EPA530-D-03-001b
July 2003
SAB Review Draft
Multimedia, Multipathway, and
Multireceptor Risk Assessment
(3MRA) Modeling System
Volume II: Site-based, Regional, and
National Data
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EPA530-D-03-001b
July 2003
SAB Review Draft
Multimedia, Multipathway, and
Multireceptor Risk Assessment
(3MRA) Modeling System
Volume II: Site-based, Regional, and
National Data
prepared by
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Research and Development Office of Solid Waste
National Exposure Research Laboratory Washington, D.C.
Athens, GA
and
Research Triangle Park, NC
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This document is the second volume of a five-volume set. Volume I describes the
conceptual design, scientific rationale, and supporting data that are the foundation for the 3MRA
modeling system. This volume describes the data developed and used to run the 3MRA
modeling system. Volume III describes the approach to quality assurance, including verification
and validation activities ranging from extensive peer reviews to multimedia model comparisons.
Volume IV describes the methodology used to evaluate sensitivity of model parameters and
characterize different types of uncertainty in the 3MRA modeling system. Volume V describes
the technology design and includes a user's guide.
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Table of Contents
Table of Contents
Section Page
List of Figures xvi
List of Tables xviii
1.0 Introduction 1-1
1.1 3MRA Modeling System Development 1-2
1.2 Overview of the 3MRA Modeling System 1-2
1.3 Approach to Data Collection 1-6
1.4 Sites, Settings, and Area of Interest 1-8
1.5 Data Quality Objectives 1-11
1.6 Data Collection Methodology 1-16
1.6.2 Conventional Database Processing and Export to 3MRA
Modeling System 1-18
1.6.3 Quality Assurance/Quality Control and Record Keeping 1-19
1.7 Organization of This Document 1-20
1.8 References 1-20
2.0 Spatial Framework 2-1
2.1 Modeled Sites 2-1
2.2 Site Locations 2-1
2.3 Settings and Area of Interest (AOI) 2-2
2.4 Regional Assignments 2-3
2.5 Site Layout, Spatial Data Layers, and Grid Database 2-3
2.6 Quality Assurance/Quality Control 2-7
2.7 Issues and Uncertainties 2-7
2.8 References 2-8
3.0 Waste Management Unit Data 3-1
3.1 Parameters Collected 3-1
3.2 Data Sources 3-1
3.2.1 Industrial D Screening Survey 3-7
3.2.2 National Survey of Hazardous Waste Treatment, Storage,
Disposal, and Recycling Facilities 3-10
3.2.2.1 Tank Data Set 3-10
3.2.2.2 Tank Classification 3-11
3.2.2.3 Additional Tank Data Used for Imputation 3-12
3.2.3 National Data 3-13
3.3 Methodology 3-13
3.3.1 Site-Specific Data 3-13
in
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Table of Contents
Table of Contents (continued)
Section Page
3.3.2 Site-Based Data 3-14
3.3.3 National Tank Data (Correlated) 3-15
3.3.4 Other National Data 3-15
3.4 Landfill Module Inputs 3-15
3.4.1 Landfill Module Design 3-15
3.4.2 Landfill Site-Specific Data 3-19
3.4.2.1 Screening and Replacement of Industrial D Data 3-19
3.4.2.2 Cover Soil Properties 3-20
3.4.3 Landfill Site-Based Data 3-21
3.4.3.1 Depth (SrcDepth) 3-21
3.4.3.2 Waste Loading Rate (load) 3-21
3.4.3.3 Distance Vehicle Travels on Active Landfill Cell
Surface (mt) 3-21
3.4.3.4 Average Number of Vehicles per Day (nv) 3-21
3.4.3.5 Number of Spreading and Compacting Operations
per Day (Nop) 3-22
3.4.3.6 Frequency of Disturbances per Month (fd) 3-22
3.4.3.7 Vehicle Weight (vw), Payload, and Number of
Wheels (nw) 3-22
3.4.3.8 Number of Waste Layers in a Cell (My) 3-23
3.4.4 Landfill National Data 3-23
3.4.4.1 Optional Soil Cover Thickness (zC) 3-23
3.4.4.2 Thickness of Liner (or Subsoil Zone) (zS) 3-24
3.4.4.3 Dust Suppression Control Efficiency (effdust) 3-24
3.4.4.4 Fraction Vegetative Cover (veg) 3-24
3.4.4.5 Roughness Height (zruf) 3-24
3.4.4.6 Roughness Ratio (Lc) 3-24
3.4.4.7 Vehicle Speed (vs) 3-24
3.5 Waste Pile Module Inputs 3-24
3.5.1 Waste Pile Module Design 3-25
3.5.2 Waste Pile Site-Specific Data 3-25
3.5.3 Waste Pile Site-Based Data 3-28
3.5.3.1 Distance Vehicle Travels on Waste Pile Surface (mt) .... 3-28
3.5.3.2 Height of the Waste Pile Above Grade (zZlWMU, SHight)3-28
3.5.3.3 Refresh Frequency 3-30
3.5.3.4 Vehicle Weight (vw), Payload, and Number of Wheels
(nw) 3-30
