!E
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Table of Contents
Summary Tables.« I
Air... ,...,. A-1
Health and Ecological Effects. . A-15
Industrial Processes A-31
Monitoring and Technical Support....... A-36
Air Quality and Stationary Source Planning and Standards.. A-46
Mobile Source Standards and Guidelines A-54
State Program Resource Assistance.. A-61
Air Quality Strategies Implementation. A-67
Mobile Source Preproduction Compliance Verification...., A-70
Trends Monitori ng and Progress Assessment A-74
Stationary Source Enforcement A-79
Mobile Source Enforcement A-84
Water Quality WQ-1
Health and Ecological Effects .. WQ-18
Industri al Processes WQ-37
Public Sector Activities.... , WQ-45
Monitoring .and Technical Support WQ-59
Water Quality Planning and Standards .; WQ-71
Effluent Standards and Guidelines.. WQ-87
Grants Assistance Programs. WQ-95
Water Quality Strategies Implementation....... , WQ-10Q
kater Quality Monitoring and Analysis., WQ-113
Municipal Source Control WQ-118
.Permit Issuance WQ-129
Water Quality Enforcement .... WQ-134
Drinking Water...-........... .-... .......-. .............. py-1
Pub!ic. Sector Activities..- ....-...........-.-................... DW-"11
Monitoring and technical Support....................... DW-2fl
Criten'a, Standards', and Gui del i nes............. .............. DW-24,
State Program Resource Assistance.- ...............-................ DW-29
Dr i nki ng Water Management...........-.. ..-........-.-.................... DW-33
Dri nki ng Water Enforcement.....-.....................-.. . ...-,- DW-36
Solid Waste...., .-...-. SW-1
Public Sector Activities ......> SW-13
Waste Management Regulations, Guidelines, and Policies........ SW-21
Financi al Assistance..........,....'......-. SW-31
Waste Management Strategies Implementation.. SW-37
Technical Assistance SW.-43
Uncontrol led Hazardous Waste Sites -.... »........... .. SW-49
Hazardous Waste Enforcement SW-52
Permit Issuance ....-..-...-..-. SW-58
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Pestiei des P-l
Health and Ecological Effects ........ . .................... . ........... P-12
Industrial Processes. ............ . ....... .......... ............ ....... P-23
Monitoring and Technical Support ..... .... ............. . ....... . ....... P-28
Registration and Tolerances ...... ..................................... P-31
Standards Setting and RPAR ........................................... P-38
Federal and State Program Support...., ............ ..... ............... P-44
Pest i ci des Enforcement .................................... , .......... . P-47
Radiation.. ... ............ . ............ ......... ................ . . . . . ____ R_]
Health and Ecological Effects ..... ....... .. ........ ... ................ R-g
Monitoring and Technical Support ..... . ................................ R-13
Criteria, Standards, and Guidelines ................. . ..... .... ........ R-is
Environmental Impact Assessment... ............................ . ....... R-17
Program Implementation ............... . ................................ R_21
Noise. . . . ........... ... ............ .
Environmental Noise Strategies and Standards
Noise Program Strategies Implementation
Noise Enforcement .... ................ . .
Interdisciplinary ...................... ., ................................ i_i
Health and Ecological Effects .............. » .......... ........ ....... '. 1.7
Anticipatory Research .................... ....... .......... ............ j_-|]
Monitoring and Technical Support" .......................... ..... ....... J_£Q
Environmental Impact Statements .......... ............. ____ ............. j_25
Energy Permitting and Review ......... . ....... ......... ........ ........ j_3Q
Toxic Substances. .......... ............ . . ........ ..... , ......... ........ js_]
Health and Ecological Effects ......................................... 75.9
Industrial Processes ................. . .. .............................. TS-25
Monitoring and Technical Support ......... ..................... ........ TS-28
Toxic Substances Strategies .......... ........ ............. ... ......... TS-34
Toxic Substances Enforcement ......... .... ........ . .................... TS-46
Energy. ...... * ............................. _____ . ............ ............ £_T
Fuel Processing, Preparation and Advanced Combustion .................. £.13
Fuel Extracti on ............... ; . . ..................................... £_] Q
Environmental Assessment of Conventional and Advanced Energy Systems.. £_22
Flue Gas Sulfur Oxide Control ........ , .................... . ........... £.39
Nitrogen Oxide Control ............ . .......... ......... ............ .... £.33
Flue Gas Parti cul ate Control ................ . ............. , ....... .... £.35
Transport, Fate and Effects of Energy Related Pollutants...... ........ £.39
Atmospheric Transport and Transformation of Energy Related Pollutants. £.43
Measurement Systems and Instrumentation Development for Energy
Related Pollutants ........... . ..... ..................... ........ .. .. £.43
Health Effects of Energy Related Pollutants... ..... , .................. £-53
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<*
**
Management and Support. -. MS-1
Management MS-4
Support , , MS-12
Buildings and Facilities.. BF-1
Scientific Activities Overseas... SAQ-1
Regulatory Council RC-1
Construction Grants CG-1
Oil and Hazardous Substances Liability Fund.. SF-1
Special Analyses
Table of Contents SA-1
rgs /t'w: .",
3t -rnsf-G^v , .-..-«:.-.
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Summary
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Budget Summary
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's 1981 budget proposal totals
$5,341,317,000. The proposal Includes $1,391,317,000 for the Agency's operating
programs, $3.7 billion for the municipal waste treatment facilities construction
program, and $250 million to implement the Administrator's proposed oil and
hazardous substance liability fund. The operating program proposed includes
$3,338,000 to support the U.S. Regulatory Council. The budget recognizes EPA's
growing workload and, in addition to the proposed new appropriation for the oil
and hazardous substances liability fund, includes increases of $104,766,000
for the Agency's operating programs and $300,000,000 million for the construction
program.
In addition, EPA is requesting supplemental authority of $26,507,000 in
1980, $14,309,000 for the unabsorbed costs of the 1980 pay raise and $12,000,000
to strengthen and accelerate EPA's promulgation of regulations this year under
Subtitle C of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976.
The most significant change reflected in the 1981 Budget for EPA is the
increase and redirection of its resources toward abating pollution from industrial
hazardous wastes and controlling their transport, storage and disposal as required
by the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA). The Budget requests an
increase of $47,338,106 and 363 full-time permanent work years to support the
research, analysis, continued regulatory development, and enforcement capability
which EPA needs to implement the hazardous waste control provisions of RCRA.
The proposed "superfund" legislation and the requested $250,000,000 for its
first year of operation complement the increases for RCRA implementation. RCRA
addresses the problems of pollution by industrial hazardous wastes from current
and future production. The "superfund" legislation and program begins to address
the problems created by past abuses in the storage and disposal of hazardous
wastes*
I. APPROPRIATION SUMMARY
In 1980 the Congress restructured EPA's appropriations to create a single
appropriation for all salary and expense costs and to consolidate grants, contracts
and other extramural costs for abatement, .control and compliance activities
under a single appropriation. The Congress's changes established eight appro-
priation accounts as follows.
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EPA' s Request. byAppropri ati on Account
Appropriatlon 1980 1981
Current_,Est1mate Budget Estimate .
.$ "" S
Salaries & Expenses $521,513,000 $562,542,000
Abatement, Control & Compliance 525,957,000 555,338,000
Research & Development 234,574,000 264,984,000
Scientific Activities Overseas 1,000,000
Buildings & Facilities 1,425,000 4,115,000
U.S. Regulatory Council 3,082,000 3,338,000
Operating Programs Subtotal 1,286,551,000 1,391,317,000
Construction Grants 3,400,000,000 3,700,000,000
Oil and Hazardous Substances
Liability Fund 250,000,000
Total $4,686,551,000 $5,341,317,000
The following briefly describes the content of each appropriation and the changes
requested within each from the Agency's current 1980 estimates.
_$aLa..n.es^_and_ Expenses
EPA requests an increase of $41,029,000 for its Salaries and Expenses appropriation
which finances salaries and related costs associated with administering the
programs within the Environmental Protection Agency. It incorporates all costs
exclusive of grant programs and program-specific contractual agreements.
A bat ement, C ont rol a nd C prop! 1 a nee
The Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation finances contracts,
grants, and cooperative agreements for pollution abatement, control and compliance
activities. EPA requests an increase of $29,381,000 for Abatement, Control and
Compliance in 1981,
Res ea r ch, a nd D eye.1 opment
The 1981 budget proposed an increase of $30,410,000 for the Research and
Development appropriation. This appropriation finances EPA's research efforts
through grants, contracts, and agreements with universities, industries, private
commercial firms, non-profit organizations, State and local governments, and
other Federal agencies, as well as through research and development at EPA's
laboratories and field locations.
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Scientific Activities Overseas
The Scientific Activities Overseas appropriation finances payments in foreign
currencies, which the Treasury Department determines to be excess to the normal
requirements of the United States, for necessary expenses of the Environmental
Protection Agency. Excess foreign currencies, derived through sales of surplus
agricultural commodities and other sources, support cooperative environmental
pollution research and demonstration programs overseas. The 1981 budget provides
$1,000,000 for Scientific Activities Overseas.
Buildings and Facilities
EPA requests an increase of $2,690,000 for the Buildings and Facilities
appropriation which finances the construction, repair, improvement, extension,
alteration, and purchase of fixed equipment of facilities owned, as well as
existing facilities occupied by the Environmental Protection Agency.
U.S. Regulatory Council
The U.S. Regulatory Council appropriation finances the salaries and expenses
of the U.S. Regulatory Council and its staff. The Council, established in October
of 1978 at the direction of the President, is composed of the heads of those
agencies within the Executive Branch that have regulatory responsibilities. Its
purpose is to maintain an overview of regulatory activities within the Executive
-.Branch and to assist the President in managing them in a coordinated way so as
,:to limit potential adverse impacts on the economy. The budget requests an increase
of $256,000 for the U.S. Regulatory Council in 1981.
Construction Grants ,
The Construction Grants appropriation is for grants to local public agencies
for construction of municipal wastewater treatment facilities to assist States
and localities in attaining and maintaining water quality standards.
The 1981 budget requests $3,700,000,000 for the Municipal wastewater facilities
construction grants program. This request, in addition to more then $3.0 billion
.available from prior year appropriations, will provide more than $6,700,000 for
obligation in 1981. '
Oil and Hazardous Substances Liability Fund
The 1981 budget requests $250,000,000 to support the first year's operation
of the Administration's proposed Oil and Hazardous Substance Liability Fund
legislation. The legislation consolidates existing federal authorities for
notification, response, and liability for oil and hazardous substance releases
into the environment and establishes a comprehensive program for combating the
problems created by spills and inactive and abandoned disposal sites.
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The proposed legislation establishes a four year, $1.625 billion authorization
for the fund, $1.3 billion of which will be financed through fees levied on
related segments of the oil and chemical industry. The remaining $325,000,000
will be financed through federal appropriations. Of the $250,000,000 proposed
for the first year, $200,000,000 will be financed through fees on industry.
II. MEDIA SUMMARY
Below the appropriation level the Environmental Protection Agency's activities
are organized into eleven major media programs; air, water quality, drinking
water, solid waste, pesticides, radiation, noise, interdisciplinary, toxic
substances, energy, and management and support. Following is a summary of each
media and the changes which the 1981 budget puts into place within the research
and development, abatement and control, and enforcement functions of each.
Ai r
The 1981 request of $248.5 million for the air program is a decrease of
$2,0 million from 1980, This reflects EPA's decision to focus the air program
in 1981 on those areas of the country that need extensions of the air standards
attainment date until 1987 and which, therefore will require approved implementation
plans in 1982. The highlights of other proposed changes to the air program are
as follows:
The request increases air research and development by $3,347,300 to
$70,167,400 in 1981. The request includes an increase of $2.4 million for
research on the health effects of both criteria and noncriteria pollutants and
expands the quality assurance program for ambient air quality monitoring.
The request decreases air abatement and control activities by $3,818,000
to $147,020,100, In 1980 the program received $9.1 million to support nonrecurring
work on new source performance emission standards for major stationary sources.
Discounting this one-time investment, resources for the air abatement and control
program's continuing operations increase by $5.3 million.
EPA requests an increase of $600,000 for mobile source in use compliance.
EPA is concerned about the potential for widespread deterioration of automative
pollution control equipment due to tampering and the use of unleaded fuel, and
will place major emphasis on enforcing and anti-fuel switching and anti-tampering
provisions of the Clean Air Act.
The budget requests an increase of $4.9 million in financial support to
state and local control agencies, $2 million of which will support expanded
State enforcement against fuel switching. The remainder will assist states in
meeting the Clean Air Act's requirements. The increase includes $712,000 for
additional confirmatory testing for fuel economy, reflecting the high priority
of energy conservation. The budget proposes a reduction of $443,000 for regional
air management in 1981 as more States assume responsibility for the prevention
of significant deterioration program.
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Although the request of $31,282,100 for air enforcement includes a decrease
of $1,549,300, EPA will continue its major source enforcement effort in 1981.
This effort concentrates the Agency's stationary source enforcement program on
those sources who have never come into compliance and who have not shown plans
to comply with the requirements of the Clean Air Act. In addition, EPA expects
to begin assessing administrative noncompliance penalties under section 120 of
the Clean Air Act in FY 1981. These penalties provide a disincentive for sources
to continue to pollute by requiring them to pay fines equal to the savings that
they incur by their failure to install pollution control equipment.
Hater Quality
The 1981 budget proposes a $2.3 million decreases to the water quality
program. The net decrease to the program masks a number of initiatives to further
implementation of the 1977 Amendments.
The request of $60,021,900 for water quality research and development is a
decrease of $5,133,900 from 1980. This reduction is made up of a decrease of
$2.6 million in the research supporting evaluation and analysis of best management
practice alternatives for agricultural activities contributing to non-point
source pollution and a $1,989,300 decrease to the Great Lakes research and development
program. A decrease of $34,000 is also proposed for marine ecological effects
research. This will reduce research on the impact of toxic materials on the
marine environment.
The overall request for water quality abatement and control is $241,004,000,
a decrease of $2,339,000. This decrease is primarily the result of a $3.5 million
reduction in water quality management planning/208 grants to eliminate construction
related projects, and a $1,5 million reduction in the Clean Lakes program.
Increases include $1,497,500 to improve the quality of permits for dredge and
fill activities in the Nation's ecologically sensitive wetlands, and $1,562,100
for effluent standards and guidelines to develop economic analyses and engineering
surveys of synthetic fuel and industries leading to evaluation of pollution
control regulatory options under consideration.
The total request for water enforcement of $34,061,800 is an increase of
$5,185,400. An increase of $2.9 million in contract funds is requested to support
continued development and implementation of the pretreatment program which controls
indirect toxic pollutant discharges to publicly owned treatment works.
An additional $1.0 million is also proposed to process 301(h) requests for
secondary treatment waivers from municipalities discharging effluents into marine
waters. These waivers have the potential for saving municipalities significant
amounts of money by not requiring construction of expensive secondary treatment
pi ants.
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The 1981 budget requests $86,904,900 for the drinking water program, an
increase of $10,180,300.
Of the total increase, $4,701,500 is proposed for drinking water research
and development, bringing the program level to $27,446,100 in 1981. This increase
is to support the development of cost effective technology for small drinking
water systems. These systems serve populations of less than 10,000 people and
comprise as much as ninety percent (B0%) of all drinking water systems. This
increase will also support research on the affects of drinking water contaminants
on human reproduction and early development.
The request of $58,594,300 for drinking water abatement and control is an
increase of $5,551,500. The proposed increase contains $4.2 million to support
state underground injection control programs, and $1.2 million to support rural
water association.
The drinking water enforcement request for $764,500 is
decreased by $172,700 from the 1980 level. This reduction reflects
a small reduction in workyears and emergency response contract
funds.
Solid Waste
A substantial increase of $47,388,100 is included in the $147,447,800 proposed ~\
for the 1981 solid waste program. j
The request for solid waste research is $26,445,800, an increase of $12,203,300*
This increase will support an intensive effort to establish techniques that will
provide a sound scientific and legal basis for data required by the RCRA regulations
and the uncontrolled hazardous waste site program. It will provide for remedial
research and field testing of technologies available for abating pollution problems
at uncontrolled waste sites, and will fund research to support RCRA regulation
development for land fill, land treatment and thermal destruction. It will also
support chemical, epidemiological, toxicological, and clinical tests to determine
the health risks from hazardous waste sites.
The $111,169,400 proposed for solid waste abatement and control is an increase
of $29,682,100. The budget requests $9.6 million of this increase to support
implementation of the hazardous waste (Subtitle C) section of RCRA and to oversee
the 37 states expected to achieve equivalency with federal standards. Initial
implementation efforts will emphasize assisting states to assume interim authorization
for hazardous waste management programs. EPA and authorized states will also
inaugurate a six year program to issue permits for an estimated 30,000 hazardous
waste treatment, storage and disposal facilities nationwide and to implement the
notification and manifest systems established to control the generation, transport,
and disposal of hazardous wastes.
-------
oanuc uu i uaoes
for hazardous waste management. These funds will aid the states in developing
and implementing hazardous waste management programs to control hazardous waste
generation, transportation, treatment, storage, and disposal. The budget proposes
a $2 million reduction in financial assistance to states for solid waste management.
This decrease is the second of the planned five-year phase out of Subtitle D
grant funding as state programs mature. An increase of $1.2 million is requested
for the uncontrolled hazardous waste site program to respond to uncontrolled
hazardous waste sites. This increase is primarily for special equipment for
emergency response and investigative work by field offices.
The request of $9,832,600 for the solid waste enforcement program is an
increase of $5.5 million. It will provide increased capability to ensure that
all applicable facilities comply with standards established under RCRA. It will
also allow us to regulate through permitting and enforcement actions, the transportatior
treatment, storage and disposal of solid and hazardous waste, and to respond to
uncontrolled sites posing an imminent and substantive danger to health and the
envi ronment.
Pesticides
The request of $73,999,700 for pesticides programs reflects a net increase
of $5,84.3,500.
The overall proposal includes $9,435,800 for pesticides research and development,
a decrease of $3,532,600. Most of the reduction, $3,351,000 is planned in Pesticides
health and ecological effects research and development programs, allowing for
increased support in environmental exposure assessment and in the registration
and RPAR programs. Part of this decrease is offset by applicable research performed
under the toxic substances health research program.
The total request for pesticides abatement and control is $49,343,100, an
increase of $6,290,800, A large portion of this increase, $4 million, is requested
on a one time basis to dispose of 37 tons of Silvex and 1-2 million gallons of
Silvex materials in accordance with Section 15 of FIFRA.
An increase of $2.3 million is proposed for the rebuttable presumption
against registration review process. This will provide additional exposure
analysis, benefit analysis, and other analysis associated with risk/benefit
assessments of suspect chemicals,. An increase of $4.9 million is requested for
developing and completing generic standards in 1981. This reflects a shift from
in-house resources to extramural contracts. These resources will permit the
completion of 20-40 standards started in 1979 and 1980 and the initiation of an
additional 25-40 standards in 1981.
VII
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certification and training grants, thereby assuring continuation of the restricted *
use classification approach. This approach is essential to maintain high agricultural
productivity while protecting applicators, farmworkers, and consumers against
dangerous chemicals. Responsibility for conducting these programs has shifted
within EPA from the regulatory program to the enforcement program.
Radiation
The total request for radiation of $17,782,200 includes a small increase of
$520,400. While the radiation research and development program will remain
essentially at the 1980 level, an increase of $471,300 is proposed for radiation
abatement and control to fund the initiation of one additional Clean Air Act
standard, and to support the Radiation Protection Council.
Noi se
The 1981 request for the total noise program of $12,927,000 continues the
program at an operating level equivalent to that of 1980.
The noise program will place additional emphasis on nonauditory health
effects research. Regulation development work will continue to concentrate on
surface transportation and construction-type equipment. The regulation of property
line standards for interstate rail carriers will be promulgated. Enforcement of
new product noise standards, and informational labeling requirements applicable
to new products, will continue. Sixteen states are expected to have assumed
responsibility for running the Each Community Helps Others (ECHO) program.
Interdiscipl inary
The 1981 budget request of $27,240,600 provides an increase of $899,800 for
the interdisciplinary program.
The overall request for interdisciplinary research and development is $22,844,100,
an increase of $131,300. The budget provides $.8 million to establish a program
of accelerated energy facilities review and permitting, it shifts effort from
the anticipatory research program to toxic substances research but provides
sufficient funds for EPA to continue some fresh water fate, marine science and
cancer research activities on an extramural basis. A proposed increase of $115,600
would authorize additional reproductive effects assessment work. The budget
request for interdisciplinary abatement and control of $4,396,500 continues
EPA's preparation and review of environmental impact statements for all major
federal actions having significant environmental imparts.
VIII
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The total request for the toxic substances program of $106,002,400 includes
an increase of $11,356,300,
The request for the research and development component of the toxic substances
increases by $8,946,200 to $36,895,000. The program will focus on developing
reliable, and cost effective techniques to be used for predicting transport,
transformation, exposure concentration and adverse effects on human health and
the environment resulting from exposure to toxic substances. With the increase,
EPA will accelerate the development of research techniques for screening toxic
substances. Further research will be done in predicting, measuring, and determining
the significance of exposure to commercial chemicals, with the ultimate goal of
preventing or reducing adverse human health effects.
The 1981 budget request for toxic substances abatement and control of $63,915,800
Includes an increase of $1,162,300 for the regulatory development component of
this program. This increase will provide for full operation of the toxic substances
program, including a balanced emphasis on regulation of new and existing chemicals
based upon the information base established in 1979 and 1980. EPA will continue
to place high priority on full operation of the premanufacture review program at
an improved level. Development of additional control actions for existing chemicals
will receive high priority. Nonregulatory approaches, such as information dissemination
and informal discussion, will be used when appropriate to provide protection
from potential risks. There will be continued development of test rules and
information requirements to obtain data to support assessment and regulation.
The overall request for toxic substances enforcement of $5,191,600 increases
by $1,247,800 in line with the increase in the number of enforceable rules promulgated
under the Act. In 1981, the toxic substances enforcement program again will
have as its first priority the initiation of enforcement actions in emergencies
involving substantial threats to public health, safety, or the environment. The
increase also includes a $1.0 million program of pilot cooperative enforcement
grants to selected states.
The 1981 budget request for energy of $107,598,600 provides an Increase of
$6,234,200 for the program. The increase will support $5.7 million in additional
research on synthetic fuels. The Agency intends to publish guidance documents
on oil shale processing, direct and indirect coal liquefaction and fluidized bed
combustion for use by industry and permitting officials until appropriate standards
are promulgated.
IX
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ana economic data from commercial spray dryer sulfur dioxide control systems and
to demonstrate the effectiveness of adipie acid as an additive to increase limestone
flue gas desulfurization reliability. The request includes an increase of $1.2
million to fund a new program of exposure monitoring to correlate fixed station
monitoring data and actual human exposure to energy-related pollutants.
These increases are offset by proposed reductions of $1 million in the
nitrogen oxide control program which will eliminate funding for several demonstration
projects, and $1.5 million in the environmental assessment program which reflects
an Agency decision to eliminate some biological and chemical testing from environmental
assessments, and to reduce air modelling work related to coal combustion and
coal supply.
Management and Support
The total 1981 request of $223,518,000 for management and support includes
an increase of $25,603,000.
A major portion of the increase, $10.3 million, is requested to strengthen
the Agency's information management with support services for a major ADP procurement
under A-109 to meet the Agency's systems needs over the next ten years. In
addition, an increase of $6.4 million in support services Is requested for the
increased costs of utilities, rent, and government purchased goods and services.
An increase of $2.7 million is proposed for buildings and facilities to cover
the costs of safety repairs and pollution controls to federally owned installations.
In FY 1981, work will start on 37 separate projects at 13 locations.
The request includes an increase of $588,900 for management activities in
the Agency's regional offices, reflecting a greater emphasis, on analytic capabilities
to plan integrated environmental programs, to prepare and review economic and
energy analyses, and to coordinate regional involvement in agency regulatory and
management reform,
An increase of $3,83.9,000 is proposed for headquarters analytic activities
for benefits analyses of EPA regulations, for alternative fuels promotion, and
to help regional offices accelerate their processes for the awarding of permits
to energy facilities.
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\uuiiaj3 in
Research
iment
Budget Authority,
Obligations
Outlays..., .^
Permanent Workyears
Full-time Equivalency
Abatement. Control and Compl
Budget Authority.
Obligations,
Outlays...
Permanent Workyears
Full-time Fquivalency
Salaries and
Budget Authority
Obiications
autlays
srmanent kforkyears
nil!-time Equivalency
Puildinas and Facilities
Budget Authority
Obligations.
Outlays
Construction Grants
Budget Authority..
Obligations.........
Outlays.
Scientific Activities Overseas
Budget Authority.
Obligations
Outlays.
Operations, Research and Facilities
Obligations...........
Outlays
Permanent Workyears...
Full-time Equivalency.
Original
Estimate
1981
$264,983
263,000
255,000
555,338
542,331
406,740
562,545
56?., 542
f29,000
62
13\659
4,115'
3,000
2,500
3,700,000
4,500,000
3,950,000
1,000
1 ,200
3,000
800
3,200
Revised
Estimate
1981
$264,983
263,000
255,000
555,338
542,931
406,740
555,545
555,545
522,000
11,162
13,659
4,115
3,000
2,500
1,700,000
4\500,000
3,315,000*
3,00
800
3,200
President's
Reduction
-$7,000
-7,000
-7,000
-95,000
Does not include reestimate of outlays made since the budget submission.
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Revolving Fund ' ,
Obi igations,.....,...,,.,
Outlays..'.
Permanent Workyears
, Full-time Equivalency..,»....... i
Regulatory Council . ,' _ '
Budget Authority. ....I..,,
Obi igations..
'Outlays... /,....... ...
Permanent Workyears.
Full-time Equivalency. .,..,
Trust Funds
Budget, Authority
Obligations .,,,,,, ,
Outlays....... ...'. ............
.
Imbursements
Obligations......,' ,
Permanent Workyears
Full-time Equivalency. <....;.......
Consolidated Working Fund
Obi igations.
Outlays ,
Oil and Hazardous Liability Fund
Budget Authority ,
Obligations.
Qutl ays
Total, Environmental Protection Agency
Budget Authority..................
Obiigations..........................
Outl ays.
Permanent Workyears ,
Full-time Equivalency
Original
Estimate
1 981
580.
50
3,338
3,338
2,800
11
26
25
20
64
73
10
250,000
250,000
45,000
5j341,317
6,127,41.6
5,197,320
11,237
13,830
Revised,
Estimate
1981
580
50
3,338
3,338
2,800
11
26
25
20
64
73
10
250,000
250,000
45,000
5,334,317
6,120,416
5,095,320
11,237
13,830
President's
deduction.
-7,000
-7,000
-102,000
-------
Page Intentionally Blank
-------
Revolving Fund
Obligations,
Outlays
Permanent Workyeal
Full-time Equivaler
Regulatory Council
Budget Authority
Obligations
Outlays
Permanent Workyears
Full-time Equivalency
Trust Funds
Budget Authority
Obligations
Outlays
Reimbursements
Obligations..
Permanent Workyears...
Full-time Equivalency.
Original
Estimate
1981
580
50
3,338
3,338
2,800
n
26
25
20
64
73
Consolidated Working Fund
Obligations.
Outlays.,...
Oil and Hazardous Liability Fund
Budget Authority.
Obligations
Outlays
Total, Environmental Protection Agency
Budget Authority......
Obligations.
Outlays
Permanent Workyears...
Full-time Equivalency.
250,000
250,000
45,000
S,341,319
6,127,416
5,197,320
11,237
13,830
Revised
Estimate
1981
580
50
3,338
3,338
2,800
11
26
25
20
64
73
10
250,000
250,000
45,000
5,334,3^9
6,120,411
5,095,320"
11,237
13,830
President1s
Reduction
-7,000
-7,000
-102,000
-------
Page Intentionally Blank
-------
laonarq in tnousa.nds,
Air ,',''..
Budget Authority
Obligations.....
' Outlays......
, Permanent Workyears...
Full-time Equivalency.
Water Quality .
Budget Authority......
Obi igations .,
, Outlays........ »
Permanent, Workyears...
Full-time Equivalency.
Drinking Water
Budget Authority......
Obi igations
\ Out!ays
;Permanent Workyears...
Full-time Equivalency.
Solid Waste .
Budget Authority
"Obiigations.
Outlays
Permanent Workyears...
Full-time Equivalency.
Pesticides
Budget Authority
Obi igations ,
Outlays
Permanent Workyears...
Full-time Equivalency.
Radiation
Budget Authori ty. .
Obligations
Outlays
Permanent Workyears
Full-time Equivalency.
Noise
* Budget Authority
Obligations.
Original
Estimate
1981
$248,470
248,470
211,500
,1,888
2,246,
335,088
328,084
Z853300
3,032
3,576
86,905
85,830
74,000
537
637
147,448
145,000
125,500
774
978
74,000
73,156
53,000
914
1,034
17,782
17,562
15,100
'216
248
12,927
12,767
Revised
Estimate
1981
$248,082
248,082
211,112
1,888
2,246
334,445
327,441
284,657
3,032
3,576
86,789
85,714
73,884
537
637
147,272
144,824
125,324
774
978
73,811
72,967
62,811
914
1,034
17.
17,
15,
734
514
052
216
248
President's
Reduction
-$388
-383-
-388'
-643
-643
-643-
-116
-116
-115
-176
-176
-176
12,900
12,740
189,
-189
-189
-48
-48
-48
-27
-27
-------
Page Intentionally Blank
-------
\uuiiarb in uiuusanas;
Original Revised
Estimate Estimate President's
1981 1981 Reduction
\
Air
Budget Authority ,\ .... $248,470 $248,082 -$388
Obligations \ 248,470 248,082 -383
Outlays.. .\ 211,500 211,112 -388
Permanent Workyears .\ 1,888 1,888
Full-time Equivalency.......4!. 2,246 2,246
Water Quality \
Budget Authority .-..\..... 335,088 334,445 -643
Obi igations \... 328,084 327,441 -643
Outlays .....,....\.. 285,300 284,657 -643
Permanent Workyears . . \. 3,032 3,032
Full-time Equivalency ......,...\ 3,676 3,676
Drinking Water \
Budget Authority. \ 86,905 86,789 -116
Obligations.. \ 85,830 85,714 -116
Outlays ., \ 74,000 73,884 -116
* Permanent Workyears . \ 537 537
Full-time Equivalency \ 637 637
\
Solid Waste \
Budget Authority 147^448 147,272 -17fi
Obligations HSJpOO 144,824 -176
Outlays 125,§00 125,324 -176
Permanent Workyears 77$ 774
Full-time Equivalency 978\ 978
\
Pesticides \
Budget Authority 74,000 \ 73,811 -189
Obligations 73,156 \ 72,967 -189
Outlays 63,000 ^ 62,811 -189
Permanent Workyears - 914 \ 914
Full-time Equivalency 1,034
Radiation
Budget Authority 17,782 17\734 -48
Obligations 17,562 17,114 -48
Outlays 15,100 15,052 -48
Permanent Workyears '216
Ful 1 -time Equivalency.., 248 248 \^
\
Noise
"Bldget Authority 12,927 12,900 \ -27
Obligations 12,767 12,740 -27
-------
Page Intentionally Blank
-------
.Original Revised
Estimate Estimate President's
, 1981 1981 Reduction
Interdiscipl inary
Budget Authority ........ '.i ........... 27,240 27,177 -63 '
' Obligations ...................... ____ ' 27,241 27,178 -63
.. Outlays ______ .............. ......... .... " , , 23,200 23,137 -63,
Permanent Workyears ......... ____ ..... 250 . 250
Full-time Equivalency _____ , ....... .... . ' ' ' 353 353 ...,
Toxic Substances
., Budget Authority ...... ....... ...... .. 106,002 , 105,838 -164
Obligations......... ....... . ...... .... ' 104*691 104,527 -164'
Outlays........... .......... ,..;, ____ .. - 90,200 .-. 90,036 - -164 ',
Permanent Workyears ...... ..... ....... 744 744
Full-time Equivalency ............. . .. 853 853
Energy
Budget Authority ..................... 107,598 107 ,.554 -44
Obligations ................... .. ..... 106,268 106,224 -44
Outlays ......... ...... ....... ... ..... , 105,000 104,976 -44
Permanent Workyears ..... ,. ...... , ---- 149 149
Full-time Equivalency ............ .... 250 250
.anagement and Support .
Budget Authority ..... . ............ ... 219,404 214,262 -5,142
.Obligations .......................... 219,404 214,262 -5,142
Outlays ......... .. ................ .... 186,940 . 181,798 -5,142
Permanent Workyears. .....,,.., ---- .... 2,559 2,559
Full-time Equivalency ............ , 3,302 3,302 ...
Facilities
Budget Auth&r44-y-.-?-^-r. .-.-..-.- ........ . . - 4_L!5
Obligations ...................... i... 3,000 3,000
Outlays .................. . ....... .... 2,500 2,500
Operations, Research and
Facilities
Obligations.. ........... .. .......... . * 800 800 ----- ....
Outlays .............................. 3,200 3,200
Permanent Workyears ..... ........ .......
Full-time Equivalency ....... . _____ ----
Construction Grants
Budget Authority ..... . ............... 3,700,000 3,700,000
Obligations... ....................... 4,500,000 4,500,000
Outlays ............. . ................ 3,950,000 3,855,000 -95,000
-------
Page Intentionally Blank
-------
Interdisciplinary
Budget Authority
Obligations
Outlays
Permanent Workyears
Full-time Equivalency.1
Toxic Substances
Budget Authority
Obi igations. .
Outlays
Permanent Workyears
Full-time Equivalency
Energy
Budget Authority
Obligations
Outlays
Permanent Workyears
Full-time Equivalency
.anagement and Support
Budget Authority
Obligations
Outlays
Permanent Workyears..
Full-time Equivalency
Facilities
Budget Authority.
Obligations..
Outlays
Operations, Research and
Facilities
Obligations.
Outlays
Permanent Workyears
Full-time Equivalency..
Construction Grants
Budget Authority.,
Obligations
Outlays.
Original
Estimate
1981
27,241
27,241
23,200
250
353
,002
,691
,200
744
853
107,599
106,268
105,000
149
250
4,n5\
3,000 \
2,500
800
3,200
3,700,000
4,500,000
3,950,000
Revised
Estimate
1981
27,178
27,173
23,137
250
353
105,838
104,527
90,036
744
853
107,555
106,224
104,976
149
250
214,262
214,262
181,798
2,559
3,302
4,115
3,000
2,500
800
3,200
3,700,OQO
4,500,0'
3,855,00
President's
Reduction
-63
-63
-63
-164
-164
-164
-44
-44
-44
5,142
-5,142
-5,142
-95,000
\
-------
Page Intentionally Blank
-------
' ' , -,..'. Original
' ' " ' . Estimate
. 1981
Scientific Activities Overseas
Budget Authority.. 1,000
Obligations...,. '-: ..* , 1,200,
Outlays . ,^ ............ . 3,000
Revolving Fund , ,
' Obi igatipns..:.. .' 580
Outlays........ ,.;...-. ... : 50;
Trust Funds , .
