&EPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office Of The Chief
Financial Officef
Washington, DC
EPA-205-S-01-001
April 2001
Summary Of The 2002 Budget
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Internet Address (URL) http://www.epa.gov
Reeyeted/Reeyelabl* Printed with Vegetable Oil Based Inks on Recycled Paper (Minimum 50% Postoortsumer)
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
page#
Introduction:
EPA's Mission and Goals 3
Overview of the 2002 Budget 5
Goals:
Goal 1: Clean Air 17
Goal 2: Clean and Safe Water 31
Goal 3: Safe Food 43
Goal 4: Preventing Pollution and Reducing Risk in
Communities, Homes, Work Places, and Ecosystems 53
Goal 5: Better Waste Management, Restoration of
Contaminated Waste Sites and Emergency Response 67
Goal 6: Reduction of Global and Cross-Border
Environmental Risks 81
Goal 7; Quality Environmental Information 91
Goal 8: Sound Science Improved Understanding of Environmental
Risk, and Greater Innovation to Address Environmental Problems 101
Goal 9; A Credible Deterrent to Pollution and Greater Compliance
With the Law Ill
Goal 10: Effective Management 119
Additional Information:
Categorical Grants Program 131
Water Infrastructure Financing ., , 133
Trust Funds 137
Budget Tables 141
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Photos courtesy of Steve Delaney and Renell Mcewan
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EPA's mud
The mission of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
is to protect human health and to safeguard the natural environment-
V, water, and landupon which life depends.
Clean Air: The air in every American
community will be safe and healthy to
breathe. In particular, children, the
elderly, and people with respiratory
ailments will be protected from health
risks of breathing polluted air.
Reducing air pollution will also
protect the environment, resulting in
many benefits, such as restoring life in
damaged ecosystems and reducing
health risks to those whose
subsistence depends directly on those
ecosystems.
Clean and Safe Water: All
Americans will have drinking water
that is clean and safe to drink.
Effective protection of America's
rivers, lakes, wetlands, aquifers, and
coastal and ocean waters will sustain
fish, plants, and wildlife, as well as
recreational, subsistence, and
economic activities. Watersheds and
their aquatic ecosystems will be
restored and protected to improve
public health, enhance water quality,
reduce flooding, and provide habitat
for wildlife.
Safe Food: The foods Americans eat
will be free from unsafe pesticide
residues. Particular attention will be
given to protecting sub-populations
that may be more susceptible to
adverse effects of pesticides or have
higher dietary exposures to pesticide
residues. These include children and
people whose diets include large
amounts of noncommercial foods.
Preventing Pollution and Reducing
Risk in Communities, Homes,
Workplaces, and Ecosystems:
Pollution prevention and risk
management strategies aimed at
eliminating, reducing, or minimizing
emissions and contamination will
result in cleaner and safer
environments in which all Americans
can reside, work, and enjoy life. EPA
will safeguard ecosystems and
promote the health of natural
communities that are integral to the
quality of life in this nation.
Better Waste Management,
Restoration of Contaminated Waste
Sites, and Emergency Response:
America's wastes will be stored,
treated, and disposed of in ways that
prevent harm to people and the natural
environment. EPA will work to clean
up previously polluted sites, restore
them to uses appropriate for
surrounding communities, and
respond to and prevent waste-related
or industrial accidents.
Reduction of Global and Cross-
Border Environmental Risks: The
United States will lead other nations in
successful, multilateral efforts to
reduce significant risks to human
health and ecosystems from climate
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EPA's Mission and Goals
change, stratospheric ozone depletion,
and other hazards of international
concern.
Quality Environmental
Information: The public and
decision makers at all levels will have
access to information about
environmental conditions and human
health to inform decision making and
help assess the general environmental
health of communities. The public
will also have access to educational
services and information services and
tools that provide for the reliable and
secure exchange of quality
environmental information.
Sound Science, Improved
Understanding of Environmental
Risk, and Greater Innovation to
Address Environmental Problems:
EPA will develop and apply the best
available science for addressing
current and future environmental
hazards as well as new approaches
toward improving environmental
protection.
A Credible Deterrent to Pollution
and Greater Compliance with the
Law: EPA will ensure full
compliance with laws intended to
protect human health and the
environment.
Effective Management: EPA will
maintain the highest-quality standards
for environmental leadership and for
effective internal management and
fiscal responsibility by managing for
results.
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Plan Budget Overview
A New Era of Cooperation in Environmental Protection
The Environmental Protection
Agency's 2002 Annual Plan and Budget
request of $7.313 billion in discretionary
budget authority, and 17,500 workyears,
reflects a commitment to work for the
American people to protect the air, land, and
water, demonstrating that environmental
protection and economic prosperity go hand
in hand.
The Nation has made significant
progress in protecting the environment and
human health over the past three decades,
The Administration is committed to providing
all Americans a clean, healthy environment,
while developing new and effective methods
to achieve environmental progress, This
budget reflects the Administration's
commitment to setting high standards for
environmental protection, focusing on results
and performance.
Strengthening Partnerships with State, Local
and Tribal Governments
The budget works for the American
people by providing critical environmental
and health protections, while recognizing that
state, local and tribal governments often have
the best solutions for their environmental
challenges. Included within the Agency's
$3.7 billion Operating Program totals, the
Agency's program grants to state and tribal
governments are funded at the highest level
ever -$1.1 billion. These grants help states
and tribes administer programs delegated to
states and tribes under Federal environmental
statutes. Our commitment is to provide more
flexibility to states and local communities to
craft solutions that meet their unique
environmental needs.
in particular, two new grant programs
allow states to craft solutions that meet their
unique needs. A new enforcement grant for
states, funded at $25 million, provides
effective enforcement of environmental laws
at the state level. This enforcement grant
program supports state efforts in inspections,
civil actions, investigations, and training
activities, while reducing the Agency's direct
role in these areas. In addition, this budget
provides $25 million for grants to help states
upgrade and integrate their environmental
data, providing a powerful tool for citizens,
state and local governments, and industry.
Cleaning and Protecting America's Water
Over the past three decades, our
Nation has made significant progress in water
pollution prevention and cleanup. While we
have substantially cleaned up many of our
most polluted waterways, and provided safer
drinking water for millions of U.S. residents,
significant challenges remain. This budget
request addresses the challenge to provide
clean and safe water in every American
community.
* Protection from Drinking Water
Contaminants. The 2002 request
strengthens work with the states and
tribes to implement new health-based
standards to control for microbial
contaminants, disinfectants and their
byproducts, and other contaminants.
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Annual Plan and Budget
Drinking Water State Revolving Fund.
The Drinking Water State Revolving
Fund (DWSRF) request of $823
million will provide substantial
funding to states and tribes to upgrade
and modernize drinking water
systems.
91 percent of the population served by
community water systems is expected
to receive drinking water meeting all
health-based standards in effect as of
1994, up from 83 percent in 1994.
Beaches Grants. This budget includes
$2 million for grants to states to
develop monitoring and notification
programs for coastal recreation waters.
This funding supports the Agency's
implementation of the "Beaches
Environmental Assessment and
Coastal Health Act of 2000."
Helping States.. Address Run-off and
Restore Polluted Waters. The
President's 2002 Budget provides
significant resources to states to build
on successes we have achieved in
protecting the Nation's waters, by
providing states and tribes with grants
to address polluted run-off, protect
valuable wetlands, and restore
polluted waterways.
In 2003, water quality will improve on a
watershed basis such that 600 of the
Nation's 2,262 watersheds will have
greater than 80 percent of assessed
waters meeting all water quality
standards. (Water quality is surveyed
biennially.)
Sewer Overflow Control Grants. The
President's 2002 budget includes $450
million for State Sewer Overflow
Control grants, a newly authorized
program to address pollution from
combined sewer overflows and
sanitary sewer overflows, which
remains the Nation's most significant
municipal wastewater problem. These
funds will be allotted to states
according to the existing formula for
allotting wastewater grants.
Clean Water State Revolving Fund.
This budget request includes $850
million for states and tribes for the
Clean Water State Revolving Fund
(CWSRF). States receive
700 CWSRF projects are intended to
initiate operations, including 400
projects providing secondary treatment,
advanced treatment, combined sewer
overflow correction (treatment), and/or
stormwater treatment. Cumulatively,
7,900 CWSRF-funded projects will have
initiated operations since program
inception.
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Annual Plan and Budget Overview
capitalization grants, which enable
them to provide low interest loans to
communities to construct wastewater
treatment infrastructure and fund other
projects to enhance water quality.
This investment keeps EPA on track
with our commitment to meet the goal
for the CWSRF to provide $2 billion
average in annual financial assistance
over the long-term even after Federal
assistance ends.
Protecting Human Health along the
U.S/Mexico Border. This budget
includes $74.8 million for water and
wastewater projects along the
U.S./Mexico Border. These resources
help the Agency address the serious
environmental and human health
problems associated with untreated
and industrial and municipal sewage
on the U.S./Mexico border.
A cumulative 790 thousand residents
of the U.S./Mexico border area will
be protected from health risks
because of the construction of
adequate water and wastewater
sanitation systems since 1994.
Clean and Healthy Air
Under the Clean Air Act, EPA works
to make the air clean and healthy to breathe by
setting standards for ambient air quality,
toxic air pollutant emissions, new pollution
sources, and mobile sources. In 2002, EPA
will assist states, tribes and local governments
in devising additional stationary source and
mobile source strategies to reduce ozone and
Certify that 3 new areas of the
remaining 52 nonattainment areas have
attained the 1 -hour N AAQS for ozone,
thus increasing the number of people
living in areas with healthy air quality
by 2.9 million.
particulate matter. The Agency also will
develop strategies and rules to help states and
tribes reduce emissions and exposure to
hazardous air pollutants, particularly in urban
areas, and reduce harmful deposition in water
bodies. A key to achieving the Clean Air
Goal is $219.6 million included in this budget
for air grants which go directly to states and
tribes.
Air toxic emissions nationwide from
stationary and mobile sources combined
will be reduced by five percent from
2001 (for a cumulative reduction of 40
percent from the 1993 annual level of
4,3 million tons).
Addressing Climate Change
This budget request includes $122.7
million to meet the Agency's climate change
objectives by working with business and other
sectors to deliver multiple benefits - from
cleaner air to lower energy bills - while
improving overall scientific understanding of
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Annual Plan and Budget Overview
climate change and its potential consequences.
The core of EPA's climate change efforts are
government/industry partnership programs
designed to capitalize on the tremendous
opportunities available to consumers,
businesses, and organizations to make sound
investments in efficient equipment and
practices. These programs remove barriers in
the marketplace, resulting in faster
deployment of technology into the residential,
commercial, transportation, and industrial
sectors of the economy.
Greenhouse gas emissions will be
reduced from projected levels by
approximately 73 million metric tons of
carbon equivalent per year through EPA
partnerships with businesses, schools,
state and local governments, and other
organizations. This reduction level will
be an increase of 7 million metric tons
over 2001 reduction levels.
Integrating Environmental Information
The President's Budget provides $25
million for new grants to states to develop and
implement the National Environmental
Information Exchange Network. These grants
will build on work that is already underway in
several states, allowing them to participate in
an integrated multi-media information
network that will streamline reporting,
improve information quality, and make the
management and accessibility of
environmental information more efficient.
This approach will provide improved
information for environmental assessment and
decision-making, help to provide more
reliable, quality information for the public,
ease reporting burdens for the regulated
community, and standardize business
processes.
Cleaning Up Toxic Waste
Keeping Superimd Working. This
budget continues a commitment to
clean up toxic waste sites with $1.3
billion for Superfund cleanups. The
Agency will also work to maximize
the participation of responsible parties
in site cleanups while promoting
fairness in the enforcement process.
This budget will continue the dramatic
progress we have made in cleaning up
EPA and its partners intend to complete
65 Superfund cleanups (construction
completions) for an overall total of 897
construction completions by the end of
2002.
toxic waste sites, while protecting
human health, and returning land to
productive use. Through 2000,
cleanups have been completed at 757
sites, and 6,286 removal actions have
been taken,
Revitalizing Local Economies and
Creating Jobs Through Brownfields
Cleanup and :J|ej|ejfejQj3ment. The
2002 budget request includes over $97
million for the Brownfields program,
which is an increase of $5 million
above the 2001 Enacted Level. The
additional resources will support the
redevelopment and revitalization of
Brownfields communities by
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Plan Budget Overview
providing funding for additional
assessment pilots and state voluntary
cleanup programs. The Brownfields
program will continue to promote
local cleanup and redevelopment of
industrial sites, returning abandoned
land to productive use and bringing
jobs to blighted areas.
In 2002, EPA Brownfields funding will
result in 250 site assessments (for a
cumulative total of 2,750), 2,000 jobs
generated (for a cumulative total of
14,000), and the leveraging of $300
million in cleanup and redevelopment
funds (for a cumulative total of $3.4
billion).
Sound Science
The 2002 President's Budget supports
EPA's efforts to improve the role of science in
decision-making by using scientific
information and analysis to help direct policy
and establish priorities. The Agency will
achieve maximum environmental and health
protections by employing the best methods,
models, tools, and approaches. This budget
request includes $575 million to develop and
apply sound science to address both current
and future environmental challenges. The
budget request supports a balanced research
and development program designed to address
Administration and Agency priorities, and
meet the challenges of the Clean Air Act
(CAA), the Safe Drinking Water Act
(SDWA), the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide,
and Rodentieide Act (FIFRA), the Food
Quality Protection Act (FQPA), and others.
Research will provide data on health
effects and exposure to particulate
matter (PM), and provide methods for
assessing the exposure and toxicity of
PM in healthy and potentially
susceptible subpopulations to strengthen
the scientific basis for reassessment of
the PM NAAQS.
Supporting States' Enforcement Efforts
The President's Budget includes a new
$25 million enforcement grant program. This
reflects a shift in emphasis for enforcement
from Federal enforcement to state
enforcement for those programs already
delegated to the states. This shift creates a
new $25 million grant program for states and
tribes that will bring enforcement closer to the
entity being regulated. EPA will offer media
specific and multi-media funding to states and
tribes for compliance assurance activities
including compliance assistance and
incentives, inspections, and enforcement
actions.
Ensuring Safe Food through the Food
Quality Protection Act (FQPA)
The 2002 request includes $148.8
million to help meet the multiple challenges of
the implementation of the Food Quality
Protection Act (FQPA) of 1996 so that all
Americans will continue to enjoy one of the
safest, most abundant, and most affordable
food supplies in the world. FQPA focuses on
the registration of reduced risk pesticides to
provide an alternative to the older versions on
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Annual Plan and Budget Overview
the market, and on developing and delivering
information on alternative
pesticides/techniques and best pest control
practices to pesticide users. FQPA
implements a "whole farm" approach to
pollution management and will help farmers
transition - without disrupting production - to
safer substitutes and alternative farming
practices. Expanded support for tolerance
reassessments will reduce the risks to human
health from older pesticides. Reassessing
existing tolerances ensures food safety,
especially for infants and children; and
ensures that all pesticides registered for use
meet the most current health standards. This
budget request also supports FQPA-related
By the end of 2002, EPA will reassess a
cumulative 66% of the 9,721 pesticide
tolerances required to be reassessed over
ten years. This includes 70% of the 893
tolerances having the greatest potential
impact on dietary risks to children.
science through scientific assessments of
cumulative risk, including funds for validation
of testing components of the Endocrine
Disrupter Screening Program.
Summary
This President's 2002 Budget for EPA
provides the resources and vision necessary to
reach our Nation's environmental mission to
protect the environment and human health.
This budget represents this Administration's
commitment to work with our environmental
partners to develop innovative environmental
programs that ensure stewardship of our land,
air, and water for generations to come.
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Environmental Protection Agency's
2002 Budget Totals $7.3 Billion
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(dollars in billions)
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Environmental Protection Agency's
2002 Workforce Totals 17,500
17,280
-
17,106
17^08
17,082 17.152
17,739
18,110
18,000
17,670
17,500
' r
1993 1995 1997 1999 2001
1994 1996 1998 2000 2002
NOTE: FY1993 through 2000 reflect actual FTE usage.
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Environmental Protection Agency's
2002 Budget by Goal
Total Agency: $7,312.6 million*
Goal 9
5.6%
Goal 10
5.9%
GoalS
4.2%
GoalS
20.6%
Goal 2
43.9%
Goal 3
1.5%
Goal 1: Clean Air
Goal 2: Clean & Safe Water
Goal 3: Safe Food
Goal 4: Preventing Pollution & Reducing Risk in Communities, Homes, Workplaces, & Ecosystems
Goal 5: Better Waste Management, Restoration of Contaminated Waste Sites, & Emergency Response
Goal 6: Reduction of Global & Cross-Border Environmental Risks
Goal 7: Quality Environmental Information
Goal 8: Sound Science, Improved Understanding of Environmental Risk, & Greater Innovation to Address
Environmental Problems
Goal 9: A Credible Deterrent to Pollution & Greater Compliance with the Law
Goal 10: Effective Management
* Includes S4.0M in offsetting receipts
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14
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GOALS
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16
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GOAL 1
Clean Air
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18
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Goal 1: Clean Air
Goal 1: 7.7%
Strategic Goal: The air in every American community will be safe and
healthy to breathe. In particular, children, the elderly, and people with
respiratory ailments will be protected from health risks of breathing polluted
air. Reducing air pollution will also protect the environment, resulting in
many benefits, such as restoring life in damaged ecosystems and reducing
health risks to those whose subsistence depends directly on those ecosystems.
Resource Summary
(dollars in thousands)
FY 2001
Enacted
FY 2002
Request
FY 2002 vs.
FY 2001
Clean Air
Attain NAAQS
Reduce Air Toxics Risk
Reduce Acid Rain
Workyears
$590,082.0 $564,628.0 ($25,454,0)
$456,019.5 $436,470.3 (519,549.2)
$112,272.7 5109,247,2 (S3,025.5)
$21,789.8 $18,910,5 ($2,879.3)
1,855.6 1,810.8 (44.8)
Means and Strategies
Criteria pollutants. EPA develops
standards to protect human health and the
environment that limit concentrations of the
most widespread pollutants (known as criteria
pollutants), which are linked to many serious
health and environmental problems:
Ground-level ozone. Impairs normal
functioning of the lungs in healthy
people, as well as in those with
respiratory problems. Relatively low
amounts can cause coughing,
shortness of breath, and pain,
especially when taking a deep breath.
Ground-level ozone can aggravate
lung conditions, such as asthma, and
is associated with increased
medication use, visits to emergency
rooms, and hospital admissions.
Ozone can inflame and damage the
lining of lungs, Also causes damage
to vegetation and contributes to
visibility problems.
Paniculate matter
(PM). Coarse
respiratory
particles can aggravate
conditions such as asthma. Exposure
to fine particles is associated with
several serious health effects,
including premature death. When
exposed to PM, people with existing
heart or lung diseases - such as
asthma, chronic obstructive
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Goal 1: Clean Ait
pulmonary disease, congestive heart
disease, or ischemic heart disease -
are particularly vulnerable and are at
increased risk of premature death or
admission to the hospital or
emergency room. Also PM affects the
environment through visibility
impairment.
Sulfur dioxide (SO-,). Long-term
exposure to both sulfur dioxide and
fine particles can aggravate respiratory
illness, alter the defense mechanisms
of lungs, and aggravate existing
cardiovascular disease. People who
may be most susceptible to these
effects include individuals with
cardiovascular disease or chronic lung
disease, as well as children and the
elderly. Sulfur dioxide is also a major
contributor to acid rain.
Nitrogen dioxide (NO^)- Exposure to
NO2 causes respiratory symptoms
such as coughing, wheezing, and
shortness of breath in children and
adults with respiratory disease, such as
asthma. Even short exposures to
nitrogen dioxide affect lung function.
Nitrogen dioxide also contributes to
acidic deposition, eutrophication in
coastal waters, and visibility
problems.
Carbon monoxide (CO). People with
cardiovascular disease may experience
chest pain and generally increased
cardiovascular symptoms when
exposed to carbon monoxide,
particularly while exercising. People
with marginal or compromised
cardiovascular and respiratory systems
(e.g., individuals with congestive heart
failure, cerebrovascular disease,
anemia, chronic obstructive lung
disease) and possibly fetuses and
young infants may also be at greater
risk to carbon monoxide pollution.
Lead. Accumulates in the body in
blood, bone, and soft tissue and can
affect the kidneys, liver, nervous
system and other organs. Excessive
exposure to lead may cause kidney
disease, reproductive disorders, and
neurological impairments such as
seizures, mental retardation, and/or
behavioral disorders. Fetuses and
children are especially susceptible to
low doses of lead, often suffering
central nervous system damage or
slowed growth.
1996 National Toxic Air Pollutant Emissions by
Source
Major Srarco&
(Large industrial;
ZJft
General summary ot the summed national emissions in tna 1996 National To>
based on soune sectors end urban and rural designations
Note: Mobiie aoufoe m»»ion» oo not inchjdo di
Hazardous air pollutants.
Hazardous air pollutants (HAPs), commonly
referred to as air toxics or toxic air pollutants,
are pollutants that cause, or may cause,
adverse health effects or ecosystem damage.
The Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 list
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Goal 1: Clean Air
188 pollutants or chemical groups as
hazardous air pollutants and target sources
emitting them for regulation. Examples of air
toxics include: heavy metals such as mercury
and chromium, dioxins, and pesticides such as
chlordane and toxaphene. HAPs are emitted
from literally thousands of sources including
stationary as well as mobile sources. Adverse
effects to human health and the environment
due to HAPs can result from even low level
exposure to air toxics from individual
facilities, exposures to mixtures of pollutants
found in urban settings, or exposure to
pollutants emitted from distant sources that
are transported through the atmosphere over
regional, national, or even global airsheds.
Compared to information for the
criteria pollutants, the information about the
potential health effects of HAPs (and their
ambient concentrations) is relatively
incomplete. Most of the information on
potential health effects of these pollutants is
derived from experimental animal data. Of the
188 HAPs listed in the Clean Air Act, almost
60 percent are classified by EPA as known,
probable, or possible carcinogens. One of the
often documented ecological concerns
associated with toxic air pollutants is the
potential for some to damage aquatic
ecosystems. Deposited air pollutants can be
significant contributors to overall pollutant
loadings entering water bodies.
Acid rain. The Clean Air Act
Amendments of 1990 established a program
to control emissions from electric power
plants that cause acid rain and other
environmental and human health problems.
Emissions of SO2 and nitrogen oxides (NOJ
react in the atmosphere and fall to earth as
acid rain, causing acidification of lakes and
streams and contributing to the damage of
trees at high elevations. Acid deposition also
accelerates the decay of building materials and
paints and contributes to degradation of
irreplaceable cultural objects such as statues
and sculptures. NOX emissions are a major
precursor of ground-level ozone, which
affects human health and damages crops,
forests, and materials. Additionally, NOX
deposition contributes to eutrophication of
coastal waters, such as the Chesapeake Bay
and Tampa Bay. Before falling to earth, SO2
and NOX gases form fine particles that
ultimately may affect human health by
contributing to premature mortality, chronic
bronchitis, and other respiratory problems,
The fine particles also contribute to reduced
visibility in national parks and elsewhere.
Trends. Air quality has continued to
improve during the past 10 years.
Concentrations of all six criteria pollutants
have decreased. Nationally, air quality
concentration data taken from thousands of
monitoring stations across the country have
continued to show improvement since the
1980s for ozone, PM, CO, NO2, SO2, and
lead. Areas in the country where air pollution
levels persistently exceed national ambient air
quality standards are designated in
"nonattainment." As this chart shows, all the
years throughout the 1990s have shown better
air quality than any of the years in the 1980s
Change in Nonattainment Areas
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Goal 1: Clean Air
based upon nonattainment areas. This steady
trend of improvement resulted in spite of
weather conditions in the 1990s which were
generally more conducive to higher pollution
levels, especially ground-level ozone
formation. Emissions of hazardous air
pollutants have also been reduced
significantly; estimates of nationwide air toxic
emissions have dropped approximately 23
percent between 1990 and 1996. For
example, perchloroethylene monitored in 16
urban sites in California showed a drop of 60
percent from 1989 to 1998, Benzene, emitted
from cars, trucks, oil refineries and chemical
processes, is another widely monitored toxic
air pollutant. Measurements taken from 84
urban monitoring sites around the country
show a 39 percent drop in benzene levels
from 1993 to 1998. There have been dramatic
reductions (10 to 25 percent) in sulfates
deposited in the most sensitive systems
located in the northeastern United States since
the implementation of the acid rain program in
1995.
The dramatic improvements in
emissions and air quality occurred
simultaneously with significant increases in
economic growth and population. The
improvements are a result of effective
implementation of clean air laws and
regulations, as well as improvements in the
efficiency of industrial technologies.
While substantial progress has been
made, it is important not to lose sight of the
magnitude of the air pollution problem that
still remains. Despite great progress in air
quality improvement, over 150 million tons of
air pollution were released into the air in 1999
hi the United States and approximately 62
million people lived in counties where
monitored data showed unhealthy air for one
or more of the six principal pollutants. Even
in cities with nonattainment status, air quality
CO
PB
NO;
O3 (1 hr)
O3 (» Hr)
PM10
SO2
1991S: 1999
Any NAAQS 18-hr 031' "
50 100 150
millions of people living in Counties with
monitored levels above the NAAQS
standards were met most of the time of hours
monitored. However, it is important to note
that serious health effects can occur with even
limited exposure. Some national parks,
including the Great Smoky Mountains and the
Shenandoah, have high air pollution
concentrations resulting from the transport of
pollutants many miles from their original
sources and from biogenic VOCs within the
parks. In 1999, for the second consecutive
year, average rural 1-hour ozone (smog) levels
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1: Clean .Ms
were greater than the average levels observed
for urban sites.
Strategy. To continue to reduce air
pollution, the Clean Air Act sets specific
targets for the mitigation of each air pollution
problem. The Act also mandates the air
quality monitoring that helps measure
progress. In addition, the Act lays out a
specific roadmap for achieving those goals
that EPA and its partners states, tribes, and
local governments have to do to clean up
the air. One constant across the titles in the
Act is that the pollution control strategies and
programs it contains are all designed to get the
most cost-effective reductions early on, The
early reductions program in toxics. Phase 1 of
the Acid Rain program, Tier I and Tier 2 auto
emission standards, more stringent standards
on diesel exhaust from trucks and buses, the
reformulated gasoline program, and the
Maximum Available Control Technology
(MACT) standards program were all designed
to achieve early reductions, making our air
cleaner and safer to breathe. The problems
that remain are some of the most difficult to
solve.
The Agency has developed strategies
to address this difficult increment and
overcome the barriers that have hindered
progress towards clean air in the past. The
Agency will use flexible approaches, where
possible, instead of hard and fast formulas or
specific technological requirements. Efforts
will focus on;
Coupling ambitious goals with steady
progress - The emphasis will be on
achieving near-term actions towards
meeting the standards, while giving
states, tribes, and local governments
time to implement more difficult
measures. The Agency recognizes
that it will be difficult for some areas
of the country to attain the new
National Ambient Air Quality
Standards (NAAQS) for ozone and
fine particles, and the Agency believes
it will take more than individual state
efforts to achieve the needed emission
reductions. The Agency will work
with states, tribes, and local
governments to identify ways to
achieve interim reductions, principally
through regional strategies, national
strategies, and the air toxics and acid
rain programs by building on multi-
pollutant emission reductions.
