UNITED STATES
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
BUDGET JUSTIFICATIONS, F. Y. 1969
WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION
CONTROL ADMINISTRATION
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DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration
Highlight statement ,,...,*,**«...«..,,<,..«..»„,.......,«««. 1
Summary tables by appropriation
(a) Obligations..,,..,..,,. ..... .«,...,,.,« ....... ....... 8
(b) Hew obligational authority... ...,»,......,.....»..». 9
Budget estimates compared to authorization. ........ *«..«.,« 10
.Aoriat ion and
WATER SUPPLY AMD WATER POlIjOECIOH CONTROL.. « ..... . ........... 11
Research and development*.. I***...*,*.......*,....,,...,,.. iB
Planning, assistance, and training activities* ...... ....... 62
Enforcement «*. ...... «,.»*....«. ..... ,....,.,».. ..... ..,«... , 123
Administration , ..«..«„.,*•.»...*«..«.«.. «,*.*•. ........ ...... 135
AED FACILITIES^ *»<^»» >*«»*» ««»«.«...... ........ .. 150
Water pollution control and water quality standards
laboratories .. .«•«.«*«•.-« .*,,.•.*<. .«,.««.««*..,,.<.«...«...«« 152
Field evaluations ..«*,.,.. ..... . .. , . ..... ....... ............ . 155
CONSTRUCTION GRANTS FOR WASTE TREATMENT WORKS. ..«.« ........ 157
Waste treatment works construction, .««**...•« .......... ,.,. 160
Appalachian regional development ,....,..«, ..... *........».,» 163
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DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration
Highlight Statement
There can be no substitute for clean water. Pollution, for too long
has been. Increasing its threat to the Nation's lakes, streams and rivers—
even to the ocean waters around us. The people of the United States now
realise that polluted tmter affects us all.
They have mounted a massive effort to combat pollution and assure
clean waters for the future. Reflecting the rising public concern—the
urgency to correct and control pollution—-Congress enacted two major
pieces of legislation. The Water Quality Act of 1965 and the Clean Water
Restoration Act of 1966 greatly strengthened the Federal Government's
ability to launch a concerted, nationwide attack, so "badly needed to
save our water resources.
As thus amended, the Federal Water Pollution Control Act provides a
broad range of tools, Including research, enforcement, technical and
financial assistance, comprehensive basin planning, and the training of
manpower. It enlists the participation of State and interstate agencies,
municipalities, industries, universities, and Individuals. The success
of the National program depends upon the skilled and effective use of
these tools.
During FY 1968 and years to come, the major thrust will be the
cooperative Federal-State effort to establish and implement water quality
standards and attain adequate municipal and Industrial waste treatment,
and other controls. The Federal Water Pollution Control Administration
will also develop, test, and demonstrate new technology to solve present
and avert future pollution problems. The training of adequate manpower
to operate the waste treatment facilities is crucial to the success of
the whole antipollution effort. Program activity is being directed
increasingly toward water quality control for entire river basins.
The budget estimate as programmed for FY 1969 represents FWPGA's
evaluation of needs at the start of 1968. It reflects activities which
are rapidly evolving to fully Implement the provisions of recent legis-
lation and to meet changing needs in a critical national program. We
can expect this development to continue in the years ahead, conditioned
by such factors as!
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a, Bettgr inf ormat Ion on natl onal gegda ' , '
Federal expenditures should "be governed in -a. large part "by contemporary
assessments of national needs , and we are moving rapidly to Improve our
understanding and ability to measure them, A recent report, "The Cost
of Clean Water/1 Identified ' requirements for waste treatment facility
construction and estimates the costs to "be Incurred "by municipalities,
Industries, and others In future years In meeting the requirements,
Through the development of water quality standards and State and Inter-
state agency program plans, we are gaining "better Information on
associated programs and needs. This knowledge will contribute signifi-
cantly to future Federal programming.* Information will "b© refined,
improved, and updated annually,
b,
Despite the beet long-range thinking that can new "b© applied, we
will continue to encounter new problems to be solved and controlled.
The proliferation of fexotlc chemicals produced, the persistence of man-
made and natural soil erosion, the subsurface disposal of -wastes with
eonsequent groundwater pollution, pollution from animal feed lots in
new locations., dredging and dredged material disposal,, and thermal
pollution all represent new or previously unrecognized pollution problems
whosi control is necessary in the cont&jeb of today's aeeelerated eltan up,
We must be alert to potential problems and ready to prevent them
before they occur. Leaching and erosion of mine and mill tailings is a
problem of unspecified magnitude. Pa-it experience in the mining and
milling Industry has demonstrated that, to avart water pollution,
pollution control must be developed a's part of the production technology1!
o. Development of new programs
^afrfrfrm^iiiiiifra.v^i^^
Some programs , euch aa vater quality standards and State-leaal
basin planning grant e^ are just mm in their early stages, fhetr
development will Involve new methods'* Indeed^ to be tffeetlve^ the entire
national pollution control effort must continue to geek out nw app»om8h§§
to resolve existing and new problems »
d.
SomS new programs may be enassted into legislation » Already,
Senate has p&.ssed'S. 2760, calling for accelerated reseai»eh I
pollution and acid mine drainage, and increasing the authorities t©
eope with oil pollution, companion AdMnistratlan bills t 8, lfl| .and
fl.ft* 139^3^ havi been introduced to program the central e>f pollutioii
from boats and vessels. As such legislative changes giietii8, th§y will
have a significant impact upon the federal program. She if 1^9 t)Ud|tt
no attempt to take potential legislative changes Into aeeount.
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,e. The role of related^jreograma; and other levels., of government
There IB a complex of Interrelated effort In Federal agencies and
programs which can h@lp achieve the objectives of water pollution control.
For example, the Departments of Labor and of Health, Education, 'arid
Welfare can assist In the training of sewage treatment plant operators to
lessen the FWPCA costs for this Item. The U. S. Geological Survey can
contribute basic hydrologlc data to help monitor water quality standards
and reduce the FWPGA requirements In this respect. Remote sensors, such
as •fehfc EROS satellite, a cooperative venture supported by NASA, TATA,
•and the Departments of the Interior and of Agriculture, may contribute
to the surveillance of heat, oll# and other types of pollution. These
complementary approaches with other Federal agencies will be developed
and may have significant Impacts upon FWPCA programs. There Is encouraging
evidence,of .Increased efforts by State and local governments In response
to the strengthened Federal effort to control pollution. As these
stronger actlvltes Increase, they will In turn directly affect the shape
and nature of Federal program activities. For example, the water quality
standards established under the Water Quality Act of 1965* "will generate
new and strengthened relationships among Federal, State, municipal,
and Industrial entitles In the whole area of water quality monitoring.
f. Ctonglng_ re^tlonshlgB^ajaong various, jepmppnentg_ of the: Federa 1 water
pollution control program
Implementing the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, as amended, Is
a highly Integrated process. Enforcement may depend on data gathered
by the pollution surveillance program. Abating pollution control from
Federal Installations may rely heavily on technical assistance or on
comprehensive basin planning activities. A major management objective
of FWPCA Is to strengthen this type of program Integration In order to
provide more flexible and economical utilization of the resources
available.
AGGompllBbmentsj
During the past year significant accomplishments and advances have
or will have been made. Sonus, of these are as follows!
a. Research and development
During the past few years considerable funding has been provided to
stimulate and support realistic experiments which will demonstrate new
and improved techniques to solve three most widespread and difficult
problems in the field of water pollution control. These problems a»e
(l) controlling polluted discharges from storm or combined sewers, (2)
development of advanced waste treatment processes, water purification
methods and joint treatment methods for municipal and Industrial wagtss,
and (3) developing methods for treating and controlling industrial waste
pollution." Interest In this program is evident by the fact that, as of
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December 31, 1967, there were 39 communities or jurisdictions, 22
Industries and one university which provided a portion of the cost of
projects designed to advance these objectives. Since these programs
are new and require time to determine effectiveness, reliability and
cost, full benefit has not yet been realized. The broad application
of those methods which prove successful will have program Impact and
public benefit, thoroughly Justifying the cost.-
b. State; and
In FY 1968 Congress appropriated $10 million, an increase of $5 million
over the previous year, for the purpose of providing support to State and
interstate water pollution control agencies . To assure the most effective '
utilization of these funds^ comprehensive guidelines were Issued, for the
first time, setting forth the essential elements of an effective water
pollution control plan as a basis for receiving these funds. Although
most plans have been approved for FY 1968, It Is evident that a great many
of the programs require improvement. During the next five years, every
effort will be made to upgrade these programs where necessary.
c. Nat lonal i rejulremgiats^ .and cos t eg timatesr
As mandated by Congress, special reports have been transmitted to
Congress as follows i
1. Weed for and costs of treating municipal, industrial and
other effluents,
2. Economic impact on State and local governments,
3. Possible economic Incentives to Industry,
k« Federal cost for carrying out the Federal Water Pollution
Control Act, as amended, and
5 . Manpower and training needs ,
These reports represent the first comprehensive in-depth analysis
of costs and related economic problems and manpower needs of water
pollution control. The cost of water pollution control has been a subject
of considerable discussion and controversy. It is not expected that
these reports will conclusively settle this complex and difficult question.
However, It is a start and It is1 proposed to continually refine and Improve
these Initial findings,
d. Water quality standards
As provided by law, all States have submitted for approval their%
proposals for establishing, implementing and enforcing water quality
standards for interstate and coastal waters. As of February l.k, 1968,
standards of 18 States have been approved. The setting and approving'
of standards Is a difficult and Involved task. It is anticipated that
by the end of fiscal year 1968, with the cooperation of all concerned*,
standards of most States will have been approved. Once standards are
set In all States, the Nation will have for the first time, specific
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goals and. objectives for Interstate and coastal waters and plans for
achieving these goals and objectives. This id.ll be a landmark In
water resource conservation.
e. Baforcement
During fiscal year 1967 and up to the present time, six enforcement
actions have "been Instituted to abate water pollution. It Is significant
that three of these actions represented the first application of authority
granted by the Water Quality Act of 1965 to stop pollution within a State
that Interferred with the Interstate marketing of shellfish. These and
other kinds of enforcement actions will continue when and where necessary.
f. Laboratory, construction,program
The program Is primarily directed toward planning development of
building programs for facilities to be located at Stevens Point, Wisconsin
and Columbia, Missouri. Architectural and engineering design contracts
are planned to be let near the end of the fiscal year. Hopefully, site
determination for the facility authorized to service the Middle Atlantic
area will have been made.
g. Construction grants for waste^ treatment works
Construction of needed municipal waste treatment works continues
to Increase as a result of the grants provided through FWPCA. It Is
estimated that construction of 930 facilities will be started In FY 1968,
compared to 567 In FT 1967—an Increase of 3&3• Furthermore during FY
1968 700 facilities will be completed and operational—
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b, Stat e .and interstiate^ agency grpgrams
Plane will continue to be critically reviewed with a view toward
upgrading and strengthening programs.
c. State and local planning a genelea
By the end of the fiscal year, it Is anticipated there will be a
number of State and local basin planning agencies actively developing
comprehensive wat©r quality control and abatement plans for action
programs In basins with the most serious and complex water pollution
problems,
d, Efetuarine studies
A comprehensive study of the Nation's estuaries designed to develop
recommendations for a long-range preventive and protective program will
b© expanded and directed toward analyzing data acquired through previously
negotiated contracts, expanding the National Estuarine Register which
includes various data on estuaries, determining research and study needs
and developing a preliminary report. The report mandated by Congress Is
due in November 1969.
e. Water quality standards
Water quality standard efforts will be well Into the second phase,
I.e., seek arid observe compliance with standards. Although States have
first responsibility, FWPCA will review the extent to which Implementa-
tion plans' are being carried out.
f f Controlling pollution^ frog-, Federal actiylttes
Increased emphasis will be given to ascertain that positive actions
are being taken by each Federal agency to prevent and control pollution
from their activities •. Among such pollution sources are new and existing
installations and buildings, water resource projects, facilities or
operations supported by Federal grants, loans, or contracts and vessel
operations.
g. Technicalassistance
Technical resources will be expanded to provide special technical
assistance support on complex problems to other FWPCA programs, States,
other Federal agencies, local bodies and others. Particular emphasis
will be given to thermal pollution, agricultural runoff and drainage on
water quality, pollution by wastes from w-atercraft, accidental spills -
such as oil, and maintenance and operation of wast© treatment plants.
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h.
An Industrial waste treatment facility Inventory will "be Initiated
which Is essential and necessary to the program. We will expand and
improve the analytical quality control program to provide reliable data
either on the part of the States or FWPCA In connection with water quality
standards violations and Increased support services for monitoring water
quality at selected locations to determine trends and status of compliance
to water quality standards.
1.
Training at all levels will be a major program thrust. The need
to develop new treatment techniques and the accelerated activity at the
Federal, State and local levels, Industry and elsewhere, makes this a
prime program requisite. In FY 1973 total manpower needs in water
pollution control Is estimated to be 135,000, or 90,000 more than the
!*5,000 now in this field. In addition to expanding existing FWPCA
efforts, considerable emphasis will be placed on experimentation with
new training techniques and exploring new channels to accelerate training
programs to produce needed manpower.
J, ^Bafprcement
The national commitment to abate, prevent and control water
pollution Is expressed in its final sense through the enforcement
activity. Therefore, enforcement actions will be instituted, when
applicable.
Finally, construction of needed municipal waste treatment works
will increase. It is estimated that, as a result of financial assistance
provided through FWPCA, construction will start on 1,350 new facilities —
an Increase of k60 over the estimate of 890 for FY 1968.
k. Laboratory co^^j;EcJ-j--.on. ProSI'ani
The architectural and engineering design effort, started in FY 1968
for the Stevens Point, Wisconsin and Columbia, Missouri facilities will
continue throughout FY 1969. A building program will be developed and
architectural engineering design contract will be let for the Middle
Atlantic laboratory.
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DEPAB3MEJST OF THE INTERIOR
federal Water Pollution Control Administration
Obligations "by Appropriation
Increase (-»-)
Water Supply and Water Pollution
Construction Grants for Waste
Treatment Works »
Total..... .-.'I
FT 1967
Actual
$73 5 173,368
636,096
. 133,921,950
207, 731, Ul^
YI 1968
Estimate
$108,791,907
1*, 598, 001
17U,4423092
287.832.000
FT 1969
Estimate
$101,435,000
160,000
242,000,000
3to.595.QOO
Decrease (-)
Over 1968
-$7,356,907
-4.it 38, 001
+67*557,908
+55.763.000
OD
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DEPAHEMEIT OF THE HTEHIQR
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration
Hew Cbiigational Authority by Appropriation
Increaae^ (+)
Water Supply and Water Pollution
Control ....... ...*..»>...». «.•»...<
Construction Grants for Waste
Treatment Works
Total . »."..»
FT 1967
.Actual," ,
. . . $75 ,082 ,697£/
6,279,6l8
. .. 1533000,000
... 234.362.315
FT 1968
Estimate
$92,581,695
203 ,,000, 000
295,581.695
YI 1969
Estimate
^101,^35 000
225,000,000
326 .415. 000
Decrease (-)
Over 1968
+$8,853,305
+22,000,000
+30.853.105
S/ IhcludeB $20,000,000 coi^trative transfer from "Construction grants for waste treatment works
construction.w
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DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration
Budget Estimates Compared to Authorizations
Federal Water Pollution Control Act, as amended
FT 1968 FY 1969
NDA IDA
Section of Act Authorization Estimate Authorization Estimate
Section 5—Research., Invest legations % Trainingv
and Information
Carry out all of Section 5 other thaa*subsection (g) $60,000,000 $33,1^8,695 $65,000,000 $39»01*S»000
(g)~Estuary studies.. ...~...« 1,000,000 690,000 1,000,000 1,000,000
Section 6—Research and Development Grants
General authorization provided for the purposes
set forth in-entire section including contracts.... 20,000,000 10,000,000 20,000,000 11,300,000
(a)(2)—Advanced waste treatment and Joint
waste treatment..., 20,000,000 8,000,000 20,000,000 6,700,000
(b)—Industrial wastes 20,000,000 10,000,000 20,000^,000 10,000,000
Section 7—Grants for Water Pollution Control Program.. 10,000,000 10,000,000 10,000,000 10,000,000
Section 8--Granta for Construction. ^50.000,000 203,000,000 700.000,000 225,000.000
Total..,.. ...581,000,000 27^,838,695 836,000,000 303,048,000
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Water Supply &
Water Pollution
Control
SECTION TAB
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FEDERAL ¥ATSR POLLUTION COMBOL' ADMINISTRATION
President's Budget
"Water Supply and Water Pollution Control"
Bridge between Activities in
Congressional Justification
TO
Grants
a. Research and development
b. Training
c. State and interstate agency program..
d. Comprehensive baain planning
Direct operations
a. Comprehensive planning^ management^
and assistance
1. Comprehensive basin programs
2. Water quality standards
3. Estuary studies
h. Technical assistance —
5. Pollution surveillance—----
6. Training
T. Economic manpower and evaluation
8. Controlling pollution from
Federal activities —-—•—
b. Research and development—•———
c. Regulation and enforcement
d. Construction grants administration—
e. Administration
1. Executive direction ——
2. Administrative support
3- Regional direction and
management support—
H ^. Public Information
5. Commissioned officer
retirement fund *—.
Research and development -
Grants, contracts, and Federal
operations
Planning, assistance; and training activities '
Comprehensive planning
1. State and interstate agency
program, grants
Comprehensive basin planning
Estuary studies
National: requirements-and cost studies
Standards and controls
1. Water quality standards development
2, Controlling pollution from
Federal activities
Technical assistance and services
1. Technical assistance
2. Pollution surveillance
3. Construction grants administration
Training
Grants
2. Federal operations
Enforcement
Admlnls trat ion
a. Executive direction and management support
-b. Public information
c. Commissioned officer retirement fund
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DEPAETMEHT OF THE INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMOFISTMTIOIf.
Water Supply and Water Pollution Control
Appropriation, 1967. .,..»....>....... , „ $55 ,1+39,000
Transferred to;
"Operating expenses, Public Building Service,"
General Services Administration,.................... -295,260
"Salaries and expenses, Office of the Solicitor,"
Department of the Interior...* «... ..„..„ -116,000
Transferred from:
"Salaries and expenses, Office of Field
Administration," Department of Health, Education,
and Welfare..-.., .... .. +55,000
Comparative transfer from "Construction grants for
waste treatment works"„,.«., *-.***..*.-.» +22,886,233
Total available, 196? 77,970,973
Total appropriation, 1968. . 92,800,000
Comparative transfer from "Construction grants for
waste treatment works".*. « . +l6,210,212
Transfer to:
"Operating expenses, Public Buildings Service,"
General Services Administration.... ,. -218,305
H Total available, 1968.. 108,791,907•
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Summary of Increases and Decreases,
H
U)
Base for 1969 Increase 1969
Research and development
Net decrease for grant and contract effort due to
new obligational authority for 1968 and balances
brought forward from 1967 exceeding request for
1969.. $57,875,212 -$ll+,675,212
Additional requirement to accelerate direct FWPCA
effort in research, field investigations and
demonstrations, and technically monitor, evaluate
and assess progress and accomplishments of grant
and contract effort. 9,912,695 +2,859,305
To meet increased pay costs.,.. ...«.,..,.««....,. ,*„ • +6%,000
To provide full year employment of new personnel
authorized for FI 1968. „«„ +551,000
Nonrecurring technical, special and other equipment
costs.....,' ., 9a , .*•. -585,000 -11,785,907
Planning, assistance and training activities
Provide financial assistance for new river basin
planning agencies and increased support for those
to be approved in 1968. 500,000 +1,500,000
Expand,study areas to meet Congressional mandate for
report and recommendation on solving estuarial
problems............ 690,000 +285,000
Increase technical capabilities and competencies in
field installations to provide technical assistance
to other FWPCA and Federal programs, and to States
and local agencies and all others concerned........0 3,0^5,000 +288,000
Strengthen pollution surveillance program in
analytical quality control activity, water quality
standards compliance and expand collection and
dissemination of data on municipal and industrial
waste facilities...................... 1,899,000 +591,000
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ProTlde additional manpower resources necessary to
cope with the increased workload for administering
the grant program for construction of waste
treatment works.„.....,. ...............I*.....
Accelerate professional and technical manpower
training in water pollution control field through
increased grant funding and staffing in FWPCA
field installations............ , -. - «
To meet increased pay costs.........-...........*.....'.
To provide full year employment of new personnel
authorized for FT 1968 „**„<,
Nonrecurring equipment costs..-.....a....,.........**-..'
Phase out of special projects..,.......................
Nonrecurring costs related to national requirements
and cost studies completed in FT 1968,..*.............
Enforcement
To meet increased pay costs..*..-..............,......-,
To provide full year employment of new personnel
authorized in FT 1968.
Administration
Support additional staff for headquarters to meet
increased workload in procurement and fiscal
service areas.............e..*?^. .«*..««.....»...*.«<
Establish full time capability in all regional offices
to carry out contract compliance and equal
employment opportunity responsibilities and
additional clerical staff to provide programs with
adequate management support activities e<
Provide needed secretarial assistance for public
information officers in regional offices and
additional funding for national publications,
exhibits and radio and television scripts............
Base for'1969 Increase 1969
2,183,000
1^,878,000
2,660,000
1,270,000
iH7,obo
+379,ooo
+iVr,ooo
+7^9,000
-267,000
-131,000
-180,000 +3,775,000
+23,000
482,000
+1+6,000
+179,000
+85,000
+105,000
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Basefor3-9J>9; Increase 1969
Reduction in requirement for FT 19&9 to complete
payment to- civil service retirement fund, as
required "by law, for Public Health. Service
commissioned officers who converted to civil
service status in order to remain with FWPCA...-.....-. 350,000 -50,000
To meet increased pay costs*. ...........I*..*..*.......... ««. +^5»000
To provide for full year employment of new personnel
authorized for IT 1968...,,...-... ....I.......... .... +gIA,000 +5^9,000
Bet decrease, 1969............................... -7,356,907
Budget estimate, 1969....„.....„•..«...„...»..... 101,14-35,000
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Water Supply and Water Pollution Control
Analysis by Activities
Fiscal Teas- 196? , Fiscal Year 1968
Total Bay Cost Amount
Available Appropriat ions Supplemental Transfers Available
$5ls6lS,000 +$i6si69590?5/ $67,787,907
I 1P^|I rSMfflJ inffijp ^ ^^^"S^ifc^BM^ ^W^l "iguE^ *% i§^ ^gpr
25,117j791 33s036jOOO -122,OOC£-/ 32,91^,000
2»999»575 3,Jn2,ooo -I9,ooo2/ 3,393,000
3stoi?35O ^73*4. jOOO -37,000-^ 1^,697,000
2^360,000
*....-. 77»aaB,^5 9gs6oo?QQO +15,991,907 108,791,90? j
TimglBBieai ^tos3^5 t&amsT@iST&i. to Geueial fcr^lces ASEiaistra'fcion and $16,210,212 comparative transfer from
four i^as'fts •fcr^atireiri; aoz^s«m
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Water Supply and Water Pollution Centre!
Planning, assistance and
training activit ie s «„.„
Enforcement.,,.. .*•..».«....<
Administration* *....,*«.....
Unobligated balance lapsIng<
FT 196?
Amount
Available
FT 1968
Amount
Available
FT 1969
Estimate
Increase (+) or Decrease (-)
1969 compared/with 1968
Page
Total Pay CoatST
Program Ref,
Research and development „..„»«,«., $41,512,267 $67,787,907 $56,002,000 -$11,785,907 +$64,000 -$11,849,907 18
Cost reduction program resulting
in savings for FT 1967*....««».
Total,
25,117,791, 32,914,000 36,689,000 +3,775,000 +147,000 +3,628,000 62
2,999,575 3,393,000 3,498,000 +105,000
3,4oij350 4,697,000 5,246,000 +549,000
2,437,562
2,360,000 i«» .»« «,..
+23,000
445,000
+82,000 123
+504,000 135
77,828,545 108,791,907 101,435,000 -7,356,907 +279.000 -7>635.9iP7
a/ To provide for increased pay cost for fiscal year 1968 positions.
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Research and
Development
SECTION TAB
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Research and development
Program Elements
Municipal-Pollution Control
Technology. ................
Industrial-Pollution Control
Technology»................
Agricultural-Pollution Control
Technology*. .«..•..*.......»..
Mining-Pollution Control
Technology.,..»....«...
Other-Sources~of-Pollution Control
Technology.. ....«..«»*•*.««.«••.*
General Pollution Control
' Technology..»«..«....,.«,.•....,«
Waste Treatment and Ultimate
Disposal Te'chnology........
Water Quality Requirements,
IT 1967 FT 1968
Amount Asocoxt*
Available Available
t-
V£>
9
I
m
OQ
1
E-i
g
FT 1969
Increase (+) or Decrease (•»)
,L,,lg63,LCp^^reg/Mth 1968
Total fay Costs/ "
$15,331,000 -410,215,212 +|5,000 -$10,220,212
1
8,506,000 -3,256,000 +59ooo -3,261,000
1*630,000 1,991,000 +361,000 +2,000 +359,000
1^78,000 14-3,325,000 -153,000 +5,000 -158,000
2,602^000 2*350,000 -252,000 . +3,000 -255,000
8,434,000 +519,305 +12,OCX> +507,305
8,737,000 9,281^000 4547,000
5>n8,ooo 5.781,000 +663tOQQ
+17,000
+15*000
+530,000
+6^8,000
11^785,907 +64§ooo. -411,8^9,907
a/ To provide for increased pay cost for fiscal year 1968 positioas,,
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Research and deyelQ^aBiit (continued)
FT 1967 FT 1968 Increase- (+) or Decrease (,-)
Amount - Amount FT 1969 1969 coMpared /with Ij58
Gorentlonal Budget Elements , Available Available Estimte Total ay Cbst^/ ' ~'~l '
Grants, contracts, and Federal operationss
Combined Sewer**.'...««......„ $12,lj.53,625^'$11«-,510,212^ $8,000,000 -$6,510,212 ... -$6,510,212
Advanced Waste Treatment...., 7»672,i«-76^/ 1^,200,000£/ 10,000,000 A,200,000 ,,» -4,200,000
Industrial Wastes. 2,619,70^ 15,500,00c£/ 10,000,000 -5,500,000 *..- -5,500,000
Demonstration* ...«•.. ....*....« 3,00^,169 2,500,000 2,500,000 ... «»«„ ".„
Research Grants.».....,«•..«.. 6,1*67,871 6,500,000 6,500,000 ... ... ...;
Research Contracts.».....,..» 1^588,380 i*,665,000 6,200,000+1,535,000 ^*. +1,535,000
Direct operations......,....,- 7,706,0^2 9,912,695 12,802,000 +2,889,305 +$6l+,000 +2,825,305
Unobligated balance lapsing., If87s538 ...
* »*
Total ...... .. ...... ....«* ^li^tBpg 67t.787»907 56,002,000 -11,785,907 +6^,000 -
See summary talale on page A/' for dlstrlTaution of grant, contract and In-house funds "by new program element*
a/" To provide for Increased pay cost for fiscal year 1968 positions*
b/ Total amounts represent comparative transfer from "Construction Grants for ¥aste Treatment Works."
c/ Includes $16,210,212 comparative transfer from "Construction Grants for Waste Treatment Works" and
$28,000,000* directly appropriated to "Water Supply and Water Pollution Control."
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The primary long-range objectives of the research and development
program of the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration are to
provide t
1» The necessary new technology for effective and economical control
of pollution from specific sources (e,g«s municipal* industrial,
agricultural^ and mining sources) including the experimental application
and initial demonstration of treatment and control technology to specific
sources of pollution!
2i Generally applicable new scientific knowledge and technology for
the controlj prevention and abatement of water pollutions and fundamental
knowledge In the general area of water pollution control involving
stttrophlcation (aging of t lake)^ water quality control and coastal and
ground water pollution.!
3* fhe Information on water quality requirements for specif ie water
tiles to iirve as a more scientific Mils for the eontlnued evaluation
and upgrading of water qu&lity standards | and
h® New separation and disposal technology for more effective and
eaonottlcal triatmtnt of waste discharges and for tenomtlon and rtuie -
of waste waters®
The attainment of theie long-range research, and development objectives
ia essential to tha successful achievement' of the Administration1! priiaary
goal— 'to dontfol and prevent pollution to assure An adequate supply Of
water suitable in q.&aii'by for public and Industrial water suppllei*
r*cratti6rip agricultural and other usess and for propagation of flshj
other «,q.uatlc life and wildlife *
To achieve these object ives^FWPCA actively coftducts la-house research
at Iti laboratories aftd field installations and ^111^68 the icletttifie
aftd technical community through grants and contract awards*
The major thrust of the !*y 1969 research and development
effort will be concentrated on the development of new waste treatment
processes | in determining and predicting the effects of pollution on
the quality of water to provide a more scientific basis for the establish*
Went of water quality standards t in exploring new mine drainage control
measured and experiMentaily applying them at field sites s and an expanded
effort In the fields §f control and prevention Of oil pollution and
eutrophlcatlon«
The decrease In FT 1969 over ft 1968 of $11,785*907 in total
oljligatlonal authority should not be construed as a designed effort to
reduce the program*, The effort proposed for Ft 196? was not accomplished
-------
as anticipated and, therefore, over $l6 million of grant and contract funds
has been carried over from FY 1967 and available for FY 1968. The 1969,
estimate includes $kf^24#305 m©r© in new ©bligational authority than that
appropriated for FY 1968* Most grant and contract projects begun in
FY 19§7 and FY 19^8 trill continue into FY 1969. The continuation of these
efforts, coupled with those projects to be initiated in FY 1969/ will
require small increases in staffing for both in-house execution of the
program, and the direction and coordination of existing extramural grants
and contracts.
The research and development program, as stated above, is carried
out by means of grants, contracts and in-house effort® Grants are
employed in meeting objectives where It is desirable to utilize the
State, municipality, Intermunicipal or interstate agency, public and
private institutional? industrial and individual talents and expertise
in carrying out research, development and demonstration efforts on a
cost-sharing basis resulting in mutual benefit to the Federal Government
and the grantee.
Contracts are utilized for laboratory investigations and pilot-
scale research projects which involve a large degree of uncertainty
and which are primarily aimed at determination of feasibility. The
latter are not the type of projects that municipalities and private
corporations vill readily sponsor with matching funds as under the
grant procedure owing to the large degree.of risk as to future self-
benefits* The work performed under contract requires the application
of highly specialized personnel and equipment and of facilities having
a high value over a short period of time, but is of limited value as
a long-term, capital investment.
The in-house research effort's are conducted at operational regional
water pollution control laboratories in Ada, Oklahoma! Athens, Georgia;
Cincinnati, Ohioj College, Alaskaj and Corvallis, Oregonj in the
National Water Quality laboratory at Duluth, Minnesota! and in temporary
facilities at Marragansett, Rhode Island and Metuchen, New Jersey, In
addition to the laboratory effort, continued emphasis is being placed on
research and development work at various field sites and pilot plants
or facilities—for example, Lebanon and Newtown, Ohioi Pomona and
Firebaugh, California! Ely, Minnesota] Blue Plains, D8C«j and Metuchen,
New Jersey*
The research and development program is subdivided into eight
substantive problem- and output-,oriented program elements.