Obi i ga.tions 25
; Outlays ............... J 20
Reimbursements " . * .''' - .
Obligations . ...
Permanent Workyears 64t
Full-time Equivalency................. 73*
Regulatory Council
Budget Authority., 3,338
Obligations 3,338
Outlays... 2,800
Permanent Workyears... 11
Full-time Equivalency .......... 26
Consolidated Working Fund
Obligations.
Out! ays , , 10
Oil and Hazardous Liability Fund
Budget Authority , 250,000
Obi igations 250,000
Outlays.. 45,000
Total, Environmental Protection Agency s
Budget Authority.. ,. 5,341,317
Obi igations 6,127,416
Outlays. 5,197,320
Permanent Workyears 11,237
Full-time Equivalency , 13,830
Revised
Estimate
1981
1,000
1,200
3,000
580
50
25
,20
64
73
President's
Reduction
,338
,338
,800
11
26
10
250,000
250,000
45,000
5,334,317
6,120,416
5,095,320
11,237
13,830
-7,000
-7,000
-102,000
-------
Page Intentionally Blank
-------
Original
Estimate
1981
Revised
Estimate
1981
President's
Reduction
Scientlf1c Activities\0verseas
Budget Authority
Obligations
Outlays
Revolving
Obligations
Outlays
Trust Funds
Obligations
Outlays
Reimbursements
Obligations.
Permanent Workyears...
Full-time Equivalency.
Regulatory Council
Budget Authority
Obligations
Outlays.
Permanent Workyears...
Full-time Equivalency.
Consolidated Working Fund
Obligations,
Outlays....,
011 and Hazardous Liability Fund
Budget Authority.
Obligations
Outlays
Total, Environmental Protection Agency
Budget Authority.
Obi i gati ons
Outlays ,,
Permanent Workyears...
Full-time Equivalency.
1,000
1,200
3,000
580
50
25
20
64
73
,338
250,000
250,000
45,000
5,341,319
6,127,416
5,197,320
11,237
13,830
1,000
1,200
3,000
580
50
25
20
64
73
3,338
3,338
2,800
11
26
10
,000
251,000
00
5,334,31
6,120,416
5,095,320
11,237
13,830
-7,000
-7,000
-102,000
-------
Page Intentionally Blank
-------
Research and Development
Budget authori ty...,....*
Permanent workyears
Full-time equivalency..,
Abatement, Control and Compliance
Budget authority ....,.,.;...
Permanent workyears.. ........
Full-time equivalency...........
Salaries and Expenses
Budget authority,. ..'.....
Permanent workyears,,.......
Full-time equivalency
Building and Facilities
Budget authority, ,..
Icientific Activities Overseas
Budget authority.
Reimbursements
Permanent workyears .'
Full-time equivalency.
U.S. Regulatory Council
Budget authority
Permanent workyears
Full-time equivalency
Subtotal
Budget authority................
Permanent workyears .,
Full-time equivalency
Construction Grants
Budget authority
Oil and Hazardous Liability Fund
Budget authority.
Total, Environmental Protection
Agency
Budget authority.
; Permanent workyears.,
Original,
Estimate
1981
$264,984
555,'338
'72
4,115
1,000
64
72
3,338
11
25
250j000
Revised
Estimate
1 981
$254,984
555,338
72
President's
Reduction
562,542 . 555,542
11,162 11,162
13,560 13,66.0
4,115
1,000
64'
72
3,338
n
26
1,391,317 1,391,317
11,237 11,237
13,830 13,830
3,700,000 3,700,000
250,000
-$7,000
5,341,317 5,334,317
11,237 11,237
-7,000
-------
Page Intentionally Blank
-------
Research and Deve
Budget authority3
Permanent workyearV
Full-time equivalency , ,.
Abatement, Control and Compliance
Budget authority
Permanent workyears...
Full-time equivalency.
Salaries and Expenses
Budget authority..
Permanent workyears...
Full-time equivalency . ^.
\
Building and Facilities
Budget authority.
Scientific Activities Overseas
; Budget authority......
Reimbursements
Permanent workyears
Full-time equivalency
U.S. Regulatory Council
Budget authority .
Permanent workyears
Full-time equivalency.
Subtotal
Budget authority
Permanent workyears
Full-time equivalency
Construction Grants
Budget authority
Oil and Hazardous Liability Fund
Budget authority ............
Total, Environmental Protection
Agency
Budget authori ty
, Permanent workyears
Full-time flnniwalonrw
Original
Estimate
1981
$264,984
555,338
"72
562,545
11,162
13,660
4,115
1,OQQ
64
72
3,318
1\
26V
1,391,317
11,237
13,830
250,000
5,341,319
11,237
1 O OOA
Revised
Estimate
1981
$264,984
555,338
*72
555,545
11,162
13,660
4,115
1,000
64
72
3,338
11
26
1,391,317
x 11,237
M3,830
3,700,000 3,700\000
250,00
5,334,319
11,237
President's
Reduction
-$7,000
-7,000
-------
Page Intentionally Blank
-------
By Media
(dollars in thousands)
Actual
1979
Budget
Estimate
1980
Air
Budget authority....... $268,272 $255,810
Obligations... 243,362 280,809
Outlays , 228,855 232,100
Permanent Workyears 1,844 1,968
Full-time equivalency. 2,154 2,347
Hater Quality
Budget authority 332,280 331,451
Obligations. , 387,170 335,961
Outlays 283,462 284,800
Permanent Workyears ....... 3,101 3,173
Full-time equivalency 3,592 3,790
Drinking Water
Budget authority 70,307 82,319
Obligations 67,687 82,051
Outlays 59,977 66,450
Permanent Workyears............. 440 505
Full-time equivalency.. 527 599
Solid Haste
Budget authority.. ., 73,878 92,289
Obligations 62,520 70,792
Outlays , 63,024 57,600
Permanent Workyears. 272 396
Full-time equivalency. 339 483
Pesticides
Budget authority 68,234 62,250
Obligations 70,239 64,469
Outlays 58,210 58,600
Permanent Workyears . 936 979
Full-time equivalency 1,044 1,116
Radiation
Budget authority.., 10,068 17,201
Obligations 9,456 16,330
Outlays 8,589 13,000
Permanent Workyears 201 ' 210
Full-time equivalency. 216 253
Noise
Budget authority 10,893 12,953
fc Obligations 10,768 12,913
Current
Estimate
1980
$250,490
290,095
209,600
1,974
2,360
337,435
325,850
282,400
3,088
3,747
76,725
79,054
64,200
518
610
100,060
103,882
83,700
404
496
68,156
67,255
57,000
985
1,128
17,262
17,780
14,400
216
252
13,075
13,283
Estimate
1981
$248,470
248,470
211,500
1,888
2,246
335,088
328,084
285,300
3,032
3,676
86,905
85,830
74,ODD
537
637
147,448
145,000
125,500
774
978
74,000
73,156
63,000
914
1,034
17,782
17,562
15,100
216
248
12,927
12,767
-------
Interdisciplinary
Budget authority..... 23,591 53,102 26,341 27,240
Obligations 25,244 53,006 26,601 27,241
Outlays.. 20,124 44,200 22,000 "23,200
Permanent Workyears 219 266 260 250
Full-time equivalency 280 383 365 353
Toxic Substances
Budget authority 55,420 103,316 94,646 106,002
Obligations 61,531 105,951 93,398 104,691
Outlays , 47,278 70,400 79,200 90,200
Permanent Workyears 377 649 659 744
Full-time equivalency. 474 767 764 853
Energy
Budget authority 112,829 102,461 101,364 107,598
Obligations 112,588 102,537 101,423 106,268
Outlays.. 107,000 125,000 104,000 105,000
Permanent Workyears 167 137 154 149
Full-time equivalency . 271 265 259 250
Management and Support
Budget authority 173,V01 187,423 196,490 219,404
Obligations... 183,450 137*406 197,315 219,404
Outlays 147,687 178,210 145,639 ' 186,94^
Permanent Workyears...... 2,440 2,557 2,577 2,5E
Full-time equivalency 2,980 3,328 3,332 3,303
Facilities
Budget authority.... 1,172 1,425 1,425 4,115
Obligations ,. 1,880 1,425 1,794 3,000
Outlays 2,357 2,000 2,000 2,500
Operations, Research and
Facilities
Obligations 3,742 ... 1,414 800
Outlays 5,156 5,000 5,000 3,200
Permanent"Workyears
Full-time equivalency.....'.... ....
Construction Grants l
Budget authority, 4,200,000 3,800,000 3,400,000 3,700,000
Obligations 4,256,558 3,600,000 4,800,000 4,500,000
Outlays 3,756,079 3,600,000 3,900,000 3,950,000
Scientific Activities Overseas
Budget authority ..... 2,500 4,000 ... 1,000
Obligations.. 2,719' 4,000 3,204 1,200
Outlays 2,260 3,600 1,800 3,000
Revolving Fund . -
Obligations. 580 580 580
Outlays .... 39 ... 40
-------
Trust Funds
Obligations... 21 30 25 25
Outlays . 36 80 20 20
Reimbursements
Obligations. ,
Permanent Workyears........ 91 62 64 64
Full-time equivalency 101 62 73 73
Regulatory Council
Budget authority ... 3,238 3,082 3,338
Obligations ... 3,238 3,082 3,338
Outlays , ... 2,600 2,400 2,800
Permanent Workyears ... 10 11 11
Full-time equivalency.. ... 16 26 26
Consolidated Working Fund
Obligations
Outlays..... , ... ... '10 10
Oil and Hazardous Liability Fund
Budget authority........ ... ... ... 250,000
Obligations ... ... ... 250,000
Outlays... ... .... ... 45,000
'Total, Environmental Protection
flgency--
Budget authority 5,402,545 5,109,238 4,686,551 5,341,317
Obligations.. 5,499,515 4,921,498 6,126,035 6,127,416
Outlays 4,800,4.36 4,753,960 4,984,309 5,197,320
Permanent Workyears 10,178 11,015 11,015 11,237
Full-time equivalency I^IST- 13,587 13,587 13,830
-------
^dollars in tnousanasj
Current
Estimate
1980
Estimate
1981
Increase +
Decrease -
Research and Development
Budget authority,
Permanent workyears
Full-time equivalency
Abatement, Control and Compliance
B udget autnority...............
Permanent workyears
Ful1-time equi valency..........
Salaries and Expenses
Budget authority.
Permanent workyears
Full-time equivalency..
Buildings and Facilities
Budget authority.
Scientif1c Acti vities _0verseas
Budget authori ty....
-Reimbursements
Permanent workyears
Ful1-time equiva!ency..........
U.S. Regulatory Council
Budget authority.
Permanent workyears............
Ful1-time equivalency.
Subtotal
Budget authority
Permanent workyears............
Full-time equivalency
Construction Grants
Budget authority..
Oil and Hazardous Liability Fund
Budget authority...............
Total, Environmental Protection
Agency
8udget authority
Permanent workyears
Full-time eauivalencv
$234,574
525,957
*72
521,513
10,940
13,416
1,425
64
73
3,082
11
26
1,286,551
11,015
13,587
3,400,000
4,686,551
11,015
13.587
$264,984
555,338
* »
72
562,542
11,162
13,660
4,115
.1,000
64
72
3,338
11
26
1,391,317
11,237
13,830
3,700,000
250,000
5,341,317
11,237
13.830
+$30,410
+29,381
+41,029
+222
+244
+2,690
+1,000
* *
-1
+256
+104,766
+222
+243
+300,000
+250,000
+654,766
+222
+243
-------
(in thousands of dollars)
1979 1980 1981
Construction Grants,... .... $1,400,000 $1,500,000 $1,700,000
-------
Page Intentionally Blank
-------
Air
-------
Page Intentionally Blank
-------
i aoi
Appropriation
Salaries and Expenses
Research and Development
Abatement, Control and Compliance,...
Total
Program Highlights
Health and Ecological Effects:
Salaries and Expenses
Research and Development ,
Industrial Processes:
Salaries and Expenses.....
Research and Development
Monitoring and Technical Support:
Salaries and Expenses ..
Research and Development
Total, Research and Development
Program:
Salaries and Expenses
Research and Development
Total..
Air Quality and Stationary Source
Planning and Standards:
Salaries and Expenses
Abatement, Control and Compliance..
Mobile Source Standards and Guidelines
Salaries and Expenses....
Abatement, Control and Compliance..
State Programs Resource Assistance:
Salaries and Expenses ...
Abatement, Control and Compliance..
Air Quality Strategies Implementation:
Salaries and Expenses
Abatement, Control and Compliance..
Mobile Source Preproduction Compliance
Verification:
Salaries and Expenses
, Abatement, Control and Compliance..
$75,816
44,109
128,545
Keauction
(dollars in thousands)
$75,428 -$388
44,109
128,545 ...
248,470
15,490
29,753
1,069
3,030
9,500
11,325
26,059
44,108
70,167
8,698
20,218
6,820
4,578
419
88,334
8,655
221
3,662
922
248,082
15,433
29,753
1,064
3,030
9,464
11,325
25,961
44,108
70,069
8,646
20,218
6,787
4,578
417
88,334
8,599
221
3,643
922
-388
-57
-5
-36
-98
-98
-52
-33
-2
-56
-19
-------
Page Intentionally Blank
-------
ISbl
Trends Monitoring and Progress
Assessment:
Salaries and Expenses
Abatement, Control and Compliance..
Total, Abatement and Control Program:
Salaries and Expenses
Abatement, Control and Compliance..
Total
Stationary Source Enforcrment:
Salaries and Expenses.
Abatement, Control and Compliance..
Mobile Source Enforcement:
Salaries and Expenses
Abatement, Control and Compliance,.
Total, Enforcement Program:
Salaries and Expenses
Abatement, Control and Compliance..
Total
3,883
610
32,137
114,883
147,020
13,736
10,697
3,883
2,967
17,619
13,664
Reduction
(dollars in thousands)
3,861
610
31,953
114,883
146,836
13,652
10,697
3,861
2,967
17,513
13,664
-22
-184
-184
-84
-22
-106
31,283
31,177
-106
-------
Page Intentionally Blank
-------
AIR
Appropriation
Salaries and Expenses..
Research and
Abatement, Control and
Compl iance...
Total
Permanent Workyears....
Full-time Equivalency..
Authorization Levels...
Program High! Ights
Health and Ecological
Effects:
Salaries and
Expenses ............
Research and
Devel opment .........
Industrial Processes:
Salaries and
Expenses......
Research and
Monitoring and
Technical Support:
Salaries and
Research and
Total, Research and
Development Program:
Salaries and
Research and
J Total
Actual
1979
$64,996
33,506
144,860
243,362
1,844
2,154
228,855
351,197
9,926
19,737
1 ,128
?,86Q
t Vs* **
7,443
10,910
18,497
33,507
52.004
Budget
Estimate
1980
(dol
$72,417
46,27.0
137,123
255,810
1,968
2,347
232,100
236,500
14,521
32,103
1,150
2 , 900
10,022
11,267
25.693
46,270
71.963
Current
Estimate
1980
Estimate
1981
Increase +
Decrease -
1981 vs. 1980
Pa-
lars in thousands)
$77,186
39,529
133,775
250,490
1,974
2,360
209,600
236,500
16,755
25,388
1 ,1 33
2,934
9,403
11,207
27,693
39,529
fin.R?n
$75,816
44,109
128,545
248,470
1,888
2,246
211,500
200,000
15,490
29,753
1,069
3,030
9,501
11,324
27,291
44,107
7f1.1fi7
-$1,370
+4,580
-,5,230
-2,020
-86
-114
f-1,900
-1,265
+4,365
-64
+96
+98
+117
-1,231
+4,578
4-1 W?
A-15
A-31
A-36
-------
Actual
1979
Budget
Estimate
1980
Current
Estimate
1980
Estimate
1981
(dollars in thousands)
Air Quality and Sta-
tionary Source Planning
and Standards:
Salaries and
Expenses............ $7,986 $6,675 $8,726 $8,698
Abatement, Control
and Compliance...... 14,920 30,800 28,666 20,218
Mobile Source Standards
and Guidelines:
Salaries and
Expenses 6,173 8,880 6,924 6,820
Abatement, Control
and Compliance...... 8,.578 2,280 4,480 4,578
State Programs Resource
Assistance:
Salaries and
Expenses. 315 350 399 419
Abatement, Control
and Compliance 105,110 86,311 83,948 88,334
Air Quality Strategies
Implementation:
Salaries and
Expenses , 8,564 8,710 9,066 8,655
Abatement, Control
and Compliance 333 ... 253 221
Mobile Source Preproduction
Compliance Verfication:
Salaries and
Expenses 4,110 2,430 2,950 3,662
Abatement, Control
and Compfiance...,.. 2,183 1,300 922 922
Trends Monitoring and
Progress Assessment: '
Salaries and
'Expenses... 3,858 3,589 4,122 3,883
Abatement, Control
and Compliance...... 769 641 382 610
Total, Abatement and
Control Program:
Salaries and
Expenses. 31,006 30,634 32,187 32,137
Abatement, Control
and Compliance 131.993 121.332 118.551 .114,883
Total .....-..------- Ifi? QQQ 1KT ORK icn 010 i»-t n/\n
Increase +
Decrease -
1981 vs. 1980 Page
-$28
-8,448
-104
+98
+20
+4,386
-411
-32
+712
-239
+228
-50
-3,768
A-46
A-54
A-61
A-67
A-70
A-74
-------
ttuuucu estimate estimate estimate uecrease -
1979 1980 1980 1981 1981 vs. 1980
(dollars in thousands)
Stationary Source
Enforcement: A~79
Salaries and
Expenses, ., $11,982 $12,595 $13,776 $13,736 -$40
Abatement, Control
and Compliance...... 10,535 12,435 12,181 10,697 -1,484
Mobile Source
Enforcement: A-84
Salaries and
Expenses 3,510 3,496 3,931 3,883 -48
Abatement, Control
and Compliance 2,332 3,355 2,943 2.967 +24
Total, Enforcement
Program:
Salaries and
Expenses 15,492 16,091 17,707 17,619 -88
Abatement, Control
and Compliance 12,867 15.790 15,124 13.664 -1,460
Total. 28,359 31,881 32,831 31,283 -1,548
Pe rma nent Po s i t i o n s
Healtn"aricF EcoTogical
Effects 220 252 252 235 -17 A-15
Industrial Processes... 22 18 18 18 ... A-31
Monitoring and Technical
Support.... 149 150 161 155 -6 A-36
Total, Research and
Development
Program 391 440 431 408 -23
Air Quality and Sta-
tionary Source Planning
and Standards 243 252 255 244 -11 A-46
Mobile Source Standards
and Guidelines 166 162 165 152 -14 A-54
State Programs Resource
Assistance 5 6 6 6 ... A-61
Air Quality Strategies
Implementation... 314 324 317 288 -29 A-67
Mobile Source Pre-
production Compliance
Verification 57 71 . 72 84 +12 A-70
Trends Monitoring and
Progress Assessment... 115 ' 128 122 116 -6 A-74
Total, Abatement and
Control Program..... 900 943 938 890 -48
-------
Actual
1979
Stationary Source
Enforcement 406
Mobile Source
Enforcement 117
Total, Enforcement
Program..., 523
Full-time Equivalency
Health and Ecological
Effects 280
Industrial Processes... 40
Monitoring and Technical
S upport . 1 71
Total, Research and
Development Program... 491
Air Quality and Sta-
tionary Source Planning
and Standards. 277
Mobile Source Standards
and Guidelines........ 190
State Programs Resource
Assistance.....*...... 43
Air Quality Management
Implementation........ 340
Mobile Source Pre-
production Compliance
Verification 94
Trends Monitoring and
Progress Assessment... 137
Total, Abatement and
Control Program....... 1,081
Stationary Source
Enforcement 439
Mobile Source
Enforcement 143
Total, Enforcement
Program...... 582
Budget Current
Estimate Estimate Estimate
1980 1980 1981
"(dollars in thousands)
502
138
640
319
31
186
536
280
201
72
357
87
139
1,136
517
158
479
126
505
322
31
186
539
279
213
73
344
102
132
1,143
522
157
471
118
_5J9_
300
31
179
510
266
190
73
313
107
128
1,077
507
152
Decreases -
Increases +
1981 vs. 1980
-8
-8
-22
* »
-7
-29
-13
-23
* *
-31
+5
-4
-66
-15
-5
A-79
A-84
A-15
A-31
A-36
A-54
A-6]
A-67
A-70
A-74
A-79
A-84
675
679
559
-20
-------
OVERVIEW AND STRATEGY
The Clean Air Act authorizes a national program of air pollution research, regulation,
and enforcement activities. Under the Act, primary responsibility for the- prevention
and control of air pollution at its source rests with State and local government,
with a strong mandate that the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) take action
where States do not fulfill their responsibilties. EPA's role is to conduct research
and development programs, ensure that adequate standards and regulations are established
to meet environmental goals set by the Act, support State and local control activities,
and ensure that the standards and regulations are effectively enforced.
The environmental goals are generally those prescribed by National Ambient Air
Quality Standards (NAAQS). Two types of standards are set: primary standards to protect
human health and secondard standards to protect the public welfare (prevention of damage
to property, animals, vegetation, crops, visibility, etc.). The health and other effects
of pollutants are delineated in criteria documents which are the basis for the standards.
National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) have been set for total suspended partieulat
sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, ozone, hydrocarbons, and lead.
Controlling emissions to meet NAAQS is handled through two major types of activities:
(1) State Implementation Plans (SIP) which control pollution within each State primarily
by prescribing specific emission limitations or control actions for types of polluters,
and (2) national emission standards prescribed for new motor vehicles and selected new
stationary sources.
In addition to the NAAQS discussed above, nationally applicable emission levels
are prescribed for other pollutants deemed especially hazardous, and apply to both new
and existing pollutant sources. National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants
(NESHAPS) have been established for asbestos, beryllium, mercury and vinyl chloride
from a variety of sources. Benzene and radionuclides have been listed as hazardous air
pollutants and emission control regulations are under development. Activities and
resources for radionuclides are covered under the radiation portion of the Agency's
budget.
Air program activities have been directed primarily at the attainment of the
primary NAAQS. Although the combined Federal-State-local effort at controlling air
pollution has achieved a notable degree of success in improving ambient air quality
across the Nation, the standards have not been attained in many areas. The Clean Air
Act, as amended in 1977, recognizes this problem and sets, forth a comprehensive program
for achieving the standards for such areas.
In general, the Act requires that the standards be attained by the end of calendar
year 1982. However, in recognition of the unusual problems some areas will have in
attaining the standards for ozone and carbon monoxide, attainment of these standards is
to be as expeditious as possible, but in no case later than 1987. Such areas are to
submit additional plans in 1982. Under the terms of the Act, failure to submit adequate
SIP's to attain the NAAQS by 1982 or 1987 can result in the prohibitions on construction
of new or modified major sources and the withholding of certain Federal funds.
The 1977 Amendments require New Source Performance Standards (NSPS) for all major
stationary sources to be set on a specified schedule, more stringent emission standards
to be set for new motor vehicles and engines, and assessments to be carried out related
to other standard setting. In addition, a statutory basis is established for prevention
of significant deterioration (PSD) which is, in effect, a mechanism for managing the
-------
me attainment of NAAQS, a number of the SIP's could only be approved provisionally
during 1979. In FY 1980 follow-up actions to remedy deficiencies in the 1979 SIP
submission are being completed and acted on by EPA, In some States these actions will
continue into 1981. Also, in most States the 1979 SIP contained schedules for developing
mandatory inspection and maintenance (I/M) programs, (to assure the continued effective-Ties
of controls on motor vehicles), conducting transportation control planning processes,
enacting additional volatile organic compound (VOC) regulations and making special
analyses of control problems associated with fugitive dust. EPA is tracking the progress
of States in meeting these schedules and providing necessary guidance, particularly with
respect to I/M and transportation planning.
In 1980 and 1981, considerable effort will be devoted to developing the data base
required for the 1982 SIP submissions for areas having justifiable reasons for extending
the attainment dates for carbon monoxide and ozone to the 1983-1987 time period. The
data base required for these submissions includes detailed emission, air quality and
meteorology information beyond that normally needed for demonstrating attainment of air
quality standards.
EPA promulgated regulations in May 1979, establishing requirements for ambient air
monitoring stations, networks, and quality assurance procedures. These regulations
will be implemented in both 1980 and 1981 and involve new instrumentation, station siting,
and establishment of quality assurance programs by the States. These actions are
necessary to improve the degree of confidence of the public, industry, and regulatory
agencies in air.quality data.
The review of all NAAQS required by the Clean Air Act is continuing in 1980 and
may result in new or altered standards being proposed in 1980 or 1981 for oxides of
nitrogen, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, and suspended particulates. The promulgat
of revised standards will require additional State efforts to revise SIP's in 1981.
The development of such revisions will require obtaining additional -air'quality and
emission data in 1980 and 1981.
By the end of 1980, the Agency expects that all required States will have EPA-
approved State Implementation Plans for prevention of significant deterioration (PSD), and
will assume new source review (NSR) for proposed facilities subject to these requirements.
In 1981, EPA will limit its review of PSD permit applications and assume overview
responsibilities by providing specific expertise and interpretation of Agency policy
and guidance in technical areas. In addition, the overview function will give particular
attention to assuring consistency between adjoining States and mediating issues relative
to interstate impact of growth.
During both 1980 and 1981, the promulgation of NSPS will be greatly increased,
consistent with the Clean Air Act requirements. These new emission limits, in addition
to limiting emissions from new sources to levels achieved by best available adequately
demonstrated technology, will provide a basis for determining required case-by-case
level of control for sources subject to PSD.
The Agency is in the process of adopting an Air Carcinogen Policy. Health
assessments will be made of many additional chemicals and appropriate regulatory actions
taken under the guidance of this policy. Ad'ditiona! NESHAPS are to be promulgated in
1980 and 1981.
-------
and gasoline powered heavy and light duty trucks as made mandatory by the 1977 amendments
to the Act. Continuing attention will be given in 198] to the assessment of potential
health hazards and to the development of requisite standards for currently unregulated
pollutants from mobile sources.
The Agency is also concerned about motor vehicles that are currently on the road.
EPA expects 29 States to have legislation for inspection and maintenance (I/M) programs
in 1980. In 1980 and 1981, the mobile source program will be providing technical
information to support the development of adequate and effective programs under such
legislation. The Agency's fuel economy activities will expand in 1981 in support of
DOT's regulations and the provision of public information on vehicle fuel economy.
Studies will continue in 1980 and 1981 on methods to close the gap between test data
and actual in-use experience.
A major Federal role in meeting ambient air quality standards is expected to
continue. Failures by the States in some cases to develop the requisite regulatory
framework for air pollution control will continue to necessitate Federal action to fill
the gaps in otherwise adequate State control programs. Likewise, the extension of air
pollution control to a large number of sources not presently covered, or covered
inadequately, will intensify the need for enforcement action. EPA will supplement
State/local resources to facilitate State assumption of enforcement responsibilities
but, where necessary, it will continue to undertake Federal enforcement action.
Where Federal enforcement is required, it is the purpose of the stationary source
enforcement program to ensure that stationary air sources are in compliance with emission
limitations under SIPs; that new stationary air sources are constructed in accordance
\ with NSR, NSPS, and PSD provisions; that stationary air sources subject to NESHAPS
I meet hazardous air pollutant standards; and that all applicable provisions of the
Power Plant and Industrial Fuel Use Act of 1978 are implemented,
The stationary source enforcement program is continuing its part of the major
source enforcement effort (MSEE) by developing and concluding cases, through settlement
or litigation against large recalcitrant violators and ensuring compliance by closely
tracking their compliance schedules or consent decrees. The noncompliance penalty regulation-
under Section 120 of the Clean Air Act, a new and powerful program for obtaining
expeditious compliance, will be promulgated in early 1980. Further, there will be a
continuing commitment to a strong compliance monitoring program. Particular attention
will be given to examining the field surveillance and compliance monitoring programs
being implemented by the States to ensure that violations are being fully documented.
The mobile source enforcement program vrill emphasize programs designed to reduce
tampering and fuel switching violations in order to reduce in-use emissions from mobile
sources. This program will focus primarily on areas of the country with such significant
mobile source air pollution problems that inspection/maintenance programs will be
necessary to meet air quality standards. A special effort will be directed at preventing
a widespread increase in fuel switching caused by a shortfall in unleaded gasoline and
will be accompanied by monitoring of the petroleum industry to detect the locations and
severity of such shortages. The selective enforcement auditing assembly line testing
program, recall and surveillance activity in support of recall, and warranty enforcement
will continue.
-------
Many of the objectives of the 1980 air research program will carry over into 1981.
The overall program will continue to define the adverse health and environmental effects
of airborne pollutants, describe the way in which these pollutants are transported and
transformed in the atmosphere, and develop and evaluate pollution control technologies.
The 1981 air research program is the first such program to be developed in conduction
with EPA's new Research Committee planning system, which has resulted in much better
coordination between the research and regulatory program than previously listed. The
air research program is divided into four components, each of which is reviewed by a
Research Committee. The four areas are mobile source pollutants, oxidants, hazardous
air pollutants, and gaseous and inhalable particulate pollutants.
Field studies in urban areas to identify hazardous pollutants present in ambient
air will be initiated. This information will be used to help develop hazardous pollutant
regulatory strategies under Section 112 of the Clean Air Act and to determine compounds
to be screened for carcinogenicity and other harmful effects.
The health effects research program, will continue to focus on research to more
accurately determine actual human exposures to air pollutants and to better define the
effects of these pollutants on real world populations. For example, epidemic!ogical
studies in areas identified in 1980 as good candidates for assessing the effects of
exposure to particulate pollutants will be initiated. These studies will provide the
Agency with essential information for setting and revising ambient air quality standards
for particulate matter.
In the mobile sources area, examination of health effects of pollutants emitted by
diesel engines will continue to receive primary emphasis. As more diesel emission health
effects data become available from projects started in 1979 and 1980, the research will
be refined artd focused on developing tests that can identify specific components of
diesel exhaust that require emissions control. This type of testing will also be used
to assess innovations in engine design and particulate control technologies.
Field and laboratory studies will be conducted to determine the role of nitrogen
oxides and hydrocarbons in producing oxidant pollution. The research will focus on the
long-range (multi-state) transport and transformation processes of oxidants and their
precursors and will determine the contributions of natural sources of pollutants to
both urban and rural ozone problems.
Other major activities will include expansion of the network of inhalable particle
samplers to improve our knowledge of the ambient concentrations of these particles and
maintenance of the National' Crop Loss Assessment Network to estimate current losses due
to ambient pollutant concentrations and losses due to incremental changes in concentration
of specific pollutants. Finally, development of major models for field studies will be
undertaken to improve our understanding of the dispersion patterns of pollutants through
complex terrain, transport of oxidants In the northeast, and the extent and causes of
visibility degradation in both urban and non-urban areas.
Purpose of Research and Development Program
The air research and development program is designed to furnish EPA with the
knowledge to establish prudent environmental controls standards and regulations based
upon known or potentially adverse health and ecological effects; to define, develop,
and demonstrate systems for controlling stationary source pollution; and to evaluate
strategies for minimizing the emission of pollutants. To achieve these ends, the program
-------
is structured to identify and, to the extent possible, quantify the adverse human health
effects of exposure to air pollutants; to quantify the effects and fate of air pollutants
on biological systems and processes within the environment; to develop predictive models
for pollutant emission, transport, transformation, and removal, and verify these models
by actual measurements; and to develop new and improved technology for preventing and
controlling air pollution and demonstrate the cost effectiveness of such technologies. The
air research and development program also provides analytical measurement methods for
monitoring air pollutants; procedures and materials to assure the quality of monitoring
data; technical expertise, and specialized facilities and equipment to the regulatory
and enforcement programs.
Purpose of Abatement and Control Program
The Salaries and Expenses and Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriations
encompass the development and implementation of air pollution control strategies and
programs. Specific activities include regulations development, technical and policy
guidancej financial support to State and local programs and direct Federal action when
States fail to fulfill their Clean Air responsibilities. The intent of the Act is that
States assume responsibility for most aspects of air pollution control, and that EPA
provide guidance and assistance. Our total environmental effort is conceived as a
working partnership with State and local governments to achieve national environmental goals.
The primary goal of the air program is the implementation of National Ambient Air
Quality Standards (NAAQS) attainment and maintenance strategies. The first priority
for States and EPA in 1980 and 1981 is the completion of strategy development actions
and the adoption by the States of revisions to the State Implementation Plans (SIPs)
?or areas not presently attaining ambient air quality standards. This includes
"expeditious follow-up on conditionally approved SIPs and timely action on schedules for
inspection and maintenance (I/M), and transportation control measures (TCM); adoption
of new regulations covering volatile organic chemcials (VQC); control of non-traditional
sources of suspended particulate matter; and development of improved data bases to
facilitate the submission, where required, of new SIPs in 1982. In addition, EPA, in
carrying out the mandates of the Clean Air Act, must complete the promulation of New
Source Performance Standards for all major stationary sources of air pollution;
effectively review all exisitng ambient air quality standards; regulate mobile sources of
air pollution; develop a workable program of prevention of significant deterioration
and implement the new visibility protection goals of the Clean Air Act.
The abatement, control and compliance activities are categorized under the following
subactivities:
Air Quality and Stationary Source Planning and Standards - This subactivity
includes: (1) the development, reassessment andrevision of national control strategies
for all air pollutants and development of appropriate regulations. Control strategies
developed in this subactivity are translated into guidance for State action, through
the State Implementation Plans, or directly into Federal control requirements, such as
New Source Performance Standards (NSPS) or National Emission Standards for Hazaradous
Air Pollutants (NESHAPS). Extensive activities are also carried out to provide the
engineering and other technical support requisite'for the development of regulations
promulated by EPA when States do not act.
-------
Mobile Source Standards and Guidelines - This subactivity involves the setting of
emissions standards for mobile sources (including the associated testing, technical
analyses and technology assessments), and the development of mobile source related
technical procedures and guidelines applicable to the control of emissions from new and
in-use vehicles. Under this subactivity, EPA responsibilities in determining fuel
economy values for vehicles subject to the Environmental Protection and Energy Conservation
Act (EPECA) are also carried out.