This approach ensures progress
toward the goal and, for many areas,
will achieve the goal. For those areas
where additional measures are
required, this work will allow progress
toward the goal while providing the
time to identify measures that will get
that last increment to fully achieve the
goal. For example, many areas will
still be implementing measures to
implement the 1-hour ozone standard
while they are developing new
strategies for achieving the revised 8-
hour standard.
Maintaining accountability with
flexibility - In 2001, the Agency
released final guidance for states that
want to use economic incentive
programs to improve air quality and
visibility. Economic incentive
programs include a variety of
measures designed to increase
flexibility and efficiency, while
maintaining accountability and
enforceability of traditional air quality
23
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Goal 1: Clean All
management programs. EPA's
guidance encourages cost-effective
and innovative approaches to
achieving air pollution goals.
Economic incentive programs are
incorporated into states* strategies for
meeting air quality standards and
visibility goals.
In addition, recent mobile source
rulemakings established programs to
reduce vehicle and engine emissions
and to reduce sulfur levels in fuel.
These programs meet industry needs
for flexibility, while containing clear
deadlines, milestones, and reporting
requirement to monitor compliance.
Fostering technical iflliQvatiQns where
they provide clear enykonmental
benefits - Market-based approaches
provide "niches" for many types of
technologies; no one size will fit all.
Sources of pollution can improvise,
innovate, and otherwise be creative in
reducing emissions. The Agency will
promote such technological
innovation and then disseminate it to
others to show how they can get
needed reductions. For example, in
2002 EPA plans to work with states
on developing a process for State
Implemented Plan (SIP) credits for
new technologies and for developing
early emissions reductions programs
that could help minimize the impact of
environmental regulations on
economic growth in urban areas.
Building partnerships - There are
numerous forms of partnerships, all of
which have been used by EPA at one
point or another in implementing the
Clean Air Act. EPA uses public
outreach to educate people on air
problems and encourages them to
work to solve them. EPA involves
broad-based groups, such as the multi-
state Ozone Transport Assessment
Group, to study a problem and provide
recommendations to EPA on ways to
solve it. EPA also works with
organizations like the National
Academy of Sciences (NAS) on both
short-term and long-term research
priorities. EPA also engages in
regulatory negotiations to bring
stakeholders to work on a problem
and address a specific regulatory
issue. EPA will continue to use these
types of partnerships, as appropriate.
For example, EPA is working with
five regional planning bodies on
regional strategies for addressing
regional haze. Since many of the
strategies for addressing haze and PM
are the same, this effort will also
provide for partnering to implement
the PM standard.
Anticipating upcoming issues and
ensuring that research is underway in
those areas. The Agency is seeking to
better understand the root causes of
the environmental and human health
problems created by air toxics in
urban areas, thereby improving the
ability to weigh alternative strategies
for solving those problems. Research
will be devoted to the development of
currently unavailable health effects
and exposure information to determine
risk and develop alternative strategies
for reducing risks. Based on this
research the Agency will be able to
model and characterize not only the
24
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Goal 1: Clean Ait
current toxics risks and compare
national program alternatives, but also
identify regional and local "hot spots,"
and model alternative strategies to
assist states and localities in solving
their air and water toxics problems.
Using these strategies, the Agency will
work with areas that have the worst problems
to develop strategies accounting for unique
local conditions that may hinder them from
reaching attainment. The Agency also will
work with states, tribes, and local
governments to ensure that work they are
doing on the PM and ozone standards
effectively targets both pollutants, as well as
regional haze, air toxics and greenhouse gas
emissions to maximize the effectiveness of
control strategies. On the national level, the
Agency will continue to implement or
establish Federal standards to require cleaner
motor vehicles, fuels and non-road equipment
that are cost effective and technically feasible.
The Agency also will target source
characterization work, especially development
and improvement of emissions information,
that is essential for the states, tribes and local
agencies to develop strategies to meet the
standards. The Agency will look closely at
urban areas to determine the various sources
of toxics that enter the air, water, and soil and
determine the best manner to reduce the total
toxics risk in these urban areas. The Agency
will also focus on research that will inform
and enhance our regulatory decisions as well
as research that explores emerging areas.
Research
To reach the objective of attaining and
reviewing the NAAQS for tropospheric
ozone, paniculate matter (PM), and other
pollutants, research will provide methods,
models, data and assessment criteria on health
risks, focusing on the exposures, mechanisms
of injury, and components which affect
human health. In 2002, EPA will provide
tropospheric ozone precursor measurements
methods, emissions-based air quality models,
observation-based modeling methods, and
source emissions information to guide SIP
development. In support of Agency efforts to
attain the NAAQS for PM, research in 2002
will continue to provide data on human
exposure to PM and the health effects of that
exposure, as well as provide methods for
assessing the exposure and toxicity of PM.
Modest research and technical support efforts
to support other NAAQS pollutants will also
be carried out.
Air toxics research investigates the
root causes of air toxics environmental and
human health problems in urban areas.
Efforts will focus on providing new methods
to estimate human exposure and health effects
from high priority air toxics, and mobile
source air toxics. With this information, the
Agency will be in a better position to
determine risk and develop alternative
strategies for maximizing risk reductions.
Highlights
Reduce emissions of criteria pollutants
Ground-level ozone, fine PM and
regional haze have many similarities. All
three problems result from their formation
under certain atmospheric conditions in the
presence of gases, such as NOX and Volatile
Organic Compounds (VOCs), emitted by the
same types of sources. Because of these
similarities, there are opportunities for
integrated strategies for reducing pollutant
25
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Goal 1: Air
emissions in the most cost-effective ways.
In 2002, EPA will assist states, tribes
and local governments in devising additional
stationary source and mobile source strategies
to reduce ozone and particulate matter. Some
specific activities and initiatives in this
program for 2002 will include:
* Propose a decision on whether to
retain or revise the NAAQS for PM.
* Implement Tier II (light-duty) vehicle
and gasoline standards and 2004/2007
heavy-duty highway engine and diesel
sulfur requirements. This includes
continued assessment of required
technology. Continue implementing
other mobile source programs, such as
the Tier 1 standards for locomotives
and Phase 2 standards for small spark-
ignition handheld engines (e.g.,
trimmers, brush cutters, and
chainsaws).
Continue to help create voluntary
diesel retrofit projects to reduce PM
and, where possible, NOV Continue
to develop projects to reduce diesel
idling time at truck stops and along
highways.
« Propose standards for heavy-duty non-
road, land-based diesel engines and
vehicles, potentially including new
diesel fuel sulfur requirements.
Propose standards for commercial
marine diesel engines used in ocean-
going vessels. Finalize regulatory
program that will address emissions
from a range of unregulated non-road
sources and highway motorcycles.
The non-road sources include
industrial spark-ignition engines (e.g.,
forklifts and generators), recreational
gasoline engine (e.g., all terrain
vehicles and off-road motorcycles),
and recreational marine gasoline and
diesel engines.
Continue and expand the voluntarily
organized, state-run regional program
for seasonal ozone control. EPA
administers the NOX Allowance and
Emissions Tracking Systems for the
NOX Budget Program, as requested by
nine states in the Northeast Ozone
Transport Region (OTR). In 2002,
this program will be in its fourth
compliance year. The Clean Air
Markets Division has launched a
multi-year effort to re-engineer the
information technology support
structure for the Allowance and
Emissions Tracking Systems; system
modernization is needed to handle
increased emissions reporting and
allowance trading activities, for
improved public access, and timely
exchange of data with state partners.
Continue to work with tribes;
developing programs for Indian
Country, making eligibility
determinations, completing VOC and
NOX emission inventories and
approving tribal air programs as
appropriate.
Continue efforts to improve emission
models and start development of the
"new generation model" that will
greatly improve EPA's ability to
support the development of emissions
26
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1: Clean Mr
control programs, as well as providing
support to the states and tribes in their
determination of program needs to
meet air quality standards
Continue outreach efforts to promote
public awareness of the Air Quality
Index and the effects of pollution.
Continue to enhance the content and
promotion of the Green Vehicle Guide
website. These activities will
encourage consumers to purchase the
cleanest and most fuel efficient
vehicle that meets their needs.
Develop a program of SIP credits that
result from voluntary measures to
reduce emissions.
For all NAAQS pollutants, the Agency
will continue to redesignate areas in
attainment as they meet the standards, carry
out the regular review of the NAAQS using
the most current science, and ensure the
maintenance of NAAQSs in areas that have
clean air. For the CO, SO2, and lead
NAAQSs, there are some states that have
areas that cannot meet the standards because
of some particular, source-specific problem.
These sources are often high-profile and
critical to the local economy. EPA will work
cross-Agency to develop strategies that help
them to comply, while being sensitive to
economic and other issues.
Target air toxics in urban areas
In 2002, EPA will develop strategies
and rules to help states and tribes reduce
emissions and exposure to hazardous air
pollutants, particularly in urban areas, and
reduce harmful deposition in water bodies.
Some specific activities and initiatives in this
program for 2002 include:
Implement the final mobile source air
toxics rule, issued in December 2000,
by gathering emissions data,
conducting exposure analyses, and
evaluating the need for additional
controls in 2002.
« Incorporate toxics emissions data into
the mobile source models.
Make further progress in linking
release and exposure information from
the various media programs to
determine multi-media toxics
exposure and use this information to
develop cross-media strategies to
more effectively reduce urban
exposures to toxic emissions.
Develop the final Federal plan for
small municipal waste combustors.
Promulgate a Generic MACT rule that
covers carbon black production,
cyanide chemical manufacturing,
ethylene processes, and spandex
production.
« Promulgate remaining 10-year MACT
standards, including standards
covering plywood and composites
wood products with facilities in 41
states, reciprocating internal
combustion engines with over 30,000
facilities, over 10,000 municipal
landfills, and miscellaneous organic
hazardous air pollutants from 23
different source categories.
27
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Goal 1: Clean Air
Continue market-based acid rain program
In 2002, Phase II of the Acid Rain
Program will complete its second compliance
year and commence the third year of
operation. The Program requires annual
reductions in SO2 emissions from more than
2,500 electric utility units (gas-fired, oil-fired,
and coal-fired) and reductions in year-round
NOS emissions from approximately 750 coal-
fired units. The market-based approaches
pioneered by EPA in the Acid Rain Program
are being used to solve other air quality
problems (e.g., ground-level ozone).
Research
EPA's NAAQS-related research
program focuses on the information needed to
support NAAQS implementation and review
and to help guide states in developing their
SIPs used to achieve the NAAQS. In 2002,
research on tropospheric ozone will produce
a final version of the ozone Air Quality
Criteria Document (AQCD), a critical part of
the ozone NAAQS review. The PM research
program will continue work to strengthen the
scientific basis for the five-year reassessment
of the PM NAAQS, including epidemiological
studies that will help move the Agency toward
its objective of reducing Americans' exposure
to harmful PM. Also included under this
objective will be research supporting
implementation and review of the lead, carbon
monoxide, sulphur dioxide and nitrogen
dioxide NAAQS.
Air toxics research will provide effects
information, as well as the exposure, source
characterization, and other data to quantify
existing emissions, key pollutants, and
strategies for cost effective risk management.
In 2002, research will focus on completing
health assessments for some of the highest
priority hazardous air pollutants, and
improving our understanding of the current
distribution and actual exposures to these high
priority air toxics. These products will yield
new information that will be essential to
effectively and efficiently decreasing future
risk to the American public through reduced
air toxics emissions.
2002 Annual Performance Goals
In 2002, certify that three new areas of
the remaining 52 nonattainment areas
have attained the 1-hour NAAQS for
ozone, thus increasing the number of
people living in areas with healthy air
quality by 2.9 million.
In 2002, maintain healthy air quality
for 1.3 million people living in 15
areas attaining the PM standards and
increase by 60 thousand the number of
people living in areas with healthy air
quality that have newly attained the
standard.
In 2002, maintain healthy air quality
for 44.3 million people living in 70
areas attaining the CO, SO2, NOX, and
Lead standards and increase by 350
thousand the number of people living
in areas with healthy air quality that
have newly attained the standard.
In 2002, provide data on the health
effects and exposure to PM and
provide methods for assessing the
exposure and toxicity of PM in
healthy and potentially susceptible
28
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Goal 1: Clean
subpopulations to strengthen the
scientific basis for reassessment of the
NAAQS for PM.
In 2002, air toxics emissions
nationwide from stationary and mobile
sources combined will be reduced by
5 percent from 2GQI (for a cumulative
reduction of 40 percent from the 1993
level of 4.3 million tons per year.)
In 2002, maintain or increase annual
SO2 emission reduction of
approximately 5 million tons from the
1980 baseline. Keep annual emissions
below level authorized by allowance
holdings and make progress towards
achievement of Year 2010 SO2
emissions cap for utilities.
In 2002, 2 million tons of NO* from
coal-fired utility sources will be
reduced from levels that would have
been emitted without implementation
of Title IV of the Clean Air Act
Amendments,
29
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Goal 1: Clean Ak
Goal 1: Clean Air Key Programs
(dollars in thousands)
Acid Rain -CASTNet
Acid Rain -Program Implementation
Administrative Services
Air Toxics Research
Air,State,Local and Tribal Assistance Grants: Other Air Grants
Carbon Monoxide
EMPACT
Hazardous Air Pollutants
Lead
Nitrogen Oxides
Ozone
Parti cul ate Matter
Particulate Matter Research
Regional Haze
Regional Management
Rent, Utilities and Security
Sulfur Dioxide
Tropospherie Ozone Research
FY2001
Enacted
$3,991.2
$12,248.7
S4,678,6
$22,238,7
1219,584.6
$4,062.3
$2,107.6
$52,044.2
$329.5
$1,379.4
$67,981.6
$55,617.3
$68,765.0
$2,305.9
$1,674.4
$24,652,0
$12,158.1
$6,551.0
FY 2002
President's
Budget
$3,991.2
$12,581.3
$4,345.6
$18,924.4
$219,584.6
$4,128.8
$0.0
$50,786.5
$339.9
$1,323.1
$69,615.1
$54,693.0
$65,743.3
$2,352.1
$1,477.1
$26,059.1
$12,495.2
$6,786.0
30
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GOAL 2:
Clean and Safe
Water
-------
32
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Goal 2: Clean and Safe Water
Goal Z: 43.9V.
Strategic Goal: All Americans will have drinking water that is clean and safe
to drink. Effective protection of America's rivers, lakes, wetlands, aquifers,
and coastal and ocean waters will sustain fish, plants, and wildlife, as well as
recreational, subsistence, and economic activities. Watersheds and their
aquatic ecosystems will be restored and protected to improve public health,
enhance water quality, reduce flooding, and provide habitat for wildlife.
Resource
(dollars in
Clean and Safe Water
Safe Drinking Water, Fish and Recreational Waters
Protect Watersheds and Aquatic Communities
Reduce Loadings and Air Deposition
Workyears
Summary
thousands)
FY 2001 FY 2002 FY 2002 vs.
Enacted Request FY2001
$3,675,947.8 $3,213,402.5 ($462,545.3)
$1,223,716.1 $1,096,096.6 ($127,619.5)
$457,289.8 S406,121.4 ($51,168.4)
$1,994,941.9 $1,711,184.5 ($283,757.4)
2,715.0 2,694.1 (20.9)
Means and Strategy
To achieve the Nation's clean and safe
water goals, EPA will operate under the
overarching watershed approach in carrying
out its statutory authorities under both the
Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA)
Amendments of 1996 and the Clean Water
Act (CWA). Protecting watersheds involves
participation by a wide variety of
stakeholders, a comprehensive assessment of
the condition of the watershed, and
implementation of solutions based on the
assessment of conditions and stakeholder
input. Full involvement of stakeholders at all
levels of government, the regulated
community, and the public is fundamental to
the watershed approach. The watershed
approach helps EPA, its Federal partners,
states, tribes, local governments, and other
stakeholders to implement tailored solutions
and maximize the benefits gained from the use
of increasingly scarce resources.
EPA will continue to implement the
SDWA Amendments of 1996 that chart a new
and challenging course for EPA, states, tribes,
and water suppliers. The central provisions of
the Amendments include: 1) improving the
way that EPA sets drinking water safety
standards and develops regulations that are
based on good science and data, prioritization
of effort, sound risk assessment, and effective
risk management; 2) establishing new
prevention approaches, including provisions
33
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Goal 2; Clean and. Water
for operator certification, capacity
development, and source water protection; 3)
providing better information to consumers,
including consumer confidence reports; and 4)
capitalizing and managing the Drinking Water
State Revolving Fund (DWSRF) program to
assist public water systems in meeting
drinking water standards.
EPA has increased efforts to provide
states and tribes tools and information to
assist them in protecting their residents from
health risks associated with contaminated
recreational waters and non-commercially-
caught fish. These tools will help reduce
health risks, including risks to sensitive
populations such as children and subsistence
and recreational anglers. EPA activities
include development of criteria, enhanced fish
tissue monitoring, risk assessment, and
development of fish and shellfish
consumption advisories. For beaches, EPA's
three-part strategy is to strengthen beach
standards and testing, improve the scientific
basis for beach assessment, and develop
methods to inform the public about beach
conditions. These efforts were strengthened
by passage of the Beaches Environmental
Assessment and Coastal Health (BEACH) Act
of 2000 and its emphasis on development of
strong monitoring and notification programs.
Key to the watershed approach is
continuation of EPA-developed scientifically-
based water quality standards and criteria
under the CWA. Where water quality
standards are not being met, EPA will work
with states and tribes to improve
implementation of total maximum daily load
(TMDL) programs that establish the analytical
basis for watershed-based decisions on needed
pollution reductions. EPA will continue to
develop and revise national effluent guideline
limitations and standards, capitalize and
manage the Clean Water State Revolving
Fund (CWSRF) program and other funding
mechanisms, and streamline the National
Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
(NPDES) permit program to achieve progress
toward attainment of water quality standards
and support implementation of TMDLs in
impaired water bodies. The Agency will
continue to work on reducing the NPDES
permit backlog, in partnership with states, by
targeting permitting activities toward those
facilities posing the greatest risk to the
environment. In addition, the Agency will
continue to expand its training and electronic
information activities to improve the
efficiency and effectiveness of the NPDES
program. These strategies and activities are
particularly important as the NPDES program
faces significant new demands with the
implementation of the Phase n storm water
rule, and increased focus on concentrated
animal feeding operations (CAFOs),
combined sewer overflows (CSOs), and
sanitary sewer overflows (SSOs).
The CWSRF is a significant financial
tool for achieving clean and safe water and for
helping to meet the significant needs for
wastewater infrastructure over the next 20
years. This budget request includes $850
million for the CWSRF. This investment
keeps EPA on track with the Agency's
commitment to meet the goal for the CWSRF
to provide $2 billion average in annual
financial assistance over the long-term even
after Federal assistance ends. Total SRF
funds available for loans since 1987,
reflecting loan repayments, state match
dollars, and other sources of funding, are
approximately $34 billion, of which $30
billion has been provided to communities as
financial assistance. As of June 2000, $3.4
34
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Goal 2: and Water
billion remained available for loans. For
2002, the Agency requests that state flexibility
to address their most critical demands be
continued by extending their authority for
limited funds transfers between the CWSRF
and DWSRF.
Core NPDES programs face
significant new demands as the Agency
continues to emphasize control of wet weather
sources of pollution, particularly from CSOs
and SSOs, to reduce water quality
impairments and achieve designated uses. For
2002, the Agency is requesting $450 million
for a new state sewer overflow control grant
program to address CSOs and SSOs as
authorized by the Consolidated
Appropriations Act of 2000, Municipal point
sources, including sewer overflows, result in
thousands of discharges of raw sewage each
year and are a leading source of water quality
impairment generally.
EPA is assisting states and tribes to
characterize risks, rank priorities, and
implement a mix of voluntary and regulatory
approaches through improved state non-point
source (NPS) management programs.
Working with EPA, states and tribes are
strengthening their NPS to ensure that needed
nonpoint source controls are implemented to
achieve and maintain beneficial uses of water.
States will continue to implement coastal
NPS approved by EPA and the National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
under the Coastal Zone Act Reauthorization
Amendments, and to work with the U.S.
Department of Agriculture to promote
implementation of Farm Bill programs
consistent with state non-point source
management needs and priorities. EPA will
also provide tools to states to assess and
strengthen controls on air deposition sources
of nitrogen, mercury, and other toxics.
With respect to wetlands, EPA will
work with Federal, state, tribal, local, and
private sector partners on protection and
community-based restoration of wetlands, and
with its Federal partners to avoid, minimize,
and compensate for wetland losses through
the CWA Section 404 and Farm Bill
programs.
The dramatic progress made in
improving the quality of wastewater treatment
since the 1970s is a national success. In 1972,
only 84 million people were served by
secondary or advanced wastewater treatment
facilities. Today 99 percent of community
wastewater treatment plants, serving 181
million people, use secondary treatment or
better.
EPA will work with states, tribes,
municipalities, and the regulated community
to ensure that the Phase II rules for the
stormwater program are implemented to solve
problems caused by sediment and other
pollutants in our waters. EPA will also
establish criteria for nutrients (i.e., nitrogen
and phosphorus) so that more states can
develop water quality standards that protect
waters from harmful algal blooms such as
pfiesteria, dead zones, and fish kills, which
develop as a result of an excess of these
nutrients. EPA will work with states to fund
priority watershed projects through the
CWSRF to reduce nonpoint and estuary
pollution. The Agency will also work to
reduce pollution from failing septic systems.
35
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Goal 2:-dean and Water
Research
EPA's research efforts will continue to
strengthen the scientific basis for drinking
water standards through the use of improved
methods and new data to better evaluate the
risks associated with exposure to chemical
and microbial contaminants in drinking water.
To support the SDWA and its 1996
Amendments, the Agency's drinking water
research will develop dose-response
information on disinfection by-products
(DBFs), waterborne pathogens, arsenic and
other drinking water contaminants for
characterization of potential health risks from
consuming tap water, with a focus on filling
key data gaps and developing analytical
detection methods for measuring the
occurrence of chemicals and microbial
contaminants on the Contaminant Candidate
List (CCL). The Agency will develop and
evaluate cost-effective treatment technologies
for removing pathogens from water supplies
while minimizing DBF formation, and for
maintaining the quality of treated water in the
distribution system and preventing the
intrusion of microbial contamination. By
reducing uncertainties and improving methods
associated with the assessment and control of
risks posed by exposure to microbial
contaminants in drinking water, EPA is
providing the scientific basis necessary to
protect human health and ensure that by 2005,
95 percent of the population served by
community water systems will receive water
that meets health-based drinking water
standards.
The research to support the
development of ecological criteria includes
understanding the structure and function and
characteristics of aquatic systems, and
evaluating exposures and effects of stressors
on those systems. Research to develop
biological and landscape indicators of
ecosystem condition, sources of impairment,
and stressor response/fate and transport
models are being developed to improve risk
assessment methods to develop aquatic life,
sediment, habitat, and wildlife criteria, and
risk management strategies. Through the
development of a framework for diagnosing
adverse effects of chemical pollutants in
surface waters, EPA will be able to evaluate
the risks posed by chemicals that persist in the
environment and accumulate in the food
chain, threatening wildlife and potentially
human health. This research will facilitate the
assessment of ecological health of the nation's
waters, providing water resource managers
with a tool for determining whether their
aquatic resources support healthy aquatic
communities. The Agency also will develop
cost-effective technologies for managing
suspended solids and sediments with an
emphasis on identifying innovative in situ
solutions.
EPA will continue to develop
diagnostic tools to evaluate human and
ecological exposures to toxic constituents of
wet weather flows (WWF) (CSOs, SSOs and
stormwater). These events pose significant
risks to human and ecological health through
the uncontrolled release of pathogenic
bacteria, protozoans and viruses as well as a
number of potentially toxic, bioaccumulative
contaminants. EPA will develop and validate
effective watershed management strategies
and tools for controlling wet weather flows,
especially when they are and toxic. These
strategies and tools include: (1) new and
improved indicator methods to describe the
toxic inputs to watersheds from WWFs; (2)
methods to use condition and diagnostic
ecological indicators to evaluate wet weather
36
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Goal 2: and Water
flow management strategies in preventing
degradation of water and sediments quality by
contaminated runoff; (3) methods for
diagnosing multiple stressors in watershed
ecosystems; and (4) evaluation of low cost
watershed best management practices to
evaluate risks associated with various control
technologies for wet weather flows. This
research will also develop effective beach
evaluation tools necessary to make timely and
informed decisions on beach advisories and
closures.
Highlights
So that all Americans have water that
is safe to drink, EPA will work to ensure that
91 percent of the population will continue to
receive drinking water from systems meeting
all health-based standards in effect as of 1994,
up from 83 percent in 1994. The Agency will
continue to work with the states in
implementing rules required by the 1996
amendments to the SDWA to control for
microbial contaminants especially
Cryptosporidium, disinfectants and their
byproducts, arsenic, radon, radionuclides, and
other contaminants. By the end of 2002, EPA
will have promulgated or proposed
regulations on all the contaminants
specifically identified in the 1996 SDWA
amendments. Consequently, primary
attention in 2002 will be focused on setting
standards or issuing guidance/health
advisories for any of the up to five
unregulated microbes and chemicals that have
been determined through the 2001
Contaminant Candidate List (CCL) process to
warrant regulation. The CCL process, a new
provision in the 1996 SDWA amendments,
makes risk prioritization the dominant factor
in selecting contaminants to regulate. EPA, in
partnership with the states, water systems,
environmental and public health groups, the
scientific community, and the public, must use
three criteria to determine whether or not to
regulate a contaminant, i.e., 1) the
contaminant adversely affects human health;
2) it is known or substantially likely to occur
in public water systems with a frequency and
at levels of public health concern; and 3)
regulation of the contaminant presents a
significant opportunity for health risk
reduction. In addition, the Agency is
continuing to: identify potential high-risk
drinking water contaminants, conduct the
necessary scientific analyses and health risk
assessments, collect occurrence data, increase
monitoring, and involve the public in the
development of the second Drinking Water
CCL that, based on the requirements of the
1996 SDWA amendments, must be issued in
2003.
EPA, in concert with our many
partners, is pursuing a comprehensive strategy
for assessing and restoring the Nation's most
impaired watersheds. Fundamental to the
Agency's efforts to conserve and enhance the
Nation's waters is the management of water
quality resources on a watershed basis, with
the full involvement of all stakeholders
including communities, individuals,
businesses, state and local governments, and
tribes. States may continue to develop and
implement integrated watershed plans, such as
strategies for watershed restoration, in those
waters identified by the states as most in need
of restoration. Starting in 2000, incremental
CWA section 319 funds are only available to
states with approved upgraded section 319
programs. EPA will also encourage, using a
watershed approach, the establishment of
37
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Goal 2: Clean and Water
additional planning groups or partnerships to
develop local comprehensive plans for
managing dredged material in an
environmentally sound manner (including
beneficial use). EPA will be an active
participant in the development of these plans.
By 2002, with EPA's support, the
National Estuary Program will have restored
and protected an additional 50,000 acres of
habitat, including sea grass and shellfish beds,
hi 2002, EPA will continue implementing the
national assessments regarding the causes of,
and appropriate management responses to,
harmful algal blooms and other marine pests
and diseases (including implementation of the
National Invasive Species Management Plan),
and hypoxia. EPA will also continue working
on an agency-specific action plan to
implement the Invasive Species Executive
Order. Finally, EPA will continue its
assessment of cruise ship discharges and
ballast water discharges, their impacts on the
environment, and management options for
addressing these discharges.
