Improvements
Site Security
# of Gates $ per Gate
$46.65
Barrier
Linear Feet
$32.40
$ Per
Linear Foot
$0.00
$0.00
$0.00
Total
Fencing
Concrete Traffic Barrier
$250.00
(Manual Only)
Other Barrier
$30.00
$28.00
Signs and Other Items
# Automatic # Manual
$ Per Unit
$0.00
$0.00
$0.00
Total
Signs
Other Items (quantity and price)
48.00
Total Site Restoration and Security Cost
$0.00
$0.00
$0.00
Schedule G. Estimate Site Surveillance Costs
Term
Total Hours Scratch Pad
# of People Hours Per Day # of Days Term Total
0
0
0
Term Total
Labor Rate
Equipment
Rate
Materials
$ Total
Hours
Hours
Days
Days
Lump Sum
Lump Sum
Subtotals
$0.00
$0.00
$0.00
Total Site Surveillance Costs
$0.00
$0.00
$0.00
$0.00
$0.00
$0.00
$0.00
IDEA Model
Model Input Schedules
Page 6 of 8
-------
Schedule H
. Assess Property Liabilities
Property Characterization an urban setting
an abandonned/vacant lot
Size
Amount of Wastes Present
Estimated Cleanup and Disposal Costs
Is the property tax delinquent? no
Has due diligence been conducted?
Other Property Liability (in $)
Other Property Liability (in $)
0 square feet
0 tons
$0.00
w
Nearby Net
Property in Lot Value Lot Value Difference* Total*
Real Estate Comparable Values Square Feet $ Per Sq Ft $ Per Sq Ft $ Per Sq Ft
Use the two lines if you are comparing several properties
Line 1
Line 2
$0.00 $0
$0.00 $0
*A negative number implies a depressed market value due to presence of dump.
| Total Property Liabilities $0
Schedule I. Estimate Program Administrative Costs
Cost Item Quantity Labor Equipment Materials
Type in a name for each cost item below
Item 1
Item 2
ItemS
Item 4
ItemS
Item 6
Item7
$0.00 $0.00 $0.00
Total Program Administrative Costs
$ Total
$0.00
$0.00
$0.00
$0.00
$0.00
$0.00
$0.00
$0.00
Schedule J. Estimate Offsetting Costs
Civil Fines Paid
Grants or Donations
Community/Volunteer Support
Total Offsetting Costs
Lump Sum
$ Value
$o.oo|
IDEA Model
Model Input Schedules
Page 7 of 8
-------
Schedule K. Adjustments to Default Cost Values
Default process rates (negative to slow down)
Enter an annual inflation rate
and enter the current year
Geographic location affects default values
Round costs in the Cost Summary to nearest...
% Change
#N/A
You're done with the estimate. Print out this Worksheet to check your entries. Go to the
Cost Summary and print out the cost summary.
IDEA Model
Model Input Schedules
Page 8 of 8
-------
APPENDIX B
ADJUSTING DEFAULT VALUES WORKSHEET
(One Page)
-------
To first adjust model's default values for inflation, go to Schedule K.
If you want to replace default values with your own actual values, enter them in the yellow boxes.
The IDEA Model will use those values in the Default mode.
You can use a mix of default values and your own values.
You will also be able to use the Manual mode to affect line item costs in the IDEA Model Schedules.
Process Rates
Model
Default
Values
Enter Your
Default
Values
Schedules
That Values Apply To
Mixed, unknown, household,
C&D, brush or landscape wastes
(cu. yd./hr.)
Appliances (units/hr.)
Tires (units/hr.)
Grading (sq. ft/hr.)
28
12
240
3,000
Schedule C, Part 2, Labor and Equipment
Schedule C, Part 3, Labor and Equipment
Schedule C, Part 4, Labor and Equipment
Schedule F, Site Restoration
Labor ($/Hr.)
Model
Default
Values*
Enter Your
Default
Values
Schedules
That Values Apply To
Supervisor
Front- End Loader Operator
Dump Truck Driver
Other Worker
Grader Operator
$ 23.45
$ 27.20
$ 22.10
$ 21.45
$ 32.40
Schedule C, Parts 2, 3 and 4
Schedule C, Parts 2, 3 and 4
Schedule C, Parts 2, 3 and 4
Schedule C, Parts 3 and 4
Schedule F, Site Restoration
Equipment
Model
Default
Values*
Enter Your
Default
Values
Schedules
That Values Apply To
Dump Truck ($/hr.)
4-cu. yd. Front-End Loader ($/hr.)
Grader ($/hr.)
40-cu. yd. Dumpster (each)
$ 59.06
$ 72.11
$ 46.65
$ 200.00
Schedule C, Parts 2, 3 and 4
Schedule C, Parts 2, 3 and 4
Schedule F, Site Restoration
Schedule C, Parts 2, 3 and 4, "Per Unit
Equipment Costs"
Materials
Model
Default
Values*
Enter Your
Default
Values
Schedules
That Values Apply To
Fence Gates (each)
Fence ($ per linear ft.)
Traffic Barrier ($ per LF)
Signs (incl. Labor & Materials)
$ 250.00
$ 30.00
$ 28.00
$ 48.00
Schedule F, Site Security
Schedule F, Site Security
Schedule F, Site Security
Schedule F, Signs and Other Items
Disposal Facilities ($/ton)
Model
Default
Values*
Enter Your
Default
Values
Schedules
That Values Apply To
Solid Waste Landfill/Transfer Sta.