State Programs Resource Assistance - This subactivity involves the provision of
resources to support State and local government implementation of air pollution control
programs. The primary responsibility for controlling ai>" pollution rests with the
States and localities. Supplemental resources are required if these governments are to
effectively implement air pollution control programs, thereby eliminating or reducing
the need for direct Federal intervention. Support is also provided for training of
control agency personnel. Supplementing State and local resources complements the
purpose of the activities carried out under the other subacti vities of the Abatement,
Control and Compliance appropriation.
Air Quality Strategies Implementation - This subactivity includes implementation
of regulatory requirements for which the Federal government has primary responsibility,
such as: (1) overview of air pollution control activities carried out by Federal
facilities; (2) review of environmental impact statements prepared by other Federal
agencies for air pollution impact; and (3) implementation of air quality standards and
control strategies in specific areas of the Nation. These activities result in the
implementation of specific control strategies through State and local control programs.
Examples of these activities are the development of State Implementation Plans (SIP)
and EPA promulgation of regulations, all technical aspects of the development of the
control strategies incorporated into the SIP, and the management of the procedural
requirements, such as public hearings on plans.
Mobile Source Prepreduction Compliance Verification - This subactivity involves the
engineering review of prototype motor vehicles and engines in order to determine whether
or not they conform with motor vehicle emissions standards developed under the mobile source
standards and guidelines subactivity. It also includes confirmatory testing and
other laboratory subactivity. It also includes confirmatory testing and other laboratory
or data analysis related to the certification process and fuel economy determinations.
Trends Monitoring and Progress Assessment - This subactivity includes the
determination of ambient air quality and emission levels and relationships, and assessment
of progress made towards the attainment of environmental goals. These data and
assessments are used for reassessing or developing control strategies, and for judging
the progress made in achieving legislative or regulatory program goals. The determination
of emission levels is an activity fundamental to the administration of programs at the
State, local, and Federal levels for developing regulations, reviewing new sources, and
making determinations as to their siting.
-------
(in thousands of dpi 1 ars }
1980 Air Program ..... .............. ..-. ........ $250,490
Salaries and Expenses... . ................. . -1,370
This decrease reflects the permanent
workyear decrease of 114.
Research and Devel opment . ................ . . +4,580
This increase in extramural support
resulted from increases in research
in the health effects of air pollutants
from transportation sources (+$,4 mi 11 ion),
funding of oxidant research in preparation
for the 1983 oxidant criteria document
(+$1.2 million), additional funding of the
health effects of non-criteria air pollutants
(+$2.6 million), and funding for research
directed towards determining the background
levels and the roles of natural sources on
air pollution levels (+$.4 million).
Abatement, Control and Compliance. ...... ... -5,230
This net reduction in extramural support
resulted from a phased decrease in resources
for New Source Performance Standards (NSPS)
development (-$8.9 million) as those standards
near completion, in addition to a decrease in
contractual support to the enforcement of
stationary source requirements (-$1.5 million).
These decreases were partially offset by an
increase in grants to State and local air
pollution control agencies {+$4.9 million)
and contracts for regional ambient air
monitoring (+$.2 million).
1981 Air Program... 248,4.70
SUMMARY OF BUDGET ESTIMATE
1- Summary of Budget Request
An appropriation of $248,469,500 is requested for 1981. This request by
appropriation account, is as follows:
Salaries and Expenses $75,816,300
Research and Development » 44,108,500
Abatement, Control and Compliance... 128,544,800
-------
local air pollution control agencies, $2.6 million for research on the health effects
of non-criteria pollutants, $1.2 million for oxidant research in preparation for the
T983 oxidant criteria document, $.4 million for research into the health effects of
pollutants emitted by transportation sources, $.4 million for research into background
levels and the roles of natural sources on air pollution levels. The following decreases
are also included: a phased decrease in resources of $8.9 million for NSPS development
as those standards will be nearing completion, $1.5 million from the enforcement of
stationary source requirements of the Clean Air Act, and $1.4 million of salaries and
expenses reflecting cuts in personnel for the media.
2. Changes from Original 1980 Budget Estimate
Changes from the budget are as follows:
Original 1980 estimate.
effects.
Congressional increases/decreases:
Travel
ADP.., ,
Supplies and expenses.
Health and ecological
Control agency grants. ,
Academic traini ng...
Reprogramming for salary costs..
Proposed pay raise supplemental,
Mi seel 1 aneous reprogrammi ng......
(in thousands of dollars)
$255,810
-318
-63
-234
-4,000
-2,800
+480
-827
+2,451
-9
Current 1980 estimate.
250,490
The Congress reduced Agency travel costs by $2 million, of which $318,000 is
applicable to the air media. ADP costs were reduced by $1 million, resulting in a
$63,000 decrease. Supplies and expenses were reduced by $2 million, of which $234,000
is in the air media. A reduction of $4 million was made to the health and ecological
effects activity; $2.8 million was reduced from control agency support grants. Finally,
academic training was increased by $1.5 million, of which $480,000 is applicable to the
air media.
An overall reprogramming throughout the Agency to provide sufficient salary funds
to cover authorized workyears resulted in a decrease of $827,000 to the air media.
A supplemental appropriation is proposed to partially fund costs of the October
1979 pay raise; $2,451,000 is for the air media. Miscellaneous reprogrammings to this
media resulted in a net decrease of $9,000.
A-12
-------
ANALYSIS OF INCREASES AND DECREASES TO OBLIGATIONS
Current
Estimate Estimate
1980 1981
(in thousands of dollars)
Prior year obligations ..........
Effect of congressional changes
Effect of pay raise supplemental..,.
Change in amount of carryover funds
available..«..,.,...
Program decreases
Effect of reprogrammings.....
Change in rate of obligations
$243,362
-4,035
+2,451
+21,681
-4,808
-836
+32.280
$290,095
-39,605
-2,020
Total estimated obligations.......
(From new obligation authority).
(From prior year funds).........
290,095
(248,904)
(41,191)
248,470
(246,884)
(1,586)
EXPLANATION OF INCREASES AND DECREASES TO OBLIGATIONS
The congressional changes discussed in the previous section are expected to result
in a decrease of $4,035,000 to obligations. The proposed pay raise supplemental to
partially fund the October 1979 pay raise will increase obligations by $2,451,000. The
reprogrammings to fund authorized workyears will decrease obligations by $836,000>
The decrease in budget authority in 1980 and 1981 results in a reduction to
obligations of $4,808,000 and $2,020,000, respectively.
The amount of carryover funds to be obligated in 1980 is $41,191,000, an increase
of $21,681,000 over the 1979 level; in 1981, it is estimated that $1,586,000 of carryover
funds will be obligated, a decrease of $39,605,000 from the 1980 level.
A change in the rate of obligation is expected in 1980, which will create an
increase of $32,280,000 over the 1979 level.
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PROGRAM LEVELS
Budget Current Increase +
Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease -
1979 1980 1980 T981 1981 vs. 1980
Number of pollutants
covered by hazardous
pollutants standards... 4 10 4 4 +10
Number of automobile
engine families awarded
certificates for con-
formity with emission
standards... 240 700 250 250
Number of source
categories covered by
flew Source Performance
Standards 29 40 36 53 +17
Number of emission tests
carried out for motor
vehicle certification
purposes.. 899 1,000 950 950
Number of fuel economy
tests carried out .. 925 800 1,800 1,800
Identified Class A source
in U.S...... 24,040 29,000 25,000 29,000 +4,000
Assembly line testing
test orders...., 37 42 35 33 -2
Combined fuels/vapor
recovery inspections 16,000 25,000 23,000 25,000 -r2,000
Recall investigations...,. 24 40 27 19 -8
Number of civil/criminal
actions initiated by EPA 148 350 215 210 -5
Number of administrative
orders initiated by EPA 213 160 155 220 +65
Number of compliance
monitoring inspections
conducted by EPA....... 2,769 2,800 3,350 3,300 -50
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UI1U L.WW I Wy I <-d 1 L. I I
Appropriation
Health Effects/
Transportation Sources:
Salaries and Expenses
Research and Development......
Health Effects/Criteria Pollutants:
Salaries and Expenses
Research and Development
Health Effect/Non-Criteria Pollutants:
Salaries and Expenses
Research and Development
Ecological Effects:
Salaries and Expenses.
Research and Development
Transport and Fate of Pollutants:
Salaries and Expenses
Research and Development
Total:
Salaries and Expenses
Research and Development
Grand Total ,
Original
Estimate
1981
$3,179
3,438
2,366
4,499
6,500
9,860
975
1,320
2,470
10,636
15,490
29,753
Revised
Estimate President's
1981 Reduction
(dollars in thousands'] "
$3,168
3,438
2,359
4,499
6,475
9,860
972
1,320
2,459
10,636
15,433
29,753
-$11
-7
-25
-3
-11
-57
45,243
45,186
-57
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Page Intentionally Blank
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AIR
Health and Ecological Effects
Actual
1979
Appropriation
Health Effects/
Transportation Sources:
Salaries and Expenses. $2,508
Research and Develop-
ment 3,148
Health Effects/Criteria
Pollutants:
Salaries and Expenses. 1,049
Research and Develop-
ment 687
Health Effects/Non-
Criteria Pollutants:
Salaries and Expenses. 3,416
Research and Develop-
ment ,.- 6,645
Ecological Effects:
Salaries and Expenses. 872
Research and Develop-
ment 681
Transport and Fate of
Pollutants:
Salaries and Expenses. 2,081
Research and Develop-
ment 8.576
Total:
Salaries and Expenses. 9,926
Research and Develop-
ment 19,737
Grand Total 29,663
Budget
Estimate
1980
Current
Estimate
1980
Estimate
1981
Increase -+
Decrease -
1981 vs. 1980
(dollars in thousands)
$2,434
4,809
2,110
4,690
6,825
10,480
563
1,703
2,589
10,421
14,521
32,103
$3,272
3,080
2,439
3,267
7,780
7,298
898
1,491
2,366
10,252
$3,179
3,438
2,366
4,499
6,500
9,860
975
1,320
2,470
10,636
16,755
25,388
15,490
29.753
-$93
+358
-73
+1 ,232
-1 ,280
+2,562
+77
-171
+104
+384
-1 ,265
+4,365
46,624
42,143
45,243
+3,100
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Health effects/Criteria
Pollutants 21
Health Effects/Non-
Criteria Pollutants.... 90
Ecological Effects....... 21
Transport and Fate of
Pollutants 37_
Total 220
Full-Time Equivalency
Health Effects/
Transportation Sources. 71
Health Effects/Criteria
Pollutants 26
Health Effects/Non-
Criteria Pollutants 112
Ecological Effects 30
Transport and Fate 42
Total 281
Budget Request
31
136
5
44
28
127
11
42
28
115
11
42
-12
262
52
40
158
10
59
252
64
34
147
29
48
235
58
34
131
29
48
-17
-6
-16
319
322
300
-22
The Agency requests $45,243,300 and 235 permanent workyears for this program, of
which $15,489,900 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $29,753,400 is for
extramural activities under the Research and Development appropriation. There is a
decrease of $1,265,700 and a increase of $4,365,900, respectively. In total, there is
a net increase of $3,100,200 and decrease of 17 permanent workyears. The decrease in
workyears is divided between two programs: 5 positions from the transportation sources
activity and 12 positions from the non-criteria program. The dollar increases are;
$1,232,200 for inhalation toxicology efforts to investigate adverse effects in animals
from exposure to particulate and hazardous air pollutants and then relate these findings
to human health effects; $1,159,200 to strengthen clinical studies dealing with the
health effects induced by exposure to oxidants for use in our criteria documents on
ozone and other photochemical oxidants; $265,000 to evaluate the carcinogenic potency
of diesel engine exhaust compared to other known carcinogenic substances; and $393,800
to expedite our research efforts on photochemical oxidant transport and fate processes.
Program Description
Research on the adverse health effects of exposure to air pollutants provides a
major portion of the scientific basis tipon which ambient air quality standards are
established, maintained, or revised as required by the Clean Air Act, as amended in
1977. If regulations set for air pollutants are too lax, the health of the public may
be adversely affected; alternatively, if they are too stringent, the economy may be
adversely affected by unnecessary costs for pollution control equipment.
The air health effects research program is divided into three program components
addressing criteria pollutants, non-criteria "pollutants, and transportation sources.
The program uses epidemiological studies of specific populations, controlled human
exposure (clinical) studies, and animal toxicological studies, focusing on those air
pollutants which adversely affect public health or which are.suspected to do so.
-------
to combinations of criteria pollutants (in order to batter define tne neaitn oata oase
for these pollutants, and, therefore, to better determine the adequacy of existing
pollutant standards); (£) studies of effects from exposure to sulfates, nitrates, metal
oxides, and other inhalable particulate pollutants; and (3) studies of effects from
exposure to mobile source fuels and exhaust products in order to determine which of
these agents pose a potential threat to public health.
Research on the ecological effects of air pollutants provides the fundamental
scientific basis upon which to establish and continually evaluate secondary ambient air
quality standards* This program focuses upon the effects of air pollutants on the
structure and functions of ecosystems by determining the acute gnd chronic effects of
air pollutants, singly and combined, upon individual flora, fauna and soil system
components and on entire ecosystems. Pollutants under study include sulfur dioxide,
ozone, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, and selected non-criteria pollutants of importance.
The program also attempts to characterize air pollution problems in the environment, to
determine the dynamic processes and effects of these pollutants and to provide methods
and techniques to measure or monitor these effects. Laboratory, greenhouse, and field
verification studies will clarify both the biological perturbations and the fate of
these pollutants.
Specifically this program focuses on the collection of dose/response data,
bioaccumulation potentials in agriculture crops and in other vegetation, and productivity,
growth quality and yield reductions in commercially important crops. Research is
directed toward determining the impacts of gaseous mixtures and pollution stress on
populations, succession, species survival and the interactions of exposure with
environmental variables such as temperature and precipitation.
HEALTH EFFECTS - TRANSPORTATION SOURCES
1979 Accomplishments
In 1979, the Agency utilized a total of $5,656,000 for this program, of which
$2,508,100 was for salaries and expenses and $3,147,900 was for extramural research
activities. In 1979, the program:
- Completed the first phase of a study of the comparative responses of
a group of bioassay test systems to a series of surrogates Ei-e«» organic
pollutants considered as having chemical characteristics similar in nature
to those in diesel exhaust) and diesel exhausts from different vehicles.
- Completed a dose ranging study for diesel particulates {bound and unbound)
using intratrachaal instillation method. The results determined the maximum
tolerated dose that could be utilized for the full scale intratracheal
instillation study of the risk of cancer induction.
- Completed dose ranging study of neurobehavioral effects associated with
inhalation of diesel exhaust. The results ascertained the appropriate
exposure levels to be utilized to review the dose-response relationship.
- Demonstrated that the level of mutagenic activity of diesel exhaust, as
measured in an isolated bioassay test system, is influenced by the presence
of ozone.
- Characterized the emissions of six advanced technology vehicles.
a_i7
-------
me program continues to emprmsi^e LUC
a matrix of bloassay test systems to a series of surrogates and diesel exhausts from
different vehicles. The results are considered necessary for the quantitative assessment
of the potential risk of cancer from the agents emitted from diesel vehicles. Diesel
emissions are the primary target of this research. Biological endpoints such as
pulmonary dysfunction, neurobehavioral changes, reproductive effects and immune defense
dysfunction are addressed but were not emphasized as much as the evaluation of
earcinogenesis using whole animal and short term bioassays. Epidemiological research
pertaining to diesel exhaust will also focus on cancer induction.
Emphasis of the public health initiative component of the program is on conducting
epidemiclogical studies of populations exposed to diesel exhausts, developing and
applying a variety of in vitro screening tests, and expanding in vivo studies relating
to carcinogenicity.
Specific tasks include the following:
- Continuation of the study on induction of respiratory carcinogenesis in
male Syrian golden hamsters using intratracheal instillation of pollutant
extracts.
- Continuation of the evaluation of diesel emissions and comparative samples
for carcinogenesis using dermal exposure of the SENCAR (SENsitive to
CARcinoma) mouse.
- Continuation of the evaluation of the rate of, induction of pulmonary tumor
inherent in strain-A mice by inhalation of diesel exhausts.
- Continuation of the development and application of a short-term in vitro
carcinogenesis assay (liver islands assay) which will have higher sensitivity
and be less expensive than a lifetime in vitro assay.
1980 Explanation of Changefrom Budget Estimates
The net decrease of $890,700 results from several actions. An increase of §70,200
results from the cost of the October 1979 pay raise and is included in a proposed
supplemental appropriation. A congressional reduction of $2 million to Agency travel
costs resulted in a decrease of $1,600. The Congress also reduced the health and
ecological effects activities by $4 million which resulted in a decrease of $920,000 to
this activity. An overall reprogramming,throughout the Agency to provide sufficient
salary funds to cover authorized workyears resulted in a decrease of $39,300 to this
activity.
1981 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $6,617,300 and 39 permanent workyears for this
program, of which $3,179,000 is for Salaries and Expenses and $3,438,300 is for extramural
purposes under the Research and Development appropriation. This requests reflects a
net Increase of $265,000 and a decrease of 5 permanent workyears. The dollar increase
will be for quick response assays of biological activities. These will be used in
conjunction with engineering analyses to help determine ways to minimize the carcinogenic
potency of diesel engine exhaust. The decrease in wqrkvears reflects reanacations to
other priority programs and the stabilization of this effort after rapid early growth.
-------
The whole animal studies which evaluate the carcinogenic response of normal and
special strains of rodents will be completed. These studies will evaluate the potency
by techniques ranging from counting tumors to measuring changes in enzyme levels which
are believed to be precursors to the onset of tumors. Limited whole animal inhalation
studies, evaluating the effects of diesel exhaust on neurological and behavioral activity
and on pulmonary function and chronic lung disease, will be continued as will the
limited whole animal non-inhalation (skin painting and intratracheal Instillation)
studies. These studies evaluate the biological response under various dose regimes of
diesel exhaust particulates or the organics extracted from the participates. A series
of limited, parallel studies on the same species (hamster, SENCAR mouse) with materials
of similar composition to diesel exhaust particulate will be initiated. The materials
selected will be based on epidemiological data that suggests a relationship between
such materials and an increase in cancer risk. The data from these parallel studies
will permit the comparison of the carcinogenic potency of the diesel exhaust with that
of the "known" material. Use of the in vitro screening tests will continue. Results
will help identify the specific components in the diesel exhaust that may require
emissions control and facilitate an understanding of the relationship of changes in
emissions with changes in engine design, operation, or after introduction of combustion
emission control devices. Isolated test systems will continue to be used to provide
rapid health assessments of the pollutants that may be anitted from 1978-80 model year
motor vehicles. Both catalyst and diesel exhausts will be evaluated to support the
Agency's certification program.
Animal toxicological studies will be conducted on those emission products that,
based on the results of rapid, in vitro screening tests, require further investigation.
These studies will provide a broader data base for addressing the uncertainty regarding
the certification of diesel engines. Epidemiological studies of populations exposed to
diesel exhaust products will be continued.
Ambient air quality trend data in Los Angeles will continue to be obtained to
evaluate the impact of reducing automobile emissions through new emission control
devices. This will provide information on more parameters that may affect the composition
of diasel exhaust and thus will aid development of better control strategies. Data
obtained from field studies in Long Island and Los Angeles will be used to evaluate and
improve the existing highway dispersion models capable of estimating commuter exposure
to pollutants from vehicles. Available air quality data will be used to.relate population
exposures to air quality to determine the contribution of pollutants from vehicles to
overall air pollutant levels in urban areas. Characterization of emissions from a few
1979-1980 model year light duty vehicles under limited operation conditions will continue.
HEALTH EFFECTS/CRITERIA POLLUTANTS
1979 Accompli shments
In 1979, the Agency utilized a total of 51,735,700 under this program, of which
21,049,000 was for salaries and expenses and $686,700 was for extramural purposes.
Major accomplishments include the following:
- Completion of short-term and intermittent animal exposure studies
which assess the health effects of repeated exposures to ozone and
nitrogen oxides. Effects noted include impairment of host pulmonary
defense mechanisms which are important for clearance of harmful agents,
such as bacteria, from the lung. Impairment of these mechanisms
increases susceptibility to infectious disease. Further study is
required to validate and refine the initial findings.
-------
(clinical) studies. These techniques, when fully developed, will
allow better comparison of animal and human responses to pollutants.
Realignment of clinical studies to extend experiments on effects from
ozone exposures and to include the initiation of experiments on effects
from nitrogen dioxide exposures. This realignment was necessary to include
more volunteers and to use familiar studies for standardization while
incorporating new computerized systems. Results to date show that
exercise, which increases the rate and depth of respiration, is a
major determinant of pulmonary physiological response (impairment)
to ozone and nitrogen dioxide. This finding implies that persons
exercising in the presence of these pollutants are subject to greater
harm than those resting. Further studies are required to correlate
levels of exposure with degree of impairment in both healthy persons
and those at risk.
Installation of computerized systems in the clinical facilities for
data acquisition, storage, and validation including exercise rates,
pollutant delivery, and cardiopulmonary responses.
Development of techniques to quantify the degree of respiratory
bronchoconstriction in a number of volunteers following administration
of bronchoconstriction drugs, both before and after exposure to inhaled
pollutants in clinical studies. These techniques were developed in
conjunction with the non-criteria program. A mist generator for repeated
delivery of standardized amounts of the bronchoconstriction drug in
aerosol form was also developed and it will simplify these techniques.
Both of these major developments will allow the simulation, in healthy
volunteers, of pollutant effects on populations of sensitive individuals
such as asthmatics. This capability will also be used in studies on
non-criteria pollutants.
Completion of data collection in an epidemiological study in Los Angeles
which is attempting to link pollution from photochemical smog with
incidence of acute respiratory disease. The results are being analyzed
and are expected to be published in 1980.
Completion of data collection in Utah which relates levels of several air
pollutants to chronic and lower respiratory disease. Results are not yet
available, but, reports on this study are due to be published during early
1980.
Improved management of the analytical complexity of environmental
epidemiological studies. An ongoing collaborative study, between
universities and mathematical society institutes, to develop improved
statistical methodologies for data analysis in epidemiological studies
has produced a number of technical reports. In many cases, the report
will significantly reduce the cost of future studies.
-------
$2,439,000 is for Salaries and Expenses and $3,267,000 is for extramural purposes under
the Research and Development appropriations. In 1980, this program will continue to
provide current scientific data as a basis for maintenance or revision of ambient air
standards. This program is designed to respond to EPA's need for information on the
health effects of ozone, nitrogen oxides, and other photochemical oxidants, as well as
carbon monoxide. The research plan for this program is guided by the oxidants research
committee.
Animal studies on effects from exposure to ozone and nitrogen dioxide are continuing;
however, emphasis is shifting from short-term exposures to examination of effects from
long-term exposures. Pulmonary and systemic effects are being studied, focusing on
alterations in physiological, biochemical and metabolic functions; development of acute
and chronic diseases; and susceptibility to infections. Impaired animal models are
being developed as part of the public health initiative and will be used to mimic
responses of humans who may be susceptible to pollutant effects.
Clinical (human) studies continue on effects from exposure to ozone and nitrogen
dioxide alone, and in combination with one another. Studies on ozone will examine
effects at levels close to the air quality standard to define the lowest level at which
persons are affected adversely by ozone exposure. Heat and humidity stresses will be
added to ozone exposure studies to evaluate potential ozone effects by other environmental
stresses. Studies of effects from exposure to nitrogen dioxide will be performed using
pharmacological techniques to study reactivity of respiratory passages. Cardiopulmonary
physiological, biochemical, and immunological functions will be examined in these
studies. The results of these studies are necessary to provide basic data for reasonable
regulatory decisions."
Epidemic! ogical studies in 1980 include a pilot study on acute bronchitis in
California; a study of asthmatic children in Boston; and a study of respiratory symptoms
in children in New Jersey. In addition, studies are being developed as part of the
public health initiative to field test the feasibility of using personal dosimetry
monitors in epidemic!ogical studies.
1980 Explanation of Changes from Budget Estimate ^
The net decrease of $1,094,000 results from several actions. An increase of
541,400 results from the cost of the October 1979 pay raise and is included in a proposed
supplemental appropriation. A congressional reduction of $2 million to Agency travel
costs and $1 million to ADP costs resulted in a decrease of $1,800 and $800, respectively.
The Congress also reduced all health and ecological effects activities by $4 million,
which resulted in a decrease of $939,000 to this activity. An overall reprogramming
throughout the Agency to provide sufficient salary funds to cover authorized workyears
resulted in a decrease of $118,800 to this activity.
A reprogramming of $75,000 was made within the air media to health effects/non-criteria
pollutants since an evaluation of the proposed tasks for the criteria and non-criteria
components of the public health initiative indicated that the non-criteria component
required additional resources in order to assure that the specified tasks were both
properly managed and accomplished.
-------
pruyram, ui winwii .*«-» -,~ ,.,..__._.._..
purposes under the Research and Development appropriation. This reflects an increase
of $1,159,200 which will be used to strengthen the extramural program for clinical
studies on effects from exposure to oxidants in support of the 1983 (projected) criteria
document for ozone and other photochemical oxidants.
Animal studies of effects from long-term exposure to ozone, nitrogen oxides, and
other photochemical oxidants, alone and in-combination, will continue with the examination
of cardiopulmonary physiological, biochemical, histological, and immunological changes.
These are long-term studies, using both normal and impaired animal models, which will
simulate long-term exposures of humans and will require several years for useful results
to be produced. The above mentioned studies are a continuation of the public health
initiative begun in 1980. In addition, studies of the influence of exposure to oxidants
on aging will be initiated.
Clinical studies in 1981 will continue to examine the effects of short-term
exposures to ozone, nitrogen oxides and other components of the photochemical oxidant
mixture which may be added, such as peroxyacetyl nitrates (PAN), both alone and in
other combinations simulating actual pollutant mixtures. Studies will be performed on
healthy subjects to examine cardiopulmonary physiological responses to pollutant exposure
using pharmacological techniques to study reactivity to respiratory passages. Subjects
will be stressed with exercise, heat, and humidity, while biochemical, hematologic, and
immune function parameters are examined. Increased extramural funding will allow
similar studies in clinical settings on volunteers who have respiratory diseases.
Other extramural studies will enhance in-house work and will further develop immunological
investigative capabilities for clinical research.
After completion of a problem definition study, population studies will be initiat'
in areas with pollution levels in excess of ambient air quality standards. The definit
study will identify types of studies, approaches needed and appropriate locations.
Development and use of improved statistical methods for epidemiological analyses and
field trial studies on personal exposure monitors will continue as part of the public
health initiative begun in 1980.
HEALTH EFFECTS/NON-CRITER.IA POLLUTANTS
1979 Accomplishments
In 1979, the Agency utilized a total of $10,061,300 under this program, of which
53,416,300 was for salaries and expenses and $6,645,000 was for extramural purposes for
research activities. Major accomplishments include the following:
- Short-term and intermittent studies were completed on normal animals
and on animals with simulated upper and lower respiratory disease to
determine the effects from exposure to particulate pollutants (including
sulfates) in the inhalable size range. Results have shown few effects
upon pulmonary function or upon biochemical, hematological, or
immunological parameters. This data has been provided for use in the
development of criteria documents. Further studies are appropriate and
will follow.
-------
models represent conditions such as emphysema, hypertension,
congestive heart failure, asthma, and pulmonary fibrosis and reflect
the increased sensitivity to pollutant exposure seen in some humans.
They will be used in studies on both criteria and non-criteria pollutants.
- A clinical study was completed to assess acute effects from inhalation
exposure to low levels of sulfuric acid mist at various concentrations.
This study was undertaken as a follow-up to a 1978 pilot study. Results
indicated no significant decrements of pulmonary function.
- A human exposure chamber was modified to permit the evaluation of
biochemical and immunological factors during the performance of
clinical studies.
- A study of asthmatics in Denver, Colorado, demonstrated little
association between elevated particle levels and asthma symptoms.
- An evaluation of pulmonary function among children in Montana .in
relation to elevated particulate levels demonstrated no significant
differences in effects in the various exposure categories.
- Data collection for an epidemiological study on changes in pulmonary
function in school children as a function of varied sulfur dioxide,
nitrogen dioxide, and particle levels was completed in Akron, Ohio,
Data analysis is currently underway.
- Data on morbidity and mortality rates in several Illinois cities were
studied in relation to particulate pollution levels. In some cases
positive associations were found between particulate pollution levels
and health effects, but in other cases those associations were not
found. Further studies are needed to clarify the relationships observed.
1980 Program
In 1980, the Agency has allocated a total of $15,077,600 to this program, of which
$7,779,400 is for Salaries and Expenses and $7,298,200 is for extramural purposes under
the Research and Development appropriation.
This program, which is an integral part of the public health initiative, continues
to provide scientific data needed for maintenance or revision of ambient air standards
or for creation of emission standards for hazardous pollutants. More specifically, it is
designed to provide the health segment of an integrated data base on effects of sulfur
oxides, airborne particles, lead, and, hazardous airborne pollutants such as heavy metals
and organic compounds. The research includes:
- Animal studies on health effects from particulate pollutants, in the
inhalable size range, in which emphasis is shifting to long-term exposure
conditions, using both normal and impaired animals. Development and
refinement of these models, which emulate human disease conditions
continues with cardiopulmonary physiological, biochemical, histologic, and
immunologic changes being studied. -Research on the harmful effects of
trace metals is also continuing.
-------
vni une
inhalable size range) was begun in 1979 and will be completed in
1980. Being performed in conjunction with research under the
criteria program, Phase I is designed to produce standardized
techniques for bronchoconstrictor dosage administration by
inhalation. These techniques will allow studies to compare
pollutant effects on normal subjects with those in persons simulating
respiratory dysfunction. Results to date indicate a high degree
of variation in sensitivity to inhalation of bronchoconstrictors,
even among those volunteers previously considered "normal."
- Phase II of the above studies will begin in 1980 following the
completion of Phase I and involves exposures to various particle
species such as sulfates, alone and in combination with ozone,
nitrogen oxides, and sulfur oxides. Using techniques developed
in Phase I, healthy volunteers will be exposed to pollutants in
combination with exercise, heat, and humidity. Cardiopulmonary
physiological, biochemical, hematologic, and immunologic parameters
will be examined. No hazardous pollutants will be used in clinical
studies; however, as part of the public health initiative, other
studies will be developed in 1980 to identify biological indicators
of exposure to hazardous air pollutants, and results from this
research will be applied to epidemiological studies performed during
the development of personal physiological monitors.
- A major epidemiological effort will focus on populations exposed to
particulate air pollutants in combination with pollutant gases. The
precise design of these studies will be determined from results of a
problem definition study currently underway. Studies on particles
and sulfur dioxide are continuing in Steubenville, Ohio; St. Louis,
Missouri; El Paso, Texas, and Tempe, Arizona. These studies of
populations exposed to hazardous pollutants involve the application
of biochemical indicators and refined statistical techniques. They
will also determine whether a high incidence of genetic effects is
associated with exposure to air pollutants.
1980 Explanation of Changes from Budget Estimates
The net decrease of $2,227,400 results from several actions. An increase of
$17.2,300 results from the cost of the October 1979 pay raise and is included in a
proposed supplemental appropriation. A congressional reduction of $2 million-to Agency
travel costs and $1 million to ADP costs resulted in a decrease of $6,600 and $100,
respectively. The Congress also reduced all health and ecological effects activities
by $4 million, which resulted in a decrease of $2,141,000 to this activity. An overall
reprogramming throughout the Agency to provide sufficient salary funds to cover authorized
workyears resulted in a decrease of 5327,000 to this activity.
A reprogramming of $75,000 was made from health effects/non-criteria pollutants
since an evaluation of the proposed tasks for the criteria and non-criteria components
of the public health initiative indicated that the non-criteria component required
additional resources in order to assure that the specified tasks were both properly
managed and accomplished*
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The Agency requests a total of $16,359,800 and 115 permanent workyears for this
program, of which $6,499,800 is for Salaries and Expenses and $9,860,000 is for extramural
purposes under the Research and Development appropriation. This reflects an increase
of $1,282,200 and a decrease of 12 permanent workyears from the current level. The
dollar increase expands the extramural program to include (1) development of animal
models for pulmonary disposition and clearance of particulate pollutants, (2) new
techniques to assess impairment of host defense systems, and (3) animal models to assess
carcinogenicity of air pollutants. The position decrease reflects a change in priorities,
away from in-house epidemiolpgical studies on effects from indoor air pollution and
from exposure to rural fugitive dusts toward the extramural studies mentioned above.
The program will continue long-term studies on animals exposed to particles in the
inhalable size range. These studies simulate long-term exposures and resultant effects
upon humans and will require several years to produce useful results. Studies will
also be undertaken on larger particles and gas-particle interactions. Studies of toxic
effects from heavy trace metals will continue and animal studies will be initiated on
effects from exposure to additional hazardous particularly organic air pollutants.
Phase II, the clinical studies on particle species initiated in 1980, will be
continued. Based on results of the Phase II studies, follow-up studies will begin on
those pollutants for which significant effects are found. Physiological, biochemical,
immunologic, and hematologic responses will be studied further following exposure to
pollutants in combination with exercise, heat and humidity stress. Studies to develop
biological indicators for hazardous pollutants will also be continued in 1981 as part
of the public health initiative.
The extramural epidemiology program for 1981 will reflect little change from the
1980 program because of its long-term nature.
ECOLOGICAL EFFECTS
1979 Accomplishments
In 1979 resources obligated were $1,553,200, of which $872,300 was for in-house
expenses and $680,900 was for extramural purposes. Major findings and accomplishments
are 1isted below:
- Plans were completed for establishing a national crop loss assessment
network. This network will supply a data base for predicting the
economic effects of ambient simulations of sulfur dioxide and ozone on
agriculture crops.
- Studies have shown that Hyslop winter wheat exposed to .06 parts per
million sulfur dioxide, which is considerably lower than the present
standard, reduced yields by 22 percent; yields were reduced even more
at higher concentrations.
- Studies determined that woody foliar and root growth of conifers can
be significantly suppressed by exposures during winter conditions to
sulfur dioxide concentrations as low as .06 parts per million.
- Studies determined that fluctuating concentrations of sulfur dioxide
decrease forage yield and nitrogen fixation of alfalfa when the
median concentrations exceeded .08 parts per million., with no effect
on forage quality.
-------
be depressed by short terra exposures to sulfur dioxide concentrations
of .04 - .06 parts per million*
- The growth of plants exposed to nitrogen dioxide pollution in the dark
is not decreased at concentrations less than 1.5 parts per million under
a 5 or./day exposure regime throughout the plant life cycle.
- The concentration threshold at which ozone causes injury to plants is
increased by mild water stress factors and/or limited water availability.
- Plants exposed to sulfur dioxide emit hydrogen sulfide gas to the
atmosphere. The quantity of emitted gas is proportional to the
concentration of sulfur dioxide to which the plants are exposed.