A key element of the Agency's effort
to achieve its overarching goal of clean and
safe water is the reduction of pollutant
discharges from point sources and nonpoint
sources. The NPDES program {which
includes NPDES permits, urban wet weather,
large animal feeding operations, mining, the
pretreatment program for non-domestic
wastewater discharges into municipal sanitary
sewers, and biosolids management controls)
establishes controls on pollutants discharged
from point sources into waters of the United
States. Key annual performance goals for
2002 are to reduce industrial discharges of
toxic pollutants, nonconventional pollutants,
and conventional pollutants. For 2002, the
Agency is requesting $450 million to fund a
state grant program to address CSO and SSO
problems as authorized by the Consolidated
Appropriations Act of 2000. The
Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2000
provides the Agency the ability to better target
funds to the states and communities with the
greatest CSO and SSO needs, and to give
priority to financially-distressed communities.
To ensure that all point sources are covered by
current permits, EPA has developed a backlog
reduction strategy under which 90 percent of
major permittees and 73 percent of minor
permittees will have current permits in place
by the close of 2002. EPA will also continue
evaluating data received from monitoring sites
under the National Marine Debris Monitoring
Program, This program monitors marine
debris in an effort to determine sources of the
debris, much of which enters coastal waters
through stormwater runoff.
States report that pollution from NPS
is the largest cause of water pollution, with
agriculture as a leading cause of impairment
in 20 percent of the river miles assessed. In
order to restore and maintain water quality,
significant loading reductions from nonpoint
sources must be achieved. State NPS
programs are critical to protecting and
restoring the Nation's water resources. To
achieve reductions in NPS loadings, it is
essential for EPA to work with states to
expeditiously implement the nine key program
elements hi their strengthened state NPS
programs. In addition, EPA will continue to
encourage states to make use of CWSRF and
other Federal resources to finance projects
that address polluted runoff. As of mid-2000,
states had invested nearly $1.2 billion hi
nonpoint source pollution controls through the
CWSRF.
38
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Goal 2; mud
In 2002, EPA's drinking water
research program will conduct research to
reduce uncertainties and improve methods
associated with the assessment and control of
risks posed by exposure to microbial
contaminants in drinking water, with a focus
on emerging pathogens listed on the CCL. As
required by the SDWA amendments, the first
CCL was published in 1998 and included nine
microbial contaminants in its Research
Priorities Category that require more data
before a regulatory determination can be
made. There are significant data gaps with
regard to understanding the occurrence of
these microbes in source and distribution
system water, linkages between water
exposure and infection, and the effectiveness
of candidate treatment technologies to remove
and inactivate these contaminants. The
development of this crucial information will
provide the scientific basis necessary to
protect human health and ensure that 95
percent of the population served by
community water systems will receive water
that meets drinking water standards.
Although suspended solids and
sediment (non-contaminated) are a natural
part of aquatic ecosystems critical to the
energy cycle of the water body as well as the
provision of microhabitats, they have become
a stressor associated with human activity that
adversely affects aquatic habitats. In a 1998
EPA Water Quality Inventory, Report to
Congress, suspended solids and sediments
were identified among the leading causes of
water quality impairment for streams and
rivers. As part of EPA's efforts in 2002 to
conserve and enhance the nation's waters, the
aquatic stressors research program will initiate
a suspended solids and sediments research
program that will focus on developing tools
which allow for the determination of
background levels of sediments and
suspended solids inherent to a region.
Another area of research will focus on
growing evidence of the risk of infectious
diseases resulting from exposure to microbes
in recreational waters. Exposure to these
diseases is of particular concern after major
rainfall events that cause discharges from both
point sources and non-point sources. In 2002,
the beaches research program will continue to
develop monitoring and risk communication
alternatives in order to provide water quality
managers with tools to make timely and
informed decisions on beach advisories.
2002 Annual Performance Goals
* In 2002, 91 percent of the population
served by community water systems
will receive drinking water meeting all
health-based standards in effect as of
1994, up from 83 percent in 1994.
* in 2002, 85 percent of the population
served by community water systems
will receive drinking water meeting
health-based standards promulgated in
1998.
In 2002, reduce exposure to
contaminated recreation waters by
increasing the information available to
the public and decision-makers.
In 2002, assure that states and tribes
have effective, up-to-date water
quality standards programs adopted in
39
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Goal 2: Clean and Safe Water
accordance with the Water Quality
Standards regulation and the Water
Quality Standards program priorities.
In 2002, restore and protect estuaries
through the implementation of
Comprehensive Conservation and
Management Plans (CCMPs).
By 2003, water quality will improve
on a watershed basis such that 600 of
the Nation's 2,262 watersheds will
have greater than 80 percent of
assessed waters meeting all water
quality standards, up from 500
watersheds in 1998.
In 2002, 700 projects funded by the
Clean Water SRF will initiate
operations, including 400 projects
providing secondary treatment,
advanced treatment, CSO correction
(treatment), and/or storm water
treatment. Cumulatively, 7,900
projects will have initiated operations
since program inception.
In 2002, industrial discharges of
pollutants to the nation's waters will
be significantly reduced through
implementation of effluent guidelines.
In 2002, current NPDES permits
reduce or eliminate discharges into the
nation's waters of (I) inadequately
treated discharges from municipal and
industrial facilities; and (2) pollutants
from urban storm water, CSOs, and
CAFOs.
In 2002, produce scientific reports to
support the development of the next
Contaminant Candidate List of
chemicals and pathogens for potential
regulatory action and research. These
reports will help ensure that future
regulations address the contaminants
of greatest public health concern.
40
-------
Goal 2: Clean and
Goal 2: Clean and Safe Water Key
(dollars in thousands)
Administrative Services
Beach Grants
Chesapeake Bay
Clean Water Exposure Research
Drinking Water Consumer Awareness
Drinking Water Implementation
Drinking Water Regulations
Effluent Guidelines
EMPACT
Great Lakes
Gulf of Mexico
Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) and Related Research
Lake Champlain
Long Island Sound
Marine Pollution
National Estuaries Program/Coastal Watersheds
National Nonpoint Source Program Implementation
NPDES Program
Pacific Northwest
Pfiesttria
Project XL
Regional Management
Rent, Utilities and Security
Rural Water Technical Assistance
Safe Drinking Water Research
Source Water Protection
South Florida/Everglades
State Nonpoint Source Grants
State Pollution Control Grants (Section 106)
Slate PWSS Grants
State Underground Injection Conffol Grants
Slate Water Quality Cooperative A^eentents
Stale Wetlands Propmm Grants
U1C Program
Water Infrastructure: Sewer Overflow Control Grants
Water Infrastructure: Alaska Native Villages
Water Infrastructure: Bristol County
Water InfrastructureiClean Water State Revolving Fund (CW-SRF)
Water Infrastructure: Drinking Water State Revolving Fund (DW-SRF)
Water Quality Criteria and Standards
Water Quality Monitoring and Assessment
Watershed Research
Wetlands
Programs
FY200I
EnacteJ
$9,122-0
$0,0
$20,728,1
$2,640.6
$1,462.6
S32, 149.1
$34,32 1.4
S2 1,782.4
$894.0
S3, 114.4
$4,341.2
$5,436,9
SI, 995,6
S4.9S9.0
$7,797.9
$18,192,5
$16,170.7
$39.405 2
$1.071.6
$99.1
$238.2
$5,861.9
S39.794.0
S15.I54.6
SSI. 501 .6
SI 0,689.8
$2,942,0
$237,476.8!
$171,813.3
$93,100,2
$10,950.9
$18,958.2
$14,967.0
$10,136.9
SO.O
$34,923.0
SI, 935.7
$1,347,030.0
S823.185.0
$18,380.6
$11,166.9
$7,172.1
SI 6,959.8
FY2002
Presidenfs
Budge!
58,487. 1
$2,000.0
SI 8.8 1 8.7
$2,686.6
$2,463.2
$35,200.6
$30,398.6
$21,492.3
SO.O
$3,027.0
$4,276.7
$5,441.6
$954.8
$477.4
$7,820.2
$17,053.2
$16,342.4
£40,249.6
$1,103.8
S95.5
$0,0
$5,523.8
S45.073-2
$656.9
$46,994.7
$10,337.2
$2,855.0
$237,476.8
$169,883.3
$93,100.2
$10,950,9
$18,958.2
$14,967.0
$[ 1.199.2
$450,000.0
$34,923.0
SO.O
$850,000.0
$823,185.0
SI 8,787.5
$11,309.2
$5,852.9
$17,291.2
41
-------
42
-------
GOAL 3
Safe Food
-------
44
-------
Goal 3: Safe Food
Goal 3:1.5%
Strategic Goal: The foods Americans eat will be free from unsafe pesticide
residues. Particular attention will be given to protecting sub-populations that
may be more susceptible to adverse effects of pesticides or have higher dietary
exposures to pesticide residues. These include children and people whose
diets include large amounts of noncommercial foods.
Resource Summary
(dollars in thousands)
FY2001
Enacted
Safe Food $109,303.9
Reduce Risks from Pesticide Residues in Food $44,577.4
Eliminate Use on Food of Pesticides Not Meeting Standards $64,726.5
Workyeais 796.9
*
FY2002
Request
SI 08,245.0
$45,199.4
$63,045.6
770.9
FY 2002 vs.
FY2001
($1,058.9)
$622.0
(51,680.9)
(26.0)
Means and Strategy
The Agency uses a two-fold strategy
for accomplishing the objectives of the Safe
Food goal:
Encouraging the introduction of new,
reduced risk pesticides (including new
plant incorporated protectants) within
the context of new pest-management
practices; and
Reducing the use of currently
registered pesticides with the highest
potential to cause adverse health
effects.
In 2002, the Agency will continue to
promote accelerated registrations for
pesticides that provide improved risk
reduction or risk prevention compared to
those currently on the market. Progressively
replacing older, higher-risk pesticides is one
of the most effective methods for curtailing
adverse impact on health and the ecosystem
while preserving food production rates.
EPA uses its authorities to
systematically manage the risks of pesticide
exposures by establishing legally permissible
food-borne pesticide residue levels, or
tolerances. EPA manages the legal use of
pesticides, up to and including the elimination
of pesticides that present a danger to human
health and the environment. This task
involves a comprehensive review of existing
pesticide use as stipulated by the reregistration
provision, as well as a comprehensive
reassessment and update of existing tolerances
45
-------
Goal 3: Safe Food
within ten years, as required by Food Quality
Protection Act (FQPA).
The 2002 request emphasizes efforts
to evaluate existing tolerances for currently
registered pesticides to ensure they meet the
new FQPA health standards. This tolerance
reassessment program screens and requires
testing of certain pesticides and chemicals to
evaluate their potential for disrupting
endocrine systems in animals or in humans.
The emphasis will be on balancing the need
for pesticides with the risks of exposure, and
allowing for smooth transitions to safer
pesticide alternatives, through an open and
transparent process that seeks input from all
stakeholders.
EPA uses the latest scientific advances
in health-risk assessment practices, to ensure
that current pesticides meet the test of a
reasonable certainty of no harm, as stipulated
by FQPA. This includes the incorporation of
new scientific data relating to the effects of
endocrine disruption and the special needs of
susceptible populations such as children and
Native Americans.
New registration actions result in more
pesticides on the market that meet FQPA
standards, which brings the Agency closer to
the objective of reducing adverse risks from
pesticide use. Tolerance reassessments may
mean mandatory use changes because a
revision in the allowable residue levels can
involve changes in pesticide application
patterns, changes in the foods the pesticides
may be applied to, and other risk management
methods. As measured by the number of
tolerances that have been reassessed, the
Agency's progress in the tolerance
reassessment program directly serves the
objective of reducing the use on food of
pesticides that do not meet the new standards.
Bt and Conventional Crops as a Proportion of Total Acres, 1999
100
n
§ 60
10
S 60
3
"8 40
| 20
*
£ 0
Canon
Acres of Conventional
s Acres of Bt
19.70
3.94
Total Acres (in minions)
77.39
14.58
46
-------
3s Food
Biotechnology (Bt) is likely to be the
focus of continued public scrutiny in 2002 as
it accounts for a large share of acres planted.
For example, Bt corn and cotton made up
about 25 percent of all field corn and cotton
acres in 1999 (see box). Biotechnology has
great potential to reduce our reliance on some
older, more risky chemical pesticides, and to
lower worker risks. Given the public interest
in foods derived from biotechnology, EPA has
increased the number of public meetings and
scientific peer reviews of our policies and
assessments.
EPA is working closely with other
Federal agencies involved in biotechnology
and is also actively involved in developing
international standards for the regulation of
biotechnology products. Specific activities in
2002 will include: advancing scientific
knowledge of allergenicity; finalizing
decisions on exemptions to the plant
incorporated protectant rule, which defines
the type of substances used in bioengineered
plants that must undergo scientific evaluation
by the Agency; and participating in the Codex
Ad-Hoc Intergovernmental Task Force on
Food Derived from Biotechnology, which is
working on international standards governing
foods derived from biotechnology. In
addition, EPA plans to register three new
plant incorporated protectants, provided they
are found not have adverse effects on human
health or the environment.
Finally, in addition to setting the
requirements of continued legal use of
agricultural pesticides, EPA works in
partnership with United States Department of
Agriculture (USDA), Food and Drug
Administration (FDA) and the states toward
the broader effort to prevent the misuse of
pesticides. In the ever changing environment
of pesticide use, accessibility to information is
a primary component of an effective strategy
to inform the public on the appropriate, safe
use of pesticides to minimize risk.
More information about EPA's food
safety efforts is available on the Agency's
website at htrp://wvvw.epa.goy/pesticides.
Research
Current approaches to human health
risk assessment focus on single pesticides and
do not adequately account for cumulative
risks arising from complex exposure patterns
and human variability due to age, gender, pre-
existing disease, health and nutritional status,
and genetic predisposition. Existing tools for
controlling and preventing exposure are
limited to certain processes and materials.
The FQPA identifies clear science
needs, including the evaluation of all potential
routes and pathways of exposures to
pesticides, and resulting health effects,
particularly for sensitive subpopulations and
considering effects from cumulative
exposures,
EPA must develop tools adequate to
address the needs imposed by FQPA. In
2002, EPA's research program will continue
to focus on developing and validating
methods to identify and characterize, and
models to predict, the potential increased
susceptibility to human health effects
experienced by infants and children;
identifying and understanding major exposure
routes, and pathways and processes, and
developing theoretical and experimentally
based multipathway exposure models for
pesticides and other toxic substances; and
addressing the adequacy of current risk
47
-------
Goal 3: Safe Food
assessment methods and providing the
necessary risk assessment guidance. More
specifically, health effects research will
continue to focus on developing new and
improved test methods to evaluate the effects
of environmental exposure to pesticides and
other chemicals in sensitive subpopulations.
Highlights
Reduce Public Health Risk from Pesticide
Residues
The Federal Food, Drug and
Cosmetics Act (FFDCA) and the Federal
Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodentcide Act
(FEFRA) authorize EPA to set terms and
conditions of pesticide registration, marketing
and use, EPA will use these authorities to
reduce residues of pesticides with the highest
potential to cause cancer or neurotoxic effects,
including those which pose particular risks to
children and other susceptible populations.
All new pesticides, including food/feed-use
pesticides are registered after an extensive
review and evaluation of human health and
ecosystem studies and data, applying the most
recent scientific advances in risk assessment.
The Registration program includes
registration activities, such as setting
tolerances, registering new active ingredients,
new uses, and handling experimental use
permits and emergency exemptions.
In 2002, the Agency will continue its
efforts to decrease the risk the public faces
from agricultural pesticides through the
regulatory review of new pesticides,
including reduced risk pesticides and
biopesticides. EPA expedites the registration
of reduced risk pesticides, which pose lower
potential dietary risks to consumers, lower
risks to agricultural workers, and reduce
potential risk to the earth's ozone layer,
groundwater, aquatic organisms or wildlife.
These accelerated pesticide reviews provide
an incentive for industry to develop, register,
and use lower risk pesticides. Additionally,
the availability of these reduced risk
pesticides provides alternatives to older,
potentially more harmful products currently
on the market.
Reduce Use on Food of Pesticides Not
Meeting Current Standards
In 2002, the Agency will continue
toward its ten year statutory deadline of
reassessing all 9,721 tolerances by meeting its
second statutory deadline of reassessing a
cumulative 66 percent of these tolerances by
August 2002. The Agency will also continue
to develop tools to screen pesticides for their
potential to disrupt the endocrine system. In
2002, EPA will work toward completing 30
Reregistration Eligibility Decisions (REDs)
and 750 product reregistrations.
The tolerance reassessment process
addresses the highest-risk pesticides first.
Using data surveys conducted by the USDA,
the FDA and other sources, EPA has
identified a group of "top 20" foods
consumed by children and matched those with
the tolerance reassessments required for
pesticides used on those foods. The Agency
has begun to track its progress hi determining
appropriate tolerances for these pesticides
under the new FQPA standards. In 2002,
EPA will continue its effort to reduce dietary
risks to children, by completing a cumulative
70 percent of these tolerances of special
concern.
48
-------
Goal 3s Food
Organophosphates and carbamates are
believed to pose higher risks than other
groups of pesticides. These pesticides are
widely used and curtailing or restricting the
use of these chemicals will mean changes in
current farming practices. The need for broad
input and participation lead to a special
stakeholder process to address data, analysis
and regulatory requirements, protocol, and
scientific and public review as the Agency
moves to reduce the risks posed by some of
these pesticides. The Agency will continue
this important dialogue with stakeholders as
we work together to protect human health and
the environment.
The reregistration maintenance fee,
which funds the salaries of the 200 workyears
that are involved in reregistering older
pesticides to ensure they meet current health
and safety standards, expires at the end of
2001. The 2002 President's Budget reflects
the expiration of the authority to collect
reregistration maintenance fees. Despite the
expiration of the fee, the reregistration
program will be fully funded in 2002. The
2002 budget request fills the resource gap
with funds previously appropriated for the
tolerance reassessment program.
The Reregistration program was
accelerated by the 1988 amendments to
FIFRA and enhanced by FQPA, which
included adding a tolerance reassessment
requirement. Through the Reregistration
program, EPA reviews pesticides currently
on the market to ensure they meet the latest
health standards. Pesticides not in compliance
with the new standards will be eliminated or
restricted in order to minimize potentially
harmful exposure. The issuance of an RED
for a pesticide under reregistration review
summarizes the health and environmental
effects findings of that pesticide. The findings
determine whether the products registered
under this chemical are eligible for
reregistration.
FQPA added considerably more
complexity into the process of reregistering
pesticides. New statutory requirements have
made risk assessment more complex and
lengthened the "front end" of reregistration.
These requirements include considering
aggregate exposure and cumulative risk,
implementing new processes to increase
involvement of pesticide users and other
stakeholders, and ensuring a reasonable
opportunity for agriculture to make the
transition to new pest control tools and
practices. Over the longer run, these changes
will enhance protection of human health and
the environment.
Also, by the end of 2002, EPA expects
to have incorporated public comments into all
science policy papers, finalizing most of them,
and will begin implementing these policies in
our risk assessments. Developing and
implementing these science policies
particularly the policy for cumulative risk
assessment for pesticides with common
methods of toxicity will cause a sharp
increase in the number of tolerances
reassessed in 2002.
49
-------
Goal 3: Safe Food
Cumulllln Poronuge of Rengidruion eligibility Dun ion (RED) Casej U b* Compl.tod by 1001
*OB
Mt
**
T»* ,
» hi BM Agwicy^ HtrrwtH] pn?7Mt towvd oomplrtng 100% of ft£OB by 2006
McfMCQ EPAriwa wnonw O£of6f2 RECs
In 2000, the Agency targeted the
organophosphate pesticides (OPs) for
tolerance reassessment. Because the OPs
share a common mechanism of toxicity, a
cumulative risk assessment across all of the
OPs is required before the reassessment of
their tolerances is completed. This extra stage
of cumulative assessment was not needed for
the tolerances reassessed in 1999 since
pesticides reviewed at that time either were
canceled voluntarily or had no common
mechanism of toxicity. The cumulative
assessment requires that EPA establish a
cumulative risk policy, which has taken the
Agency longer than first anticipated. EPA
expects to issue that policy by the end of
2001. Following that, the Agency will be able
to complete the reassessment of all of the OP
tolerances, producing a surge of reassessments
completed in 2002. We are on schedule to
meet our statutory deadline of 66 percent of
all tolerances reassessed by August 3, 2002.
As required by FQPA, EPA has
developed a tolerance fee rule that recovers
from pesticide manufacturers the full cost of
setting and reevaluating pesticide tolerances
on food. The tolerance program will be fully
funded through a combination of appropriated
funds and fees that begin in 2002. In future
years, the program will be entirely funded
through the new tolerance fee.
FQPA also requires that EPA establish
a process for periodic review of pesticide
registrations. This requires the updating of all
pesticide registrations using current health
standards, scientific data, risk assessment
methodology, program policies and effective
risk reduction measures. In 2002, the Agency
will continue developing the framework for
the registration review program.
Research
In 2002, EPA's research program will
continue to develop pesticides exposure and
effects data, risk assessment methods and
models for children, and control technologies
needed to comply with the requirements of
FQPA. Specifically, health effects research
will continue to focus on developing new and
improved test methods to evaluate the effects
of environmental exposure to pesticides and
other chemicals in sensitive subpopulations.
The exposure research program will continue
to devote attention to identifying those
pesticides, media, pathways, and activities that
represent the highest potential exposures to
children and other susceptible and/or sensitive
subpopulations and determine the factors that
influence these exposures. Risk assessment
research will develop methods for combining
exposures and assessing exposure-dose-
response relationships for pesticides and other
compounds with common modes of action
and different exposure patterns,
50
-------
Goal 3: Safe Food
2002 Annual Performance Goals
In 2002, decrease adverse risk from
agricultural uses from 1995 levels and
assure that new pesticides that enter
the market are safe for humans and the
environment, through ensuring that all
registration action are timely and
comply with standards mandated by
law.
* By the end of 2002, EPA will reassess
a cumulative 66 percent of the 9,721
pesticide tolerances required to be
reassessed over ten years. This
includes 70 percent of the 893
tolerances having the greatest potential
impact on dietary risks to children.
* In 2002, detections of residues of
carcinogenic and cholinesterase
inhibiting neurotoxic pesticides on
foods eaten by children will have
decreased by 15 percent (cumulative)
from their average 1994 to 1996
levels.
In 2002, assure that pesticide active
ingredients registered prior to 1984
and the products that contain them are
reviewed to assure adequate protection
for human health and the
environment. Also consider the
unique exposure scenarios such as
subsistence lifestyles of Native
Americans in regulatory decisions.
In 2002, at least one percent of
acre-treatments will use applications
of reduced risk pesticides.
51
-------
Goal 3: Safe Food
Goal 3: Safe Food Key Programs
(dollars in thousands)
Administrative Services
Endocrine Disrupter Screening Program
Pesticide Registration
Pesticide Reregistration
Pesticide Residue Tolerance Reassessments
Rent, Utilities and Security
FY 2001
Enacted
$1,809.4
$5,721,0
$29,229,2
$33,469.2
$14,801.6
$10,604.9
FY 2002
President's
Budget
$1,317.5
$5,290.2
$29,669,3
$43,331.9
$5,846,0
$10,437.8
52
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GOAL 4:
Preventing Pollution and
Reducing Risk in
Communities, Homes,
Workplaces, and
Ecosystems
-------
54
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Goal 4: Preventing Pollution and Reducing Risk in
Communities, Homes, Workplaces and Ecosystems
Goat 4: 4.1%
Strategic Goal: Pollution prevention and risk management strategies aimed
at eliminating, reducing, or minimizing emissions and contamination will
result in cleaner and safer environments in which all Americans can reside,
work, and enjoy life. EPA will safeguard ecosystems and promote the health
of natural communities that are integral to the quality of life in this nation.
Resourc
(dollars
e Summary
in thousands)
FY 2001 FY 2002 FY 2002 vs.
Enacted Request FY 2001
Preventing Pollution and Reducing Risk in S301, 113.7 $297,572,3 ($3,541.4)
Communities, Homes, Workplaces and Ecosystems
Reduce Public and Ecosystem Risk from Pesticides $51,453.5 S54,472.9 $3,019.4
Reduce Risks from Lead and Other Toxic Chemicals $34,304.2 $34,741.7 S437.5
Manage New Chemical Introduction and Screen E
Chemicals for Risk
xisting 564,915.8 $65,233.1 $317.3
Ensure Healthier Indoor Air $38,634.2 $37,854.0 ($780.2)
Facilitate Prevention, Reduction and Recycling of PBTs $47,448.3 $40,661 .2 ($6,787. 1)
and Toxic Chemicals
Assess Conditions in Indian Country
Workyears
$64,357.7 $64,609.4 $251.7
1,171.3 1,161.7 (9.6)
Means and Strategy
The diversity and sensitivity of
America's environments (communities,
homes, workplaces and ecosystems) requires
EPA to adopt a multi-faceted approach to
protecting the public from the threats posed
by pesticides, toxic chemicals and other
pollutants. The underlying principle of the
activities in this goal is the application of
pollution prevention, which can be cheaper
and smarter than cleanup and remediation, as
evidenced by the high cost of Superfiind,
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
(RCRA), and Polychlorinated Biphenyls
-------
Goal 4: Pteventing Pollution and Reducing Risk in
Communities, Homesf Workplaces and Ecosystems
(PCB) cleanups. Pollution Prevention (P2)
involves changing the behavior of those that
cause the pollution and fostering the wider use
of preventive practices as a means to achieve
effective, sustainable results.
Under this Goal, EPA ensures that
pesticides and their application methods do
not present unreasonable risks to human
health, the environment, and ecosystems. In
addition to the array of risk-management
measures entailed in the registration
authorities under the Federal Insecticide,
Fungicide, and Rodentcide Act (FEFRA) for
individual pesticide ingredients, EPA has
specific programs to foster worker and
pesticide-user safety, groundwater protection,
and the safe, effective use of antimicrobial
agents. These programs work to ensure the
comprehensive protection of the environment
and wildlife, endangered species in particular,
and to reduce the contribution of pesticides to
ecological threats such as pollutant loading in
select geographic areas. Within this context,
EPA pursues a variety of field activities at the
regional, state and local levels, including the
promotion of pesticide environmental
stewardship. EPA is also addressing
emerging threats such as endocrine disrupters
by developing and implementing new
screening technologies to assess a chemical's
impact on hormonal activity. Finally, EPA
promotes the use of sensible Integrated Pest
Management (IPM) and the prevention of
pesticide misuse in the panoply of uses within
both the urban and rural environments.
The Agency remains committed to
safeguarding our Nation's communities,
homes, workplaces, and ecosystems.
Preventing pollution through regulatory,
voluntary, and partnership actions educating
and changing the behavior of our public is
a sensible and effective approach to
sustainable development while protecting our
nation's health. Two groups with significant
potential to effect environmental change are
industry and academia. The Agency pursues
a number of these P2 with both of the these
groups. Likewise, improved understanding of
the potential risks to health from airborne
toxic chemicals present indoors may
strengthen our ability to reduce residents'
exposure through voluntary changes in
behavior and through potential product
reformulation.
Preventing pollution through
partnerships is central to Agency chemical
right-to-know activities. These activities
include providing the public with information
on the basic health and environmental effects
of the 2,800 highest production volume
(HPV) chemicals in the United States
(chemicals manufactured in or imported into
the U.S. in quantities of at least 1 million
pounds). Most residents come into daily
contact with many of these chemicals, yet
relatively little is known about their potential
impacts. Getting basic hazard testing
information on large volume chemicals is the
focus of the "HPV Challenge Program," a
voluntary program recognizing industry's
contribution to the public knowledge base on
these prevalent chemicals. More than 469
companies have committed to voluntarily
provide these test data for more than 2,155 of
the HPV chemicals a remarkable
partnership between government and the
private sector. The Agency intends to further
evaluate whether additional testing is
warranted for chemicals to which children are
exposed.