3.5.3.5 Vehicles per Day (nv) 3-31
3.5.3.6 Spreading/Compacting Operations per Day (Nop) 3-31
3.5.3.7 SCS Curve Number (CNwmu) 3-31
3.5.4 Waste Pile National Data 3-32
IV
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Table of Contents
Table of Contents (continued)
Section Page
3.5.4.1 Dust Suppression Control Efficiency (effdust) 3-32
3.5.4.2 Operating Life (CutOffYr) 3-32
3.5.4.3 Vehicle Speed (vs) 3-32
3.5.4.4 USLE Cover Factor (Cwmu) 3-33
3.5.4.5 USLE Erosion Control Factor (Pwmu) 3-33
3.6 LAU Module Inputs 3-33
3.6.1 LAU Module Design 3-33
3.6.1.1 Unit Configuration 3-33
3.6.1.2 Waste Application 3-37
3.6.2 LAU Site-Specific Data 3-38
3.6.3 LAU Site-Based Data 3-39
3.6.3.1 Distance Vehicle Travels on LAU Surface (mt) 3-39
3.6.3.2 Wet Waste Application Rate (Rappl) 3-40
3.6.3.3 Vehicle Weight (vw), Payload, and Number of
Wheels (nw) 3-40
3.6.3.4 Vehicles per Day (nv) 3-41
3.6.3.5 Waste Applications per Year (Nappl) 3-41
3.6.3.6 Frequency of Cultivation (fcult) 3-41
3.6.3.7 Frequency of Surface Disturbances per Month (fd) 3-42
3.6.3.8 SCS Curve Number (CNwmu) 3-42
3.6.4 LAUNational Data 3-42
3.6.4.1 Depth of Tilling (SrcDepth, zZlWMU) 3-42
3.6.4.2 Dust Suppression Control Efficiency (effdust) 3-43
3.6.4.3 Fraction Vegetative Cover (veg) 3-43
3.6.4.4 Operating Life (CutOffYr) 3-43
3.6.4.5 Roughness Height (zruf) 3-43
3.6.4.6 Roughness Ratio (Lc) 3-43
3.6.4.7 Vehicle Speed (vs) 3-44
3.6.4.8 Mode of Aggregate Size Distribution (asdm) 3-44
3.6.4.9 USLE Cover Factor (Cwmu) 3-44
3.7 Surface Impoundment Module Inputs 3-44
3.7.1 Surface Impoundment Module Design 3-44
3.7.2 Surface Impoundment Site-Specific Data 3-48
3.7.3 Surface Impoundment Site-Based Data 3-50
3.7.3.1 Depth of Surface Impoundment (d_wmu, SrcDepth) ....3-50
3.7.3.2 Volumetric Influent Flow Rate (Q_wmu) 3-51
3.7.3.3 Fraction of Unit Occupied by Sediments (d_setpt) 3-51
3.7.3.4 Impellers/Aerator Number (n_imp), Total Horsepower
(Powr), and Fraction Surface Area Turbulent (F_aer) ... 3-51
3.7.4 Surface Impoundment National Data 3-52
3.7.4.1 Ratio of Biologically Active Solids to Total Solids (kbal) 3-52
3.7.4.2 Biomass Yield (bio_yield) 3-52
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Table of Contents
Table of Contents (continued)
Section Page
3.7.4.3 Digestion Rate (Sediments) (k_dec) 3-52
3.7.4.4 Economic Life of Surface Impoundment (EconLife) .... 3-52
3.7.4.5 Impeller Diameter (d_imp) 3-52
3.7.4.6 Impeller Speed (w_imp) 3-52
3.7.4.7 Number of Economic Lifetimes (NumEcon) 3-52
3.7.4.8 Oxygen Transfer Correction Factor (O2eff) 3-52
3.7.4.9 Oxygen Transfer Factor (J) 3-52
3.7.4.10 Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity of Sediment Layer
(hydc_sed) 3-52
3.8 Aerated Tank Module Inputs 3-53
3.8.1 Aerated Tank Module Design 3-53
3.8.2 Aerated Tank Correlated Data 3-57
3.8.2.1 Aerated Tank Index (ATIndex) and Maximum Source
Area (MaxSrcArea) 3-57
3.8.2.2 Tank Throughput (Q_wmu) 3-57
3.8.2.3 Preliminary Tank Depth 3-57
3.8.2.4 Estimating Tank Depth (d_wmu) from Tank Capacity . . . 3-58
3.8.2.5 Surface Area (SrcArea) 3-58
3.8.2.6 Source Height (SHight) 3-58
3.8.2.7 Fraction Surface Area Turbulent (F_aer) 3-58
3.8.2.8 Total Aerator Horsepower (Powr) 3-59
3.8.2.9 Number of Impellers/Aerators (n_imp) 3-59
3.8.3 Aerated Tank National Data 3-59
3.8.3.1 Biologically Active Solids/Total Solids Ratio (kbal) 3-60
3.8.3.2 Biomass Yield (bio_yield) 3-60
3.8.3.3 Digestion (k_dec) 3-60
3.8.3.4 Economic Life of AT (EconLife) 3-60
3.8.3.5 Fraction of Tank Occupied by Sediments (d_setpt) 3-60
3.8.3.6 Impeller Diameter (d_imp) 3-60
3.8.3.7 Impeller Speed (w_imp) 3-60
3.8.3.8 Number of Economic Lifetimes (NumEcon) 3-60
3.8.3.9 Oxygen Transfer Correction Factor (O2eff) 3-60
3.8.3.10 Oxygen Transfer Factor (J) 3-60
3.9 Quality Assurance/Quality Control 3-60
3.10 Issues and Uncertainties 3-61
3.10.1 Age/Accuracy of Industrial D Data 3-61
3.10.2 Underrepresentation of Highly Aerated Tanks 3-62
3.11 References 3-62
4.0 Meteorological Data 4-1
4.1 Parameters Collected 4-2
4.2 Data Sources 4-2
VI
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Table of Contents
Table of Contents (continued)
Section Page
4.2.1 Surface Meteorological Data: SAMSON 4-2
4.2.2 Surface Meteorological Data: Cooperative Summaries 4-5
4.2.3 Upper Air Mixing Height Data 4-5
4.2.4 Land Use Data 4-5