- Research on the effects of photochemical oxidants on a mixed coniferous
forest ecosystem in the San Bernardino National Forest demonstrated many
harmful effects ranging in ecological scale from altered physiological
processes to a lack of reproduction which will cause the larger tree
species, and thus the forest itself, to disappear over an extended period
of time.
- Hydrocarbon effects studies have shown that pines emit significant
quantities of monoterpenes, oxidant pollutant precursors, into the
environment and the rate of emission increases exponentially with
temperature.
- Research has shown that ispprene, a potent oxidant precursor, is emitted
in significant quantities into the atmosphere by a wide range of plant
species including major agriculture crops and forest species.
1980 Program
In 1980, the Agency has allocated a total of $2,389,100 to this program, of which
$898,400 is for Salaries and Expenses and $1,490,700 is for extramural purposes under
the Research and Development appropriation.
In 1980, research emphasis is being placed on clarifying the effects of criteria
pollutants in order to evaluate the adequacy of secondary air quality standards and to
provide the ecological basis for refining and updating existing criteria and standards.
Research will also support decisions relating to regionalization of standards and
prevention of significant deterioration.
Investigations are aimed at detecting, understanding and predicting the impact of
airborne pollutants on terrestrial ecosystems (natural systems and agricultural crops).
This includes assessments of biotic and abiotic components, the related pollutant
interactions on processes and the potential impact on human health or welfare. Research
findings are relating air pollutant concentrations to damage potentials in the environment
by assessing pollutant perturbations and effects and bioaccumulation in terrestrial
ecosystems and in food chains. Studies encompass pollutant sources, emissions, air
quality deterioration potential, and other discharges which alter environmental conditions
and subsequently affect terrestrial systems.-
Extramural research is being expanded to laboratory and field assessments of the
acute and chronic, low level effects of photochemical oxidants (ozone, PAN), sulfur
dioxide and nitrogen oxides. Studies are being conducted on pollutant interactions as
related to agricultural crops and natural ecosystems to determine their impact on
nrnduct.i vitv. fond mislitv. and its economic imol icati nns. Qxidant. stress studies on
-------
pui i uiaiiW3 , ai c uci 1111 ny mi 111 mum u i * wnuu t c c^^u^ui c j /-* ic^^iwiiai wiwp i w^^ a ^ jcj jiuc^ii t,
network Is being established to determine the economic impact of photochemical oxidants
and sulfur dioxide on commercially important crops. Other studies include the effects
and assessments of hydrocarbons (biogem'c emissions) as they contribute to air-mass loadings.
In addition, synergistic reactions of pollutants coupled with biological processes,
environmental factors and interactions within the soil ecosystems are also being evaluated.
1980 Explanation of Changes from Budget Estimates
The net increase of $123,100 results from several actions. An increase of $19,700
results from the cost of the October 1979 pay raise and is included in a proposed
supplemental appropriation. A congressional reduction of $1 million to ADP costs
resulted in a decrease of $3,000. An overall reprogramming throughout the Agency to
provide sufficient salary funds to cover authorized workyears resulted in a decrease of
$41,300 to this activity.
A reprogramming of $4,000 was made within the air media to transport and fate to
support the effort to integrate the MAPPs 3 program within one activity. A transfer of
$36,000 was made to the management and support media to lab support for lab maintenance
costs due in part to increasing costs of energy. A transfer of $137,700 was made from
water quality freshwater ecological effects as a result of the reorganization of the
programmatic functions of the Corvallis and Las Vegas labs after a 1979 RIF.
1981 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $2,295,300 and 11 permanent workyears for this
program, of which $975,000 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $1,320,200
for extramural activities under the Research and Development appropriation. This
request reflects a net decrease of $93,800. This decrease represents a change in
Agency priorities, delaying the establishment of satellite sites for the national crop
loss assessment network as well as some nitrogen dioxide research. The 1981 program
includes:
- Studies to characterize pollutant impacts, acute and chronic effects
of single pollutants, pollutant mixes and interactions, and where
applicable, the economic losses associated with pollutant exposurs.
- Studies to determine the dose/response of selected agricultural crop
and tree species to photochemical oxidants (ozone, PAN, and nitrogen
oxides). A major portion of this research will be extramural and
operation of five crop loss assessment research sites will evaluate
ozone and sulfur dioxide effects and the economic losses of crops on
a regional basis. Additional sites will be developed as appropriate
to attain a national assessment.
- Methods and techniques will be developed to assess bioaccumulation,
synergistic reactions and the effects of gaseous pollutant mixtures on
agriculture crop yields, plant life in older development stages and
physiological processes of plant species.
- Photochemical oxidant stress studies on coniferous and deciduous
forest ecosystems will continue, resulting in the development of
mathematical models to predict pollutant impact.
-------
- Studies to assess the long-term stability of plant communities
subjected to low level pollution stresses from sulfur dioxide will
be conducted. Population survival, reproduction and mortality are
of major interest in these studies.
TRANSPORT AND FATE
1979 Accomplishments
In 1979, this program utilized $10,656,500. This includes $2,081,300 for in-house
expenses and $8,575,200 for extramural expenses.
A first generation photochemical air quality simulation model, designed to predict
pollution concentrations on the regional scale, was completed and delivered to EPA.
This model will be used in assessing the impact of the long-range transport and
transformation of ozone and its precursors for the Northeast. This work represents an
integral part of the total photochemical oxidant transport and fate program to assist
the evaluation/revision of the 1982 state implementation plan (SIP) for oxidants.
A preliminary report was prepared to assess current information on the role of
hydrocarbons emitted from vegetation, e.g., terpenes, in producing photochemical
oxidants in urban and rural areas. Over the past few years there has been a great
controversy on the specific degree to which the natural hydrocarbon emissions contribute
to photochemical oxidant pollution problems. This report evaluated the current scientific
data available on the issue and identifies those areas where additional research is
needed. These areas are: (a) deterioration of natural hydrocarbon emissions factors,
(b) quantification of natural hydrocarbons gases and aerosols in urban and rural
atmosphere, and (c) identification of products resulting from smog chamber photochemica,
studies of natural hydrocarbons.
Scientific results obtained from the summer of 1978 field study in the Houston
area were presented in a special conference. Technical information was presented on
the chemical and physical characterization of photochemical oxidants and aerosols found
in the Houston atmosphere. This information described the contributions from both man-
made and natural sources, historical air quality trend analysis and air quality modeling
studies.
A report was prepared that described meteorological conditions that are associated
with high ambient ozone and sulfate concentrations. The study was based on a summer
air pollution' episode that occurred in the eastern portion of the U.S. This study
contributed to the overall understanding of the atmospheric conditions that lead to
extremely high levels of pollution.
A report was prepared that described the application of wind tunnel experimentation
when assessing the air quality impact from a power plant located in complex terrain.
The data collected from a field study, which was conducted on a coal fired power plant
located in the Clinch River area, was compared with wind tunnel results. This comparative
study will be used to develop more accurate air quality simulation models to assess the
impact of stationary source pollutants emitted in complex terrain.
-------
In 1980, the Agency has allocated a total of $12,618,100 to this program, of which
$2,366,500 is for Salaries and Expenses and $10,251,600 is for extramural purposes
under the Research and Development appropriation. In 1980 the program emphasized the
following:
The STATE (Sulfur Transport and Transformation in the Environment) program will
conduct a major regional field experiment called PEPE (Persistent Elevated Pollution
Episodes). Unlike the previous STATE studies which focused primarily on individual
power plant plumes, PEPE will expand the field program activities to a larger region
where both urban and power plant plumes become well mixed. Pollution episodes on the
order of 300 kilometers in diameter will be tracked physically and chemically over
several summer days as they move thousands of kilometers. EPA and NASA are planning a
joint program to study this phenomenon by developing improved techniques for utilizing
satellite imagery to study the structure and movement of the polluted air mass. The
results from the STATE program will provide information on the long-range transport and
fate of fine and inhalable particles with emphasis on atmospheric sulfates.
Another major field program, NERQS, (Northeast Regional Oxidant Study) will
investigate the impact of long-range transport of photochemical oxidants and their
precursors in the northeastern portions of the U.S. The results from NEROS will be
used in the development of air quality models for predicting and assessing regional
scale air pollution problems.
The Houston air quality field study will be in its third year* The results of the
field program are intended to provide useful information on the pollutants and
meteorological conditions that lead to elevated oxidant and particulate levels.
An imporant series of validation studies for urban scale oxidant pollution problems
are being conducted to provide reliable and accurate air quality simulation models.
With an extensive air quality data base collected during the St. Louis Regional Air
Pollution Study, a special group of photochemical air quality simulation models (AQSM)
will be validated for eventual use in preparing and evaluating oxidant control strategies
for large urban areas in the U.S.
One of the important air quality modeling areas that will be accelerated in 1980
is the development of models that can be used to predict pollutant concentrations in
complex or rough terrain. Since many of the current and projected locations of power
plants are found in hilly and mountainous areas, there is a need to develop types of
air quality models that can provide reliable and accurate pollutant concentration
predictions for assessing pollutant abatement strategies.
Special laboratory studies will be conducted to ascertain information on the
formation, rate of growth, and removal of important regulated and non-regulated pollutants
with major emphasis on oxidants, sulfate, nitrate hydrocarbons and particulate matter
(including fine and inhalable particulates). A smog chamber will be used to simulate
atmospheric chemical and physical processes for certain studies.
1980 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The net decrease of $391,900 results from several actions. An increase of $64,700
results from the cost of the October 1979 pay raise and is included in a proposed
supplemental appropriation. A congressional reduction of $2 million to Agency travel
costs and $1 million to ADP costs resulted in a decrease of 53,000 and $2,000, respectively.
An overall reprogramming throughout the Agency to provide sufficient salary funds to
cover authorized workyears resulted in a decrease of $180,200 to this activity.
-------
($15,000) and $8,000 from the energy media from energy transport and fate to support
the effort to integrate the MAPPs 3 program within one activity.
A transfer of 5207,000 was made to the management and support media for lab support
for lab maintenance costs due in part to increasing costs of energy. A transfer of
$45,700 was made within the air media to characterization and measurement methods
development and $45,700 to the toxic substances media to reflect a transfer of personnel.
1981 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $13,105,700 and 42 permanent workyears for this
program, of which $2,470,300 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and
$10,635,400 for the Research and Development appropriation. The increase of $487,600
will be utilized to accelerate the research program on photochemical oxidant transport
and fate processes.
The 1981 program will continue to support research on determining the transport,
transformation and removal process of regulated and important non-regulated pollutants
with major emphasis on oxidants, sulfates, nitrates, hydrocarbons and participate matter
(including fine and inhalable particulates). The major research areas include the following:
The STATE' program will devote most of its effort to the analysis and evaluation of
data collected during the PEPE experiment conducted in the summer of 1980. The data
collected by using PEPE will be used to develop and evaluate air quality models predicting
spatial and temporal concentrations of fine and inhalable particulates on the regional
scale.
The NEROS program will focus on completing the development and evaluation of a /
second generation regional air quality model for photochemical oxidants. The modeling
effort will be based on the air quality data collected during the summer experiment of
1979 and 1980.
The Houston air quality study will complete its work on characterizing the
atmospheric aerosol/fine particulates in the atmosphere. In order to complete the work
on the photochemical oxidant problem in the Houston area, emission data will be collected
and used in applying an urban photochemical air quality simulation model adapted for Houston,
Research will continue in other air quality modeling areas. For the urban scale
pollution problem, photochemical oxidant air quality models, validated in the 1980
program, will be subsequently modified and adapted in a manner to minimize the necessary
data and*computational requirements that the general user community will require to run
the models.
Smog chamber studies will be conducted to simulate atmospheric pollutant processes.
This research will attempt to determine the role hydrocarbons (especially aromatics and
low molecular weight paraffins) and nitrogen oxides play in producing elevated levels
of photochemical oxidants. Also research will be conducted to assess the impact of
natural hydrocarbons emissions on rural and urban oxidant pollutant problems. The
laboratory research will focus on the mechanisms of formation and removal of fine and
inhalable particulate matter with emphasis on the conversion of precursor gases such as
sulfur dioxide to sulfates.
-------
Industrial Processes
Original Revised
Estimate Estimate President's
1981 1981 Reduction
(dollars in thousands!
Appropriation
Salaries and Expenses.....,, $1,069 $1,064 -$5
Research and Development ... 3,030 3,030 ...
Grand Total 4,099 4,094 -5
-------
Page Intentionally Blank
-------
Industrial Processes
Appropriation
Salaries and Expenses...
Research and Development
Grand Total...
Permanent Positions.
Full-time Equivalency..-.
Actual
1979
Budqet
Estimate
1980
Current
Estimate
1980
Estimate
1981
(dollars in thousands)
Increase +
Decrease -
1980 vs. 1981
$1,128
2,861
3,989
22
40
$1,150
2,900
4,050
18
31
$1,133
2,934
4,067
18
31
$1 ,069
3,030
4,099
18
31
-$64
+96
+32
* »
» * *
Budget Request
The Agency requests a total of $4,098,800 for 1981, an increase of $31,600 from
1980. Included in this total is $1,069,000 for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation
and $3,029,800 for extramural purposes under the Research and Development appropriation,
a decrease of $64,1-00 and an increase of $9.5,700, respectively. The net $31,600
increase will be for identifying the sources of, and control technology for, oxidants.
Program Description
The industrial air processess program is primarily an extramural effort that
responds to legislative mandates of the Clean Air Act. The overall objective is to
assess industrial air pollution emissions and to develop and demonstrate pollution
control technologies capable of reducing or eliminating potentially hazardous and
toxic pollutants emission from industrial point sources. Outputs provide technical
and the cost data bases which support regulatory standards development and provide
industry with environmental control options. Emissions under study are those primarily
found in the following industries: chemical processing, agrichemicals (fertilizers
and pesticides), textiles, pulp and paper, metal fabrication and finishing, metal and
mineral production, petroleum refining, and storage segments, as well as those emissions
resulting from hazardous material incidents.
1979 Accomplishments ,
The 1979 resources obligated for this activity was $3,988,600, of which $1,128,100
was for in-house costs and $2,860,500 was for extramural activities. In 1979, the program
- Assessed and monitored the manufacturing operations for four pesticides,
four petro-chemicals, and four organic chemcials.
- Investigated lime/limestone scrubbing for smelting sulfur-bearing nonferrous ores.
- Characterized volatile emissions (arsenic, lead and cadmium) and identified
available control technologies for copper, lead, and zinc smelters.
- Demonstrated carbon absorption for control of petroleum solvent emissions and
cr>1,.on-t- ^«^n>fn«i> f n~ > r, -i r,-J. ,<( -4 >1 A<, -1-.-J__ i.-JI.'J... Ti.J- 1- ..-j.-.j..
-------
types; ana uni.iai.eu a fjruyrmii tu uemunsi.rai.e uuuurut uetimuiuyy i ur reuubiiun
of organic solvent emissions.
- Evaluated and improved solventless coating technologies for the furniture
manufacturing Industry to determine inertness and product acceptability.
These methods of painting, which do not utilize solvents, will assist the
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards to set lower emission limitations
for volatile organics.
- Measured volatile chemical emissions from wastewater treatment basins. This
program, developed for the kraft pulping industry, will provide a data base
and sampling methodology for other industry segments.
- Investigated one coating process alternative to reduce organic discharges from
automobile manufacturing operations.
- Completed an assessment on sources of toxic air emissions from the textile
industry and implemented bench scale activity for hydrocarbon removal,
- Demonstrated technology for control of hazardous participates from glass
i ndustry furnaces.
- Developed an approach for evaluating the cost and capabilities of alternatives
for controlling hydrocarbon emissions from operations which use solvent such
as dry cleaning.
- Conducted an environmental assessment of coal preheaters to identify types ar
quantities of hazardous pollutants emitted.
- Characterized technologies for control of fugitive lead emissions from secondary
lead facilities through an interagency agreement with the National Institue of
Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
- Optimized methods for control of asbestos emissions.
- Evaluated, at pilot scale, four flue gas cleaning techniques to remove SOx
and trace metals from metallurgical offgases.
1980 Program
In 1980, the Agency has allocated a total of $4,067,200 to this program, of
which $1,133,100 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $2,934,100 is for
extramural purposed under the Research and Development appropriation.
A major problems in the attainment and maintenance of ambient air quality
standards at the present time is the problem of oxidants. The program emphasis in
1980, therefore, is the characterization and control of hydrocarbon emissions which
are precursors to oxidant formation.
-------
the development of evaluation of these new SIP's, critical information gaps in the
current emissions inventories must be filled. To satisfy this requirement, an
industrial air emissions volatile organic chemicals (VOC) program will be initiated.
Specifically the program will:
- Characterize point source emissions from approximately eight VOC storage and
handling sites to determine their contribution to toral VOC emissions rate.
Specific chemical compound identification will be included. Test sites will
be selected to enable a nationwide estimate of all emissions made by these
storage and handling sites.
Develop a cost-benefit-risk model with supportig emissions data that can be used
in regulating various sources of potential carcinogenic emissions as well as
other chemicals from iron and steel manufacturing operations.
- Demonstrate a capture device for volatile organic emissions from automotive
tire curing. This is needed for new source performance standards (NSPS)
development.
- Demonstrate applicability of surfactant enhanced scrubbing (SES) to control VOC
emissions from paint-bake ovens in automotive and/or other industries.
- Evaluate the drum mix dryer for the asphalt hot mix industry toquantifyVOC and
particulate emissions as a function of operating parameters.
- Evaluate industrial applications of activated carbon for hydrocarbon control
in organic chemical and related industries.
- Develop data to determine the cost effectiveness of various emission reduction
and collection technologies for VOC control in metal finishing operations.
- Develop data to determine the cost-effectiveness of various maintenance options
as an approach to controlling fugitive VOC emissions from refining, petro-
chemical and organic chemical facilities.
- Undertake further quantification of VOC emission rates to identify the effect
of adding oxidant-producing chemicals at industrial wastewater treatment plants.
- Design and test sophisticated instrumentation systems to maximize exhaust of
solvent concentrations from curing ovens, paint application booths, and other
solvent use industries to reduce the danger of explosion.
The Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards (QAQPS) estimates that of the
100 new source performance standards planned for promulgation during the next four
years, at least 25 will have best available control technology (BACT) that is inadequate
in terms of degree of available control. High priority control technology development
and testing programs will therefore be undertaken as follows:
- Control technology development programs will be initiated for several critical
industrial source categories which will be identified by OAQPS as haying
inadequate BACT.
- Performance evaluations of retrofit pilot-scale collection technologies such as
carbon absorption and catalytic incineration will ,be conducted at coil, web,
and sheet coating facilities, textile finishing facilities, paint-bake ovens,
and selected petrochemical sites.
-------
- Studies of new and retrofit technology for dust suppression and fugitive
emission controls at secondary lead smelters will be conducted.
1980 Explanation of Changes from Budget Estimate
The net increase of $17,200 results from several actions. An increase of $38,900
results from the cost of the October 1979 pay raise and is included in a proposed
supplemental appropriation. A congressional reduction of $2 million to Agency travel
costs resulted in a decrease of $3,200. An overall reprogramming throughout the
Agency to provide sufficient salary funds to cover authorized workyears resulted in a
decrease of $18,500 to this activity.
1981 Plan
the Agency requests a total of 18 permanent workyears and $4,098,800 for this
program, of which 51,069,000 is for the Salaries and Expenses apprpriation and
$3,029,800 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Developement appropriation.
The increase of $31,600 will be used to identify sources of and control technology for
oxidants.
States will be revising their implementation plans to meet the National Ambient
Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) for oxidants. Industrial air emissions characterization
will be continued to support this work. A continuation of control technology
development and testing will be supported to improve the performance of best available
control technology (3ACT) related to several New Source Performance Standards.
A new quick response, short term feasibility testing program will be establishe '
to support the Agency's industrial air pollution enforcement program. This activity
will perform source inspections and engineering evaluations to determine appropriate
control approaches. It will also make small feasibility tests of promising candidate
control systems for oxidants, hazardous air pollutants, gaseous and inhalable particulates
Guidelines will be developed, tested and published for use by the Office of
Enforcement is their monitoring program for control of fugitive VOC emissions. This
effort will acquire substantive information on the major industrial fugutive sources
of oxidant precursors needed to develop effective control strategies for the attainment
of the oxidant NAAQS.
Major research results to be achieved in 1981 include:
- Verification of the effectiveness of maintenance as an approach to control
fugitive VQ.C emissions from pumps, valves, etc. in petrochemical and refinery
operations. .-.
- Determination of efficiency of flares as a control technique to destroy VOC
emissions from the petrochemical and refinery industries.
- Development of emission factors data to quantify fugitive VOC emissions from
refinery operations and waste treatment systems.
- Conduct a pilot scale field study in order to produce a design manual of
control processes for hydrocarbon emissions for textile printing operations.
- Development of a carbon-regeneration system which-would reduce the cost of
carbon sorption systems as a control device on small fabric coating emission'
streams or gasoline control systems.
-------
cold steel rolling mills.
Determination of emissions from cement kiln burning industrial organic waste.
Determination of emissions from industrial hazardous waste incinerators.
Submission of inhalable participate matter (IPM) samplings and analyses data
on primary aluminum, lead, zinc and cooper smelters, secondary lead smelters
and cement manufacturing facilities to OAQPS.
Demonstration of surfactant enhanced scrubbing from controlling VOC emissions
from metal finishing operations.
Demonstration of a control device for fugitive arsenic and sulfur dioxide
emissions from copper smelter converters.
-------
Monitoring and Technical Support
Appropriation
Characterization and
Measurement Methods
Development:
Salaries and Expenses...
Research and Development
Monitoring Methods and
Systems:
Salaries and Expenses....
Research and Development.
Quality Assurance:
Salaries and Expenses....
Research and Development.
Technical Support:
Salaries and Expenses....
Research and Development.
Total:
Salaries and Expenses....
Research and Development.
Actual
1979
Budget
Estimate
1980
$2,396
4,547
1,560
2,692
1,737
2,187
1,750
1,484
7,443
10,910
Current
Estimate
1980
Estimate
1981
{dollars in thousandsj
$3,669
4,364
1,384
3,266
2,851
2,050
2,118
1,087
10,022
11,267
Grand Total.. 18,353 21,289
Permanent Positions
Characterization and
Measurement Methods
Devel opment 48 63
Monitoring Methods and
Systems. ..,...<, , 22 21
Quality Assurance ''42 44
Technical Support .... 38 32^
Total. 150 160
Full-time Equivalency
Characterization and
Measurement Methods
Development 54 69
Monitoring Methods and
Systems 27 25
Quality Assurance 46 45
Torhni ral 'simnnrH- - d/L 47
$3,090
4,781
2,257
2,828
2,040
2,420
2,015
1,178
9,403
11,207
20,610
64
21
42
34
151
67
32
46
$3,102
4,942
2,223
2,948
2,225
2,430
1,950
1,005.
9,500
11,325
20,825
61
21
42
31
155
64
32
46
Increase +
Decrease -
1981 vs. 1980
+$12
+161
-34
+120
+185
+10
-66
-17.3
+97
+118
+215
-3
-6
-3
-------
riwit i UWM
Appropriation
Characterization and Measurement
Methods Development :
Salaries andExpenses ,
Research and Development ...
Monitoring Methods and Systems:
Salaries and Expenses ......
Research and Development
Quality Assurance:
Salaries and Expenses
Research and Development..
Technical Support:
Salaries and Expenses
Research and Development ,.
Total:
Salaries and Expenses...
Research and Development..
Grand Total ,
Original
Estimate
1981
3,102
4,942
2,223
2,948
2,225
2,430
1,950
1,005
9,500
11,325
Revised
Estimate
1981
President's
Reduction
(dollars 1n thousandsFF
3,089
4,942
2,218
2,948
2,215
2,430
1,942
1,005
9,464
11,325
-$13
-5
-10
_q
-36
20,825
20,789
-36
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Page Intentionally Blank
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The Agency requests a total of 520,825,300 and 155 permanent workyears for 1981,
an increase of $215,500 and a decrease of 6 permanent workyears from 1980. Included
in this total is $9,500,000 for Salaries and Expenses and 511,325,000 for extramural
purposes under the Research and Development appropriation, with an increase of $97,400
and $118,100, respectively. The net increase of $215,500 has the following components:
an increase of $173,500 will provide for prototype studies on the characterization of
pollutants in the ambient air at urban locations; an increase of $86,100 will accelerate
implemenation of the inhalable particulate network; an increase of $195,200 will
provide for additional quality assurance in monitoring emissions from stationary
sources; and a decrease of $239,300 reflects reduced support for the Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards monitoring program.
Program Description
The air monitoring and technical support program consists of four major components:
(1) characterization and measurement methods development for measuring pollutants
from sources and in ambient air, (2) monitoring methods and systems development to
support operational monitoring requirements, (3) the development and provision of quality
assurance procedures and materials to assure monitoring data validity, and (4) the
provision of technical support to EPA regulatory and regional offices. Each of these
components is discussed below.
The major emphasis of the characterization and measurement methods development
program is the development of sampling and analysis techniques for identification and
measurement of pollutants from stationary sources. Work in this area focuses on the
development of sampling procedures and associated instrument requirements for impending
new source performance standards and improvement of techniques associated with existing
new source performance standards, e.g., the development of improved sampling procedures
for continous in-stack monitoring of particulate matter. Additional work is carried
out on the identification of stationary source pollutants and in the support of
stationary source compliance activities.
Another major program activity is the development of sampling and analysis
techniques for identification and measurement of pollutants from mobile sources.
Integral to this development work are characterization studies which describe gaseous
and particulate emissions from advanced power systems for light duty vehicles.
Characterization studies are also carried out to determine the composition of aircraft
particulates emissions and the effects of emission control systems on the quality,
size distribution, and composition of those particulate emissions.
Sampling and analysis techniques for the identification, characterization, and
measurement of pollutants in ambient air is the third activity. New and improved
analytical techniques for criteria -and non-criteria pollutants are developed. This
area of research also includes studies characterizing urban and rural atmospheres for
a variety of important gaseous and particulate pollutants including: ammonia, sulfates,
formaldehyde, polynuclear aromatics, nitrates, and organic acids.
The air monitoring methods and systems program supports the testing, evaluation,
and demonstration of measurement systems for monitoring specific pollutants in ambient
air and emissions from stationary sources. The program assures the availability of
monitoring methods for the measurement of all regulated pollutants at or below the
concentration levels of interest, and for measurement of unregulated pollutants at
levels of interest specified by the EPA's regulatory offices.
The quality assurance program serves the EPA's air monitoring effort through the
validation and standardization of monitoring methods, development and provision of
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.unites in imp i emen 11 ny tne uianaates or trie uiean Air MCT. tTiorrs are in cne area OF=
special measurements of regulated pollutants for regulation revision and planning as well
as measurements of unregulated pollutants such as asbestos, organic chemicals and
pesticides and their transformation products for future regulatory activities. The
program plans and provides support to operational monitoring in those areas where
regional or program office personnel cannot respond because of the need for specialized
expertise or facilities available only in the Office of Research and Development.
CHARACTERIZATION AND MEASUREMENT METHODS DEVELOPMENT
1979 Accomplishments
During 1979, obligations were $6,942,700 of which $2,395,800 was for in-house
purposes and $4,546,900 was for extramural purposes.
In 1979, there were several noteworthy accomplishments, particularly in the
mobile source and stationary source areas. A manual of measurement methods was
published for 12 unregulated pollutants emitted by passenger cars. These methods
will support the implementation of Section 2Q2(a) (4) requirements on these pollutants.
Two reports to Congress were completed. The first, required under Section 214,
reported on the paniculate matter emissions from motor vehicles. The second, under
Section 403(g) reported on sulfur bearing compounds emitted from motor vehicles and
aircraft engines.
In the area of stationary sources, a special sampling device was developed to
allow the measurement of free sulfuric acid emitted in the flue gas from coal and oil
fired boilers. The device separates the sulfuric acid from other primary sulfates ;
and was used to show that free sulfuric acid may be as high as forty percent of the
primary sulfate emissions.
1980 Program
In 1980, the Agency has allocated a total of $7,870,900 to this program, of
which $3,090,300 is for Salaries and Expenses and $4,780,600 is for extramural purposes
under the Research and Development appropriation.
Ambient air quality research is focusing on the optimization of measurement
methods for inhalable particulate matter and the fine particulates associated with
visibility deterioration. Studies are being conducted to characterize the particulates
in some locations and to develop procedures for identifying their sources and .
apportioning the inhalable particulates according to type of source. Work continues
on the development of instruments sufficiently sensitive to measure background levels
of pollutants, particularly sulfates, nitrates, hydrocarbons and potentially hazardous
organic substances.
In the stationary source research area, measurement methods for inhalable and
fine particulates are being perfected. The methods being worked on include a reference
,-nethod to be used in connection with new source performance standards which may be
proposed in the near future, a particle size monitor for in-stack use and a sampling
device to collect vapors which become aerosols at ambient conditions. Work is continuing
on the characterization of particulates from combustion sources and smelters, on a
sampling strategy for pressurized bag-houses and on methods to locate and measure
fugitive particulate emissions.
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conducted. The chemical compounds in mutagenic fractions will be identified, as will
the diesel fuel precursors which give rise to these compounds in the emissions. Work
is continuing on the characterization of emissions from advanced automotive power
systems scheduled for use in the 1980's including turbo-charged, naturally aspirated
diesels and gas turbine engines.
In the carbon fiber program, instrumentation for monitoring emissions from
production, fabrication and disposal facilities is being evaluated. Simulations of
projected processing and disposal operations are being undertaken and a procedure to
generate carbon fiber aerosols is being developed for use in other studies.
1980 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The net decrease of $661,800 results from several actions. An increase of
$81,900 results from the cost of the October 1979 pay raise and is included in a
proposed supplemental appropriation. An overall reprogramming throughout the Agency to
provide sufficient salary funds to cover authorized workyears resulted in a decrease
of $138,400 to this activity.
A reprogramming of $15,000 was made within the air media to transport and fate to
support the effort to integrate the MAPPs 3 program within one activity. A transfer
of $136,000 was made to the management and support media to lab support for lab
maintenance costs due in part to increasing costs of energy. A reprogranming of
$45,700 was made within the air media from transport and fate to reflect a transfer
of personnel. A reprogramming of $500,000 was made within the air media to monitoring
methods and systems in order to comply with an OMB directive to place all funds for
the National Bureau of Standards in one activity in each applicable media for ease of
program review,
1981 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $8,044,400 and 61 permanent workyears for this
program, of which $3,102,300 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and
$4,942,100 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development appropriation.
An increase of $173,500 and a decrease of 3 permanent workyears will be used to
establish a prototype study to characterize the ambient air in different locations,
to identify potentially hazardous substances and to determine the sources of the
hazardous pollutants.
All components of this program will continue to emphasize inhalable and fine
particulate matter and organics including specific compounds identified as hazardous.
The work on carbon fibers will be completed and the potential environmental problems
arising from the use of this material identified.
Carefully designed studies will be undertaken to characterize the ambient air
with respect to hazardous pollutants at an urban industrial and non-industrial site.
The pollutants will be identified and the biological activity determined for those
pollutants occurring at significant levels. The levels of a limited number of
chemicals already identified as potentially hazardous, will be determined for use in
establishing exposures and assessing risk. Work on inhalable and fine particulates
will continue.
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__..__,_,. v _. vv t WM . .^.^M^.*. *»v «_ * >- i ^ ^Mibi^uiuwi. u»iu T i J I IS I I I WJF VI I UCI I Q * "HVH K Will
also be conducted to determine emission factors for hydrocarbons from selected
stationary sources, to develop low cost instruments for the routine enforcement and
surveillance activities of measuring gaseous pollutant concentrations and plume
velocity and opacity from positions off the source property. Research will continue
on procedures for measuring pollutants emitted from extended sources and other unusual
sources such as the flares used in petroleum refineries.
Research on mobile sources will continue on unregulated and potentially hazardous
pollutants emitted from light and heavy duty vehicles powered by a variety of engines.
Turbo-charged and naturally aspirated diesel engines will be emphasized. Both in-use
and prototype vehicles will be studied. The impact of fuel composition and driving
conditions on the chemical and physical properties of the emissions will be determined.
MONITORING METHODS AND SYSTEMS
1979 Accomplishements
During 1979, resources obligated totaled $4,251,600. Included in this total is
$1,559,800 for salaries and expenses and $2,691,800 for extramural purposes. In
1979, the program:
- Registered fuels and fuel additives and prepared required reports.
- Completed pilot studies aimed at selecting the best instrumentation mix for the
inhalable particulate network monitoring stations and provided data for
decisions on instrument selection.
- Operated and expanded the inhalable particulate network to a total of 100
monitoring sites and is'sued semi-annual reports.
- Collected diesel emissions at the New York Port Authority Terminal; analyzed
emissions and made the results available for a study of health effects.
Prepared instrument calibration and standards on 100 compounds for use in organic
screening analyses.
- Completed testing on design features of a differential absorbtion laser
measurement technique and found the system adequate to measure oxidant transport.
1980 Program
In 1980, the Agency has allocated a total of $5,085,400 to this program, of
which $2,257,100 is in the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $2,828,300 is for
extramural purposes in the Research and Development appropriation. The highlights of
the program include:
- Continuation of the fuel and fuel additive registration program and updating
the program through computerized techniques.
- Comparison of promising sampling techniques, procurement of appropriate
equipment for approximately 160 sampling sites, performance of all needed
physical and and chemical measurements and operation of data system for the
inhalable particulate sampling network.
- Characterization and field testing of a large particle classifier and elucidation
of particle size effects of measured total suspended particulates and inhalable
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- Development of short-term monitoring response capability to provide timely
response to Agency problems.
- Proposal of an inhalable particulate reference method and submission for
promulgation in the Federal Register.
1980 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The net increase of $435,400 results from several actions. An increase of
$26,300 resulted from the cost of the October T979 pay raise and is included in a
proposed supplemental appropriation. A congressional reduction of $2 million to
Agency travel costs and- $1 million to ADP costs resulted in a decrease of $3,100 and
$13,300, respectively. An overall reprogramming throughout the Agency to provide
sufficient salary funds to cover authorized workyears resulted in a decrease of
$74,000 to this activity.
A reprogramming of $500,000 was made within the air media from air characterization
and measurement methods development in order to comply with the OMB directive to
place all funds for the National Bureau of Standards in one activity in each applicable
media for ease of program review
1981 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $5,171,500 and 21 permanent workyea-rs for this
program, of which $2,223,500 are for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and
$2,948,000 are for extramural purposes in the Research and Development appropriation.
This is an increase of $86,100 to accelerate implementation of the inhalable particulate
network. During 1981 the program will:
- Conduct fuel and fuel additive registration and regulation program as required
by the Clean Air Act Amendments.