56
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Goal 4: Preventing Pollution and Reducing Risk in
Communities, Homesf Workplaces and Ecosystems
Children's health is also the
continuing focus of the multi-agency initiative
begun in 2000 to combat asthma in children.
Efforts in 2002 will target reductions in the
presence of indoor triggers of asthma, such as
environmental tobacco smoke and biological
contaminants, by continuing to educate the
public about the disease and about the steps
they can take to reduce the severity and
frequency of asthma attacks. Additional
voluntary work will be undertaken by schools
to empower their students to manage their
asthma symptoms better, by school personnel
to improve the indoor environments of their
schools, and by health care personnel to
incorporate education about managing
environmental asthma triggers into asthma
treatment plans for their patients.
Partnerships with non-profit environmental
and public health organizations with a
particular focus on children are used to bring
about these voluntary reductions in exposure
to asthma triggers found indoors. Achieving
the goals of the multi-agency effort to
maintain the government's efforts to combat
asthma in children requires effective
collaboration between EPA and other Federal
agencies.
Also central to the Agency's work
under this goal in 2002 will be continued
attention on documenting and taking action to
reduce potential risk from persistent,
bioaccumulative and highly toxic chemicals
(PBTs) and from chemicals that have
endocrine disruption effects. PBT chemicals
are of particular concern not only because
they are toxic but also because they may
remain in the environment for a long period of
time, are not readily destroyed, and may build
up or accumulate to high concentrations in
plant or animal tissue. In cases involving
mercury and PCBs, they may accumulate in
human tissue.
The Agency mixes both regulatory and
voluntary methods to accomplish its job. For
example, each year the Toxic Substances
Control Act (TSCA) New Chemicals program
reviews and manages the potential risks from
approximately 1,800 new chemicals and 40
products of biotechnology that enter the
marketplace. This new chemical review
process not only protects the public from the
possible immediate threats of harmful
chemicals, like PCBs, from entering the
marketplace, but it has also contributed to
changing the behavior of the chemical
industry, making industry more aware and
responsible for the impact these chemicals
have on human health and the environment.
This awareness has led industry to produce
safer "greener" alternative chemicals and
pesticides. Fewer harmful chemicals are
entering the marketplace and our environment
today because of the New Chemicals
Program.
The Design for the Environment
(DfE), Green Chemistry Program and Green
Engineering (GE) build on and expand the
new chemistry efforts. They target industry
and academia to maximize pollution
prevention. The Agency's DfE Program
forms partnerships with industry to find
sensible solutions to prevent pollution. In one
example, taking a sector approach, EPA has
worked with the electronics industry to reduce
the use of formaldehyde and other toxic
chemicals in the manufacture of printed
wiring boards. The Agency's Green
Chemistry Program also forms partnerships
with industry and the scientific community to
find economically viable technical solutions to
prevent pollution. In addition, the Green
Engineering Program works with the
57
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Goal 4: Pfeventing Pollution and Reducing Risk in
CommunitieSj Homes, Workplaces and Ecosystems
American Society of Engineering Education
(ASEE) to incorporate GE approaches into
engineering curricula.
The Pollution Prevention Framework
is another example of EPA successfully
influencing industry's approach to chemical
selection prior to commercialization. The P2
Framework accomplishes the following; (1)
integrates analytical methods and tools that
help predict exposures and risks of
chemicals, based on chemical structure and
estimates of environmental releases and
exposure; (2) allows stakeholders to evaluate
and compare chemical choices and to identify
environmentally preferable products and
processes; and (3) helps industry identify risk
issues early in product development, when
pollution prevention opportunities are most
cost-effective. In 2001 and 2002 EPA is using
the P2 Framework as part of the Sustainable
Futures effort to help companies shorten the
review cycle for introduction of new safer
chemicals into commerce, thereby benefitting
the environment, the companies and EPA.
In several cases, achieving the
strategic objectives under this goal is a shared
responsibility with other federal and state
agencies. For example, EPA's role in
reducing the levels of children's lead exposure
involves promotion of federal-state
partnerships to lower specific sources of lead
to children, primarily from addressing lead-
based paint hazards. These partnerships
emphasize development of a professional
infrastructure to identify, manage and abate
lead-based paint hazards, as well as public
education and empowerment strategies, which
fit into companion Federal efforts with the
Department of Health and Human Services
(HHS), Department of Defense (DOD),
Department of Energy (DOE), Department of
Justice (DOJ), Centers for Disease Control
(CDC), and Department of Housing and
Urban Development (HUD). These combined
efforts help to monitor lead levels in the
environment, with the intent of virtually
eliminating lead poisoning hi children.
Intrinsic to the effort to prevent
pollution is the minimization of the quantities
of waste generated by industry, government
agencies, and hazardous-waste management
operations. Strategies range from fostering
materials reuse and recycling and other
resource-recovery processes to broad-based
campaigns to re-engineer the consumption
and use of raw materials or personal
conservation of resources. Effective and
sustainable programs reduce the need for
storage, treatment or disposal of hazardous or
municipal wastes, while reducing costs to
industry and municipalities,
Since this Goal focuses on how the
public lives in communities, it features the
Agency's commitment of fulfilling its
responsibility for assuring human health and
promoting environmental protection in Indian
Country. EPA's policy is to work with tribes
on a govemment-to-government basis that
affirms the vital trust responsibility that EPA
has with 572 tribal governments and remains
cognizant of the Nation's interest in
conserving the cultural uses of natural
resources.
Research
Currently, there are significant gaps
with regard to the understanding of actual
human exposures to pesticides and toxic
substances in consumer products in residential
58
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Goal 4: Preventing Pollution and Reducing Risk in
Communities, Homes, Workplaces and Ecosystems
environments and potential human health
risks from such exposures to the general
population and susceptible subpopulations,
such as infants and children. Methods for
detecting and estimating human exposures to
these chemical stressors are extremely limited.
Health effects information is not available for
most of these stressors. Tools that are
currently available to control or prevent
exposures are also limited to certain processes
or materials. To reduce human health and
ecological risks, research is needed to
develop/improve methods to evaluate hazard
on human health endpoints, models to
improve the biological basis for human health
risk assessment, and methods to identify
ecological hazards, predict ecological risk,
and characterize environmental stressor
interactions. In 2002, the Agency will
continue to support both human health and
ecosystems research to reduce risks and
improve the environmental safety of our
communities.
Highlights
EPA seeks to prevent pollution at the
source as the first choice in managing
environmental risks to humans and
ecosystems. Where pollution prevention at
the source is not a viable alternative, the
Agency will employ risk management and
cost effective remediation strategies.
Reducing pollution at the source will be
carried out using a multi-media approach in
the following environmental problem areas:
Reduce Public and Ecosystem Risks from
Pesticides
Reducing risk from exposure to
pesticides requires a multi-faceted approach.
Beyond being exposed through the food we
eat, the general public, applicators, and farm
workers may be exposed to pesticides through
direct handling, groundwater contamination or
aerial spray. One intent of the Food Quality
Protection Act (FQPA) is to protect the public
by shifting the nation toward safer pesticide
use. Appropriate transition strategies to safer
pesticides are important to the nation to avoid
disruption of food supply or sudden changes
in the market that could result from abruptly
terminating the use of a pesticide before well-
targeted safer equivalents can be identified
and made available. For these reasons, the
strategic agricultural partnership program will
continue to be an important priority in 2002.
The initiative develops alternative pest
management tools and approaches. The
Agency will continue to work closely with
industry, agricultural pesticide users and other
stakeholders to effectively transition to the
safer pesticides and pest management
practices envisioned by the FQPA. In 2002,
the initiative will continue efforts to reach
more farmers, encourage them to adopt safer
pesticides, use environmental stewardship and
integrated pest management practices, and
adopt a "whole farm" approach to
environmental protection.
In 2002, through the Certification and
Training (C&T) and Worker Protection (WP)
programs, EPA will continue training and
educating farm workers and employers on the
dangers of pesticides and good worker safety
practices. EPA will continue to protect the
59
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Goal 4: Preventing Pollution and Reducing Bisk in
Communities, Homes, Workplaces and Ecosystems
Nation's ecosystems and reduce impacts to
endangered species through the Pesticide
Environmental Stewardship Program (PESP)
and IPM. The Agency will emphasize efforts
with our tribal partners to address pesticide
issues and enhance the development of tribal
technical capacity, particularly in the areas of
risk management, worker safety, training, and
pollution prevention.
Together, the WP and the C&T
programs address the problem of worker
pesticide exposure. These programs
safeguard workers from occupational
exposure to pesticides by providing training
for workers, employers, and pesticide
applicators and handlers. Training and
certification of applicators of restricted use
pesticides further ensures that workers and
other vulnerable groups are protected from
undue pesticide exposure and risk.
Reeertification requirements keep their
knowledge current with label changes and
application improvements. The Groundwater
Strategy, a cooperative effort with states and
regions to develop Pesticide Management
Plans (PMPs), will further efforts to prevent
pesticide pollution of surface and
groundwaters. The Endangered Species
program will enlist the support of the
agricultural community and other interested
groups to protect wildlife and critical habitats
from pesticides. This voluntary program is
carried out through communications and
outreach efforts and in coordination with
other Federal agencies. The PESP and IPM
play pivotal roles in moving the nation to the
use of safe pest control methods, including
reduced risk pesticides. These closely related
programs promote risk reduction through
collaborative efforts with stakeholders to
utilize safer alternatives to traditional
chemical methods of pest control.
Antimicrobial sterilants and
disinfectants are used to kill microorganisms
on surfaces and objects in hospitals, schools,
restaurants and homes. Antimicrobials
require appropriate labeling and handling to
ensure safety and efficacy. EPA remains
focused on accurate product labeling and
product efficacy and meeting other
requirements for antimicrobial sterilants set
forth by FQPA.
Reduce Risks from Lead and Other Toxic
Chemicals
EPA is part of the Federal effort to
address lead poisoning and elevated blood
levels in children by assisting in, and in some
cases guiding, federal activities aimed at
reducing the exposure of children in homes
with lead-based paint. During 2002, EPA will
continue implementing its comprehensive
program to reduce the incidence of lead
poisoning and elevated blood levels in
children nationwide.
During 2002, EPA will continue the
Lead Based Paint Training & Certification
Program in all fifty states through EPA
authorized state, territorial or tribal programs
or, in states and territories without EPA
authorization, through direct implementation
by the Agency. In the lead regulatory
program, EPA will propose one major rule
setting standard for deleading of buildings and
structures, and work towards finalizing a
major rule on training and certification for
renovation and remodeling activities.
60
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Goal 4: Pteventing Pollution and Reducing Risk in
Communities* Homes, Workplaces and Ecosystems
EPA will continue to implement the
new Lead Hazards Standards Rule, the Lead
Renovation Information Rule and the Real
Estate Notification & Disclosure Rule. EPA
is working with other Federal Agencies
including HHS, HUD, DOD, DOE, Consumer
Product Safety Commission (CPSC), and DOJ
on implementing a Federal Strategy to
virtually eliminate lead poisoning.
For other chemicals whose significant
risks are well established (such as PCBs,
asbestos, and dioxin), reductions in use and
releases are important to reducing exposure of
the general population as well as sensitive
sub-populations. In 2002, EPA's PCB control
efforts will encourage phase-out of PCB
electrical equipment, ensuring proper waste
disposal methods and capacity, and fostering
PCB site cleanups. The Agency plans to
develop an dioxin strategy to respond to the
latest science and address dioxin risk
management in a more comprehensive cross-
media approach. EPA is also continuing work
on identifying and quantifying the link
between dioxin sources and the general
population exposure.
Manage Ne_w_.jChgjni.Qal .Introduction and
Screen Existing Chemicals for Risk
Under TSCA, EPA identifies and
controls unreasonable risks associated with
chemicals. The chemical right-to-know
program addresses a critical gap in the
nation's knowledge about the health and
environmental hazards of HPV chemicals.
EPA is working with industry to put
information about those chemicals into the
hands of the public so they can make better
and more informed consumer choices.
Another Agency priority is
implementation of the Endocrine Disrupter
Screening Program (EDSP). The EDSP is
based on the recommendations of the
Endocrine Disrupter Screening and Testing
Advisory Committee (EDSTAC), which
provided advice and counsel to the Agency on
a strategy to screen and test chemicals and
pesticides that may cause endocrine disruption
in humans, fish, and wildlife. In 1999, EPA
began the validation of EDSP screening test
protocols which will be completed in 2001.
By 2005, EPA anticipates that all high
production volume chemicals will be screened
for endocrine disrupting potential. The
resulting priority chemicals will be tested
using the approach and test methods
developed from recommendations of the
EDSTAC.
In 2002, EPA will also continue work
in the areas of existing chemicals, new
chemicals, and national program chemicals
(including lead, fibers, dioxin, PCBs, and
mercury). The Agency reviews chemicals
already in commerce, along with chemicals or
microorganisms before commercialization
(i.e., "new" chemicals) to determine whether
they can be handled and used safely. Another
approach to safer chemicals is green
chemistry, which identifies opportunities for
increasing the design, development and use of
less toxic chemicals and chemical processes.
EnsureHealthier .Indoor Air
In 2002, the Indoor Environments
program will continue to build on work begun
in 2000 and 2001 to protect children's health
by reducing the presence of indoor triggers of
asthma in homes and schools where children
61
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Goal 4: Pf eventing Pollution and Reducing Risk in
Communities, Homes, Workplaces and Ecosystems
spend the majority of their time. In particular,
the Agency will continue its education and
outreach activities which implement portions
of "Asthma and the Environment: An Action
Plan to Protect Children," the inter-agency
plan developed under the Task Force On
Environmental Health Risks and Safety Risks
to Children (January 1999). EPA's activities
are designed to increase the understanding
that children with asthma, parents, caregivers,
health professionals, and school personnel
have about the links between the condition of
the indoor environment and asthma. Outreach
and education efforts can empower the public
to take voluntary actions to improve the
quality of their indoor environment. EPA will
continue to work in close collaboration with
the HHS's CDC and the National Institutes of
Health. EPA will continue its agreement with
the Advertising Council to use television,
print, and other media channels to educate the
public about the seriousness of the asthma
epidemic, and about the steps they can take to
identify and reduce asthma triggers in their
own environment. In addition, the Agency
will continue its efforts to improve indoor air
quality in Tribal lands.
Facilitate ^Prevention, Reduction and
Recycling of PBT's and Toxic Chemicals
Pollution prevention and waste
minimization require a comprehensive effort
of minimizing the quantity and toxicity of
waste generated by industries, the government
and individual citizens. EPA's role includes
several specific activities addressing industrial
hazardous waste and municipal and industrial
solid waste.
Preventing pollution can be cost-
effective to industry in cases where it reduces
excess raw materials and energy use. P2 can
also reduce the need for expensive "end-of-
pipe" treatment and disposal, enable firms to
avoid potential liability, and support quality
improvement incentives in place at facilities.
Current EPA strategies include
institutionalizing preventive approaches hi
EPA's regulatory, operating, and
compliance/enforcement programs and
facilitating the adoption of pollution
prevention techniques by states, tribes, the
academic community and industry.
One approach the Agency employs is
the industrial sector-based focus that promotes
cleaner technologies leading to a reduction of
risks to health and the environment. EPA's
DfE program works in partnership with
industry to develop comparative risk,
performance, and cost information about
alternative technologies, chemicals, and
processes in order to make environmentally
informed business decisions.
EPA is a leader in reducing generation
of municipal and industrial solid waste
regulated under RCRA Subtitle D and in
improving the recovery and conservation of
materials and energy through source reduction
and recycling. EPA encourages source
reduction of municipal solid waste through its
Waste Wise program and encourages recycling
and the recycling market through such
programs as Pay As You Throw and Jobs
Through Recycling. In addition, working with
public and private sector stakeholders, EPA
has promoted financing and technology
opportunities for recycling/reuse businesses.
In 2002, the Agency will serve as a catalyst
62
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Goal 4: Preventing Pollution and Reducing Risk in
Communities, Homes, Workplaces and Ecosystems
for innovative source reduction and recycling
in many industrial sectors, including waste
reduction opportunities for construction and
demolition debris, food wastes, tires,
electronics equipment, carpet, transport
packaging, and plastic beverage packaging.
In the hazardous waste arena,
regulated under RCRA Subtitle C, the Agency
is focusing on reducing the presence of the
most PBT chemicals in hazardous waste by 50
percent by 2005 (compared to a 1991
baseline). This goal is consistent with other
national and international priorities for
reducing the presence of PBTs in the
environment. In 2002 the Agency will
encourage and support implementation at the
regional, state and local levels through
voluntary pollution prevention partnerships
that make economic sense while they decrease
human and environmental exposure to toxic
wastes.
The Agency will continue reducing the
barriers to safe recycling of hazardous waste
through changes to recycling regulatory
standards and ongoing outreach to
stakeholders to explore additional options.
The Agency will be focusing particularly on
ways to increase safe hazardous waste
recycling while reducing burden for small
businesses such as printing, electronics
recyclers, and metal finishing.
Assess Conditions in Indian Country
EPA places particular priority on
working with Federally Recognized Indian
Tribes on a government-to-govemment basis
to improve environmental conditions in Indian
country in a manner that affirms the vital trust
responsibility that EPA has with some 572
Tribal governments. The Agency will
concentrate on building Tribal programs and
completing a documented baseline assessment
of environmental conditions for 38 percent of
Tribes (covering 50 percent of Indian
Country). These assessments will provide a
blueprint for planning future activities
identified in Tribal/EPA Environmental
Agreements (TEAs) or similar tribal
environmental plans to address and support
priority environmental multi-media concerns
in Indian country.
In 2002, EPA is requesting a total of
$52.5 million for Indian General Assistance
Program grants. These resources will allow
most Tribes to support at least one or two
persons working in their community to build
a strong, sustainable environment for the
future. These people perform vital work by
assessing the status of a Tribe's environmental
condition and building an environmental
program tailored to that Tribe's needs.
Another key role of this workforce is to alert
EPA of serious conditions requiring attention
in the near term so that, in addition to
assisting in the building of Tribal
environmental capacity, EPA can work with
the Tribe to respond to immediate public
health and ecological threats.
EPA continues to consider additional
approaches for how EPA and Indian Tribes
might work together to protect public health
and the environment in Indian Country. As
part of that effort, EPA is proposing to
continue authority granted in 2001 to enter
into cooperative agreements with Tribes to
assist EPA in implementing environmental
programs in instances where the Tribe has not
63
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Goal 4: Preventing Pollution and Reducing Risk in
Communities, Homes, Workplaces and Ecosystems
achieved primacy. Implementation of this
approach would allow for a more gradual
transition to full program authorization by
allowing for varying degrees of Tribal
involvement based on an individual Tribe's
capabilities and interests. Agency-wide EPA
Tribal funding has grown from about $38
million to $218 million in the last decade.
Research
Health effects research in 2002 will
continue to focus on development of
mechanistically-based predictive models for
human health risk assessment, such as
structure-activity-relationship models to help
determine testing needs under Section 5 of
TSCA, which addresses new chemicals.
Research will also be conducted to address the
needs for methods to evaluate the special
sensitivities of certain subpopulations based
on age, genetic factors and health status.
Also, risk assessment research will continue
to develop the tools, methodology, and data to
conduct probabilistic assessments of
ecological risk from exposure to pesticides,
including the development of user friendly
models that link distributions of exposure and
toxicify to estimate the magnitude and
probability of effects.
2002 Annual Performance Goals
* In 2002, divert an additional 1 percent
(for a cumulative total of 31 percent or
69 million tons) of municipal solid
waste from land filling and
combustion, and maintain per capita
generation of RCRA municipal solid
waste at 4.3 pounds per day.
In 2002, 848,000 additional people
will be living in healthier residential
indoor environments.
In 2002, of the approximately 1,800
applications for new chemicals and
microorganisms submitted by
industry, ensure those marketed are
safe for humans and the environment.
Increase the proportion of commercial
chemicals that have undergone pre-
manufacturing notification (PMN)
review to signify they are properly
managed and may be potential green
alternatives to existing chemicals.
In 2002, the quantity of Toxic Release
Inventory (TRJ) pollutants released,
disposed of, treated or combusted for
energy recovery in 2002, (normalized
for changes in industrial production)
will be reduced by 200 million
pounds, or 2 percent, from 2001. This
data will be reported in 2004.
In 2002, 1,228,500 students, faculty
and staff will experience improved
indoor air quality in their schools.
In 2002, implementation of 10-15
model agricultural partnership projects
that demonstrate and facilitate the
adoption of farm management
decisions and practices that provide
growers with a "reasonable transition"
away from the highest risk pesticides.
In 2002, implement certification and
training of lead abatement
professionals.
64
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Goal 4: Preventing Pollution and Reducing Risk in
Communities, Homes, Workplaces and Ecosystems
In 2002, baseline environmental
information will be collected for 38
percent of tribes (covering 50 percent
of Indian Country),
In 2002, EPA will make publicly
available screening level hazard data
and Assessments for eight percent of
the 2,800 High Production Volume
chemicals, as part of the Agency's
implementation of a comprehensive
strategy for screening, testing,
classifying and managing the potential
risks posed by commercial chemicals.
65
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Goal 4: Preventing Pollution and Reducing Risk in
Communities, Homes, Workplaces and Ecosystems
Goal 4: Preventing Pollution Key Programs I
(dollars in thousands) I
Key Program
Administrative Services
Air,State,Local and Tribal Assistance Grants: Other Air Grants
Children's Indoor Environments
Common Sense Initiative
Design for the Environment
Endocrine Disrupter Screening Program
Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program, EMAP
Existing Chemical Data, Screening, Testing and Management
Grants to States for Lead Risk Reduction
Indoor Environments
Lead Risk Reduction Program
National Program chemicals: PCBs, Asbestos, Fibers,and Dioxin
New Chemical Review
Pesticide Applicator Certification and Training
Pesticide Registration
Pesticide Reregistration
Pesticides Program Implementation Grant
Pollution Prevention Incentive Grants to States
Pollution Prevention Program
Radon
RCRA State Grants
Recycling
Regional Management
Rent, Utilities and Security
Source Reduction
Tribal General Assistance Grants
Waste Minimization
FY2001
Enacted
S2.322.2
58,139,9
, $14,714,1
$385,2
$4,976.8
$4,362.6
$143.0
524,429,6
SI 2,472 .4
57,469.4
114,248.6
$6,115.1
$14,147,4
$10,022.5
$11,986.5
$2,787.0
513,085,5
£5,986.3
$8,608.9
$6,562.7
$3,066.2
$3,351.1
$529.1
$1,270.3
$1,883.3
$52,469,7
$1,979.9
FY 2002 1
President's I
Budget
$1,860.5
§8,139.9
$13,624.1
$0.0
$4,979.0
$3,662.3
S148.0
$25,423.4
$13,682.0
$7,576.3
S 14,5 19.4
$6,388.9
$14,622.7
$10,349.1
$11,383.3
$2,811.3
$13,085,5
$5,986,3
$8,871.5
$6,733.0
$3,066.2
$3,712.7
$579.9
$4,345.6
$2,052.7
$52,469.7
$2,120.0
66
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GOAL 5:
Better Waste
Management,
Restoration of
Contaminated
Waste Sites, and
Emergency Response
-------
68
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Goal 5: Better Waste Management, Restoration of
Contaminated Waste Sites, and Emergency Response
Goal 5: 20.6%
Strategic Coal: America's wastes will be stored, treated, and disposed of
in ways that prevent harm to people and the natural environment. EPA will
work to clean up previously polluted sites, restore them to uses appropriate
for surrounding communities, and respond to and prevent waste-related or
industrial accidents.
Resource Summary
(dollars in thousands)
FY 2001 FY 2002 FY 2002 vs.
Enacted Request FY 2001
Better Waste Management, Restoration of Contaminated $1,517,539.9 $1,510,758.2 ($6,781.7)
Waste Sites, and Emergency Response
Control Risks from Contaminated Sites and Respond to
Emergencies
Regulate Facilities to Prevent Releases
Workyears
Sl.352,907.6 51,347,067.2 (S5,840.4)
$164,632.3 $163,691.0 ($941.3)
4,396.1 4,265.8 (130.3)
Means and Strategy
EPA and its partners will continue
their efforts to achieve this goal by promoting
better waste management, cleaning up
contaminated waste sites, and preventing
waste-related or industrial accidents. To date,
EPA and its partners have made significant
progress toward achieving its two primary
objectives that address human health and the
environment at thousands of Superfund,
Brownfields, Resource Conservation and
Recovery Act (RCRA), underground storage
tank (UST), and oil sites. Brought together by
our common interest to protect health,
environment, and livelihoods, EPA and its
partners have established an effective
structure to manage the nation's hazardous
and solid wastes.
One of the objectives of this Goal is to
reduce or control the unacceptable risks posed
to human health and the environment through
better waste management and restoration of
abandoned waste sites. In partnership with
states, tribal governments, the public, and
other stakeholders, EPA will reduce or control
the risks to human health and the environment
at thousands of Superfund, Brownfields,
-------
Goal 5: Better Wmite Management, Restoration of
Contaminated Waste Sites* -and Emergency Response
RCRA, and UST sites. EPA's strategy is to
apply the fastest, most effective waste
management and cleanup methods available,
while involving affected communities in the
decision making process. The Agency will
employ enforcement efforts to further assist in
reducing risk to humans from hazardous
waste exposure.
The Agency recently established
objectives specific to Indian tribes to achieve
EPA's strategic goal for better waste
management in Indian Country and Alaska
Native Villages. These objectives stress clean
up and prevention assistance to tribes. In
meeting these objectives for the Agency's
programs, EPA will identify tribal needs,
support and promote the involvement of tribes
in implementation activities, and control risks
in Indian Country through assessment and
clean up of contaminated sites in consultation
and partnership with tribes.
To accomplish its Superfund
objectives, EPA works with states, tribes,
local governments, and other federal agencies
to protect human health and the environment
and to restore sites to uses appropriate for the
nearby communities. Site assessment is the
first step in determining whether a site meets
the criteria for placement on the National
Priorities List (NPL) or for removal action to
prevent, minimize or mitigate significant
threats. The Agency also provides outreach
and education to the surrounding communities
to improve their direct involvement in every
phase of the cleanup process and
understanding of potential site risk, such as
risks posed by radioactive materials.
One of the Superfund program's major
goals is to have responsible parties pay for
and conduct cleanups at abandoned or
uncontrolled hazardous waste sites. The
Superfund enforcement program maximizes
Potentially Responsible Party (PRP)
participation and is committed to reforms,
which increase fairness, reduce transaction
costs and promote economic redevelopment.
The Agency also seeks to recover costs
associated with a site cleanup from
responsible parties when Superfund trust fund
monies have been expended.
EPA and its partners will support the
cleanup and redevelopment of brownfields
communities. Brownfields are abandoned,
idled, or underused industrial and commercial
properties and are not traditional Superfund
sites as they are not generally highly
contaminated and present lesser health risks.
Economic changes over several decades have
left thousands of communities with these
contaminated properties and abandoned sites.
The Agency's Brownfields initiative
encourages the redevelopment of these sites
by addressing concerns such as environmental
liability and cleanup, infrastructure declines,
and changing development priorities.