4.3 Methodology 4-6
4.3.1 Meteorological Station Assignment 4-7
4.3.2 Hourly Surface Data Collection 4-8
4.3.3 Hourly Upper Air Data Collection 4-9
4.3.4 Precipitation Data 4-9
4.3.5 Land Use-Related Parameters 4-10
4.3.5.1 Anthropogenic Heat Flux 4-10
4.3.5.2 Bowen Ratio 4-10
4.3.5.3 Monin-ObukhovLength 4-12
4.3.5.4 Albedo 4-12
4.3.5.5 Surface Roughness Length 4-13
4.3.5.6 Fraction of Net Radiation Absorbed by the Ground 4-13
4.3.6 PCRAMMET Input File Setup and Execution 4-14
4.3.7 Climatological Data Files 4-15
4.3.7.1 Equations 4-15
4.3.7.2 Programs 4-18
4.3.7.3 Quality Control 4-18
4.4 Results 4-18
4.4.1 Meteorological Station Assignments 4-18
4.4.2 Meteorological Data 4-18
4.5 Issues and Uncertainties 4-22
4.5.1 Precipitation Data 4-23
4.5.2 Meteorological Data Completeness 4-23
4.5.3 Meteorological Station Representativeness 4-23
4.5.4 Replacing Missing Data 4-23
4.6 References 4-24
5.0 Watershed and Waterbody Layout 5-1
5.1 Parameters Collected and Conceptual Framework 5-3
5.1.1 Area of Interest for Data Collection 5-5
5.1.2 Definitions 5-6
5.1.3 Assumptions—Waterbodies and Regional Watersheds 5-7
5.1.4 Headwater Criterion 5-8
5.1.5 Assumptions—Local Watershed 5-8
5.2 Data Sources 5-9
5.2.1 Surface Water Hydrography 5-9
5.2.2 One-Degree Digital Elevation Models 5-10
5.2.3 National Wetlands Inventory 5-10
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Table of Contents
Table of Contents (continued)
Section Page
5.2.4 Geographic Information Retrieval and Analysis System 5-10
5.3 Overview of Methodology 5-10
5.4 GIS Processing 5-12
5.4.2 Step 2: Process Site-Specific Input Data 5-17
5.4.3 Step 3: Method Determination Step 5-23
5.4.4 Step 4: Delineate Watershed Subbasins 5-24
5.4.5 Step 5: Delineation of Waterbodies 5-30
5.4.6 Step 6: Delineation of Local Watershed 5-32
5.4.7 Step 7: Create the UTM Reference Grid 5-34
5.5 Database Compilation and Processing 5-35
5.5.1 Number of Waterbody Networks and Number of Reaches in
Waterbody Network 5-35
5.5.2 Number and Index of Reach that Impacts a Reach and Fraction
of Reach Impacted by Another Reach 5-37
5.5.3 Reach Length 5-38
5.5.4 Reach Surface Area 5-38
5.5.5 Stream Order 5-38
5.5.6 Number and Index of Fishable Reaches 5-40
5.5.6.1 Database Compilation for WBNNumFishableRch and
WBNFishableRchlndex 5-40
5.5.7 Reach Type 5-40
5.5.8 Waterbody Type 5-40
5.5.9 Number, Indices, and Fraction of Watershed Subbasins that Impact
a Reach 5-42
5.5.10 Index of Local Watershed that Impacts a Reach and Fraction of Local
Watershed Impacting a Reach 5-45
5.5.11 Number, Indices, and Fraction of Aquifers that Impact a Reach .... 5-46
5.5.12 X,Y Coordinates for Waterbodies 5-47
5.5.13 Number and Area of Watershed Subbasins 5-48
5.5.14 Watershed Subbasin Slope 5-48
5.5.15 Number of Local Watersheds and Local Watershed Slope 5-49
5.5.16 Number and Area of Local Watershed Subareas and Index of
Subarea Containing WMU 5-50
5.5.17 Flow Length 5-51
5.5.18 Ground Water Flow Direction 5-52
5.5.19 X,Y Coordinates for Watersheds 5-53
5.6 Quality Assurance and Quality Control 5-53
5.6.1 GIS Procedures 5-53
5.6.2 Database Procedures 5-54
5.6.3 Quality Assurance 5-55
5.7 Assumptions and Uncertainties 5-55
5.7.1 Scale of Waterbody Data Layers 5-55
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Table of Contents (continued)
Section Page
5.7.2 Scale of the DEM 5-56
5.7.3 Different Watershed Delineation Methods 5-56
5.7.4 Manual Processing of Data 5-56
5.7.5 Incomplete National Wetlands Inventory 5-57
5.7.6 Anthropogenically Altered Drainage 5-58
5.7.7 Missing Reach Type in Pacific Northwest Reach Files 5-58
5.8 References 5-58
6.0 Surface Water Data 6-1
6.1 Parameters Collected 6-1
6.2 Data Sources 6-1
6.2.1 Water Quality Data 6-1
6.2.2 Stream Gage Data 6-6
6.3 Methodology and Results 6-7
6.3.1 Water Quality Data 6-7
6.3.2 Stream Baseflow Statistics (a_bf, b_bf) 6-9
6.3.3 National Waterbody Data 6-10
6.4 Issues and Uncertainties 6-11
6.5 References 6-12
7.0 Soil Data 7-1
7.1 Parameters Collected 7-1
7.2 Data Sources 7-3
7.2.1 STATSGO Data 7-3
7.2.2 GIRAS Data 7-5
7.2.3 National Data Sources 7-6
7.3 Methodology 7-6
7.3.1 STATSGO GIS Processing 7-9
7.3.2 GIRAS GIS Processing 7-9
7.3.3 Database Processing 7-9
7.4 Results by Parameter 7-11
7.4.1 Soil Texture 7-11
7.4.2 Hydrologic Soil Group 7-14
7.4.3 Field Capacity 7-16