See table on page 59 bridging program elements with the conventional
budget basis and chart on page 60 reflecting grant, contract and in-house
effort by program element,,
21
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Excluding grants and contracts, the 1969 estimate provides for a
net Increase of $2,889*305 *afl 175 positions for In-house activities»
This increase includesi
4i$6^,00Q ; To meet increased pay costs.
+551,000 To support full year employment of nev personnel
authorized for FJT 1968.
-585,000 Due t© nonrecurring equipment.
+8,859>305 To support 1T5 additional positions and costs of
special sampling and control application equipment
for field Investigations and demonstrations*
Increased staffing is proposed as followst
Regional offices.*,...., 8
laboratories............ 155
Field sites............. 12.
Total. 1T5
Descriptions, plans for PY 19^9* prior accomplishments and the
need for Increases for each program are described in the sections
that follow.
22
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I*
f i
oft
(1)
(2) 4200,000l
(3) -130*000
(U) -10j710s
(5) _
+12
-H2
Aooant Positions
Total
Program
200^000
131^000
Fiscal year 1968 , $25^6,212-,
,215 ,212' « The decrease consists
Eyplanation
To meet increased pay costs*
To support full -year employment
of new personnel authorized
for IT 1968.
Due to nonrecurring equipment
costs.
Decrease in grant and contract
effort®
To strengthen in-house effort
to assess progress and.
accomplishments of the
numerous grant and contract
projects under way or to be
under way.
Grants®»«,*«..,
Contracts *.*«<,
In-house.......
FI 1968
Amount
Available
$16,710,212
8200»000
Total,
25,5^6,212
FI 1969
Estimate
$10,800,000
BjUOOjOOO
i, 13.1» OOP
15,331,000
Increase (+}
or
Decrease jj-)
-$5,910,212
5000
,oo
-109215S212
23
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Twelve positions and $^20}000 are requested to permit a slight expansion
of field activities for directing, coordinating and monitoring the increasing
number of developmental and demonstration projects In the area °£ municipal
pollution control, Special sampling and control application equipment (e«gs ,
chemical feeders, controllers, tanks , mixers and aerators) are required to
support the in-house field activities and are included in this increase,
Objective
The objective is to develop and demonstrate the necessary technology in
the areas of storm waters, combined storm and sanitary wastes, advanced waste
treatment and Joint municipal-industrial treatment to achieve at minimum
coats the most effective control of pollution from (a) sewered wastes, (b)
combined sewer discharges, (c) storm sewer discharges, (d) noneewered runoff,
(e) nonsewered wastes, and (f) Joint (municipal-industrial) wastes ,
at
This program includes all research, development and demonstration effort
aimed at solving pollution problems attributable to municipal sources of
pollution.
.A combination of grant 9 contract and in-house effort is conducted
utilizing treatment, ultimate disposal and water quality control technology ,
Pilot- scale experimental applications and full-scale field evaluations and
demonstrations are carried out* Assuming no fiscal constraints, the major
portion of work should be completed by 1975 « By 1973, therefore, the major
effort on all projects should be well into the full-scale demonstration
phase*
(a) Storm find cpmbineA __SMer di a charges
Research and development efforts in the areas of combined sewer
discharges and storm sewer discharges are well under way, primarily by
means of pilot- scale development projects and full-scale development
project BS, By the close of FY 1967 there were 16 full-scale active
grant projects designed to demonstrate applicability of control or
treatment methods including surface storage of overflows with return
to the sewerage system, treatment of overflows by means of lagoons ,
use of in-system storage capacity to reduce overflows, subsurface tunnels
for combined sewage storage, improvements in disinfection techniques and
others, including combinations of methods,
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Twenty contract projects were active by the end of IT 1967,
including investigation of the use of polymers as a sedimentation aid,
applicability of air-flotation techniques for treating combined sewer
overflows, use of hydraulic cyclones, feasibility of a flushing system
for cleaning combined sewers, potential of off-shore storage and treatment
methods, the use of combustible filters to treat combined sewage, feasibility
of ultrasonic filtration as a treatment method, and others.
An additional 35 to k5 contracts will be negotiated during FT 1968
to include investigations in the areas of fine screening, improved
filtration techniques, microscreening, chemical oxidation, improved
methods of disinfection, new storage techniques, and others. It is
anticipated that lU grant projects will be awarded to demonstrate
applicability of treatment of combined sewage and reuse of the waters
for recreational purposes, high-rate filtration treatment, infiltration
control methods, and others. Results of methodology development will be
utilized to promote full-scale demonstration by means of grants.
These new projects are required to fill gaps in several technical
areas not thoroughly investigated earlier and for the purposes of
finding additional new applications for existing control or treatment
methods. Emphasis will be placed on moving from the developmental stage
to full-scale demonstration.
Research on the problem of urban drainage will continue in FI 1969
by means of grants,
(b) Sewered wastes
For sewered wastes, emphasis is placed on demonstrating advanced
treatment methods for removal of refractory organic and inorganic
components of sewage and on methods to decrease the cost of both treatment
plant sludge conditioning and ultimate disposal. The treatment of sewage
in sewer lines, use of microscreens for solids removal, chemical treatment
and activated carbon adsorption for dissolved solids removal, sludge
freezing plus use of additives to decrease the cost of sludge dewatering
and the regional disposal of Sludge via long pipelines to rehabilitate
coal mine or other devastated, areas are some of the demonstrations that
have been initiated in FY 1968 and will continue into FY 1969 or FY 1970.
During FT 1969*emphasis will continue to be placed on demonstrating Improved
techniques for the treatment of sewered wastes. These could include the
use of ozone, reverse osmosis, electrodialysis and ammonia stripping, to
mention a few, as well as Some of the currently-demonstrated processes in
order to augment the data necessary to completely prove a process.
Laboratory-scale (200 gallons per day) studies will continue on
developing new techniques to remove phosphates in the activated sludge
process and to remove nitrogen by biological denitrification. Studies at
advanced -waste treatment pilot plants such as at Blue Plains, D.C., and
Lebanon, Ohio, will be moderately expanded and new studies initiated at
Prince William County, Virginia, and Piscataway, Maryland, in FY 1969.
25
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(o) flonaewerad was teg
For nonaewered wastes, emphasis will be placed on demonstrating
individual home treatment, multiple home treatment and larger institutional
treatment units ¥hich will be able to show convincingly how any level of
treatment efficiency may be attained and to establish the capital and
operating costs,
(d) Joint i(mnlcipal--iinaustrial) wastes
Special efforts are being made to demonstrate the technology necessary
to permit industrial effluents to be treated with municipal wastes to
•obtain more economic treatment and more effective control than may be
achieved by handling these wastes independently. It is estimated that
during IT 1968 joint (municipal-Industrial) demonstrations will include
pulp and paper, fiber dyeing food processing, mineral wastes and petrochemical
wastes,
(e) Summary
The large number of grants and contracts active in IT 1969 will require
an intensive use of in-house personnel to both direct and monitor the
project. Because most of the grant projects awarded during IT 1967 were
for between two and three years, results from these projects will be
forthcoming during IT 19&9* Most importantly, it will be necessary to
analyze and evaluate these results with in-house personnel and to
correlate the results with other demonstrations for subsequent publication,
fhough much technology will have been demonstrated in actual field
or operating conditions, it is anticipated that there will be a major
fraction of the technology which would have only recently advanced to
the demonstration phase and will only be capable of being successfully
demonstrated in IT 1969 or later,
AccompliahmeBt s
" 1967-1968
(l) Minneapolis-St, Paul Sanitary .District—The purpose of this grant
project is to demonstrate the applicability of a "dispatching system" for
control of combined sewer overflows. Overflow regulators are being modified;
flow gauging^ water quality monitors and telemetering rain gauges installed
and a control data logger placed in operation. Plows in the sewer will be
regulated so as to obtain maximum utilization of the storage capacity of the
sewers and thus minimize overflows. Construction and equipment installation
are well along, and it is anticipated that the project will be "on line"
during the spring of 1968. The significance of the project lies in its
potential for control of combined sewer overflows with minimum expenditures
to make this type of system operable. Information and operating experience
Will also be gained which will be useful to other cities with similar
problems,
26
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. 1<
(2) Sewerage and Water Board of Efew Orleans—The New Orleans grant
project is designed to demonstrate the use of drainage canals as
treatment facilities to accomplish bacteriological control of wastes
discharged to Lake Pontchartrain, Discharges now occurring during wet
weather contaminate bathing beaches and the demonstration project has
the objective of minimizing the effect of untreated waste discharges on
the ."beaches. Volumes approximating the average discharges of the Potomac
River (11,000 cfs) will be disinfected using "both liquid chlorine and
hypochlorite solution. Chlorinatlon at this scale has never been
accomplished before. Application of new materials and techniques will
be important project features. Work is well under way, with construction
of the key chlorination chamber to begin in the spring of 1968. The
principal and most significant facet of.the project will be the
development of capability to disinfect huge volumes of wastes. This wiH
be of great use to nearly every .large city. It is anticipated that
the direct result of the project will be an improved water quality in
the beach areas so as to significantly reduce periods of closure with
.resulting increased usage,
(3) Columbus, Ohio—The Columbus grant project involves the
modification and reconditioning of combined sewage overflow storage and
treatment tanks. The tanks are the first tanks of this type, built ia the
United States and were placed in operation in 1933. The major project
purpose Is the evaluation of the effectiveness of overflow tanks in
controlling discharges of combined sewage. Construction has been
completed and the eYaluatiem program is beginning.
(k) American Public Works Association—A preliminary appraisal of
the effects of storm water aad overflows from combined sewer systems was
completed in 196U. The appraisal estimated that physical separation
of storm water from sanitary sewage, as a pollution control measure,
would entail a national cost of $20 to $30 billion,
A contract project was Initiated during the summer of 196? with the
American Public Works Association to obtain an up-to-date assessment of
the problem. Over 900 communities of an estimated 1,329 with combined
sewers were contacted personally by engineer-interviewers to assess local
combined sewer problems. All communities with population of 25,000 and
over, and 30 percent, of those with population less than 25,000 were
covered.
The project has been completed and the final report submitted. APWA
estimates tloat separation of storm and sanitary sewers would cost $30
billion on a national basis. Inclusion of costs to make the necessary
plumbing changes in and on private property to effect total separation
would raise this cost to an estimated $^8 billion. Results of this
study will be made afatlable to State water pollution control agencies,
municipalities^ and consulting engineers to inform them of the type and
.magnitude of the combined sewer overflow problem, The information should '
serve to convince municipalities that alternative solutions to sewer
separation should be considered for economic reasons.
27
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(5) The Western Company—The purpose of this contract project is to
explore the potential of injecting polymers into waste waters to reduce
friction loss in pipe, thereby increasing pipe carrying capacity.
Increased sewer capacity could reduce the number of overflows from
combined sewers. The concept has been shown to be feasible by scale
testing and in 1968 the concept will be demonstrated at full-scale. If
applicable under actual field conditions, the method could be used to
increase' the carrying capacity of existing sewers, negating the need
for relief or new sewers in numerous instances. Present indications are
that use of this technique could save up to 50 percent of the cost of
constructing relief sewers or replacing existing sewers.
(6) Two projects (Milwaukee and Cedar Rapids) have been Initiated at
a cost of $65^jOOQ for development and demonstration of advanced processing
methods for municipal sewage sludges. Some k.5 million tons of this
material are generated each year in the United States. The new processes,
sludge de-watering by freezing and waste fly ash conditioning of sludges,
when developed and fully implemented are projected to reduce the current
costs of this operation at these sites by nearly $1,000,000 per year.
This represents a savings of greater than $10 per ton of sludge.
(7) -A program to develop comprehensive design and operating guides
for biological process for municipal waste treatment was initiated at
.Austin, Texas, for $326,000. The project will result in updating the
existing obsolescent 12 year-old guides.
i
(8) Several joint-treatment projects funded at a cost of $677,000
at Dallas, Oregon, and Onondaga County, Hew York, have been initiated to
demonstrate the feasibility of incorporating industrial waste discharges
into municipal systems for pollution control at reduced costs over
individual systems. Food canning, steel and chemical wastes are to be
treated in conventional plants. The Onondaga Lake Project will also
provide an excellent example of water quality restoration of the lake
and assess the economic benefits resulting from the pollution abatement
approach taken by the cooperative county-industry program,
(9) Water reuse projects for recreational and industrial purposes in
water shortage areas is being demonstrated at Santee and Antelope Valley,
California. Approximately 26 acres of recreational lakes are to be •
provided at Antelope Yalley using renovated waste water. The estimated
cost of treating the renovated waste water to meet quality criteria for
recreational use is $kQ per acre foot. Current cost of the only water
available from depleted ground sources is $^3 per acre foot. .Projected
water costs from the Feather Jjliver project when available in 1971 or
1972 if supplied to Antelope Valley are projected'to be even higher in
cost.
28
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(10) Advanced waste treatment processes consisting of chemical
precipitation, filtration, and carbon adsorption have been demonstrated
at Lake Taaoe, California, and Hassau County, Long Island, at a total
cost of $1,722-,000. In addition to providing the feasibility of removing
eutrophicatlon nutrients to very low levels, the renovated effluent
water meets drinking water standards. Based on these demonstrations the
incremental cost of producing the renovated water is estimated at 21 Gents
per 1,000 gallons for plants in the 10-20 million gallons per day size,
In the case of the Lake Tahoe project, the renovated water is being
piped over a mountain to a water shortage area for irrigation purposes
without any additional treatment. In the case of Nassau it is being used
to replenish the underground water supply used as a source for public
water purposes and to prevent salt water intrusion.
29
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ffpdustrialj-fo^ution. Contro-L Technologyf Fiscal year 1968,
,762,OQOj fiscal year 1969, $8,506,000}decrease, $3,256,000,
The decrease consists off
Increase (+_)_ or Decrease (—)
Amount Positions
(1) +$5,000 .,,
(2) +30,000 ...
(3) -3,500,000
(k) +209*000 +13
-3,556.000 +13
Total
Program
To meet Increased pay costs.
To support full year employment
of new personnel authorized for
FT 1968.
$7,600,000 Reduction In grant effort.
906,000 To accelerate In-house effort
for developing industrial waste
control programs and monitor
projects under way under the
grant and contract effort*
Total......
IT 1968
Amount
Available
....... 662,000
....... 11,762.000
FT 1969
Estimate
$7,600,000
906,000
8.506.000
Increase (+)
or
Decrease (-)
-$3,500,000
+2VJ-.000
-3.256.000
Heed for Increase
Thirteen positions and $209,000 are required to expand In-house
program development in the areas of wastes from textile mills, meat
processing, petrochemical, thermal pollution and lumber and logging
operations, and to direct, coordinate and monitor the large number of
development and demonstration projects In the Industrial wastes area.
Also included are special sampling and control application equipment
to support the in-house field activities,
Objective
The objectives are to develop and demonstrate the required technology
to achieve, at minimum cost, any needed degree of pollution control from
all industrial sources.
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of, Work
This includes all research, development and demonstration effort
necessary to solve pollution problems attributable to industrial
sources of pollution*
The quantity of industrial wastes discharged annually into this
country's rivers is at the very least equal in its pollutional effect
to the total of all municipal wastes in the Nation, In all probability,
the industrial pollution load is significantly greater. The determina-
tion and development of economical methods of control of pollution from
industrial wastes is a challenge of major significance. The competitive
economic aspects of industrial waste control require that both
conventional and completely new approaches must be made to this problem
to assure minimum cost solutions. Current waste treatment methods,
although satisfactory under certain conditions, do not provide adequate
results in many cases and offer little hope that they will provide the
type and degree of treatment which will be required in the future.
Therefore, this program must provide the answers.
In ET 1967 studies were initiated to identify and analyze the
problem areas and establish the existing state of the art in treatment
and control technology in selected industries. In addition, a major new
program for industrial waste pollution control (authorized by Section 6(b)
of the 1966 Act) was implemented. Under this new authority, 10 grant
projects were awarded. These projects included 8 full-scale demonstrations
in pollution control areas relating to the pulp and paper industry, meat-
packing industry, potato processing, citrus food industry, etc. Projecting
the accomplishments of the on-going FY 1968 program through FY 1969 will
see research and demonstration grants covering representative industrial
pollution from major sources encompassing a combined total of over three-
fourths the entire industrial pollution load in terms of volume and
biochemical oxygen demand. The program for FY 1969 also includes the
priority projects which are the results of the FWPCA. studies on immediate
needs for the river basins. The investigations and demonstrations will
include new and novel physical treatment techniques (e.g., screening,
improvements in filtration, centrifugation), chemical processes (oxidation,
precipitation, coagulant aids, ion exchange, polyelectrolytes), and
biological processes such as high-rate anerobic oxidation of concentrated
carbonaceous wastes a
An effective attack on these problems requires the development of a
cooperative industry-government effort to determine, develop, and install
treatment processes, process modifications, water conservation programs,
etc. This approach will be followed primarily through utilization of the
research and development grant mechanism, plus an active in-house
laboratory research program* One specific technique in developing such
a research program is the evaluation and separation" of industrial wastes
into broad categories requiring similar treatment. Here, in-house projects
will carry the major load. These waste categories would then be
31
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characterized to form the foundation for subsequent bench-scale and
pilot-scale studies of new methods of control* Work on waste reduction
at the source will be coordinated with treatment studies pointed
ultimately toward the processing of an irreducible minimum of waste
which will require treatment. The cooperative grant mechanism will
ensure that the treatment methodology and at-source control techniques
will be demonstrated to industry on a nationwide basis as being feasible
and practical and help ensure that the results of this development effort
will be actually applied to reduce the pollution impact of industrial
waste sewers.
Accomplishments
The accomplishments of the on-going FT 1968 program will include
research and demonstration grants covering representative Industrial,
pollution from major sources encompassing a combined total of three-
fourths the entire industrial pollution load in terms of volume and
biochemical oxygen demand,. It is anticipated that approximately 35
grants will be obligated in Ft 1968,
Several of the full-scale demonstration projects representing a
variety of industrial waste sources, treatment methods, and objectives
are described briefly as examples in the following paragraphs,
(l) The feasibility of treating potato processing wastes from the
E. T« French Company of Boise, Idaho, by aerobic biological oxidation,
the establishment of operational criteria, and the determination of
construction and operational costs will be Investigated under a project
now in the final design phase, A grant of
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(3) The feasibility of treating the Mbrrell packing house wastes
at Ottumwa, Iowa, by the oxidation channel method will be investigated
under another grant for $H89jOOO» An 85 percent reduction of BOD is
anticipated. The meat slaughtering and processing industry discharged
approximately 82 billion gallons of waste water in 196^ of which only
Ml- per cent received any treatment.
A project which will result in the elimination of the discharge
of caustic and phenolic processing waste waters from a glass-fiber
insulation manufacturing plant of Johns Manvllle, Defiance, Ohio, has
been approved and is now in the final design stage. Diatomite filtration
and pH control will be applied to permit recirculation and reuse of the
waste in a closed system. The pressed and blown glass industry, other
than the manufacturers of containers, discharge approximately nine
billion gallons Of waste waters annually of which only one-third receives
any treatment at, all. A grant of $82,350 was approved for this project*
(5) Additional projects will be pursued in such areas as treatment
of steel pickling rinse waters, rolling mill emulsion wastes, color
removal from kraft pulp mill effluent, combined pulp and paper mill,
solids utilization and disposal, regeneration of olive processing brine
solutions, and treatment of fruit processing wastes utilizing a high
rate trickling filter,
33
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3. Ajajrieultural-'Pollution Control Technologyi Fiscal year 1968,
$1,630,6001 fiscal year 1959, $l,99VOOOj increase, $361,000. The
increase consists of;
Increase (+) or Decrease {-)
' Amoirnt ' ' fea.it toMp
(l) +$2,000
(2) +30,000
(3) -50,000
(4) +200,000
(5) +179,000
+361,000
Total
Program
Grants
$900,000
691,000
+14
Explanation
To meet increased pay costs.
To support full year employment
of new personnel authorized
for FY 1968.
Due to nonrecurring equipment
costs.
To expand grant effort for
solving animal feed lot
waste pollution.
Expand in-house effort for
developing programs directed
toward pollution problems
related to irrigation and
agricultural runoff,r
FT 1968
Amount
Available
, . . , . $700, 000
400,000
530,000
1.630.000
FY 1969
Estimated
$900,000
400,000
691,000
1.991,000
Increase (;+)
or
Decrease (-)
+$200,000
+161,000
+361,000
Need for Increase
The $200,000 increase in grant funds is required to determine the
engineering methodology needed for preventing groundwater and surface
water contamination by animal feed lot wastes.
In-house
An increase of fourteen positions and $179,000 are required to
support in-house program development In irrigation return flows and
agricultural runoff. Special sampling and control application equipment
are required to support the in-house field work such as the irrigation
return flow studies being conducted at Firebaugh, California, and are
included in the increases
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The objective of this program is to develop and dowonstrat® the
neoenaary teehnology 'bo allow ©ffeative and eeonpmleal control of
pollution from agricultural iouroes Including (a) forestry and logging
operations, (b) rural runoff, (o) irrigation return flows, (d) animal
feed lota, and (e) nonsewered rural wastes.
All research, development, and demonstration effort to control and
prevent pollution from sources relating to agricultural activity is
included in this category,
The major forms of pollution associated with agricultural operations
are nutrients, pesticides, and silt from runoff, concentrations of salts
and other pollutants in return flows from irrigation systems, runoff from
animal feed lots, and silt and other solids from logging and forestry
operations. The pollution that results from return irrigation flow can
present serious problems. Applied research is needed to develop and
experimentally apply processes that will be economically feasible for
removal of specific pollutants or for renovation of these waters to allow
their reuse. The composition of the agricultural waste waters IB important
in selecting the appropriate waste treatment process, in defining the
degree of treatment required, and in determining the costs. Unfortunately,
data on the quality characteristics of agricultural waste waters are quite
limited.
A specific agricultural drain pollution problem which must be solved
within the next two years involves the disposal of irrigation waste water
from the southern and western portions of the San Joaquln Valley. Present
plans of the Bureau of Reclamation and the California Department of Water
Eesources provide for construction of a drain to discharge these wastes to
the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta which drains directly into San Francisco
Bay. Significant water pollution problems In the bay area would result
from the discharge of nitrogen nutrients. A Joint project with the
Bureau aimed at developing a satisfactory solution to this problem is
now in progress and will be expanded in FY 19^9. A variety of possible
solutions Including treatment for 'selective removal of nitrogen and
treatment for complete renovation and recycle of the waste flow are being
Investigated. This latter pilot plant study is being made cooperatively
with the Office of Saline Water.
Farm animal wastes enter streams, rivers or lakes either in the form
of surface runoff or through seepage » In some watersheds, farm animals
contribute considerably more wastes than humans, and the drainage from
certain land areas supporting large animal populations leads to significant
water contamination. Farm animals in the U. S, produce ten times as much
waste as the human population* Disposal of farm animal wastes has created
a major and ever-growing problem for the American farmer.
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There is no single method generally satisfactory for the treatment
and disposal of aniaial manure originating in confinement livestock
operations. Field spreading, composting, aneroblc digestion, incinera-
tion, lagooning, dehydration and other procedures have been attempted or
proposed as possible disposal methods. Research is required on the
physical, chemical and biological properties of farm animal manure and
on the behavior of such farm wastes in ground and surface water in order
to devise efficient disposal practices.
Because of the unique and extremely challenging task of devising
effective control technology for rural runoff, altogether new and
imaginative water quality control methods must be conceived and developed.
This highly fluctuating and completely diffuse source of silt, nutrient,
pesticide, and other pollution must be controlled and, to the present
time, no effective, broadly applicable methods of control exist.
Logging operations can contribute to the deterioration of water
quality, fhe principal polluting substances which are likely to enter
a watercourse from timber harvesting and management activities are; silt,
logs, brush, decayed vegetation, pesticides, cinders, oil, gasoline, and
logging camp wastes. Silt is frequently washed into streams from poorly
located or constructed roads, skid trails and burned-over areas.
In FY I960 work on control of rural runoff, irrigation return flows,
and pollution from feed lots will receive emphasis. A minor effort in
unsewered wastes will continue and the research phase on forestry and
logging pollution will be completed. A contract research work will be
closely tied to and in support of our own laboratory and field effort.
Most will relate to experimental pilot-scale applications of various
pollution control methods to runoff, irrigation returns, and feed lot
discharges. Grants will be made to support large pilot-scale and
demonstration projects to show the applicability of advanced waste
treatment processes to irrigation return flows and high strength feed
lot discharges. It is also planned that nontreatment control of wastes
from the logging and stockyard industries by a variety of water quality
control approaches will be supported. Demonstration grant funds will
be used for & demonstration of rural runoff control.
In-house research in this' category is carried out at three of
FWPCA's laboratories located at Corvallis, Qregonj Ada, Oklahoma! and
Athens, Qeorgis and field sites such as the Firebaugh, California site.
Aceompliehments
Animal Feed Lota
Statistics on the pollutional aspects of animal feed lots are simply
overwhelming9 It has been estimated that over 10 times the wastes of the
human population of the U« S. are produced by this one section of our
environment, fhls is becoming one of the major problems In those areas
wherein feed lots are concentrated. We are initiating programs for the
-------
study of this problem of disposal of both cattle and swine wastes. The
systematic collection of such -wastes and possible use as fertilizer will
be investigated as a disposal-management tool. The first step in the
development of a sound research and development program in this area—
a state of the art study—was completed in FY 1968.
Irrigation Return Flows
Pilot plant facilities have been constructed at Firebaugh, California
for the removal of nutrients from return waters by reverse osmosis,
electriodialysis and blomoss algae stripping with subsequent anerobic
decomposition. The aspects of the project dealing with application of
desalination processes to return flows are being carried out on a
cooperative basis with the Office of Saline Water.
Rural Runoff
A project to develop and demonstrate a practical biological treatment
method for the removal of nutrients from agricultural drainage waters has
been initiated. Design criteria, construction and operation costs, and
treatment efficiency will be determined by means of a large pilot plant.
37
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. Mining-BllutioB Control Technology i Fiscal year 1968, $l
decrease $153,000. The decrease consists
fiscal year 9V
-ofi
Inoreaae
-
Total
Proram
(1) +$5,000
(g) -90,000
(3) -500,000
+700,000
(5) -.268,000
-153,000
-6
2,600,000
1,000,000
725,000
-6
Grants...,
Contracts,
In-house.,
Total,
FT 1968
.Amount
Available
$3,100,000
300,000
1,078,000
lj-,478,000
Need for Increase
Explanation
To meet increased pay costs.
Due to nonrecurring equipment
costs.
Reduction in grant effort.
To expand contract effort for
developing treatment processes
for controlling mine drainage
pollution.
Reduction In in-house effort
resulting from decrease in
cooperative-agreement effort
Involving other Federal
agencies.
FY 1969
Estimate
$2,600,000
1,000,000
725,000
^i 325/000
Increase (+)
or
Decrease (-)
-$500,000
+700,000
-353.000
-153,000
An increase of $700,000 In contracts Is required to develop
treatment processes and process sequences not only for control of acid
and Iron loads to streams, "but to provide vater suitable for direct
reuse for industrial and municipal purposes. The gross water quality
deterioration in mining areas has resulted in major decreases In the
availability of water supply In these regions. To ensure the continued
economic development and growth of affected areas, particularly In
Appalaehia, the search for adequate•treatment technology must "be
extended and will Include application of desalination processes,
the development of new processes, and the adaptation of existing advanced
38
-------
treatment processes to the mine drainage problem. This effort is
optimally conducted through the contract mechanism,
Objective
This program has as its objective the control, alleviation or
reduction of pollution from all sources included in the areas of mine
drainage, oil production, uranium mining and other mining sources. As
part of this program, the development of technology and the demonstration
of this technology are required to obtain effective and economical control
of pollution from these sources.
Program of Work
Because of the seriousness and the widespread and long standing
magnitude of the mine drainage problem, it has received a high priority.
Acid mine drainage results in changes in the chemical quality of the
receiving streams and thus results in destroyed fish, fish food and
other aquatic life. The annual corrosion damage to industrial, municipal
and other equipment exposed to these waters is a significant portion of
the value of this equipment. It is estimated that over 3^ million tons
of acid are annually discharged into more than ^,000 miles of streams.
Most previous attempts to resolve or reduce the amount of acid drainage
have failed due to high costs or technical problems for which there was
no immediate solution. Several research and development projects are in
the final stages of negotiation and should be active during late FY 1968
and most of FT 1969*
These projects are specific as to the avenues of approach to the
problem of acid mine drainage. For example, a large demonstration plant
is planned for the development and demonstration of limestone neutrali-
zation of acid mine drainage. Another project which is still in the
preliminary stages involves a demonstration plant designed to offer
comparable conditions for evaluation of other (nonchemical) methods of
treatment of AMD by such processes as reverse osmosis, electrodialysis
and ion exchange. Other projects involve the in-situ treatment of AMD
by such methods as injection of a thixotropic mixture to form plugs or
seals, the use of an inert gas ,to exclude oxygen in sealed mines or
chambers and biological organisms to inhibit the action of oxidative
bacteria which accelerate acid sdne drainage.
The problems arising from oil production are of a different nature.
The high brine content of the water and the quantity of the water
obtained in conjunction with the production of oil is a serious and
widespread problem in the southwest portion of the United States. The
uncontrolled diversion of this brine has caused entire stream systems
to become devastated in terms of aquatic life. Organic material is also
39
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carried into the streams, predominantly materials which are leached
from the crude petroleum, fheaa brines may also pollute groundwater
resources which are of lesser salt content and thus prevent these
other sources from "being tapped for Industrial or municipal use*
Another recent mining technique has potential for becoming a
serious source of pollution. The commercial production of petroleum
from the oil shale deposits in the Rocky Mountains is anticipated to
cause saline and seyere alkaline water pollution in streams and
aquifers in those regions, as well as siltation of streams. Substantial
research and developmental efforts should be undertaken to prevent this
problem from becoming more significant in later years.
Various new research and developmental and demonstration measures
will be investigated in an attempt to minimize the cause and the effects
of each of these mining pollution problems.
Due to the priority of the projects and the interest in the problem,
increased emphasis will be placed on methods of treatment and on control
at the source through grants and contracts in FT 1969. The in-house acid
mine demonstration effort previously planned and proposed is being
modified. This modification primarily consists of development and
demonstration projects through grants and contracts on smaller problem
areas* Therefore, the reduction in in-house funds will provide additional
funding for grants and contracts. Laboratory, field site, grant and
contract projects on mine drainage, copper mining, phosphate mining, oil
production and oil shale mining will be actively pursued in FY 1968.
Accomplishmehts
Acid jnine drainage
The construction phase (which was funded from the field evaluation
activity under the "Buildings and Facilities" appropriation) of the Acid
Mine Drainage Demonstration Project at Elklns, West Virginia, for the
demonstration of at-souree control measures was completed in late 196?*
The effectiveness of land renovation techniques, particularly strip mine
reclamation using various types of backfilling techniques,will be
evaluated during, and subsequent to, revegetation of the demonstration
areas during the remainder of FY 1§68.
The development of treatment technology, particularly lime and
limestone neutralization processes, membrane processes, and sludge
handling techniques has begun and will continue into FY 1969.