A significant number of industrial
sites, including Federally-owned facilities, are
addressed by the RCRA corrective action
program, administered by EPA and
authorized states. These sites include some of
the most intractable and controversial cleanup
projects in the country. Approximately 3,500
industrial facilities must undergo a cleanup
under the RCRA program. Of these facilities,
EPA and state partners have identified over
1,700 facilities as high priority - where people
or the environment are likely to be at
significant current or potential risk. As
evidence of success in meeting this challenge,
70
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Goal 5: Better Waste Management, Restoration of
Contaminated Waste Sites, and Emergency Response
500 out of the 1700 high priority facilities
have recently documented that both exposure
to contamination and further migration of
contaminated groundwater have been
controlled. Furthermore, the RCRA
corrective action program continues to
emphasize redevelopment of RCRA
"Brownfields" sites.
To accomplish its leaking underground
storage tanks (LUST) objectives, the Agency
promotes rapid and effective responses to
releases from underground storage tanks
(USTs) containing petroleum by enhancing
state, local, and tribal enforcement and
response capability. The Agency's highest
priorities in the LUST program over the next
several years will be to address the backlog of
approximately 160,000 cleanups, and to
address LUST sites that are difficult to
remediate because they are contaminated by
methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) and other
oxygenates. The LUST program addresses
the threat to groundwater from leaking
underground storage tanks that contain
petroleum by guiding UST owners and
operators to take appropriate measures to
clean up releases. The goal is to promote
corrective action in partnership with the states
to address these cleanup challenges, including
those posed by MTBE releases. Nearly all
corrective actions are undertaken by UST
owners and operators under the supervision of
state or local agencies. The Agency oversees
these activities in Indian Country.
As part of EPA's efforts to ensure the
LUST cleanup goals are achieved, the Agency
will also promote the cleanups of USTFields.
USTFields are abandoned or underused
industrial and commercial properties where
redevelopment is complicated by real or
perceived environmental contamination from
federally-regulated USTs. USTFields pilots
demonstrate what can be done to bring more
petroleum-impacted Brownfields sites back
into productive use for ecological, economic,
recreational, or other beneficial purposes.
The other objective of this Goal is to
prevent, reduce, and respond to releases,
spills, accidents or emergencies. Through the
UST and RCRA permitting and inspection
programs, the Agency and its partners oversee
the practices of thousands of facilities. When
releases do occur, EPA employees and those
of its partners, who are properly trained and
properly equipped, will ensure that the
Agency's objective is met by having the
capability to successfully respond.
In partnership with the states, the
Agency prevents releases, detects releases
early in the event they occur, and addresses
leaks from USTs containing petroleum and
hazardous substances. The strategy for
achieving this goal is to promote and enforce
compliance with the regulatory requirements
aimed at preventing and detecting UST
releases, thereby protecting our Nation's
groundwater. While the vast majority of the
714,000 active USTs have the proper
equipment per federal regulation, significant
work still remains to ensure UST owners and
operators properly maintain and operate their
systems. The Agency's role is to work with
states to promote compliance with the spill,
overfill, and corrosion protection
requirements, and ensure that the leak
detection requirements continue to be a
national priority. This encompasses
compliance for all federally regulated UST
systems, including those on private and public
property, Tribal lands, and Federal facilities.
71
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Goal 5: Better Waste-Management, Restoration of
Contaminated Waste Sites, and Emergency
The Agency has primary responsibility for
implementation of the UST program in Indian
Country.
For facilities that currently manage
hazardous wastes, EPA ensures human health
and environmental protection through the
issuance of RCRA hazardous waste permits.
The RCRA program works with state partners
to reduce the risks of exposures to dangerous
hazardous wastes by establishing a "cradle-to-
grave" waste management framework. This
framework regulates the handling, transport,
treatment, storage, and disposal of hazardous
waste, ensuring that communities are not
exposed to hazards through improper
management. Hazardous waste management
facilities with appropriate controls in place
have made significant progress in minimizing
the threat of exposure to hazardous
substances. To date, 47 states, Guam and the
District of Columbia are authorized to issue
permits. State authorization for all portions of
the RCRA program, including regulations that
address waste management issues included in
permits, is an important Agency goal. In
addition, the Agency has developed a strategy
to address solid waste and hazardous waste on
Indian lands. A highlight of this strategy is the
interagency project with the Indian Health
Service and the Bureau of Indian Affairs to
address issues surrounding open dumps and
their cleanup, the primary waste management
concern for tribes.
The Agency's chemical emergency
preparedness and prevention program
addresses some of the risks associated with
the manufacture, transportation, storage and
use of hazardous chemicals to prevent and
mitigate chemical releases. The program also
implements right-to-know initiatives to inform
the public about chemical hazards and
encourages actions at the local level to reduce
risk. Section 112(r) of the Clean Air Act
requires an estimated 16,000 facilities to
develop comprehensive risk management
plans (RMPs) and submit them to EPA, state
agencies, and Local Emergency Planning
Committees. The Agency believes that states
are best suited to implement the RMP
program because they benefit directly from its
success and they often have established
relationships with the communities that may
be at risk.
The oil spill program prevents,
prepares for, and responds to oil spills
mandated and authorized in the Clean Water
Act and Oil Pollution Act of 1990. EPA
utilizes its appropriated dollars to protect
inland waterways through oil spill prevention,
preparedness, and enforcement compliance.
There are 450,000 non-transportation-related
oil storage facilities that EPA regulates.
When necessary, the Agency undertakes oil
spill response which is funded through a
reimbursable agreement with the U.S. Coast
Guard.
Research
The 2002 research program supports
the Agency's objective of reducing or
controlling potential risks to human health
and the environment at contaminated waste
sites by accelerating scientifically defensible
and cost-effective decisions for cleanup at
complex sites, mining sites, marine spills, and
Brownfields in accordance with the
Comprehensive Environmental Response,
Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA),
72
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Goal 5; Better Management, of
Contaminated Waste Sites, and Emergency Response
commonly known as Superfund. The research
program will: 1) provide improved methods
and dose-response models for estimating risks
from complex mixtures contaminating soils
and groundwater; 2) provide improved
methods for measuring, monitoring, and
characterizing complex waste sites in terms of
soils and groundwater; and 3) develop more
reliable technologies for cleanup of
contaminated soils and groundwater. The
Superfund Innovative Technology Program
(SITE) fosters the development, use, and
acceptance of lower cost characterization and
cleanup technologies. In 2002, EPA will
deliver the annual SITE report to Congress,
which provides program/project status and
cost savings information.
EPA regulates waste identification,
waste management, and combustion under
RCRA. These programs constitute the three
major areas of research under RCRA in 2002
as the Agency works towards preventing
releases through proper facility management.
Waste identification research will focus on
multimedia, multi-pathway exposure
modeling and environmental fate and
transport-physical estimation in support of
risk-based exemption levels for wastes;
development of targeted exemptions of waste
streams that do not pose unacceptable risks;
and efforts to streamline the waste delisting
process. These risk-based efforts could
significantly reduce compliance costs while
maintaining EPA's goal to protect human
health and the environment. Waste
management research will focus on
developing more cost-effective ways to
manage/recycle non-hazardous wastes and
will examine other remediation technologies,
while combustion research will continue to
focus on characterizing and controlling
releases of metals from waste combustion.
Highlights
In 2002, EPA and state cleanup
actions will protect human health by reducing
the effects of uncontrolled releases on local
populations and sensitive environments. The
Agency will build on past successes in
cleaning up sites. The following
accomplishments provide examples of what
has been done by the Agency to achieve its
goal:
Cleaned up 757 Superfund NPL Sites
through 2000;
Completed over 6,200 Superfund
removal response actions from 1982
through 2000;
» Secured PRP commitments, over the
life of the Superfund program, with an
estimated value of over $18 billion
(over $14.9 billion in response
settlements and more than $3.1 billion
in cost recovery settlements);
Resolved potential liability of 22,800
small volume waste contributing
parties through 460 de minimis
settlements;
Responded to an average of 70 oil
spills and monitored 130 oil spill
cleanups in a typical year;
Signed more than 360 agreements for
brownfields assessment pilots, over
100 agreements for brownfields
73
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Goal 5: Better Waste Management, Restoration of
Contaminated Waste Sitess and Emergency Response
cleanup revolving loan fund, and 37
for job training through 2000;
» 504 of approximately 1,700 high
priority RCRA sites targeted for
aggressive risk reduction have met
GPRA Environmental Indicator goals;
* 65 percent of approximately 2,750
hazardous waste management
facilities have controls in place;
86 percent of USTs are in compliance
with the 1998 deadline requirements;
Cleaned up 250,000 leaking
underground storage tanks since 1987;
Funded 10 USTFields pilots.
In 2002, EPA will complete
construction at 65 private and Federal
Superfund sites for a cumulative total of 897.
The Agency will also take action to address
contamination at 285 sites using removal
authorities. The Superfund enforcement
program will also obtain PRP commitments to
initiate work at 70 percent of construction
starts at non-Federal facility sites on the NPL
and to conduct or fund removals.
In 2002, the Superfund redevelopment
initiative will facilitate the return of additional
Superfund sites to productive reuse. The
Agency has compiled a list of over 190
Superfund sites that have been recycled. At
these sites, more than 13,000 acres are now in
ecological or recreational use. Approximately
14,500 jobs, representing more than $450
million in annual income are located at sites
that have been recycled for commercial use.
The Agency is working to improve its
response capability, workforce safety, and
coordination with its federal and local partners
to support the national effort of responding to
a terrorist event. Terrorist threats could
include biological, chemical and radiological
attacks on populations in the United States.
The Brownfields Initiative coordinates
federal and state efforts to address
environmental site assessment and cleanup.
EPA's Brownfields program has experienced
a growth in applications for new and
supplemental pilots, averaging 198
applications per year. In 2002, half of the $5
million new investment in brownfields will be
used to award additional assessment
demonstration pilots with the funds going
directly to states, tribes, and local
governments. The Agency will provide
funding and technical support to 38 new
assessment demonstration pilots and 38
existing assessment demonstration pilots.
These pilots provide states (including U.S.
territories), political subdivisions (including
cities, towns, and counties), and Federally
recognized tribes with useful information and
new strategies for promoting a unified
approach to environmental site assessment
and characterization, and redevelopment. In
addition, the Agency and its Federal partners
will continue to support the existing 28
showcase community pilots which serve as
models to demonstrate the benefits of
interagency cooperative efforts in addressing
environmental and economic issues related to
brownfields. The showcase communities
capitalize on a multi-agency partnership
designed to provide a wide range of support
depending on the particular needs of each
community. In addition, the President's
74
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Goal Si Better Waste Management, Restoration of
Contaminated Waste Sites, and Emergency
budget proposes that the Brownfields tax
incentive be made permanent.
The Agency will also provide funding
to states for activities that are part of
brownfields site assessment pilots. These
activities include facilitating communication
among brownfields pilots and with state
environmental authorities. In addition, the
Agency will provide funding for the
development or enhancement of state
voluntary cleanup programs. The 2002 request
for the Brownfields program will increase
funding to the states for voluntary cleanup
programs and targeted brownfields
assessments.
To further enhance communities'
capacities to respond to Brownfields
redevelopment, the Agency will award
brownfields cleanup revolving loan funds
(BCRLF) pilots to 29 communities. All
communities with brownfields properties are
eligible to apply. EPA offers grants to
governmental entities which may discount
loans to nonprofit or other government
entities. In addition, EPA will award 10 job
training pilots for community residents and
will provide $3,000,000 to the National
Institute of Environmental Health Sciences to
supplement its minority worker training
programs that focus on brownfields workforce
development activities. In addition, EPA will
continue to explore connections between
RCRA low-priority corrective action efforts
and cleanup of brownfields properties.
In 2002, 172 additional high priority
RCRA facilities will have current human
exposures under control and 172 additional
high priority RCRA facilities will have
migration of contaminated groundwater under
control. To accomplish its RCRA objectives,
the Agency has improved the pace of cleanups
through administrative reforms announced in
1999 and 2001. The 1999 reforms
successfully established an environment for
program implementers to be innovative and
results-oriented. To reinforce and build upon
the 1999 reforms, the Agency announced a
second round of administrative reforms in
2001 with the theme of "fostering creative
solutions." The Agency developed these
reforms, with input from states, industry and
environmental organizations, to accomplish
the following objectives: pilot innovative
approaches, accelerate the changing culture,
connect communities to cleanups, and
capitalize on redevelopment potential. As
evidence of the success of the reform effort
thus far, EPA recently announced that 500
high-priority facilities had met both GPRA
goals.
In 2002, the RCRA hazardous waste
permits program will have permits or other
approved controls in place for 82 additional
RCRA hazardous waste management facilities
for a cumulative total of 71 percent of the
universe (2,750 facilities). These efforts
minimize the threat of exposure to hazardous
substances because the RCRA program's
comprehensive framework regulates the
handling, transport, treatment, storage, and
disposal of hazardous waste.
The Agency has several efforts
underway to reform the RCRA program so
that it better reflects actual levels of risk. The
hazardous waste identification rule and
follow-up efforts seek to exclude lower risk
wastes from hazardous waste regulation. In
75
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Goal 5: Better Waste Management, Restoration of
Contaminated Waste Sites, and Emergency
2002, the Agency plans to develop
exemptions for specific low-concern wastes as
well as concentration-based exemption levels
for constituents occurring in hazardous
wastes. The Agency is working to improve
test methods under its toxic constituent
leaching procedure to better evaluate waste
leaching potential for assessing whether a
waste should be classified as hazardous and
the effectiveness of treatment.
As the maximum achievable control
technology (MACT) standards for hazardous
waste incinerators and kilns are implemented,
emissions of dioxins, rarans, toxic metals,
acid gases and particulate matter from these
sources will be reduced. These efforts are
intended to further reduce the indirect
exposure to hazardous constituents in
emissions, especially to children.
Implementation efforts accelerate in 2001 and
focus on the transition from RCRA to Clean
Air Act (CAA)/ MACT air emissions
permitting and tracking of facility progress.
In 2000, the Agency initiated work on Phase
U MACT standards for hazardous waste
burning boilers and halogen acid furnaces.
The Agency plans to propose the Phase E rule
in 2002 to address emissions of dioxins,
furans, toxic metals, and particulate matter.
In 2002, the Agency will work with
states and industry to complete voluntary
guidelines for industrial non-hazardous waste
management and will begin implementation.
These voluntary guidelines address a range of
issues including groundwater contamination,
air emissions, and alternatives to waste
disposal.
Based on EPA's minimum national
standards for municipal solid waste (MSW),
states regulate landfill practices. The Agency
has worked with states to review the national
standards and is initiating regulatory revisions
to provide additional flexibility so that
compliance is less costly and easier to
achieve.
In 2002, the Agency's LUST program
will create and foster improved federal, state
and local partnership efforts to assess,
cleanup, and help coordinate the
redevelopment of USTField tank sites. The
Agency will work with states to increase the
pace at which LUST cleanups are initiated and
completed, especially in respect to MTBE
releases. The Agency's goal is to ensure that
23,000 LUSTs are cleaned up in conjunction
with EPA's state, local, and tribal partners.
Reducing chemical accidents is vital to
ensure that communities are not exposed to
hazardous materials. The Agency continues
its efforts to help states and local emergency
planning committees implement the risk
management plan (RMP) program. EPA has
made steady progress in this area and, in
2002, it will delegate the program to two
additional states for a cumulative total of
seventeen. To reach this goal, EPA will
provide technical assistance grants, technical
support, outreach, and training to state and
local emergency planning committees.
Through these activities, states, local
communities and individuals will be better
prepared to prevent and prepare for chemical
accidents.
Oil spills pose risks to human health
and the environment. The Federal oil spill
76
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Goal Si Better Waste Management, Restoration of
Contaminated Waste Sites, and Emergency Response
program prevents, responds to and monitors
oil spills that occur in the waters of the United
States and adjoining shorelines. Over 24,000
spills are reported annually, about half of
these in the inland zone which is EPA's
jurisdiction. EPA responds to approximately
70 significant spills a year and monitors the
work of others at approximately 130
additional spills a year. To reduce the risk of
hazardous exposure to people and the
environment, the Agency aims to prevent oil
spills from occurring, prepare for oil spills
that do occur, and respond to spills when
necessary.
Research
In 2002, contaminated sites research
will be conducted to: 1) reduce uncertainties
associated with soil/groundwater sampling
and analysis and to reduce the time and cost
associated with site characterization and site
remediation activities; 2) evaluate the
magnitude of the risks posed by contaminants
to human health and the ecosystem, the
contributions of multiple exposure pathways,
the bioavailability of adsorbed contaminants
and treatment residuals and the toxicological
properties of contaminant mixtures; and 3)
develop and demonstrate more effective and
less costly remediation technologies involving
complex sites and hard-to-treat wastes.
Waste Management research will
support the Hazardous Waste Identification
Rule (HWIR) and the study of improved ways
to minimize waste releases and impacts. In
2002, research will focus on reducing the
uncertainty associated with exposure
assessment model predictions by providing
improved data and models for quantifying
pollutant interactions in a variety of natural
systems. In addition, EPA plans to develop
additional targeted exemptions from the
hazardous waste mixture and derived from
rules, as part of its efforts to better estimate
risk and regulatory standards. The research
also provides consultation on sampling and
sample design related to compliance with
proposed exit levels (levels below which a
waste is excluded from regulation) in support
of the HWIR. In 2002, EPA plans to update
the HWIR99 modeling methodology for
delisting hazardous wastes. Additionally,
waste management research will be conducted
to improve the management of both solid and
hazardous wastes. This includes development
and/or evaluation of more cost-effective waste
treatment, containment, and recycling
processes, along with technical guidance on
their design and implementation.
2002 Annual Performance Goals
In 2002, 172 (for a cumulative total of
986 or 57 percent) of high priority
RCRA facilities will have human
exposures controlled and 172 (for a
cumulative total of 909 or 53 percent)
of high priority RCRA facilities will
have groundwater releases controlled.
In 2002, 82 additional hazardous
waste management facilities will have
approved controls in place to prevent
dangerous releases to air, soil, and
groundwater, for a total of 71 percent
of 2,750 facilities.
» In 2002, EPA and its partners will
complete 23,000 Leaking
77
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Goal 5: Better Waste Management, Restoration of
Contaminated Waste Sites, and Emergency Response
Underground Storage Tank (LUST)
cleanups for a cumulative total of
approximately 294,000 cleanups since
1987.
In 2002, EPA will provide additional
site assessment funding to 38 new
communities, and to 38 existing
communities, resulting in a cumulative
total of 2,750 properties assessed, the
generation of 14,000 jobs, and the
leveraging of $3.4 billion in cleanup
and redevelopment funds since 1995,
In 2002, EPA and its state and tribal
partners will achieve levels of 75
percent UST compliance with
EPA/State leak detection
requirements; and 96 percent of UST
compliance with EPA/State December
22, 1998 requirements to upgrade,
close or replace substandard tanks.
(EPA is in the process of changing the
way it measures compliance, including
changing from a per tank, to a per
facility basis.)
In 2002, EPA and its partners will
complete 65 Superfund cleanups
(construction completions) to achieve
the overall goal of 897 construction
completions by the end of 2002.
In 2002, ensure trust fund stewardship
by getting PRPs to initiate or fond the
work and recover costs from PRPs
when EPA expends trust fond monies.
Address cost recovery at all NPL and
non-NPL sites with a statute of
limitations (SOL) on total past costs
equal to or greater than $200,000.
In 2002, maximize all aspects of PRP
participation which includes
maintaining PRP work at 70 percent
of the new remedial construction starts
at non-Federal Facility Superfund, and
emphasize fairness in the settlement
process
In 2002, continue to make formerly
contaminated parcels of land available
for residential, commercial, and
industrial reuse by addressing liability
concerns through the issuance of
comfort letters and Prospective
Purchaser Agreements (PPAs).
In 2002, certify that 6,000 55 gallon
drums of radioactive waste
(containing approximately 18,000
curies) shipped by DOE to the Waste
Isolation Pilot Plant are permanently
disposed of safely and according to
EPA standards.
In 2002, provide at least six
innovative approaches that reduce
human health and ecosystem
exposures from DNAPLs and MTBE
in soils and groundwater, and from oil
and persistent organics in aquatic
systems.
In 2002, within 18 months after final
listing on the NPL, EPA will make a
final offer for an interagency
agreement (LAG) that is consistent
with Agency policy and guidance at
100 percent of Federal facility
Superfund sites.
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Goal 5: Better Waste Management, Reatoration of
Contaminated Waste Sites, and Emergency Response
Goal 5: Waste Management Key
(dollars in ihousands)
Kcyjtograni
Administrative Services
Assessments
Brownfields
Civil Enforcement
Community Right to Know (Title III)
Compliance Assistance and Centers
EMPACT
Federal Facilities
Federal Preparedness
Hazardous Substance Research: Hazardous Substance Research Centers
Programs
FY2002
FY2001 President's
Enacted Budget
$22,287.1 $23,064.0
$82,701.5 $77,651.3
$92,608.6 $97,420.5
$1,264.7 $1,363.8
$5,207.8 $5,136.8
$785.8 $778.4
$160.5 $0.0
$30,624.6 $30,795.2
$12,859.3 $12,963.4
$4,527.7 $4,606.0
Hazardous Substance Research:Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation (SITE) $6,554.0 $6,636.9
Hazardous Waste Research
Leaking Underground Storage Tanks (LUSTjCooperative Agreements
Oil Spills Preparedness, Prevention and Response
Other Federal Agency Superfund Support
Planning and Resource Management
Project XL
RCRA Corrective Action
RCRA Permitting
RCRA State Grants
Regional Management
Rent, Utilities and Security
Risk Management Plans
Superfund - Cost Recovery
Superftind - Justice Support
Superfund - Maximize PRP Involvement (including reforms)
Superfund Remedial Actions
Superfund Removal Actions
Underground Storage Tanks (UST)
UST State Grants
Waste Combustion
$6,990.0 $8,994.1
$58,341.3 $58,269.3
$11,948.9 $11,943.5
$10,676.5 $10,676.5
$26,4 $26.4
$126.4 $144.6
$40,622.3 $41,183.2
S14,309.0 516,889,0
$60,169.8 S60.169.8
$9,695.2 $9,247.9
$53,497.2 $53,844.6
$8,041.8 $7,643.9
$29,495.5 $28,121.1
$28,437.3 $28,150.0
$81,473.8 $78,355.7
$492,045.7 $492,408.2
$198,638.1 $202,618.8
$7,043.4 $7,190.2
$11,918.4 $11,918.4
$4,302.2 $5,423.1
79
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80
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GOAL 6:
Reduction of Global
and Cross-Border
Environmental Risks
-------
82
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Goal 6: Reduction of Global and Cross-Border
Environmental Risks
Goal 6: 3.9%
Strategic Goal: The United States will lead other nations in successful,
multilateral efforts to reduce significant risks to human health and
ecosystems from climate change, stratospheric ozone depletion, and other
hazards of international concern.
Resource Summary
(dollars in thousands)
FY 2001 FY 2002 FY 2002 vs.
Enacted Request FY 2001
Reduction of Global and Cross-border Environmental
Risks
Reduce Transboundary Threats to Human and Ecosystem
Health in North America
Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Reduce Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
$284,410.8 $282,698.9 (51,711.9)
$96,077.3
$155,286.2
$17,249.9
Protect Human Health and Ecosystems from PBTs and other $4,636.1
Toxics
Increase Domestic and International Use of Cleaner and More $11,161.3
Cost-Effective Technologies
Workyears
521.0
$95,677.8 ($399.5)
$153,828.0 (51,458.2)
$17,115.3 ($134.6)
$4,809.7 SI 73.6
$11,268.1
506.6
$106.8
(14.4)
Means and Strategy
To reduce environmental and human
health risks along the U.S./Mexico Border and
the Great Lakes, EPA employs both voluntary
and regulatory measures. Efforts in the
U.S./Mexico Border Area utilize a series of
workgroups that focus on priority issues
ranging from water infrastructure and
hazardous waste to outreach efforts focusing
on communities and businesses in the border
area. In the Great Lakes Basin, our strategy
targets multimedia problems through
monitoring and/or modeling efforts such as
the Great Waters atmospheric deposition
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Goal 6: Reduction-of Global and Ctoss-Botder
Environmental
program, the Integrated Atmospheric
Deposition Network, and the Great Lakes
National Program Office's (GLNPO) open
water monitoring. Through these means,
federal, state, tribal, and provincial
environmental organizations are targeting
their Great Lakes efforts and utilizing all
available authorities in order to achieve
restoration of these areas.
To prevent degradation of the marine
environment, the Agency in conjunction
with the Department of State, the National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
(NOAA), and other Federal agencies is
focusing on the negotiation and
implementation of legally-binding multilateral
agreements. These agreements are designed
to address sources of marine pollution that
impact the United States.
EPA will meet its climate change
objectives by working with business and other
sectors to deliver multiple benefits - from
cleaner air to lower energy bills - while
improving overall scientific understanding of
climate change and its potential consequences.
The core of EPA's climate change efforts are
government/industry partnership programs
designed to capitalize on the tremendous
opportunities available to consumers,
businesses, and organizations to make sound
investments in efficient equipment and
practices. These voluntary programs remove
barriers in the marketplace, resulting in faster
deployment of energy efficient technology
into the residential, commercial,
transportation, and industrial sectors of the
economy. For example, the Partnership for a
New Generation of Vehicles (PNGV) joins
EPA and four other Federal agencies with
Ford, General Motors, and DaimlerChrysler to
develop a new generation of safe, attractive,
and affordable vehicles with ultra-low
emissions and high-fuel efficiency.
EPA is also working with key
developing countries, economies-in-transition,
and regional groups to reduce greenhouse gas
emissions through programs that focus on
information and outreach, financing, energy
efficiency, air quality, and technology
transfer.
In order to restore and protect the
earth's stratospheric ozone layer, EPA will
work on both domestic and international
fronts to limit the production and use of
ozone-depleting substances (ODSs) and to
develop safe alternative compounds. EPA
will also provide education about the risk of
environmental and health consequences of
overexposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation.
To address the risks associated with
persistent and bioaccumulative substances and
other toxics, the Agency employs two
fundamental approaches. The first approach
seeks to minimize the harmful impacts of
toxic substances, known to circulate in the
environment over long distances, through the
negotiation and implementation of specific
treaties. The second approach focuses on the
cooperative efforts of the Organization for
Economic Cooperation and Development
(OECD) and other international organizations
working to develop harmonized methods for
testing and assessing the toxicity of chemicals
and for measuring the effects of chemicals to
humans and the environment.
In addition to the specific strategies
noted above, the Agency employs a variety of
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Goal 61 Reduction of Global Ctos§-Bof
Environmental
means to achieve the environmental objectives
outlined in this goal. These include:
Implementing formal bilateral and
multilateral environmental agreements
with key countries; executing
environmental components of key
foreign policy initiatives; and, in
partnership with the Department of
State, engaging in regional and global
negotiations aimed at reducing risks
via formal and informal agreements.
* Cooperating with other countries to
ensure that domestic and international
environmental laws, policies, and
priorities are recognized and
implemented.
« Cooperating with other Federal
agencies, states, businesses, and
environmental groups to promote the
flow of environmentally sustainable
technologies and services worldwide.