7.4.4 Wilting Point 7-17
7.4.5 SCS Curve Number 7-19
7.4.6 Root Zone Depth 7-19
7.4.7 Alpha, Beta, Residual Water Content, and Saturated Hydraulic
Conductivity 7-21
IX
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Table of Contents
Table of Contents (continued)
Section Page
7.4.8 Saturated Water Content and Dry Bulk Density 7-22
7.4.9 Soil Moisture Coefficient b 7-26
7.4.10 Fraction Organic Carbon and Percent Organic Matter 7-26
7.4.11 Soil pH 7-28
7.4.12 Silt Content 7-29
7.4.13 USLE Erodibility Factor (K) 7-29
7.4.14 USLE Cover Factor (C) 7-29
7.4.15 USLE Erosion Control Factor (P) 7-30
7.4.16 Soil Column Temperature 7-31
7.5 Quality Assurance and Quality Control 7-31
7.5.1 Quality Control of Data Compilation 7-31
7.5.2 Quality Control of Data Transfer 7-31
7.5.3 Quality Assurance 7-31
7.6 Assumptions and Uncertainties 7-32
7.7 References 7-32
8.0 Human Exposure Factors 8-1
8.1 Parameters Collected 8-3
8.2 Data Sources 8-3
8.3 Methodology 8-5
8.3.1 National Distributions 8-6
8.3.2 Fixed Parameters 8-11
8.3.3 Quality Assurance/Quality Control 8-11
8.4 Results by Exposure Factor 8-12
8.4.1 Body Weight 8-12
8.4.2 Drinking Water Intake 8-17
8.4.3 Exposed Fruit Consumption 8-17
8.4.4 Protected Fruit Consumption 8-18
8.4.5 Exposed Vegetable Consumption 8-19
8.4.6 Root Vegetable Consumption 8-19
8.4.7 Protected Vegetable Consumption 8-20
8.4.8 Dairy Products (Milk) Consumption 8-20
8.4.9 Breast Milk Consumption 8-21
8.4.10 Beef Consumption 8-21
8.4.11 Fish Consumption 8-22
8.4.12 Soil Ingestion 8-22
8.4.13 Inhalation Rate 8-23
8.4.14 Shower Parameters 8-23
8.4.15 Fixed Parameters 8-23
8.5 Issues and Uncertainties 8-26
8.5.1 Source Data Uncertainties 8-26
8.5.2 Model (Distribution) Uncertainty 8-26
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Table of Contents
Table of Contents (continued)
Section Page
8.5.3 Methods of Estimation 8-27
8.5.4 Testing Goodness of Fit 8-27
8.5.5 Treatment of Uncertainty 8-28
8.5.6 Breast Milk Pathway Issues and Uncertainties 8-28
8.6 References 8-29
9.0 Human Receptor Data 9-1
9.1 Parameters Collected 9-1
9.2 Data Sources 9-4
9.2.1 1990 U.S. Census STF IB Attribute Data 9-5
9.2.2 1990 U.S. Census STF 3A Attribute Data 9-5
9.2.3 1990 U.S. Census TIGER/Line Block and Block Group Coverages ... 9-5
9.2.4 Census of Agriculture 9-8
9.2.5 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, Wildlife, and
Recreation (NSFHWAR) 9-9
9.2.6 Exposure Factors Handbook 9-9
9.3 Methodology 9-9
9.3.1 GIS Data Preparation/Preprocessing 9-12
9.3.2 Human Receptor and Farm Placement and Processing 9-13
9.3.2.1 Place and Attribute Farms 9-14
9.3.2.2 Processing Block Group Census Data 9-15
9.3.2.3 Processing Block Census Data 9-15
9.3.3 Database Processing 9-16
9.3.4 Quality Assurance/Quality Control 9-17
9.4 Results 9-18
9.5 Issues and Uncertainties 9-18
9.6 References 9-22
10.0 Farm Food Chain and Terrestrial Food Web Data 10-1
10.1 Parameters Collected 10-1
10.1.1 Chemical-Specific Database 10-4
10.1.2 Exposure-Related Database 10-4
10.2 Data Sources 10-4
10.2.1 Farm Food Chain 10-4
10.2.2 Terrestrial Food Web 10-7
10.3 Methodology 10-8
10.3.1 Chemical-Specific Database 10-8
10.3.1.1 Database Compilation and Processing for Farm Food
Chain 10-9
10.3.1.2 Database Compilation and Processing for Terrestrial
Food Web 10-15
XI
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Table of Contents (continued)
Section Page
10.3.1.3 Assumptions and Uncertainties for Chemical-Specific
Database 10-19
10.3.2 Exposure-Related Parameters 10-22
10.3.2.1 Database Compilation and Processing for Farm Food
Chain and Terrestrial Food Web 10-22
10.3.2.2 Assumptions and Uncertainties for Exposure-Related
Parameters 10-26
10.4 Quality Assurance and Quality Control 10-28
10.4.1 Technical QA/QC 10-28
10.4.2 Data Entry QA/QC 10-28
10.5 References 10-28
11.0 Aquatic Food Web Data 11-1
11.1 Parameters 11-1
11.2 Data Sources 11-1
11.2.1 Chemical Properties Database 11-3
11.2.2 Fish Attribute Database 11-3
11.3 Methodology 11-3
11.3.1 Chemical Properties Database 11-5
11.3.1.1 Database Compilation 11-5
11.3.1.2 Data Processing 11-8
11.3.1.3 Assumptions and Uncertainties 11-8
11.3.2 Fish Attribute Database 11-9
11.3.2.1 Database Compilation 11-9
11.3.2.2 Database Processing 11-17
11.3.2.3 Assumptions and Uncertainties 11-18