Treatment process development will occupy an increasing fraction of the
total effort in mine drainage pollution control technology as the
program progresses* Research to develop new processes to the point of
practical application and economical operation wili proceed on such
processes as ion exchange, electrodialysis, and distillation, Hew
methods are being sought for high efficiency means of reclaiming and
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reusing chemical sludges resulting from neutralization processes which
are already In the development stage. The potential for recycling and
reuse of lime sludges In the neutralization process Is "being examined
with the objective of reducing neutralization costs, the size of reaction
vessels and the settling time characteristics,
A number of potentially attractive at-source control measures,
some of which are new, are "being Investigated during 1968. These Include
chemical grouting, air sealing, air displacement with Inert gases and
water diversion, Biological.treatment processes and microbiological
control at the source such as the use of "bacterlophages and "bacterial
static chemical agents are "being investigated.
Oil production
Work has begun oa the development of a program, to prevent pollution
from production of oil from oil shales. A unique opportunity exists in
this area to have the necessary pollution control technology available
before full-ecaL» production Is under way and the pollution problems
become severe.
Work has begun to develop techniques for the disposal of -waste
brines from conventional oil mining by deep well disposal. When this
work is completed, a significant pollution source, namely, high total
dissolved solids effluents, will have been eliminated from affecting
fresh surface and groundwater supplies throughout the United States.
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i Fiscal year 1968,
5- 1r_,
$2,602,000} fiscal year 19&9> $2,350,000; decrease, $252,000, The decrease
consists of:
laoyease (+) oy Decrease (-)
Amount Positions
(D +$3,000
(2) +15,000
(3) -60,000
Total
Program
To meet increased pay costs.
To support full year
employment of new personnel
authorized for YI 1968.
Due to toonrecurrihg
equipment costs.
CO
(5)
(6)
-900,000
+500,000
-252,000
In-house. ....,,
. * «« $1>
f 9 t
+1}
•_•—»••«
K 1968
Amount
Available
$2,100,000
,.., 200,000
302,000
200,000 Reduction in grant effort.
700,000 Increased contract effort
on problems of impoundments,
dredging arid landfill, and
oil pollution.
if50,000 To expand in-house effort
on water quality changes
and control and oil
Increase (+)
FT 1969 or
Estimate Decrease (-_)_
$1,200,000 -$900,000
700,000 +500,000
14-50, ooo +iU8,ooo
Total
2,602,000
2,350,000
-252,000
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Need for Increaae
Contracts
The increase of $500,000 in research contracts is required to
supplement the in-house effort on the problems of impoundments, dredging
and landfill, and oil pollution.
In-house
An increase of four positions and $190,000 is required to support
in-house research in water quality changes and water quality control
in. impoundments and in oil pollution. Also included in the increase are
special sampling and control application equipment in support of the oil
pollution studies conducted out of the Metuchen, New Jersey facility.
Objective
The objective of this program is to develop and demonstrate-the
necessary technology to allow effective and economical control of
pollution from sources such as: (a) recreation, (b) boats and ships,
(c) construction projects, (d) impoundments, (e) salt water intrusion,
(f) natural pollution, (g) dredging and landfill, and (h) oil pollution.
Program of Work
This program is devoted to research and development and demonstration
projects which have as their objective the solutions of problems which
have arisen from sources other than municipal, industrial, agricultural,
and mining activities.
Increasing amounts of watercraft wastes are discharged from the"
evergrowing number of recreational and commercial vessels which ply our
waters, both inland and coastal. Vessels may discharge wastes into such
critical areas as those used for water sports, potable water supply
intakes, and shellfish beds. Water pollution from vessels includes
sewage, oils, chemicals and other wastes discharged from ^6,000
documented Americas flag vessels, 1*0,000 foreign ships which annually
enter U.S. waters, 1,500 Federal vessels and 8,000,000 recreational
watercraft.
Most vessels are not equipped to give even minimal treatment of
sewage and other wastes. Suitable on-board equipment for properly
treating-vessel wastes before discharge is not fully developed. Generally,
on-board sewage treatment units are bulky, and heavy, or only minimally
effective. Further research, development, testing and evaluation are
urgently needed to deal more effectively with these problems.
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Construction activities that affect the quality of water relate to
roads^ railroads, power transmission lines, mines and dams. The polluting
substances which are likely to enter streams during and after construction
include silt, chemicals, oil, gasoline, litter thrown from vehicles, and
•wastes from construction camps and trains. The control of soil erosion
during and after, construction is essential to maintain water quality.
Salt water intrusion is a growing water pollution problem in coastal
areas. It is caused by excessive pumping of the fresh groundwater which
lowers the water table allowing salt water to flow into the groundwat®-
aquifers. This is of particular significance in California, Florida,
Maryland, New Jersey, Texas, and Long Island, New York, One solution
now being researched, involves recharge of these aquifers with renovated
waste water.
With the increasing number and importance of impoundments in the
development of water resources, more detailed knowledge of the reservoirs
themselves is required if they are to be managed for optimum results in
terms of water quality. Unfortunately, the storage of water in reservoirs
can adversely affect its quality. Thermal stratification can occur
leading to chemical stratification and diminished dissolved oxygen
concentrations in the colder bottom waters. By 1969, field evaluation
projects aimed at mechanical destratification of impoundments to alleviate
these problems should be in progress.
The FY 1968 funds will be utilized in the following areass (l)
recreation, (.2) commercial vessels, (3) impoundments, (!+) dredging and
landfill, and (5) oil pollution. Due to the increased emphasis on these
pollution problems, the effort in all areas is proposed to be expanded
in FY 1969. Grants and contracts will be awarded for:
(l) Studies of the effects of waste inflows on pollution phenomena
in impoundments and studies of the variability of impounded versus free
flowing water quality;
(2) Investigations into the feasibility of dredging in the abatement
of lake, estuary and stream pollution and the effects of dredging
operations upon environmental balance;
(3) Studies of the magnitude and means for control of oil pollution;
treatment processes to remove oil, greases and other hydrocarbon
derivitives from waste sources is currently under way. Flotation, skimming
and biological treatment will be investigated. Development of control
methods for oil spills by burning, chemical treatment, and collection
are being investigated.
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The nature and complexity and extent of nonpoint sources of pollution
require a concentrated in-house effort through a series of laboratory
and field projects directed at development of short-term problem solutions
and evaluation and testing of long-terra control techniques in the
following problem areas! (a) dredging in the Great Lakes and Coastal
areas, (b) oil pollution in the last and Gulf Coasts, (c) salt water
intrusion in all coastal areas, and (d) pollution control techniques
for impoundments.
Accomplishmenta
Beereat ional pollut ion
A program has been initiated to develop a pneumatic curtain (i.e.,
a stream of air bubbles), to modify and alleviate beach pollution. The
idea is extremely novel and inexpensive in its concept and first data
indicates that the idea has considerable merit. The curtain of bubbles
aerates the water and reduces the concentration of coliform bacteria.
It also forms a barrier to small debris such as floating cans, brush,
litter, etc. Oil slicks may also be contained by this technique.
Waste from boats and ships
This relatively new and growing source of pollution will be given
ever increasing attention and priority. At the present time, we are
negotiating a program for the study of a novel and very efficient
biological treatment process for use aboard boats and ships. This
unit involves the trickling filter concept but a novel filter media will
allow much higher through put while maintaining the same efficiency,
EFPs are being drawn up for contracts to develop other treatment
devices for larger ships and recreational water craft while the technique
of impoundment aboard and disposal at a shore facility will be developed
for smaller craft.
Salt water intrusion
Salt water Intrusion is a"continuing and growing pollution problem in
coastal areas. There is no coastal State which is not threatened by
this aspect of over pumping existing fresh groundwater.
We are continuing our studies at Orange County, California and at
Nassau County, New York wherein the water from secondary treatment and
advanced waste treatment units is used for injection to prevent salt
water intrusion into existing but threatened water table aquifers. If
this technique becomes widely available, it can reduce two problems,
i.e., disposal of secondary effluents and the prevention of salt water
intrusion.
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'The problems facing us in the areas of pollution from dredging and
landfill are as varied as the streams and lakes being polluted. The
alleviation of this phenomenon is presently under way and the first
project will be a study of the effects of removing benthol deposits
from the bottom of a highly polluted lake,. Other programs dealing
with the efficiency of various dredging methods and their effect on
marine life and the effect on nutrient release will be initiated in the
near future.
Oil pollution
Studies to determine the effects of oil pollution on estuarine
microorganisms are in progress.
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6« general Pollution Control Technologyi Fiscal year 1968, $7,9ll»-,695;
fiscal year 1969, $8,^,000| insrease $519,305. The increase consists of:
Iagrea.se (+) or Peer ease (-) Total
Ampuittt !PosltlonB Brogram
(1) +$12,000 .*,
(2) +100,000
(3) -35,000
.1^00,000
(5) +35,000
(6) +8of,305
+36
Explanation
.,, To meet increased pay costs.
*.. To support full year employment
of new personnel authorized for
5Y 1968.
„,, Due to nonrecurring equipment
costs.
$^,000,000 Reduction in grant effort,
1,100,000 To expand contract effort in
eutrophicatlon (aging of lakes,
streams and coastal waters).
3,33^000 To expand in-house effort in
laboratories and at field sites
in water quality control>
coastal and ground water
pollution and eutrophication.
Grant s..,,
Contracts,
In-house.,
Total,
FY 1968
Amount
Available
$1^,1*00,000
1,065,000
2M9»695
7,91^,695
Need for Increase
FY 1969
Estinate
$!<-, 000,000
1,100,000
3,33^,000
8,1*3^000
Increase (-(-)
or
Decrease (-)
-$14.00,000
+35,000
•*68^, 305
+519,305
Contracts
An increase of $35,000 in research contract funds is required in
support of the eutrophication program.
In-houae
An increase of 36 positions and $807,305 is required to
expand laboratory and field site research in the areas of eutrophication
(aging of lakes» streams and coastal waters), water quality control, and
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coastal and groundwater pollution* Included in this increase are
special sampling and control application equipment required to support
the in-house field work auch as the eutrophication studies being
conducted at Ely^ Minnesota.
Objective
Effort in this category includes research, development and
demonstration aimed at prevention and control of accelerated eutrophi-
cation of lakes, streams, and estuariesj at control of pollution by
means other than waste treatmentj at socioeeonomlc, legal, and
institutional aspects of pollutlonj at assessment and control of
.pollution in extreme cold climate areas| at identification, source,
and fate technology of a generally applicable nature across a variety
of pollution sourcesfand at long-range solutions to pollution problems
(basic research}«
Program pf Work
The natural aging of waters-(eutrophication) is evidenced by an
increased ability of the water to support excessive plant growth, such
as phytoplankton blooms, either on a sporadic or continuous basis.
The over-fertilization of certain lakes and streams with inorganic
nutrient pollutants—particularly nitrogen and phosphorus compounds—
has accelerated during recent years* This is due to the increased
nutrient loads imposed by growing quantities of wastes from munici-
palities, industries, land runoff, and natural pollution. The basic
mechanisms involved in lake eutrophication are not well understood.
This understanding is important in developing control methods for this
type of pollution but, in addition, a simultaneous empirical approach
involving large-scale removal and elimination of nutrients from lakes
may demonstrate various means of reversing this eutrophication process
which can be applied on a practical scale in some situations*
Controlling eutrophication will require study of the biology and
chemistry of the aquatic environment, more complete analytical data
about nitrogen and phosphorus compounds, research on new and improved
methods of waste treatment and control for nutrient removal including
pilot plant studies and field evaluations.
Development of "water quality control" technology is of major and
increasing importance as we move nearer and nearer to the margin of
limiting payoff for pollution control by waste treatment. This area
includes development of a so-called at-source control method^ as
well as control concepts such as synthesis, diversions, dispersion,
dilution, process change, environmental treatment, etc. New techniques
tn these categories are being explored beginning in PY 1968; the promis-
ing ones must be moved into pilot-scale and field studies in F3C 1969
while exploratory work is continued.
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Steps have been taken to initiate a program for the development
of a practical engineering Model for the design and specification of
waste treatment facilities by computer. Studies are being carried
out In the areas of instrumentation jand automation of sewage treatment
plants for Improved and more economic operation* Future emphasis will
be placed on obtaining practical management tools for controlling
pollution and maintaining equality standards for urban areas, areas of
high industrial development, watersheds and whole river basins.
Mathematical models do exist to permit prediction of dissolved
oxygen changes and concentration and fate of some pollutants in water.
Howevers models relating pollution causes and the broad range of effects
expressed in social and economic values must be evolved. Regional water
quality schemes cannot be operateds much less optimized. In the absence
of an adequate social, legal, and Institutional framework. Mich new
understanding of these elements of pollution control Is needed. Research
effort of a new character will be under way In FT 1969 aimed at augmenting
our understanding of these factors in order that, we may begin approaching
water management with improved confidence and efficiency.
A minor increase will be made In effort on cold climate pollution
problems. This effort is needed to forestall Inevitable Increases in
the newly-populated cold climate areas of Alaska and the northernmost
States of the "lower 1(8."
Work on pollution control research generally applicable across
many sources of pollution must also be expanded in FY 1969* This research
on identification and characterization of pollutants, on methodology for
detecting and quantifying sources of pollution (especially nonpoint sources
such as runoff), and on determining the fate of pollutants as they move
through the water environment is essential to the accomplishment of
effective pollution control. The work on pollution fate, for example, will
provide predictable relationships between discharge loads and la-stream
pollution levels at any point downstream. It is only through understanding
of this that consistent and reliable limits may be placed on pollution
discharges to achieve desired stream quality,
Basic or long-range payoff research is a desirable investment for
the future in any problem-solving research program. It is difficult to
arrive at an objective analysis of the level of support for such
experimentation| based on knowledge of others' Judgments on this matter,
both in governmental and industrial research programs and on our own
experience. It is proposed that long-range research support of about two
or three percent of the total research and development budget be provided,
Mpst of this support would be through research grant funding and a large
fraction of the research would be at academic Institutions.
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Ac ! c oatpli s hment s
(l) Determined that atrazine is adsorbed on soil colloids and
undergoes an irreversible chemical change which greatly limits the
pollution effect of atrazine in water supplies.
,(2) Developed an improved method of qualitative and quantitative
determination of presence of ligno-sulfonates in water,
(3) Developed an isotropic current analyzer to measure velocities
adjacent to stream bottom*
Constructed a pilot plant for studies of eutrophication at
Ely* Minnesota*
(5) Developed method for detection and measurement of salmonella
organisms in waste •water and streams.
(6) Developed method for detection and measurement of pseudomonas
in waste -water and streams. This organism Is occasionally pathogenic.
(l) Developed a method for determination of relative effects of
photosyntheses, diffusion and respiration in the reaeration of streams «
(2) Constructed pilot plant facilities and obtained preliminary
results which gives promise of the effectiveness of hydroponic culture
of grasses (using sewage effluent) for removal of nutrients from.
the effluent,
(3) Determined that DDT is heavily adsorbed by groundwater
aquifers in a short travel distance,
(V) Developed a method to pinpoint the sources of pollution by
specific synthetic organic chemicals,
(5) Determined that adsorbed organic pollutants in water are
greatly affected by the turbid sediments in water and that the turbidity
reduces the pollutional effect of the organic compounds.
(6) Developed instruments and methods for organic and inorganic
nutrient recovery from water,.
(7) Developed an improved method for measuring C*0,D* (Chemical
Oxygen Demand) in the low range of concentration.
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(8) Determined that the herbicide silvex does not persist In the
ester form in soil or water In sufficient quantity to be a significant
pollutant,
(9) Developed a simplified computer programming language for
water quality.
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and Ultimte mtpoga!
Fiscal year 1968,
,f37,OQOj fiscal year 1969, $9,284,000 j increase, $547,000. The increase
consists oft
Increase (+) or Decrease (-)
Amount Positions
(1) +$17,000
(2) +50,000
Total
Program
(3) -120,000
-400,000
(5) +400,000
(6) +600,000
+547,ooo
Grants.,,,
Contracts,
In-house.,
TOtal,
Contracts
... $2,000,000
... 4,400,000
+23 2,884,000
+23
FT 1968
Amount
Available
$2, toO, 000
1*, 000,000
2,337,000
Sxplanat ion
fo meet increased pay costs.
To support full year employ-
ment of new personnel
authorized for FY 1968.
Due to nonrecurring
equipment costs.
Reduction in grant effort.
To expand contract effort
to support new potential
advanced waste treatment
processes.
To expand in-house effort
in laboratories and at
field sites In treatment
and disposal technology.
PY 1969
Estimate
$2,000,000
4,400,000
2,884,000
8,737,000 9,284,000
Heed for Increase
Increase (+)
or
Decrease (-)
-$400,000
+400,000
+547,000
+547,000
The increase of $400,000 in contracts is required to develop those
processes vhlch are on the horizon and show potential for being highly
applicable for more efficient and economical removal of nutrient compounds
and complex organicsj to' replace on a more efficient basis the primary
and secondary process sequencea for nerw treatment facilitiesj and to further
develop those processes such as freezing, hydrate freezing, and distillation
vhich have received only limited attention in the past because of program
limitations.
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In-house
Twenty-three positions and $600,000 are required In order to expand
laboratory and field effort in treatment and control research, physical-
chemical treatment research, biological treatment research, and particularly
ultimate disposal research. Included in this increase are special
sampling and control application equipment required to support the pilot
plant studies being carried out at such facilities as Pomona, California;
Blue Plains, Washington, D«C,j and Lebanon, Ohio.
Objective
The objectives of this research is to develop generally applicable
waste treatment and ultimate disposal technology to achieve any desired
degree of treatment of point sources of pollution and to develop and
demonstrate technology capable of returning municipal, industrial, and
agricultural waste waters to qualities suitable for direct reuse.
Improved techniques must be made available for separation and disposal
of (a) dissolved nutrients, (b) dissolved refractory organics, (c)
suspended and colloidal solids, (d) dissolved inorganics, (e) dissolved
biodegradable organics, and (f) microorganisms„
Program of ¥ork
This program covers research and development on waste treatment and
ultimate disposal processes and systems and research, development, and
demonstration on technology for the renovation of waste waters for reuse.
Work under this program has already shown In the laboratory that it
is technically possible to achieve any degree of waste treatment desired
and, in fact, to return waste water to a quality at least as high as that
of the water before use. Considerable work remains to be done to achieve
the goal of accomplishing these degrees of treatment, at any necessary
location, under any necessary conditions, and at minimum cost, A large
part of the overall FWPCA research effort is directed toward the
development of completely new waste treatment processes e The objective is
to develop, by 1975, feasible techniques for complete elimination of all
point sources wastes. A panel of the Federal Council for Science and
Technology has recommended a greatly accelerated advanced waste treatment
program incorporating the best talents of the Federal Government,
universities, private research groups, and industry. Such a program is,
of course, under way and the proposed FY 1969 activity is part of this
continuing effort.
The more promising treatment processes now being investigated include;
biological denltrlflcatlon, biological phosphate removal, coagulation-
sedimentation, eleotrodialysis, filtration, granular activated carbon
adsorption, ion exchange, phosphate removal by mineral addition, powered
activated carbon adsorption, and reverse osmosis. Disposal processes of
potential value include calcination, conveyance, digestion, incineration,
recovery and reuse, and surface spreading.
53
-------
Because of somewhat more successful research findings than had teen
anticipated, an accelerated program of research and development can j
be undertaken -with increased assurance of both short and long-term payoffs -i
in both -water pollution control and augmentation of fresh -water supplies ..'--4
through -water reuse. Praetlcal payoffs have already occurred from this •''.]
research with the design and construction of a number of full-scale ]
demonstrations of several of the processes beginning as early as 1965. " 1
¥lth the level of support proposed, it can reasonably be expected that s
suitable processes for purification of all waste streams and ultimate *
disposal of waste concentrates (both municipal and industrial) can be ''
developed, field evaluated, and demonstrated by the mid-70rs. ;;
Experience has demonstrated the Importance and efficiency of ,I
conducting simultaneous and complementary in-house and contract research j
and development projects. It has also proven valuable to utilize j
cooperative project agreements with various local authorities to allow |
actual plant-Bite studies by both direct program and contract researchers. 1
Such installations have been Initiated or are planned at Cincinnati, i
Cleveland, and Lebanon, Ohio; at Lancaster, Pomona, and Whittier Barrows, *
California! at Manassas, Virginia) and at the District of Columbia. ]
i
Accomplishments .-. i
(l) Pilot plant development of powered activated carbon adsorption,
electrodialysis, Ion exchange, and reverse osmosis were successfully
conducted,
(2) Nitrogen removal by biological nitrificatlon-denitrlfication
was proven feasible in bench-scale studies,
(3) Studies of the effectiveness of new disinfection methods on
waste water organisms were Initiated.
(k) A pilot plant for disposal of biological sludges with a
potential view for reclamation of strip-mined areas was designed.
(5) A new method for high efficiency removal of phosphorus from
municipal wastes has been developed and proved effective in bench-scale
tests.
(l) Cost of granular activated carbon adsorption for achieving
98-99$ removal of organic pollution from secondary sewage effluent has
been reduced by 20$ to an estimated 8.3 cents per 1000 gallons.
(2) Preliminary tests of a new phosphate removal process (use of
mineral additions) at 2 full-scale waste treatment plants were completed
with promising results.
-------
(3) Solutions have "been found to the serious membrane fouling
problems "which have "been prevalent in eleetrodlalysis treatment of
waste -waters. Pilot-scale verification of these techniques are now
under way*
The powered carbon adsorption process for the treatment of
primary effluent has been developed to the pilot scale. Early results
indicate the process may produce a better quality effluent than
conventional secondary treatment,
(5) The effectiveness of organic polyelectrolytes in the treatment
of primary influent was demonstrated on a full-scale plant.
(6) The feasibility of a 3-stage combined chemical-biological
process for the removal of phosphorus and nitrogen was established in
bench-scale tests.
(7) The technical feasibility of two new waste oxidation processes,
involving ozone and light-catalyzed chlorine, was established.
(8) An anion exchange process was evaluated and shown to be effec-
tive in removing up to 50$ of the soluble organics from secondary
effluents without Irreversible fouling.
(9) A comprehensive summary of capital and operating costs for
both conventional and advanced waste treatment processes has been
completed.
(10) Mathematical models are being formulated to predict and
control the performance of waste treatment processes by computer. A
preliminary model for the activated sludge process was completed.
(ll) A technique for recovering and reusing chemical precipitants
used In treatment for phosphate removal has been evaluated. The
technique may lead to significant cost reductions for phosphate removal.
(12) Exploratory research has shown that the hydrolysis of sewage
sludge can recover amino aeide and other dissolved nutrients which
may be reusable as a by-product from sludge disposal operations.
55
-------
8. . Watg^-'^taallty B«sauiyeaenta i Fiscal year 19®* 45*138,000; fiscal
year 1969, $5,781,000j increase $663,000. The increase consists ofj
(5)
Increase (+) or Decrease (-) Total-
Amount
(l) +$15,000
(2) +126,000 ,,.
(3) -100,000 ,,,
-100,000 ,,, $2,200,000
+722,000 +79 2,681,000
+663,000
+79
±22
Explanation.
To meet increased pay costs.
To support full year employment
of new personnel authorized
for FT 1968.
Due to nonrecurring
equipment costs.
Reduction in grant- effort.
To expand in-house effort on
effects of pollution on
sa,lt and fresh water.
Contracts ,
Total,.....,
FT 1968
Amount
i&IG&Ui&fel6.
, .. $2,300,000
900,000
1,318,000
5*118,000
FT 1969
$2,200,000
900,000
2,681,000
5,781,000
Increase (+)
or
Decrease (-)
-$100,000
+163^000
+663,000
56
-------
Ifeed for Increase
Seventy-nine positions and $122, OCX) are needed to Increase the staffing
of the Water Quality Laboratory, Duluth, Minnesota, the temporary Marine
Water Quality Laboratory, Narragansett, Rhode Island, and to permit a slight
expansion in technical staffing at the Hewtown, Ohio, field site. Special
sampling equipment in support of the Hevtown, Ohio, field site is included
in this increase.
Objective
The objectiver Is to provide the scientific bases for the
establishment of -water quality standards for the Ration's waters. These
standards relate to use of fresh and marine water for municipal, agricultural,
Industrial, and recreational purposes and for propagation of fish, other
aquatic life and wildlife.
Program of Work
Included in this category is all research aimed at scientifically
establishing the water quality required to allow use of water for
the entire range of purposes desired by man. In other terms, this covers
research on the effects of pollution,
Far too little is known about the effects of pollution. The drastic
effects (e.g., the massive fish kill) can, of course, be recognized but
quite often the true cause of such events cannot be defined, even on
extensive retrospection. To look ahead and to predict the occurrence of
such events is, unfortunately, well beyond our current capability for any
but the simplest systems with the least complicated set of environmental
conditions and pollution loads. Along with this, we have the challenge of
detecting, understanding, and then preventing the more subtle, long-term
effects of pollution which could, even now, be robbing us of our water
resources through insidious, irreversible effects, as yet unknown but just
as real as the sudden fish kill, the unpalatable water supply, or the
condemned bathing beach. Because of the difficulty of solving these problems
and the inadequate baseline from which we must start, a rapidly accelerating
program will be necessary in F5T 1969.
Ac compllshment s
(l) Additional water quality requiraments for use in establishing
water quality standards for fish and aquatic life in both fresh and salt
water environments were determined.
(2) An autopsy method for proof of cadmium-caused mortality of fishes
was developed.
57
-------
(3) For selected species 0.f fish (blue gills and fathead adnnws)
and types of water, water quality requirements for hexavalent chromium,
nickel, copper, and malathion were determined,
(k) Water quality requirements (dissolved oxygen, pH, and temperature)
for propagation and growth of the fathead minnow were established.
(?) A technique for long-term collection of blood samples from an
individual fish to allow measurement of the effects of pollution exposure
over a long period of time was developed.
(6) The major research efforts to establish the effects of the
pesticide, endrin, in the lower Mississippi River was completed.
(l) The National Water Quality Laboratory at Duluth was dedicated and
made operational.
(2) Research which furnished additional evidence that the "application
factor11 applied to bioassay data is a valid method for determining water
quality requirements for fishes was completed.
(3) It was discovered that an organophosphate insecticide, parathion,
is not metabolized in the body of a fish as it is in the body of a mammal
and that concentrations as high as 30-40 ppm. may be found in blood of
fish intoxicated with parathion.
(k) Studies have shown that a chronic bioassay technique measuring
reproduction and growth of fish is a feasible and useful method for
measuring effects of pollutants on fiah.
(5) Histopathological studies on the hard clam or quahog (Mercenaria
mercenaria) and the oyster (Crassostrea virginica) to determine the
effects of heavy metals on these two species was initiated.
(6) A study of normal histology of important marine invertebrates for
preparation of a manual to allow rapid identification of pollutional
effects on these organisms was initiated.
(7) Development of methods and procedures for use of fish enzymes
as possible indicators of toxic effects of pollutants are under way.
(8) Investigations of the effects of Uitrilotriacetie Acid (MIA) upon
the toxicity of metals (known metabolic toxins) to marine phytoplanfctonic
organisms have been initiated.
-------
(3) For selected species of fish (blue gills and. fathead minnows)
and types of water, water quality requirements for hexavalent chromium,
nickel, copper} and malathion were determined,
(if) Water quality requirements (dissolved oxygen, -pH, and temperature)
for propagation and growth, of the fathead minnow were established.
(?) A technique for long-term collection of blood samples from an
individual fish to allow measurement of the effects of . pollution exposure
over a long period of time was developed »
(6) The major research efforts to establish the effects of the
pesticide, endrin, in the lower Mississippi River was completed.
3*968
(l) The National Water Quality Laboratory at Duluth was dedicated and
made operational.
(2) Research which furnished additional evidence that the "application
factor11 applied to bioassay data is a valid method for determining water
quality requirements for fishes was completed,
(3) It was discovered that an organophosphate insecticide, parathion,
is not metabolized in the body of a fish as it is in the body of a mammal
and that concentrations as high as 30-40 ppm. may be found in blood of
fish intoxicated with parathion.
Studies have shown that a chronic bioassay technique measuring
reproduction and growth -of fish is a feasible and useful method for
measuring effects of pollutants on fish.
(5) Hlatopathological studies on the hard clam or quahog (Mercenaria
mereenaria) and the oyster (Crassostrea virginica) to determine the
effects of heavy metals on these two species was initiated,
(6) A study of normal histology of important marine invertebrates for
preparation of a manual to allow rapid identification of pollutional
effects on these organisms was initiated.
'(7) Development of methods and procedures for use of fish enzymes
as possible indicators of toxic effects of pollutants are under way.
(8) Investigations of the effects of litrilotriacetic Acid (BTA) upon
the toxicity of metals (known metabolic toxins) to marine phytoplanktonie
orgajaisms have been initiated.
-------
Research and Development Program
Bridge between Program Elements and Conventional Budget Basis
FY 1968 and FY 1969
Municipal- Industrial- Agricultural- Mining-
Pollution Pollution Pollution Pollution
Control Control Control Control
Technology Technology Technology Technology
1968 i969 1968 19)5
Combined Sewer. .,».$ll+, 510 $8,000 ... ..
Grants. 8,510 5,600 ... ..
Advanced Waste
Treatment and
Joint Treatment.. 10,300 6,100 .,» . ..
I Igj68 1969 1968 1969
$700 $700
. 500 500 ... ...
?nn 5>oh
Industrial Waste ... $10,700 $7,000 ... ... $3,!*00 $2,500
Grants... , ... ... 10,700 7,6"6<
Demonstration
3 , 3,100 2,500
... ... 300 . , .
200 200
Research Grants.... 100 100 1*00 600 ... 200 '... 100
General Research
200 200 ... 1,000
In-House 636 1,131 662 906 530 691 1,078 725
Total...... 25,51*6 15,331 11,762 8,50f
Contracts (8,200) (3,1*00)
In-House (636) (l,13l) (662) (90f
a/Applicable to authorization under section 6(e)
vjib/Applicable to authorization under section 6(e)
*" £/Applicable to authorization, under section 6(e)
5 1,630 1,991 1*,1*78 1*,325
)) (700) (900) (3,100) (2,600
(1*00) (1*00) (300) (1,000
5) (530) (691) (1,078) (725
l) under the Federal Water Pollu"
2) under the Federal Water Pollul
3) under the Federal Water Pollul
Other-Sources- General
of-Pollution Pollution
Control Control
Technology Technology
igSg Ifffe! ... I$g8' 1569
$1,1*00 $500
700 700 j $1,600 $1,600
2,800 2,1*00
200' 700 j 1,065 1,100
302 1*50 2jl*50 3.331*
2,602 2,350 7,915 8,1*31*
(2,100) (1,200) (i*,i*oo) i*,ooo
(200) (700) (1,065) 1,100'
(302) (1*50) (2,1*50) 3,33!*
Aon Control Act, as amended, and
;ion Control Act, as amended, and
;ion Control Act, as amended, and
Waste Treatment
and Ultimate Water
Disposal Quality
Technology Bequirements Total
1968 196J
$3,200 $3,200
1,500 1,100
1,700 2,100
900 900
2,300 2,300
2,337 2,881*
8,737 9,281*
'2,1*00 (2,000
1*,000 (1*,1*00
2,337 (2,881*
available imti
available until
available unti.