Research
EPA is working to assess the
vulnerability of human health and ecosystems
to various environmental stressors (e.g.,
climate change, land-use change, UV
radiation) at the regional scale, and to assess
adaptation strategies. The knowledge gained
from these assessments (e.g., the impacts
climate change could have on the spread of
vector-borne and water-borne disease, as well
as air and water quality), will allow policy
makers to find the most appropriate, science-
based solutions to reduce risks to human
health and ecosystems posed by climate
change.
Highlights
EPA's continued leadership is
necessary to build international cooperation
and technical capacity essential in preventing
harm to the global environment and
ecosystems we share with other nations. In
2002, EPA will use a variety of approaches to
prevent harm to the global environment and
ecosystems.
The Agency will host representatives
of foreign governments, industry, and Non-
governmental Organizations (NGOs) at the
Agency's Headquarters, Regions, and labs.
The Agency will also disseminate thousands
of technical publications and CD-ROMs to
developing countries and provide access to
additional information through technical
training courses, the Office of International
Activities web site, the Spanish Language
Resources site, and other services.
EPA will work directly with other
countries and through multilateral
organizations to share innovative practices for
environmental management and to
disseminate environmental information.
These programs build the capacity of
developing countries to improve quality of life
for their citizens, while also providing
reciprocal benefits to U.S. citizens. These
benefits include: the introduction of new
techniques for managing urban environments;
reduced environmental damage to the global
commons; reduced costs and effort through
data sharing; an increased demand for U.S.
environmental technologies and services; and,
the implementation of more transparent
enforcement and permitting regimes.
85
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Goal 6: Reduction of Global and Cross-Border
Environmental
To reduce environmental and human
health risks along the U.S./Mexico Border,
EPA will continue its work with the border
states and Mexico to target the quality of air,
drinking water and wastewater treatment, and
hazardous waste management and disposal.
Nine working groups will address key issues
while working closely with state and local
agencies on both sides of the border. EPA
will also continue to support the financing and
construction of water, wastewater treatment,
and solid waste facilities.
EPA, through GLNPO, will coordinate
implementation of the ecosystem approach in
the Great Lakes by its Federal, state, tribal,
and local partners, fully implementing a
"community-based" approach. GLNPO and
its partners will act consistently with the goals
of the Great Lakes Strategy and the Agency's
Strategic Plan. EPA, states, and local
communities will strategically target
reductions of critical pollutants through
Remedial Action Plans for Areas of Concern
and through Lakewide Management Plans for
Lakes Ontario, Michigan, Superior, and Erie.
Recognizing that no single country can
resolve the problem of global climate change,
EPA will help facilitate the international
cooperation necessary to achieve the
stabilization of greenhouse gas
concentrations. The 1992 Framework
Convention on Climate Change (FCCC) set
the objective of stabilizing greenhouse gas
concentrations at a level that would prevent
dangerous anthropogenic interference with the
climate system. On the domestic side, EPA
will encourage voluntary partnerships,
provide technical assistance, and promote
state and local efforts to achieve future
greenhouse gas emission reductions.
To protect the earth's stratospheric
ozone layer in accordance with the United
States' commitment to the Montreal Protocol,
EPA will continue to regulate ozone-depleting
compounds, foster the development and use of
alternative chemicals in the U.S. and abroad,
inform the public about the dangers of
overexposure to UV radiation, and use
pollution prevention strategies to require the
recycling of ODSs and hydroflourocarbons
(HCFCs).
Reduced risks from toxics, especially
persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and
selected metals that circulate in the
environment at global and regional scales, will
be achieved by working with other countries
within the frameworks established by
international instruments to control the
production or phase-out from the use of
targeted chemicals. EPA is also working to
reach agreement on import and export
requirements applicable to certain chemicals,
an expansion of pollutant release and transfer
registers, and the harmonization of chemical
testing, assessment, and labeling procedures.
The goal of international harmonization of test
guidelines is to reduce the burden on chemical
companies of repeated testing in satisfying the
regulatory requirements of different
jurisdictions both within the United States and
internationally. Harmonization also expands
the universe of toxic chemicals for which
needed testing information is available, and
fosters efficiency in international information
exchange and mutual international acceptance
of chemical test data. EPA will continue to
cooperate closely with other Federal agencies
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Goal, 6: Reduction of Global
Environmental Make
and with other industrialized nations within
the program framework of the OECD in
harmonizing testing guidelines.
The U.S. is working with other OECD
member countries to implement the
International Screening Information Data Set
(SEDS) program, a voluntary international
cooperative testing program begun in 1990.
The program focuses on developing base-
level test information (including data on basic
chemistry, environmental fate, environmental
effects, and health effects) for international
high production volume chemicals. SIDS
data will be used to screen chemicals and to
set priorities for further testing and/or
assessment. The Agency will review testing
needs for 95 SIDS chemicals in 2002.
The United States expects to sign, in
2001, the legally-binding Stockholm
Convention on POPs, substances such as
dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT),
polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCBs) and dioxins.
These substances travel great distances in the
environment and thus threaten humans and
the ecosystem in the United States, even
though we have long worked domestically to
reduce releases into the environment. This
convention will require ratifying countries to
reduce and/or eliminate their production, use,
and/or release of specified POPs. To ensure
that developing countries comply with
obligations under this convention, the United
States is working with the Global
Environment Facility (a joint funding program
run by the World Bank, the United Nations
Environment Program, and the United Nations
Development Program) to carry out capacity
building programs in developing countries.
Research
EPA will assess the possible effects of
global change, such as changes in climate and
climate variability, changes in land use, and
changes in UV radiation on air quality, water
quality, ecosystem health, and human health.
EPA will also examine possible adaptation
strategies that could enable communities to
take advantage of opportunities and reduce the
potential risks associated with global change.
The outcome of these assessments will help
inform decision-making regarding strategies
to address these possible changes.
2002 Annual Performance Goals
In 2002, Great Lakes ecosystem
components will improve, including
progress on fish contaminants, beach
toxics, air toxics, and trophic status.
* In 2002, increase the number of
residents in the Mexico border area
who are protected from health risks,
beach pollution, and damaged
ecosystems from nonexistent and
failing water and wastewater treatment
infrastructure by providing improved
water and wastewater service.
In 2002, greenhouse gas emissions
will be reduced from projected levels
by approximately 73 million metric
tons carbon equivalent (MMTCE) per
year through EPA partnerships with
businesses, schools, state and local
governments, and other organizations,
thereby offsetting growth in
greenhouse gas emissions above 1990
levels by about 20 percent.
87
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Goal 61 Reduction of Global and Cross-Border
Environmental Risks
In 2002, reduce energy consumption
from projected levels by more than 85
billion kilowatt hours, contributing to
over $10 billion in energy savings to
consumers and businesses.
In 2002, demonstrate technology for
an 85 miles per gallon (MPG)
mid-size family sedan that has low
emissions and is safe, practical, and
affordable.
In 2002, assist 10 to 12 developing
countries and countries with
economies-in-transition in developing
strategies and actions for reducing
emissions of greenhouse gases and
enhancing carbon sequestration.
In 2002, provide analysis, assessment,
and reporting support to
Administration officials, the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change, and the FCCC.
In 2002, in close cooperation with the
U.S. Department of Agriculture
(USDA), identify and assess
opportunities to sequester carbon in
agricultural soils, forests, other
vegetation, and commercial products,
with collateral benefits for
productivity and the environment,
with carbon removal potential of up to
25MMTCEby2010.
hi 2002, provide assistance to at least
75 developing countries to facilitate
emissions reductions and achieve the
requirements of the Montreal
Protocol.
hi 2002, restrict domestic
consumption of class II HCFCs below
15,240 ODP-weighted metric tonnes
(ODP MTs) and restrict domestic
exempted production and import of
newly produced class I CFCs and
halons below 60,000 ODP MTs.
In 2002, increase the number of
children participating in the Sun Wise
School Program by 25 percent, and
reduce the rate of sunburns among
participants by 5 percent.
hi 2002, enhance environmental
management and institutional
capabilities in priority countries.
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Goal 6: Reduction of Global and Cross-Border
Environmental Risks
Goal 6: Reduction of Environmental Risks Key
(dollars in thousands)
Administrative Services
Climate Change Research
Climate Protection Program: Buildings
Climate Protection Program: Carbon Removal
Climate Protection Program: Industry
Climate Protection Program: International Capacity Building
Climate Protection Program: State and Local Climate Change Program
Climate Protection Program: Transportation
Commission for Environmental Cooperation - CEC
Environment and Trade
Great Lakes National Program Office
International Safe Drinking Water
Multilateral Fund
Regional and Global Environmental Policy Development
Regional Management
Rent, Utilities and Security
Technical Cooperation with Industrial and Developing Countries
U.S. /Mexico Border
Water Infrastructure: Mexico Border
Programs
FY2001
Enacted
$3,272,6
522,550,4
$52,535,0
S997.8
$31,929,6
55,501,7
$2,494,5
$29,435,1
§3,269.0
$1,614.7
515,207,5
S384.4
SI 0,975.8
S2, 188.4
$196.2
$4,612,6
$4,162,2
$4,213,7
574,835,0
FY2002
President's
Budget
$3,335.3
$21,951.7
$52,730.9
SI, 700.0
527,295.2
$6,315,1
$2,500.0
$32,440.8
S3,403.6
$1,672.5
$14,962.4
S301.8
$10,975.8
S2,279.4
S228.4
$5,023.0
$4,125.9
$4,236.5
$74,835.0
89
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90
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GOAL 7:
Quality
Environmental
Information
-------
92
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Goal 7: Quality Environmental Information
Goal 7: 2.6V.
Strategic Goal: The public and decision-makers at all levels will have
access to information about environmental conditions and human health to
inform decision-making and help assess the general environmental health of
communities. The public will also have access to educational services and
information services and tools that provide for the reliable and secure
exchange of quality environmental information.
Quality Environmental Information
Increase Availability of Quality Health
Information
Resource Summary
(dollars in thousands)
and Environmental
Provide Access to Tools for Using Environmental Information
Improve Agency Information Infrastructure and Security
Workyears
FY2001
Enacted
$178,253.4
$95,812.3
$63,302.4
519,138.7
890,6
FY 2002
Request
$189,128.1
5117,378,7
$54,837.6
S16,9I1.8
854.3
FY 2002 vs.
FY200I
$10,874.7
$21,566.4
($8,464.8)
($2,226.9)
(36.3)
Means and Strategy
The purpose of this goal is to empower
the American public with information about
the environment. Accurate and accessible
environmental information better enables the
public to understand conditions and make
informed decisions about protecting the health
and the environment of local communities. It
can lead to creative and sustainable solutions
to environmental problems and opportunities
for pollution prevention. Environmental
information of known and documented quality
is crucial to sound decision-making and to
establishing public trust and confidence in
those decisions. EPA and its partners will
focus on six areas to accomplish this goal.
First, EPA will continue to increase
the availability of health and environmental
information by providing the public electronic
and non-electronic access to accurate and
reliable environmental data. This data will
include information collected by EPA, its
partners, and stakeholders.
Second, EPA will focus on
Information Integration. EPA and the states
are working together to develop a
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Goal 7*. Quality Environmental Information
comprehensive and integrated information
exchange network to facilitate information
sharing among EPA, the states, other Federal
agencies, tribes, localities, and the regulated
community. This will include standardized
data formats and definitions, a centralized
approached to receiving and distributing
information, and improved access to timely
and reliable environmental information.
Information Integration will improve
environmental decision making, improve data
quality and accuracy, ensure security of
sensitive data, avoid data redundancy, and
reduce the burden on those who provide and
those who access information.
Third, the Agency will solicit
customer feedback to systematically improve
information usability, clarity, accuracy,
reliability, and scientific soundness. EPA will
develop and implement necessary data
standards and associated registries and ensure
that data quality is known and appropriate for
intended uses. EPA will also evaluate the
appropriateness of data used in its decision-
making processes. The Agency is committed
to developing analytical and other tools to
help users interpret and use environmental
data and improve environmental decision-
making.
Fourth, EPA will provide the means
for using and understanding environmental
information. Environmental data is most
meaningful when examined from a holistic
perspective, that is, when users are able to
examine all of the data about a particular
location at once. Users must also have access
to information that helps them understand the
limitations of data and the content or context
in which it is most useful.
Fifth, EPA is working to streamline
information collection, making it more
efficient and cost-effective by reducing
unnecessary costs and burden to EPA, states,
tribes, and the regulated community. The
Agency will critically examine the
information reporting burdens placed on the
Agency's partners and on the regulated
community and ensure that information
collection addresses specific needs.
Finally, the Agency believes that
strengthening and securing its information
infrastructure is fundamental to increasing the
availability of environmental information.
EPA must remain vigilant in maintaining a
strong and secure information infrastructure
that directly supports the mission of the
Agency.
By focusing on these areas, EPA
believes it will keep pace with the rapid
advances in information technology (IT) and
meet the growing demand for reliable, quality
environmental information. Also of great
importance is a communications strategy that
will serve the Agency and the public as they
seek to avail themselves of environmental
information. Effectively managing the
process by which the public is educated and
informed regarding the Agency's resources is
pivotal to accomplishing the mission of the
Agency. To this end, the Agency will expand
its two-way communications with the public,
on a continuous loop of public participation
and interaction, for improved information
exchange and effective information
dissemination. EPA, through its public and
congressional liaison functions, Federal
Advisory Committee Act (FACA) functions,
media relations, print and web content review
and oversight responsibilities, and
environmental education responsibilities, will
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Goal 7: Quality
implement strategies designed to inform and
educate all segments of the public about
Agency initiatives, policies, regulations,
services, and environmental information
resources, and will develop and monitor
feedback mechanisms to learn from them.
Research
The research program supports this
goal through the Integrated Risk Information
System (IRIS) and the Risk Assessment
Forum (RAF). IRIS is an EPA database of
Agency consensus health information on
environmental contaminants. The database is
used extensively by EPA, the states, and the
general public where consistent, reliable
toxicity information is needed for credible risk
assessments. In 2002, the Agency will
develop new and updated Agency consensus
human health assessments of environmental
substances of high priority to EPA and make
them publicly available on IRIS. The RAF
promotes Agency-wide consensus on difficult
and controversial risk assessment issues and
ensures that this consensus is incorporated
into appropriate Agency risk assessment
guidance. In 2002, the RAF will develop
technical papers to provide initial guidance on
difficult cumulative risk assessment issues.
These efforts provide data/guidance to
improve the scientific basis for environmental
decision-making.
Highlights
The unprecedented changes in
information technology, combined with an
increasing public demand for information, are
fundamentally altering the way the Agency
and the states collect, manage, analyze, use,
secure, and provide access to environmental
information. EPA is working with the states
and tribes to strengthen information quality,
leverage information maintained by other
government organizations, and develop new
tools that provide the public with
simultaneous access to multiple data sets,
allowing users to understand local, state,
regional, and national environmental
conditions.
Information Integration will be key to
achieving the Agency's objectives.
Information Integration builds on a
strengthened partnership between EPA and
the states. It uses an Internet-based,
multimedia approach to environmental
information exchange that is standards-based,
highly connected, dynamic, flexible, and
secure. Integration, with the broad-based
voluntary participation of the states and EPA
programs, will provide a wide range of shared
environmental information to the states,
tribes, localities, regulated community, EPA,
and the public.
In 2002, EPA will launch a new grant
program that will provide states and tribes
assistance to develop the National
Environmental Information Exchange
Network (NELEN). This new grant program
will build on work currently underway in
several states and assist states and tribes in
evaluating their readiness to participate in
NEIEN, support their efforts to complete
necessary changes to their information
management systems to facilitate NEIEN
participation, and enhance state information
integration efforts.
The Central Data Exchange (CDX)
will be EPA's enterprise-wide portal to the
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Goal 7: Quality EiwircMimental Iiafbtraatioti
Agency's information network. It will also
serve as EPA's node on NEIEN with the
states. CDX will support and translate
different data transmission formats used by
states, facilities, and laboratories.
In partnership with states, the Agency
will continue its efforts to expand publicly
available information, both electronically via
the Internet and through other non-electronic
media. This includes the Envirofacts
database, a major data warehouse that
contains 11 national databases. It is used
extensively by EPA, the states, and the public.
In 2002, the Agency will continue its
efforts to promote public access through the
Agency-wide Access to Interpretative
Documents (AID, formally known as
Enhanced Public Access). This project is
intended to make all significant Agency
guidance, policy statements, and site-specific
interpretations of the environmental
management practices of regulated entities
electronically accessible to the states,
industry, and the public in a secure manner.
EPA will continue to manage the
Toxics Release Inventory (TW) Program.
The TRI Program provides the public with
information on the releases and other waste
management activities of toxic chemicals.
Two laws, Section 313 of the Emergency
Planning and Community Right-To-Know Act
(EPCRA) and Section 6607 of the Pollution
Prevention Act (PPA), mandate that EPA
annually collect information on listed toxic
chemicals from certain industries and make
the information available to the public through
various means, including a publicly accessible
national database. Using this information,
citizens, businesses, community groups,
researchers, and governments can work
together to better protect the environment.
In 2002, EPA will continue its effort
to reduce the TRI reporting burden on
industry and improve TRI data quality by
distributing its new software tool, TRI Made
Easy (TRJ-ME), EPA also will increase the
percentage of TRI chemical forms that are
submitted in digital format (electronically and
via floppy disc). EPA will also continue to
refine and expand the public's access to the
TRI data by improving the TRI data access
tools.
In 2002, the Agency will continue to
modernize its information systems in
cooperation with the states. Modernization
efforts will include data integration and data
quality. These projects will be planned and
managed under an Agency-wide process that
includes the Clinger-Cohen Act investment
review and oversight by EPA management.
EPA's IT program will maintain its
commitment to strong customer service and
strategic investment in new technology to
ensure our continued ability to deliver IT
service efficiently, effectively, and securely.
Through a continuous emphasis on acquiring
the right IT skills, technologies, and services,
EPA will take additional steps in
strengthening and securing the Agency's IT
Infrastructure. As a part of this effort, the
Agency will complete 30 risk assessments on
the Agency's central infrastructure and
financial and mission critical environmental
systems. The results of these assessments will
be documented and used to guide future
investment decision-making focused on
improving IT security and services.
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Goal 7: Quality Environmental
The Agency's Quality System is
designed to ensure that the environmental data
collected and used by the Agency are of
appropriate quality for their intended use.
Policies and procedures have been established
throughout the Agency to assist individual
data collectors, data users, and decision-
makers in defining their needs for
environmental data and in ensuring that the
data they develop and use meet the stated
needs. All Agency organizations that collect
or use environmental data and their managers
and staff have responsibilities under the
Agency's Quality System to develop and
implement a quality system for their program
consistent with the Agency's system.
Organizations that receive Agency funds for
environmental data collection and use must
also develop and implement quality systems to
ensure that their decisions are supported by
data of known and documented quality.
These organizations include contractors, not-
for-profit organizations (such as universities),
state, local, and tribal governments.
EPA's Quality Staff will develop the
Agency-wide policies and procedures for
planning, documenting, implementing, and
assessing data collection and use in Agency
decisions. The Quality Staff will also develop
training material on the various policies and
oversee implementation of EPA
organizations' Quality Systems. These
Agency-wide policies are intended to ensure
that the Agency gets the "right data" for its
decisions.
To promote environmental literacy and
help the nation meet its educational goals,
EPA has created a national program to deliver
environmental education training to educators
across the country. A key ingredient of
education reform is to provide teachers with
the knowledge and skills they need to be more
effective educators. Many efforts are
underway to better equip teachers for the 21 st
century. Students and adults are provided
knowledge about environmental issues along
with important critical thinking and problem
solving skills needed to be effective learners
and decision makers.
The Agency will continue to
contribute to the Agency-wide Enhanced
Public Access Project. This Project is
intended to make all significant Agency
guidance, policy statements, and site-specific
interpretations of the regulated entities'
environmental management practices
electronically accessible to the regions, states,
industry, and the public. In 2002, 90 percent
of enforcement and compliance policy and
guidance will be available on the Internet
within 30 days of issuance. EPA will
continue to manage telephone hotlines,
disburse brochures and reports via the
National Service Center for Environmental
Publications (NSCEP), respond to public
inquiries, and maintain EPA's national library
networks to serve those without personal
computers.
The Agency's environmental justice
program will help communities access
information to ensure that they do not
experience a disproportionate amount of
pollution. Since 1994, more than 950 grants
have been awarded to community
organizations. As a result of these grant
awards, community-based organizations (i.e.,
grassroots groups, churches, and other
nonprofit organizations) have expanded
citizen involvement and given residents the
tools to learn more about exposure to
environmental harms and about associated
risks, and, consequently, to protect their
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Goal 7: Quality Environmental Information
families and their communities as they see fit.
These small grants have served as the "seed-
money" for empowerment of the residents of
these communities, allowing them to speak
for themselves and make their own decisions.
In 2002, the program will continue to assist
community-based organizations through the
community small grants program.
Research
In 2002, to improve the scientific basis
for decision-making, the Agency will continue
to provide technical guidance for conducting
risk assessments. To achieve this goal, the
Agency's RAF will focus in three areas:
cumulative risk assessment, ecological risk
assessment, and risk assessments for children.
Efforts will result in technical guidance on the
identification of appropriate age groupings for
exposure assessments for children, technical
issue papers, and a framework for preparing
cumulative risk assessments. The Agency
will also collect, manage, and present
environmental information for the benefit of
the Agency and the public in order to enhance
the availability and utility of data,
information, and tools for decision making.
To that end, the Agency will develop new
and/or update Agency consensus human
health assessments of nine environmental
substances of high priority to EPA and make
them publicly available on IRIS.
2002 Annual Performance Goals
* In 2002, ensure that EPA's policies,
programs and activities address
disproportionately exposed and
under-represented population issues so
that no segment suffers
disproportionately from adverse health
and environmental effects.
hi 2002, improve public access to
compliance and enforcement
documents and data through
multimedia data integration projects
and other studies, analyses and
communication/outreach activities.
In 2002, the Central Data Exchange, a
key component of the environmental
information exchange network, will
become fully operational and 15 states
will be using it to send data to EPA,
thereby improving data consistency
with participating states,
In 2002, 100 percent of the publicly
available facility data from EPA's
national systems accessible on the
EPA Website will be part of the
Integrated Error Correction Process,
reducing data error.
In 2002, EPA will reduce reporting
burden, improve data quality, lower
program costs, and speed data
publication by increasing the amount
of TR1 electronic reporting from 70 to
85 percent.
hi 2002, complete risk assessments on
the Agency's critical infrastructure
systems, critical financial systems, and
mission critical environmental
systems.
98
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Goal 7: Quality Environmental
Information
Goal 1: Quality Environmental Information Key Programs
(dollars in thousands)
Administrative Services
Congressional Projects
Congressional/Legislative Analysis
Data Collection
Data Standards
Direct Public Information and Assistance
EMPACT
Environmental Education Division
Geospatial
GLOBE
Information Exchange Network
information Integration
information Technology Management
NACEPT Support
NAFTA implementation
National Association Liaison
Pesticide Registfation
Pesticide Reregistration
Public Access
Regional Management
Regional Operations and Liaison
Reinvention Programs, Development and Coordination
Rent, Utilities and Security
SBREFA
Small, Minority, Women-Owned Business Assistance
System Modernization
Toxic Release Inventory / Right-to-Know (RtK)
FY2001
Enacted
SI ,958.3
$1,917.1
$4,350.5
$2,096.6
S7.0453
$4,331.2
S 10,607 -5
$9,578.1
$522.3
S997.8
SO.O
S5J60.2
$25,297.8
SI, 556.2
$402.2
S235.2
SO.O
SO.O
SI 5,702.3
52,993. 1
S427.6
$1,623.1
S 10,264.3
$570.6
$2,040.8
113,474,2
SI 4,060.9
FY 2002
President's
Budget
52,025.7
$2,029.4
S4.787.6
$1,571.6
$6,821.9
$11,097.8
SO.O
S8,518,3
55 12.3
SO.O
$25,000.0
$5,900.0
$25,275.4
$1,654.6
S427.6
S2S8.7
S208.7
S201.1
$19,751,2
$430.8
$470.6
$1,791,3
$10,957.4
$603.6
$2,152.8
$13,690.0
$13,547.8
99
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100
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GOAL 8:
Sound Science,
Improved
Understanding of
Environmental Risk,
and Greater Innovation
to Address
Environmental
Problems
-------
102
-------
Goal 8: Sound Science, Improved Understanding of
Environmental Risk, & Greater Innovation to Address
Environmental Problems
Goal 8: 4.2%
'"r~1f~--
Strategic Goal: EPA will develop and apply the best available science for
addressing current and future environmental hazards as well as new
approaches toward improving environmental protection.
Resource Summary
(dollars in thousands)
FY 2001 FY 2002 FY 2002 vs.
Enacted Request FY 2001
Sound Science, Improved Understanding of Env. Risk and
Greater Innovation to Address Env. Problems
Conduct Research for Ecosystem Assessment and Restoration
Improve Scientific Basis to Manage Environmental Hazards and
Exposures
Enhance Capabilities to Respond to Future Environmental
Developments
Improve Environmental Systems Management
Quantify Environmental Results of Partnership Approaches
Incorporate Innovative Approaches
Demonstrate Regional Capability to Assist Environmental Decision-
Making
Conduct Peer Review to Improve Agency Decisions
.,, .
Workyears
$334,326.0 $307,247.7 ($27,078.3)
$118,158.6
$55,349.0
$114,865.9 ($3,292.7)
S55.388.0 $39,0
557,719.7 $55,848.2 (51,871.5)
558,562.1
$9,604.2
S25.313.6
$6,843.7
$2,775.1
1,024,1
$45,462,3 ($13,099.8)
$7,626.8 (SJ,977.4)
$21,449.6 (53,864.0)
$3,594.1 ($3,249.6)
S3,012.8
998.4
S237.7
(25.7)
Means and Strategy
EPA is continuing to ensure that it is a
source of sound scientific and technical
information, and that it is on the leading edge
of environmental protection innovations that
will allow achievement of the Agency's
strategic objectives. The Agency consults a
number of expert sources, both internally and
externally, and uses several deliberative steps
in planning its research programs. As a
starting point, the Agency draws input from
the EPA Strategic Plan, available research
plans, EPA program offices and Regions,
Federal research partners, and outside peer
advisory bodies such as the Science Advisory
Board (SAB) and others. This input is used
103
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Goal 8; Sound- Seiencef Improved Understanding of
Environmental Bisk, & Greater Innovation to Address
Environmental Problems
internally by cross-office teams that prioritize
research areas using risk and other factors
such as National Science and Technology
Council (NSTC) research and development
priorities, client office priorities, court orders,
and legislative mandates. EPA's research
program will increase our understanding of
environmental processes and our capability to
assess environmental risks to both human
health and ecosystems.
In the area of ecosystem protection
research, EPA will strive to establish baseline
conditions from which changes, and
ultimately trends, in the ecological condition
of the Nation's aquatic ecosystems can be
confidently documented, and from which the
results of environmental management policies
can be evaluated at regional scales. Currently,
there is a patchwork of monitoring underway
in the aquatic systems of the United States.
Due to differences in objectives, methods,
monitoring designs and needs, these data
cannot be combined to estimate, with known
confidence, the magnitude or extent of
improvement or degradation regionally or
nationally in this economically critical
resource. Therefore, the ability to
demonstrate success or failure of increasingly
flexible watershed management policies,
regionally and nationally, is also not possible.
EPA's ecosystem protection research program
will provide the methods, designs, and
summary of existing monitoring programs to
develop the baseline required to address these
weaknesses. This work is an important step
toward providing the scientific understanding
to measure, model, maintain, or restore the
integrity and sustainability of ecosystems.