11.4 Quality Assurance/Quality Control 11-19
11.4.1 Technical QA/QC 11-19
11.4.2 Data Entry QA/QC 11-19
11.4.3 Data Formatting 11-20
11.5 References 11-20
12.0 Ecological Exposure Factors 12-1
12.1 Parameters Collected 12-5
12.2 Data Sources 12-5
12.3 Methodology 12-8
12.3.1 Receptor Body Weights 12-8
12.3.2 Food Ingestion Rates 12-9
12.3.3 Water Ingestion Rates 12-10
12.3.4 Consumption Rate of Surficial Soil/Sediment 12-11
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Section Page
12.3.5 Maximum/Minimum Dietary Preferences 12-12
12.3.6 Home Range Size 12-14
12.3.7 Data Entry and Data Processing Quality Assurance/Quality Control 12-16
12.3.7.1 Technical Quality Assurance/Quality Control 12-16
12.3.7.2 Data Entry Quality Assurance/Quality Control 12-16
12.4 Results 12-16
12.5 References 12-17
13.0 Ecological Receptors and Habitats 13-1
13.1 Development of Representative Terrestrial Habitats 13-1
13.1.1 Goals for Development of Representative Habitats 13-3
13.1.2 Criteria for Defining Representative Habitats 13-4
13.1.2.1 Criteria for Terrestrial and Wetland Habitats 13-4
13.1.2.2 Criteria for Waterbody Margin Habitats 13-5
13.1.3 Regionalization 13-6
13.1.4 Descriptions of the Representative Habitats 13-6
13.2 Food Webs and Receptor Groups 13-11
13.2.1 Food Webs 13-12
13.2.1.1 Terrestrial Habitat Food Web 13-12
13.2.1.2 Food Web for Aquatic Habitats 13-15
13.2.2 Receptor Groups 13-16
13.2.2.1 Assumptions for Habitat Assignment and Feeding
Behavior Characterization 13-16
13.2.2.2 Regionalization of Receptor Groups 13-32
13.3 Habitat Delineation 13-33
13.3.1 Hand-Delineation Protocols 13-33
13.3.1.1 Technical Description of GIS Habitat Delineation Tool. . 13-34
13.3.2 Terrestrial Habitat Delineation 13-36
13.3.2.1 Crosswalk Inconsistencies 13-37
13.3.3 Delineation of Waterbody Margin Habitats 13-44
13.3.4 Delineation of Wetland Margin Habitats 13-45
13.3.4.1 Wetland Flood Regime 13-45
13.3.4.2 Treatment of Intermittently Flooded Wetlands 13-49
13.3.4.3 Delineation of Permanently Flooded Wetlands 13-49
13.4 Placement of Receptor Home Ranges 13-52
13.5 Automated Habitat Processing and Home Range Placement 13-55
13.5.1 GIS Data Preparation/Preprocessing 13-55
13.5.2 Habitat Processing 13-55
13.5.3 Database Processing 13-58
13.6 Quality Assurance/Quality Control 13-60
13.7 References 13-61
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Section Page
14.0 Ecological Benchmarks 14-1
14.1 Parameters 14-1
14.2 Data Sources 14-1
14.2.1 Review Existing Synopses 14-2
14.2.2 Search Toxicological Databases 14-3
14.2.3 Conduct Online Literature Search 14-4
14.3 Methodology 14-5
14.3.1 Benchmark/CSCL Database 14-5
14.3.1.1 Database Compilation 14-5
14.4 Quality Assurance/Quality Control 14-29
14.4.1 Technical QA/QC 14-29
14.4.2 Data Entry QA/QC 14-30
14.4.3 Data Formatting QA/QC 14-30
14.5 References 14-30
15.0 Human Health Benchmarks 15-1
15.1 Parameters Collected 15-1
15.2 Data Sources 15-1
15.3 Methodology 15-3
15.3.1 Quality Assurance/Quality Control 15-4
15.4 Results 15-4
15.5 Issues and Uncertainties 15-5
15.6 References 15-6
16.0 Miscellaneous Data: Air, Aquifer, Waste, Risk, and Control Variables 16-1
16.1 Miscellaneous Air Module Inputs 16-1
16.1.1 Meteorological Station Variables 16-2
16.1.2 Urban/Rural Designation 16-2
16.1.3 Particulate Data 16-3
16.1.4 Sampled Chronological Input Model (SCIM) Inputs 16-3
16.1.5 Other National Variables 16-4
16.1.6 Quality Assurance/Quality Control 16-4
16.2 Aquifer Data 16-4
16.2.1 Site-Based Aquifer Data 16-5
16.2.2 Regional Aquifer Data 16-8
16.2.3 National Aquifer Data 16-10
16.2.4 Quality Assurance/Quality Control 16-11
16.2.5 Issues and Uncertainties 16-12
16.3 Waste Properties 16-12
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Section Page
16.4 Risk and Control Variables 16-14
16.4.1 Termination Criteria 16-14
16.4.2 Risk Variables 16-15
16.5 References 16-15
17.0 Chemical Properties 17-1
17.1 Parameters Collected 17-1
17.2 Data Sources and Methodology 17-1
17.3 Quality Assurance/Quality Control 17-4
17.4 Results 17-4
17.5 Issues and Uncertainties 17-5
17.6 References 17-5
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Table of Contents
List of Figures
Figure Page
1-1 3MRA modeling system design 1-4
1-2 Linkages among the source, fate, transport, exposure, and risk modules of the 3MRA