Ig68 1969 1968 1969
... ... 8,510 5,600
... .. 6,000 2,1*00
ll*,200 ,10,000
... lO.lOOS/, 6,700W
.., l*,loc£/ 3,300S/
... 15,500 ,10,000
... ... 2,500 2,500
$2,300 $2,200 6,500 6,500
900 900 1*,665 6,200
Ij9l8 2,681 9,913 12S802
5,118 5,781 67,788 56,002
(2,300) (2,200)(l*2,8lO) 31,300)
(900) (900X15,065) ii,900«
(1,918) (2,681) (9,913) 12,802)1
_ expended. /
. expended. /
. expended, ./
-------
30
25
20
15
10
25.5
116.7 I
115.3
110.8
8.2
CA
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
FISCAL YEARS 1968 and 1969
Total Obligational Authority
By Program
11.8
2.0
4.5
2.6
8.4
7.9
67.8
56.0
Total Research
and
Development Program
9.3
8.7
5.1
68 69
68 69
68 69
68 69
68 69
68 69
68 69
MUN.-POLL.
CONTROL
TECHNOLOGY
IND.-POLL.
CONTROL
TECHNOLOGY
AGRIC.-POLL.
CONTROL
TECHNOLOGY
MINING-POLL.
CONTROL
TECHNOLOGY
OTHER-
SOURCES
OF POLL.
CONTROL
TECHNOLOGY
GEN.-POLL.
CONTROL
TECHNOLOGY
WASTE TR. &
ULT. DISPOSAL
TECHNOLGY
WATER
QUALITY
REQUIHS.
o>
o
Grants
Contracts
In House
FY 1968 INCLUDES $16.2 MILLION OF UNOBLIGATED FUNDS CARRIED OVER FROM FY 1967
See next page for subprogram elements
(January 1968)
-------
Planning,
assistance, and
training
SECTION TAB
-------
Planning, assistance and training activities
a* Comprehensive planning....-. .«
b* Standards and controls •«
c. Technical assistance and
services.»....*..»»»,*..»«.
d» Training.....
Unobligated balance laps ing.,
Total....,„%..»...»,
FT 1967
Amount
Available
FT 1968
Amount
Available
FT 1969
Estimate
Increase (+) or Decrease (->)
1^6^, conrgiared,with 1968
Total'' 'Pay Co'stS/
$13,791,^20 $19»503sOOO $21j235sOOO +$1,732,000 -467*000 -41,665,000
1,021,198 1,^06,000 1,1^87,000 +81,000 +13,000 +68,000
5,808,369 7,127,000 8,558,000 +1,1*31,000.
^,14-96,80^ l4-,878,000 5,14-09,000 +531,000
+59,000 +1,372,000
+8,000 +523,000
32.91^.000 36>68Q.OOO +^..775.000 +1^7.000 +1^628.000
a/ To provide for increased pay cost for fiscal year 1968 positions.
o\
ro
-------
State & interstate
agency program
grants
SECTION TAB
-------
a* Comprehensive planning
FY 1968
Amount
Available
1* State and interstate agency
program grants.»......*». $10,000,000
2* Comprehensive "basin planning
(a) Grants ...«...» »...,*».
(ID)
Federal planning and
studies «..»..*....•
3» Estuary, studies,
National requirements and
cost studies •....,.,...•,.
500,000
7,933,000
690,000
380,000
FT 1969
Estimate
$10,000,000
2,000,000
8,033,000
1,000,000
202,000
Increase (+)
Decrease (-)
Over 1968
+$1,500,000
+100,000
+310,000
-178,000
Total,
19,503,000 21,235,000 +1,732,000
1. State^and interatate agency program grants? Fiscal year 1968, $10,000,000j
f is c5year i^t®, $10,000,OOOf no change.
- Objective
.Section 7 authorizes grants to States and interstate agencies to
assist in meeting the costs of establishing and maintaining adequate
measures for preventing and controlling' water pollution, Including the
training of personnel* In 1967 the Act authorized $5 million for this
purpose. However, In passing the Clean Water Restoration Act of 1966,
Congress increased the authorization to $10 million for fiscal years
1968 through 1971, Therefore, the request Is for $10 million, the full
amount authorized by the Act« It provides $9 million for States and
$1 million for Interstate agencies»
Program of Work
State agencies are the first line of defense in the national water
pollution control effort, and during the next few years their responsi-
bilities will increase as that effort gains momentum. Increased State
capability is needed to enable them to initiate or expand their activities
in conducting field studies of actual and potential water pollution
problems j to establish water quality .standards and Implementing plansj
to establish monitoring systems to provide current information on the
quality of existing watersj to train technicians and administrators as
specialists in water resources planning and water pollution control;
to work with communities and industries to effect abatement of pollution;
and to assist municipalities in developing plans for the installation
of waste treatment facilities.
63
-------
In order to assure the most effective utilization of the Federal
support, the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration issued
"GatdiltttW for Developing Fiscal Tear 1968 Program Plans for State and
Interstate Agencies," These "Guidelines" set forth the essential elements
Of an efftctiY® program plan «ta a basis for receiving Federal grant funds,
Bach applicant must now describe how it will carry out a broadeij Improved
water pollution control program with the additional Federal grant*
In 1963 a study by the Senate Committee on Public Works, "A Study
of Pollution-Water,," (Staff Report to the Senate Committee on Public
Works) 88th Congresst 1st Session^ Committee Print), indicated that
few States had adequate water pollution control programs* The need
for State program improvement was further highlighted in a study,
"Staffing and Budgetary Guidelines for State Water Pollution Control
Agencies," done by the Public Administration Service for the Public
Health Service in 196^® Despite recent strengthening and improvement
by a number of States j, most State programs are still considered
inadequate, although program effectiveness is difficult to quantify*
Based'on FWPCA's review of State program plans for IT 1968 which
considered such factors as State agency authority, budget, staff,
and treatment plant operator certification; establishment of intrastate
water quality standardsj water quality planning activity; and water
quality monitoring; only about one-third of the States are now considered
adequate. The kind and degree of improvement needed varies widely from
State to State„ During the next five yearst every effort will be made
to upgrade State programs.
Program grants are also awarded to interstate pollution control
agencies* These Interstate agencies j, such as the Delaware River Basin
Commission and tha Ohio River Valley Water Sanitation Commission, may
assume a more Important role with a growing emphasis upon basinwide
cleanup®
In view of the foregoing^ continued financial assistance is
Important to the States and interstate agencies in maintaining and
improving their programs, The:State and interstate agencies will
spend approximately $23 million of their own funds in 1968 as compared
to an estimated $18 million in 1967.
In FY 1969 it Is anticipated that the increased spending for
water pollution control programs on the part of the States will
continue.
The tables showing allocations by State and Interstate agencies,
in accordance with a prescribed formula, followi
-------
Allocations of Qrant-in-Aid Funds for Water Pollution Control
State or Territory
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
District of Columbia
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa'
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
1967
Allocations
$95 , 900
15,1*00
39,900
61,1*00
29*1,200
^5,100
83 } ooo
1*5,1*00
1*7,200
125 , 300
109,500
38,100
26,100
203,700
112,500
67,000
53,600
86,600
93,800
36,200
87,900
130,800
17!*, 000
80,800
77,1*00
1968
Allocations
$185»300
19,600
71,000
112,600
615 ,300
80,700
159,300
8isi*oo
81*, 1*00
252,900
212,900
61*, 700
If 1,000
1*05,800
216,800
119,700
93,100
163,300
177>1*00
62,200
172,100
251*, 3 oo
337,200
11*9,1*00
ll*3,700
1969
An ocat ions
$183,900
19,700
72,500
111,900
623,900
80,700
160,500
81,900
8^,500
252,300
210,800
65,100
14-1,100
1*07,900
216,800
117,100
93,600
161,800
177,1*00
61,000
173,300
25^,900
338,500
11*8,100
11*2,900
Increase (+)
or
Decrease (-)
-$1,1*00
+100
+1,500
-700
+8,600
e © g
+1,200
+500
+100
-600
-2,100
+1*00
+100
+2,100
» S f
-2,600
+500
-1,500
» « e
-1,200
+1,200
+600
+1,300
-1,300
-Soo
vn
-------
Allocations of Grant-in-Aid JPunds for Water Pollution Control--contirnied
State or Territory
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
Hew Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Ehode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
1967
Allocations
94,400
24,4oo
•39,500
I7,4oo
35,000
149,100
31,300
311,300
127,700
24 ,300
212,700
63,400
45,800
236,200
58,400
80,500
26,100
' 104,100
205,200
31,200
1968
Allocations
186,000
38,200
66,600
23,700
60,500
292,700
51,000
630,700
257,600
37,900
424,000
113,000
90,700
469,800
104,600
154,100
4o,4oo
203,500
411,100
51,200
1969
Allocations
188,300
38,200
64,700
23,800
60,400
295,900
50,400
632,300
254,500
37,400 ^
425,300
112,700
92,100
467,900
104,600
151,000
39,400
200,800
4 11 ,800
52,100
Increase (+)
or
Decrease (-)
+2,300
# * w
-1,900
+100
-100
+3,200
-600
+1,600
-3,100
-§00
+1^300
-300
+1,400
-1,900
» * e
-3,100
-1?000
-2,700
+700
+900
ON
ON
-------
Allocations of Grant-in-Aid Funds for Water Pollutior
L—continued
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Guam
Puerto Rico
Virgin Islands
Total
1967
Allocations
25,700
103,000
6H ,200
57,100
101,300
17,600
Ho, 900
101,200
40.200
i*,7oo,ooo
1968
Allocations
H23000
202,1*00
122,100
106,600
187,200
23,500
71,700
191,000
70,100
9,000,000
1969
Allocations
1*2,100
200,900
123,900
105,800
185>500
23,100
72,1*00
190,300
70,300
9,000,000
Increase (+}
or
Decrease (-)
+100
-1,500
+1,800
-800
-1,700
-400
+700
-700
+200
» 9 f
Basis for allocation:
1. , $12,000 basic grant
2. Remainder: 2/3 population weighted by per capita income
1/6 population density
1/6 auniber of "wet" industries
CFN
-------
Allocations to Interstate Agencies
1967 1968
Allocations Allocations
1969
Allocations
Increase (•*-}
or
Decrease (-)
J New England Interstate Water
Pollution Control Commission
Connecticut New Hampshire
, Massachusetts Bhode Island
Maine New York
Vermont
$4-0,600
$135,700
$135,900
+$200
/ Ohio River Valley Water -Sanitation
Commission
Illinois
Indiana •
Ohio
Pennsylvania
New York
Kentucky
West Virginia
Virginia
Delaware River Basin Commission
Delaware New Jersey
New>York Pennsylvania
Interstate Sanitation Commission
New York Connecticut
JTew Jersey
Klamath River Compact Commission
Oregon California
Interstate Commission of the Potomac
River Basin
Pennsylvania Virginia
Maryland. West Virginia
District of Columbia
92,100
1*0,000
65,200
7,500
22,200
305,300
132,900
218,100
27,500
73,900
305,000
232,900
218,800
27,^00
73,700
-300
+700
-100
-200
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Allocations to Interstate Agencies—contlimed
196? 1968
Allocations Allocations
1969
Increase (+)
or
Decyease (— ).
Bi-State Development Agency
Illinois Missouri
Tennessee River Basin Water Pollution
Control Commission
Tennessee Mississippi
Kentucky
Total
17,100
15,300
56,500
50,100
300,000 1,000,000
56,700
49,600
1,000,000
+200
-500
Basis for allocation:
2/3 population weighted by per capita income
1/6 population density
1/6 number of "wet" industries
\o
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Basin planning
grants
SECTION TAB
-------
Affective river basin planning and comprehensive approaches to
pollution control ere essential to assure that the massive investment
in abating pollution will yield optimum returns in cleaning up entire
stream systems. To achieve pollution control on a river basin approach,
the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration is authorized to
provide grants to non-Federal planning agencies to support the develop-
ment of effective comprehensive water quality control and abatement
programs and, through direct Federal effort$ to prepare or develop pollution
control action programs in cooperation with all concerned. The following
are specific details on the activities carried out for this purpose:
(a)' Basin planning grantsi Fiscal year 1968, $500,000; fiscal year 1969,
f2,000,000jincrease, $1,500,000. The Increase consists of:
Increase (+) or Decrease (-) Total
Amount jPos^itlonj Program Explanation
• +$1,500,000 ,.. $2,000,000 Support 20 new non-Federal
basin planning agencies and
provide increased support
for those initiated in FT 1968.
Heed for Increase
This is a new program being initiated in FY 1968; therefore,
at this writing the program has no experience factor to fully justify
the proposed increase. However, It is the goal of the Federal Water
Pollution Control Administration In FI 1969 to stimulate the establishment
of 15 to 20 basin planning agencies at a cost of $1,200,000 to develop
effective comprehensive water quality control and abatement plans for
specific basins. Particular, emphasis will be given toward stimulating
establishment of and supporting those agencies in basins with the most serious
and complex water pollution problems in order that,basinwlde management systems
can be under way during the early 1970*3* An additional $300,000 is requested
to provide for the second year increased cost of the 5 "to 8 agencies
anticipated to be supported from'- the funds appropriated for FI 1968.
Objective
Section 3 of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, as amended,
provides for grants not to exceed 50$ to planning agencies If they
adequately represent State, interstate., local or international interests
In the basin, and If they are capable of developing an effective
comprehensive water quality control and abatement plan for a basin.
70
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These grants are to financially assist each planning agency in the
development of a comprehensive pollution control and abatement plan for
the basin. Each of these plans developed must be consistent with
applicable water quality standards established for the basin concerned.
The planning agencies are to recommend treatment works and sewer systems
for the most effective and economical means of collection, storage,
treatment and purification of wastes as well as methods to encourage
both municipal and industrial vise of such works and systems. The
agencies will recommend both maintenance and improvement of water
quality standards within the basin as well as a plan for adequately
financing facilities necessary in the execution of this maintenance
and improvement.
The financial assistance which these grants provide will aid
in the conservation of interstate waters and tributaries thereof for
public water supplies, propagation of fish and aquatic life and wildlife,
recreational purposes, agricultural, industrial, and other legitimate
uses.
Grants may be given to 'an approved agency for a period not to
exceed three years.
Program ..of,..jjfork
Congress recognized the need for providing Federal assistance for
initiating local institutional arrangements to establish effective
water quality planning and management programs for river basins. Every
effort will be made to stimulate the establishment and support of the
kind of basin planning that is important to the implementation and
improvement of water quality standards, and also lead to the formation
of permanent arrangements for coordinated river basin water quality
management. It is hoped that the Federal assistance provided for this
purpose will prove to be a vital catalyst in stimulating State and
local efforts to develop comprehensive basinwide pollution control
programs.
"By the end of FY 1969 it is anticipated that there will be about 25
agencies being supported which will be actively involved in planning
action programs to solve pollution problems in specific river basins.
Ac compli shments
This program is currently in the early stages of development.
The first appropriation under the 1966 authorization was $500,000 for
FI 1968. To assist prospective grantees, FWPCA has prepared and
distributed "Guidelines for Grants-Comprehensive River Basin Planning"
to State, local, and interstate pollution control agencies. These
guidelines indicate that the basic purpose of a pollution control plan
is (l) to serve as a guide for effective action to eliminate and control
pollution throughout interstate or intrastate basins; and (s) to provide
permanent basinwide water quality management programs which involve
71
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Joint efforts of State, local, and metropolitan bodies as well as
private interests. An essential feature of a basin plan is the
action program which sets forth arrangements for financing and an
appropriate institutional framework through which States and local
communities can coordinate their efforts to control pollution in
the basin on a continuing basis.
It is anticipated that support for 5 to 8 agencies will be
provided in FY 1968.
-------
Federal planning
and studies
SECTION TAB
-------
b. Fede ral planni ngx jmd^ it udlg^ t Fiscal year 1968, $7,933»000j fiscal
x ^
year 1969, $8,033,000; tncrSasa, $100,000. The Increase consists of i
Increase (+) or^.Decrease (-) Total
Amount Positions • Program.
(1)
(2) +11^,000
(3) -8914.,ooo
-60
»91^,000
(V) +366,000
+26
2,1+08,000
(5) +l*gO,QpO
+100.000
711,000
Explanation
To meet Increased pay coats.
Provide for full year
employment of new personnel
authorized la FT 1968.
Reduction in program effort
in following projects! Arkansas*
Red River, Chesapeake-
SuBquehanna, Columbia, Great
Lakes-Illinois, Ohio, and
8 out hea st ern.
To enable redirection of
program to spearhead the
planning task on action
programs In major river
basins, encourage State-
local establishment of
planning agencies, and
participate In Federal
interagency water resources
planning*
Expand effort in three projects
Initiated In FY 1968 or v
earlier—New England, Middle
Atlantic and Western Gulf and
Initiate Interstate program
development in the Great Basin,
Heed for Increase
A total of 26 positions and $366,000 Is proposed to expand and
strengthen the planning program to achieve pollution control on a
comprehensive river baaln approach. Heretofore, considerable emphasis
was placed on extensive surveys of sources of pollution. As directed
by the House Appropriations Committee in their action on the FY 1968
budget, the program is being reoriented with emphasis being placed more
an developing comprehenBlva guides for pollution control actions necessary
73
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in each major river basin. The extent and nature of Federal planning
necessary depends on State and local planning contributed in the basin
concerned. To minimize Federal effort in this area, considerable
emphasis will be put on encouraging formation of State and local
planning agencies for the purpose of planning action programs in
specific watersheds or river basins in the shortest time possible.
To implement this reorientatlon, various staff capabilities are
required that have not been available heretofore. There is a need
for staff In the area of public administration, political science,
water resources planning, economics and public utility financing.
Although some progress was made in this area in FY 1968, total staff
needs have not been achieved because of the administrative problems
Involved in phaslng-out technical aspects of existing comprehensive
projects to fund these new kinds of personnel. The objective now is
to accomplish this early in FY 1969.
In addition to the foregoing, there is a need to strengthen and
expand FWPCA's participation In Federal Interagency water resources
planning. Particular emphasis in FY 1969 is to increase participation
In Type I Framework Studies for the Colorado River Basin in accordance
with the coordinated schedule of the Water Resources Council.
An Increase of 3^ positions and $ll-50,000 is provided to expand
activities of the projects for New England, Middle Atlantic, Western
$ulf and to initiate activity in the Great Basin. Requirements for
these projects are to accelerate the development of water pollution
control action programs to assess data and institutional requirements
for the various basins Included in these project areas, continue or
expand participation in Type I Framework Studies, where applicable,
and conduct technical studies as needed. FWPCA efforts in these
areas have been minimal or none at all| therefore, It is necessary
to carry out essential activities only. No major field Investigations
such as those conducted in the past are proposed.
Objective
Section 3 of the Act provides for the development of comprehensive
water pollution control programs; for studies of the need and value of
storage In Federal reservoirs for regulation of streamflow for the
purpose of water quality control] and for financial assistance to
basin planning agencies. The latter provision was added by the Clean
Water Restoration Act of 1966.
The legislative history underlying the passage of the Clean Water
Restoration Act of 1966 places an important mandate on the Federal
Water Pollution Control Administration to orient pollution control
In the United States toward a basi'nwide basis. Effective planning
will be essential to assure that the massive Federal investment in
the costs of abating pollution, provided for in the Act, will yield
optimum returns in cleaning up entire stream systems. The comprehen-
sive program activity will be the focal point for this effort.
-------
The specific objectives are as followsi
(a) Provide a comprehensive guide to pollution control actions—
both inmediate clean-up needs and long-range preventive measures—
necessary In each major river basin. The extent and nature of Federal
planning activities necessary to accomplish this will be related to the
extent to which State and local planning activities are making a
contribution in the basin concerned.
(b) Participate in Federal interagency water resource planning,
as coordinated and scheduled by the Water Beaources Council with respect
to the pollution control and water quality management aspects of
multipurpose water resource development,
(c) Guide, assist and encourage the activities of State-local
basin planning agencies.
Program of Work
This activity is presently in a period of transition to reflect
changing circumstances and planning needs.
Initially, planning was the responsibility of individual
comprehensive projects. For the purpose of establishing comprehensive
projects, the Nation has been divided into 20 major river basins.
(See map on page 82). Projects were under way In 15 of the basins
in 1968,
Since their establishment, these projects have provided the
technical and scientific resources necessary to support the development
of pollution control plans and programs. In addition, they have provided
the resources and capability needed to support closely related pollution
control investigations and activities. This has often Involved studies
.of a more detailed, technical nature than would be needed merely to
support planning. For example, comprehensive project staffs have
provided the principal source of support over the past year for the
review and development of water quality standards. Data collected
in connection with comprehensive, studies has also contributed to the
support of a number of enforcement actions.
With the changing nature of the planning task, efforts are being
made to reorient planning activities along the following general linesj
(l) More emphasis is being given to the nontechnical
Ingredients of planning that are essential to effective pollution
control programs. Attention in 1968 has been focused on minimizing
technical inputs not essential to decision making in the planning
process and on strengthening staffs In the areas of -public
administration, political science, water resources planning, economics
and public utility financing. This reorlentatlon of activities and
staff reflects the House Appropriations Committee Report directing such
action.
75
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(2) The planning capability of regions and "basins not covered
"by comprehensive projects is being increased, in order that adequate
attention can be given to planning and water resource development
problems in those areas as rapidly as possible. This involves
establishment of a staff competence in each regional office to spearhead
planning in geographical areas not specifically covered by a comprehensive
project« Emphasis is on developing outlines of basinwide pollution
control action programs which can be implemented immediately on providing
technical guidance to basin planning agencies, and on relating State-
local planning efforts to Federal planning. These staffs will also
strengthen and complement the more detailed work of the individual
coMprehensive projects,
A considerable amount of effort will be devoted to encouraging
the formation of planning agencies, providing assistance in their
formation, reviewing applications of basin planning agencies to
determine need for and adequacy of proposed planning activities, and
providing assistance In planning. Grants will be awarded and administered
in accordance with the provisions of the Act and prescribed regulations.
(3) There will be a continuing effort to restructure the individual
comprehensive projects to reflect more fully only those activities
necessary to support planning and to minimize nonessential technical
Inputs. This does not mean, however, that some technical activities
found not essential to planning will not be continued, if they are
essential to support other related program purposes. For example,
certain data collection and monitoring activities must be continued
and expanded because of the need to support the implementation phase
of water quality standards* There will be continued effort to identify
such essential technical activities and, if necessary, to reflect this
through future comparative transfers to items such as technical assistance
and services, and pollution surveillance.
Considerable progress along the above lines has been made in 1968^
Howeverj employment ceilings and other problems related to a redirection
of this magnitude have not permitted completion of these efforts in 1968,
The program of work proposed for 1969 calls for continued progress. The
program of work planned in the .restructing of activities for 1969 will
call fort
(l) Headquarters activities which will Involve program review and
guidance, and development of new policies and methods to accomplish
the objective of basinwide control programs and planning. As a special
technical effort, there will be a continuing attempt to perfect
mathematical procedures for simulating water quality responses and for
testing the cost and effectiveness of pollution control measures. This
is the technology which led to development of the Delaware Estuary
Program, Headquarters will provide problem solving backup to individual
comprehensive projects and instruct and guide field personnel In the
application of new computer programs and systems analysis techniques.
76
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(2) Studies will continue to be carried out for Federal construction
agencies concerning need for and value of storage, for quality control in
reservoirs. This will include assembling information on the physical,
economic and demographic environment, water use and waste production,
present uies, and estimating the ways in which these are expected to
change in the future. Basad on the anticipated future waste treatment,
available gtreamflows and assimilative capacity, the need for storage
to maintain water quality necessary for possible beneficial uses is
determined. Benefits resulting from proposed quality control are
determined. The information is assembled in a report for use by the
construction agencies in formulation of their report on water resources
development *
In 1969 it is anticipated that approximately 50 projects will be
studied* There will be continued emphasis on applying the Secretary
of the Interior's new policy on streamflow regulation in these studies.
This activity also will provide necessary reviews and comments on
water and related land resource development proposals in project reports
under Tnteragency Review Procedures and Executive Order 11288.
(3) Basin planning activities will be continued, in association
with Federal interagency water resource planning, and with State and
interstate planning wherever appropriate. In basins where State and
local planning efforts are not adequate or under way, the Federal
program must spearhead the planning task on its own in order to put
pollution control on a basin basis in the shortest possible time.
The bulk of these basin planning activities will be conducted by
individual comprehensive projects. The projects will continue to
provide the basis for undertaking detailed technical planning studies
of complex pollution and hydrologic situations, to participate in
interagency water resources planning, including work with the river
basin commission established under the Water Resources Planning Act
of 1965, and providing the solid factual base which will both guide
the overall Federal pollution control effort in each basin concerned,
and for effectively reviewing basin planning agency proposals.
Through 1968 the program has projects covering the following
major river basinst
Arkansas-Red River Central Pacific
Chesapeake-Susquehanna Missouri
Columbia Lower Mississippi
Great Lakes-Illinois River ' Upper Mississippi
Delaware Estuary New England
Ohio Middle Atlantic
Southeastern Western Gulf
Hudson-Champlain
77
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In 1969 it is proposed to initiate a project encompassing the
Great Basin. This will be done without any overall program increase
since the proposed funding level will be offset by decreases in
other projects, Participation in Type I Framework Studies for the
Colorado Eiver Basin, which were initiated at a minimal level in 1968,
will be increased in accordance with the coordinated schedule of the
Water Resources Council.
Accomplishments
Examples of accomplishments are as followsi
(l) In recognition of the need to focus immediate attention and
action on known sources of pollution, all on-going comprehensive projects
have been working toward the identification of immediate pollution control
needs for interstate streams in their geographical areas. To date,
immediate pollution control needs have been identified for 128 basins and
subbasinSi The resulting information on identification of the problems,
the pollution sources, the required corrective measures, and the estimated
costs is serving as a reference point for establishing priorities and
guiding the immediate pollution control actions of FWPCA and others.
(2) Comprehensive water pollution control studies directed toward
developing longer range guidelines to provide a regulated supply of clean
water for all legitimate users in a river basin have resulted in a
report on the water quality control and management of the ¥illamette
Eiver Basin developed by the Columbia River Basin Comprehensive Project,
and a preliminary report on the Delaware Estuary developed by the Delaware
Comprehensive Project. In the latter instance, the report and findings
have been incorporated into the program of the Delaware River Basin
Commission and the FWPCA has continuously provided forecasting services
and the evaluation of water quality control alternatives, passing on
recommendations to the Commission.
(3) Representative of recent accomplishments of the comprehensive
projects in the area of participation In Federal Interagency water
resources planning are (a) completion of the FWPCA segment of the Water
Resources Council's comprehensive framework study for water and related
land resources in the Ohio River Basin, developed by the Ohio River
Basin Project, and (b) completion of Type II detailed comprehensive
surveys of the Big Black, Pascogoula and Pearl River by the Southeastern
Comprehensive Project. In a closely related area, the Southeastern,
Ohio, and Chesapeake-Susquehanna projects have completed reservoir
evaluation for the Appalachian Region, pursuant to the requirements
of the Appalachian Regional Development Act of 1965.
(k) Other specific examples of accomplishments related to supporting
the development of pollution control plans and programs include (a)
evaluation of the effect of the Texas Water Plan on Rivers in the Western
Gulf Basins by the Western Gulf Project, (b) participation by the staff
of the Chesapeake-Susquehanna Project in the work of the Potomac River
Interdepartmental Task Force9 Including completion of a simulation model
78
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of the Potomac estuary, completion of a waste Inventory of the Potomac
basin In Maryland, and development of background information on water
quality In the estuary, and (c) development by the Arkansas-Red River
Project of a report on investigations of salt pollution in the two
basins*
(5) It Is estimated that during 1968 approximately 30 studies
will be carried out for Federal construction agencies concerning need
for and value of storage for quality control In reservoirs. Since
1960, the FWPCA has carried out 203 studies for the Corps of Engineers
and 86 studies for the Bureau of Reclamation*
(6) Under the authority of Section ^ of the Federal Power Commission
Act, the FWPCA reviews and comments on all applications for new licenses
for electric generating operations, as well as the renewal of old
licenses. The applications are reviewed from the standpoint of
Departmental policy, consideration, and technical adequacy relative
to the maintenance of adequate stream quality. It is estimated that
in 1968, lj-5 license applications will be reviewed. Since 1963 the
FWPCA has processed 1*21 applications for the Federal Power Commission.
(7) All on-going comprehensive projects have served as principal
resources in carrying out the water quality standards provisions of the
Act by providing technical support internally as well as by furnishing
water quality data to the States as required.
(8) Perhaps most representative of accomplishments of the
comprehensive projects in supporting closely related pollutlonal
control investigations and activities in the work that has been done
in carrying out Federal responsibility for surveillance, investigations
and recommendations of enforcement actions. For example, the compre-
hensive study of the Illinois River Basin by the Great Lakes-Illinois
River Basin Project provided the facts needed for use by the Department
of Justice Special Master for the U. S,. Supreme Court in the Lake
Michigan diversion litigation between Illinois and other Great Lakes
States, In addition, data collected from the Lake Michigan studies
have been used in the preparation of reports on the interstate
pollution of the Calumet area an
-------
of river basin plans that incorporate technical solutions and alternatives
financing estimates and cost sharing arrangements, and the necessary and
practicable institutional arrangements for implementation. Moreover, the
projects also will participate in interagency water resources planning
under the Water Resources Council and serve as focal points for inter-
agency review of water and related land resources development plans of
other agencies.
During 19&9* the data, assessment, evaluation of institutional
requirements, and necessary technical studies will be completed and
initial comprehensive water quality control reports will be prepared
for a number of river basins now under study. For example, the
Columbia River Basin Project is in the process of developing initial
reports, similar to the published report on the Willamette, for the
six remaining subbasins of the Columbia River, Among other reports
planned for 1969 are initial reports on the Klamath Basin, the Central
Valley Basin of California, and the San Francisco Bay-Delta Area.
Individual project activities in connection with Type I Framework
Studies and Type II detailed studies of the Water Resources Council
will continue or be expanded, where required. The emphasis on
coordinating FWPCA activities with those of other Water Hesouces
Council planning agencies is reflected in the proposal to initiate
in 1969 a comprehensive project for the Great Basin to coincide with
the start of comprehensive program development in that area by the
other Council agencies*
Although attention will continue to be focused on restructuring
the individual comprehensive projects to reflect more fully only those
activities necessary to support planning and to minimize nonessentlal
technical inputs, there will be, by necessity, some continuation of
technical activities that are required to support other related program
purposes. For example, to the extent necessary the projects will
continue to serve as technical resources on the implementation of the
standards' provision of the Act, and in carrying out FWPCA responsibility
for surveillance, Investigation and recommendations of enforcement
actions.
80
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Cg|tgtt'ehen.alyer Projects:
(dollars Inthousands)
i ffs.tjLpafo
Arkansas-Bed... $52
Chesapeake~Susquehanna.......... 5^1
Columbia. "»«... 336
Great Lakes-Illinois River..,.., 1,155
Delaware 120
Ohio. 911
Southeastern............;........ 680
Hudson-Champlain................
Central Pacific *,«..*.*.
Missouri... 309
Lower Mississippi.. 358
Upper Mississippi.......... 126
New England. » 190
Western Gulf. , 32
Middle Atlantic....... 33
Great Basin..................... ,—,*•.--
Total 6,063
1969
Estimate
$1*00
300
760
120
598
809
1*02
305
351
121
27k
150
Increase (+)
Decrease (-)
Over 1968
-$52
-36
-395
« « *
-163
-82
-5
-U
-U
-7
-5
+111
+111
+150
5,625
-U38
81
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COMPREHENSIVE PROGRAMS
MAJOR RIVER BASINS
CO
ro
-------
Estuary studies
SECTION TAB
-------
3* B^jsgy^Jtudleflt '• Fiscal year 1968, $690,000; fiscal year 1969,
$1,000,000; increase, $310,000, The increase consists oft
Increase (+) or Decrease ( — ) Total
\Ppsitipns_ Program Explanatijon
(l) +$1,000 «*» ' .». To meet Increased pay costs.