- Operate and expand the inhalable particulate network to 300 stations based on
program office needs.
- Report on feasibility of using multi-spectral scanner data for mapping and
interpreting polluted air mass transport.
- Evaluate large particle size classifier to support a possible new ambient air
particle standard.
- Develop capability to anlayze for non-volatile organic chemicals associated
with particulate matter.
- Evaluate and modify ten methods for hazardous volatile organic compounds as
identified and prioritized by the Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards.
- Provide a system for evaluating the health effects of diesel emission in
ambi ent ai r.
QUALITY ASSURANCE
1979 Accompli shments
T «,,-1 ,.^*,,4 in -t-h-Jr f-rvf-al ,J=c tl T^fi Rflfl
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- Prepared sections for the Quality Assurance Handbook as new and improved
methods and procedures became available.
- Completed blind performance audits among 100 to 150 laboratories semi-annually
and issued audit reports on CY-1978 activities.
- Conducted workshops in all ten regions to assist States' implementation of
quality assurance requirements of the Air Monitoring Regulations.
- Validated and promulgated ten equivalent monitoring methods.
- Maintained repository of quality control reference samples and materials to
conduct national and special performance audits of ambient air and stationary
source measurements.
1980 Program
In 1980, the Agency has allocated a total of $4,459,500 of which $2,039,500 is
for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $2,420,000 is for extramural purposes
under the Research and Development appropriation. Planned outputs include:
- Maintenance of repository of quality control reference samples and materials
to conduct national and special performance audits of ambient air and
stationary source measurements.
- Performance and systems audits of state and local air monitoring stations and
national air monitoring stations including the inhalable particulate network.
- Portable auditing devices for sulfur dioxide, nitrogen disulfide and ozone
that can be used at a field monitoring station to determine the accuracy of a
continuous source monitor.
- Performance specifications and quality assurance practices for continuous source
monitors (carbon monoxide and hydrogen sulfide).
- Standards methods for measuring national emissions standards for hazardous air
pollutants in ambient air, e.g., mercury, beryllium, vinyl chloride, benzene.
- Improvements in existing reference methods for total suspended particulates,
sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide.
- Audit material verification.centers for regional and national use for systems
and performance evaluations.
- Process applications for verification of equivalent methods.
- Assistance to regional quality assurance workshops for States.
1980 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The net decrease of $441,500 results from several actions. An increase of
$58,400 results from the cost of the October ]979 pay raise and is included in a
proposed supplemental appropriation. A congressional reduction of $2 million to
Agency travel costs resulted in a decrease of 52,100. An overall reprogramming
throughout the Agency to provide sufficient salary funds to cover authorized workyea- " ,
~
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A transfer of $250,000 was made to the drinking water media to quality assurance to
correct an incorrect transfer of interdisciplinary funds to the air media in the
budget request; the funds are now reprogrammed to the drinking water media to more
accurately portray the intended purpose of the quality assurance program,
A transfer of $90,000 was made to the water quality media to monitoring methods
and systems reflecting a shift of emphasis from quality assurance to monitoring
methods and systems. The two programs are closely aligned; the monitoring methods
program corrects deficiencies in candidate operational monitoring methods and systems
programs, then the Quality Assurance program takes these corrected methods
and validates their utility for operational monitoring of pollutants; this reprogramming
represents a change in priority to emphasize correction of technical deficiencies in
additional methods to respond to NPDES monitoring requirements.
1981 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $4,654,700 and 42 permanent workyears of which
$2,224,700 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $2,430,000 is for
extramural purposes under the Research and Development appropriation. This is an
increase of $195,200 for additional quality assurance effort in monitoring emissions
from stationary sources. During 1981 the program will:
- Validate six measurement methods,
- Perform systems audits for gaseous and inhalable particulate monitoring
networks, national air monitoring stati-ons, and State and local air monitoring
stations.
- Perform on site evaluations of five stationary sources to assure that the
measurements made are of known accuracy.
- Develop three new audit materials for stationary source measurements.
- Produce and distribute approximately 200 standard reference materials containing
contaminants incorporated into biological tissue.
- Verify auditing devices used by State and local agencies.
- Maintain and upgrade repository of quality control reference samples and materials
to conduct national and special performance audits of ambient air and stationary
source measurements.
- Continue operation of standards laboratory.
TECHNICAL SUPPORT
1979 Accomplishments
During 1979, obligations totaled $3,234,200. Included in this total was $1,750,100
for salaries and expenses and $1,484,100 for extramural purposes. During 1979, the
program:
- Provided analytical services to special monitoring networks such as the non-
criteria pollutant monitoring network, National Fuels Surveillance Network
in support of implementation plans and control strategy developments, e.g.,
data for nitrogen dioxide levels of large urban areas, ozone levels in national
forests and organic levels at suspected major sources of emissions.
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- Provided monitoring data on oxidants in the Lake Tahoe Basin to Region IX and
the States of Nevada and California for the purpose of developing control strategy
models and modified state implementation plans. Vertical profiles were developed
for ozone, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons and particulates at different sites in
the Tahoe Basin.
- Operated the International Precipitation Laboratory as a joint effort for the
World Meteorological Organization and the Collaborating Center for Environmental
Pollution Control, a global international cooperative effort with the World
Health Organization. Provided consultation and reports on air quality,
including acid rain measurements, throughout the world,
1980 Program
In 1980, the Agency has allocated a total of $3,194,000 to this program of which
$2,015,700 is for Salaries and Expenses and $1,178,300 is for extramural purposes
under the Research and Development appropriation. The 1980 program will:
- Provide analytical services to special monitoring networks such as the Non-
Criteria Pollution Monitoring Network, National Fuels Surveillance Network
and the National Air Surveillance Network for use in support of state
implementation plan monitoring.
- Operate the Air Pollution Background Network and expand operations to conform
with national air monitoring sites.
- Collect data in four major Northeastern U.S. urban areas (Boston, New York,
Baltimore, and Washington, D.C.) for the Office of Air Quality Planning and
Standards to extend the data base on long range oxidant transport and to
evaluate the impact of state implementation plans on regional air quality.
- Analyze gasoline samples for lead, phosphorous, sulfur and manganese for
enforcement purposes (Support Section 211 of the Clean Air Act.)
- Analyze metals, asbestos and carcinogens in air in support of regions.
- Evaluate impact of alternative new source performance standards.
1980 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The net decrease of $10,300,results from several actions. An increase of 553,200
results from the cost of the October 1979 pay raise and is included in a proposed
supplemental appropriation. A congressional reduction of $2 million to Agency travel
costs resulted in a decrease of $5,300. An overall reprogramming throughout the Agency
to provide sufficient salary funds to cover authorized workyears resulted in a decrease
of $57,700 to this activity.
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program, of which $1,949,500 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and
$1,005,200 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development appropriation,
a decrease of $239,300 and 3 permanent workyears. This decrease represents a lower
level of technical support required by the Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
monitoring program. The 1981 program will provide:
- Specialized services to the Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards for
trends assessment including analysis of data from the national air monitoring
sites for trace elements and non metal organics, and collection of oxidants
concentration data in a major urban area to assess regional pollution patterns.
- Support for trend data collection from the Air Pollution Background Network.
Procure, install and operate two additonal sites for the network.
- Source sampling, overhead monitoring and analytical support to Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards and the regions.
- A field study for the Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards to determine
atmospheric loading of one hazardous pollutant for regulatory assessment.
- Collection and analysis of ambient and source air samples for asbestos.
- Support liaison with regional offices.
- Collection of data to assist Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards in
review of state implementation plans.
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Budget
Actual Estimate
1979 1980
Appropriation
Emissions Standards and
Technology Assessment:
Salaries and Expenses $3,598 $3,175
Abatement, Control
and Compliance 11,600 26,800
Energy and Pollutant
Strategies Development:
Salaries and Expenses 1,550 1,950
Abatement, Control
and Compliance 1,033 1,200
State Program Guidelines
and Regulations
Development:
Salaries and Expenses 2,838 1,550
Abatement, Control
and Compliance 2.287 2,800
Total:
Salaries and Expenses 7,986 6,675
Abatement, Control
and Compliance 14,920 30,800
Grand Total... 22,906 37,475
Permanent Positions
Emissions Standards and
Technology Assessment 112 121
Energy and Pollutant
Strategies Development 44 41
State Program Guidelines
and Regulations
Devel opment.......... 87 ; 90
Total ..... 243 252
Full-time Equivalency
Emissions Standards and
Technology Assessment 126 , 131
Energy Pollutant
Strategies Development 50 49
State Programs Guidelines
and Regulations
Development 101 100
Current
Estimate Estimate
1980 1981
lars in thousands)
Increase +
Decrease -
1981 vs. 1980
$3,681
25,845
2,046
1,415
2,998
1.406
S3,504
16,948
1,956
1,559
3,238
1.711
8,725
28,666
8,698
20,218
37,391
121
44
90
28,916
107
44
93
255
126
53
100
244
115
50
101
-$177
-8,897
-90
-H44
+240
+305
-27
-8.448
-8,475
-14
-11
-11
-3
+1
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Air yuanty ana stationary source Planning and Standards
Appropriation
Emissions Standards and Technology
Assessment:
Salaries and Expenses ,
Abatement, Control and Compliance...
Energy and Pollutant Strategies
Development:
Salaries and Expenses
Abatement, Control and Compliance...
State Program Guidelines and Regulations
Development:
Salaries and Expenses ,...
Abatement, Control and Compliance...
rotal:
Salaries and Expenses
Abatement, Control and Compliance...
Grand Total
Original
Estimate
1981
$3,504
16,948
1,956
1,559
3,238
1,711
8,698
20,218
Revised
Estimate President's
1981 Reduction
(dollars In thousands!
$3,483
16,948
1,944
1,559
3,219
1,711
8,646
20,218
-$21
-12
-19
-52
28,916
28,864
-52
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Page Intentionally Blank
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a decrease of $8,475,400 and 11 permanent workyears from 1980. Included in this total
is $.8,598,500 for Salaries and Expenses and $20,217,600 for Abatement, Control and
Compliance, with decreases of $27,200 and $8,448,200, respectively, these decreases
primarily reflect reductions in extramural support for the setting of New Source
Performance Standards.
Program Description
This subactivity includes the setting of emission standards for stationary sources
and industry assessments and pollution control cost and other analyses which support
the standard setting function. Also included are the establishment, review, and
revision, if necessary, of ambient air quality standards; the assessment of potential
pollutants; the development of pollutant control strategies, analytical tools and
guidelines; the translation of control strategies into regulatory actions; and the
assessment of the impact of regulatory actions on energy supplies.
Emissions Standards and Technology Assessments -- National emission standards
for stationary sources are set under Sections 111 and 112 of the Clean Air Act.
Section 111 mandates the Environmental Protection Agency to establish New Source
Performance Standards. Section 112 authorizes National Emission Standards for
Hazardous Air Pollutants.
New Source Performance Standards (NSPS) reflect the performance of the best
demonstrated systems of emission reduction, considering cost and energy impact for
specific processes or facilities in a source category. The analysis supporting the
NSPS considers technical feasibility; cost; and economic, energy and environmental
impacts. NSPS and other technology assessment activities are tied to the implementation
of control strategies for air quality control regions ^hich have not attained the
National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) and for the prevention of significant
deterioration (PSD). The NSPS setting process results in providing useful data to
State agencies in defining best available control technology, lowest achievable
emission rates, and reasonbly available control technology. Presently, a total of
29 source categories are regulated by NSPS, with 69 additional projects underway.
National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAPS) have been
set for asbestos, beryllium, mercury, and vinyl chloride. A fifth air pollutant,
benzene, has been listed as a hazardous air pollutant, and the program to establish
a NESHAPS is currently underway.
Energy and Pollutant Strategies Development The primary activities of
this program element are: the development and revision, if necessary, of National
Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS); the general assessment of effectiveness of
ongoing control programs; the development of appropriate recommendations as to the
need for control of specific pollutants; and the analysis of energy impacts of
control and of energy-related development on air quality.
State Programs Guidelines and Regulations Development ~ The Clean Air Act
Amendments of 1977 addressed the problem of widespread nonattainment of National
Ambient Air Quality Standards, and provided extended time frames for attainment.
These extended time frames were coupled with stringent requirements that must be
met by the States in new implementation plans and by sources of air pollution in
areas exceeding the standards. Since air pollution problems related to atmospheric
transformation and long range transport affect large geographic areas, regional
approaches are also required.
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are described under the air quality strategies implementation suoactivity.
EMISSION STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT
1979 Accomplishments
1979 resources included approximately $11,599,600 in contract support. These .
funds were used for engineering studies and other analyses needed to set New Source
Performance Standards (NSPS) and National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air
Pollutants (NESHAPs) and the issuance of information on reasonably available control
technology for review of State Implementation Plans (SIP). Also included was the
continued detailed study of the synthetic organic chemcial manufacturing industry
(SQCMI). New Source Performance Standards for alumimum plants, lll{d), glass
plants, internal combustion engines, automobile surface coating and phosphate rock
were proposed. The revised steam generator, gas turbine, and Kraft pulp mill
m(d) standards were promulgated. Thirty-six additional NSPS were underway
in 1979. A priority list of source categories for which standards of performance
will be developed under Section 111 of the Clean Air Act was published in the Federal
Register. Five reviews of existing standards were completed. A screening to identify
the fate of previously uninventoried organic solvents was completed. Control
techniques documents were completed for petroleum storage, petroleum tank trucks and
vapor recovery systems, perch!oroethylene dry cleaning, synthesized Pharmaceuticals,
rubber tires and graphic arts. Work continued on twelve NESHAPs projects. Twenty-
nine product reports, covering 63 percent of the synthetic organic chemical
manufacturing industry process emissions, were completed in draft form.
1980 Program
In 1980, the Agency has allocated a total of 529,525,800 and 121 permanent
workyears to this program, of which 53,681,000 is for Salaries and Expenses and
$25,844,800 is for extramural purposes under the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation. These contract resources are being used to continue work related
to setting standards for the synthetic organic chemical manufacturing industry and
studies required for setting NSPS and NESHAPs. A total of SI.9 million is being
transferred to EPA's Office of Research and Development for support in standards
setting. Work is continuing on setting performance standards for all listed source
categories. NSPS will be promulgated for automobile surface coating, hydrocarbon
storage tank revision, stationary internal combustion engines, glass manufacturing
and phosphate rock. Fifteen NSPS proposals are expected for metal furniture-,
organic solvent degreasing; graphic arts; paper coating; can coating; organic
chemical fugitive emissions; coil coating; large appliance coating; non-metallic
minerals; ammonium sulfate; sodium carbonate; steel foundry-electric arc furnaces;
asphalt roofing; perch!oroethylene dry cleaning; and lead battery manufacturing.
Four reviews of existing standards will be completed, and eight reviews are
underway with three notice of findings anticipated. A nine-volume technical report
on the SOCMI will be drafted in 1980, including 39 product reports covering 80
percent of SOCMI process emissions. Control techniques documents for sulfur oxides,
particulate matter, best available retrofit technology (BART), and primary aluminum
111(d) will be completed in 1980.
NESHAPs will be proposed for four benzene categories; including maleic anhydride,
ethylbenzene/styrene, handling and storage, and refinery fugitive, and revision of
Part 61 General Provisions. Work will continue on 14 NESHAP categories, and will be
initiated on six.
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ji-j; ,iuu r eau i s.3 i i uiu tiic wu^u u4 i,m. wv.uuwbt i-... ^/uj i u, >. ^,,« ,_ ..._.___ ...
a proposed supplemental appropriation. A congressional reduction of $2 million
to Agency travel costs resulted in a decrease of $8,300. An overall reprogramming
throughout the Agency to provide sufficient salary funds to cover authorized
workyears resulted in a decrease of 5310,300. A reprogramming of $170,000 was made
within the air media to air energy and pollutant strategies development to provide
for projected costs based on prior year experience. Finally, a reprogramning of
$98,000 was made within the air media to air mobile sources standards and guidelines
($95,100) and to air mobile source preproduction compliance verification ($2,900)
to support the fuel economy program.
1981 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $20,452,000 and 107 permanent workyears for
this program, of which $3,504,000 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation
and $16,948,000 is for the Abatement, Control and Conpliance appropriation. Efforts
will be made to complete the New Source Performance Standards (NSPS) schedule
mandated by the Clean Air Act. Thirty-three projects will result in proposals and
17 in promulgations. Development of NSPS for synthetic fuel areas, such as direct
and indirect'coal liquefaction, high and low Btu coal gasification and shale oil,
will be initiated. Seventeen NESHAPS projects will be continued from 1980, with
6 proposals and 9 promulgations expected. Seven existing standards will be reviewed.
Technical support for SIP, best available control technology (BACT), and lowest
achievable emissions rate (LAER) determinations, and for the review of construction
permit applications for synthetic fuels will be provided.
ENERGY AND POLLUTANT STRATEGIES DEVELOPMENT
1979 Accomplishments
1979 resources included approximately $1,033,200 for contract support for
pollutant screenings and control strategy evaluations, and economic analyses of
control strategies and plans. The major focus in 1979 was in the areas of National
Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) and hazardous air pollutants. The NAAQS for
lead and the revised ozone standard were promulgated, work continued on the carbon
monoxide and nitrogen oxides standards. Assessment of the need to revise the NAAQS
for particulates and SOz also continued. In the area of hazardous pollutants, the
main accomplishment was the proposal of the Airborne Carcinogen Policy. Work
continued on analytic-health risk assessments of arsenic, coke ovens, polycyclic
organic matter, cadmium, acrylonitrile, ethylene/dichloride, perchloroethylene and
vinylidene chloride as potential hazardous air pollutants under Section 112. Work
was initiated to assess the exposure and resulting cancer risk of approximately 43
chemicals suspected of being present in the ambient air. Work continued on the
report to Congress on visibility. .
In the energy area, major updates were performed on the energy and environmental
data base and a methodologies manual was prepared. The data collection and computer
processing of data on power plant expansion was completed. This will support future
analyses of prevention of significant deterioration (PSD) increment consumption,
ability to meet NSPS and impact of EPA policies on utility growth. Work continued
on the impact analysis for the utility boiler NSPS.
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in l»»u, tne Agency nas allocated a toiai or $c.,<«3i ,.suu ana HH permanent
workyears to this program, of which $2,046,500 is for the Salaries and Expenses
appropriation and $1,414,800 is for extramural purposes under the Abatement, Control
and Compliance appropriation. The contracts will support the evaluation of the need
to revise national ambient air quality standards, the analysis of the environmental,
economic and regulatory impacts of the possible standards revisions, and the development
of an improved risk assessment methodology.
The 1980 program plan cans for completion of review and appropriate revision
to four ambient air quality standards. Reviews include carbon monoxide, nitrogen
oxide, sulfur oxide and participate matter. The report on visibility was submitted
to Congress. Work will be initiated to determine the relationship between fine
particulates/visibility and sulfates/acid rain. In the hazardous pollutants area,
promulgation of the Airborne Carcinogen Policy is expected. Analytic-health risk
assessments for polycyclic organic matter, cadmium, perch!oroethylene, ethylene
dichloride, acrylonitrile, vinylidene chloride, and arsenic, will be completed and
listing, if necessary, will occur. Risk assessments will be completed for methyl-
chloroform, Freon 113, methylene chloride and trichloroethylene.
In the energy area, the impact analysis for industrial boilers will be
completed. The energy and environmental related data base for fossil fuel fired
power plants will be maintained.
1980 Explanation of Changes from Budget Estimate
The net increase of $311,300 results from several actions. An increase of
$71,500 results from the cost of the October 1979 pay raise and is included in a
proposed supplemental appropriation. A congressional reduction of $2 million to
Agency travel costs resulted in a decrease of $2,800. An overall reprogramming
throughout the Agency to provide sufficient salary funds to cover authorized
workyears resulted in a decrease of $6,200.
A reprogramming of $26,200 was made within the air media to air mobile
source preproduction compliance verification to support the fuel economy program.
A reprogramming of $170,000 was made within the air media from air emissions
standards and technology assessment to provide for projected costs based on prior
year experience. Finally, a reprogramming of $105,000 was made within the air media
from air quality and emissions data analysis and program assessment to reflect a
change in the accounting for resources which provide analyses in support of revisions
to the ambient air quality standards.
1981 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $3,514,800 and 44 permanent workyears for this
program, of which $1,956,200 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and
$1,553,600 is for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. This is a
decrease of $90,300 and an increase of $143,800, respectively. The program will
continue to emphasize review and revision of National Ambient Air Quality Standards
(NAAQS) and the assessment of hazardous pollutants in 1981. Review and promulgation,
if necessary, of revised NAAQS for particulate matter, sulfur oxide and nitrogen
oxide will occur. Technical, health, energy and economic issues raised through
litigation and public inquiry will be addressed regarding changes made to all revised
NAAQS. The relationships between fine p.articulates/visibil ity and sulfates/acid rain
will be identified, so that appropriate legislative or regulatory action can be
recommended.
-------
i UUU3 pui 1 uiaill.3 aica, uuc .niiuuiiic t>ai t, i HUVJCH
-------
MK SUDimiiatS nave oeen receiveu. ueve i upiiiem. aim imy icniciiuai. i MI i vi i/ri,
development of transportation control measures (TCM), review of a second round
of VOC regulations and analysis of urban fugitive particulates control are
continuing.
Emphasis on removing the technical barriers in attaining the ozone standard
continues in 1980 with the expected completion of additional guidance documents,
such as volatile organic compounds (VOC) emissions, hydrocarbon (HC) species data
required in support of ozone modeling, measuring transported ozone and precursors
in urban areas, compilation of emission inventories for use with ozone models, and
use of diffusion grid models. The Northeast Corridor Study is being managed and
activities for regional scale ozone modeling have been initiated.
In the MSR/PSO area, the regulatory analysis and revised prevention of
significant deterioration (PSD) regulations pursuant to "Alabama Power Company
et al vs. Costle" are being completed. The clearinghouse of BACT/IAER
determinations to ensure national consistency in Hew Source Review (NSR) is
being maintained and managed. The national program to encourage State assumption
of PSD is a major emphasis in 1980.
Regulations will be promulgated for stack heights and regional consistency.
Proposals include visibility regulations for western power plants, supplementary
controls for smelters, continuous emission monitoring, Part 51 regulations for
revised NAAQS, and New Source Review.
1980 Explanation of Changes from Budget Estimate
The net increase of $54,400 results from several actions. An increase of
$111,000 results from the costs of the October 1979 pay raise and is included
in a proposed supplemental appropriation. A congressional reduction of $2 million
to agency travel costs -resulted in a decrease of $6,200. An overall reprogramming
throughout the Agency to provide sufficient salary funds to cover authorized
workyears resulted in a decrease of $9,600. A reprogramming of $40,800 was made
to the air mobile source preproduction compliance verification to support the
fuel economy program.
1981 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $4,949,300 and 93 permanent workyears for this
program, of which $3,238,300 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and
$1,711,000 is for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. This is an
increase of $240,100 and $304,800, respectively. In 1981, the emphasis of the
program will continue to be on the 1979 nonattainment SIPs, the 1982 ozone SIPs,
and New Source Review/Prevention of Significant Deterioration. Follow-up on
conditional approvals of 1979 nonattainment SIPs, and implementation of SIP
schedules and commitments, will continue in 1981. Submittals of schedules for
the implementation of transportation control measures are expected. Ongoing
programs and studies of unconventional particulate sources will be continued.
Studies of fugitive dust sources and control policy and "best management practices"
of surface mining operations will be undertaken. The 18-month extensions for
submittal of the revised total suspended particulates (TSP) SIPs will De due in
early 1981 and these will require review and approval. Review and approval of lead
SIP submittals will be completed.
-------
and regional offices in preparation of the 1982 ozone SIPs will continue. A
study of modeling effort for the Northeast Corridor will be managed and given
technical direction and contract support. Emission factors for the ozone SIPs
will be developed. A program to manage and ensure national consistency in New
Source Review of current SIPs will be conducted.
National regulations to remedy visibility impairments from existing western
power plants will be promulgated, and guidance provided on "plume blight" models.
National regulations requiring plans for visibility around Class I areas will be
proposed. These regulations, required by Section 169A, will address regional-scale
visibility impairment in all mandatory Class I areas. In the eastern United States,
this includes sulfate and other secondary aerosols. To support the regulations, an
extensive regulatory analysis and regional-scale model will be developed.
Policy and technical guidance and regulatory support for any revised
NAAQS SIP requirements will be provided. Congressionally required reports on
air pollution control, emission factors for SIPs and toxic pollutants, and
AP-42 updates will be provided.
-------
MiK
Mobile Source Standards and Guidelines
Actual
Appropriation
Mobile Source Standards
and Guidelines:
Salaries and Expenses
Abatement, Control
and Compl iance. ... . .
Mobile Source In-Use
Emission Assessment:
Salaries and Expenses
Abatement, Control
and Compl i ance
Emissions Testing,
Analysis and Data
Support for Standards
and Guidelines:
Salaries and Expenses
Abatement, Control
and Compl iance
Total :
Salaries and Expenses
Abatement, Control
and Compl iance
Permanent Positions
Mobile Source Standards
and Guidelines
Mobile Source In-Use
Emission Assessment..
Emissions Testing,
Analysis and Data
Support for Standards
and Guidelines.. .....
Total
1979
$3,608
6,658
237
1,930
2,328
90
6,173
8,678
14,851
101
7
58
166
Budget
Estimate
1980
(dollars
$4,015
1,800
3,020
1,845
480
8,880
2,280
11 ,160
no
6
;
46
162
Current
Estimate Estimate
1980
in thousands)
$4,325
1,727
211
2,584
2,388
169
6,924
4,480
11,404
114
7
45
166
1981
$4,325
2,059
176
2,369
2,319
150
6,820
4,578
11 ,398
108
6
38
152
Increase +
Decrease -
1981 vs. 1980
a
+$332
-35
-215
-69
-19
-104
+98
-6
-6
-1
-7
-14
-------
Mobile Source Standards and Guidelines
Appropriation
Mobile Source Standards and Guidelines
Salaries and Expenses...........
Abatement, Control and Compliance...,
Moible Source "in-Use Emission
Assessment:
Salaries and Expenses .,...,
Abatement, Control and Compliance..,,
Emissions Testing, Analysis and Data
Support for Standards and Guidelines;
Salaries and Expenses ,
Abatement, Control and Compliance...,
Total:
Salaries and Expenses...,...>...
Abatement, Control and Compliance..,,
Original Revised
Estimate Estimate President's
1981 1981 Reduction
$4,325
2,059
176
2,369
2,319
150
6,820
4,578
(dollars in thousands)
$4,30.0
2,059
175
2,369
2,312
150
6,787
4,578
-$25
0 «
-1
-7
.» »
-33
Grand Total
11,398
11,365
-33
-------
Page Intentionally Blank
-------
Actual
1979
Budget
Estimate
1980
Current
Estimate
1980
Estimate
1981
Increase +
Decrease -
1981 vs. 1980
(dollars in thousands)
Full-time Equivalency
Mobile Source Standards
and Guidelines.......
Mobile Source In-Use
Emission Assessment..
Emission Testing,
Analysis and Data
Support for Standards
and Guidelines
116
67
137
19
45
148
10
55
135
8
47
-13
-2
-8
total,
190
201
213
190
-23
Budget Request
The Agency requests a total of 511,398,100 and 152 permanent workyears for
1981, a decrease of $5,800 and 14 permanent workyears from 1980. Included in this
total is $6,820,600 for Salaries and Expenses and $4,577,500 for Abatement, Control
and Compliance, with a decrease of $103,900 and an increase of $98,100 respectively,
Although this decrease reflects completion of most Clean Air Act mandated actions,
the increase in contracts reflects work on non-Federal Test Procedures (FTP)
regulations.
Program Description
This subactivity involves the development of emission standards for mobile
sources of air pollution passenger motor vehicles, heavy duty and light duty
trucks, motorcycles, and aircraft -- and associated technical activities, such
as testing, technology assessments, and emissions characterization. It also
involves the development of technical procedures and guidelines applicable to
the control of emissions for new and in-use vehicles. The Clean Air Act
Amendments of 1977 set forth an extensive control program for mobile sources.
The development of standards for mobile sources requires a characterization
and analysis process. An essential part of this process is the continuous
assessment of new or improved technologies for potential changes in the nature
of air pollutant emissions and other related performance factors, such as fuel
economy. It also requires tests, monitoring mechanisms, or other strategies to
ensure compliance with the standards. This subactivity includes the technical
work underlying EPA efforts to assure the compliance of both new vehicles
(e.g., certification) and in-use vehicles (e.g., inspection and maintenance).
-------
Included in this effort are activities aimed at determining mobile source
in-use emissions performance. The findings are used to calculate the average
emissions that are to be expected from the in-use vehicle population, and to
assess the effectiveness of mobile source emission control programs. The data
obtained is used to calculate the emission reductions required for attainment
and maintenance of National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS), Since
testing began in 1973, the results have consistently indicated that between
one-half and three-quarters of tested in-use vehicles fail to meet standards.
Much of this failure appears to be attributable to basic maladjustments or
disablements of vehicle engines or emission control systems.
As emission standards are imposed on additional classes of motor vehicles
and the stringency of these standards increases, reassessments of the control
technology used by the manufacturers, in terms of energy and nonregulated
pollutants, are required. For example, emissions of currently unregulated
pollutants for diesel-powered and catalyst-controlled vehicles are being
assessed to determine if additional regulatory action is necessary to prevent
the emission of potentially carcinogenic and toxic substances.
In addition, this program must take steps to implement certain provisions
of the recently enacted National Energy Conservation Policy Act. These
requirements include possible revisions of fuel economy testing procedures and
the need for information about additional classes of vehicles. Also required
is a report (in collaboration with the Departments of Transportation and Energy)
to determine how realistic are current fuel economy estimates.
MOBILE SOURCE STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES
1979 Accomplishments
The 1979 resources included nearly $6.7 million for contracts. These
contracts supported standard setting activities, emission characterization and
assessments, inspection and maintenance (I./M) evaluations, and test procedure
improvements.
Major regulatory activities included: promulgation of engine parameter
adjustments and light duty truck emission standards and the proposal of standards
for heavy duty vehicle hydrocarbon (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO) and light duty
diesel particulates. Significant progress was made on rulemakings for the high
altitude performance adjustments and emissions standards, short test for emission
warranties, final aircraft regulation revisions, and heavy duty evaporative test
procedures and standards.
Major nonregulatory accomplishments included: guidance on inspection and
maintenance (I/M) program development, which consisted of regional seminars and
numerous individualized follow-up meetings to assist States in obtaining the necessary
legislation; preparation of legislative information packages on I/M; assessment and
follow-up on the I/M portion of State Implementation Plans; public awareness activities;
evaluation of I/M benefits, options and problems; and technical guidance development.
Of the 29 states required to establ ish,I/M, 22 states have passed legislation and effort!
obtain legislation are continuing in the seven remaining states.
-------
A number of studies and technical analyses (sore of them in conjunction with
EPA's Office of Research and Development) were completed in 1979 in order to
determine the need for future control actions. Potentially harmful levels of
unregulated pollutants emitted from diesel-powered engines and catalyst-controlled
vehicles are being quantified. Assessments were made of the impact on emissions
control of special fuels or fuels additives (e.g., gasohol) to determine the
advisability of using such additives. Reports to Congress on control technology
for light duty vehicles and on the technological capability of manufacturers for
meeting a 0.4 gram per mile standard for nitrogen oxide were also prepared.
1980 Program
In 1980, the Agency allocated a total of $6,051,700 and 114 permanent
workyears to this program, of which $4,325,300 is for Salaries and Expenses and
$1,726,400 is for extramural purposes under the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation.
Five categories of activity are receiving emphasis in 1980. Emission
standards for heavy duty vehicles is one critical focus. The standards development
work initiated in 1977 to meet the 90 percent reduction requirements for hydrocarbons
and carbon monoxide is expected to be completed in 1980, and the standard for the
75 percent reduction for nitrogen oxide is expected to be proposed in 1980, as is
the rulemaking for an evaporative emission standard. A particulate standard for
diesel engines will be promulgated in early 1981,
Work in the area of emission standards for light duty vehicles is related to
gaseous exhaust emission standards for light duty trucks, high altitude emission
standards, diesel particulates for model year 1981, short test for emission
warranties, and definition of allowable maintenance. Resources are required for
technical studies related to standard setting as well as regulatory process
management.
In 1980, aircraft emissions standards will be finalized. Emphasis is being
placed on the completion of ongoing rulemaking and on the development of a standard
for NOX emissions.
Hazardous pollutant control is another target of major attention in 1980.
During 1973 and 1979, guidelines and regulations were developed to ensure manufacturer
compliance with the Section 202(a)(4) of the Clean Air Act requirement that no
emission control device can be used if it will cause or contribute to an unreasonable
risk to public health. In 1980, additional regulatory development work is necessary,
given the significant health effects questions that are likely to remain unresolved
(e.g., carcinogenicity of the organic? emitted). Follow-up work is also needed on
determinations of emissions under NON-FTP conditions. In the area of diesel
emissions, available health and characterization data is being assessed and
preliminary determinations made of the health implications of widespread use of
diesel engines in passenger cars.
-------
In the area of hazardous pollutants control, efforts will concentrate on
implementing Section 202{a) of the Clean Air Act and on control of Iwit duty
diesels. Unregulated emissions from new prototype catalyst cars an# alternate
light duty engines will be characterized.
New fuel economy studies aimed at closing the gap betweenyr'eported fuel
economy and actual in-use experience will be initiated, and WJRTC will continue
on improving test procedures. The annual trends analysis ape report to Congress
will Vl so be prepared.
MOBILE SOURCE IN-USE EMISSION ASSESSMENT
1979 Accomplishments
1979 resources included $1.9 million for contracts for testing of in-use
vehicle populations in order to provide updated^mission factors. The development,
improvement, dissemination, and use of amissioy?actors for all classes of motor
vehicles is essential to the implementation or the Clean Air Act mandated air
quality planning process, especially as it Delates to the 1982 SIPs for oxidants
and carbon monoxideN
Work was initiated in 1979 to dete/fnine actual emissions from in-use light
duty trucks, and emission factors test/ng for motorcycles was completed during
1979. Analytic -projects Delated to sfevelopment of emission factors for AP 42 and
supportive analytic tools wgre proy/ded.
1980 Program
In 1980, the Agency has j41Wated a total of $2,794,900 and 7 permanent
workyears to this program, oFwhiah $210,900 is for Salaries and Expenses and
32,584,000 is for extramura/ purposes under the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation.