In order to improve the scientific basis
for identifying, characterizing, assessing, and
managing environmental exposures that can
pose the greatest health risks to the American
public, EPA is committed to developing and
verifying innovative methods and models for
assessing the susceptibilities of populations to
environmental agents. Many of the current
human health risk assessment methods,
models, and databases are based on
environmental risks for adults. This research
is aimed at enhancing current risk assessment
and management strategies and guidance to
better consider risk determination needs for
children. This information will be useful in
determining whether children are more
susceptible to environmental risks than adults
and how to assess risks to children.
EPA's leadership role in protecting
both human and ecosystem health requires
that the Agency continue to be vigilant in
identifying and addressing emerging issues.
EPA will continue to enhance its capabilities
to anticipate, understand, and respond to
future environmental developments. EPA will
address these uncertainties by conducting
research in areas that combine human health
and ecological considerations. Additionally,
EPA will conduct research to enhance its
capacity to evaluate the economic costs and
benefits and other social impacts of
environment policies. EPA is currently
investigating, with the help of the National
Academy for Public Administration (NAPA),
a number of futures methodologies for their
potential use in strategic, multi-year, and
annual planning efforts. Continued research
in the areas of endocrine disrupting chemicals
and mercury are leading toward the
development of improved methodologies for
104
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Goal 8: Sound Improved of
Environmental Risks & Greater Innovation to Address
Ettvif omnental Pr oblems
integrated human health and environmental
risk assessment and sound approaches for risk
management, EPA efforts, in concert with
other agencies, will result in improved
methods to assess economic costs and
benefits, such as improved economic
assessments of land use policies, improved
assessments for the valuation of children's
health, and other social impacts of
environmental decision-making. Benefits of
these programs will include an improved
framework for decision-making, increased
ability to anticipate and perhaps prevent
potentially serious environmental risks,
improved methods for integrated human
health and ecosystem risk assessments,
improved methods for assessing socio-
economic factors, and enhanced
communication with the public and other
stakeholders.
The Agency also seeks to develop and
verify improved tools and technologies for
characterizing, preventing, and cleaning up
contaminants associated with high priority
human health and environmental problems.
In order to do this, EPA will develop,
evaluate, and deliver technologies and
approaches from multiple sectors (e.g., metal
finishing, printing, pulp and paper, and
textile). Emphasis will be placed on
developing preventive approaches and
assessing those that are currently available for
industries and communities having difficulty
meeting pollution standards. The Agency is
accumulating data on performance and costs
of environmental pollution prevention and
control technologies which will serve as a
basis for EPA, as well as other organizations,
to evaluate and compare the effectiveness and
costs of a variety of technologies developed
within and outside the Agency.
EPA's strategy for solving
environmental problems and improving our
system of environmental protection also
includes developing, implementing and
institutionalizing new policy tools,
collaborative community-based and sector-
based strategies, and the capacity to
experiment, test, and disseminate ideas that
result in better environmental outcomes. For
example, EPA's Sector Program Plan 2001-
2005 sets forth a vision and specific actions to
enhance the effectiveness of innovative sector
activities (at the Federal and state levels) and
to fully integrate sector approaches into the
Agency's overall mission and core programs.
Similarly, EPA is strengthening its capacity to
evaluate innovative approaches and make
institutional changes that adopt successful
innovations.
Sector strategies complement current
EPA activities by allowing the Agency to
approach issues more effectively; tailor efforts
to the particular characteristics of each sector;
identify related groups of stakeholders with
interest in a set of issues; link EPA's efforts
with those of other agencies; and craft new
approaches to environmental protection. EPA
is building on successful experiences from its
current sector-based programs such as the
Sustainable Industries Partnership Programs,
Design for the Environment, and sector-based
compliance assistance programs to expand the
ways in which the Agency is working in
partnership with industry sectors to meet high
environmental standards using flexible,
innovative approaches. While these programs
are innovative in and of themselves, they also
105
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Goal 8: Sound' Science, Imp*OTed Understanding of
Environmental Risk, & Greater Innovation to Address
Environmental Problems
foster the development of innovations at the
industry sector level, testing new regulatory
ideas, technologies, tools, and incentives in
non-adversarial settings.
Project XL provides regulated entities
a gateway to work with EPA, its co-
regulators, and other stakeholders to develop
and implement alternative environmental
management strategies that achieve superior
environmental performance in exchange for
regulatory flexibility. These initiatives offer
a balance between the uncertainty in testing
promising new approaches and safeguards to
ensure the protection of human health and the
environment. These pilots, and those
conducted under the EPA/State Joint
Agreement to Pursue Regulatory innovation
and other initiatives, if successful, will be
integrated into our system of environmental
protection. Sector-based and facility-based
approaches will offer valuable supplements to
traditional media-specific environmental
policy and, along with place-based and
pollutant-based approaches, offer a menu of
solutions to environmental issues.
Highlights
Research for Ecosystem Assessment and
Restoration
In order to balance the growth of
human activity and the need to protect the
environment, it is important to understand the
current condition of ecosystems, what
stressors are changing that condition, what
the effects are of those changes, and what can
be done to prevent, mitigate, or adapt to those
changes. In 2002, the Western Environmental
Monitoring & Assessment Program
(WEMAP) study will be a primary activity of
EPA's monitoring research. Streams and
coastal estuaries will continue to be sampled
in 2002 and landscape indicators will continue
to be developed. This study will determine
the aquatic biological health of streams in
arid, grassland, and alpine ecosystems in
western states. The national coastal
monitoring program will survey the condition
of the Nation's coastal resources (with an
emphasis on estuaries) by creating an
integrated, comprehensive coastal monitoring
program among the coastal states. By the end
of 2001, all coastal states will have completed
at least an initial round of estuarine sampling.
Activities in 2002 will focus on analysis and
reporting of data resulting from 2000 and
2001 sampling.
]^gearch_fQr_Human Health Risk Assessment
An important aim of human health
research in 2002 will be the development of
measurements, methods, and models to
evaluate exposures and effects of
environmental contaminants, particularly in
children. The Agency will continue to
support a children's research program
specifically targeted at addressing major areas
of uncertainty and susceptibility. An
important element of the program is the
children's research centers. These nine
university-based research centers (eight of
which are co-funded by NTEHS) explore a
range of children's risk issues, including
childhood asthma and development disorders.
Other children's research focuses on data gaps
(e.g., longitudinal birth cohort study) and
endocrine disrupters. To address evidence
suggesting that the effects of endocrine
106
-------
Goal 8: Sound Science* Improved Understanding of
Environmental Risk, & Greater Innovation to Address
Environmental Problems
disrupting chemicals (EDCs) exposure in
children could be different from those
experienced by adults, research will continue
to support the development of methods to
evaluate hazards in immature organisms
exposed to EDCs that are quantitatively or
qualitatively different from those observed in
adults.
Research to Enhance Enyironmental Decision
Making
In recent years, EPA has begun to
move beyond environmental regulation to
anticipate and prevent potential problems
before they evolve into major concerns. In
2002, research will focus on improving our
understanding of the impact of potential
exposure to environmental pollutants on
human health and the environment, and on
developing approaches to reduce human
health and ecological risks. This research will
result in accessible, seamless, common
methodologies for combined human health
and ecological risk assessments. This
research will provide sound approaches for
risk management so that decision-makers will
have the integrated view of risk needed to
make intelligent choices.
Improve Enyironmental Systems Management
EPA supports pollution prevention as
a necessary and logical strategy for dealing
with potential high risk human health and
environmental problems that are addressed by
federal, environmental, and health and safety
regulations. In 2002, the Agency will
incorporate a systems-based approach to
pollution prevention that more closely
matches the multiple, interactive stressors that
threaten both human and environmental
health. In addition, pollution prevention
research will test the ability of risk assessors
and risk managers to develop tools and
methodologies to better convey the costs and
benefits associated with the magnitude of risk
that may be identified,
Increased Community-Based Approaches
In 2002, EPA will promote
development of community-based efforts to
manage local environments and strengthen the
links between healthy environments and
prosperous local economies. EPA will
continue to assist communities by providing
information, analysis, and management tools;
and by working with other Federal
departments and agencies and state and tribal
governments to coordinate activities that
support local planning and decision-making to
manage natural resources and ecological
services. The Agency will also demonstrate
integrated measures of ecological and
economic change to provide a foundation for
better decision-making at all levels, and will
provide key evaluations of processes and
projects that allow successful approaches to
be shared more broadly. In addition, EPA
will use Regional Geographic Initiatives
(RGI) to partner with states, local
governments, private organizations, and
others to solve environmental problems.
Increased Facility and Sector-Based Strategies
EPA's strategy for improving our
system of environmental protection is to pilot
innovative approaches designed to achieve
better protection at less cost and, if successful,
integrate those pilots into our core practices.
107
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Goal 8: Sound Science,, Improved Understanding of
Environmental Risk, & Greater Innovation to Address
Environmental Problems
Through Project XL, the EPA/State Joint
Agreement to Pursue Regulatory Innovation,
and other initiatives, the Agency is testing and
implementing a number of innovative ideas in
various environmental programs that will lead
to changes in rules, permits, information
management, environmental stewardship,
enforcement and compliance assurance,
stakeholder involvement, and Agency culture.
For example, as part of Project XL, EPA is
testing ways to streamline permitting so
manufacturers can respond more quickly to
market demands,
Science Advisory Board Peer Review and
Consultations
The Agency will continue to support
the activities, principally peer reviews, of the
SAB, which provides independent scientific
and technical advice to Congress and the
Administrator on scientific, engineering, and
economic issues that serve as the
underpinnings for Agency positions, such as
research direction to regulations.
The agenda of SAB activities is
derived from requests from Congress and the
Agency, as well as self-initiated activities
aimed at highlighting areas of concern that
may have escaped Agency attention or may be
incompletely addressed by individual Agency
office programs,
The SAB's broad objective is to help
the Agency perform the best science and use
the results of that science appropriately and
effectively in making regulatory decisions. In
so doing, the SAB promotes sound science
within the Agency and a wider recognition of
the quality of that science outside the Agency.
The SAB actively consults with the Agency
on how to incorporate science appropriately
and effectively into current and new
environmental decision-making approaches.
The use of the SAB for peer reviews
also supports the Agency-wide commitment to
sound science based on rigorous peer review,
a commitment that has been re-emphasized as
a result of GAO findings in 1997 that such
efforts are applied unevenly within the
Agency. In addition, the SAB's activities
provide the kind of support described in the
1999 National Academy of Sciences report,
"Evaluating Federal Research Programs:
Research and the Government Performance
and Results Act", which concludes that the
most effective way of evaluating a Federal
research program is by expert review, which
includes quality review, relevance review, and
benchmarking.
2002 Annual Performance Goals
* In 2002, improve pollution prevention
(P2) tools for the industrial sector and
other sectors by providing updated
and/or new methods and approaches
to help users simulate product,
process, or system redesign and
evaluate resulting pollution levels,
impacts, and costs.
to 2002, produce a report on trends in
acid deposition and the acidity of
lakes and streams to assess progress
toward reducing the impacts of acid
rain.
In 2002, formalize generic testing
protocols for technology performance
108
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Goal 8; Sound Science, Improved Understanding of
Environmental Risk, & Greater Innovation to Address
Environmental Problems
verification, and provide additional
performance verifications of pollution
prevention, control, and monitoring
technologies in all environmental
media.
109
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Goal 8: Sound Science, Improved Understanding of
Environmental Risk, & Greater Innovation to Address
Environmental Problems
Goal 8; Sound Science Key Programs
(dollars in thousands)
Administrative Services
Clean Water Exposure Research
Coastal Environmental Monitoring
Common Sense Initiative
Endocrine Disruptor Research
FY2001
Enacted
$3,872.0
$4,448.7
$7,467.5
$1,781.1
$12,849.4
Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program, EMAP $29,470.7
Environmental Technology Verification (ETV)
Exploratory Grants Program
Human Health Research
Performance Track
Pollution Prevention Tools and Technologies
Project XL
Regional Geographic Program
Regional Management
Regional Science and Technology
$6,294.0
$10,368.5
$50,940.4
$1,995.6
$24,386.7
$2,922.2
$8,192.3
$93,2
$6,843.7
Reinvention Programs, Development and Coordination $16,923.2
Rent, Utilities and Security
Science Advisory Board
Small Business Ombudsman
STAR Fellowships Program
$13,484.7
$2,763.3
$3,000.9
$9,704.3
FY 2002
President's
Budget
$3,561.6
$4,577.8
$7,607.6
$1,921.6
$11,321.4
$32,985.7
$3,619.6
$10,290.0
$50,807.2
$1,843.6
$21,890.0
$3,090.2
$7,421.3
$108.5
S3, 594.1
$18,105.1
$14,612.3
$3,012.8
$3,106.6
$9,708.4
110
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GOAL 9:
if
A Credible Deterrent to
Pollution and Greater
Compliance with
the Law
-------
112
-------
Goal 9: A Credible Deterrent to Pollution and
Greater Compliance with the Law
Goal 9: 5.6%
r
Strategic Goal: EPA will ensure full compliance with laws intended to
protect human health and the environment.
Resource Summary
(dollars in thousands)
A Credible Deterrent to Pollution and Greater
Compliance with the Law
Increase Compliance Through Enforcement
FY 2001 FY 2002 FY 2002 vs
Enacted Request FY 2001
$397,274.6 $411,215.7 $13,941.
1
$344,745.7 $356,652.5 $11,906.8
Promote Compliance Through Incentives and Assistance $52,528.9 $54,563.2 $2,034.3
Workyears
2,553.8 2,330.3 (223.5)
Means and Strategies
Many of the environmental
improvements in this country during the past
30 years can be attributed to a strong set of
environmental laws and EPA's enforcement
of them. Due to the breadth and diversity of
private, public, and federal facilities regulated
by EPA under various statutes, the Agency
needs to target its enforcement and
compliance assurance activities strategically to
address the most significant risks to human
health and the environment and to ensure that
certain populations do not bear a
disproportionate environmental burden. A
strong enforcement program identifies
noncompliance problems, punishes violators,
strives to secure a level economic playing
field for law-abiding companies, and deters
future violations. EPA's continued
enforcement efforts will be strengthened
through the development of measures to
assess the impact of enforcement activities
and assist in targeting areas that pose risks to
human health or the environment, display
patterns of noncompliance, and include
disproportionately exposed populations.
State, tribal and local governments
bear much of the responsibility for ensuring
compliance, and EPA works in partnership
with them and other Federal agencies to
promote environmental protection. Further,
EPA cooperates with other nations to enforce
and ensure compliance with environmental
regulations. At the Federal level, EPA
addresses its responsibilities under the
113
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Goal 9: A. Credible Detenrettt to PoButlon
Greater Compliance with the Law
National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)
by seeking remedies for potentially adverse
impacts of major actions taken by EPA and
other Federal agencies.
The Agency's enforcement and
compliance assurance program uses voluntary
compliance assistance and incentive tools to
ensure compliance with regulatory
requirements and reduce adverse public health
and environmental problems. Maximum
compliance requires the active efforts of the
regulated community to police itself. EPA
supports the regulated community by assuring
that requirements are clearly understood and
by helping industry find cost-effective options
to comply through the use of pollution
prevention and innovative technologies. EPA
will continue to investigate options for
encouraging self-directed audits and
disclosure; measure and evaluate the
effectiveness of Agency programs in
improving compliance rates; provide
information and compliance assistance to the
regulated community; and develop innovative
approaches to meeting environmental
standards through better communication,
cooperative approaches, and application of
new technologies.
Highlights
Environmental JEnforoerneot
Coordinating its activities with the
states, EPA will continue to support
deterrence and compliance activities by
focusing its compliance monitoring onsite
inspections and investigations. In setting the
compliance and enforcement priorities and
strategic direction of the program, EPA
coordinates its efforts with and solicits the
views of our states partners. The Agency uses
the State/EPA Enforcement Forum as a
vehicle in advancing the coordination of
efforts for joint strategic planning between
EPA and the states.
The Agency will continue to work
with states and tribes to target areas that pose
risks to human health or the environment,
display patterns of noncompliance, or include
disproportionately exposed populations.
Media-specific and industry sector-based
priorities will be established for the national
program through the Office of Enforcement
and Compliance Assurance's Memorandum of
Agreement 2002/2003 guidance, developed in
conjunction with the Regional offices and
states.
The civil and criminal enforcement
programs, in contributing to EPA's goal to
protect public health and the environment,
target actions based on health and
environmental risk. The programs aim to
level the economic playing field by ensuring
that violators do not realize an economic
benefit from noncompliance and seek to deter
future violations. In 2002, the Agency's
enforcement initiatives include enforcement
of the lead paint rules and modernization of
its data systems to assist in targeting
compliance and enforcement efforts.
State, Triba^ jand International Capacity
Building
A strong state and tribal enforcement
and compliance assurance presence
contributes to creating deterrence and to
reducing noncompliance. In 2002, the
enforcement and compliance assurance
114
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Goal 9t A Credible Deterrent to
Greater with. Law
programs will work with and support state
agencies implementing authorized, delegated,
or approved environmental programs. This
effort will increase in 2002 with the
establishment of a new grant program. These
grants will allow states to expand their
responsibility for enforcement of
environmental laws and regulations.
Consistent with regulations and EPA policy,
the Agency will provide an appropriate level
of oversight and guidance to states to ensure
that environmental regulations are fairly and
consistently enforced across the nation.
The Agency provides grant funding,
oversight, training, and technical assistance to
states and tribes. The state and tribal grant
programs are designed to build environmental
partnerships with states and tribes and
strengthen their ability to address
environmental and public health threats.
These threats include contaminated drinking
water, pesticides in food, hazardous waste,
toxic substances, and air pollution.
Meeting its objective of achieving the
benefits of environmental requirements
through an enforcement presence requires
EPA to effectively implement international
commitments for enforcement and compliance
cooperation with other countries, especially
those along the U.S. border. Through such
arrangements, EPA works to reduce
environmental risks to U.S. citizens from
external sources of pollution, as well as to
prevent or reduce the impact of pollution
origination in the United States.
Compliance Incentives and Assistance
The Agency will continue to support
the regulated community's compliance with
environmental requirements through voluntary
compliance incentives and assistance
programs. In 2002, the compliance incentives
program will continue to implement the policy
on Incentives for Self-Policing as a core
element of the enforcement and compliance
assurance program. In addition, the Agency
will provide information and technical
assistance to the regulated community through
the compliance assistance program to increase
its understanding of all statutory or regulatory
environmental requirements, thereby reducing
risk to human health and the environment and
gaining measurable improvements in
compliance. The program will also continue
to develop strategies and compliance
assistance tools that will support initiatives
targeted toward improving compliance in
specific industrial and commercial sectors or
with certain regulatory requirements.
2002 Annual Performance Goals
« In 2002, maintain and improve quality
and accuracy of EPA's enforcement
and compliance data to identify
noncompliance and focus on human
health and environmental problems.
* In 2002, improve capacity of states,
localities, and tribes to conduct
enforcement and compliance
programs, EPA will provide training
as well as assistance with state and
tribal inspections to build capacity,
including implementation of the
inspector credentials program for
tribal law enforcement personnel.
In 2002, EPA will direct enforcement
actions to maximize compliance and
115
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Goal 9: A Credible Deterrent to PoEutlon and
Greater Compliance with the Law
address environmental and human
health problems; 75 percent of
concluded enforcement actions will
require environmental or human
health improvements such as pollutant
reductions and/or changes in practices
at facilities.
In 2002, EPA will conduct 15,000
inspections, 400 criminal
investigations, and 200 civil
investigations targeted to areas that
pose risks to human health or the
environment, display patterns of
nonconipliance, or include
disproportionately exposed
populations.
hi 2002, increase opportunities
through new targeted sector initiatives
for industries to voluntarily
self-disclose and correct violations on
a corporate-wide basis.
In 2002, promote the use of
Environmental Management Systems
(EMS) to address known compliance
and performance problems.
In 2002, ensure compliance with legal
requirements for proper handling of
hazardous waste imports and exports.
116
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Goal 9; A Credible Deterrent to Pollution and
Greater Compliance with the Law
Goal 9: Deterrent to
(dollars
Administrative Services
Civil Enforcement
Civil Enforcement CWA - CWAP/AFOs
Compliance Assistance and Centers
Compliance Incentives
Compliance Monitoring
Criminal Enforcement
Enforcement Training
NEPA Implementation
Public Access
RCRA State Grants
Regional Management
Rent, Utilities and Security
State Multimedia Enforcement Grants
State Pesticides Enforcement Grants
State Toxics Enforcement Grants
Pollution Key Programs
in thousands)
FY2001
Enacted
$6,233.7
5101,817.0
S977.3
524,579.9
SI 0,433.5
$56,781.2
$40,840.1
$5,277.7
SI 1,081.4
S179.3
S43, 127.6
$3,191.7
$38,046.5
SO.O
$19,867.8
$7,348.2
FY 2002
President's
Budget
$5,901.4
199,229.6
$0.0
$26,047.9
$10,175.8
$50,127.0
$41,867.0
$4,312.6
$11,670.9
$0.0
$43,127.6
$2,363.8
$37,417.2
$25,000.0
$19,867.8
57,348.2
117
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118
-------
GOAL 10.
Effective
Management
-------
120
-------
Goal 10: Effective Management
Goal 10: 5,9%
Strategic Goal: EPA will maintain the highest-quality standards for
environmental leadership and for effective internal management and fiscal
responsibility by managing for results.
Resource Summary
(dollars in thousands)
FY 2001 FY 2002 FY 2002 vs.
Enacted Request FY 2001
Effective Management
Provide Leadership
Manage for Results Through Services, Policies, and
Operations
Provide Quality Work Environment
Provide Audit, Evaluation, and Investigative Products and
Services
Workyears
$423,375,5 $431,703.8 58,328.3
$40,833,8 $46,998.0 $6,164.2
$176,982.3 $189,686.0 $12,703.7
$152,537.9 $141,812.2 ($10,725.7)
$53,021,5 $53,207.6 $186.1
2,075.6 2,107.1
31.5
Means and Strategy
The Agency will continue to provide
vision, leadership, policy, and oversight for all
its programs and partnerships. It will employ
management strategies to advance the
protection of human health and the
environment. Strategies that cut across all
organizational boundaries and are key to
performing the Agency's mission are:
Employment of work relationships
with stakeholders;
Promotion of cost-effective
investment in environmental
protection and public health through
technological changes, fiscal
accountability, improved customer
and stakeholder relationships, and
delivery of services;
Responsive and
management;
accountable
121
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Goal 10; Effective
« Investments in core infrastructure that
maintain a safe, healthy, and
productive work environment;
Assessment of management
challenges and program risks
identified by Congress, oversight
agencies, EPA's Office of the
Inspector General (OIG) and state and
tribal partners;
Commitment to manage human
resources; fostering diversity and
work to secure, develop, empower,
and retain talented people the Agency
needs to accomplish its environmental
mission;
« Recognition of the special
vulnerability of children to
environmental risks and facilitating
the intensified commitment to protect
children's health;
Reduction of administrative compliant
cases.
By building on the success of its
integrated plans, budgets, accountable
processes, and initiatives, EPA continues to
implement the Government Performance and
Results Act (GPRA) to ensure sound
stewardship of Agency fiscal resources. As
part of this effort, the Agency is improving its
capabilities to use performance data and other
information to make cost-effective
investments for environmental results. The
Agency also works closely with partners and
stakeholders to meet GPRA challenges, EPA
consults with both internal and external
customers to ensure fiscal management
services meet their needs for timeliness,
efficiency, and quality.
Investment in human resources
ensures that the workforce has the scientific
and technological skills needed for the future
and reflects the talents and perspectives of a
growing multi-cultural society. This strategy
will enable EPA to attract, retain, and further
develop a diverse workforce prepared to meet
the Agency's current and future challenges.
EPA works toward providing a quality
work environment which places high value on
employee safety, security and the design and
establishment of state-of-the-art laboratories.
These facilities provide the tools essential to
research innovative solutions for current and
future environmental problems and enhances
our understanding of environmental risks.
Plans for building operations and new
construction to support existing infrastructure
requirements ensure healthy, safe, and secure
work environments and reflect energy
conservation goals. These plans also fulfill
the scientific and functional requirements of
our programs. EPA has adopted an
aggressive strategy to utilize energy saving
performance contracts in order to reduce
energy consumption significantly over the
next five years.
The Agency's efforts in contract
management will focus on selecting the
appropriate contract vehicle to deliver the best
value for the taxpayer. Performance-based
contracts allow the government to manage for
results. Under this system the government
pays for results, not effort or process, and
contractors are encouraged to determine the
best and most cost-effective ways to fulfill the
government's needs. Performance-based
contracts save time and money for the Agency
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Goal 10: Effective
by reducing unnecessary contract
administration costs. This is accomplished
by moving away from cost reimbursement
and level of effort to fixed price completion
contracts. In addition, the Agency will put
increased emphasis on contract oversight,
including speeding up the contract process
through fast-track system enhancements and
automation efforts.
All OIG work is focused on the
anticipated value it will have on influencing
and resolving the Agency's major
management challenges, reducing risk,
improving practices and program operations,
and saving taxpayer dollars while leading to
the attainment of EPA's strategic goals.
Highlights of expected Agency 2002
achievements in effective management are;
Improvement of environmental quality
and human health;
« Improvement of Agency management
and program operations; and
Producing timely, quality, and cost-
effective products and services.
The Agency will continue its
commitment to protect children's health by
targeting resources towards activities that will
assure that the decisions and actions taken by
the Agency consider risks to children,
including working to develop sound scientific
information to provide the basis for these
decisions and actions. The Agency will also
provide policy direction and guidance on
equal employment opportunity and civil
rights. The Agency's Administrative Law
Judges and its Environmental Appeals Board
Judges will issue timely decisions on
administrative complaints and environmental
adjudications.
Highlights
Agency management provides vision,
leadership and conducts policy oversight for
all Agency programs. Sound management
principles, practices, results-based plans and
budgets, fiscal accountability, quality
customer service, policy guidance, and
careful stewardship of Agency's resources are
the foundation of EPA's efforts to protect the
human health and the environment.
to 2002, EPA will build on its
progress of linking resources to environmental
results through goals-based fiscal resource
management. The Agency will provide more
useful cost accounting information for
environmental decision-making. EPA will
make continued progress to evaluate the
environmental results of its program activities.
Highlights of expected Agency 2002
achievements in effective management are:
Continued improvement in the
accountability process that provides
timely performance information used
in strategic and annual plans, budget
formulation, and reports.
Maintenance of a clean audit opinion
on the Agency's financial statements
to demonstrate the highest caliber of
resource stewardship and the
credibility and reliability of Agency
financial information.
« Implementation of a new payroll
system that will reduce processing
costs and burdens through use of
efficient technology and processes.
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Goal W: Effective Management
Continued development a long-term
solution for the replacement of the
Agency's major financial system and
ancillary specialized systems that will
better integrate these systems with
other Agency resource database and
administrative systems.
« Expansion of cost accounting and
financial reporting capabilities to
make relevant financial information
readily available for decision-making
purposes.
The Agency continues to strengthen
pre-award and post-award management of
assistance agreements. In 2002, EPA will
closeout all interagency agreements and non-
construction grants that end before
September 30, 2001, ensuring projects are
closed in a timely manner and that backlogs
are avoided. The Agency will move toward
electronic execution of grants internally and
continue its commitment to integrate with
Federal Commons, the central source for
electronic grants administration for the
government. The Agency will improve
electronic commerce by providing electronic
communication and contract management
between EPA Program Offices and EPA
contractors through the use of EPA's Program
Office Interface System, In 2002, the
Agency will continue to improve efficiencies
in the contract process, while saving taxpayers
dollars, through use of performance-based
contracts. All new contracts will be evaluated
for possible award or conversion to
performance-based contracts.