(2) +33 > 000 *»» *«t To support full year employment
of new personnel authorized
for PY" 1968.
(3) -9»000 4.. «.« Due to nonrecurring equipment
costs,
,tg8g^000 ,., $1,000,000 To continue the study of
estuaries as provided for by
'4^10^000 section 5(g) of the Clean
Water Restoration Act of 1966.
Meed f r
The Clean Water Restoration Act of 1966 authorized the appropriation
of $1,000,000 annually for fiscal years 196?, 1968 and 1969 to conduct
a comprehensive study of the estuaries of the United States, to prepare
a report of these studies, and to develop recommendations to the Congress
for a comprehensive management plan. The project requires the acquisition
and review of extensive economic, demographic, industrial development,
biological, and pollution control data for each of the 850 estuarine systems
of the United States. In contrast to the authorization, a total of only
$9^0,000 was available for the project in the first two years. The
requested increase is necessary for the support of contracts and reimburs-
able arrangements required to complete a report with an acceptable level
of technical accuracy and coverage. The future national program directed
toward management of this resource is expected to be strongly influenced
by the recommendations supported by the study,
; Ob^ectiye^
Section 5(g) (l) of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, as
amended, provides for a comprehensive study of the effects of pollution
in estuaries. This endeavor will be in cooperation with the Departments
of Army and Agriculture, the Water Resources Council, and any other
appropriate Federal, State, interstate or local public leaders, and
private organizations, institutions,, and individuals.
Specifically, the Act provides for the following!
1, Developing a comprehensive study of the effects of pollution,
including sedimentation, in the estuaries and estuarine zones of the
United States..
83
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2, - Determining the effects of pollution, in these estuarine areas,
on fish and wildlife, sport and commercial fishing, recreation, water
supply and water power, and other beneficial uses.
3. Considering the effect of demographic trends, exploitation of
mineral resources and fossil fuels, land and industrial development,
navigation, flood and'erosion-control, and other uses of estuarine
zones upon the pollution of waters therein.
k. Identifying the problems and areas where further research and
study are required as determined from investigations of representative
estuaries and estuarine zones.
5. Delineating recommendations for a comprehensive national program
for the preservation, study, use and development of estuaries of the Hationj
and the respective responsibilities which should be assumed by Federal,
State, and local governments, and by public and private interests.
Program..: of. Work, and Aceomplishmenta
The estuary study is being carried out primarily through contracts
with public and private agencies and will utilize data already available
to Federal, interstate, State and local agencies to the maximum extent
possible. Advice and council are being solicited from all interested
official agencies and national interest groups, Public meetings are
being held in the coastal States to provide the general public and
local organizations with an opportunity to express their views on
estuarine values and utilization. A National Hstuarine Register has
been established to provide, obtain, store, and evaluate data on the
numbers, characteristics, types, and uses of the Nation's estuaries.
The project is structured to recognize the vast differences which
prevail in the several major coastal areas of the country, including
the Arctic and Central Pacific areas.
Primary efforts in FI 1969 will be directed toward the analysis
of data acquired in contracts negotiated in the two prior fiscal yearsj
in the expansion of the national Estuarine Register; in the conduct of
a major scientific meeting to identify, highlight, and discuss estuarine
research and study needs; in the acquisition of data on demographic,
economic and pollution problemsj and in the development of a preliminary
draft of the report. Technical societies and outstanding specialists will
be invited to assist with the development of the report.
FWPCA has taken the lead as authorized and directed in Section 5 (g)
to conduct, in cooperation with other 'appropriate Federal, State,
interstate, and local public bodies and private organizations, institutions,
and individuals, a comprehensive study of the effects of pollution upon
the aquatic environment of the Nation's estuaries. A report of this
8k-
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study la to be made to Congress by November 1969. It will analyze
the importance of estuaries to the economic and social well-being of the
people of the United States and the effects of pollution upon estuariesj
•it will discuss major social and economic trends in the estuarine zones;
and the report will recommend a comprehensive national program for the
preservation, study, use, and development of estuaries.
Information is being obtained through other agency contracts,
contract; studies, and the findings of other FWPCA activities concerned
with the marine environment. In addition, approximately 28 public
hearings are planned at strategic locations around the country. The •
first of these hearings was held in January 1968* These hearings will
enable local government officials', industry, conservation groups, and
private citizens to present their views on the use and value of
estuaries directly to the study team*
85
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National
requirements and
cost studies
SECTION TAB
-------
requirements^ and co st studies t Fiscal year 1968, $380, 000 j
fiscal year' I<£o9, ^O£,d6bj decrease' ^IjB^'OOO. The decrease consists of i
Increase (+) or Decreage^^^ Total
' " '' Pgram
(l) -WJSyOOO .... ««t To meet increased pay costs.
... $202,000 Due to nonrecurring costs of
initial studies required by
. the Clean Water Restoration
. - — — Act of
ObJectiYe
AB required by Sections 16 and 18 of the Federal Water Pollution
Control Act, as amended, special studies were undertaken to provide
Congre'ss with a basis for evaluating authorized programs, development of
'new programs, information necessary for authorizing appropriations'
beginning with fiscal year 1969» and recommendation for providing
incentives to industry to reduce or abate pollution by industry.
Assessment of the Nation's needs and related costs involved in
controlling pollution from municipal, industrial, agricultural, mining,
and other sources is essential to national policy making. Information
has not been readily available in the past to adequately perform such an
•assessment. Even at this point, there is an urgent need to develop
analytical tools and evaluation methods to facilitate a better
understanding of the national needs and related issues.
If the annual, updated reports as required are to have maximum
utility for Congress, information gaps regarding needs and costs
must "be filled. Accordingly, as future reports are issued, the
amount and reliability of the data will be improved. Information exchange
with State and local planning agencies will be encouraged as will exchange
of program-related information from other Federal agencies. Better methods
will "be sought to evaluate programs, reexamine goals, needs and objectives,
sharpen projections, and assess; progress and benefits. Participation of
Industry, educational institutions and nonprofit organizations will be
encouraged to stimulate the highest quality of professional interest in this
Important national problem,
Program of Work
Investigations and evaluations will continue to be pursued. These
include: (l) an updated estimate of the cost of carrying out the
provisions of the Actj (2) continuing analysis of the economic
86
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impact on affected units of government of the coat of installing
waste treatment facilities} and (3) continuing analysis of the
national requirements for and the cost of treating municipal, industrial,
and other effluent to attain established -water quality standards.
The assessment of national requirements and costs must "be the
"basis for shaping as well as for evaluating FWPCA's operational
programs. As such, the projected expenditures in economic and
related analyses are expected to be a sound investment eventually
showing the way to more effective methods of doing business,
Accp^lishjients
The following reppjr1».B have been developed: and'-ttransmitted to
Congress in accordance with their mandates
1. National requirements and cost of treating municipal, industrial
and other effluents,
>
2* Economic impact on State and local governments,
3. Possible economic incentives to industry, and
1*. Federal eost of carrying out the Federal Water Pollution Control
Act, as amended*
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Water quality
standards
SECTION TAB
-------
FY 1968 Increase (+)
Amount FT 1969 Decrease (~)
Estjna Over
1» Water quality standards
development ....,.«*.,.** $656,000 $729,000 +$73,000
2* Controlling pollution foom
Federal activities,.*... 7gO.,000 7g8yOpO ...... +8»,OOQ.
Total*. ....... ....... 1,1*06,000 1,1*87,000 +61,000
1, Water Duality a tandard^ dey g lapment I Fiscal year 1968, $656,000;
fiscal"' year 19§9 ,' f ^9^000 ;' increase', "^73 , 000 . The increase consists off
Increas e ,( +} gr^ J3jcjga.se, /;r) Total
Positions Program Explanation
(l) +$5,000 ,,, <,9 To meet increased pay costs,
(2) +68^0^0 , *., *«„ To support full year employment
of new personnel authorized for
FT 1968*
As provided by Section 10 (e) of the Federal Water Pollution Control
Act, as amended, establish water quality standards applicable to interstate
and coastal waters to ensure the protection of high quality waters and the
enhancement of presently polluted waters « When standards are set for all
Interstate and coastal waters-»whether by State action or, if necessary,
by Federal intervention—the Nation will have, for the first time, a body
of specific goals and objectives for its waters and, in the implementation
plans, realistic means for accomplishing those goals and objectives.
Clearly, this will be a landmark in water resource conservation. Attain-
ment of the water quality set in the standards will constitute FWPCA's
principal program objective in the future * Because most of the water
quality standards call for compliance with conventional waste implementation
plans in about a five-year period, full attainment of the objective is not
expected until the end of FY 1973,
Program of Work.
Following approval of the standards, the second phase will begin;
FWPCA will begin to seek and observe compliance with the standards. Although
States have first responsibility, FWPCA will continuously review the extent
of which implementation plans are being carried out* Extensive water quality
-------
monitoring by FWPCA, as well as State and other Federal agencies, will be
important in the review process* Knowledge gaps discovered in the
standard setting phase indicate a need for special studies to deal with
various technical problems. Marine waste disposal, salinity and
temperature are three examples, Research is also needed to improve our
judgments concerning water Duality requirements • Finally s the water
quality standards will have to "be revised and upgraded at such time in the
future as technical knowledge improves and as waste disposal conditions
and water use change.
Specific activities to be pursued or carried out are as follows;
(a) Initiating the e stab^ishmgrr^ of approvable standards where
States
This activity will have been started in FY 1968, but should be terminated
by the end of FY 1969 « It will require coordination of technical service
programs to develop the necessary data and will require the planning and
execution of public hearings .
(b) Initiating programs to provide continuing evaluation of progress
toward fulfilling implementation .
A program will have to be established to provide periodic reports on
the status of compliance with water quality standards and particularly
the implementation plans developed by the States, Vigorous surveillance
on progress in meeting implementation plan goals will be required at
least until the end of FY 1973 • A detailed review of progress at least
twice each year will be required,
(c) Initiating studies to be made by technical programs, research
and i flgve ^Pme.ffi;> isfo. ^R^fiS^^, ...... ff^£J££-j^. ^ft t er B- ,r e l&t ing to
water quality^ standards^
Scientific and technical information will have to be collected for
standards decision-making purposes. This will include data on water'
quality ? water uses, water polluters^ costs of achieving standards,
methods of upgrading water quality ^ and the cause and effect relationship
of pollution.
(d) Revising .water quality standards where appropriate.
Upon review of National Technical Committee Reports on data collected
by technical -programs and/or comprehensive planning^ or upon the request
of a State Governor } adopted water quality standards, may need to be
revised, A standard modification program that includes public hearings
will have to be established and pursued,
89
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( e ) gart Icipat i|^ in t jig eTOluatlon of State program plans .
Annual State program P lans will update information originally-
contained in the standards implementation plan* A review is required to
determine whether construction priorities , monitoring programs, and other
activities are in accord with the enhancement of water quality*
(f ) Ajgalyjij^^
Basic data must be collected s catalogued and analyzed in order to
determine effectiveness of standards programs .
(s) Reviewing^ ....... jjjd ..eyaltjgjijPg jg.ew and existing ...... scientific and technical
A program will be initiated to develop a water quality criteria
intelligence system of scientific and technical Information appropriate
for standards decision-making purposes^ and to make this information
available to the States and other Federal agencies under a continuing
program of assistance,, Effective liaison will be established with all
State and Federal water resources agencies and institutions, corpora-
tions and individuals involved with water quality and use. Current
analytical and sampling procedures and techniques will be maintained for
water pollution control programs at all levels of government and for
appropriate use by private enterprise.
.(h) peveiloipingr a program which ...... would ensure, the, generatlon^qf new
This would involve development in the design and evaluation of a
monitoring system to assure adequate surveillance for compliance with
water quality standards as well as to establish base-line conditions*
It would also require input of research needs to the appropriate facility
in those areas where new knowledge must be developed,, Pertinent information
will be maintained and disseminated on Federal, State, and local quality
surveillance and monitoring programs on water and waste discharges.
Information on current status of compliance with water quality standards and
changes or improvements planned in the future will be acquired, organized,
and maintained,
(i) Reporting^ .to ..... Cojjfiggjf j^. fo16, Ifg-ggetarjr of the ..... Interior ^ ....... andr others^
interested in water 'quality^
Periodic reports to Congress , the Secretary, and others will be required
in order to show the progress being made in cleaning up the nation's waters
as a result of joint Federal-State programs® These reports will be prepared
by regional and headquarters personnel on the basis of major river basins,
-------
Controlling
pollution from
Federal activities
SECTION TAB
-------
The water quality standards set the goals and
objectives of nationwide water pollution control programs. Utilizing
a small core staff^ the major effort of the standards program will "be
to coordinate? direct and evaluate activities toward achieving these
goals and objectives. Other operating programs within the Federal Water
Pollution Control Administration will be called upon to perform the
necessary surveillance, technical studies^, and other activities leading
to successful implementation of the water Duality standards.
By the beginning of FY 1969, the initial water quality standards-
setting process should be essentially completed. This will result fram
over two years of sustained effort on the part of the States and FWPCA in
which a new tool in the national •water pollution control program was
developed from a limited base. Defining goals, developing guidelines,
and reviewing ? negotiating and approving the State submiB® ions *— all
were involved and difficult tasks.
As of February lU?1968? the standards of 18 States had been approved
by the Secretary of the Interior. Negotiations have gone well, in all but
a few States , toward meeting the initial objective of having standards in
approvable form by the beginning of 1968* In those cases where negotiations
are not successful in arriving at approvable standards, the Federal
Government will have to establish standards .
A major effort iti FY 1967 and In the early part of FY 1968 was the
development of reports by five national Technical Advisory Committees on
the current status of knowledge concerning water quality requirements for
public water supply .j agriculture^ recreation and aesthetics, industrial
water supply^ and fish and aquatic life and wildlife. This data has been
and is being used in reviewing and approving standards.
2. Controlling pollutignj from .Federal activities s Fiscal year 1968,
$750 ? 000 j f i s cal year 'I§B9^~^f^QOOi increase^ $8 , 000 . The increase
consists off
Increas© (+) or Dftorea_se_(_-_l , Total
P£sit ions^ ' ' " Program. . Explanation
+$8,000 . .«. . •• To meet increased pay costs.
Under Executive Order 11288 and Section 11 of the Act (33 U.S.C
Federal agencies are obligated to prevent and control pollution from their
activities. The Federal activities coordination program implements the
responsibilities assigned the ' Department of the Interior,
The Executive Order requires positive action from each Federal agency 5
and implementing Section 11 of the Act requires their cooperation with the
Secretary of the Interior and with State and local agencies. The
Department of the Interior is responsible for providing the necessary
91
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technical advice and assistance to its sister agencies in developing
adequate methods and facilities for preventing pollution from their
activities*
The Department has heavy responsibilities in the following areas t
(l) j^TO^r^,ex^s^jji^..|!g,g^|MeB^^ ....... feEJjjj^Bfiil1 Consult in the
development of water pollution control measures for inclusion in plans
for new or modified Installations $ review final plans for adequacy
prior to construction; inspect existing treatment and pollution control
works for .adequacy*
(2) gederal; w.aj;er_ rjgojjigga^jDrgj[ecjts_i Review plans and report on
the potential impact on water quality, recommending needed changes in
designs construction, or operation*
(3) Facilities, 9?--^^^^^^^MP9^^-^^L-^^?^ loggs*, grantg,
or__cont r a c t a I Assist Federal agencies in formulating standards and
prescribing regulations requiring borrowers, grantees, and contractors
to adhere to water quality standards similar to those Imposed on
direct Federal operations*
Pollution fyogL vsgsg-k ,.oggrjj;ionBJ Review operation of and
recommend pollution control measures to assure adequate treatment of
wastes from federally- operated watercraft*
(5) ^^S£SSJS£S^S^S^22S£S^S:^^^ Coordinate Federal agency
water polTutToTacontro^^ of other Federal agencies,
other FWPCA program elements , and with State , interstate,, and local
agencies «
(6) Advice and asaistance t Advise Federal agencies on "water
pollution control standards and needs, effective plant operation and
maintenance, laboratory analyses $ and recordkeeping,
During 1968, as other departments, agencies, and establishments
make increasing use of the assistance provided by the Department, large
volumes of work are anticipated in the following ;major areas t
(A*) Advise Federal agencies on water pollution control standards
and water pollution control needs, effective plant operations and
maintenance, laboratory analyses, and recordkeeping;
(B) Provide information on water pollution control needs in the
Initial stages of planning for new Installations or projects, attend'
predesign conferences, review and advise on essential features of
control and treatment measures proposed for new and existing facilities
and projects, and inspect existing treatment facilities for adequacy;
92
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(C) Keview plans submitted by other agencies for proposed water
resource development projects and report the potential impact of such
projects on water quality^ including recommended changes where deemed
necessary;
(D) Provide technical assistance to other Federal agencies in
determining the extent of water pollution control standards to "be
applicable to those activities in the United States which are supported
by Federal loansf grants, or contracts; encourage and assist agencies
in prescribingw«by regulations"- loan > grant j, and contract practices
designed to reduce water pollution^ and review the results accomplished
thereunder and recofflstend appropriate preventive or corrective action?
(E) Organize, coordinate , and conduct periodic inspections of
Federal Installation®!
(p) Advise agencies on the preparation and submission .of annual
progress reports, coordinate and review such reports, and prepare such
other periodic reports as from time to time may be needed j
(G) Establish, as needed,, additional guidelines to supplement
those parts of the already approved general guidelines which may need
clarification; and
(H) Establish a systematic and continuing evaluation of activities
and resources to ensure maximum effectiveness in providing assistance
to other agencies , enforcement of required standards with respect to
Federal activities, and the reduction? to the lowest possible level and
at the earliest possible date^ of pollution caused 'by Federal operations
and activities*
Ae c ompli s hiaents
tm.s'.'^ti, fKMB»mJiii y;*m*arf*i*«^<>«^&u!iMti&?m^
During fiscal years 1966 , 196?> and 1968 , the program reviewed and
evaluated plans from seventeen agencies for improvements needed to
prevent or abate water pollution from new or existing buildings and
facilities under their control,,, In accord with prior agreements,
there was forwarded to the Bureau of the Budget , on August 15, 196?.,
as» evaluation and recommendation for approval of those projects with
highest priorities* Valuable assistance and recommendations were
furnished during consultations in preliminary and early planning
stages of many other projects «
When complete reports have been received for FY 19683, it is
estimated that the Department will have reviewed the adequacy of
existing waste treatment procedures and facilities at more than
IjlOO Federal Installations . A considerable proportion of these
reviews involved on-site inspection of treatment methods , Related
93
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conferences with responsible officials permittee! the Department to
establish lines of communication with other agencies that will
facilitate the cooperation and coordination that is required under
both the Executive Order and the Federal Water Pollution Control
Act, as amended.
Although the review of water resource development projects, which
is required under Executive Order 11288, is not a fully developed
program, there was considerable coordination between the Department
and agencies initiating these projects. Much of this cooperative
effort took place during the Initial development stages of project
planning. Participation was reported in 110 projects.
As required by the Executive Order, the heads of Federal agencies
conducted a review of loan, grant, or contract practices to determine
the extent water pollution standards, similar to those required for
direct Federal operations, could be applied to borrowers, grantees,
and contractors„ These reports are now being evaluated, While some
technical assistance has been provided other agencies, this program
is only partially developed and is expected to be a major activity
during 1969.
A comprehensive report on water pollution caused by vessels In
the United States, required under the Executive Order, was completed
and submitted. In compliance with the requirement of the Clean
Water Hes'boration Act of 1966, a report, "Wastes from Watercraft,"
was completed on June 30, 196?j an(* sent to Congress., This was
prepared in consultation with the Department of Defense, Department
of Transportation, Department of Commerce and Department of Health,
Education, and Welfare.
Guidelines to assist Federal agencies to accomplish their
responsibilities under the Executive Order were completed and
distributed August 10, 1967* These guidelines establish uniform
procedures that govern the Joint efforts of this Department and
other Federal agencies in meeting the requirements of the Order*
Heports and Inforaaatiomal materials were supplied the lataral
Besources and Power Subcommittee' of the Committee on Government
Operations.
-------
Technical
assistance
SECTION TAB
-------
o, Technical
2 . Pollut ion surveillance , , . .
FY 1968
Amount
Available
&3,olt5,000
1,899,000
FY 1969
Estimate
$3,561,000
2,330,000
Increase (+)
Decrease (-)
Over 1968
+$516,000
+if31,000
3. Construction grants
administration .......... 2,183,000 2,667,000
Total, ....... ..... . 7,127,000 8,558,000 +1,1*31,000
1. Technical ..... asalatance; Fiscal year .1968, $3*0^5, OOOj fiscal year 1969,
$3,5?>1,060 j increase, $5 16 ,000., The increase consists ofi
Increase (+) or Decreaae -) Total
' Program Explanation
(l) +$23,000 ... ... To meet increased pay costs.
(2) +255,000 . ». ... To support full year employment
of new personnel authorized
for FI 1968. •
(3) +lfl9,000 +3^ 3,561,000 To strengthen and expand total
capabilities for providing or
applying special technical
advice or skills on complex and
diversified pollution problems.
(4) -131,000 -p- ... Phase out of Tampa Bay and
Pearl River Projects
(5) -50,000 ... ... Due to nonrecurring equipment
'~~~~~~~~~ —— - costs,
+516,000 +25 ;
Heed.;= for Jjigrease
The FY 1969 program will provide for an increased capability for providing
technical resources at the regional level to conduct necessary field
investigations and to provide more effective assistance to States and other
water pollution control agencies.
Technical assistance primarily involves identifying the nature of the
problem, recommending application of known Methods and techniques to solve
95
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it or, if these are not available, recommending accelerated effort through
research or other means for developing appropriate solutions.
Developing, maintaining, and effectively utilizing a force of
technical experts is essential to water pollution control. These experts
work closely with the other on-going FOTCA activities, such as enforcement
and comprehensive planning-, to provide specific technical support on
complex problems. Of equal importance, they provide advice to the States,
to other Federal agencies, to local governments, and others, drawing on
FWPCA's nationwide technical resources.
Requirements for this type of assistance are accelerating. Accidental
Spills of pollutants, such as a recent fly ash release to the Clinch River
in Virginia, are an ever present possibility. Means of solving or
minimizing effects of accidental spills are under study. Similarly, there
is a need to develop more effective means of carrying out the provisions
of the Oil Pollution Act, l$2k. Although oil spills are investigated in
cooperation with the Coast Guard, the Corps of Engineers, and the involved
States, and although technical advice and assistance are provided in
combating the resulting pollution, the dimensions of the problem require
the development of better and expanded surveillance, a -more effective
alerting system and a substantially improved reaction capability.
To date, much of the resources necessary to provide this technical
expertise nave been located at the Robert A. Taft Sanitary Engineering
Center and to some degree at other FWPCA field laboratories. Requests
for technical assistance, however, have far exceeded the resources
available to provide such assistance. Furthermore, the demand for
technical assistance is expected, to increase as water pollution control
accelerates, and as the States move toward implementation of water
quality standards.
To meet thctse technical investigations and technical assistance needs,
additional staffing is proposed for regional offices and laboratories.
The increase of $1+19,000 and 3k positions includes $188,000 and 13 positions
primarily for strengthening regional office capabilities and $231,000 and 21
positions for the following laboratories:
Positions Amount
Ada, Oklahoma 7 $77,000
Athens, Georgia 7 77,000
Corvallia, Oregon _j_ |77A000
21 231,000
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Objective,
Section 5 provides for encouraging, cooperating with and rendering
assistance to other appropriate public authorities , agencies and
institutions > private agencies and institutions, and individuals*
The activity, therefor@s is the heart of the Federal-State-reglonal-
local cooperative approach to water pollution, control problems.
Activities range from letter responses to requests for information
on major project Investigations requiring several years.
Expert consultations and field investigations, as necessary, are
provided on specific local and regional water pollution problems by
regional off ices t field laboratories , the Sanitary Engineering Center,
and the headquarters staffs,
The regional water pollution control laboratories will greatly
Increase the resources available for providing on-the-spot assistance
and consultation. The technical assistance staff in these laboratories
will be able to respond quickly and efficiently to the solution of
existing or Imminent water pollution problems on location in the areas
serviced by the laboratories . Numerous requests for technical assistance
are being received by the field laboratories,,
In contrast to the research activities at these laboratories, where
the basic objective Is to develop new and broader understandings
concerning a problem area, technical assistance investigations will
emphasize the application of existing knowledge to solve specific
problems . Technical assistance primarily Involves identifying the
nature of the problem, recommending application of known methods and
techniques to solve it, or^, If these are not available, recommending
acceleration of efforts through research or other means for developing
the appropriate methods that will solve ita Although the primary
objective is not to develop new understandings of the basic relationships
involved, this might result as a by-product,
f Work.
Thermal pollution of the waters of the Nation is becoming more
critical as population and industry grow. The establishment of
nuclear power facilities and their need to dissipate waste heat in
large quantities is a relatively new area of concern. The Columbia
River heat study was undertaken in FY 1968 to develop a capability
to use mathematical models to predict the impact of hydroelectric
projects and thermal loads on the upper Columbia River, More
consideration and study of this and similar problems is anticipated
in FY 1969 and succeeding years to honor requests for technical
assistance already received and anticipated.
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Continued investigation of the effects of agricultural runoff and
drainage on water quality is needed. Acquisition of this information must
be complemented by the development of suitable methods for control of such
wastes to .minimize or eliminate their water pollution characteristics.
Included in these studies must be examination of their role in the eutro-
phication of receiving waters. Requests for technical assistance already
received discloses the concern of States in which agriculture is an important
segment of the ecomomy? More requests are anticipated for work during
FY 1969 and beyond.
The regulation of stream flow for the purpose of water quality control
is increasing in importance, particularly in relation to water quality
standards. The role of stratification in water quality must be more clearly
understood and is another area in which requests for technical assistance
have been received with more anticipated.
The problem of water pollution by wastes from water craft must receive
increased attention. Waste treatment needs and the capabilities of existing
waste treatment devices must be studied and more clearly understood. A
program to evaluate biological waste treatment facilities on board vessels
of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers was inititated in FY 1968 at the request
of the Corps and will extend into and possibly through FY 1969. Its
objective is the determination of the degree of treatment provided by
these devices as produced by different manufacturers and recommendations
to the Corps of tests to be used to monitor treatment effectiveness.
..ffaaiji Study.
This study was designed to determine the effects of pesticides and
other contaminants from agricultural land drainage on the Tule Lake and
Lower Klamath Lake National Wildlife Refuges, and to recommend procedures
to control or eliminate damages due to present agricultural practices.
During FY 1968, biological pollution surveys were completed, as was
application of biological data to a computer program for analysis and
evaluation of water quality trends. This will lead to recommendations on
agricultural land management and basin water management changes to improve
water quality and .reduce or avoid pollution damage. Studies needed for
verification of a computer program were conducted in FT 1968 to make the
mathematical simulation of the Lost River system completely verified and
operational.
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TamjiaBay Project
A field project to determine the cause of obnoxious odors along the
western side of Hillsborough Bay—an arm of Tampa Bay—was begun in FY 1967.
Activities during the first year consisted of establishing physical
facilities for the study and initial field work in the Bay area. Field
studies and report preparation are .scheduled for completion by the end of
FY 1968.
Regreation^and water quality
The study of the Rosa E. Barnett Reservoir in Jackson, Mississippi
(Pearl Hirer Project)., afforded us the opportunity to compile water quality
data prior to impoundment, thereby permitting direct comparison between
preimpoundment and after impoundment wat^r quality. Of particular importance
was the quality change-, if any, developing from extensive recreational use.
of the reservoir, including the effect of power boats on water quality,
treatment and/or disposal of sanitary waste and refuse, the effect of
concentrated swimming, and the effect of nutrient sources on the biological
quality of the reservoir*
In FY 1968, a substudy has been made and a final report prepared. This
report reveals a definite decrease in bacteriological quality, attributable
to recreational activities in the marina areas of the reservoir,
The various types of technical assistance activities during calendar
year 196? included both long-term and short-term efforts. Examples of
long-term activities;
(l) The San Joaquin Tile Drainage Constituent Project was initiated
in 1967 to determine the chemical constituents in irrigation tile drainage
and to develop an equation for estimating the nitrogen, phosphorous and
pesticide concentration in such waters. This is part of a larger project
involving the California Department of Water Resources, U. S. Bureau of
Reclamation and Federal Water Pollution Control Administration to determine
methods of treating tile drainage water and whether such waters may be
discharged to San Francisco Bay or must be discharged to the ocean.
(2) The San Diego Project-} initiated in 1966, is to determine the
extent of pollution caused by the discharge of untreated wastes from
vessels and to develop recommendations for any corrective action necessary
to eliminate adverse effects of Vessel wastes. The San Diego Bay is
considered ideal for such a study because of completion in 1963 of treatment
and sewer systems which effectively removed all domestic sewage from the
Bay.
(3) At the request of the Hawaii State Department of Health, a study has
been initiated to determine the magnitude and characteristics of wastes
resulting from sugar mill operations, the characteristics of storm-water
runoff from sugar cane-fields and -cultivated lands, the effect of such wastes
on ocean waters, and recommendation foj* remedial measures to control such
pollution as is disclosed by the study,
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Examples of short-term efforts*
(l) An evaluation was made of water quality of Hew York City teach.es
at the request of the City. Many beaches were found to hare water
unsuitable for swimming due to excessive eollform counts.
(2) A study to determine the causes of the ma.ssive fish kills which
occurred in. the Lower Mississippi River in 1961-1963. The pesticide
endrin was identified as the cause, sources of this material were located,
corrective action taken, and this potential danger to the raw water
supply of Hew Orleans eliminated„
(3) Pesticide analyses were made .for the States of Florida, Alabama
and Georgia; Tampa and Punta Gorda, Florida; the Atomic Energy Commission's
Savannah River Plant near Augusta, Georgia; and for the Governor's Commission
on Lake Apopka, Florida.
(k) A review of the adequacy of treatment of proposed waste discharges
from the proposed nuclear facility near Hartsville, South Carolina, for the
Department of Health, Education, and Welfare.
100
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Pollution
surveillance
SECTION TAB
-------
2. PpXXuti^^Byj^llJgiige^ Fiscal year 1968, $1>899,000| fiscal year
19697" $2, 330# 0^0 7 increaBe~'$l».3l, 000 » The increase consists off
Increase ( + ) or Decrease (-) Total
.Amount " PositigD.£ IJESSSE Exp|lanation
(l) +$1^,000 ... ,.« To meet increased pay costs.
(2) 467,000 . .. ... To support full year employ-
ment of nev personnel
authorized for FT 1968,
(3) -130 •» 000 «.» .,, Due to nonrecurring
equipment costs *
222. +35 $2S330,000 To provide for strengthening
~ capabilities for analytical
000 +35 quality control^ stream quality
rzr: :szz monitoring systems , and
maintaining municipal and
initiating industrial waste
treatment and control
facility inventories.