These resources ar^being used to\pntinue work initiated in 1979 in testing
in-use vehicles, determning their emissf^ns under various conditions, and providing
appropriate analyses /or use in assessing program effectiveness and the need for
both the State-based/control programs and tma national program. Work is continuing
to determine emissions from light duty and heaxy duty trucks. In-use emissions
testing will continue through 1980 and beyond asvan aid to heavy duty standard
setting and as a/mechanism for Devaluating alrea<& established standards.
1980 Explanation of Changes from Budget Estimate
The nej decrease of $225,100 results from several actions. An increase of
$9,000 resims from the cost of the October 1979 pay raiseSand is included in a
proposed Supplemental appropriation. An overall reprogrammfjw throughout the
Agency t^ provide sufficient salary funds to cover authorizedSrfprkyears resulted
in a de/rease of $300. A reprogramming Of $3,800 was made wittfhn the air media to
mobile/source monitoring in-use emission assessment, for supportNof the fuel economy
progran. Finally, a reproqramming of $230,000 was made within the\air media to
emis/ions testing, analysis and data support due to a reassessment of the actual
neaa for additional work by EPA:on field laboratories on determining\ctual vehicle
em/ssions and the validity of contractor work in this area.
-------
During 1980, the States requiring an Inspection and maintenance program must
follow the implementation schedule included in the State Implementation Plan. This
requires an EPA update of technical documentation developed in 1979, and the
provision of area specific technical information. The remaining seven States
needing authorizing legislation, as well as States reassessing existing legislation
are being assisted. Assistance to States In program implementation includes
inspection standards and calibration, quality assurance procedures, and technical
review of facilities and testing support equipment. Analytical evaluations of
program effectiveness and new technologies are being conducted. Short tests for
NOX control and improvements in current test procedures are being evaluated. The
Portland study has been extended for a year to allow for the accumulation of data
on the emissions impact over a longer time period. In addition, I/M programs for
heavy duty vehicles will be initiated because of the large potential for'emission
reductions from these sources.
1980 Explanation of Changes from Budget Estimate
The net increase of $236,700 results from several actions. An increase of
$148,200 results from the cost of the October 1979 pay raise and is included in a
proposed supplemental appropriation. A congressional reduction of $2 million each
to Agency travel costs resulted in a decrease of $6,600. A reprogramming of
$95,100 was made within the air media from 'emissions standards and technology
assessments for support of the fuel economy program.
1981 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $6,383,500 and 108 permanent workyears for this
program, of which $4,325,000 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and
$2,058,500 for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriations. This is a
slight decrease of $300 and an increase of $332,100, respectively.
Standard setting for light duty vehicles and trucks, heavy duty vehicles, and
aircraft is scheduled for completion in 1981. Emission standards for heavy duty
vehicles include the 75 percent reduction for nitrogen oxide (NO^) and diesel
particulates.
Promulgation of the light duty high altitude standard and allowable maintenance
for light duty vehicles is expected in 1981. In addition, follow-up will be provided
to the light duty truck, NOX research, and aircraft rulemakings. Regulatory review
of Subpart A is also expected to culminate in 1981. New regulatory action will be
initiated in the area of non-FTP regulations, light duty vehicle durability, and
certification of tamper resistant systems.
Support will continue to regional, state, and local efforts to implement I/M,
as provided for in the SIP schedules. Development and improvement of the technical
basis for I/M for current and prototype motor vehicles will be provided. Specific
I/M problems which will be addressed are emission test technology improvements;
determination of the validity of I/M benefits for light duty trucks; and initiation
of evaluation of I/M at high altitudes, under cold weather conditions, and for heavy
duty gasoline powered vehicles.
-------
in tne area or nazaraous poilutants control, eTTorcs unit concentrate on
implementing Section 202(a) of the Clean Air Act and on control of light duty
diesels. Unregulated emissions from new prototype catalyst cars and alternate
light duty engines will be characterized.
New fuel economy studies aimed at closing the gap between reported fuel
economy and actual in-us.e experience will be initiated, and work will continue
on improving test procedures. The annual trends analysis and report to Congress
will also be prepared.
MOBILE SOURCE IK-USE EMISSION ASSESSMENT
1979 Accomplishments
1979 resources included $1.9 million for contracts for testing of in-use
vehicle populations in order to provide updated emission factors. The development,
improvement, dissemination, and use of emission factors for all classes of motor
vehicles is essential to the implementation of the Clean Air Act mandated air
quality planning process, especially as it relates to the 1982 SIPs for oxidants
and carbon monoxide.
Work was initiated in 1979 to determine actual emissions from in-use light
duty trucks, and emission factors testing for motorcycles was completed during
1979. Analytic projects related to development of emission factors f or AP 42 and
supportive analytic tools were provided.
1980 Program
In 1980, the Agency has allocated a total of $2,794,900 and 7 permanent
workyears to this program, of which $210,900 is for Salaries and Expenses and
$2,584,000 is for extramural purposes under the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation.
These resources are being used to continue work initiated in 1979 in testing
in-use vehicles, determining their emissions under various conditions, and providing
appropriate analyses for use in assessing program effectiveness and the need for
both the State-based control programs and the national program. Work is continuing
to determine emissions from light duty and heavy duty trucks. In-use emissions
tasting will continue through 1980 and beyond as an aid to heavy duty standard
setting and as a mechanism for reevaluating already established standards.
1980 Explanation of Changes from Budget Estimate
The net decrease of $225,100 results from several actions. An increase of
$9,000 results from the cost of the October 1979 pay raise and is included in a
proposed supplemental appropriation. An overall reprogramming throughout the
Agency to provide sufficient salary funds to cover authorized workyears resulted
in a decrease of $300. A reprogrammi ng of $3,800 was made within the air media to
mobile source monitoring in-use emission assessment, for support of the fuel economy
program. Finally, a reprociramniing of 5230,000 was made within the air media to
emissions testing, analysis and data support due to a reassessment of the actual
need for additional work by EPA; on field laboratories on determining actual vehicle
emissions and the validity of contractor work in this area.
-------
1981 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $2,544,900 and 6 permanent workyears for this
program, of which $175,900 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $2,369,000
for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. This represents a decrease
of $35,000 and $215,000, respectively.
These resources will be used to determine in-use vehicle emission rates to
support heavy duty standard setting and control technology development. Emission
factors field testing for both light duty cars and trucks, and for heavy duty trucks
will be continued. Data will be collected for the AP 42 update as well.
EMISSIONS TESTING ANALYSIS AND DATA SUPPORT FOR STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES
1979 Accomplishments
1979 resources included $90,400 in contracts for data processing and testing
support. Activities involved baseline testing in connection with standard setting
for heavy duty engines; support for the characterization of emissions from diesel
vehicles; test procedure improvements in the areas of durability evaluation and road
load determination; and analysis of data gathered in t/M assessment and emission
factors programs.
1980 Program
In 1980, the Agency has allocated a total of $2,557,300 and 45 permanent workyears
to this program, of which $2,388,300 is for Salaries and Expenses and $169,000 is for
extramural purposes under the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
Current activities include baseline testing for a NOj,, standard for heavy duty
engines; support for test procedure improvements aimed at assuring the validity of
the FTP; and efforts to charaterize emissions of new technology vehicles. Statistical
and analytic support to I/M evaluation and for the AP 42 update is being provided.
1980 Explanation of Changes from Budget Estimate
The net increase of $232,300 results from several actions. An increase of
$51,900 results from the cost of the October 1979 pay raise and is included In a
proposed supplemental appropriation. A congressional reduction of $2 million to
Agency travel costs and $1 million to Agency ADP costs resulted in a decrease of
$1,000 and $25,000, respectively. An overall reprogramming throughout the Agency to
provide sufficient salary funds to cover authorized workyears resulted in a decrease
of $23,600. A Deprogramming of $230,000 was made within the air media from air mobile
sources monitoring in-use emissiorts assessment due to a reassessment of the actual
need for additional work by EPA on field locations on determining actual vehicle
emissions and the validity of contractor work in this area.
1981 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $2,469,700 and 38 permanent workyears for this
program, of which $2,319,700 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and
$150,000 for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. This represents a
decrease of $68,600 and $19,000, respectively.
These resources will be used to prepare the annual light duty vehicle technology
report to Congress and to study emission control device costs. Technology assessment
will concentrate on control of non-FTP emissions; administration of NOX research
regulations; analysis of reasons for the failure of light duty vehicle evaporative
-------
Page Intentionally Blank
-------
AIR
State Programs Resource Assistance
Original
Estimate
1981
Revised
Estimate
1981
President's
Reduction
Appropriation
Control Agency Resource Supplementation:
Abatement, Control and Compliance
Training:
Salaries and Expenses
Abatement, Control and Compliance
Grants for Planning Control of Carbon
Monoxide and Photo-chemcial Oxidants
in Nonattainment Areas:
Abatement, Control and Compliance
Total:
Salaries and Expenses..., ,
Abatement, Control and Compliance
Grand Total ..,.,...,,., ,
$87,673
419
661
(dollars in thousandsT
$87,673
417
661
-$2
419
88,334
417
88,334
-2
88,753
88,751
-2
-------
Page Intentionally Blank
-------
AIR
State Programs Resource Assistance
Appropriation
Control Agency Resource
Supplementation:
Abatement, Control
and Compliance.....
Training:
Salaries and
Expenses.
Abatement, Control
and Compliance.....
Grants for Planning
Control of Carbon
Monoxide and Photo*
chemical Oxidants in
N on attainment Areas:
Abatement, Control
and Compliance.. ..
Total:
Salaries and
Expenses
Abatement, Control
and Compliance
Permanent Positions
Control Agency Resource
S uppl ementat ion. ......
Training. .
Total
Full-time Equi valency
Control Agency Resource
S uppl ementat i on. ......
Training.
Total.
Actual
1979
$94,294
315
1,116
a/
9,700
315
105,110
105,425
'*5
5
36
8
44
Budget
Estimate
1980
(dollars
$85,600
350
711
.* *
350
86,311
86,561
* * *
6
6
65
7
72
Current
Estimate
1980
Estimate
1981
in thousands)
$82,800 587,673
399 419
1,148 661
* _
399
83 ,948
84,347
"5
6
65
8
73
419
88,334
-88,753
* *
6
5
65
8
73
Increase +
Decrease -
1981 vs. 1980
+$4,873
+20
-487
* * *
+20
+4,386
+4,406
*.» *
*
* * *
a/ Funds transferred to Department of Transportation for obligation.
-------
The Agency requests a total of $88,752,800 and 6 permanent workyears for 1981, an
increase of $4,405,500 from 1980, Included in this total is $418,800 for the Salaries
and Expenses appropriation and $88,334,000 for the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation, with an increase of $19,600 and $4,385,900, respectively. The increase
requested for Abatement, Control and Compliance will provide assistance to State/local
air pollution control agencies to carry out State Implementation Plan (SIP) development
and implementation activities and initiate enforcement programs directed at tampering
with automotive emission controls. There is no change in the 1981 workyear request
from 1980.
Program Description
This subactivity encompasses the grant resources and assistance provided to support
State and local governments and Indian tribes in implementing air pollution control
programs, accomplishing national priorities and meeting requirements of the Clean Air
Act. Support is provided in the form of grants to control agencies for the conduct of
air pollution control planning, monitoring, and enforcement activities. Support is
also provided in the form of contractor services to States, assignment of EPA personnel
to State agencies, and training provided for the personnel of State and local agencies.
State Implementation Plans submitted in 1979 for nonattainment areas as required by the
Clean Air Act included regulations establishing emission limits for various air pollution
sources and specific schedules for the adoption of other measures, including I/M programs
and control of transportation sources where extensions of ambient air quality standard
attainment dates beyond 1982 had been granted. In 1980, action to implement these
schedules will be taken and assure reasonable further progress toward the attainment of
ambient air quality standards. Emphasis is also being given to improving State/local
air quality monitoring, and adoption by States of new source review programs, particularly
for the prevention of significant deterioration, increased source inspections, expeditious
enforcement actions, and the assessment of noncompliance penalties.
Grants to control agencies having a major role in developing and carrying out
these SIP and other requirements, constitute the major form of EPA resource assistance.
Grants assistance is supplemented by the assignment of personnel, training of State/local
air pollution personnel, and the provision of services of contractors for specific
tasks identified by the States, localities, or EPA as required for carrying out or
revising the State Implementation Plan. Examples of this type of support include
development of amission inventories, application of dispersion modeling techniques,
special air quality monitoring, control strategy/regulation development and development
of procedures necessary for implementation of mandatory I/M programs. These activities
are covered in the following program elements.
Control Agency Resource SupplementationUnder the Clean Air Act, the States, in
partnership Kith local agencies, are responsible for developing and implementing plans
to attain and maintain ambient air quality standards. EPA partially funds the operating
costs of these State and local agencies, under Section 105 of the Act.
TrainingResource assistance is further supplemented by the provision of training
in specialized areas of air pollution control. Since July 1, 1976, the EPA Air Pollution
Training Institute at Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, has been operated under
contract. New courses are developed as needed, instruction manuals and materials are
revised and updated, and laboratory courses at Research Triangle Park are conducted and
manuals and instructional materials are provided to university field centers. A small
EPA staff monitors the contract, maintains liaison with regional offices and State and
local agencies, assesses changing training requirements, and ensures that those requirements
are fulfilled. The EPA staff also works with regional university centers to develop
State and local self-sufficiency in training by offering field courses closer to the
agencies.
-------
Grants for Planning Control of Carbon Monoxide and Photochemical Oxldants In
Nonattalnment Areas
The general objective of the planning assistance program is to assist urban
areas where national ambient air quality standards have not been attained in developing
comprehensive planning and growth management processes which permit both attainment of
standards and economic growth. The grant will provide funding for plartning agencies to
participate in the development and implementation of State Implementation Plans for
urban areas that have not attained the health protective primary standards for
photochemical oxidants and/or carbon monoxide with particular emphasis on transportation
control measures.
The air quality planning and analyses that will have to be carried out to
implement the Clean Air Act supplement DOT funded programs which are generally related
to integrating the various aspects of transportation systems into a cohesive whole that
serves an area's transportation needs. The activities eligible for funding under the
Section 175 grants emphasize concerns with the air quality implication of proposed
transportation system changes and are intended to encourage the undertaking of
transportation measures which have a beneficial impact on air quality. These include:
- Development and evaluation of long range alternative growth and
transportation system strategies.
- Development and evaluation of short range transportation improvement
packages-including contingency packages to best insure timely
attainment of standards.
- A tightly managed transportation planning and programming process
geared toward a regulatory product that best insures implementation
.of key measures.
- New planning and evaluation activities that stress not only detailed
air quality assessment, but also extensive consultation activities
(with other agencies, interest groups, elected officials) needed for
coordination, support and timely implementation of strategies.
Control Agency Resource Supplementation
1979 Accomplishments
The 1979 resources included $94,293,700 in extramural funds. The major effort of
State/local control agencies was directed toward submission of revised implementation
plans for nonattainment areas as required by the Clean Air Act (CAA) Amendments of
1977. Fifty-one States/territories were required to submit implementation plans. In
monitoring, States took major actions to acquire appropriate monitoring equipment and
establish quality control procedures as required by EPA regulations and to upgrade
monitoring sites and data quality. Development of adequate data bases for submission
of 1982 SIPs, was begun. Twenty-five major cities implemented a system for reporting a
daily index of air quality, as required by the CAA. Forty-one States adopted regulations
for the control of volatile organic compounds (VOC) from stationary sources. Twelve
States enacted legislation to implement an"I/M program or committed to implement an I/M
program based on existing legal authority. Enforcement efforts by the States were
accelerated with particular emphasis on major source compliance.
-------
1980 Program
In 1980, the Agency was allocated $82,800,000 in the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation. State implementation plans from all States, as required by
the CAA, wilt have been submitted by early 1980 and EPA review/approval actions initiated.
In most cases these plans will require extensive further development follow-up action
by the States, particularly with respect to Inspection/Maintenance (I/M), transportation
control measures (TCM), control of volatile organic compounds (VOC) and analyses/measures
relating to control of non-traditional sources of particulate emissions.
In 1980-1981, 3D States are expected to submit schedules for TCM. Forty-one States
are expected to be developing lead SIPs. Thirty-five States have conditional approvals
of various kinds requiring specific follow up actions. Twenty-nine States will begin
I/M implementation actions. Enforcement related actions will focus on new source
review, noncompliance penalty implementation, compliance inspections and enforcement
actions directed at major sources, and the enforcement of permits issued under prevention
of significant deterioration (PSD) provisions of the CAA. The States will continue to
implement the provisions of the monitoring regulations promulgated in 1979 with particular
emphasis on the establishment of a national air monitoring station (NAMS) network with
appropriate quality assurance procedures.
1980 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The net decrease of $2,800,000 results from congressional action.
1981 Plan
The Agency requests a total of 537,573,000 for this program. In addition to
activities to carry out approved State Implementation Plans, work will be done in
preparation for submittal in 1982 of ozone and carbon monoxide SIPs in the 26 States
granted attainment date extensions. Full implementation of I/M programs will be
initiated ahd schedules for TCM will continue to be developed, with 30 state submittals
expected. All NAMS sites are expected to be operational and an intensification of
effort to upgrade additional State/local monitoring stations (SLAMS) will be underway.
Formal submittal of lead SIPs by 41 States is expected. In enforcement, continued
emphasis will be placed on achieving major source compliance and in selected states an
antitampering program will be initiated. States will have assumed almost complete
responsibility for PSD New Source Review.
Training
1979 Accomplishments
The 1979 resources included $1,116,200 in extramural funds. Eighty-seven courses
were conducted in 21 different subjects at Research Triangle Park and 41 locations in
the field for 2,290 trainees (representing 10,006 trainee days). One course was
completely revised, revision was begun on 15 other courses, and development work was
begun on two new courses. Two new video-instructional courses were completed, and work
was begun on development of two self-instructional courses. Five self-instructional
courses were administered to 236 trainees, and technical assistance was provided to
State and local agencies and universities (122- requests). In the area of academic
training, graduate level traineeships were provided for 17 control agency employees,
and for 21 other persons at eight schools. Eighty-one control agency employees and 15
other persons were supported with fellowships for full and part-time study, and 60
students were supported doing graduate study at the Environmental Management Institute
at the University of Southern California. In the area of training related to motor
vehicle inspection/maintenance, under EPA Grants to Colorado State University, two new
-------
teachers and 31 workshops conducted tor ,J
-------
Specifically, the Metropolitan Planning Organizations (MPO's) must develop
appropriate data bases on ambient air quality and emissions, as well as assess the
impacts on air quality of changes in transportation systems. As a result of these
assessments, control measures must be adopted as formal regulatory provisions of SIP's.
1980 Program
t
In 1980, the funds remaining from the $46,500,000 transferred to DOT in 1979 for
this purpose will be utilized by DOT for grants to Metropolitan Planning Agencies.
Funds appropriated under this program element in 1979 will also be used to assist urban
areas in developing 1982 ozone SIPs.
1981 Plan
No additional funding is requested.
-------
AIR
Air Quality Strategies Implementation
Original Revised
Estimate Estimate
1981 1981
(dollars in thousands)
President's
Reduction
Appropriation
Air Quality Management Implementation:
Salaries and Expenses
Abatement, Control and Compliance...
$8,655 $8,599
221 221
-$56
Grand Total
8,876
8,820
-56
-------
Page Intentionally Blank
-------
AIR
Air Quality Strategies Implementation
Appropriation
Air Quality Management
Implementation:
Salaries and Expenses.
Abatement, Control
and Compliance......
Grand Total......
Permanent Positions
Air Quality Management
Implementation.
Full-time Equivalency
Air Quality Management
Implementation
Actual
1979
314
340
Budget
Estimate
1980
Current
Estimate
1980
Estimate
1981
Increase +
Decrease -
1981 vs. 1980
(dollars in thousands,
$8,564 $8,710 $9,066 $8,655
333 ... 253 221
8,897 8.71Q
324
357
9,319
317
344
8,876
288
313
-$411
-32
-443
-29
-31
Budget.Request
The Agency requests a total of $8,875,700 and 288 permanent workyears, a
decrease of $443,500 and 29 permanent workyears from 1980. Included in this total is
$8,654,900 for Salaries and Expenses and $220,800 for the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation, a decrease of $411,300 and $32,200, respectively. These
reductions reflect anticipated State assumption of the PSD permit issuance program.
Program Description
This subactivity includes the provision by the regional offices of policy
direction and guidance to States in the development of strategies for the attainment
and maintenance of National Ambient Air Quality Standards and the prevention of
significant deterioration. This Involves the review of State developed strategies
for consistency with the requirements of the Clean Air Act and EPA regulations, and
the tracking of State progress in meeting the schedules set forth in these strategies,
including making assessments of whether States are making reasonable further progress
toward attaining standards by the statutory deadlines.
It also includes the development by EPA of strategies for specific geographical
areas where States do not prepare adequate plans for attaining and maintaining standards;
the incorporation of these control strategies into appropriate Federal regulatory
action; and the interaction with State and local governments in implementing these
strategies. Other major activities include the audit of State and local control
agencies for adherence to Federal requirements and guidelines; consultation with
State and local control agencies on specific air pollution control problems; review
of the impact of new sources of air pollution; and the management of State and local
-------
substantially increase tne numoer OT plans required, mererore, major efforts are
required for the review and approval of the SIPs and for the promulgation of plans
where State plans are inadequate.
Major efforts are also necessary to provide guidance to States in meeting the
commitments made in SIP submissions which are essential to the attainment of standards,
including establishment of mandatory automotive inspection/maintenance programs, regulation
of transportation sources, control of urban fugitive dust and additional stationary
source controls.
Major EPA regional office activity is also required to guide States in developing
the necessary data base and strategy demonstrations which are required for the 1982
SIP submission for ozone and carbon monoxide, where an extension of time for attainment
under the Act has been granted. This includes extensive involvement with local elected
officials, metropolitan planning organizations, State transportation departments,
and the State air pollution control agencies, and will require major EPA regional
office coodination and participation efforts. EPA regions must participate actively
in the local planning processes to assure that air quality considerations are taken
into account in a meaningful way and that the local plans, particularly the transportation
elements, are integrated into the SIP as enforceable measures in a time frame consistent
with the requirements of the Act. These activities are expected to extend through
1982. Similar activities will have to be carried out to develop and review SIPs for
lead and for other anticipated revisions to standards as required by the Act.
The 1977 Amendments also impose major new requirements on the process for
reviewing new sources of pollution to assure that they will not cause deterioration
of air quality in areas attaining the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS),
or that will not delay attainment or aggravate current problems in areas not yet
attaining the NAAQS. The determination of best available emission control technology,
analysis of air quality impact, selective source siting, and emission trade-offs \
analyses are all integral to this review process and will require EPA regional office ,1
resources. State program assistance increases over the past three'years are supporting
State assumption of these activities.
AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT IMPLEMENTATION
1979 Accpmpl1shments
1979 resources included $332,500 in contract funds to support purchase of computer
time to do modeling to evaluate impact of new sources on the PSD increment and
attainment strategies in the SIPs. Public hearings for PSD reviews and EPA promulgation
of 1979 SIP actions were also covered. The 1979 program was directed toward review
and approval of the nonattainment SIPs submitted by States. The 41 notices of proposed -
rulemakings were published establishing a schedule of follow-up actions that the
States must take to achieve retain an approved status.
The regions provided guidance to State in the development and review of TSP SIPs
for some 397 nonattainment areas. Special analyses of urban fugitive particulate
matter sources and control were initiated. A further major activity was the engineering
and air quality review of some 1,500 new sources under the PSD regulations.
1980 Program
In 1980, the Agency has allocated a total of $9,319,200 and 317 permanent
workyears to this program, of which $9,066,200 is for the Salaries and Expenses
appropriation and $253,000 is for extramural purposes under the Abatement, Control
and Compliance appropriation. The major efforts being undertaken with these resources
include the tracking, overview, and guidance of State efforts to complete development
and begin to implement the various schedules contained in the 1979 SIP. This includes
-------
developing measures for control of urban fugitive dust. Also included is the annual
review of State progress in meeting the reasonable further progress (RFP) requirement
of the 1977 Amendments to the Clean Air Act. The meeting of these requirements is
essential to assure attainment of air quality standards.
In 1980, the EPA regional offices are also providing guidance and are reviewing
state lead SIP submissions, and the development of the required 1982 SIPs in
nonattainment areas for ozone and carbon monoxide, where EPA has approved a time
extension for attainment of standards. This effort focuses upon the development of
new emission inventories and other data bases and provides a more sophisticated
demonstration of air quality standard attainment.
Other activities include the overview of all existing State new source review
programs, including the audit of selected State reviews to insure consistency with
the requirements of the Clean Air Act and EPA regulations. EPA regions are actively
assisting States in developing programs for the prevention of significant deterioration
where such programs were not established in 1979.
1980 Explanation of Changes from Budget Estimate
The net increase of $609,100 results from several actions. An increase of
$397,300 results from the cost of the October 1979 pay raise and is included in a
proposed supplemental appropriation. A congressional reduction of $2 million each to
Agency travel costs and supplies and expenses resulted in a decrease of $51,400 and
$35,900, respectively. An overall reprogramming throughout the Agency to provide
sufficient salary funds to cover authorized workyears resulted in an increase of
$318,000 to this activity.
Regional reprogrammings were tnade in order to support costs based on 1979
expenditures from ambient water quality monitoring, $25,000; to water quality state
programs regulations and guidelines, $80,100; from noise program implementation,
$3Q,4QO; from drinking water underground injection control program, $65,800; to
ambient air quality monitoring, $77,000; and to water quality municipal waste treatment
construction, $9,000.
1981 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $8,875,700 and 288 permanent workyears for this
program, of which $8,654,900 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and
$220,800 is for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. EPA regional
offices will maintain the 1980 emphasis on follow-up and implementation of the 1979
nonattainment SIPs, development of the 1982 ozone SIPs, and State assumption of
responsibility for New Source Review/Prevention of Significant Deterioration, Regional
offices will follow up on SIP commitments and schedules for I/M/, TCM, and fugitive
dust programs. States requiring additional controls on emitters of volatile organics
(VOC) will be assisted in developing consistent regulations. States will be assisted
in reviewing applications for use of the "bubble" concept. A method of assessing
emission limitations that covers the emissions from the entire facility.
Regions will continue to assist States in completing the 1982 ozone and CO SIPs.
In 1981, many I/M programs will be completing the pilot or demonstration phases, and
decisions will be made on full-scale implementation. Transportation control measures
will be selected and programs for implementation will be presented to the public and
appropriate agencies for support and implementation. EPA involvement and leadership
is critical in these areas.
The management of NSR is especially important in 1981, as many States will just
have assumed responsibility for the program. State/local actions which may adversely
impact on ambient air quality standards under Sections 109(j) of the Federal Highway
-------
Air
Mobile Source Preproduction Compliance Verification
Appropriation
Preproduction Compliance
Verification:
Salaries and Expenses....
Abatement, Control
Comoliance
Emissions Testing, Analysis
and Data Support for
Preproduction Compliance
Verification:
Salaries and Expenses....
Abatement, Control and
Compliance..............
Total:
Salaries and Expenses....
Abatement, Control and
Compliance
Grand Total................
P erma ne nt P os it ions
Preproduction Compliance
Verification
Emissions Testing, Analysis
and Data Support for
Preproduction Compliance
Verification.
Total.,
Fu11-1i me Equ i v a1ency
Preproduction Compliance
Verification
Emission Testing, Analysis
and Data Support for
Preproduction Compliance
Verification.
Total
Budget Current
Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate
1979 1980 1980 1981
(dollars in thousands)
$1,873 $1,530 $1,680 $2,128
721 900 704 754
2,232 900 1,270 1,534
1,452 400 218 168
4,110 2,430 2,950 3,662
2,183 1,300 922 922 .
6,293 3,730 3,872 "4,584
51 50 52 55
6 21 20 29
57 71 72 84
70 59 51 55
24 28 41 42
94 87 102 107
Increase +
Decrease -
1981 vs. 1980
+$448
+50
+264
-50
+712
* *
+712
+3
+9
+12
+4
+1
+5
-------
Mobile Source Reproduction Compliance Verification
Appropriation
Preproduction Compliance Verfication:
Salaries and Expenses
Abatement, Control and Compliance...
Emissions Testing, Analysis and Data
Support for Preproduction Compliance
Verfication:
Salaries and Expenses , .....
Abatement, Control and Compliance...
Total:
Salaries and Expenses.
Abatement, Control and Compliance...
Grand Total
Original Revised
Estimate Estimate President's
1981 1981 Reduction
(dollars in thousands)
$2,128
754
1,534
168
3,662
922
4,584
$2,116
754
1,527
168
3,643
922
4,565
-$12
-7
-19
-19
-------
Page Intentionally Blank
-------
The Agency requests a total of $4,584,500 and 84 permanent workyears for 1981, an
increase of $712,200 and 12 permanent workyears from 1980. Included in this total is
$3,662,600 for Salaries and Expenses and $922,000 for Abatement, Control and Compliance,
an increase of $712,200 and no change, respectively. Increases in this subactivity
provide for a greater level of fuel economy confirmatory testing.)
Program Description
This subactivity includes: (1) engineering review and confirmatory testing of
prototype motor vehicles and engines in order to certify their compliance with emission
standards; (2) semiannual publication of fuel economy guides and calculation of corporate
average fuel economy values; and (3) related technical and data processing support.
EPA is currently developing improvements in its certification program. In previous
years, motor vehicle manufacturers' complete lines of vehicles and engines have undergone
the full certification process. However, the potential air quality impact of improperly
certifying a vehicle is not equal for all manufacturers or engine families. Rather, the
air quality risk is related to the degree of failure and the number of vehicles sold.
Consequently, EPA has undertaken reforms to this program which will reduce the paper-
work, reporting, and testing burdens on the automobile, truck, and motorcycle industries,
while at the same time improving the control of emissions from motor vehicles.
The certification process involves the submission of applications to EPA by the
manufacturers; the development of emissions performance information by manufacturers or
EPA on the basis of prototype vehicle testing; and the review of this data by EPA for
the purpose of determining compliance with standards. Certification testing also
results in the generation of vehicle fuel economy data. These data are the foundation
of EPA's fuel economy public information activities (carried out jointly with the
Department of Energy), and are used to support the Department of Transportation's
program of compliance with fuel economy standards as required by the Energy Policy and
Conservation Act.
MOBILE SOURCE PREPRQDUCTION COMPLIANCE VERIFICATION
1979 Accomplishments
1979 resources included $721,200 in contract funds for data processing and
analytical -support. Major contract efforts were focused on: development of a
computer assisted engineering and emissions data review program (which allows the
major motor vehicle manufacturers to submit information on computer compatible media);
services aimed at reducing the time it takes to process applications for certification;
and a package of nontechnical support.
The 1979 certification process took into account new stricter standards for
hydrocarbons (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO) for model year 1980 light duty vehicles.
Technological changes in the automobile industry were addressed through the
development of criteria for engineering review of vehicles using electronic control
systems. This was carried out while the certification process itself was gradually
revised to improve its effectiveness and reduce its burden.
The heavy duty engine program consisted of engineering review of the manufacturers'
design information on new engines to identify engine configurations for durability
testing and potentially high polluting engine configurations for emission data
testing. An abbreviated review program was conducted for the motorcycle manufacturers.
-------
-rr\ i.unt mucu ou au|jywr L i.ne ueyaruuenu ui iranspgrtation 5 TUEI economy
regulatory program in 1979. Highway fuel economy tests were run on vehicles
tested for emissions compliance to assure the validity of manufacturers' data.
City fuel economy tests were also run on vehicles, and review of manufacturer
submitted data for engine classes not reviewed for emissions control purposes was
performed.
1980 Program
In 1980j the Agency has allocated a total of $2,384,500 and 52 permanent workyears
to this program, of which $1,680,500 is for Salaries and Expenses and $704,000 is for
extramural purposes under the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
Light duty vehicles with lower air quality impact are subject to an abbreviated
review, while the complete engineering review and testing process is being performed on
those engine families with the highest sales and greatest potential air quality
impact. Criteria for the review of vehicles using electronic control systems, which
underwent further refinement in 1979, is being implemented in 1980, as are
parameter adjustment regulations (aimed at reducing the adjustability of idle mixture
and initial choke settings). Control of hazardous emissions by manufacturers is
being encouraged through a program of engineering review and testing. 1980 also
marks the onset of new light duty vehicle standards for carbon monoxide, oxides of
nitrogen, and evaporate hydrocarbons, as well as a control program for vehicles to
which high altitude standards apply.
For heavy duty engines, the 1980 program continues the abbreviated review
process implemented in 1979. Manufacturer's design information on new engines is
being reviewed to identify engine configurations for emissions data testing.
Abbreviated reviews are also being conducted for the motorcycle manufacturers.
Support to the Department of Transpiration's fuel economy program is continuing
at a greater level of effort. A high priority has been placed on improvements aimed
at assuring more reliable fuel economy values and a significantly increased level
of testing in support of compliance.
1980 Explanation of Changes from Budget Estimate
The net decrease of $45,500 results from several actions. An increase of $63,400
results from the cost of the October 1979 pay raise and is included in a proposed
supplemental appropriation. A congressional reduction of $2 million to Agency
travel costs resulted in a decrease of 51,100. An overall reprogramming throughout
the Agency to provide sufficient salary funds to cover authorized workyears resulted
in a decrease of $200,000 to this activity. Finally, a reprogramming of $73,700 was
made within the air media -- from air emission standards and technology assessment
($2,900); from air energy and pollutant strategy development ($26,200); from air
state program guidelines and regulations development ($40,800); and from air mobile
source monitoring in-use emission assessment (S3,800)-- and a reprogramming of $18,500
was made from the Office of Air, Noise and Radiation program management activity, for
support of the fuel economy program,
1981 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $2,882,300 and 55 permanent workyears for this
program, of which $2,128,300 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and
$754,000 for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. This is an
increase of $447,800 and $50,000, respectively.
-------
, _--_,_ _
improvement, while the abbreviated review process will continue for heavy duty trucks
and motorcycles.
Selective audits of manufacturers and in-house confirmatory testing will be
increased from 1980, as will work related to the Federal Government's fuel
economy standards compliance, fuel economy label, and gas mileage guide programs.
The increased level of confirmatory testing for fuel economy purposes is part of
EPA's effort to improve the validity of manufacturers' fuel economy values.
Regulatory development activities will include improved implementation of
current certification regulations; development of new regulations and procedures to
implement modifications mandated by the Clean Air Act; and revisions of the
certification program which improve technical accuracy.
EMISSION TESTING ANALYSIS AND DATA SUPPORT FOR PREPRODUCTION COMPLIANCE VERIFICATION
1979 Accomplishments
1979 resources included nearly $1.5 million in contract funds for support of
emission testing and data processing activities. These resources supported
laboratory and data processing activities associated with emission certification
and fuel economy compliance.