Solid Waste Incinerator
C&D Landfill
C&D Recycler
Compost Landfill
Metals Recycler
Tire Recycler
Tire Incinerator
$ 37.00
$ 40.00
$ 42.00
$ 28.00
$ 20.00
$ 22.00
$ 26.00
$ 31.00
Schedule E
Schedule E
Schedule E
Schedule E
Schedule E
Schedule E
Schedule E
Schedule E
*ln 1999 Dollars
IDEA Model
Adjusting Default Values and User-Entered Values
-------
APPENDIX C
COST SUMMARY WORKSHEET
(One Page)
-------
ILLEGAL DUMPING ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT (IDEA) MODEL
Cost Estimate of an Individual Site*
Unknown County
Date Printed
Date Evaluated
8/28/00
01/00/00
Illegal Dump Site Features
Unknown square feet of an abandonned/vacant lot in an urban setting.
Waste Quantities and Types
-
-
-
-
Mixed or unknown
Household
C&D-Building Materials
C&D-Concrete
0
0
0
Brush or landscape
Appliances
Tires
Cleanup, Waste Transport, and Disposal Costs:
Cleanup Costs
Total Labor Costs
Total Equipment Costs
$0
$0
Subtotal
Waste Transport Costs
Disposal Costs
$0
$0
$0
Total Cleanup, Transport, and Disposal Costs
Post-Cleanup Costs:
Site Restoration and Security Costs
Site Monitoring Costs
Labor
Equipment
Materials
$0
$0
$0
$0
Subtotal
$0
Total Post-Cleanup Costs
$0
Other Direct and Indirect Costs:
Net Property Liabilities1
Program Administrative Costs
Labor
Equipment
Materials
$0
$0
$0
$0
Subtotal $0
Total Other Direct and Indirect Costs
$0
Offsetting Costs :
Total Illegal Dumping Cost Estimate
* Costs rounded to the nearest $100
1 These costs are highly variable; completion of this section does not constitute due diligence.
This value from Schedule J is treated as a debit against total costs.
Page 1 of 1
-------
APPENDIX D
EXAMPLE DATA COLLECTION FORM
(One Page)
-------
Data Collector
Date
Site Location
Property is accessible on (circle one)
Property area
Estimated number of tires
Estimated waste quantity (circle one)
Percentages of waste quantity
Mixed or unknown
Household
C&D - Building materials
C&D - Concrete
Brush or Landscape
1-5
234 sides
Percentage requiring grading and restoration %
Estimated number of appliances
5-40 40-240 >240 cy
Site Location
Property is accessible on (circle one)
Property area
Estimated number of tires
Estimated waste quantity (circle one) 1-5
Percentages of waste quantity
Mixed or unknown
Household
C&D - Building materials
C&D - Concrete
Brush or Landscape
234 sides
Percentage requiring grading and restoration %
Estimated number of appliances
5-40 40-240 >240 cy
-------
APPENDIX E
MODEL INPUT WORKSHEET FLOW CHART
(Two Pages)
-------
Data to Enter
or Consider
Model Input
Worksheet
Schedule
(Go to next page A
(Schedule G) )
How the model is being used
Dump site area measurement
Dump site location or address
Date of dump site evaluation
Types and quantities of wastes at site
Waste disposal method
Transport distance to disposal site
Labor and equipment quantities
Labor and equipment process rates
Labor and equipment hourly costs
Labor and equipment needs
Waste disposal method
Waste transport labor and equipment needs
Waste transport labor and equipment costs
Total number of loads
Total waste volume or area
Disposal method
Disposal costs
Site restoration needs
Method of barricading site entrance
Barrier labor, material, and equipment needs
Barrier labor, material, and equipment costs
k
\
/
V
k
\
/
V
k
\
/
V
k
\
y
V
k
\
t
V
Schedule A
Identify Illegal Dump
Site Features
^
r
Schedule B
Select Values for
Waste Type, Quantity,
and Disposal Methods
^
r
Schedule C
Estimate Site
Cleanup Costs
^
r
Schedule D
Estimate Waste
Transport Costs
^
r
Schedule E
Estimate Disposal
Costs
^
r
Schedule F
Estimate Site
Restoration and
Security Costs
^
r
k
\
/
V
K
\
y
V
k
\
/
V
K
\
/
V
k
\
/
V
k
\
/
V
Dump site summary
information
Waste and disposal
information
Site cleanup costs
Waste transportation
costs
Waste disposal costs
Post-cleanup activity
costs
-------
Data to Enter
or Consider
Model Input
Worksheet
Schedule
C
Continued from
Schedule F
Labor, equipment, and material needs for
conducting surveillance of dump site
Surveillance labor, equipment, and
material costs
A
y
Dump site property liabilities
Dump site and nearby property values
Dump site characteristics
Local real estate market issues
Labor, equipment, and materials
associated with local illegal dumping
prevention program administrative costs i J
Civil fines paid
Value of volunteer efforts
Grants or donations
y
Default cleanup process rates
Actual cleanup process rates
Default weight values for waste categories
Annual inflation rate since 1999
Schedule G
Estimate Site
Surveillance Costs
Schedule H
Assess Property
Liabilities
Schedule I
Estimate Program
Administrative Costs
Schedule J
Estimate Offsetting
Costs
Schedule K
Adjustments to
Default Cost Values
C
Go on to
Cost Summary Worksheet
y
Site surveillance costs
y
Total property liability
costs
A
y
Program costs
attributable to dump
site(s) evaluated
y
Offsetting costs
attributable to dump
site(s) evaluated
A
y
Key default values
adjusted
------- |