Heed for Increase
The pollution surveillance program of FWPCA involves the planning,
developing and coordination required in the collection, evaluation* and
dissemination of water pollution control and water quality da£a vital to the
Implementation and enforcement of water quality standards and to meet day-to-'
day requirements for Federal, State and local purposes. The Increase of
$1*60,000 and 35 positions is necessary to provide for expansion or initiation
of several activities as identified below. This program must "be capable
of supporting routine activities ae well as a variety of technical assistance
requests from State and Interstate agencies on the one hand, or enforcement
activities if a, State falls to Implement water quality standards.
Three broad categories of technical information are essential to the
FWPCA program on a polnt-by-point basis. The first category includes
specific information covering the status (in-place or needed) and
effectiveness (efficiency) of waste treatment and control facilities
(municipal^ industrial and Federal), current and desired future water
uses, and pollution caused problems„ The second category, economic data
associated with construction activities, is necessary to convert needed
waste treatment and control facilities statistics Into realistic cost
estimates* as required by law on an annual basis.. The third category,
water quality data^ is the ultimate quantitative check on pollution control
progress on a day-to-day basis, Water quality data are essential to
define compliance with water quality standards and to Identify emerging
pollution trends so that they may be traced to the source as quickly as
possible for corrective action.
101
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Consistent with the above categories, the proposed increase Is for
the following purposes*
(a) .Maintain a municipal and lnltiat_ei att. industrial ...waste treatment
and control f&ciT^tj^injer^r^ - Heretofore, municipal inventories were
conducted periodically. However, because of the Congressional mandate
for annual information on this and other areas, data will have to be
processed and evaluated on a continuous day-to-day basts if it is to be
meaningful. Up to now* no In-depth Inventory has been made of industrial
waste treatment facilities. In order to have an effective national water
pollution control program, this data is essential and necessary and is
proposed to be initiated in FT 19&9* In this connection, it will also
be required to Increase and expand the Storage and Retrieval System
Computer program to cope with new data requirements.
(b) |bcpgn^,_jiidrnjLmBrjOve ..... analytical ^uallfe^cpntro^ program - This
analytical quality control program is being developed because documentation
of water quality standards violations must be of unquestioned validity.
The specialized analytical support program recognizes that many
complex analyses are required to enable States and FWPCA to detect and
Identify pollution situations or emerging problems. Regulatory agencies,
either State or Federal, must be in a position to accurately and completely
evaluate the effectiveness of industrial waste treatment and control
facilities and also monitor the effects of waste discharges upon receiving
waters • It Is imperative that the program work closely with the States
in working out plans for an effective analytical quality control program
acceptable to both.
(c) Incrjaae^ .support^ ..... of_.j8ystem quality monitprinj^ systems -
Additional support services are necessary to provide for monitoring water
quality at selected locations to determine water quality trends and the
status of compliance with water quality standards.
Staffing and funding for these purposes by location are as follows!
Positions Amount
Headquarters. ......... ...... . ....... „ 6 $115,000
Regional offices.. ...... . ........... lU 172,000
Laboratories (including Cincinnati). l£ 173 > OOP
35 WO, 000
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Objective
The objective of water quality surveillance is to provide a system
•whereby technical pollution information and water quality data are
collected, evaluated, and disseminated for use within FWPCA, particularly
as these data relate to the enforcement and implementation of water
quality standards^ the effectiveness of waste treatment and control
facilities, the establishment of water quality trends, and to the
planning and management programs. Concurrently, full coordination with
State regulatory "bodies will assist all parties to fulfill the national
goal for water pollution control.
Hie program provides systems to satisfy continuing technical data
needs and to furnish Information support to all programs In FWPCA.
These support services include computerized storage, retrieval and
evaluation of municipal and Industrial waste facilities statistics,
and water quality data*
Program ofWork
To meet new circumstances and needs associated with water quality
standards and specific problems at individual locations within a
State, basin or on a national basis, the program will pursue the
following work during FY 1969s
1. The establishment of a "benchmark" indicating the status of
15,000 municipal waste treatment and control facilities, including
specific, scheduled construction needs as identified in (a) water quality
standards for interstate waterways, (b) comprehensive immediate needs
reports for intrastate streams, and (c) State program grant applications.
This effort is being based on the updating of the 1962 inventory and
was initiated during FY 1968 with processing and evaluation to be
accomplished during FY 1969 and maintained on a current basis thereafter,
2. Based on procedures developed and initiated during FY 1968,
the basic industrial waste water Inventory will be gaining momentum
during FY 1969. This first effort will seek to establish the status
and effectiveness of waste handling facilities at about 6,000 manufac-
turing plants in the United States.
3. The operation Of critical on-going monitoring stations in
coordination with other Federal and State agencies will be expanded.
Further, an assessment of ultimate water quality monitoring activities
will be completed in coordination with other Federal and State agencies,
BO that orderly growth of necessary basin monitoring activities can
be planned.
k. The analytical quality control program, Including the selection,
adoption, and use of certified agencies' methods and techniques will
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be strengthened within FWPCA* Further, coordination with other agencies
at the local, State and Federal level will be emphasized. Data from
the laboratories of the States and other Federal agencies used In
support of water quality standards must be comparable among themselves
and with FWPCA Information. The personnel at the Cincinnati laboratory
will guide this program and operate the Interlaboratory quality control
program.
5. FWPCA regions will be equipped and staffed to aseure responsive-
ness to changing conditions. Including unanticipated waste loads, and to
forge a coordinated program at the basin level. The Cincinnati activity
will stress specialized analytical support capabilities, particularly
with respect to industrial pollutants, including petroleum materials,
and the many new synthetic organic compounds and radio-chemicals
produced by the chemical industry and used widely throughout the United
States.
6. The STOKET System for the computerized storage, processing
and evaluation of water pollution control Information, water quality
Information and standards will be operated to provide responsive
technical service within FWPCA and assistance to the States.
Agcomplishments
Pollution Control information
The Inventory of municipal waste treatment practices is in process
to define facilities in-place and needed. The forms required to initiate
the first national industrial waste water Inventory await approval by
the Bureau of the Budget. The annual publications"Fish Kills by Pollution,"
"Water and Sewer Bond Sales in the United States," and "Sewage and
Waterworks Construction" were published for calendar year 1966* Also,
"Municipal Water Facilities, Communities of 25,000 Population and Over"
was updated to January 1966 and published. Various other pollution
control information requirements are under active study.
Water Duality information.
Water data, available from,the STOKET System, was used' in the reTiew
of quality goals in proposed State standards and were furnished to State
and Federal agencies and to universities, other institutions, and
industry in response to numerous specific requests,
Responsibility for the development and operation of basin water
quality surveillance networks has been assigned to the regional level
for coordination and Implementation with the States. Water Pollution
Surveillance System stations have been reviewed and a preliminary evaluation
of the location of additional stations has been completed for each of
the 20 major basins.
10k
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Analytical quality control
/
An interim selection of chemical and physical analytical methods,
designed to ensure uniform procedures for collection and analysis of
water quality data, was completed. These will be published initially
In an informal listing titled, "interim Selection of Analytical Quality
Control Methods — Chemical and Physical." Selection of bacteriological
and biological procedures was started, identification of research
needs in analytical methods is in progress. The interlaboratory quality
control program was started on a modest scale and the intralaboratory
program within regional laboratories will begin later this year.
STORET and related
Conversion of STORET water quality data capability from a DHEtf
computer in Cincinnati, Ohio, to the Department of the Interior IBM
360/65 computer has been accomplished. Computer programming has been
initiated to store and retrieve water quality standards and implementation
plans, including water uses, quality goals, waste treatment facilities
data, and schedules. Hydrologic coding procedures are being automated
to facilitate the storage and evaluation of these data. Consultation
and guidance were provided to other Federal agencies, the States, and
several Canadian provinces to assure effective interchange and use of
data necessary to FWPCA and State pollution Control efforts.
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Construction
grants
administration
SECTION TAB
-------
3. Construction grants admlniatrationt Fiscal year 1968, $2,183,000;
fiscal year 19$9, $2,667,000j Increase, $484,000. The increase consists
ofs
Increase (+) or Decrease (-) Total
Amount ' Positiona Program I^lanatiori
(l) +$22,000 ... ... To meet increased pay costs.
(2) +48,,000 ... ... To support full year employment
of new personnel authorized for
FY 1968.
(3) +4lJi,OQO +62 $2,667,000 For support of administration
of grants for waste treatment
+484,000 +6| works construction.
leed for Increase
An increase of $414,000 and 62 positions is requested to enable the
program to more effectively administer the grants for waste treatment
works construction. Authorized funds and staffing have not been
adequate to carry out the expanding and increasing work load caused by
the accelerated grant program resulting from recent Amendments to the
Federal Water Pollution Control Act, Services are being provided within
the confines of limited resources, but additional staff is needed to
perform an adequate Job of safeguarding the Federal interests.
The 1966 Amendments provide for reimbursement for the construction
of any treatment works initiated after June 30, 196"6. All communities
undertaking construction of a waste treatment facility (whether initiated
independently, under court order, enforcement proceeding or to comply
with applicable water quality standards), are permitted to submit
applications for Federal grants in anticipation of reimbursement of the
applicable percentage from future appropriations. Each such reimbursement
project must be approved by the Secretary and be administered in the
same manner as projects for which Federal funds are available to make
preconstruetion grants. Thus, the number of projects to be administered
is no longer directly related to the amount of the grant funds available
in any given year.
Another of the provisions of the Clean Water Restoration Act of
1966 was the removal of grant dollar limitations for all projects on
which construction is started after July 1, 196T. This is stimulating
larger cities to begin construction of needed sewage treatment
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facilities and is resulting In larger, more complex projects. These
projects actually regulre more staff time for processing and administration
because of their scope and complexity.
To enable this activity to fully meet all program requirements,
additional staffing is essential.
Objective
The primary responsibilities of this activity are to administer
and evaluate the effectiveness of the waste treatment works construction
grants program under Section 8 of the Federal Water Pollution Control
Act, as amended.
Program^of Work and Accomplishment
Administration of the program includes reviewing and processing
applications, making grant offers, reviewing plans and specifications,
authorizing bid advertising, reviewing bids and approving award of
contracts, periodically inspecting construction, processing and
approving grant payments, conducting performance audits, and fulfilling
collateral responsibilities relating to programs dealing with prevailing
wage, anti-kickback, contract work hours standards and civil rights
requirements. Effectiveness of the program is measured through the
volume of contract awards, population served, water quality improvement,
reduction in the backlog of unfilled needs for such facilities, and
other factors.
In addition to the administration of grants under the Federal
Water Pollution Control Act, as amended, this program has the added
responsibility of reviewing and certifying all the sewer loans and
grants awarded by the Economic Development Administration and the
Department of Housing and Urban Development*
Work load statistics are as followss
1967 1968 1969
Actual Estimate Estimate^
Applications reviewedA.....«...««., 830 1,270 1,850
Plans and specifications reviewed*. 600 930 1,UOO
Construction starts .*.» 567 890 1,350
Projects under construction,.,...«. 98^ l,o80 1,270
Inspections... ,....- 1,850 3,9^0 5s2Uo .
Plants completed. ,,,..,,... Vfl 700 800
Performance audits 4*...*.,..... 100 250 350
Sewer certifications ..„«...„„ ko1? 750 750
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Training
SECTION TAB
-------
(d) Training _
FY 1968 Increase (+)
Amount FY 1969 Decrease (-)
Available Estimate Over 1
-------
appropriate agencies, institutions, and individuals In the conduct of
specialized training relating to the cause, control, and prevention of
water pollution. The programs are designed to provide adequately trained
and motivated professional and subprofessional manpower for scientific,
administrative, and technical positions in water pollution control. They
must effect a threefold growth in personnel over the next five years.
FWPCA utilizes a wide variety of approaches to training, vhich are as
follows: (l) a professional and technical training grant program, (2)
a research fellowship grant program, (3) a technical and Interagency
training program, and (ty a graduate and specialized training program
for FWPCA personnel.
1« Grantg
(a)
Fiscal year 1968, $3>3^7»000; fiscal year 1969? $3j,535jOOO;
,000.
FY 1968 Imersas© (+}
Amount FY 1969 Decrease .(-)
Available Estimate Over 1968
No.
Amount No.
Amount No.
Amount
Continuations........... 60 $2,1*78,000 72 $2,610,000 +12 +$132,000
New 19 889,000 .25 92^,000 +6 +36,000
Total... 79 3,367,000 97 3,535,000 +18 +168,000
The Increase consists of;
Increase (+) or Decrease_ (-) Total
Amount Positions Program
Explanation
(l) +$132,000
(2) +36,000
+168,000
$2,610,000 To fund continuation of training
grants made In prior years.
925,000 To help support the cost of
25 new training grants proposed
for 1969 as compared with 19
In 1968.
Need for Increase
An additional $132,000 is required to support continuation of grants
made in prior years. After the first year of an award, the Institution
training "budget generally provides for additional student participation,
curriculum expansion, and essential training aids. Therefore, in order to
provide for the planned development of the 72 on-going training projects,
the requested funds are necessary.
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To meet the increasing demand for all the skills and specialties
needed in the water pollution control field, It is necessary to continue
stimulating training in the professional field and at the technical level
through the development of new and improved institutional training programs.
To assist in achieving some of these needs, the $925,000 for new grants,
including the $36*000 Increase, will "be used t® support the following;
(a) Nineteen new grants to academic institutions to establish or
extend the scope of advanced training in water pollution control in their
engineering, "biological, physical and social science departments. This
is expected to provide professional training to about 115 students. The
recent report on Manpower Training Needs indicated that the water
pollution control field will require about 36,000 professionals in FT 1973,
or 24,000 more than now In this field. Therefore, theae grants can only
be considered as a catalyst in view of the overwhelming need,
(b) Six new grants to technical schools, junior colleges and similar
institutions to expand the resources of subprofeselonal manpower such as
engineering aides, scientific technicians and waste treatment operators
required for water pollution control. Because of the magnitude of
training needs in this area, in relation to the modest number proposed for
this purpose, grants will be made In localities where both present and
future training needs are most evident* These six grants are expected to
support training of about 75 students.
Objective
Under Section 5(a)(2) of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act,
ae amended, authorization is given for the award of grants-in-aid to
public and private agencies and Institutions for training projects.,
Professional training
The professional training program is designed to increase the resource
of professional manpower required for scientific, technical and economic
management positions in water pollution control. There Is a critical
need for individuals having such training in government, industry, and
educational institutions. Professional training grants are awarded to
educational institutions to establish or expand advanced training in water
pollution control. Under this program institutions are encouraged to
develop specialized and multidlsclpllnary training of scientists,
engineers, and administrators In water quality management. These grants
provide funds to support expansion and improvement of faculties, equip-
ment, and trainee stipends for students participating in the training
program.
Technical training
The technical training grant program is to increase the resource of
technical manpower required for water pollution control activities.
These grants will develop the capabilities of appropriate institutions to
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provide full-time specialized technical training. Awards normally
"be made to schools In localities where there Is the most evident present
and future need for trained technicians and plant operators.
The Nation's resource of trained manpower must "be Increased to
support rapidly expanding developments In waste water treatment and
water quality. These manpower requirements cover a "broad range of
professional and subprofessional levels. In addition to highly trained
engineers and scientists, there Is an immediate need for supporting staffs
of skilled engineering aides, scientific technicians, and treatment plant
operators »
Technical training grants will complement professional training
grants by extending training support to the level of subprofessional
specialists . Technical training grants will "be awarded to technical
schools, junior colleges, and similar Institutions to establish or expand
full time training of new technical personnel In water pollution control.
These grants will provide funds for teaching staff, equipment, and stipends
to trainees .
Program of Work
In 1969 emphasis will be placed on the establishment of new pro-
fessional training projects at schools in geographical areas which
currently do not have training grant support. The objective will be to
strengthen the academic capabilities of educational Institutions for
specialized training In the field of water pollution control, and to
increase the number of participating institutions,
Technical trainl ng jgra ntg.
Also, In 1969 the program of technical training grants Initiated In
1968 will be further developed. The program will support 6 new projects
and 7 projects expected to be started In 1968. These projects are
designed to increase the Nation's resources of trained manpower needed
to support rapidly expanding developments in waste water treatment and
water quality management.
Accomplishments^
Professional training
In 1967? training grants were awarded to 71 Institutions In 37
States. These professional training grants provided for the support
of ^1 5 graduate students.
During 1967 a total of 217 trainees received advanced degrees at
the MS and Ph.D. levels. Of these, 57 were immediately employed In
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government, 68 In Industry, and 39 in educational Institutions. The
remaining 53 continued their education toward a higher degree.
Examples of new professional training grant awards In.196? Include:
Institution
University of Florida
Environmental Engineering
Research Center
Harvard University
Department of Engineering
and Applied Physics
Marquette University
Department of Civil Engineering
Project Title
Graduate Training in Bloenvtron-
mental Science and Engineering
Graduate Training In Advanced
Sanitary Chemistry
Water Pollution Control Engineering
(h) Research fellowshipst Fiscal year 1968, $633*000; fiscal year 1969*
$600,000; decrea
Continuations « .
New ,
se, $33»000«
K 1968
Amount
Available
No, Amount
25 $155,000
77 1*78,000
FT 1969
Estimate
No . Amount
65 $1*03,000
31 197*000
Increase (+)
Decrease (-)
Over 1
-------
Objective
Under Section 5(a)(^) of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act,
as amended, authorization is given to the Secretary to establish and
maintain research fellowships in the Department with such stipends and
allowances, including traveling and subsistence expenses, as he may
deem necessary to procure the assistance of the most promising research
fellowshipsf Provided, that the Secretary shall report annually to
the appropriations committees of Congress on his operations under this
paragraph.
The mission of this program is to increase the number of scientists
and engineers qualified to conduct independent research in water
pollution control problems.
Besearch fellowships are awarded to individuals for specialized
graduate and postgraduate research training in water pollution control.
Research fellowships support the intensive training of students in
many physical and biological disciplines and in fields of engineering.
These awards provide funds for institutional costs of education,
stipends for fellows, and allowances for supplies.
Program of Work
During FY 1968, the research fellowship program will reflect a
major change. Support will be limited to candidates for the doctoral
degree and FWPCA service fellowships will be established for
outstanding professionals whose talents can significantly contribute
to FWPCA's mission, and who will carry out their research at FWPCA
laboratories for a stated period.
In 1969j the research fellowship program will place emphasis on
program development at institutions not now receiving research fellowship
awards. These institutions will be visited to stimulate participation
in this Administration's research fellowship program by attracting the
efforts of faculties not previously engaged in water pollution control
related activity,
Accomplishments
In 196? fellowships were awarded to 102 individuals for research
training at kf institutions in 31 states and in k foreign countries*
During 1967, graduate degrees were received by 55 individuals
supported by this program. Thirty-two -srere immediately employed In
educational Institutions, 13 in industry, and 10 in government agencies.
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2. Federal operations
(a) Teclinical training t Fiscal year 1968, $518,000; fiscal year 1969,
$911,000j increase, $393,000. The increase consists of»
Increase (+) or Decrease (-) Total
Amount Positions Program Explanation
(l) +$8,000 *«« .** To meet increased pay costs.
(2) +lUl,000 »«. ...To support full year employment
of new personnel authorized for
Ft 1968.
+2W+»000 +17 $911,000 To support additional staffing
in regional offices and
+9.000 +7 laboratories.
Meed for Increase
An additional $2^U,000 and 17 positions are proposed for staffing
the laboratories, regional offices and the National Training Center in
Cincinnati, Ohio. Although specific, locally-oriented courses were
needed in many areas, only a selected group of courses was scheduled
and conducted during FY 1968 due to the limited training staff available
in FY 1968. The size of the present staff is inadequate to conduct even
this limited current schedule without external professional assistance
from other operating programs at the regional laboratories and from the
National Training Center in Cincinnati. The current level of this
support from other programs at the regional facilities will not be
available during FY 1969 and thereafter. Consequently, It will be
necessary for the training program to become more nearly self-sufficient
in personnel resources. Due to the key role of the National Training
Center in Cincinnati, it Is essential that this organization should
continue to provide technical and administrative support in order to
enable the training activities at laboratories to function at their
planned capacity.
The proposed increase will provide three new positions in Cincinnati,
Ohio? five in Metuchen, New Jersey; two each in Ada, Oklahoma; Athens,
Georgia; and Corvallis, Oregon; and one each for Northeast, Great Lakes
and Southwest regional offices. The last three positions, first in the
regions outside the laboratories, will be primarily concerned with the
assessment, coordination and development of Federal-State arrangements
for operator training« >
The report on "Manpower and Training Needs in Water Pollution Control,"
highlights a continuing need for technical training related to water
pollution control at all professional and technical levels.
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Specific attention has been drawn to the need for major increases
in training of waste water plant operators* During FT 1969 and
thereafter, the development and conduct of new and specialized courses
are needed for training personnel who will conduct courses for waste
water treatment plant operators and personnel on a nationwide basis.
In addition to instruction of operator training personnel, increased
consultation and assistance will need to be given to the States in
their own programs of training waste treatment plant operators. Only
by continual upgrading of the efficiency of treatment plant operators,
technicians and technical personnel can the Government provide the
full measure of pollution control promised by the millions of dollars
invested in the physical construction of waste treatment plants.
Objective
Provide for training in technical matters relating to causes,
prevention and control of water pollution to personnel of public
agencies and other persons with suitable qualifications in accordance
with Section 5 (a) of the Act.
In carrying out this objective, the program provides students
and professionals across the Nation with the latest in scientific and
technical information for the study and control of water pollution.
It provides basic instruction and advanced professional training
to Federal, State and local water pollution specialists; industrial
representatives; waste water treatment plant operators; and university
personnel. It not only raises the professional standards of water
specialists but also puts the latest research knowledge into their
hands aljnost as soon as it is available, thus reducing the customary
time-lag between research and application.
Training is conducted in various locations to serve specific
needs. The main training center is located in Cincinnati, Ohio.
Here, training of a national scope is offered to both Federal and
non-Federal agencies and students, including foreign students,
concerned with the problem and treatment of water pollution. Advice
and assistance are provided States, foreign representatives and others
In developing their own training programs. The Center also provides
continuing in-service training for Administration employees and develops
new courses in response to changing technology and personnel needs*
To meet local requirements, training is conducted through regional
laboratories. These facilities extend to the area of service training
and are tailored to the special water problems in each area. In
addition to in-service training and assistance to local, Federal and
non-Federal specialists, the laboratory training staffs also provide
consultation and assistance to the States in the training of waste
treatment plant operator®. This is a specialized and highly important
function, since the optimum utilization of federally financed sewage
treatment plants requires a specially trained crew.
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Program of.Work
In FY 19695 the training staff in all the laboratories currently
in operation is proposed to be increased. As training needs become
identified and properly assessed, a full array of scheduled courses
will be developed and taught at each water pollution control laboratory.
Additional technical and nonprofessional personnel will be needed.
This will require an increase in the amount of technical and administrative
backup and support services coming from the Cincinnati staff.
During FT 19&9> an increased schedule of courses will be conducted
at the Ada, Oklahoma; Athens, Georgia; Corvallis, Oregon; College, Alaska
laboratories, and our field facility at Metuchen, New Jersey. The special
needs of the Alaska area should be known by this time and one or more
prototype, highly specialized courses will be offered during the year.
Based on projections in "Manpower and Training Needs in Water
Pollution Control," an estimated 2^,000 new treatment plant operators
and 32,000 new technicians will be needed by FY. 197^.
At the same time,. traini;ag programs for the 2^,OQQ operators now
on the Job must also be expanded and improved. In response to this
growing requirement, the FWPCA regional laboratory facilities are
developing a stepped-up program to support State efforts.
Training of sewage treatment plant operators has traditionally
been viewed as a State responsibility. Now, however, FWPCA is offering
practical courses in waste water treatment plant operations, methods,
and procedures both to operators and to State personnel engaged in
operator training. This enables FWPCA to develop and test training
techniques and materials which will ultimately be passed on to the
States for large volumes local operator training*
The number and variety of all training courses offered will be
substantially increased. Approaches to course content and to presentation
will be varied experimentally. As new laboratory facilities are built,
training will be made available1 to more people in new locations.
To maintain training programs proportionate to the personnel needs,
FWPCA facilities should be training not less than 5,000 persons per
year by FY 1973. Such a rate contemplates scheduling 250 to 300
technical short-course offerings per year for FWPCA and State agency
professionals and subprofessionals -and for trainers of waste treatment
plant operators.
Capitalizing on the far"flung Federal activities already involved in State
training programs, FWPCA is launching an interagency training scheme. In this
direct outgrowth of the Manpower and Training study, I'tfPCA is enlisting the
cooperation of the Office of Education in the U. S, Department of Health,
Education, and Welfare, and the U. S. Department of Labor. The goal is a
117
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national program for bulk training of new and incumbent personnel,
particularly at the waste treatment plant level.
Some aspects of FWPCA's training activities are already providing
inputs of new and tested course curricula, teaching techniques and
illustrative materials* DHEW and Labor have on-going activities in their
Vocational Education and Manpower and Development programs, institutional
connections within the States, well established field organizations, and
substantial funding for mass training to meet labor shortages. Little,
if any, of their present effort is directed to water pollution control.
The skilled manpower need is recognized, FWPCA's several catalytic
efforts are designed to stimulate the States to emulate these activities.
FWPCA's joining with two Federal agencies, long experienced in
manpower training, should give tremendous impetus to the training of
skilled manpower, a critical element in the waste treatment effort.
This Federal Intel-agency leadership will encourage the States and
local entities to expedite both upgrading of present personnel and
training of new recruits at the local level* Nationwide, this activity
can direct attention and effort to a crucial aspect of successful waste
treatment --the mandatory certification of sewage treatment plant
operators < States requiring such certification have been most successful
in improving employment conditions for sewage plant operators. Providing
technician status and career opportunity is an effective method of
moving out of the situation too often existing, where untrained, ill-paid
personnel operate plants at low efficiency,
In FT 1968, the training program continued its activities by
providing new and more specialized training courses and services at
Cincinnati and by developing a new training activity at Metuchen, New
Jersey, The Cincinnati facility offered a curriculum of 19 courses
comprising 29 weeks in all technical areas of water pollution control;
namely, chemistry, biology, microbiology, and engineering. During the
year, training courses with 31 weeks of training were offered in
regional training facilities.
During FY 1968, persons receiving training will total 909 and
enrollment in four seminars will increase this to 1,683- Approximately
Ho persons, representing a number of foreign countries, were Involved in
the training effort. Specialized training is provided, as requested, to
meet their requirements. Included in the number of persons to receive
training are 256 members of our own professional staff in the Federal
Water Pollution Control Administration*
In FY 1969, training will continue at the regional training
facilities. New courses will continue to be developed in response
to the changing and expanding knowledge provided through research.
With the passage of the Water Quality Act of 1965 and the requirement
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for establishment of stream standards, the training program also must
provide specialized courses in the area of automatic field instrument at ion
for water quality monitoring, -^
An expanded program will provide training to approximately 700
persons at the National Training Center. Also, at our current rate, we
expect to provide training to about kO to 50 foreign personnel which may
represent as many as ten foreign countries. At the field laboratory
facilities, training will be provided to over 7&0 persons,
The following reflects the number of persons estimated to receive
training by locations
1968 1969
Cincinnati, Ohio
Ada, Oklahoma 178
Athens, Georgia 120
Metuchen, New Jersey 72
Corvallis, Oregon 100
College, Alaska 2k
909
In addition to the foregoing, two one-day seminars were conducted at
both Ada and Metuchen, involving 290 and kSk participants, respectively,
(b) graduate and special training: Fiscal year 1968, $251,000; fiscal
year 1969, $25^,o'ooY increase',' $3,000. The increase consists of J
i
fel PZr Decrease, ^1 Total
oajiipns RrQgram Explanation
+$3,000 ... ... To meet pay increased costs.
, Objective
To provide developmental opportunity in highly specialized areas
for selected technical and scientific personnel with high potential to
assist in meeting critical program staffing requirements that cannot be
met through normal recruitment resources.
Selected employees are assigned to universities each year for :'
specialized resident study at the graduate level. These assignments
extend the professional competence of key personnel into other critical
requirement categories. Prior to completion of the graduate training,
these employees are considered for duty assignments wherein the training
they have received may be fully utilized. Through this effort we will
begin to develop our own competencies in the critical manpower shortage
categories.
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Program of Work
Graduate level training in 1969 will be considered and approved
on the basis of meeting critical manpower needs of the Administration«
Nominations for the long-term graduate training program will be solicited
for employees ready for substantial career development and advancement
whose planned graduate program is related to the needs of the
Administration in staffing to meet the changes in program concept or
emphasis, organization or functions. It will be designed to provide
employees with demonstrated potential, an opportunity to extend their
professional background as engineers and scientists into other areas
of critical need such as operations research and systems analysis,
urban, regional, resources planning, public administration, economics,
and political science.
It is evident that there will be a continuing need to provide
such training opportunities for carefully selected personnel to
continue to develop and upgrade the competence of FWPCA'a staff.
The Administration is, therefore, faced with the necessity to develop
its own competence in these areas by providing maximum training
opportunities for selected staff.
Accomplishment^
In 1966, a total of 2^ candidates submitted requests for long-
term graduate training to be conducted In 1967 and 15 applied in 1968.
A training committee, composed of key program officials of the
Administration, reviewed these requests against selected categories
of training needs and recommended approval of 1? candidates for 1967
and 12 in 1968.
Immediately prior to completion of their training, the training
committee reviewed the graduate programs undertaken by each employee
and recommended placements based on their extended academic experience.
Each employee was personally Interviewed by key officials in whose
program area the employee's training and background were most suitable.
On the basis of this personal interview and review and evaluation of
background and completed training, the employees were selected for
assignments in the appropriate program area.
Some examples of the program of study which were approved in 1967
and 1968 that will greatly assist the Administration in meeting critical
needs are as follows ?
(a) Study of the application of mathematical techniques to water
quality models, hydrology, mathematical analysis of data, and advanced
waste treatment methods.
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(b) Advanced sanitary engineering program which Includes water
resources engineering, applied chemistry of water and waste water,
water purification and treatment, industrial waste treatment, industrial
bacteriology and microbiology.
(c) Studies in systems analysis, statistics, water resource
economics and regional science combined with seminars and opportunities
for independent research. This study will greatly assist in the design
and analysis of complex, large-scale environmental systems* •
(d) Studies in advanced chemistry, with emphasis on organic
chemistry, will aid in the study of organic contaminants which is
becoming an .increasingly important area in water pollution study.
(e) Advanced training in computer technology and systems analysis
for engineering and other professional or scientific personnel.
Recruitment efforts have failed to produce qualified candidates to fill
positions in the field of systems design, development and analysis.
There Is no indication that the condition of the labor market will
improve during the next several years. In view of the Administration's
responsibility for the far reaching program of designing, developing,
improving, testing and installing systems and techniques for the
storage, retrieval, and processing of water quality, inventory, and
other related data collected on streams, open bodies of water, etc.,
it is essential that steps be taken to produce the skills and knowledge
needed.
(f) Advanced training in economics for sanitary engineers. The
combination of economic and engineering skills is difficult to obtain.
In spite of extensive efforts to recruit candidates with these skills
in the current labor market, applicants have not been available to meet
the critical needs of the organization,
(g) Advanced training of scientific or professional personnel in
planning, economics, and public administration,
To effectively carry out the many complex and changing programs
of the Administration, it is essential that skilled personnel who are
capable of developing institutional arrangements for implementing
pollution control programs be available. This requires a sufficiently
broad background in planning, economics and public administration. By
providing scientific or professional personnel with advance training
in the management field, the combination will contribute significantly
to accomplishment of future program objectives.