1980 Program
In 1980, the Agency has allocated a total of $1,487,900 and 20 permanent
workyears to this program of which $1,269,900 is for Salaries and Expenses and
$218,000 is for extramural purposes under the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation. These resources support operations of the emissions testing
laboratory and data processing activities. Fuel economy review and analysis is
being facilitated at an intensified level by progress made in 1979 on computerizing
the process.
1980 Explanation of Changes from Budget Estimate
The net increase of 5187,900 results from several actions. An increase of
$32,900 results from the cost of the October 1979 pay raise and is included in a
proposed supplemental appropriation. An overall reprogramming throughout the
Agency to provide sufficient salary funds to cover authorized workyears resulted in
a decrease of $11,500. Finally, a reprogramming of $166,500 from other media
from radiation environmental standards ($37,000), from radiation monitoring and
analysis ($18,500), from radiation technology assessment ($18,500), from noise
strategies implementation ($74,000), and from the Office of Air, Noise and Radiation
program management activity ($18,500)will be used to support the fuel economy program.
1981 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $1,702,300 and 29 permanent workyears for this
program, of which $1,534,300 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and
$168,000 for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. This represents
an increase of $264,400 and a decrease of $50,000, respectively.
These resources provide laboratory correlation support for certification,
systems/program analysis, computer programming, and related administrative support
to the emissions testing laboratory.
Fuel economy review and analysis will result in calculation of preliminary
corporate average fuel economy and corporate average fuel economy (PCAFE/CAFE)
i/aliiDC znA ni-lnaf -fiiol ar-nnnrm/ i nf nrmst i fin.
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Trends Monitoring and Progress Assessment
Appropri at i on
Ambient Air Quality Monitoring:
Salaries and Expenses
Abatement, Control and
Compliance
Air Quality and Emissions
Data Analysis and Progress
Assessment:
Salaries and Expenses.....
Abatement, Control and
Compl ranee
Total:
Salaries and Expenses..
Abatement, Control and
Ccmpl iance
'Grand Total
Permanent Posi ti ons
Ambient Air Quality Monitoring.
Air Quality and Emissions
Data Analysis and Progress
Assessment,..., »....,....
Total..............
Full-timeEquivalency
Ambient Air Quality Monitoring.
Air Quality and Emissions
Data Analysis and Progress
Assessment
Total
Budget Request
Budget Current Increase +
Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease -
1979 1980 1980 1981 1981 vs. 1980
Tdollars in thousands)
$2,499 $2,188 12,489 $2,387 -1102
109 21 92 320 +228
1,359 1,401 1,633 1,496 -137
660 620 290 290
3,858 3,589 4,122 3,883 -239
769 641 382 610 +228
4,627 4,230 4,504 4,493
77
38
ITS
90
47
137
85
43
128
89
50
139
34
38
82
34
122
89
43
116
89
39
132
128
-11
-2
-6
-4
The Agency requests a total of $4,492,800 and 116 permanent workyears, a decrease of
511,000 and 5 permanent workyears from 1980. Included in this total is $3,882,900 for
the Salaries and Expenses appropriation, and $609,900 for the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation. The decrease in Salaries and Expenses of $239,000 reflects a
shift in headquarters and regional office workload. The increase of $228,000 in Abatement,
Control and Compliance is due to increase emphasis on completing Regional Environmental
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Trends Monitoring and Progress Assessment
Original Revised
Estimate Estimate President's
1981 1981 Reduction
(dollars in thousands)
Appropriation
Ambient Air Quality Monitoring:
Salaries and Expenses $2,387 $2,372 -$15
Abatement, Control and Compliance. 320 320
Air Quality and Emissions Data Analysis
and Progress Assessment:
Salaries and Expenses , 1,496 1,489 -7
Abatement, Control and Compliance 290 290 ...
Total:
Salaries and Expenses 3,883 3,861 -22
Abatement, Control and Compliance 610 610 ...
Grand Total 4,493 4,471 -22
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Program Description
This subactivity covers work related to monitoring ambient air quality levels and air
pollution source emission levels, determining and analyzing their relationships, and
assessing the progress made toward the attainment of environmental goals.
Ambient Air Quality Monitoring - Activity in this program includes EPA's ambient air
monitoring operations carried out by regional offices, associated laboratory support, and
special field monitoring studies. Most ambient air quality and source monitoring is carriec
out by State and local agencies. The regional offices oversee State monitoring efforts, hel
develop and implement State quality control programs, and evaluate data submitted to EPA by
the States. Determination of attainment or nonattainment of ambient air quality standards
is made on the basis of these data. Monitoring activities and data analyses are expected
to increase due to the need to evaluate progress in nonattainment areas toward attainment
of ambient air quality standards. In addition to the monitoring for criteria pollutants
required by the State Implementation Plans (SIP), a limited program to acquire available
State data on currently unregulated pollutants is also being carried out. These data aid
in understanding relationships between sources and receptors of these pollutants, and are
used for making long and short term trends analyses to support decisions for control.
This program also includes efforts directed at improving State and local monitoring
programs. The regions are actively involved in overseeing State/local implementation of
the comprehensive regulations for air quality surveillance and reporting promulgated in
1979. Adherence to these criteria should promote uniformity of siting, and produce ambient
data of higher quality.
Air Quality Emissions Data Analysis and Progress Assessments - Major activities includt
the preparation of the annual and special reports on air quality and emission trends,
special analyses on the status of attainment of the National Ambient Air Quality Standards
(NAAQS), development and dissemination of new or improved techniques for data analysis,
and collection and analysis of emission data. Also included are the development, update,
and maintenance of systems for storage-and retrieval of air quality and emissions data.
The data systems are composed mainly of an inventory of point sources and their emissions,
and software and procedures for data storage and dissemination* Support is provided to the
30 State and local agencies using the Comprehensive Data Handling System to guarantee
efficient and timely submission of data to EPA.
AMBIENT AIR QUALITY MONITORING
1979 Accomplishments
1979 resources included $109,400 in contract funds for quality assurance audits and
equipment maintenance. The major thrust of the 1979 program was to evaluate a substantial
portion of the monitoring networks and individual stations operated or planned by State/
local agencies. Regional staff played a key role in designating the State/local
stations to be included in the National Air Monitoring Stations (NAMS) and State and Local
Air Monitoring Stations (SLAMS) networks. Schedules were developed to ensure that these
networks be fully operational and in compliance with all EPA criteria. The submission and
validation of data from the States continued. The quality assurance program received
increased attention, with special emphasis on the auditing of individual sites and State
laboratories. Regional staffs provided technical overview of the development of plans
for expanded State/local quality assurance programs to be implemented in 1980 and 1981.
In the area of daily rep9rting of air quality, regional offices surveyed the use of
the PSI, and found that the index is used in at least 7] urban areas. Of the 46 urban
areas with populations above 500,000, 37 are now or soon will be using the index.
EPA staff also continued its involvement in special monitoring studies for noncritaria
pollutants both in quality assurance and sample collection.
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program
The development of air quality data and field monitoring operations is allocated
$2,581,000 and 84 permanent workyears, of which $2,489,000 is for Salaries and Expenses
and $92,000 is for extramural costs in the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
Contracts support quality assurance audits and equipment maintenance. Fifteen-hundred
(1,500) site evaluations of National Air Monitoring Stations (NAMS) and State and Local
Air Monitoring Stations (SLAMS) will be performed, with emphasis on sites in major urban
areas not attaining standards. All State networks will be reviewed for adequacy in
terms of the number of sites and their geographical distribution. Regions are performing
detailed reviews of State quality assurance programs, including on-site audits of all
State laboratories. All regional laboratories are participating in EPA's Office of
Research and Development's national performance surveys. Involvement in special
monitoring studies is continuing, with emphasis on management of data collection for
the 1982 ozone SIPs. Coordination of daily reporting of air quality in urban areas
with populations greater than 500,000 is continuing.
1980 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The net increase of $372,600 results from several actions. An increase of $88,200
results from the cost of the October 1979 pay raise and is included in a proposed
supplemental appropriation. A congressional reduction of $2 million each to Agency
travel costs and supplies and expenses resulted in a decrease of $14,200 and $96,700,
respectively. An overall reprogrammi ng throughout the Agency to provide sufficient
salary funds to cover authorized workyear resulted in an increase of $37,200 to this
activity.
Regional reprogrammings resulted in transfers between media with an increase to this
activity of $308,100; the media contributing to this Increase are drinking water
($176,600), water quality ($29,300), solid waste ($17,900), pesticides ($7,300) , and
air quality management implementation (577,000).
1981 Plan
The 1981 level of resources for air quality data and field monitoring operations is
$2,707,400 and 82 permanent wcrkyears, of which $2,387,400 is for the Salaries and
Expenses appropriation and $320,000 is for the Abatement, Compliance and Control
appropriation. This is a decrease of $101,600 and an increase of $228,000, respectively.
Contracts support the development of data analyses and graphic displays of air quality
conditions as part of the Regional Environmental Profiles. The regions will continue
the overview and management of State monitoring programs. This effort includes the
evaluation and review of State monitoring networks for conformance to EPA regulations,
and for adequacy in meeting data needs for trends assessment, compliance evaluation,
SIP development and evaluation. This evaluation and review is done on a network basis
and on-site at individual monitoring stations NAMS being first priority.
The quality assurance program includes three basic functions: quality assurance
audits of State monitoring systems, coordination of State data quality assessments,
and validation of all NAMS data for adequacy and timeliness. SLAMS data from all
States will also be validated. Special data collection efforts will be provided
for the complex photochemical dispersion modeling used in 1982 ozone SIP development.
Regions will also actively participate in data collection efforts in all cities where
trajectory models are required for the 1982 stibmittals and in data base development
in large urban areas for particulate control strategies.
EPA will provide the necessary management and coordination with States to ensure
that complete State emission inventories are submitted and stared in the national
data bank (NEDS). This is necessary to ensure that complete national emission data
can be developed and special analyses for individual nonattainment strateav oroblems
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1979 Accomplishments
1979 resources included $659,700 in contract funds to support assessment of
environmental trends, software support for the NAMS, and support to the Comprehensive
Data Handling System. The National Air Quality and Emissions Trends Report, 1977
was published. Major emphasis was given to national management of the 5-year plan
for implementing the recommendations of Standing Air Monitoring Work Sroup (SAMWG)
and carrying out Section 319 of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1977. These require-
ments are reflected in new regulations for monitoring and reporting promulgated in 1979.
A major goal of these regulations is to establish a national air monitoring network
which generates high quality data and is operated by State and local agencies using
national uniform methods. Effective implementation involves national oversight, the
provision of technical guidance to the regional offices, and the development of new
software to facilitate reduced State reporting. Key activities included assuring that
the NAMS were being established in a nationally uniform manner, and preparing periodic
assessments of the plans and first year progress in implementing SAMWG's recommendations
and the regulations.
Programs to assess and report the Nation's progress in achieving National Ambient Air
Quality Standards (NAAQS) and to operate EPA's national air data systems continued.
Efforts continued toward making the States more self-sufficient in data handling and
analysis by increasing the capabilities of the EPA developed systems used in 30 State and
local agencies, and providing use of these systems to additional agencies via an EPA compute
1980 Program
The assessment of environmental trends and progess of control programs has been allocate
$1,922,800 and 38 permanent woricyears, of which $1,632,900 is for Salaries and Expenses and
$289,900 is for extramural purposes under the Abatement, Compliance and Control appropriate
Contracts support assessment of environmental trends and modification of NAMS Information
System to permi-t direct user access to data. Major program emphasis include: data storage,
processing and retrieval; development and maintenance of systems used for data processing;
determination of trends in air quality and emissions; development of standard operating
procedures and regulations for ambient monitoring stations operated by State and local agenc
and management of the National Air Monitoring Stations (NAMS).
Specifically, a comprehensive audit-of 100 NAMS is being performed. Findings from these
audits serve as a primary source of data for assessment of NAMS and provide clear document-
ation for the corrective actions needed to comply with EPA criteria. Data from NAMS are be*
coded to indicate reliability of trends based on data collected as part of the EPA/State
quality assurance program. New software and related procedures which can display data
graphically are being developed and made available to States. Population exposure methods
for CO are being developed and tested. A strategy is being prepared for the optimum use of
ambient and source monitoring and models. Regulations on ambient monitoring for lead are
being promulgated. Monitoring regulations to reflect the TSP and S02 NAAQS reviews are
being proposed.
1980 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The net decrease of $98,100 results from several actions. An increase of $47,700
results from the cost of the October 1979 pay raise and is included in a proposed
supplemental appropriation. Congressional reductions of $2 million to Agency travel
costs and SI million to ADP costs resulted in a decrease of $1,800 and $17,300, respective!.
An overall reprogramming throughout the Agency to provide sufficient salary funds to cover
authorized workyears resulted in a decrease of $21,700 to this activity. A reprogramming
of $105,000 was made within the air media, to air-energy and pollutant strategies.
development to reflect a change in the accounting for resources which provide analyses
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1981 Plan ; /
The Agency requests a total of $1,785,400 and 34 permanent workyears for this program,
of which $1,495,500 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $289,900 is for the
Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. This is a decrease of $137,400 and no
change, respectively. Emphasis will continue on operation and updating of existing air
data systems, on providing training and guidance to system users, and responding to requests
from the public. For the EPA-developed systems installed in 33 State/local agencies,
assistance and training services will be continued and systems will be upgraded.
The Comprehensive Data Handling System will be modified and a software package will be
upgraded and distributed to users.
iMajors efforts will be continued to oversee the implementation of EPA's revised air
quality surveillance regulations. Comprehensive on-site audits of approximately 125 NAMS
will be conducted to assess compliance with the regulations. Procedures will be developed
linking precision and accuracy values to NAMS data, and incorporating these into national
trends analyses and other reports which will rely on NAMS as the primary source of data,
In 1981, 1,300 NAMS are expected to meet site criteria and use EPA reference methods.
The program to identify and resolve anojnalies in historical NAMS data will be continued.
Revised monitoring regulations will be promulgated to support revised NAAQS.
Guidance will be issued on the siting of monitors for nonattainment analyses.
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Stationary Source Enforcement
Appropriation
Stationary Source Enforcement:
Salaries and Expenses
Abatement, Control and Compliance
Original Revised
Estimate Estimate President's
1981 1981 Reduction
{dollars in thousands)
$13,736 $13,652 -$84
10,697 10,697 ....
Total
24,433
24,349
-84
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AIR
Stationary Source Enforcement
Budget Currant Increase +
Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease -
1979 1980 1980 1981 1981 vs. 1980
(dollars in thousands!~
Appropriation
Stationary Source
Enforcement:
Salaries and Expenses... $11,982 $12,595 $13,776 $13,736 -$40
Abatement, Control and
Compliance... 10,535 12.435 12.181 10.697 -1.484
Total » 22,517 25,030 25,957 24,433 -1,524
Permanent Positions 406 502 479 471 -3
Full-time Equivalency . 439 517 522 507 -15
Budget Request
The Agency requested a total of $24,432,600 for 198], a decrease of 51,542,200
from 1980. Included in this total is $13,736,100 for Salaries and Expenses and
$10,696,500 for Abatement, Control and Compliance, with decreases of $39,400 and
$1,484,800, respectively,
Program Description
The stationary source air enforcement program is designed to effectively utilize
the enforcement authorities provided by the Clean Air Act, as amended in 1977, to
ensure that all major sources comply with requirements of State Implementation Plans
(SJPs); that new stationary air sources are constructed in accordance with applicable
New Source Review (MSR), New Source Performance Standards (NSPS), and Prevention of
Significant Deterioration (PSD) provisions; that new and existing stationary air
sources subject to the National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants
(NESHAPS) meet hazardous air pollutant standards; and that relevant provisions of the
Power Plantand Industrial Fuel Use Act of 1978 are Implemented.
EPA's highest priority in the stationary source air enforcement program (other
than responding to emergency conditions) has been and continues to be the major source
enforcement effort (MSEE) initiated in 1978. EPA commenced this accelerated enforcement
against major stationary source violators which had never come into initial compliance
with applicable requirements of the Clean Air Act and the Clean Water Act. The stationary
source enforcement program is continuing its part of the MSEE by developing, and
concluding, through settlement or litigation, cases against large air stationary
source violators and ensuring compliance by closely tracking their compliance schedules
or consent decrees.
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iv io I.M u pi wyi ai» j i =jp^iu i u i i i {.j uu implement. Certain new reyu i at, i yits utiuer
the Clean Mr Act. The noncompliance penalty regulations under Section 120 will be
promulgated in early 1980 and will create a positive incentive for compliance for
many major sources in violation. Regulations will also be promulated in early 1980
for the implementation of Section 119 of the Act, relating to issuance of administrative
orders to primary nonferrous smelters for the control of sulfur oxides emissions.
The smelter order program should accelerate the movement toward compliance for the
smelter industry.
Further, there will be a continuing commitment to a strong compliance monitoring
program with particular attention being given to examining the field surveillance and
compliance monitoring programs being implemented by the States as part of a cooperative
effort to improve, where necessary, such programs.
EPA bolsters State air enforcement efforts by supporting State control agencies
through control agency grants, by providing specialized skill and expertise and
special contractual assistance. EPA will take the primary enforcement role with
respect to selected sources when the States cannot or will not enforce,
1979 Accomplishments
As of December 1979, EPA had initiated civil action against 288 of the 319 air
stationary source facilities initially listed for EPA civil actions under the MSEE.
EPA has concluded 77 of these cases. A significant air pollution control settlement
was negotiated with the U.S. Steel Corporation for six of the company's western
Pennsylvania facilities, an agreement which will result in a reduction of approximately
22,000 tons per year of particulate emissions. Also, in conjunction with its
modernization plan for the Mahoning Valley, Republic Steel signed a consent decree
that allows modernization of its facilities in its Howland, Main Street, Pine Street,
and Youngstown plants while bringing those facilities into compliance with all
applicable air and water pollution control requirements. A very significant consent deer.
was negotiated with TVA which covers ten of TVA's electric power plants in the
Southeast. Under this agreeent, reached with the full participation of the States of
Alabama and Kentucky and 10 citizen, health, and environmental organizations, all TVA
facilities are required to meet air emission standards on or before the end of 1982.
This will result in a reduction of more than 970,000 tons of sulfur dioxide and 85,000
tons of particular emissions per year.
During 1979, EPA proposed regulations which would establish the procedures by
which EPA and the States will assess and collect noncomplinace penalties under Section
120 of the Clean Air Act. The regulations also set forth the means by which the
States may assume delegation of the noncompliance penalty program. Further, regulations
were proposed which would establish the substantive requirements of initial primary
nonferrous smelter orders (NSQs) issued under Section 119 of the Clean Air Act and
the procedures to be used in issuing those iNSOs.
A significant example of EPA working with the Department of Energy (DOE) to
ensure that conversions to coal take place without compromising EPA's obligation to
protect public health is the delayed compliance order for the New England Power
Company's Brayton Point Station. The order was issued in conjunction with a prohibition
order issued by DOE and will allow the New England Power Company to immediately
convert two generating units at Brayton Point from oil to coal. The Brayton Point
conversion will save approximately 13,000 barrels of oil per day or an average yearly
saving of over 4.7 million barrels.
For 1979, planned contract expenditures were $10,535,100, including $4,821,100
for enforcement case support; $3,954,000 for compliance monitoring and field
surveillance; 5495,000 for regional data system support; $750,000 for regional
industrial studies support; and $515,000 to support development of national compliance
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1980 Program
In 1980, the Agency has allocated a total of $25,956,800 and 479 permanent
workyears for this program, of which $13,775,500 is for Salaries and Expenses and
$12,181,300 is for extramural purposes under the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation.
During 1979, significant progress was made in developong the cases associated
with the original MSEE list. Many cases, however, have not been concluded. During
1930, concluding the remaining cases on the MSEE list as rapidly as possible will be
a very important objective. Once a case is concluded, the compliance schedule or
consent decree must be tracked closely by EPA. In addition, preliminary results from
a recent survey indicate that a potentially large number of sources were not covered
by the original MSEE effort. This large number of additional sources will result in
3 significant workload which could approach a level comparable to that associated
with the original MSEE.
Also, EPA will begin immediately to prepare for the implementation of Section
120 by assuring that evidence of violation for major source violators is current and
complete and that technical and legal staff are prepared to handle the issuance of
notices and the conduct of adjudicatory hearings. Other important activities during
1980 will be the issuance of new source permits under the prevention of significant
deterioration (PSD) program, especially expeditious issuance of energy-related permits,
issuance of Section 119 primary nonferrous smelter orders, responses to Section 110(f)
energy emergencies, and issuance of Section 113(d)(5) delayed compliance orders due to
coal conversion. Another substantial effort will be a Federal overview and support
program that determines whether the States are performng satisfactory compliance
monitoring inspections and, where necessary, improves their capability to do so.
Planned contract funds for 1980 total $12,181,300. Activities planned for these
funds include $5,379,300 for enforcement case development, $4,635,000 for compliance
monitoring and field surveillance, $1,157,000 for regional industrial, technical, and
economic studies, $515,000 for national profiles and enforcement strategy studies,
and $495,000 for data support.
1980 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The net increase of $927,000 results from several actions. An increase of
$524,300 results from the cost of the October 1979 pay raise and is included in a
proposed supplemental appropriation. A congressional reduction of 52 million each to
Agency travel costs and supplies and expenses resulted in a decrease of 3170,900 and
$101,500, respectively. An overall reprogramming throughout the Agency to provide
sufficient salary funds to cover authorized workyears resulted in an increase of
$558,100 to this activity.
A reprogramming of $75,000 was made to the Office of Enforcement program management
for litigation management support and establishment of a special investigations unit.
A reprogramming of $104,700 was made from Interdisciplinary Federal actjvities/EIS revie
to reflect the transfer of the Federal facilities monitoring and compliance function
which is more appropriately identified with enforcement activities:.
Reprogrammings in order to support.costs projected on the basis of 1979 actual
expenditures resulted in regional transfers to water quality NEPA compliance/EIS
preparation ($29,600); to uncontrolled hazardous waste sites ($1,500); to regional
management ($12,600); to interdisciplinary EIS reviews ($17,300); from water quality
State programs regulations and guidelines ($51,100); from water quality permit issuance
$72,600); from the Office of Regional Counsel ($3,200); from drinking water enforcement
$1,900); from hazardous wastes enforcement (33,000); and from pesticides enforcement
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ijvi rian
The Agency requests a total of $24,432,600 for this program, of which $13,736,100
is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $10,696,500 is for the Abatement,
Control and Compliance appropriation, a decrease of 539,400 and $1,484,800, respectively.
The majority of these resources will be used to bring major violators of SIPs, NSPS,
and MESHAPS regulations into compliance and through the use of Section 113 and Section
120 provisions. Other significant activities include the overview of State enforcement
programs, especially compliance monitoring and new source programs, issuance of PSD
permits, issuance and tracking of NSOs and energy-related programs.
The original major source enforcement effort (MSEE) began in 1978 to bring into
compliance those violators which had never been in compliance. Most of these cases
should be concluded by settlement or litigation in 1980. Thus, the workload associated
with the original MSEE during 1981 will primarily be that of closely monitoring the
compliance schedules and consent decrees of the subject facilities, although
undoubtedly some additional litigation will carry over into 1981. A major element of
the program, beginning in 1980 and extending into 1981, will focus on the large number
of sources added to the program in 1980. A substantial amount of time and effort
will be required to develop and conclude these additional MSEE cases.
By 1981, the noncompliance penalty program will be underway. Noncompliance
penalties must be assessed against all sources not meeting SIP requirements or in
violation of NSPS or NESHAPS regulations. The noncompliance penalty program will be
an effective method for obtaining compliance; however, this program is anticipated to
result in a large number of adjudicatory hearings and this will be a major resource
demand in 1981.
The concept of preventing regression from achieved levels of compliances applies
to all stationary source enforcement programs. Failure to support an effective
program for ensuring the continued compliance of sources with emission limitations
would, to a substantial extent, negate the efforts orginally expended to bring sources
into compliance. The budget request reflects a continuing commitment to a strong
field surveillance program with the use of contractors for much of this element of
the program. It should also be noted that EPA intends to expand substantially its
program for continuous monitoring in the future, which should ultimately lead to more
effective compliance monitoring with less resources devoted to that effort.
EPA will implement the primary nonferrous smelter order (NSO) program, under
Section 119 of the Clean Air Act in 1980. Any smelter receiving an NSO is permitted
to defer compliance with the sulfur dioxide emision limitation to which it is subject
under an applicable SIP. Initial NSOs may extend through January 1, 1983. A smelter
that receives a Section 119 order will be placed on a rigorous compliance program
which includes interim controls, and a research and development program to investigate
and demonstrate control methods that are economically and technologically feasible.
A major effort during 1981 will be monitoring the compliance programs and the research
and development programs of these smelters.
An area of increasing focus is the relationship and balance between environmental
and energy concerns. The Power Plant and Industrial Fuel Use Act of 1973 prohibits,
with exemptions, new power plants and new major fuel burning installations from using,
as a primary energy source, natual gas or petroleum. Also prohibited is the construction
of comparable new sources without the capability to use coal or an alternate non-
petroleum-based fuel as a primary energy source. Exemptions will be granted by the
Department of Energy (DOE) where environmental requirements could not be met if coal
is burned as the primary energy source. EPA must work with DOE to ensure that these new
sources are constructed in accordance with NSR, NSPS, and P'SD requirements. In
addition, certain existing power plants having the technical capability to use coal
may be required to convert under the Power Plant and Industrial Fuel Use Art., ilnnn '-*,.
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In accordance with EPA's increasing attention to toxic suostances, increasea
emphasis is being placed upon hazardous air pollutants subject to regulation under
Section 112. EPA, in 1980 and 1981, plans to implement new NESHAP programs; thus
increased enforcement efforts will be required to ensure compliance with these
requirements.
Contract funds requested in 1981, totalling $10,696,500, include $5,300,000 for
enforcement case development, $4,091,500 for compliance monitoring and field
surveillance, $740,000 for regional industrial technical and economic studies, and
$565,000 for data support.
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AIR
Mobile Source Enforcement
Budget Current Increase +
Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease -
1979 1980 1980 1981 1981 vs. 1980
(dollars in thousands)
Appropriation
Mobile Source Enforcement:
Salaries and Expenses $3
Abatement, Control and
Compl i ance 2
Total 5
Full -time Equivalency..,.
Budget Request
,510
,332
,842
117
143
53,496
3,355
6,851
138
158
$3,931
2,943
6,874
126
157
$3,883
2,967
6,850
118
152
-$48
+24
-24
-8
-5
The Agency requests a total of $6,849,500 for 1981, a decrease of $25,100 from
1981. Included in this total is $3,883,000 for Salaries and Expenses and $2,966,500
for Abatement, Control and Compliance, with a decrease of $48,300 and an increase of
$23,200, respectively.
Program Description
The mobile source enforcement program is directed primarily toward achieving
compliance with motor vehicle emission standards and fuels regulations. The major
objectives of the program are to (1) assure that new vehicles meet emission standards;
(2) assure that vehicles meet emission standards in-use; (3) assure that emission
control systems are not removed or rendered inoperative (gross tampering occurring on
19-29 percent of in-use cars); (4) assure compliance with emissions inspection/maintenance
(I/M) requirements and vehicle miles traveled (VMT) measures; (5) assure control of
hydrocarbon emissions during gasoline transfer operations; (6) assure that harmful
additives ara removed from gasoline; (7) administer California waivers; and (8) administer
the emission warranties.
1979 Accomplishments
In 1979, the mobile source enforcement program continued to carry out its
responsibilities under Title I and Title II of the Clean Air Act by emphasizing programs
aimed at reducing the failure of vehicles to meet emission standards. In 1979, the
mobile source enforcement program issued 37 selective enforcement test orders to
manufacturers to test vehicles on the assembly line. Twenty-four (24) recall investigations
were completed resulting in the recall of 1,940,000 vehicles. Manufacturers' certification
and production compliance procedures were enforced by conducting three inspections and
10 investigations. The tampering and fuel switching provisions were enforced by
performing 221 new car dealership inspections and 221 fleet tampering/fuel switching
inspections. Fourteen hundred (1400) service station inspections were conducted to
assure compliance with the Stage I vapor recovery provision and 14,500 unleaded gasoline
inspections were conducted. A survey of 39,500 refuel ings was conducted to determine
the rate at which vehicles requiring unleaded gasoline are being fueled with leaded
gasoline and indicated that a rate of 8-10 percent fuel switching is occurring.
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Mobile Source Enforcement
Appropriation
Mobile Source Enforcement:
Salaries and Expenses
Abatement, Control and Compliance,
Original Revised
Estimate Estimate President's
1981 1981 Reduction
(dollars in thousands)
$3,883 $3,861 -$22
2,967 2,967 ...
Total
6,850
6,828
-22
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computer support, catalyst testing, fuel switching observations, ana assistance 10
States for the unleaded gasoline and vapor recovery programs.
1980 Program
The Agency has allocated in 1980 a total of $5,874,600 to this program, of which
53,931,300 is for Salaries and Expenses and $2,943,300 is for extramural purposes under
the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. The extramural funds will be used
for recall emission testing, fuels inspections, public awareness, catalyst testing,
model enforcement, fuel switching observations, surveys, and computer support.
In 1980, the mobile source program initiated comprehensive enforcement of the
antitampering and antifuel switching provisions aimed at reducing emissions from the in-
use fleet thereby supporting the adoption of inspection/maintenance programs. Inspection
and investigatory efforts are coordinated nationally to focus, on major private and
municipal fleets, new car dealerships, commercial auto repair facilities, and service
stations to maximize publicity and deterrent effect when violations are detected.
Other major activities in 1980 will be to continue the assembly line testing
program for light duty vehicles and the recall program; implement warranty regulations;
implement the aftermarket part certification program; administer the emission and
California waivers; and administer the fuel/fuel additive waiver requests.
The enforcement activities will be to issue 35 selective enforcement audit vehicle
test orders; conduct 27 recall investigations; 780 confirmatory/surveillance tests;
1400 fleet tampering/fuel switching inspections; 1200 new car dealership inspections;
25,000 fuel inspections and 5,000 fuel switching observations; 15 warranty investigations;
two inspection/maintenance and transportation control measure audits; and test 10
aftermarket parts.
1980 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The net increase of $23,300 results from several actions. An increase of $129,400
results from the cost of the October 1979 pay raise and is included in a proposed
supplemental appropriation. A congressional reduction of $2 million to Agency travel
costs resulted in a decrease of 323,600. An overall reprogramming throughout the Agency
to provide sufficient salary funds to cover authorized workyears resulted in a decrease
of $36,300 to this activity.
A reprogramming of 13,800 was made from water quality enforcement to support
increased travel costs. A reprogramming of $50,000 was made to the Office of Enforcement
program management for litigation management support and establishment of a special
investigations unit.
1981 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $6,849,500 for the program, of which $3,883,000 is
for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $2,966,500 is for the Abatement, Control
and Compliance appropriation. Extramural funds will be used for recall emission testing,
fuel switching enforcement observations, fuels inspections, an antitampering and anti-fuel
switching publicity campaign, aftermarket part testing and computer support.
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ims program wiii
increase in fuel switching caused by a shortfall in unleaded gasoline accompanied by
monitoring of the petroleum industry to detect the locations and severity of such
shortages. The antitampering and anti-fuel switching effort is intended to complement
and facilitate the implementation of inspection/maintenance programs by preventing
further deterioration of the vehicle fleet before I/M programs are implemented.
The selective enforcement audit (SEA) program will be continued in order to deter
the production of nonconforming light duty vehicles. The SEA program assures the new
vehicles on the production line are in compliance with emission standards before being
introduced in commerce.
The recall program will continue to assure compliance of in-use vehicles with
emission standards. SEA activity, recall testing, and increased public contact due to
federally enforceable warranty provisions will serve to identify a greater number of
vehicle classes suspected of exceeding emission standards in use.
In 1981, activities of the fuels program will include conducting 25,000 combined
unleaded, vapor recovery and octane inspections at service stations and fleet dispensing
facilities. These inspections will be performed with State and/or private testing
firms. The program will continue to monitor lead usage reports and the status of
refiner efforts to achieve compliance with the lead phasedown program, administer the
provision which prohibits the use of fuel and fuel additives and administer the emission
waivers as required.
During 1981, the major activities for the mobile source enforcement program will
be to:
. - Conduct 1200 new car dealership tampering inspections.
- Conduct 1400 fleet tampering/fuel switching inspections.
- Conduct 550 confirmatory/surveillance tests.
- Conduct 5000 fuels observations.
- Issue 33 vehicle SEA test orders.
- Conduct 19 recall investigations.
- Enforce unleaded gasoline, Stage I vapor recovery and octane
disclosure requirements through 25,000 combined fuels inspection
tests.
- Conduct 10 inspection/maintenance audits.
- Conduct 10 transportation control measure audits.
- Administer emission waivers.
- Administer fuel/fuel additive waiver requests.
- Conduct 15 warranty investigations.
- Conduct 5300 enforcement observations of retail gasoline
outlets.
-------
Water Quality
-------
Page Intentionally Blank
-------
APPROPRIATION
Salaries and Expenses......
Research and Development..,
Abatement, Control and
Compl i ance., ,
Total ...............
PROGRAM HIGHLIGHTS
Health and Ecological
Effects:
Salaries and Expenses...,
Research and Development,
Industrial Processess:
Salaries and Expenses,.,.
^esearch and Development,
idbllc Sector Activities:
Salaries and Expenses.,.,
Research and Development,
Monitoring and Technical
Support:
Salaries and Expenses....
Research and Development,
Total:
Salaries and Expenses...,
Research and Development.
Total, Research and
Development Program......
Original
Estimate
1981
Revised
Estimate
1981
President's
Reduction
(dollars in thousands}
$112,195
35,961
186,932
335,088
10,831
11,053
2,074
9,163
4,838
9,962
6,319
5,782
24,061
35,961
$111,552
35,961
186,932
334,445
10,773
11,053
2,063
9,163
4,814
9,962
6,287
5,782
23,936
35,961
-643
-643
-58
-11
-24
-32
-125
60,022
59,897
-125
-------
Page Intentionally Blank
-------
Original Revised
Estimate Estimate President's
1981 1981 Reduction
(dollars in thousandT)
Water Quality Planning
and Standards:
Salaries and Expenses...
Abatement, Control and
Compliance *.
Effluent Standards and
Guide!ines:
Salaries and Expenses...
Abatement, Control and
Compliance
Grants Assistance Program:
Salaries and Expenses..,.
Abatement, Control and
Compl 1 ance
Water Quality Strategies
"implementation:
>alaries and Expenses...
Abatement, Control and
Compliance
Water Quality Monitoring
and Analysis:
Salaries and Expenses...
Abatement, Control and
Compl i ance.
Municipal Source Control:
Salaries and Expenses...