modeling system 1-5
1-3 Overview of 3MRA data collection and processing 1-17
2-1 Site-based spatial overlays for the 3MRA modeling system spatial framework 2-4
2-2 Table format and content for the 3MRA modeling system grid database 2-6
2-3 Transfer of watershed polygons to 100 x 100 m template grid 2-6
3-1 Correlation of total capacity to area for landfills 3-20
3-2 Correlation of waste quantity to area for waste piles 3-28
3-3 Correlation of waste quantity to area for LAUs 3-39
3-4 Correlation of waste quantity to area for surface impoundments 3-49
3-5 Correlation of total capacity to area for surface impoundments 3-50
4-1 Meteorological data collection process 4-6
4-2 Meteorological station assignments for the 201 Industrial D facilities 4-7
5-1 Site-specific spatial overlays for the 3MRA modeling system 5-2
5-2 Regional watershed subbasin delination 5-3
5-3 Local watershed delineation 5-8
5-4 Overview of the 3MRA modeling system data collection methodology for
watersheds and waterbodies 5-11
5-5 GIS data coverages for waterbody and watershed delineation 5-11
5-6 Reconditioning of the elevation grid (agree.ami) 5-19
5-7 DEM stream generation 5-20
5-8 NWI decision tree 5-21
5-9 Map of 201 representative national data set sites by watershed delineation method . 5-24
5-10 Map of DEM-generated watershed subbasins showing pour points 5-26
5-11 Map of regional watershed with a large waterbody 5-27
5-12 Map of manually delineated regional subbasins 5-28
5-13 Map of watershed and waterbody delineation showing local watershed 5-32
5-14 Map of a local watershed 5-34
5-15 GIS database tables exported for further data processing 5-36
5-16 Example lake types used to fractionate watershed flows 5-43
7-1 3MRA modeling system soil data collection overview 7-8
7-2 Sample soil and land use coverages 7-10
7-3 GIS soil and land use data tables 7-11
7-4 3MRA modeling system soil data processing 7-12
9-1 Primary spatial data layers for the 3MRA modeling system human receptor data .... 9-2
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Table of Contents
List of Figures (continued)
Figure Page
9-2 Human and farm receptor GIS process flow chart 9-11
9-3 QC spreadsheet for human receptor data collection 9-19
9-4 Web page for visual farm QC checks 9-21
13-1 Terrestrial food web, including example receptors 13-13
13-2 Interface between terrestrial receptors and aquatic food web, including example
receptors 13-14
13-3 Initial dialog box for delineation tool 13-34
13-4 Preprocessed habitat codes 13-35
13-5 Delineation tool habitat code drop-down list 13-36
13-6 Example delineation of terrestrial habitats-land use data 13-38
13-7 Example delineation of terrestrial habitats 13-39
13-8 Example delineation of waterbody margin habitats-land use data 13-46
13-9 Example delineation of waterbody margin habitats-elevation data 13-47
13-10 Example delineation of waterbody margin habitats 13-48
13-11 Example delineation of wetland habitats-NWI data 13-53
13-12 Example delineation of wetland habitats 13-54
13-13 Flow chart of delineation process 13-56
14-1 Simplified trophic structure of a generalized soil community 14-20
16-1 Miscellaneous Data Processed for the 3MRA Representative National Data Set .... 16-1
16-2 Miscellaneous Air Module Input Data 16-2
16-3 Urban Anderson Land Use Codes 16-3
16-4 Site-Based and Regional Hydrogeologic Data Sources, Collection Approach, and Data
Locations 16-6
16-5 National Aquifer Data Sources and Values 16-7
16-6 3MRA Modeling System Hydrogeologic Environments 16-9
16-7 Empirical (User-Defined) Distribution for Aquifer Particle Diameter (DIAM) .... 16-10
16-8 Empirical Distribution for Aquifer Longitudinal Dispersivity (AL) 16-10
16-9. Empirical Probability Distribution for Aquifer pH 16-10
16-10. 3MRA Modeling System Waste Property Data 16-12
16-11. 3MRA Modeling System Risk and Control Variables 16-14
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Table of Contents
List of Tables
Table Page
1-1. Chemicals Included in the Representative National Data Set 1-6
1-2. Data Collection Approach, by Data Type 1-8
1-3. Settings/WMU Type Distribution for the 201-Facility Sample 1-10
1-4. Data Types Used by the 3MRA Modeling System 1-12
1-5. 3MRA Data Quality Objectives: Specific Examples by Data Type 1-13
3-1 WMU Inputs by Module 3-2