121
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ai
(c) .Training^ grantST ..admini strati on i Fiscal year 1968, $119,000; fiscal
year 1969, $119,000; no change,
ObJ ectlyeand Program, of .Work
Generally, the objective is to effectively and efficiently administer.
the training grant programs, i.e., fellowships and training grants. In
this connection it performs the following: .
Assists applicants in the,development of grant proposals;
Receives and reviews completed grant applicationsj
Recommends approved applications for award;
Authorizes payment of funds;
Develops and applies policies and regulations;
Evaluates progress and terminal reports;
(g) Provides statistical and scientific reports on grant programs;
(h) Develops information on the status of training for program
planning; and
(i) Maintains liaison with the scientific community to coordinate
training grant programs.
In addition, program administration will continue to expand in
the following areas: stimulate project development in the areas of
primary importance to the Administration and accelerate visiting of active
projects to develop information on training accomplishments not available
through progress or terminal reports.
Accomplishmenta
In IT 1968 the program will have provided grants administration
services for l8l grants involving §k million as compared to 173 grants
and $3-5 million in FY 1967.
In FT 1969 a total of 193 training and research fellowship grants
involving $^.1 million will be serviced.
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Enforcement
SECTION TAB
-------
Enforcement
FIT 1967 FT 1968 Increase (+) or Decrease (-)
Amount Amount FY 1969 1969 compared .with 1968
Available Available Estimate Total Pay CostS/"^' Program
Enforcement.... $2,999,575 $3,393,000 $3,^98,000 -14105,000 +$23,000 +$82,000
Unobligated balance lapsing.,.., 688, t
Total...... *"••-_• 3,^88,000 3,393^000 Si^gS.OQO +105,000 +23,000 j 482*000
a/ To provide for increased pay cost for fiscal year 1968 positions*
U)
-------
Enforcement ; Fiscal year 1968, $3,393,000; fiscal year 1969, $3,1498,000;
increase," $105 , 000 . The increase consists oft
Increase (+) or Decrease (~ ) Total
"" ........ ' ' ' ' "''' Ifrogram Explanation
(l) +$23,000 ... ... To meet increased pay costs.
(2) +82 , OOP ... ... To support full year employment
of new personnel authorized
-+105,000 in F! 1968.
Objective
The Federal enforcement authority, in accordance with Section 10 of
the Federal Water Pollution Control Act (33 U.S.C. h66 et seq. ), as-
amended, provides that measures be taken to restore the maximum number
of water -uses through the abatement and control of pollution of interstate
or navigable waters which endangers the health or welfare of any persons;
to support and cooperate with State and interstate agencies in the exercise
of their enforcement' authority to abate and control water pollution; to
prevent and control pollution from Federal installations; to enforce the
abatement of violations of water quality standards established for
interstate waters; and encourage cooperative activities by the States
relating to prevention and control of water pollution, including enactment
of improved State laws and compacts between States.
The Water Quality Act of 1965 extended enforcement jurisdiction to
the abatement of discharges of wastes in violation of established water
quality standards for interstate waters . Enforcement authority and
procedures to abate pollution of interstate or navigable waters which
endangers the health or welfare of any persons are invoked at State
request and, under certain circumstances, on Federal responsibility
and initiative without State request. Enforcement authority is accomplished
in a three-stage procedure* conference, public hearing, and court action,
Each successive stage is resorted to only if the previous one has not
been effective. Encouragement ,is provided the States for obtaining
compliance under their own authorities during the interim periods between
successive stages.
The initial enforcement procedure — the informal conference between
State and Federal authorities to explore the nature of the pollution
situation, the delays encountered, and to agree, if possible, on required
remedial measures and the schedule for their installation — has been notably
-------
satisfactory. It should "be noted that, out of a total of ^3
Initiated actions held to date (see pages and ), it has been
necessary to advance to the public hearing stage in only four instances,
and to only a single ultimate court action involving the City of St.
Joeseph, Missouri. Tlie 1}3 actions to date have beea taken in many separate
geographic areas. Forty-cine States and the District of Columbia are
parties to these actions. The actions involve approximately 1,27^
municipalities, 1,297 industries, and will affect some 10,9^2 miles of
rivers, as well as large areas of lakes and bays. Remedial facilities
built, under construction,, or scheduled, as a result of agreements reached
to date (lake Michigan not .included) under these actions, will total.
about $10*5 billion.
The Water Quality Act of 1965 provided that the States establish
•water quality standards for their interstate waters or they would be
otherwise federally promulgated. Violat ion's are abatable through direct
court action , except that a stipulated 180 days are afforded for obtaining
voluntary compliance before actual initiation of the court. action. Again,
every encouragement to the State authorities to obtain compliance under
their own measures is provided,,
In addition to the enforcement authority under the Federal Water Pollution
Control Act, as amended, Section 211 of the Clean Water Restoration Act of
196b transferred the administration of the Oil Pollution Control Act, 192*f,
from the Secretary of the Army to the Secretary of the Interior. This
extended Jurisdiction to include not only portions of the- sea within the
territorial Jurisdiction of the United States and all inland waters
navigable in fact in which the tide ebbs and flows, but to encompass .all
inland navigable waters* An additional requirement provides that persons
discharging or permitting discharge of oil must remove it or pay costs for
its removal. Violators are subject to fine or imprisonment or both.
In administering this Acts the Secretary may, with the consent of
the Commandant of the Coast Suard and the Secretary of the Army, make use
of their personnel, equipment, organization, and agencies .and of Army
Corps of Engineers, Customs, and Coast Guard personnel in its enforcement,
as well as persons under his Jurisdiction?
of Work
The national commitment to abate, prevent, and control water pollution
and restore the cleanliness of our waters is expressed in its final sense
through the enforcement activity. In line with administration and Congressional
mandates, the enforcement authorities provided in the Federal Water Pollution
Control Act., as amended, and the Oil -Pollution Control Act* 192^, will be
applied, when applicable, tos
(l) abate long-standing pollution situations - of a serious nature
which endangers the health or welfare of any persons;
125
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(2) ensure compliance with established water quality standards
for Interstate watersj and
(3) control and prevent the dumping or spillage of oil from
"boats or vessels.
It is anticipated that enforcement action will be initiated to abate
pollution of interstate or navigable waters invoked at State requests or
on the basis of reports, studies, or surveys indicating the need for Federal
action. Voluntary compliance to institute remedial measures will be sought,
where possible, where violations of water quality standards and the Oil
Pollution Control Act, 1^2k} occur—and through court action wherever
required. This will be initial experience in these areas of enforcement.
Accomplishments
In FY 1967, four new enforcement actions were instituted to abate
pollution of interstate or navigable waters and additional conference
sessions and meetings of conferees were conducted in continuance of
previously initiated enforcement actions.
Iitial Conferences
The conference was held on July 1^-15 } 1966, in Atlanta, Georgia,
involving 23 municipalities, nine industries and two Federal
installations. The conferees agreed on a schedule of remedial action
which calls .for necessary remedial facilities to be in operation by
July, 1971.
Lake Tahoe
The conference was held on July 18-20, 1966, at Stateline, Nevada.
The cpnferees agreed that at the present time Lake Taiioe is not polluted
or contaminated, but there are recognizable long and short-term threats
of pollution to both Lake Tahoe, and the lands and waters of the entire
Lake Tahoe Basin, The conferees agreed on a program to preserve and
protect the Lake Tahoe Basin.
Moriches Bay and Eastern Section of Great South Bay
gey, ... ' ~~~ ' ~~"
The conference was held September 20-21, 1966, at Patchogue, Hew York.
It was called under the shellfish provisions of the Federal Water Pollution
Control Act, as amended, A coordinating committee was established at the
recommendation of the conferees to develop a program of remedial action.
126
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In addition, the Conferees endorsed the lew York State orders to abate
pollution in the conference area, and these orders have been made Federal
as well ad State requirements. The conference was reconvened on June
21, 1967, to evaluate the committee's recommendation. Time schedules
for pollution abatement were established,
Penpbfl e ot ' River arid . Upjpej^ Penpb s cot 'Bay ........ {Maine )
The conference was held on April 20, 1967, at Belfast, Maine. This
conference was called under the shellfish provisions of the Federal Water
Pollution Control Act, as amefided. The conferees agreed on water quality
requirements for, the conference area .
Additional Sessions^ on Actions Taken Prior to FY 1967
South P^tte JRiYer (Colorado)
The first session of the conference was held October 29, 1963, at
Denver, Colorado," A study project was . established to investigate sources
of pollution. A second session of the- conference- was held April 27-28.,
1966, where the report of the South Platte River Enforcement Project was
presented to the conferees. To allow the newly established Colorado Water
Pollution Control Commission sufficient time to evaluate the Federal report
and develop a program for implementation of remedial measures and a time
schedule, the conferees agreed that the conference would be reconvened at
a later date. The second session was reconvened on November 10, 1966. The
conferees agreed to a remedial program and recommended a time schedule
which calls for adequate remedial waste control facilities to be in
operation: by June 30, 1971.
..... r(MLnnesota ^Wisconsin)
The first session of the conference was held February 7~8, 196^, at
St. Paul, Minnesota. More than 30 municipalities, 36 industries and
seven Federal Installations are involved. Subsequent to the conference,
an intensive survey of the Upper Mississippi Elver was conducted. The
conference was reconvened on February 28, 1967, to consider the report
of the study findings. The conferees met again on March 20, 1967, to
establish recommendations and a time schedule for remedial action.
Lake Erie ^^ (Michigan- Indiana -Qhio-Pennsylvania-irew York)
The conference was held August 3~5> 19&5 > a* Cleveland, Ohio, and
August 10-11, 1965, at Buffalo, Hew York. Recommendations for remedial
action were unanimously adopted by the conferees. A technical committee
was established to evaluate water quality problems in Lake Erie relating
to nutrients, A third meeting of the conferees was. held June 22, 1966.
At this time, the State of Michigan presented a detailed remedial schedule,
127
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and this schedule was approved as satisfactory. The third conference
session was held on March 22, 196? > at Buffalo, New York, to consider
time schedules for completion of municipal and industrial waste treatment
facilities. All States submitted detailed time schedules and they were
unanimously adopted by the conferees.
Bay He •Jersey-gey York)
The first session of the conference was held on August 22, 1961, at
New York City and the second session was held May 9, 1963, at Hew York
City, Fifty-eight communities, ^6 industries } six institutions, and
three military installations are involved. A study of pollution sources
and their effects was initiated after the first session at the recommendation
of the conferees. At the second session, the conferees reviewed preliminary
study findings and recommended that the study be continued and completed.
Upon completion of this study, the third conference session was held on
June 1^-15, 1967$ an<* a Program of remedial action and time schedules were
adopted.
In addition, the conferees to the conferences on the Missouri River,
Omaha area, and the Calumet Rivers-Lake Michigan, held meetings in FY 196? •
The meeting of the conferees for the Missouri River, Omaha area, was held
March 8, 1967, and the progress evaluation meeting for the Calumet Rivers-
Lake Michigan was held March 15, 1967.
New FY 1968 Conferences
Eastern Hew Jersey Sbore-~frpm. Shark River to Cape May (New Jersey)
The conference was held November 1, 1967. The conferees agreed that
the estuaries and tributaries of eastern New Jersey, from Shark River on
the north to Cape May on the south, receive the discharge of wastes from
municipal waste treatment plants, individual septic tanks and cesspools,
boats and land drainage. As a result, these waters are polluted by
bacteria, suspended solids and nutrients. Because of the existing or
potential pollution of these waters, the State of New Jersey, under the
cooperative arrangements governing the National Shellfish Sanitation Program,
has closed more than 36,000 acres of water to the direct harvesting of
shellfish, leaving 127,000 acres avialable for shellfish harvesting. These
closures have caused substantial economic injury resulting from the
inability to market shellfish or shellfish products in interstate commerce.
The estimated economic loss to the region is at least $1,5 million annually. .
The conferees agreed upon a program of remedial action.
Lake JMicjiiftan and its Tributary Basiry /Wisconsin-Illinois-Indiana-
'Miehlgan}
The conference was called by the Secretary of the Interior at the
request of the Honorable Otto Kerner, Governor of Illinois, and on the
128
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"basis of reports, surveys, or studies. The conference was opened on
January 31» 1968. The problems affecting Lake Michigan include
eutrophication, bacterial pollution, chemical pollution, oxygen depletion} .
electric 'power plants, wastes from watercraft, oil pollution, disposal of .
dredged material, alewives, and pesticides.
Since Ju»e 30, 1967, four previously initiated conferences were
reconvened. These conferences concerned (l) the Colorado River (sixth
session held July 26, 1967)1 (.2) Puget Sound(second session held
September 6~7> 1967)} (3) the Hudson River (second session held September
20-21, 1967); and (k) the Connecticut River (second session held September
27, 1967)* Progress evaluation meetings were held concerning (l) the
Calumet Rivers-Lake Michigan (September 11, 1967)5 and (2) the Red River
of the Horth. (December 6, 1967).
In some of the areas where enforcement actions are insituted, a
wide range of complex technical issues must be resolved before a schedule
of abatement and control measures can be developed. Extensive on~site
studies are conducted to develop the information necessary to establish
a sound basis for water quality control programs in such cases., or an
active post surveillance activity to assure that the measures for abating
pollution are installed and are eliminating the pollution problem. The
number of these situations cannot be predicted.
Through 1967., major on-site Investigations or surveillance activities,
as a result of enforcement actions, are under way in 11 areas. (See table
on page 131.)
129
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.Enforcement
(dollars in thousandis) , ; .'.; •
Investigatory Projects Resulting from Enforcement Actions
1968 1969 Increase (+)
.Estimate .. Estimate Decrease (*••)
Colorado River ---- ............ $536 $5te +$6
Washington State ...... , . ..... , 10 * . . . .. -10
South Platte...... ......... ,... 128 : ... -128
Twin Cities/Upper Mississippi. 9 .... -9
Merrimack-Nashxia .......... ..... "203 -208 +5
Monongahela. . . . ......... ....... 1^3 1^8 +5
Lake Erie.. .. ......... , ...... .. 121 126 +5
Raritan Bay....... ...... -------- 108 113 +5
Detroit River . , ........... •. . , . '88 93 • +5
Mahoning River. .... ....... ...» 32 ... -32
Calumet . . , _________ * ....... , . . „ 111 Il6 +5
lew Studies ................... 253 MtO +187
Total ..... ----- ---- l,7te 1,786
130
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Federal Water Pollution Enforcement Actions
a. i »uniBit of THi OTISBS . man ma mum CBIM mramnw
-------
FEDERAL WA3UR POLLUTION EHFOECEMEJHT ACTIONS
1. Corney Creek Drainage System
(Arkansas-Louisiana)
2* Big Blue River
(Nebraska-Kansas)
3. Missouri River-St. Joseph, Missouri Area
(Missouri-Kansas)
k. Missouri River-Omaha, Nebraska Area
(Uebraska-Kansas-Missouri-Iowa)
5. Potomac River-Washington Metropolitan Area
(District of Columbia-Maryland-Virginia)
6» Missouri River-Kansas City Metropolitan Area"
(Kansas-Missouri)
7. Mississippi River-St. Louis Metropolitan Area
(Missouri-Illinois)
8. Animas River
(Colorado-Hew Mexico)
9. Missouri River-Sioux City Area
(South Dakota-Iowa-HebraBka)
10. Lower Columbia River
(Washington-Oregon)
11. Bear River
(Idaho-Wyoming-Utah)
12. Colorado River and all tributaries
(Colorado-Utah-Arizona-Nevada-California-
New Mexico-Wyoming)
13. North Fork of the Holston River
(Tennessee-Virginia)
Ik. Raritan Bay
(New Jersey-New York)
15. North Platte River
(Nebraska-Wyoming)
16. Puget Sound
(Washington)
17. Mississippi River-Clinton, Iowa Area
(Illinois-Iowa)
18. Detroit River
(Michigan)
-------
Federal Water Pollution Enforcement Actions (continued)
19. Androscoggin River
(New Hampshire-Maine)
20» Eecambia River
(Alabama-Florida)
21* Coosa River
(Georgia-Alabama)
22. Pearl River
(Mississippi-Louisiana)
23. South Platte River
(Colorado)
2k, Menominee River
(Michigan-Wisconsin)
25. Lower Connecticut River
(Massachusetts-Connecticut)
26. Monongahela River
(West Virginia-Penrisylvania-Maryland)
27» Snake River-Lewiston, Idaho-Clarkston,
Washington Area
(Idaho-Washington)
28. Upper Mississippi River
(Minnesota-Wisconsin)
29. Merrimack and 'Mashue? Hirers
(New Hampshire-Massachusetts)
30, Lower Mississippi River
(Arkansas-Tenneasee-Mississippi-LouiBiana)
31» Blackstone and Ten Mile Rivera
(Massachusetts-Rhode Island)
329 Lower Savannah River
(South Carolina-Georgia)
33• Mahoning River
(Ohio-Pennsylvania)
3V, Grand Calumet River, Little Calumet River, Calumet River,
Wolf Lake, Lake Michigan, and their tributaries
(Illinois-Indiana)
35. Lake Erie
(Michigan-Indiana-Ohio-Pennaylvania-New York)
133
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Federal Water Pollution Enforcement Actions (continued)
36. Red River of the North
(Minnesota-North Dakota)
37. Hudson River
(New York- New Jersey)
38. Chattahoochee River
(Georgia-Alabama)
39 • Lak® Tahoe
( California-Nevada )
lj-0. Moriches Bay and Eastern Section of Great South Bay
and their tributaries
(Long Island, New York)
J^l. Penobscot River and Upper Penobscot Bay
and their tributaries
(Maine)
lj-2. Eastern New Jersey Shore— from Shark River to
Cape May
(New Jersey)
l<-3. Lake Michigan and its tributary basin
( Wisconsin- Illinols-Indiana-Michigan)
-------
Administration
SECTION TAB
-------
Admlnistrat ion
a. Executive direction and
management support,.„,
"b. Public information.
c. Commissioned officer
retirement fund**.,
Unobligated balance lapsing*
Total*......*.....«.
FY 196?
Amount
Available
FT 1968
Amount
Available
350,000
FT 1969
Estimate
$3,022,5614- $3,930,000 $l4-,l*25,000
378,786 1*17,000 521,000
300,000
Increase (+) or Decrease (-)
1969 compared/with 1968
Total Pay Costs/;Program
+$1*95,000 +$1*1,000 +$1*5!*, 000
+104,000 +lf,OOQ +100,000
-50,000 ,», -50^000,
3,1*31,000 ^,697,000 5,2^6,000 +51*9,000 -^5,000
a/ To provide for increased pay cost for fiscal year 1968 positions.
H
w
\JI
-------
Executive direction
& Management
support
SECTION TAB
-------
Mministration
a. Executiye direction and;management_ support
FT 1968 Increase (-*-)
.Amount FT 1969 Decrease (-)
A^iLable Estimate Oyer Jj?68
1. Headquarters....... $2,660,000 $2,837,000 +$177,000
2. Regional offices... 1,270,000 1,588,000 +318,000
Total 3,930,000 1*,1*25,000 +1*95,000
General
Overall leadership, direction and administrative management support
activities are essential and necessary functions of any organization.
These kinds of activities "become doubly important for an organization
such as FWPCA which has not only "been expanding or Increasing Its
financial, manpower and facility resources "but has also been upgraded
to an Administration and transferred to the Department of the Interior.
In order to facilitate and achieve program objectives and plans in
its 20 months in. the Department, it has established or Is in the process
of establishing or strengthening its managerial and support activities.
A strong basic cadre came from FWPCA's predecessor agency in Publie
Health Service. Many of the experienced personnel were members of the
PHB Commissioned Officers Corps and understandably cfeose to retain this
status. Administrative capabilities had been augmented to the extent
that program responsibilities and work load factors were determlnable»
As of January 1, 1968* all managerial and administrative support activities
are now handled by FWPCA or other agencies of the Department of the
Interior. Organization structure has been defined, with regions
established (see map on page lU2) and headquarters-field relationship
delineated adequately for the present. Procedures for program planning,
direction and control have been formulated.
This Is not to suggest that the FWPCA transition is complete and that
the new organization is in perfect working order* Some problems remain
but the difficult initial adjustment period is now past. The need for
new arrangements and procedures to fill gaps and promote efficiency
and economy will receive constant attention.
136
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1. Headquarters; Fiscal year 1968, $2,660,000j fiscal year 1969,
$2,837,0001 Increase, $177,000. The increase consists of:
Increase^ if+ ororeaie (~ Total
' """" "''
(l) *$29>000 «.. ... To meet increased pay costs.
(2) +102,000 *.. ... To support full year employ-
ment of new personnel
authorized for PI 1968.
(3) j^jpOJL- +8 $2,126,000 Strengthen procurement
and fiscal services to meet
+177,000, _+§ increased work load in the
; T"'-"J • • ~ ..... ' """""*" administrative management
area.
Need for Increas_e
Procurement
The procurement work load has been steadily Increasing each year.
Program expansion proposed for FY 1969 will continue to increase the
work load not only involving regular purchases but, most significantly,
contract procurement. Again, as in other management support areas, it
is "becoming increasingly obvious that staffing for FY 1968 is not adequate
to meet the increased work load now emerging. To illustrate the
magnitude of some of the problems, in FI 1967 175 contracts were awarded
either through negotiation or advertising. With increased contract
funding in FY 1968 and FY 1969, the number will be greater in each
succeeding year* In research and development contracts alone, it is
estimated that there will be in excess of 250 contracts during these
years. Contracts involving the research and development program require
time consuming negotiation. Other contracts are awarded through
advertising. In addition to the work involved in processing and making
the contract awards, the procurement staff must be involved in the day-
to-day work in contract administration. This involves change orders,
supplements, review and approval of payment requests and review of the
contractor's performance in accordance with the terms of the contract.
Since many of these contracts run for more than one year, this work
load continues, notwithstanding the work Involved In letting new contracts
each year* It should be noted that the procurement activity at head-
quarters is concerned with all FWPCA contracts on a national "basis, either
negotiated or advertised, that are In excess of $2,500,, as well as all
other purchases.
In order that this activity can effectively meet this increased
work load, four additional positions are necessary.
137
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Fisea^ljtonagement
The proposed funding and employment for FWPCA will obviously have an
Impact on the fiscal management activities. On July 1, 1967* *ne
responsibility for fiscal services was taken over by FWPCA. Heretofore,
DHEff provided these services on a decentralized "basis through their
regional offices and select PHS installations| FWPCA has now centralized
these functions in Washington. Therefore, every financial transaction
occurring nationally in FWPCA is processed and recorded at the Washington
level. It is obvious that any increase In funding and employment will
increase the work load of fiscal management. These program increases
will not only increase the number of documents to "be processed and recorded
for accounting purposes but, more significantly, will increase the
number of payment vouchers processed, examined and certified for payment
by Treasury. Because this function is new to FWPCA, data is not available
at this time to make an intelligent projection of the work load, not only
for FY 1969 but also for FY 19^8. However, because of the minimal staffing
available at the present time, to enable this activity to meet the obvious
increase in work load in FY 19^9* four additional voucher examiners must
be provided to process payment vouchers, particularly for contractors and
other vendors on a systematic and timely basis.
Objective
Provide overall leadership and direction and administrative management
support to facilitate attainment of Federal Water Pollution Control
Administration program missions. The functions supported at headquarters
under this activity include the following:
Office of the Commissioner
Office of Program Plans and Development
Office of Legislative Liaison
Water Pollution Control Advisory Board
Office of Administration
(a
(*
(c
(d
(e
Personnel Management
Financial Management
General Services
Facilities Management
Management Systems
Program of Work
Continue providing overall leadership and direction, establish policies
plans, regulations and directives as 'needed. Continue expanding and
strengthening the quantification of agency output objectives to make
possible more incisive and far-reaching program analysis and reviews.
Provide guidance, coordination and direction, and, "where applicable, services
to headquarters and field program activities. Although fiscal operations
are being carried out by FWPCA, an effective integrated accounting and
Information system is not yet provided for—this is an objective of FWPCA
for FY 1969.
138
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Accomplishments
In fiscal years 196? and 1968 a considerable amount of effort was
devoted "by top level management to the development and review of water
quality standards. Increased emphasis will continue to be placed on the
establishment and development of a program review and reporting system.
In administrative management support, emphasis vaa given to the establish-
ment and maintenance of regional administrative support operations.
Major effort was devoted to the goal of becoming self-reliant in the
administrative support area. As of January 5> 19^7i the fiscal management
operations which had been provided by DHEW were transferred and became
the full responsibility of FWPCA. Other activities such as general
services and facilities management are coming into their own and, there-
fore, becoming more effective and efficient in providing support to programs.
Policies and procedures in many of these areas have been developed or
revised to conform with those -of the Department of the Interior.
2» Regional of f lee s i Fiscal year 1968, $1,270, OOOj fiscal year 1969,
$1, 588,000 j increase, $318 > 000. The increase consists oft
Increase (+) or Pe crease (- ) Total
Amount Positions Program
(l) +$12,000 ... ... To meet increased pay costs.
(2) +127*000 »». ».. To support full year employment
of nef? personnel authorized
for FY 1968
(3) +145^000 +18 $145,000 To meet contract compliance
and equal opportunity
responsibilities .
........ +feOSS, -j£ IjW&OpO To provide additional clerical
support*
+318,000 +24
Need,for_ Increase
Equal employment opportunity and contract oog^lianee
The Increase Is necessary in order to carry out the responsibilities
delegated by the Department for meeting the requirements of Title VI of
the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (non-discrimination in the provision of
services or benefits) and Executive Order 11246 (equal employment opportunity
in Federal employment! In employment by Federal contractors! and in
employment on construction projects receiving Federal financial assistance).
139
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The most significant work involved in carrying out the delegation
"be with respect to Part III of the Executive Order (equal employment
on construction projects receiving Federal financial assistance). In
thiB connection, the Department of Labor and Department of the Interior
both require specific site and project reviews: (l) construction contracts
of $1 million or more are subject to preaward conferences with the
applicants and the prospective contractors! and (2) all construction
contracts of $100,000 or more are subject to postsward reviews,
Further, the Department of Labor, in an effort to provide for
appropriate minority employment In the higher paying construction Jobs,
has designated particular cities for unified and Intensive preaward
Federal surveillance even where the construction contract is less than
$1 million, JExamples are: St. Louis, Cleveland, San Francisco, and
Philadelphia,
The number of projects affected by the construction contract review
could reach 1,1*60 in fiscal year 1969* These preaward conferences and
reviews could not be held without additional resources. Since most of
the work will be performed In the field, an Increase of 18 positions
aad $145,000 is proposed for the location of one professional with a
secretary In each of the nine regional offices. These regional assis-
tants will be required to make the necessary preaward and postaward
reviews In addition to carrying out other duties required by the statute
and Executive Order.
The work load of the administrative support activities in the
regional offices continues to expand. In establishing the management
support activities in 1967 and 1968 which include personnel management,
financial management (excluding fiscal) and general services, staffing
was constrained to meet minimal requirements. The extent of services to
support the field programs under their Jurisdiction was underestimated
for FY 1968. It should be noted that; by the end of FY 1968, the regional
offices will be servicing, in varying degrees, personnel in 59 different
locations* This dispersal of personnel and activities creates servicing
problems* Every effort will be made to meet program support require-
ments with existing resources.
With proposed program expansion in FY 19^9 and current deficiencies,
the additional six positions and $3^,000 are necessary if the programs
are tc be effectively served.
Objective
Regional directors represent the Commissioner' and their objective,
therefore, Is to provide leadership, supervision, coordination and
administrative management support for all program activities under
their Jurisdiction.
-------
program of Work and Accomplishment
Carry out and, when necessary, interpret policies of the Adminis-
tration. Supervise, conduct and coordinate assigned programs, activities
and projects. The expanded program activities resulting from the
Clean Water Restoration Act of 1966 placed a tremendous demand on the
regional organization. The State proposals for establishing water
quality standards and the related implementation plans, the new
basin planning grants, along with the expanded construction grants
program and the new change in Federal participation have had a major
impact in the relationship between the regional office and the States and
local communities. This increased activity placed additional demands
on the regional director and required increased coordination. In
addition to program activity, considerable effort was and still is being
devoted to establishing and maintaining an effective administrative
support activity heretofore provided by DHEW,
-------
.8
o
-------
Public information
SECTION TAB
-------
b, Public information; Fiscal year 1968, $lai,000j fiscal year 1969,
' increase $H&,000. The increase consists of: •
IncreaBe_ ( + ) or Decrease^ ( - ) Total
Amount ' gositiong Prpgram. Explanation
(l) +$l|-,000 «.* . «* To meet increased pay costs.
(2) +15,000 . .. ... To support full year
employment of new personnel
authorized for FY 1968.
(3) +85 y 000 +5 $521,000 For publications, exhibits,
radio and TV series and
+10^000 +5 secretarial assistance for
b**rf^wri!'tal regional offices.
Meed ......... for 'Increase
The $85jOOO increase is related to the Federal Water Pollution Control
Administration's expanding activities, and to respond to the public's
growing interest in pollution as a national problem.
Included in the increase is $6l,000 which is needed for publications,
exhibits, and a new radio and TV series.
Primer on •waste treatment . The need for such a primer as a means of
Informing the public on the fundamentals of water pollution control — from
primary to advanced waste treatment — has been called to our attention by
one of the major conservation groups. Text has been prepared, and the
primer will be ready for the printer early in 1969. Estimated cost is
$15,000.
Boat showeu Several new exhibits, with accompanying literature, '
will be" 'needed' to meet urgent requests for FWPCA participation in 1969
boat shows. These shows .represent an efficient means of reaching people
in all walks of life with educational messages and materials on water
pollution control built around a paramount interest in water for
recreational gurposefi, Existing exhibits and literature suitable for
boat shows will not begin to meet 1969 needs. The estimate is $5,000 for
exhibits and a new leaflet.
By the end of the fiscal year, the current radio and TV spots will
have run their course and served their purpose. Therefore, a new series
will be needed during FY 19^9 * This has proven to be a successful and
economical medium for placing the facts about water pollution before
the American people. The cost for this purpose IB estimated at $38,000.
In addition to the above funds, approximately $3,000 will be needed
to maintain a supply of existing publications that will still be useful
during 1969 in responding to requests for information on water pollution
and its prevention and control.
-------
The remaining $2^,000 of the requested increase is for regional
secretarial positions to meet the increased work load related to the
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration's expanding activities,
to respond to the public's growing interest in pollution as a national
problem and to handle the still greater work load growing out of new
legislation.
Requests by all information media for facts about water pollution
and what the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration is doing and
planning to do are running at an all time high and increasing. Many
of these requests require extensive and time-consuming investigation
and discussion by Office of Public Information personnel with program
officials at all levels, particularly when long-range policy is Involved,
The increase will provide for urgently needed secretarial staff In
the regional offices. The Regional Information Officer Is responsible
for organizing, planning, and directing FWPCA's public inforaation
program within his region. He prepares speeches, special statements,
press releases, and related material on a continuing basis. These
offices are the source of Information concerning missions and programs
of FWPCA for the general publie, special interest groups, and the
information media—press, radio, television, and magazines.