In 2002, the Agency's request reflects
the need to invest in our human resources to
ensure that EPA has the science, technology,
and interdisciplinary skills needed for the
future and that EPA's workforce reflects the
talents and perspectives of a growing multi-
cultural society. To support this priority, the
Agency will continue to implement its
"Strategy for Human Capital." The Strategy
represents a strategic direction in which to
invest hi and manage the Agency's human
resources. The effort includes workforce
planning, to ensure that human resource
requirements are aligned with strategic goals,
and training, to enable our workforce to
deliver national leadership, science, and
technology expertise in environmental
protection. The Agency recognizes that
investing in human resources is fundamental
to achieving our strategic goals and
objectives. The Agency's human resource
goals are:
Attracting and retaining a diverse and
highly skilled workforce;
« Ensuring the workforce performs to its
highest potential;
Encouraging the workforce to be
innovative, creative, and risk-taking at
all levels of the organization;
« Continuing to develop a sense of
community, where differences are
recognized as contributing to the
whole, all employees' contributions
are appreciated, and all views are
solicited and welcomed;
Practicing teamwork and collaboration
with internal and external partners;
and
124
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10: Effective
Integrating human resource systems
with planning, budgeting, and
accountability processes.
The Agency's building operations and
new construction budget ensures a healthy,
safe, and secure work environment for its
employees, and integrates energy conservation
and state-of-the-art technology into its daily
activities. The Agency will ensure that all
new and ongoing construction projects are
progressing and completed as scheduled.
Renovation activities will continue at the New
Headquarters project. EPA will also address
critical repairs in EPA facilities related to
employee health and safety, as well as
environmental protection. These facilities
provide the tools essential for researching
innovative solutions to current and future
environmental problems and enhancing our
understanding of environmental risks.
The OIG will conduct and supervise
independent and objective audits, evaluations,
and investigations relating to Agency
programs and operations, and will provide
advisory services. The OIG will also review
and make recommendations regarding
existing and proposed legislation and
regulations impacting the Agency. In
addition, program evaluations and five types
of audits will be conducted: contract,
assistance agreement, program, financial
statement, and systems audits. Five types of
investigations will be performed: program
integrity, assistance agreement, contract and
procurement, employee integrity, and
computer forensic investigations. Combined,
these activities promote economy, efficiency,
and effectiveness within the Agency, prevent
and detect fraud, waste, and abuse, and
contribute to improved environmental quality
and human health. The OIG will keep the
EPA Administrator and Congress fully
informed of problems and deficiencies
identified in Agency programs and operations
and the necessity for corrective actions.
EPA will continue its commitment to
protect children's health. The Agency will
direct resources toward the programs that
reduce risks to children from a range of
environmental hazards. In 2002, the Agency
will focus on research and analyses to provide
scientific and economic information needed to
address the heightened risks faced by children
from environmental contaminants. The
Agency will continue to work to decrease the
frequency and severity of asthma attacks in
children through reduction and avoidance of
key asthma triggers, including environmental
tobacco smoke, prevalent indoor allergens,
and ambient air pollution. The Agency will
continue efforts to reduce children's exposure
to lead, particularly in low income minority
neighborhoods, where children living in older
housing are much more likely to be exposed
to lead. We will continue to build
partnerships and work with other Federal
agencies, states, health care providers,
schools, and international organizations to
incorporate children's environmental health
into their programs and activities. Highlights
of expected Agency 2002 achievements in
effective management are:
» Improvement of internal
discrimination complaints process to
provide employees and applicants for
employment an opportunity to seek
redress; and
Improvement of external
discrimination complaints process to
125
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Goal li;
prohibit discrimination against any
entity that receives Federal financial
assistance.
2002 Annual Performance Goals
* to 2002, improve environmental
quality and human health by
recommending 50 improvements
across Agency environmental goals,
identifying and recommending
solutions to reduce 15 of the highest
environmental risks, and identifying
15 best environmental practices.
* In 2002, EPA continues improving
how it measures progress in achieving
its strategic objectives and annual
goals by increasing external
performance goals and measures
characterized as outcomes by 2
percent in the 2003 Annual
Performance Plan and Congressional
Justification compared to 2002.
In 2002, EPA strengthens goal-based
decision-making by developing and
issuing timely planning and resource
Management products that meet
customer needs.
In 2002, EPA will initiate a
demonstration fuel cell at Fort Meade
Laboratory.
In 2002, EPA will ensure personnel
are relocated to new space as
scheduled.
In 2002, EPA will ensure that all new
and ongoing construction projects are
progressing and completed as
scheduled.
126
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Goal 10: Effective Management
Goal 10: Effective Management Key
(dollars in thousands)
Administrative Law
Administrative Services
Assistance Agreement Audits
Assistance Agreement Investigations
Brownfields
Civil Rights/Title VI Compliance
Contract and Procurement Investigations
Contract Audits
Employee Integrity Investigations
Environmental Appeals Boards
Environmental Finance Center Grants (EFC)
Financial Statement Audits
Immediate Office of the Administrator
Information Technology Management
Planning and Resource Management
Planning, Analysis, and Results - 1C
Program Audits
Program Evaluation - IG
Program Integrity Investigations
Regional Management
Regional Program Infrastructure
Regional Science and Technology
Rent, Utilities and Security
Programs
FY2001
Enacted
$2,566.3
$81,612.9
$5,352.1
S2.765.0
$0.0
$9,140.1
§2,979.7
$5,346.2
$921.2
$1,548.8
$1,249.0
$4,247.3
S3.300.0
$3,250.4
$47,567.1
$1,612.2
$12,763.4
§2,842.0
$1,483.1
$21,304.8
$28,670.4
$1,369.5
$38,920.1
FY 2002
President's
Budget
$2,828.3
$87,341.1
$2,000.0
$2,900.0
S231.1
S 11, 898.3
$3,100.0
$5,200.0
$1,000.0
$1,711.6
$1,249.0
$4,000.0
$4,294.2
$0.0
$47,246.8
$1,600.0
$4,900.0
SI 5,000.0
$1,500.0
$52,843.6
$6,032.1
$0.0
$42,794.8
127
-------
128
-------
ADDITIONAL
INFORMATION
-------
130
-------
Categorical Program Grants
(dollars in millions)
$468
$548
? '
$643
$665
i.
$645
$674
$745
$880
$885
$1,006
: 3
$1,056
r 7
1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
The President's 2002 Budget requests
a total of $1,055.8 million for 21 'categorical*
program grants for state and tribal
governments. This is an increase of $50.0
million over 2001. These grants are part of
EPA's Operating Programs even though they
are funded in the State and Tribal Assistance
Grant (STAG) appropriation account. EPA
will continue to pursue its strategy of building
and supporting state, local and tribal capacity
to implement, operate, and enforce the
Nation's environmental laws. Most
environmental laws envision establishment of
a decentralized nationwide structure to protect
public health and the environment. In this
way, environmental goals will ultimately be
achieved through the actions, programs, and
commitments of state, tribal and local
governments, organizations, and citizens.
In 2002, EPA will continue to give
more flexibility to state and tribal
governments to manage their environmental
programs as well as provide technical and
financial assistance. First, EPA and its state
and tribal partners will continue implementing
the National Environmental Performance
Partnership System (NEPPS). NEPPS is
designed to allow states more flexibility to
operate their programs with less interference
from the Federal government, while
increasing emphasis on measuring and
131
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Categorical Program Grants
reporting environmental improvements.
Second, Performance Partnership Grants
(PPGs) will continue to allow states and tribes
funding flexibility to combine categorical
program grants to address environmental
priorities.
Highlights
Enforcement State Grants
The President's Budget includes a new
$25.0 million grant program. This reflects a
shift in emphasis for enforcement from
Federal enforcement to state enforcement for
those programs already delegated to the states.
This shift creates a new $25.0 million grant
program for states and tribes that will bring
enforcement closer to the entity being
regulated. EPA will offer media specific and
multi-media funding to states and tribes for
compliance assurance activities including
compliance assistance and incentives,
inspections, and enforcement actions.
Information Exchange Network
The President's 2002 Budget requests
$25.0 million to launch a new grant program
that will provide states and tribes assistance to
develop the National Environmental
Information Exchange Network (NEIEN).
This new grant program will build on work
currently underway in several states and assist
states and tribes in evaluating their readiness
to participate in NEIEN. This grant will also
support state and tribal efforts to complete
necessary changes to their information
management systems to facilitate
participation, and enhance state information
integration efforts. NEIEN will improve
environmental decision-making, improve data
quality and accuracy, ensure security of
sensitive data, and reduce the burden on those
who provide and those who access
information.
Elimination of Tribal Cap on Non-Point
Sources
The President's 2002 Budget is
proposing to eliminate the statutory one-third-
of-one-percent cap on Clean Water Act
Section 319 Non-point Source Pollution
grants that may be awarded to tribes. Tribes
applying for and receiving Section 319 grants
have steadily increased from two in 1991 to
over 30 in 2001. Sixty-five tribes have met
the eligibility requirements to receive Section
319 grants. This proposal recognizes the
increasing demand on the limited pool of
Section 319 grant funds for tribal non-point
source program needs.
132
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Water Infrastructure
(dollars in millions)
Wastewater Grants
- Clean Water Slate Revolving Fund (CWSRF)
- Sewer Overflow Control Grants
Drinking Water State Revolving Fund (DWSRF)
Mexican Border Projects
Alaska Native Villages
Special Needs Projects
Total
FY 2001
Enacted
$1.347.0
§0.0
S823.2
S74.8
$34.9
S335.0
$2,615.0
FY 2002
President's Budget
$850.0
$450.0
S823.2
$74. 8
$34.9
$0.0
$2,232.9
Water Infrastructure Funds
The President's 2002 Budget requests
a total of $2,232.9 million for EPA's Water
Infrastructure programs, a decrease of $382.1
million from 2001. Of the total water
infrastructure request, $2,158.1 million will
support EPA's Goal 2: Clean and Safe Water,
and $74.8 million will support EPA's Goal 6:
Reduction of Global and Cross-Border
Environmental Risks. The $382.1 million
decrease is the net result of an increase of
$450.0 million for the new sewer overflow
control grants, a $497.0 million decrease in
the Clean Water State Revolving Fund
(CWSRF) program, and a $335.0 million
reduction in 2001 Congressional earmarks.
The resources requested in this budget
will enable the Agency, in conjunction with
EPA's state, local, and tribal partners, to
achieve several important goals for 2002.
Some of these goals include:
* 91 percent of the population served by
community water systems will receive
drinking water meeting all
health-based standards in effect as of
1994, up from 83 percent in 1994.
700 projects funded by the CWSRF
will initiate operations, including 400
projects providing secondary
treatment, advanced treatment,
combined sewer overflow (CSO)
correction (treatment), and/or storm
water treatment. Cumulatively, 7,900
projects will have initiated operations
since program inception.
Water infrastructure funding under the
State and Tribal Assistance Grants (STAG)
appropriation provides financial assistance to
states, municipalities and tribal governments
to fund a variety of drinking water, water, and
wastewater infrastructure projects. These
funds are essential to fulfill the federal
government's commitment to help our state,
tribal and local partners obtain adequate
funding to construct the facilities required to
comply with federal environmental
requirements and ensure public health. States
and localities rely on a variety of revenue
sources to finance their environmental
133
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Water Infrastructure Financing
programs and to pay for the facilities needed
to keep the water clean and safe from harmful
contaminants.
Providing STAG funds through State
Revolving Fund (SRF) programs, EPA works
in partnership with the states to provide
low-cost loans to municipalities for
infrastructure construction. SRF funds are
also provided as grants to tribal governments
to help them address their water, drinking
water, and waste water needs.
Goal 2; Clean and Safe Water
Sewer Overflow Control Grants
For 2002, the Agency is requesting
$450.0 million for a new sewer overflow
control grant program to address CSOs and
State Sewer Overflows (SSOs) as authorized
by the Consolidated Appropriations Act of
2000. Sewer overflows result in thousands of
discharges of raw sewage each year, and are a
significant source of water quality impairment
generally. Funds will be allocated to the
states in 2002 using the same formula that is
used to allot Clean Water SRF funding. A
new allocation method will be developed for
2003.
Capitalizing Clean Water and Drinking Water
State Revolving Funds
The Clean Water and Drinking Water
State Revolving Fund programs demonstrate
a true partnership between states, localities
and the federal government. These programs
provide federal financial assistance to states,
localities, and tribal governments to protect
the Nation's water resources by providing
funds for the construction of drinking water
and wastewater treatment facilities. The state
revolving funds are two of the Agency's
premier tools for building the financial
capacity of our partners.
EPA will continue to capitalize the
CWSRF. Through this program, the federal
government provides financial assistance for
wastewater and other water projects, including
non-point source, estuary, stormwater, and
sewer overflow projects. Water infrastructure
projects contribute to direct ecosystem
improvements by lowering the amount of
nutrients and toxic pollutants in all types of
surface waters.
This budget request includes $850.0
million for the CWSRF. Over $18 billion has
already been provided to capitalize the
CWSRF, more than twice the original
authorized level of $8.4 billion. The 2002
request keeps EPA on track with our
commitment to meet the goal for the CWSRF
to provide an average of $2 billion in annual
financial assistance, even after the federal
capitalization ends. Total SRF funds available
for loans since 1987, reflecting loan
repayments, state match dollars, and other
sources of funding, are approximately $34.0
billion, of which $30.0 billion has been
provided to communities as financial
assistance and $3.4 billion remains available
as of June 30, 2000. In 2000 alone, over $4
billion in financial assistance was provided to
local communities from state CWSRF
programs.
The dramatic progress made in
improving the quality of wastewater treatment
since the 1970s is a national success. In 1972,
only 84 million people were served by
secondary or advanced wastewater treatment
facilities. Today, 99 percent of community
wastewater treatment plants, serving 181
134
-------
Water Infrastructure Financing
million people, use secondary treatment or
better.
To improve public health and water
quality in Indian Country, the Agency
proposes to continue the 1 Vz percent set-aside
of the CWSRF for wastewater grants to tribes
as provided in the Agency's 2001
appropriation. More than 70,000 homes in
Indian Country have inadequate or
nonexistent wastewater treatment. EPA and
the Indian Health Service estimate that tribal
wastewater infrastructure needs exceed
$650.0 million as of 1997.
In 2002, the President is requesting
$823.2 million for the Drinking Water State
Revolving Fund (DWSRF). Through the
DWSRF program, states will provide loans to
finance improvements to community water
systems so that they can achieve compliance
with the mandates of the 1996 Safe Drinking
Water Act (SDWA) Amendments and
continue to protect public health. Some
non-state recipients, such as the District of
Columbia and the tribes, will receive their
DWSRF allocations in the form of grants.
The DWSRFs will be self-sustaining
in the long run and will help offset the costs
of ensuring safe drinking water supplies and
assist small communities in meeting their
responsibilities. The 2002 request keeps EPA
on track with our commitment to meet the
goal for the DWSRF to provide an average of
$500 million in annual financial assistance,
even after the federal capitalization ends.
Through 2001, Congress has appropriated
$4.4 billion for the DWSRF program.
Through June 30, 2000, states had received
$2.7 billion in capitalization grants, which
when combined with the state match, bond
proceeds and other funds provided $3.7
billion in total cumulative funds available for
loans. Through June 30, 2000, states had
made close to 1,200 loans totaling $2.3 billion
and $1.4 billion remained available for loans.
State Flexibility Between SRFs
The Agency requests continuation of
authority provided in the 1996 SDWA
Amendments which allows states to transfer
an amount equal up to 33 percent of their
DWSRF grants to their CWSRF programs, or
an equivalent amount from their CWSRF
program to their DWSRF program. The
transfer provision gives states flexibility to
address the most critical demands in either
program at a given time. Unless extended, the
transfer provision expires September 30,
2001.
Supporting Alaska Native Villages
The President's Budget requests $34.9
million for Alaska native villages for the
construction of wastewater and drinking water
facilities to address serious sanitation
problems. EPA will continue to work with
the Department of Health and Human
Services' Indian Health Service, the State of
Alaska, and local communities to provide
needed financial and technical assistance.
Goal 6: Reducing Cross-Border
Environmental Risks U.S./Mexico
The President's Budget requests a total
of $74.8 million for water infrastructure
projects along the U.S./Mexico Border. The
goal of this program is to reduce
environmental and human health risks along
the U.S./Mexico Border. The communities
along both sides of the Border are facing
135
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Water luff astructuf e Financing
unusual human health and environmental
threats because of the lack of adequate
wastewater and drinking water facilities,
EPA's U.S./Mexico Border program provides
funds to support the planning, design, and
construction of high priority water and
waste water treatment projects along the
U.S./Mexico Border.
136
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Trust Fund
{dollars in millions}
FY 2002 FY 2002
FY2001 FY2001 President's President's
Enacted Enacted FTE Budget Budget FTE
Supcrfund
Response
Enforcement
Management & Support
Other Federal Agencies
Transfers
Inspector General
Research & Development
Supcrfund Total
Base Realignment and Closure (BRAG)
LUST
Trust Fund Total:
S9I2.8
S168.1
$127,7
$10.7
S11.5
S36.4
SI, 267.2
SO.O
$71.9
$1,339.1
1,576,6 S914.I
1,137.4 $161.2
500.7 S133.3
0.0 S10.7
94.4 SI 1.9
121.6 S36.9
3,430.7 Sl,26S,l
97.7 SO.O
81.9 $71.9
3,610.3 $1,339.8
1,559.9
1,069.3
491.6
0.0
92.2
109.4
3,322.4
83.6
80.4
3,486.4
Supcrfund
The President's 2002 Budget requests
a total of $1,268,1 million and 3,322.4
workyears for Superfund. Currently, more
than 92 percent of 1,450 sites on the
Superfund final national priorities list (NPL)
are either undergoing cleanup construction
(remedial or removal) or are completed.
Of the total funding requested, $914.1
million and 1,559.9 workyears are for
Superfund cleanups and Brownfields
redevelopment. The Agency's Superfund
cleanup program addresses public health and
environmental threats from uncontrolled
releases of hazardous substances. In 2002,
EPA and its partners will complete 65
Superfund cleanups at NPL sites to achieve
the overall goal of 897 construction
completions by the end of 2002.
The Agency is requesting $97.7
million for the Browafields program within
the total Superfund request of $914.1 million.
This is a $5.0 million increase to the 2001
Budget for the Brownfields program. The
additional resources will provide funding for
brownfields assessment pilots and State
Voluntary Cleanup programs. Brownfields
are abandoned, idled, or underused industrial
and commercial properties, and are not
traditional Superfund sites as they are not
137
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generally highly contaminated and present
lesser health risks. The Agency's
Brownfields program encourages the
redevelopment of these sites by addressing
concerns such as environmental liability and
cleanup, infrastructure declines, and changing
development priorities.
Of the total funding requested, $161.2
million and 1,069.3 workyears for the
Superfund Enforcement program. One of
Superfund's primary goals is to have
responsible parties pay for and conduct
cleanups at abandoned or uncontrolled
hazardous waste sites. The program focuses
on maximizing all aspects of potentially
responsible party (PRP) participation,
including having PRPs initiate work at 70
percent of the new construction starts at non-
Federal Facility Superfund sites, and
emphasizing fairness in the settlement
process. Where PRP negotiations and
previous enforcement actions fail, EPA uses
its appropriation to clean up sites and then
seeks to recover these costs from the PRPs.
In 2002, EPA will also make offers to
compensate settling parties, through
forgiveness of past costs and future
oversight costs, and for orphan shares at all
eligible settlement negotiations for response
work.
The remaining portion of the
Superfund 2002 President's Budget comprises
Management and Support, other Federal
agencies, Research and Development and
Inspector General. The President's Budget
requests $133.3 million and 491.6 workyears
for management and support activities. These
resources support Agency-wide resource
management and control functions including:
essential infrastructure, contract
administration, financial accounting and other
fiscal operations.
Included in the Superfund request is
$10,7 million for other Federal Agency
partners. The Agency works with several
other Federal agencies to perform essential
services in areas where the Agency does not
possess the specialized expertise. Currently
the Agency has interagency agreements with
the United States Coast Guard, the
of the the
Emergency Management Agency, aid the
Occupational Safety and Health
Administration.
The President's Budget also requests
$48.8 million and 201.6 workyears to be
transferred to Research and Development for
innovative cleanup technology testing and the
Inspector General for program auditing.
Base Realignment and Closure Act (BRAC)
The 2002 President's Budget requests 83.6
reimburseable workyears to conduct the
BRAC program. Since 1993, EPA has
worked with the Department of Defense
(DoD) and the states' environmental programs
to make property environmentally acceptable
for transfer, while protecting human health
and the environment at realigning or
closing military installations. Between 1988
and 1995, 497 major military installations
representing the Army, Navy, Air Force, and
Defense Logistics Agency were slated for
realignment or closure.
138
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Trast Funds
LUST
The 2002 President's Budget requests
$71.9 million and 80.4 workyears for the
Leaking Underground Storage Tank (LUST)
program. Approximately 85 percent of this
will be used for state cooperative agreements
and support for tribal cleanup. The Agency's
highest priorities in the LUST program over
the next several years will be to address the
backlog of 160,000 cleanups (as of September
1999), and to address LUST sites that are
difficult to remediate because they are
contaminated by methyl tertiary butyl ether
(MTBE) and other oxygenates. In 2002, the
Agency's goal is to complete 23,000 cleanups
under the supervision of EPA and its state,
local and tribal partners. The Agency will
also support the "USTFields" program which
focuses attention on abandoned or idled
industrial and commercial UST facilities.
139
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140
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Environmental Protection Agency
Summarvof Ageney Workforce by Goal
Workyears
FY2002
FY 2001 President's
Enacted
Budget
Delta
FY 2002
vs.
FY 2001
1. Clean Air
2. Clean & Safe Water
3. Safe Food
4. Preventing Pollution
5. Better Waste Management
6. Global & Cross Border
7. Quality Environmental Information
8. Sound Science
9. Credible Deterrent
10. Effective management
1,855.6
2,715,0
796.9
1,171.3
4,396.1
521.0
890.6
1,024.1
2,553.8
2,075.6
1,810.8
2,694.1
770.9
1,161.7
4,265.8
506.6
854.3
998.4
2,330.3
2,107.1
(44.8)
(20.9)
(26.0)
(9.6)
(130.3)
(14.4)
(36.3)
(25.7)
(223.5)
31.5
Grand Total
18,000.0
17,500.0
(500.0)
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Environmental Protection Agency
Summary of Agency Resources by Goal
(dollars in thousands)
1 , Clean Air
2. Clean & Safe Water
3. Safe Food
4. Preventing Pollution
5. Better Waste Management
6. Global & Cross Border
7. Quality Environmental Information
8. Sound Science
9, Credible Deterrent
1 0. Effective management
Offsetting Receipts
GRAND TOTAL Budget Authority
FY2001
Enacted
$590,082.0
$3,675,947.8
$109,303.9
$301,113.7
$1,517,539.9
$284,410.8
$178,253.4
$334,326.0
$397,274.6
$423,375.5
$0.0
$7,811,627.6
FY 2002
President's
Budget
$564,628.0
$3,213,402.5
$108,245.0
$297,572.3
$1,510,758,2
$282,698.9
$189,128.1
$307,247.7
$411,215.7
$431,703.8
($4,000.0)
$7,312,600.2
Delta
FY 2002 vs.
FY2001
($25,454.0)
($462,545.3)
($1,058.9)
($3,541,4)
($6,781.7)
($1,711.9)
$10,874.7
($27,078.3)
$13,941.1
$8,328.3
($4,000.0)
($499,027.4)
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Environmental Protection Agency
Summary of Agency Resources by Appropriation
Science & Technology
Environmental Program & Mgt.
Building & Facilities
Oil Spill Response
Inspector General
Superfund
Superfund Program
Research Transfer
IG Transfer
State & Tribal Assistance Grants
Leaking Underground Storage Tanks
(dollars in thousands)
FY20Q1
Enacted
$695,466.6
$2,083,396.4
$23,878.4
$14,967.0
$34,019.0
$1,267,206.0
$1,219,311.6
$36,419.7
$11474.7
$3,620,756.8
$71,937.4
FY2002
President's
Budget
$640,537.8
$1,972,960.0
$25,318.4
$14,967.0
$34,019.0
$1,268,135.2
$1, 2 1 9,377.7
$36,890.5
$11,867.0
$3,288,725.4
$71,937.4
Delta
FY 2002 vs.
FY200I
($54,928.8)
($110,436.4)
$1,440.0
$0.0
$0.0
$929.2
$66.1
$470.8
$392.3
($332,031.4)
$0.0
Offsetting Receipts
GRAND TOTAL Budget Authority
$0.0
($4,000.0)
$7,811,627.6 $7,312,600.2
($4,000.0)
($499,027.4)
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CATEGORICAL PROGRAM GRANTS (STAG)
by National Program
Manager and State Grant
(Dollars in Thousands)
Eras!
Air & Radiation
State and Local Assistance
Tribal Assistance
Radon
Water
Pollution Control (Section 106)
BEACH Program
Nonpoint Source
Wetlands Program Development
Water Quality Cooperative Agrmts
Drinking Water
Public Water System Supervision (PWSS)
Underground Injection Control (UIC)
Hazardous Waste
H,W, Financial Assistance
Underground Storage Tanks
Pesticides & Toxics
Pesticides Program Implementation
Lead
Toxic Substances Compliance
Pesticides Enforcement
Multimedia
Information Exchange Network
Multi-Medii Enforcement Grants
Pollution Prevention
Enforcement & Compliance Assurance
Indian General Assistance Program
TOTALS
I/ Includes 0.38% rescission.
2/ Includes 0,22% rescission.
FY2000
Enacted /I
$198,690.0
SI 1,068.8
$8.158.0
$217,916.8
S 115,529.3
so.o
S200.000.0
$15.000.0
SI 9.000.0
$349,5293
$93305.5
$10,975.0
$io4aso.s
$98,598.2
$11.944.7
S 11 0.542.9
$13,114.6
$13,712.2
$5.150.0
$19.911.6
$51,888.4
$0,0
$0.0
$5,999.5
$2,214.2
$4X628.4
$50.842.1
S885.000.0
FY2WI
Eniicied/2
$208,540.1
$11,044.5
$8.139,9
$227,724.5
$171,8833
$0.0
$237,476.8
$14,967.0
$18.951.2
$443,2853
$93. 1 00.2
$10.950.9
$104,051 1
$106,363.6
$11.918.4
$118,282.0
$13,085.5
$13.682.0
$5,138.8
SJ9.867.9
$51,774.2
$0.0
$0.0
$5,986.3
$2,209.3
$52.469.7
$60,665.3
$1,005,782.4
FY2002
President's
Budget
$208,540.1
$11,044.5
$8,139.9
$227,724.5
$169,8833
$2,000.0
$237,476.8
$14,967.0
I18.95J.2
$443,285.3
$93,100.2
$10.950.9
$104,051.1
$106363.6
$11.91 8^4
$118,282.0
$13.085.5
$13.682.0
$5,138.8
$19.867.9
$51,774.2
$25,000.0
$25,000.0
$5,9863
$2,2093
$52.469.7
$110,6653
$IJBS,782.4
.
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