3-2 WMU Data Sources 3-4
3-3 WMU Type Distribution of 201 Sample Facilities 3-8
3-4 Number of Industrial D WMUs Used for the Representative National Data Set 3-9
3-5 Screening Constraints and Replacement Values for Industrial D Data 3-9
3-6 Numbers of Tanks, by Classification 3-12
3-7 WMU Data Collected for the Landfill Module 3-16
3-8 WMU Data Collected for the Waste Pile Module 3-26
3-9 Waste Pile Curve Numbers (CNwmu), by Hydrologic Soil Group 3-32
3-10 WMU Data Collected for the LAU Module 3-34
3-11 LAU Curve Numbers (CNwmu), by Hydrologic Soil Group 3-43
3-12 WMU Data Collected for the Surface Impoundment Module 3-45
3-13 Distribution of Surface Impoundment Applications 3-48
3-14 WMU Data Collected for the Aerated Tank Module 3-54
4-1 Meteorological Data Timescale by Module 4-1
4-2 Meteorological Inputs by Module 4-3
4-3 Meteorological Parameters Collected by Data File 4-4
4-4 Relation Between Anderson Land Use Codes and PCRAMMET
Land Use Codes 4-11
4-5 Daytime Bowen Ratio by Land Use and Season (Meteorological Stations Only) . . . 4-12
4-6 Minimum Monin-Obukhov Length (Stable Conditions) 4-13
4-7 Albedo of Natural Ground Covers for Land Use Types and Seasons 4-13
4-8 Surface Roughness Length (m) for Land Use Types and Seasons 4-14
4-9 Climatological Parameters and Sources of Input Data 4-16
4-10 Meteorological Stations Used 4-19
5-1 3MRA Waterbody and Watershed Inputs by Module 5-4
5-2 Source Data for Watershed and Waterbody Delineations 5-9
5-3 3MRA Modeling System Watershed and Waterbody Processing by Parameter 5-12
5-4 AMLs used in the 3MRA Modeling System Watershed and Waterbody Delineations 5-14
5-5 GIRAS Water and Wetland Land Use Codes 5-22
5-6 RF3-Alpha REACHTYPE Descriptions 5-23
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Table of Contents
List of Tables (continued)
Figure Page
5-7 Watershed Code Descriptions 5-25
6-1 Surface Water Inputs by Module 6-2
6-2 Surface Water Data Sources, Methodology, and National Values 6-3
6-3 Statistical Basis for Water Quality Parameters 6-8
6-4 Baseflow Regression Analysis Results: STORE! 30Q2 Data 6-11
7-1 Soil Inputs by Module 7-2
7-2 Soil Property Data Sources 7-4
7-3 Anderson Land Use Codes 7-7
7-4 Soil Textures in CONUS 7-13
7-5 Crosswalk between STATSGO and CONUS Soil Textures 7-15
7-6 Hydrologic Soil Groups 7-17
7-7 Field Capacity Values 7-18
7-8 Wilting Point Values 7-18
7-9 SCS Curve Number Values 7-20
7-10 Depth to Root Zone Values 7-21
7-11 Unsaturated Zone Hydrologic Parameters:
Moisture Retention Parameters (Alpha, Beta), Saturated Hydraulic
Conductivity (SatK), and Residual Water Content (WCR) 7-23
7-12 Saturated Water Content and Dry Bulk Density 7-25
7-13 Soil Moisture Coefficient b Values 7-27
7-14 USLE Cover Factor C 7-30
7-15 USLE Erosion Control Factor 7-30
9-1 Human Receptor and Farm Input Variables 9-3
9-2 Primary Human Receptor Data Sets, Date, and Scale 9-5
9-3 Sources of Human Receptor Data by Input Parameter 9-6
9-4 Specific STF IB Block-Level Census Items Used to Estimate Human Receptor
Populations 9-7
9-5 Specific STF 3 A Block Group-Level Census Items Used to Estimate Human Receptor
Populations 9-7
9-6 Specific County-Level Census of Agriculture Items Used in Human/Farm Receptor
Estimations 9-10
10-1 Farm Food Chain and Terrestrial Food Web Chemical-Specific Parameters 10-2
10-2 Farm Food Chain and Terrestrial Food Web Exposure-Related Parameters 10-3
10-3 Data Sources for Farm Food Chain Chemical-Specific Parameters 10-5
10-4 Data Sources for Farm Food Chain Exposure-Related Parameters 10-6
10-5 Data Sources for Terrestrial Food Web Chemical-Specific Parameters 10-8
10-6 Uptake Factors Identified for Small Amphibians 10-16
10-7 Uptake Factors Identified for Earthworms 10-17
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Table of Contents
List of Tables (continued)
Figure Page
10-8 Uptake Factors Identified for Invertebrates 10-19
10-9 Daily Water Intake of Beef Cattle (gal/d) 10-23
10-10 Daily Water Intake of Milk-Producing Dairy Cows (gal/d) 10-24
11-1 Summary of Parameters Applied in Modeling the Aquatic Food Web 11-2
11-2 Key Data Sources Identified to Evaluate for Fish Attribute Database 11-4
11-3 Constants for Different Tissue Types Applied to Equation 11-1 11-7
11-4 Fish Body Weight and Length Ranges Used in Relative Size Determinations 11-10