Objective
The basic objective of the Office of Public Information, both at
headquarters and in the field, is to (l) put the facts about water
pollution and water pollution prevention and control on the public record,
and (S) provide Information in such forms as to be most useful to
groups, organizations, and Individuals whose cooperation is essential
to the success of the entire program. The first part of this objective
serves the public's right to know what FWPCA is doing and trying to
do about water pollution* The second part serves the public's need
to know how the water pollution control program works in order to
participate effestively In the program at State and local levels.
Program of Work
In lovember 1966, the Harris Survey reported! "A majority of
Americans report that most of the rivers and lakes where they live are
polluted, and they are boiling mad about it*" A poll published in the
Congressional Record of lovember 29 showed that 83 percent of the people
interviewed thought more should be done about water pollution control.
Percentages on other leading issues covered by the poll were 82 for air
pollution, 68 for Job training for unskilled, 51 for beautification,
i»-5 for antipoverty, and 26 for space exploration, A poll of AFL-CIO
members across the country, published in August 1967, showed 914-
percent in favor of Federal efforts toward water pollution control. This
led all other issues, including repeal of Section lk(b) of the Taft-
Hartley Act. These indications of national interest in water pollution
-------
control are reinforced by both the volume and content of mall received
by FWPCA from all parts of the country.
The program of work of the Office of Public Information for 1969
will place increased emphasis on how water pollution can be controlled.
This will serve the dual purpose of (l) maintaining public awareness of
the fact that wmter pollution can be controlled, the dominant initial
theme of the FWPCA information program, and (2) helping to channel
widespread public interest into effective action against all forms of
water pollution,
Ac compj-ishment s
Six TV spots and seven radio spots were produced during FY 196? and
distributed to stations throughout the country. All have been widely
acclaimed by stations and broadcasting publications. Variety
complimented PWPCA for having produced the TV spots "on a shoestring,"
The radio spots were produced for virtually nothing except the cost
of the tapes.
Prior to the use of the spots, mail addressed to "GLEAM WAITER,
Washington, D0C0" was averaging less than 500 a month. After the
spots started coming on the air, mail rose to an average of over 2,100
a month, and in one recent month reached 2,700. A special pamphlet,
"What YOU Can Do About Water Pollution," is used as the principal
response to these inquiries, with other materials as appropriate.
Phone inquiries to OPI from the press have risen to about 200 a
week and personal visits by correspondents to about 25 a week. DPI
has cooperated extensively in the Chicago Tribune campaign to save
Lake Michigan, and in other special,, if less spectacular, water pollution
control campaigns around the country. During the last 12 months,
OPI issued 6l press releases on various developments, 52 weekly round-up
releases on construction grants, 52 issues of Water Pollution HEWS, and
52 weekly reports on newsworthy developments to the Assistant Secretary
for Water Pollution Control.
OPI produced a variety of speeches and special articles for the
Secretary, the Assistant Secretary, and the Commissioner. (As a
result of a major policy speech, written in OPI, the Water Pollution
Control Federation made fundamental changes in its basic policy
statement, in line with the recommendations set forth in the speech,
described by Gladwin Hill in the Hew York Times as a polite riot act.)
In the graphics area, OPI designed l6 publications, planned and
arranged for the production of IT visual presentations and l6 exhibits,
and handled 19 design and layout projects.
-------
In addition to letters addressed to "CUSLAH WATER," OPI receives a
large volume of mail requiring individual responses, many of which
involve considerable research for proper handling. The number of such
letters reached nearly 300 in January 1968, and is expected to continue
at the same rate,
OPI provided extensive editorial and writing assistance in the
preparation of 230 sQlentific and technical papers and a number of
special reports.
Pending the publication of an overall brochure on the FWPCA
program? to be issued in 19^8? OPI produced a set of attractive and
informative fact sheets on each of the separate FWPCA activities.
Most of the operating components of FWPGA had been requesting
printed leaflets on their activities. The fact sheets were produced
as an economical alternative and have proved highly effective.
Both from the standpoint of performance and potential? the
quality of OPI staff work was steadily improved during the year.
11*6
-------
Commissioned
officer retirement
fund
SECTION TAB
-------
c. gommisBloned officer retirement fund; "Fiscal year 1968, $350,000;
fIscai~ryear~l969, $300,000; decrease .$50,000, The decrease consists of:
IncreaBe (-J-) or Decrease (-)
"Amount
-^50,000
Total
Progjrajn
$300,000
Earplanatipn
Due to nonrecurring payment to
the civil service retirement
fund for each Public Health
Service commissioned officer
converting to civil service
status.
Purpose
The ¥ater Quality Act of 1965, which established the Federal Water
Pollution Control Administration, had a special provision with respect
to Public Health Service commissioned officers then employed with the
program who decided to resign their commission and transfer to civil
service status.
In addition to other inducements for retaining these professionals,
the Act provided that funds would be deposited to the credit of the civil
service retirement fund on behalf of and to the credit of each transferring
officer in an amount equal to that which the individual would be required
to deposit in this fund to cover the years of service credited to him.
The Act also provided that these funds would be deposited within two years
after the date of an officer's transfer.
In the final analysis a total of l68 officers converted. In Fif 1968,
$350,000 was requested and appropriated to meet this obligation for 93
commissioned officers -who converted before July 1, 1967. To meet this
obligation for the remaining 75 officers converting after June 30, 1967,
a total of $300,000 is required. This will complete the funding responsibility
for this purpose.
Lajboj'atoryn. JLirg^tion and management•
Center,, Cincinnati, Ohio.
-Robert A.Taft Sanitary Engineering
In FY 1969 FWPCA has transferred $U8o,000 in the estimate—the costs
for laboratory direction, maintenance and support of the Cincinnati laboratory
to the programs being supported at that facility. These costs heretofore
were included as part of the "Administrative Management Support" under
the Administration activity. This action is being taken to provide for
consistency to the manner in which similar costs are programmed for other
laboratories such as those located at Athens, Georgia; Ada, Oklahoma;
Corvallis, Oregon; College, Alaska; Duluth, Minnesota; and Narragansett,
Rhode Island. Costs for these purposes are included as part of the
program costs for activities involved and are budgeted accordingly. The
comparable amounts for fiscal years 1967 and 1968 are $^70,000 and
$VF8,000, respectively.
-------
ITEMIZA.TION OF ESTU&TE
Department of the Interior
Appropriation Titlet Water Supply and Water Pollution Control
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration
Actual
1967
Estimate
1968
Estimate
Increase (+)
Pec-pease (-1
Program and Financing
Total obligations . . $73,173,368 $108,791,907 $101,1*35,000
Comparative transfer from other accounts,,.„.... -22,888,233 -16,210,212 , .„
Transfer toi
"Operating expenses. Public Buildings Service,"
General Service Administration..., .«, 295,303 218,305
"Salaries and expenses, Office of the
Solicitor". ,. ................ 116,000
Transferred from "Salaries and Expenses, Office
of Field Administrations" Department of
Health, Education, and Welfare ....... -55,000 ... ...
Unobligated balance lapsing.«... ^,797,562 ,-.. ...
Appropriation. 55,^39,000 92,800,000 101,^35,000
Obligations by objects:
11 Personnel compensation. 18,^29,915 22,535,000 26,079,000
12. Personnel benefits. 1,587,^-21 2,022,000 2,220,000
21 Travel and transportation of persons........ 1,^90,801 1,738,000 1,997,000
22 Transportation of things...... 358,3^- ^35,000 512,000
23 Rent, communications, and utilities 1,3014-,298 1,716,695 1,961,000
2^ Printing and reproduction 38^,113 421,000 512,000
25.1 Other services... ,. 2,21^,37^ 3,2^5,000 3,768,000
Research contracts , l*-,it52,l66 15,065,000 11,900,000
25.2 Services of other agencies 1,129,000 1,159,000 859,000
-$7,356,907
+16,210,212
-218,305
•^,635,000
+3,5^,000
+198,000
+259,000
+77,000
+91,000
+523,000
-3,165,000
-300,000
-------
Itemlzation of Estimate—continued
Obligations by objects? continued
Actual
1967
1.1*27.797
2.^55.887
,».* 1^,103
. . « 37.920.896
M53
..« 73.173,368
Estimate
1968
1,601,000
l.5tt,ooo
57.310.212
* * *
108,791,907
Istlfflate
1969
1.690.000
2.202.000
1*7,735*000
* • «
101,1*35,000
Increase (+")
Decrease (-)
489,000
+658,000
-9,575,212
« * •
-7,356,907
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DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION
Buildings and Facilities
Appropriation 1968 .............. . ..... . .................. ............ .,,....... .......... ...
Unobligated balance from prior years . . .................................................. . $ 12 , 891 « 0*72
Total available for obligation ......... .... .................. ... ..... . ........ ..... 12,891,072
Decreases ( 1968 )
Water pollution control and water quality standards laboratories.. ..... ».,.«.......»... •"
H
\Ji
O
Subtotal and total available for obligation, FT 1969. ... ----- ...... ............. .... 8, 293,071
Less: Unobligated balance from 1968 ---- .... ---------- ............... ..... ------------- -8.293.071
Budget estimate 1969 ....... ..... ... -^ ......... .......... ........ .......... .... ...... ...
-------
Buildings and Facilities
Analysis by Activities
Fiscal Year 1969
Amount
Available
1968
Estimated
Total
Available
Unobligated
Balance from
1968
Total Available
1969 Compared
Budget to Total Available
Estimate 1968
Page
Ref.
1. Water pollution control and
water quality standards
laboratories
2. Field evaluations,
Total
$11,617,072 $7,019,071 $7,019,071
1.27*4-. OOP 1.27^.000 1.27^.000
-$^,598,001
12,891.072 8,293.071
8,293,071
-k,598.001
152
155
H
\J1
-------
Laboratories
SECTION TAB
-------
1, Water pollution control and water quality standards laboratoriesi
FY 196!, -0-5 fiscal year'1969," -0-'; no change* ' ~"~
Ho additional funds are requested for FT 1969,
Although no new funds were appropriated In FY 1968 for this
activity, In accordance with House action, $2,000,000 was transferred
from the field evaluation activity shown under this appropriation to
fund the equipment and repairs and improvements requirements requested
in the 1968 estimate,
Basis for IiSboratory Construction Program.
Section 5(e) of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, as
amended, provides!
"The Secretary shall establish, equip, and maintain field
laboratory and research facilities, including, but not limited to,
one to be located In the northeastern area of the United States,
one in the Middle Atlantic area, one in the southeastern area, one
in the mi dwestern area, one in the southwestern area, one in the
Pacific Northwest, and one in the State of Alaska, for the conduct
of research, investigations, experiments, field demonstrations and
studies, and training relating to the prevention and control of water
pollution. Insofar as practicable, each such facility shall be located
near institutions of higher learning in which graduate training in
such research might be carried out."
In addition to the seven initially authorized, In 1966 Congress
authorized three more to be located at Columbia, Missouri; Vicksburg--
Jackson, Mississippi area; and Stevens Point, Wisconsin.
Water pollution control regional facilities are necessary becausei
(l) Water pollution control field activities require readily
accessible, substantial, and highly technical laboratory supp.ort for
activities involving development of a comprehensive program for water
pollution control, enforcement?of pollution abatement, collection of
basic data, and technical assistance to State and local agencies.
Technical training for Federal, State, and local water pollution
control personnel is also provided at these facilities.
(2) Each region has its own iinique water uses and related
pollution problems which require intensive research. However, in
some cases the findings developed in one region can also be applied
to those other regions where similar uses of water exist or are
developing.
At the present time four laboratories authorized under this
section are completed and generally operational. These include
facilities at Athens> Georgia; Ada, Oklahoma; Corvallis, Oregon;
and College, Alaska,
152
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WATER POLLUTION CONTROL AND WATER QUALITY STANDARDS LABORATORIES
Cost Estimates Through
Location
Water Pollution Control
College, Alaska
Ada, Oklahoma
Corvallls, Oregon
Athens , Georgia
Boston, Massachusetts
Ann Arbor, Michigan
Middle Atlantic
Columbia, Missouri
Vlcksburg-Jackson, Mississippi
Stevens Point, Wisconsin
Water Quality Standards
Harragansett, Rhode Island
Duluth, Minnesota
New obllKational auth<
Planned
Personnel
Strength
62-
135
135
135
135
135
. . <:
0 fl <
» • «
a • i
102
133
Dritv reaueste
Sq.. Ft .
25,000
50,000
50,000
50,000
50,000
50,000
» • *
t n a
o • ®
» 0 *
35,000
44,000
d
Estimated
Planning and
Construction Costs
$2,594,155
2,ITT,532
2,432,672
2,500,501
2,510,000
2,510,000
160,000
160,000
160,000
160,000
1,714,970
2,284,000
19,363,830^
19,363,830
a/ Excludes repairs and Improvements.
b/ Excludes construction cost's for four new laboratories previously
authorized, by Congress.
-------
Field evaluation
SECTION TAB
-------
2. neld^eYeluatlon^s FI 1968,, -0-j FY 1969, -0»| no change*
(a) Ac 1 d^mijie^ dgai riage^ demons tr at 1 on. pr Qgr am
This program was jointly carried out with other agencies of the
Department, The purpose was to determine the most effective and
.reasonably priced methods for control of acid mine drainage pollution
and to evaluate those methods. This pollution is destroying fisheries
and recreational values^ creating unsightly esthetic conditions^
making water treatment more costly and discouraging new Industry In
affected areas . The ultimate objective was to obtain information that
will permit making adequate and .valid legislative recommendations of
.control measures applicable within entire drainage basins affected by
acid mine drainage.
At the present time the program is actively involved in evaluating
measures installed at a site near Elkins, West Virginia.
The program included such things as the installation of masonry
seals and lined channels^ drilling and grouting of rock strata with
various substances, forcing collapse of abandoned mine galleries,
application of gaseous and liquid chemicals to Immobilize exposed
sulfides, reshaping the land surface, compacting soil over subsidence
areas and along spollbariks, building and sealing ponds, applying
various mulches and other amendments to the soil, seeding In cover
crops for soil stabilization, and planting shrubs and trees .
Installation of control measures at other sites Is deferred in
light of the fiscal situation.
(b) jBvaluat ion ...of advanced waste treatment process esi
Through fiscal 1967, $2,OOOrOOO had been appropriated for major
Federal demonstration projects for this purpose. Since none of these
funds had been used and future requirements for this purpose would be
met under the research and development grant and contract program
authorized by the Clean Water Restoration Act of 1966? the House author-
ized the use of these funds for the equipment and repairs and Improvement
program requested for laboratories In FY 1968, Wo further activity for
this purpose will be proposed under this appropriation in the future.
155
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ITBCEZATION OF ESTIMATE
Department of the Interior Federal Water Pollution Control Administration
Program and Financing
Unobligated balance transferred from "Buildings
and facilities ," Public Health Service .........
•^
Obligations by objects:
2U Printing and reproduction.
Total obligations ...... ...»,...-...-....
Actual
196?
$636.096
-8,668,168
1,1*20,618
12S891$0?2
U, 62^,000
1,655,618
939
93
5.000
2S030
296,122
16,076
21*0.565
75*271
636,096
Estimate
1968
$U ,598, 001
-12,891.072
8,293,071
9,000
12,000
1,691,001
2,000
1,712,000
1,172,000
1*, 598 ,001
Estimate
1969
$l60,000
-8,293,071
• 8,133,071
*4-,000
14-, 000
151,000
1,000
t « e
160,000
Increase (+)
Decrease (-)
-$ll-^38-,001
+!4-s598s001
-160 s 000
V
^-5.000
-8,000
-1, 5 to s 001
-1,000
-1,712,000
-1,172,000
JKH38.001
\JI
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Constr. Grants for
Waste Treatment
Works
SECTION TAB
-------
DEEABTMEKT OF THE IUT1RIOE
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION COHTROL ADMINISTRATION
Construction Grants for Waste Treatment Works
Appropriation. . $203»000,000
Unobligated balance from prior years. +6U,ll&,2i».5
Comparative transfer to "Water supply and water pollution control" -16,210,212
Revert to Treasury from prior year appropriations « -. -. -5U2 JiSk
Transfer to Appalachian regional development.............................................. -3»05^*998
Total available for obligation 2^7,336,551
Increases
Waste treatment works construction. ., +50a557>908
Total available for obligation .. . 297,89^,^59
Lessr Unobligated balance from 1968 -72,89k,^59
Budget estimate 1969. 225,000,000
-------
Construction Grants for Waste Treatment Works
Analysis by Activities
.. _ _ . Fiscal Year 196g Total Available
Amount Estimated Unobligated 19^9 Compared
Available Total Balance from Budget to Total Page
Activity 1968 Avaijlab^e, ' 1968 Estimate Available 1968 Reference
1. Waste treatment works
construction....... $2^7,336,551 $297,89^,^59 *72,89Jt-,^59 $225,000,000 +$50,557,908 160
00
-------
Construction Grants for Waste Treatment Works
Few OTDligational Authority by Activity
FT 1969 Increase (+)
Activity t _ i _ i yy 16 yy i Q Estimate over 1968
1. Waste treatment works construction ....... ,. $150,000,000 $203,000,000 $225,000,000 +$22,000,000
2 . Appalachian regional development . . ....... . . 3»000»000 _ .. . _ . . . ...
Total new obligational authority ....... .. 153,000,000 203,000,000 225,000,000 +22,000,000
-------
Was.te treatment works construetion.; Fiscal year 1968, $203,000,000;
fiscal year 1969, &225,000,000; Increase $22,000,000.
The total estimate is necessary to continue stimulating needed
construction or upgrading of waste treatment works for eliminating
the discharge of untreated or Inadequately treated municipal sewage
into the Nation's waterways. The FY 19^9 authorization for this
purpose is $700 million; however, because of the national fiscal
situation, the amount requested IB $225 million.
Objective
The program is designed to help bring water pollution from
municipalities under control by achieving a rate of construction which
will overcome the unmet backlog of needed facilities; keep pace with
needs for new facilities resulting from population growth; and keep
pace with needs to replace facilities which become obsolescent
because of age, technical advancement, or population relocation.
As directed by Congress, FWPCA conducted the first comprehensive
in-depth analysis of the need for and costs of treating municipal,
industrial and other effluents for the next five years. This report,
"Cost of Clean Water" was transmitted to Congress in January. The
need and cost of treatment, particularly municipal wastes, has been a
subject of considerable discussion and controversy. It ia not expected
that this report will settle conclusively this complex and difficult
question; however, it is a start and we expect to continually refine
and improve on these findings. Some of the significant findings
follow.
Problem
The urban population of the United States is estimated at about
lU6 million persons in FY 1968. Of this total, about 82 million
people presently have adequate treatment facilities, almost 32
million have less than adequate facilities, and slightly more than
32 million have no treatment facilities. In the next five years the
cost of constructing needed municipal waste treatment facilities, using
1968 dollar value, is estimated to be ifeS.O billion, exclusive of land and
associated costs. Of this amount, the elimination of the current unmet
need will cost W-.6 billion. This includes $1.9 billion to upgrade
service to secondary treatment for the urban population whose wastes now
receive primary treatment (excluding areas where primary treatment is
likely to be adequate to meet water quality standards); and $2.7 billion
to provide secondary treatment to the urban population whose wastes do
not receive any treatment at present. Another $2.2 billion will be
required for urban population growth and &L.2 billion for replacement
of obsolete facilities. See chart on page 167.
160
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If we are to bring municipal pollution under control "by 197^4-—
through providing for population growth, upgrading primary treatment .
works, constructing works for urban population presently unserved,
and replacement of obsolete facilities—an average national expenditure
of approximately $1.6 "billion annually IB necessary.
Program and Appropriation Author_ization
Section 8 of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act was amended
by the Clean Water Restoration Act of 1966 to authorize appropriations
of $150 million for fiscal year 1967, $^50 million for fiscal year 1968
(appropriation authorized $203 million), $700 million for fiscal year (
1969 (appropriation requested $225 million), $1 billion for fiscal year
1970, and $1,2 billion for fiscal year 1971, for grants to aid in the
construction of municipal waste treatment facilities in order to prevent
the discharge of untreated or inadequately treated sewage or other
waste into any waters. Funds appropriated are to be apportioned to the
States and other jurisdictions according to a formula prescribed In
the statute. See page l6U for distribution of funds for fiscal years
1968 and 1969.
The Amendments to the Act further authorized grants of 30$ of
the estimated reasonable cost of construction of necessary waste
treatment works vithout ,doliar 1imitat1ons. The 30$ grant limitation
may be increased" WW$> If' the State" agrees to pay 30$ of the
estimated reasonable cost of all projects receiving Federal funds
from the same allocation. The 30$ limitation may also be increased
to 50$ If enforceable water quality standards have been established
for the waters Into which the project discharges and the State agrees
to pay not less than 25$ of the estimated reasonable cost of all
projects receiving Federal funds from the particular allocation. The
amount of a grant may be increased 10$ if a project is certified as
being in conformity with a comprehensive plan developed by an
official State, metropolitan or interstate planning agency. Thus,
if all conditions are met, the total grant award can be as high as
55$ of the total cost of construction.
The 1966 Amendments also provide that in the case of any project on
which construction was Initiated after June 30, 1966, which was approved
by the appropriate State agency and which the Secretary finds meets
the requirements of Section .8 but which is constructed without Federal
assistance, the .allotments for construction grants for any fiscal year
ending before July 1, 1971> shall also be available to make payments
for reimbursement of State or local funds to the extent that financial
assistance could have been provided if the project had been approved
pursuant to Section 8 and adequate funds had been available to make a
grant. In the case of a project on which construction was initiated
after June 30, 1966, and which was constructed with Federal assistance
161
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Based on past and anticipated activity, new construction starts and
completions are estimated as follows?
Starts Completions
1968 890 TOO
1969 1350 800
FY 1968, -0-j FY 1969, -0-j
no change.
For fiscal years 1968 and 1969 funds for grants to construct
sewage treatment works In the Appalachian region to carry out Section
215 of the Appalachian Regional Development Act are now being financed
under Appalachla Regional Commission program account ("Funds Appropriated
to President").
163
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but the amount of assistance was a lesser percent of the cost of
construction than was allowable pursuant to Section 8, payment and
reimbursement of State or local funds is permitted to the extent that
assistance could have been provided if adequate funds had been
available. The same provisions apply for such retroactive grants as
apply if.the grant is being made for future construction.
In authorizing these Amendments, Congress clearly recognized the
problems of the larger cities in obtaining significant financial
assistance in the construction of needed sewage treatment facilities.
The removal of dollar limitations of $1.2 million, or $k.Q million
in the case of multimunlcipal projects, together with the added
incentive of higher grant percentages with certain specified State
participation, is stimulating many of these larger cities and
metropolitan areas to move ahead at an accelerated pace with
construction. Greater activity In major cities will result in a
greater number of larger projects and, therefore, a greater
contribution toward pollution control.
Accomplishment^
As of January 31* 1968, including supplemental aid under the
Public Works Acceleration Program, the Appalachian Regional Development
and the Public Works and Economic Development Acts of 1965, a total
of 8,138 projects have been approved for grants totalling $LQ "billion.
Local communities have contributed an additional $3«5 billion to meet
the total project cost of $^.5."bllllon9
Approved projects will serve a population of nearly 66 million, and
will Improve the quality of water in approximately 66,000 miles of
streams. As of January 31*. 19^8^ there were 2,602 applications for
grants for projects costing $2*7 billion being processed or reported
to be in preparation.
Anticipated Activity
The FY 1968 program provides for Federal grants amounting to
over $17^.^ million requiring State and local community participation
in the amount of $399 million for a total construction program of
$573»^ million* This is based on the assumption that the average grant
will be 30=U percent of the total cost. It should be noted that,because
of restrictive spending required by Congress for FY 1968,about $23 million
of Federal support Is being deferred until FY 1969. The effect of
this action on any specific State and/or project will not be known until
later in the fiscal year when, and if necessary, grant awards will have
to be deferred until July 1, 1968.
In FY 1969 It is anticipated that $2l<-2 million of Federal grants
will be awarded requiring $1*51 million in State and local community
participation resulting in a total construction program of $693 million.
The average grant is estimated to be 3^-9 percent of the cost. See chart
on page 168.
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Based on past and anticipated activity, new construction starts and
completions are estimated as follows:
Starts Completions
1968 890 TOO
1969 1350 800
FY 1968, -0-j FY 1969, -Q-j
no change.
For fiscal years 1968 and 1969 funds for grants to construct
sewage treatment works in the Appalachian region to carry out Section
212 of the Appalachian Regional Development Act are now being financed
under Appalachia Regional Commission program account ("Funds Appropriated
to President"). ' '
163
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Allocations of Grant-in-Aid Funds for Waste Treatment Works Construction
y
State or Territory
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
District of Columbia
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine ,
Maryland
Mas sachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
1967
Allocations
3,012,350
811,300
1,624,000
2,259,300
9,314,300
1,756,200
2,028,750
853,250
1,016,100
3,642,200
3,256,600
1,145,750
1,373,600 -
6,233,000
3,384,250
2,384,700
2,078,900
2,802,450
2,913,900
1,519,350
2,430,150
3,539,550
5,077,750
2,743,250
2,653,850
1968
Estimate
3, 933.700
867,300
2,030,100
2,743,500
13,912,000
2,293,300
2,786,400
VOSO^OO
1,248,600
5,093,900
4,370,500
1,294,100
1,539,000
9,175,500
4,728,500
3,196,000
2,667,200
3,654,200
3,827,500
1,825,300
3,354,900
5,068,600
7,344,500
3,728,000
3,246,900
1969
Estimate
4,329,100
894,700
2,187,700
2,959,700
15,814,200
2,505,600
3,093,200
1,104,600
1,341,000
5,693,200
4,847,800
1,370,700
1,619,800
10,395,700
5,292,800
3,529,800
2,930,900
4,022,000
4,221,600
1,942,600
3,730,100
5,691,700
8,291,300
4,141,200
3,510,500
Increase
over 1968
395,400
27,400
157,600
2l£>200
1,902,200
212,300
306,800
54,000
92,400
599,300
477,300
76,600
80,800
1,220,200
564,300
333,800
263,700
367,800
394,100
117, 300
375,200
623,100
946,800
413,200
263,600
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Allocations of Grant-in-Aid Funds for Waste Treatment Works Construction—continued
State or Territory
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
Hew Hampshire
Hew Jersey
Hew Mexico
Bew York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee '
Texas
Utah
•1967
Allocations
3, ITT, 950
1,272,700
1,646,400
777,950
1,212,750
4,027,600
1,533,900
9,890,950
3,610,000
1,308,450
6,129,950
2,277,450
1,776,050
7,035,150
1,297,800
2,569,700
1,393,350
3,094,100
6,222,500
l,424,ooo
1960
Estimate
4,490,500
1,478,900
2,067,900
888,000
1,371,900
5,790,000
1,797,000
14,807,900
4,937,900
1,5*8,300
8,966,500
2,959,300
2,294,200
10,348,600
1,521,400
3,248,000
1,658,800
4,127,500
9,013,900
1,680,700
1969
Estimate
5,013,400
1,560,600
2,238,700
922,600
1,445,300
6,524,300
1,912,100
16,839,000
5,489,400
•* -~S"f+. F— 1 - ji. j«ii.
/rf^f^-o
10,141,300
3,24i,ioo
2,508,200
11,718,600
1,625,400
3,536,4oo
1,741,200
4,559,200
10,173,300
1,788,500
Increase
over 1968
522,900
81,700
170,800
34,600
73,400
734,300
115,100
2,031,100
551,500
76,500
1,174,800
281,800
214,000
1,370,000
104,000
288,400
82,4oo
431,700
1,159,400
107,800
vn
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Allocations of Grant-in-Md Funds for Waste treatment Works Construction—continued
State or Territory-
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Guam
Puerto Rleo
Virgin Islands
1967
Allocations
1,178,700
3,130,600
2,345,300
2,096,150
3,009,050
992,850
1,^92,450
2,748,150
1?473,250
1968
Estimate
1,301,700
4,278,100
3,176,600
2,684, 500
4,166,700
1,143,300
1,470,000
3,391,200
1,440,600
1969
Estimate
1,348,900
4,758,200
3,522,000
2,909,600
4,645,000
1,183,300
1,478,100
3,675,500
1,444,500
Increase
over 1968
47,200
480,100
345,400
225,100
478,300
40,000
8,100
284,300
3,900
Total 150,000,000 203,000,000 225,000,000 22,000,000
H
O\
O\
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COST OF MUNICIPAL WORKS
REQUIRED FOR
Total Cost - $8..0
Federal Share* 35-40% (MIState and Local Share 60-65%
tate and Local
Share 60-65%
ederal
Share
35-40%
ederal Share
35-40%
tate and Local
Share 60-65%
Federal Share Estimated at $2.8 to Billion
State and Local Share Estimated at $4.8 to $5.2 Billion
167
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FOR TREATMENT
1967
Fiscal Years 1967,1968, and 1969
1968
$336
million.
$134
million
$399
million
$174
million
1969
$451
million
$242
million
TOTALS:
$470 Million
0*
00
$573 Million
$693 Million
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TOTAL OBLIGATIONS FOR SEWAGE TREATMENT WORKS
SUPPORTED BY OR THROUGH THE
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION
July 1,1956 To December 31,1967
•APW-ACCELERATED PUBLIC WORKS PROGRAMS
EDA-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ACT
ARC-APPALACHIAN REGIONAL
DEVELOPMENT ACT
Total
$3,397
million
>APW,EDA,ARC
$134 million
FWPCA
$853 million
Total
$987
million
TOTAL OBLIGATIONS-$4,384 Million
169
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OF
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
Connecticut
North Carolina
District of Columbia
Oklahoma
1,11 inn ii'ipmn
Oregon
Pennsylvania
j——~^» n i
Rhode Island
South Carolina
•••••"'"'^ttfflinmTIBim'1"'™"^ "•
South Dakota
Wasjijrigton
West Virginia
XmJ • iii^mlMlffintaw
Wisconsin
Massachusetts
Wyoming
Guam
Mississippi
Pyerto Rico
Virgin islands
Ho Action Taken
Action Completed
Partially Authorised
or Established
Action Pending
(As of January, 1968)
-------
ITEMIZATION OF ESTIMATE
Department of the Interior Federal Water Pollution Control Administration
Appropriation Title ; Construction Grants for Waste Treatment Works _ ___ _ .
Actual Estimate Estimate Increase (+)
_ _____ _ _____ _ 1967 _ Ig68 _ 1969 Decrease (-)
Program and Financing
Total obligations.................... ..... ..... $133,921,950 $17^,^2,092 $2^2,000,000. +$67S557,908
Comparative transfer to "Water supply and
•water pollution control" ................... +22,888,233 - +16,210,212 .., -16,210,212
Comparative transfer to Appalachian
regional development ............ .......... +1,388,877 +3,05^,998 ... -3S05^,998
Unobligated balance laps ing ..... ............ +8^ ,it-32 +5b2,W& . . . -5^2 , W3U
Unobligated balance brought forward. ........ -^9,^27,737 -6U,1^,2% -72,69^,l)-59 -8,750,21^
Unobligated balance carried forward. ____ ... . +6J»,llA,2U5 +72,89^.^9 +55 ,fi9^« ^59 '.-17^00.0.^000
Appropriation ____ ......*..... ____ . ...... 173,000,000 203,000,000 225,000,000 +22,000,000
Obligations by objects:
il-1 Grants, subsidies, and contributions...... 133,921,950 17^,^2,092 2^2,000,000 +67,557,908
Total obligations..... ____ .. ____ . ____ ,-. . 133,921,950 17U,1&2,-Q92 2^2,000,000 +67,557,908
M
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