11-5 Assignment of Prey Items in Fish Attribute Database to Prey Items in the
Aquatic Food Web 11-14
11-6 Example of Dietary Fraction Raw Data Conversions to Meet Model and Food
Web Requirements: Small Omnivores in Warmwater Ponds 11-16
12-1 Exposure Data Sources for Terrestrial Wildlife Receptors 12-2
12-2 Parameters Collected 12-6
12-3 Empirical Coefficients Used to Calculate Food Ingestion Rates 12-10
12-4 Prey Categories 12-12
12-5 Farm Food Chain Codes for Wildlife Diet Items 12-14
13-1 Parameters Collected for Terrestrial Habitats 13-2
13-2 Ecological Risk Assessment Representative Habitats for Terrestrial Receptors 13-7
13-3 Terrestrial Wildlife Receptors 13-17
13-4 Terrestrial Wildlife Receptors for Grasslands 13-25
13-5 Terrestrial Wildlife Receptors for Shrub/Scrub 13-25
13-6 Terrestrial Wildlife Receptors for Forests 13-26
13-7 Terrestrial Wildlife Receptors for Crop Fields and Pastures 13-26
13-8 Terrestrial Wildlife Receptors for Residential Habitats 13-27
13-9 Terrestrial Wildlife Receptors for River/Stream Habitats 13-27
13-10 Terrestrial Wildlife Receptors for Pond Habitats 13-28
13-11 Terrestrial Wildlife Receptors for Lake Habitats 13-28
13-12 Terrestrial Wildlife Receptors for Intermittently Flooded Grasslands 13-29
13-13 Terrestrial Wildlife Receptors for Intermittently Flooded Shrub/Scrub 13-29
13-14 Terrestrial Wildlife Receptors for Intermittently Flooded Forests 13-30
13-15 Terrestrial Wildlife Receptors for Permanently Flooded Grasslands 13-30
13-16 Terrestrial Wildlife Receptors for Permanently Flooded Shrub/Scrub 13-31
13-17 Terrestrial Wildlife Receptors for Permanently Flooded Forests 13-31
13-18 Crosswalk: Anderson Land Use Codes and Ecological Receptor Habitats 13-40
13-19 NWI Water Regime Modifiers Relevant to the 3MRA Modeling System 13-49
13-20 Crosswalk: National Wetland Inventory Codes and Wetland Habitats 13-51
14-1 Parameters Included in the Benchmark/CSCL Database 14-2
14-2 Status of Literature Review Process for Chemicals of Concern 14-3
14-3 Key Sources of Information Consulted in the Development of Benchmarks and CSCLJs4-6
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Table of Contents
List of Tables (continued)
Figure Page
14-4 Primary Literature Used in Mammalian and Avian Benchmark Derivationa 14-9
17-1 Chemical Properties by Module 17-2
17-2 Methodology and Data Sources for 3MRA Chemical Properties 17-3
17-3 Chemical Property Files Contained within 3MRA Modeling System 17-4
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List of Appendices
Appendix
1A Structure of the 3MRA Modeling System Input Database 1-24
IB Model Inputs by Database Table 1-26
2A 201 Industrial D Waste Management Sites Used in the Representative
National Data Set 2-9
2B Facility Location 2-19
3A WMU Data 3-67
3B Aerated Tank Data 3-85
4A Meteorological Data QA/QC Programs 4-29
4A-1. Source Code for QAQC 4-32
4A-2. Source Code for SQAQC 4-34
4B METFIX Program 4-39
4B-1. METFIX Source Code 4-41
4C. PRECIP Program 4-59
4D. Formats and Examples of 3MRA Modeling System Meteorological Data Files .... 4-63
4E. 3MRA Modeling System Climatological Data Collection Programs 4-71
6A STORET Water Quality Data 6-13
6B STORET Temperature Data 6-53
9A GIS Arc Macro Language (AML) Program for Calculating Human Receptor
Locations and Attributes 9-23
9B GIS Arc Macro Language (AML) Program for Placing Farms 9-63
9C GIS Arc Macro Language (AML) Program for Calculating Median Farm Size 9-75
9D Human Receptor Data for the Representative National Data Set: 201 Sites and
419 Settings 9-81
10A Chemical-Specific Database Developed for the FFC and TFW Modules 10-33
10B Exposure-Related Database Developed for the FFC and TFW Modules 10-51
11A Parameter Values Applied for the Aquatic Food Web Chemical Properties Database 11-27
1 IB Parameter Values Applied for the Aquatic Food Web Fish Attribute Database .... 11-37
13A Arc Macro Language Program for Processing Habitat and Receptor Data 13-67
13B Arc Macro Language Program for Processing Home Range Data 13-91
13C Home Range Parameters for Ecological Receptors 13-103
14A-2. Avian Benchmark Studies 14-45
15A Human Health Benchmarks 15-9
16A Site-Based Meteorological Station and Aquifer Data 16-19
16B Regional Aquifer Data 16-31
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