Abatement, Control and
Compli ance
Total:
Salaries and Expenses...
Abatement, Control and
Compliance.............
Total, Abatement and
Control Program..........
12,151
25,136
6,367
23,678
*
82,730
9,422
6,387
8,209
2,436
27,759
36,729
63,908
177,096
12,078
25,136
6,338
23,678
9
82,730
9,365
6,387
8,165
2,436
27,588
36,729
63,534
177.096
-73
-29
-57
-44
-171
-374
241,004
240,630
-374
-------
Page Intentionally Blank
-------
Original
Estimate
1981
Revised
Estimate
1981
President's
Reduction
Water Quality Permits
Issuance:
Salaries and Expenses..,..
Abatement, Control and
Compliance
Water Quality Enforcement:
Salaries and Expenses.....
Abatement, Control and
Compliance
Total:
Salaries and Expenses.....
Abatement, Control and
Compliance..
Total, Enforcement Program,
(dollars in thousands)
7,949 7,899 -50
5,927 5,927
16,277 16,183 -94
3.909 3,909
24,226
9.836
24,082
9.836
-144
34,062
33,918
-144
-------
Page Intentionally Blank
-------
APPROPRIATION
Salaries and Expenses...
Research and Devel opment
Abatement, Control and
Total
Full -time Equivalency...
Outlays.
Authorization Levels....
Actual
1979
$10,950
42,575
240 ,544
387,169
3,101
3,592
283,462
745,229
Budget
Estimate
1980
(dollars
$113,266
38,078
180.107
331 ,451
3,173
3,791
284,800
703,728
Current
Estimate
1980
Estimate
1981
Increase
Decrease -
1981 vs. 1981
Page
in thousands)
$109,861
39,140
188,435
337,436
3,088
3,747
282,400
696,233
$112,195
35,961
185,932
335,088
3,032
3,676
285,300
*
+$2,334
-3,179
-1 ,503
-2 ,348
-56
-71
-*-2,900
* Authorization pending.
PROGRAM HIGHLIGHTS
Health and Ecological
Effects:
Salaries and Expenses...
Research and Devel opment
Industrial Processess:
Salaries and Expenses...
Research and Development
Public Sector Activities:
Salaries and Expenses...
Research and Development
Monitoring and Techncial
Support:
Salaries and Expenses...
Research and Development
Total :
Salaries and Expensas...
Research and Development
Total , Research and
Development Proqram
Actual
1979
$10,168
12,994
2,488
7,896
4,614
16,764
5,878
4,921
23,148
42,575
65,723
Budget
Estimate
1980
1 do'ilars
$10,464
13,760
3,776
11,051
4,742
9,615
6,599
5,651
25,581
38,078
63,659
Current
Estimate
1980
Estimate
1981
Increase
Decrease -
1981 vs. 1981
in thousands)
$11,338
12,215
2,823
11,554
5,332
9,596
6,473
5,775
26,016
39,140
55.156
$10,830
11,054
2,074
9,163
4,338
9,962
6,319
5,782
24 ,061
35,961
60.022
-588
-1,161
-749
-2 ,391
-494
+366
-154
+7
-1,955
-3,179
-5.134
Page
WQ-18
WQ-37
WCH5
WQ-59
-------
Water Quality Planning
and Standards:
Salaries and Expenses...
Abatement, Control and
Compl i ance. ............
Effluent Standards and
Guidelines:
Salaries and Expenses...
Abatement, Control and
Grants Assistance Program:
Salaries and Expenses...
Abatement, Control and
yater Quality Strategies
Implementation:
Salaries and Expenses...
Abatement, Control and
Coropl i ance«
Water Quality Monitoring
and Analysis:
Salaries and Expenses...
Abatement, Control and
Municipal Source Control:
Salaries and Expenses...
Abatement, Control and
Total :
Salaries and Expenses
Abatement, Control and
Compliance.
Total , Abatement and
Control Proaram
Actual
1979
11,492
19,908
5,585
20,345
151,232
7,925
6,347
7,677
3,532
26,399
33 ,773
59,079
235,137
294.216
Estimate
1980
(dol Lars
12,089
27,100
4,178
24,933
88 ,730
11,072
500
5,042
2,520
32,981
29,400
66,362
173,183
239.545
Estimate Estimate
1980 1981
in thousands)
11,731 12
26,978 25
5,821 6
22,662 23
86,810 82
3,351 9
6,647 6
7,540 8,
2,471 2,
27,614 27,
36,778 36,
51,057 63,
182,346 177,
243 .403 241 .
,151
,136
,367
,678
,730
,422
,387
209
436
759
729
908
096
004
Decrease -
1981 vs. 1981 Page
-420
-1 ,842
1-546
i-1,016
-4,080
+1 ,071
-261
+569
-35
+145
-49
-r2,851
-5,251
-2 .400
WQ-71
WQ-87
WQ-95
WQ-100
WQ-113
WQ-118
-------
Water Quality Permits
Issuance:
Salaries and Expenses...
Abatement, Control and
Water Quality Enforcement:
Salaries and Expenses...
Abatement, Control and
Total :
Salaries and Expenses...
Abatement, Control and
Compl iance.
Total , Enforcement Program
Permanent Positions
Health and Ecological
rffects...
Industrial Processess
Public Sector Activities..
Monitoring and Technical
Support.
Total , Research and
Water Quality Planning
and Standards
Effluent Standards and
Grants Assistance Programs
Water Quality Strategies
Imp! erne nt at ion.
Water Quality Monitoring
and Analysis.
Municipal Source Control...
Total , Abatement and
?°nriit Issuanc0
Water Quality Enforcement..
Actual
1979
6,247
1,349
15,477
4,156
21 ,724
5,506
27,230
201
43
99
135
478
303
114
*
224
192
939
1,772
204
568
Budget
Estimate
1980
Vflol lars
6,653
2,750
14,670
4,174
21,323
.6,9.24
28,247
204
57
117
125
503
359
113
* *
196
175
931 .
1,774
237
541
Current Increase
Estimate Estimate Decrease -
1980 1981 1981 vs. 1981 Page
in thousands)
6,850 7
3,036 5
15,937 16
3,053 3
22,787 24
6,089 9
28,876 34
210
57
121
127
515
333
116
248
188
925
1,810
'243
520
,949 +1 ,099
,927 +2,891
,277 +340
,909 +856
,226 +1 ,439
,836 +3,747
,062 +5,186
196 -14
43 -14
112 -9
120 -7
471 -44
327 -6
112 -4
253 +15
191 +3
915 -10
1 ,808 -2
243
511 -9
WQ-129
WQ-1 34
WQ-18
WQ-37
WQ-45
WQ-59
WQ-71
WQ-87
WQ-95
WQ-1 00
WQ-1 13
WQ-118
WQ-129
WQ-1 34
Total, Enforcement Program.
772
778
763
754
-9
WQ-3
-------
Actual
1979
Full-time Equivalency
Health and Ecological
Effects. 294
Industrial Processes....... 69
Public Sector Activities... 138
Monitoring and Technical
Support.............. 174
Total, Research and
Development Program.. 575
'water Quality Planning and
Standards 387
Effluent Standards and
Gui del i nes 135
Grants Assistance Programs. 7
Water Quality Strategies
Implementation. 246
Water Quality Monitoring
and Analysis 257
Municipal Source Control... 1,038
Total, Abatement and
Control Program , 2,070
Permit Issuance... 237
Water Quality Enforcement.. 610
Total Enforcement, Program..
Overview and Strategy
347
Budget
Estimate
1980
Current
Estimate
1980
Estimate
1981
(dollars in thousands;
287
86
157
178
340
75
154
169
331
52
130
159
Increase
Decrease -
1981 vs. 1981
-9
-23
-24
-10
708
447
152
7
232
244
1.084
738
398
151
7
280
243
1,072
672
393
147
7
288
241
1,058
-66
-5
-4
+8
-2
-14
2,166
273
644
2,151
270
588
2,134
295
575
-17
+25
-13
917
858
870
+ 12
Page
In 1981, the water quality program will continue the major thrusts initiated in
1980 as a result of changes made by the Clean Water Act of 1977. This program will:
- continue to increase overall emphasis on toxic pollutant controls;
- continue a basic strategy for the construction grants program which both
minimizes risks to program integrity and continues a high level of obligations;
- proceed with delegation of management functions to the States and the
development of water quality management programs at the State level;
- protect sensitive wetland systems through effective implementation of Section
404 of the Clean Water Act;
- proceed with implementation of the hazardous substances regulations under
Section 311 of the Clean Water Act;
- continue aggressive enforcement of the law; and
- develop scientific information necessary to support sound management decisions.
-------
must receive increased attention in iasi to assure tnat goais set 0y legislation are
achieved. In general, particular emphasis in 1981 will be given to program implementation
rather than standard setting. Specific program activities which require increased
resources/attention are as follows:
- implementation of the pretreatment program as a means to significantly reduce
the introduction of toxic discharges into our waterways;
- inclusion under the auspices of Section 311 of a program to respond to
environmental emergencies from abandoned hazardous waste sites and hazardous
substances spills;
- expanded implementation of Section 404 to protect sensitive wetlands areas by
assuring that adequate environmental review is given to the most controversial
permit applications and that enforcement support is available to deal with
illegal dredge and fill actions;
- continuation of the Agency effort to ensure that applications for Section 301(h)
waivers receive adequate and timely review both to protect the rights of
municipalities and to protect the ocean environmental; and
- implementation of regulations that consolidate permitting procedures for five
separate programs to simplify the permitting process and better utilize Agency
resources.
Emphasis on Toxic Pollutant Control
In 1981, the emphasis on controlling toxic pollutants will again encompass nearly
every water program. Specific programs and/or activities which support toxics control
are discussed below.
During 1981, EPA will largely accomplish the task of standard setting in the
area of toxic pollutant control. The promulgation of Best Available Technology (BAT)
regulations rsquired by the "Settlement Agreement" will be completed, although a
substantial workload resulting from litigation of those regulations is anticipated in
that year and beyond. Increased attention will be given to determining whether there are
additional toxic compounds which should be addressed in effluent guidelines, and
special "hot spot" studies vdll determine whether controls in addition to and beyond
BAT are necessary. Completion of BAT regulations will allow a shift in emphasis to
investigations of "innovative" technologies to minimize the overall discharge of all
toxics (whether identified or not) into the environment.
EPA s monitoring strategy for 1980 and 1981 has two main components: first, it
will provide information to management to support policy setting by developing an
understanding of how water pollution control programs affect environmental quality;
second, monitoring activities will support operational programs by providing technical
information to identify where specific regulatory actions are required. Specifically,
the monitoring program will provide polldtant-by-pollutant control strategies based
on assessments of environment distribution, exposure/risk analyses and fate studies
for the 55 classes of toxic pollutants stipulated in the Settlement Agreement and the
Clean Water Act; area-by-area regulatory strategies and guidance to the States for
geographic areas sphere Best Available Technology may not be adequate to control
pollution; and environmental impact assessments for the 21 primary industrial categories.
One of the key constraints to carrying out toxics control is the inadequacy of
State laboratories to perform toxics monitoring-and the absence of strong quality
assurance programs. To help address this problem, the 106 gram; program will encourage
states to uss these funds to develop strong quality assurance programs, and data
collection will be standardized to foster comparability across the country.
-------
1 I I W u 1 Wli*M I^MVIVSI! W.t Wi I V «^*i»IM* I ) L 4 1 1_U1II^I jl t* tt^^UIUtflUll ^TV Wl l\ TQiU TWW ^ lit VUHC
1978, marked a significant step in the Agency's efforts to control toxic pollutants.
Contributions of toxic pollutants from indirect dischargers have virtually escaped
regulations until the initiation of this program. The result was a striking disparity
between the economic burden shouldered by direct dischargers required to install
treatment technology and indirect dischargers who were often identical in all respects
to their direct discharger counterparts but were not required to treat their wastes.
Failure to regulate indirect dischargers also resulted in striking gaps in
environmental controls. One study reveals that the toxic loading from PQTWs discharging
the untreated waste from their indirect industrial users exceeded the total amount of
process waste contributed by direct dischargers in the area studied. The pretreatment
program has operated over the last year and will continue in 1980 to operate with a
very limited number of positions supplemented by some contract funds. As a result,
the Agency has fallen behind in its implementation schedule.
Given the approach of the 1983 legislative deadline and the very significant
impact of these discharges on water quality, the Agency is requesting additional
enforcement and permit resources for implementation of this program. These resources,
along with resources included in Step 1 of the construction grants program, will support
local program assistance activities, review and approval of local programs, consideration
of requests for modification of pretreatment standards, modification of municipal
permits to incorporate pretreatment requirements, and sampling and inspections to
determine whether pretreatment requirements are actually being met.
The permit program in 1981 will also continue its emphasis on control of toxics
through the issuance of BAT permits to industrial dischargers in the 21 industrial
categories in the Settlement Agreement. These permits will have as their basis the
effluent limitations for toxics developed as a part of the Settlement Agreement.
Priority will also be given to resolving adjudicatory hearings to make major permits
finally effective and enforceable.
Control of toxic pollutants by EPA must also address discharges into the
environment caused by spills, leaks, and similar non-routine occurences. The
promulgation in late 1979 of revised regulations designating hazardous substances and
reportable quantities under Section 311 will allow EPA to expand its spill prevention
and emergency response program into the hazardous substances area for the first time.
The Environmental Emergency Response Team and the Technical Assistance Team (TAT)
contract will expand marginally in 1981 to provide increased on-scene support for
both hazardous substances spills and emergencies arising from abandoned waste site
discharges. The primary program emphasis in 1981 will be to integrate these new
regulations into the prevention and response programs already developed and to continue
implementation of a response program for abandoned hazardous waste site emergencies.
Construct!'on Grants Delegation
The abatement of water pollution problems resulting from conventional pollutants,
such as excess suspended solids, bacteria, and oxygen demanding loads that degrade
our waterways remains a major mission of'the Agency. The problem of conventional
pollutants is massive and will continue to require a large commitment of personnel
and dollar resources into the future.
The construction grants program continues to be the main Agency mechanism to
address these municipal point source needs. The remaining Federal share required for
construction of municipal treatment facilities to meet the legislative standards
under the Clean Water Act (i.e., BPWTT) is more-than $50 billion. A long-tsrm strategy
to meet the highest priority of these needs in a reasonable amount of time is now
under development and will address issues related to inflation, eligibilities and
priorities and funding distribution. The Agency is requesting $3,7 billion in new
obligational authority for 1931, as part of this evolving long-term strategy.
-------
management; few (if any) new policy and legislative thrusts are anticipated. The
transition in program orientation resulting from the Clean Water Act of 1977 and the
re-emphasis on program quality will be largely completed. The highest management
priority effort in the near term will be to shift the program toward decentralized
management, with State delegation and use of the Corps of Engineers resources receiving
maximum emphases. The Agency recognizes that both maintaining obligation rates at
reasonable levels and ensuring full technical, environmental, and fiscal integrity of
our projects are co-equal objectives and must be balanced against each other.
Section 301|h) of the 1977 Amendments to the Clean Water Act authorizes the
Administrator to grant a waiver of secondary treatment requirements to publicly owned
treatment works (POTWs) which discharge into marine waters, if certain conditions
are met. These conditions include the provision that the discharge will not interfere
with public water supplies, with recreational activities, or with a balanced, indigenous
population of shellfish, fish and wildlife.
Currently, 225 preliminary applications for Section 301(h) waivers have been
filed with the Agency. Although only about 100 of these are estimated to be "facilities
eligible for review", the review process itself is extremely resource intensive and
requires high technical skill levels. Additionally, the Agency estimates that two-
thirds of the determinations will require hearings non-adversary procedures for
initial licensing (N.A.I.L.)] which may require as much as one workyear per hearing.
The 1981 budget "ncludes an initiative to complete technical evaluation and permit
issuance activities for these waiver requests. Resources provided by this budget
should allow processing of most initial Section 301(h) applications and conclusion of
non-adversary initial licensing hearing procedures.
Water Quality
The long-range goal of the water quality management program is to assist in the
achievement of fishable/swimmable water quality through the development of a State and
focal decision-making process to control point and nonpoint sources of pollution.
To accomplish this goal, the Agency has encouraged the adoption of State/EPA Agreements
which define program priorities and establish long-term strategies to achieve
environmental objectives. By the end of 1980, all States will have completed at least
an initial agreement. EPA has made and will continue to make grants under Sections
106 and 208 of the Clean Water Act to State, Interstate, and areawide agencies.
Section 106 funds have been used by States for operation and maintenance of their
water quality management programs, while Section 208 funds provided matching grants
to designated State and areawide agencies for solving water quality problems through
the preparation of water quality management plans.
EPA has developed a multi-year program and funding strategy which establishes
priorities and funding needs, promotes consolidation of programs, and emphasizes
State management and plan implementation. This strategy, which reflects a transition
from a planning mode to an implementation mode, changes the emphasis on planning from
one wnich requires a comprehensive analysis of every potential or identifiable water
quality problem which a State or area might face to a very specific problem output
orientation. Utilizing the problem analyses developed in the initial Section 208
plans, the Agency is working to ensure that the water quality management program
focuses only on a faw of the substantial problems for which solutions can be implemented
ih a timely fashion. Only those agencies which are implementing significant portions
of their initial plan are being funded.
-------
non-point source controls, especially in tne areas of urban runoff, agriculture,
constuction and ground water. This more focused approach has allowed funding of
prototype projects which are used to train regional, State, and local staffs. The
findings of these projects, once evaluated and documented, can then be used by other
localities.
1981 will see the continued implementation of this strategy with increased
emphasis on improved regional management and a more aggressive management stance in
identifying national priorities. An evaluation will be made of the current method
for allocating 106 funds, and if warranted, the Section 106 funding policies could be
amended if warranted. A preliminary report to Congress on urban storm problems,
effects, and controls will be prepared as will a summary report on results of Model
Implementation Projects for agricultural pollution control.
Protection of Wetlands
The importance of wetlands to maintenance of an ecological balance is well
recognized. Not only do these areas serve as spawning and maturation areas for fish
and shellfish species, but they also provide flood protection to downstream areas,
protection of beach and other coastal land through wave energy absorption, and water
quality benefits through the absorption of nutrients and some toxic pollutants.
Despite the recognized importance of these areas, they continue to be destroyed at an
alarming rate. The problem seems to be on the increase as agricultural concerns in
the South and other areas are finding that inexpensive "swamplands" can be drained and
become valuable cropland.
Given the irreversible nature of the destruction of these areas, the Agency must
take very seriously the responsibilities placed on it by the 1977 Amendments to the
Clean Water Act. As a result of those amendments, EPA must not only issue regulations
establishing State program approval criteria and review and act upon applications
from States, but must also provide continuing oversight for both States and the
Corps permit program.
Additional regional resources provided in this submission will give EPA the capacity
to review about 75 percent of all the permits (major permits total approximately
2,500) at a minimal level. Additionally, technical and enforcement support for review
of pre-permitting activities and illegal activities will be provided. The reprogramming
of resources within the headquarters and regional enforcement decision units will
allow for an enforcement response to unauthorized activities in the regions in double
the number of cases as in the past. This enforcement thrust is essential if EPA is
to have a comprehensive and effective approach to protection of wetlands.
Effective Enforcement of the Law
Effective enforcment of the law requires that the Agency determine and articulate
the requirements that permittees must meet, as well as follow up to determine that
those requirements are being met. EPA expects to improve its permitting process in
1981 through coordination .and consolidation of permitting procedures for five separate
EPA permit programs. To the extent feasible, the consolidated permit regulations
will make regulatory standards and application forms consistent for permits issued
under the Clean Water Act, and the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act. The Agency
expects permit consolidation to produce better permits, reduce delays,simplify permitting
procedures, and make more efficient use of Agency resources.
Enforcement will oe increasingly involved during 1981 with the Permits and
Construction Grants Divisions in carrying out the municipal policy and strategy.
This strategy was designed to effectively and efficiently move municipalities toward
compliance with requirements of the Clean Water Act. Enforcement s role during 1981
will include initiation of enforcement actions where it has been determined that
facilities are not using all available tools to achieve compliance.
-------
Scheduled for expansion in 1981 are pretreatment and toxics compliance monitoring
and enforcement programs, A greater number of biomonitoring inspections and compliance
sampling inspections for toxics will be conducted during 1981 to monitor for compiance
with pretreatment regulations and toxic limitations incorporated into "second round"
permits. Where violations are detected, the appropriate enforcement action will be
initiated.
The discharge monitoring report quality assurance program, a pilot program in
1980, will be expanded to a national level in 1981, to ensure that EPA and State
laboratories are properly analyzing permittee samples.
Scientific Bases for Decisions
EPA s research and development program is designed to provide the scientific
information necessary to support sound policy, management and enforcement decisions.
In accordance with the Agency s guidance, the program emphasizes the behavior of
toxic pollutants and their effects on our health and the environment. Activities
planned for 1981 may be divided into four categories: health research, environmental
processes and effects, measurement and monitoring, and industrial and municipal
research.
Health research will address the health implications of existing and new technology
for the treatment, disposal and reuse of wastewater and sludge. It will also determine
the health effects of priority toxic pollutants in complex effluents. Finally, it
will develop recreational freshwater quality criteria and criteria for the safe reuse
of wastewater for potable, industrial .and aquacultural purposes.
Environmental processes and effects activities will concentrate on (1) understanding
the structure and function of natural and modified freshwater and marine ecosytems,
including wetlands, as a basis for predicting the consequences of human activities on
these ecosystems; (2) measuring the effects of pollutants, singly and in complex
mixtures, on these ecosystems and their components, including individuals, populations,
and communities and determining rates of recovery; (3) developing necessary and
effective methods for measuring ecological affects of these pollutants; (4) determining
movement, transformation, and fate of toxic pollutants in acquatic ecosystems,
including the role of sediments in the food chain; and (5) determining the effects of
and criteria for control of specific pollution sources such as dredging and associated
activities and discharges from nonpoint sources.
Measurement and monitoring will emphasize research to provide the systems,
models, and tools required to take representative environmental samples and make
reliable measurements. Outputs will include guidelines for sample collection and
preparation and analytic methodology for the cost effective identification and
quantification of all relevant chemical and biological factors in water, leachates,
sludges, sediments, and soil. It will provide broad screening methods which are
critically required for measuring organic pollutants and toxics in wastewaters and
sludges. It will develop and evaluate monitoring systems and provide technical
support to Agency spill and emergency response activities through aerial and remote
sensing and data interpretation. Quality assurance research and services will continue
to support the establishment and maintenance of quality data which result from Agency
monitoring and measurement systems.
un_a
-------
ihe water quality control technology research addresses both industrial and
municipal waste water effluent pollution problems. This research will include the
assessment of the pollution characteristics and the development and evaluation of
technology to control the pollution. The research will provide for the development
of information for the preparation of industrial effluent guidelines and "best
management practices" for industrial pollution not readily controlled by effluent
limitation. The research will also provide for the assessment of suggested "innovative
and alternative technologies" for the treatment of municipal waste waters in direct
support of the construction grants program. Research into the potential for recycling
and reuse of waste waters and control of hazardous and toxic pollutants in waste
water effluents will be Supported, as will a program for the development of cleanup
technology for hazardous materials spills. The research will also develop and evaluate
cost-effective methods for selecting agricultural best management practices. The
water quality control technology research will also provide engineering expertise and
support to the Agency s regulatory enforcement and permitting activities.
PURPOSE _- Re-sear;ch and Jteye'l opnient Program
Research and development in EPA s water quality program provides the scientific
information needed to support its standard setting and enforcement activities. The
multifaeeted research program includes the development of efficient and cost effective
waste water treatment technology for both municipalities and industries; the determination
of the health implications of existing technology for treatment and disposal of
waste water and sludge; the determination of useful and defensible monitoring methods;
documentation of the validity of monitoring data; definition of criteria for water
use in various aquatic environments; the establishment of strategies for control of
pollution from spills of hazardous materials; and the prevention or control of pollution
from agricultural and forestry sources. The overall goal is to provide the scientific
basis for economical and socially viable environmental management.
PURPOSE - Abatement and Control Program
The objectives of the water quality abatement and control programs are to abate
water pollution from industrial and municipal sources and to assist State, areawide,
and local agencies in controlling water pollution from point and nonpoint sources by
providing management, technical, and resource assistance.
Industrial point source control is accomplished by the development of technology-
based effluent limitations. The current emphasis is on development of effluent
limitations for toxic pollutants which reflect best available technology economically
achievable for existing sources and which represent new source performance standards
for new sources. In particular, the emphasis on toxic pollutants has required the
concurrent development and use of new analytical methods, substantial increases in
resources devoted to sampling and analysis activities, development of new and cost-
effective analytical methods for routine .monitoring of individual toxic pollutants,
examination of waste water treatment technologies for effectiveness in removing toxic
pollutants, and more intensive and thorough engineering investigations of specific
industrial categories. These effluent limitations will be aimed at controlling the
discharges of 65 compounds and classes of compounds for 34 industry categories.
Industrial affluent limitations are implemented through National Pollutant Discharge
Elimination System (NPOES) permits. Pretreatment standards for existing and new
industrial users of municipal treatment works will be developed for 34 primary industry
categories along with effluent limitations for direct dischargers. Pretreatment
standards will regulate toxic pollutants which are incompatible with municipal works.
-------
intermunicipal, State and interstate agencies which assist in financing the planning,
design and construction of municipal waste water treatment facilities. The construction
grants program helps municipalities to achieve the effluent limitations required by
the Act. As is the case with industries, effluent limitations are implemented through
NPDES permits; and construction grants are made to assist municipalities in meeting
their permit conditions. Construction grant funds are allocated to each State on the
basis of formulas set forth in the Clean Water Act, Within these allotments, grants
are awarded on a priority basis for individual projects. Generally each project is
eligible for 75 percent Federal assistance, although grants may provide up to 85
percent for projects using innovative or alternative technology In treatment facilities
design.
As part of the municipal construction grants program, the Section 205(g) State
management assistance grant program authorizes the use of two percent or $400,000,
whichever is greater, of each State s allotment to cover the cost of delegation of
the construction grants program to the States. To the extent that funds suffice,
they can also be used for NPDES permit, dredge and fill, and Section 208 management
programs. The goal of this program is to allow the States, rather than EPA, to assume
management of the day-to-day responsibility of construction grants activities.
Because a primary responsibility for the control of pollution lies with the
States, EPA s abatenent and control efforts are oriented toward support of State and
local efforts to develop and maintain their technical, institutional and financial
mechanisms in water quality management. The primary mechanism for accomplishing this
and related objectives will be comprehensive, integrated State/EPA Agreements covering
all water quality and directly related resource assistance programs. State/EPA
Agreements are the primary vehicle for accomplishing national water quality management
priorities in a cost-effective way, as well as State and local priorities based on
particular localized problems.
The cornerstone of the State/EPA Agreement is the management, technical and resource
assistance and guidance provided to State, areawide, and local water quality planning
and management agencies under the Clean Water Act, These agencies develop"water quality
problem assessments, water quality standards, and detailed water quality management
plans with Agency assistance and national priority guidance..
Implementation programs meeting national, State, and local priority needs are
supported under Section 106 State program grants, Section 314 Clean Lakes grants, and
under the municipal waste treatment construction program. In addition, delegated
State management of municipal waste treatment, National Pollutant Discharge Elimination
System (NPOES) and dredge and fill programs can be encouraged and supported with
Construction Management Assistance grants under Section 205(g).
Combined and integrated with other abatement and control, enforcement, and
research programs in EPA and other Federal agencies under the State/EPA Agreements,
the water quality management program functions to assure sound management of surface
a-nd ground water resources, including drinking water; promotes the development and
implementation of techniques, management practices and regulatory programs to control
nonpoint sources of pollution; promotes the consideration of cost-effective alternatives
to advanced waste treatment construction; promotes water conservation; and assures
that effective pretreatment and industrial source control programs are implemented.
-------
The abatement and control program also includes: the development and publication
of water quality criteria to reflect the latest scientific knowledge on the kind and
extent of all identifiable effects on health and welfare relating to Section 3Q4(a)
and in support of Section 307(a) for adding substances to the list of toxic pollutants;
the provision of assistance and review of State water quality standards to ensure
that acceptable standards are established in each State; the development of guidelines,
standards and regulations to correct water pollution problems resulting from such
sources as in-place toxicants and discharges from vessels and aquaculture projects;
the regulation, implementation and national management of a grants assistance program
for the classification and restoration of the Nation's eutrophic lakes; and the
national management, coordination and program development regulating the discharge of
dredged or fill material, including the review and recommendation of requests from
States from Section 404 permit authority.
The emergency response program continues its priority efforts to fully implement
the new hazardous substances spill response program, spill prevention program, and
the emergency assistance and containment activities related to hazardous waste site
incidents. The response and prevention activities associated with oil spill emergencies
will continue according to the responsibilities outlined in the National Contingency
Plan (40 CFR 1510).
EPA monitoring and analysis activities are coordinated with State and other
Federal efforts and include ambient water quality monitoring, data collection, and
dissemination of water quality data. Current programs include: implementation of a
water monitoring strategy to provide data and analyses needed by top management to
establish policy and measure results of clean-up programs; establishment of a
clearinghouse for water monitoring data to help improve coordination and integration
of data collection efforts; and analysis of monitoring data to assist in development
and implementation of standards and regulations. Increasing emphasis is being placed
on improving State capability to monitor toxic pollutants, nonpoint sources, and
biological impacts.
The Marine Protection, Research and Sanactuaries Act of 1972, as amended,
authorizes EPA to regulate the disposition of materials into the oceans, excepting
dredge material. Under this authority, a permit program for ocean disposal of waste
has been underway since 1973. In addition, EPA has reoriented its oceans program to
include a coordinated approach to the problems in the ocean environment. This
reorientation includes close interaction with other Federal agencies having ocean-
related activities.
Primary objectives for 1981 include:
- Propose regulations for best available technology economically achievable
(BATEA) effluent guidelines, new source performance standards (NSPS),
pretreatment standards for existing sources (PSES) and pretreatment standards
for new sources (PSNS) for the remaining of the 34 primary industries,
and promulgate regulations for 21 to 25 industry categories.
- Improve management as specified in the construction grants program management
strategy; implement a coordinated approach to grant making, permitting and
enforcement as specified in the municipal strategy and policy; meet the treatment
needs of the largest 106 metropolitan areas, including pretreatment requirements
and combined sewer overflow problems; pursue maximum State participation in
construction grants program administration through delegation of Federal
activities under Section 205(g) of the Clean Water"Act, where capability exists,
encourage cost-effective high quality municipal facilities which employ
innovative/alternative technologies wherever feasible.
-------
- Complete 20 Clean Lakes projects.
- Expand the assessment of sources of toxic pollutants to publicly owned treatment
works (POTWs) and assess the effectiveness of pretreatment.
- Primary emphasis within the dredge and fill program will be the continued and
expanded review of major and significant permits, along with the development
and approval of State programs to control discharges of dredged and fill material
Purpose - Enforcement Program
The Water Quality program is responsible for implementing a number of components
of the Clean Water Act. The program has two divisions: permits issuance and water
quality enforcement.
The permit' issuance program has responsibility for both determining procedures
and issuing permits under the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES)
permit program. The permit is the mechanism for imposing limitations, standards and
conditions on point source discharges into navigable waters of the United States. At
the national level, the program includes regulation writing and revision, national
program and policy guidance, and State permit program approval. Regional activities
include issuing permits, conducting adjudicatory heargins, and overviewing State
permit programs.
The recent program emphasis has been to control indirect pollutant discharges by
implementing the pretreatment program which establishes national standards to control
the discharge of toxic pollutants into municipal wastewater treatment systems.
The goal of the water quality enforcement program is to assure compliance with
Clean Water Act requirements. At headquarters this involves overview, establishing
policy direction and guidance, and support for specific regional compliance monitoring
and legal actions. Regional activities include-emergency enforcement responses, review
and evaluation of self monitoring reports inspections, use of administrative sanctions
to require compliance, referal and prosecution of lawsuits, and enforcement of non-NPDES
requirements.
(in thousands of dollars)
SUMMARY QF_ INCREASES AND DECREASE
1980 Water Quality Program... $337,436
Salaries and Expenses +2,334
The net increase resulted from additional
funding for planning and standards
(5.4 million); effluent standards
and guidelines ($.6 million)1; strategies
implementation (51.1 million); monitoring
and analysis (S.7 million); municipal
source control (5.1 million); and enforce-
ment activities ($1.4 million). These
increases are partially offset by
reductions to health and ecological
effects (S.6 million); industrial processes
(3.8 million); public sector activities
($.5 million); and monitoring and technical
support (5-1 million).
Research and Development -3,179
-------
me net reduction in extramural
resulted primarily from the decrease of
the Great Lakes Program (-$1.9 million);
a decrease in the renewable resources
(-S1.8 million); and a partially offsetting
increase to the Chesapeake Bay Program
(+$,5 million).
Abatement, Control and Compliance.. -1,503
The net decrease results primarily from
a reduction to the Section 208 areawide
waste treatment management grants
(-$3.5 million); clean lakes program
(-$1.5 million); training grants
(-$.5 million). These decreases are
partially offset by additional funds for
permit issuance (+$2.9 million); enforce-
ment (+$.9 million); and a net minimal
increase from all other activities
(+$.2 million).
1981 Water Quality Program 335,088
SUMMARY OF BUDGET ESTIMATES
1, Summary of Budget Request
An appropriation of $335,087,700 is requested for 19S1. This request, by
appropriation account, is as follows:
Salaries and Expenses ,. 5112,194,400
Research and Development 35,961,300
Abatement, Control and Compliance.. 186,932,000
This represents a decrease of $2,347,500 from the 1980 level. The net
decrease is comprised of many changes,
A net decrease of $1,719,000 to health and ecological effects results primarily
from a reduction of $1,989,300 to the Great Lakes program which will result in less
work on the transport and fate of present persistent toxic organic chemicals, and an
increase of $513,500 for fresh water ecological effects which will be used to fund
activities associated with man s impacts on aquatic systems and to determine recovery
rates in ecosystems.
A net decrease of 33,139,600 to industrial processes which reflects the
intent of EPA to work with other agencies to utilize other existing- funds to undertake
any -necessary future BMP development; this change reflects the fact tnat-there are
already a large number of BMPs available for implementation.
The effluent standards and guidelines activities will oe increased by $1.6
million to increase work in industrial hazardous waste controls (e.g. management
practices for sludges), energy saving technologies in water pollution and developing
regulations for major segments of the "synfuel" industry, A reduction of $3.5 million
is made to the Section 208 areawide waste treatment management grant program; a
reduction of $530,000 is made to training grants- reflecting a nonrecurring congressional
add-on in 1980.
An increase of $312,000 for strategies implementation will allow almost a
full review of major/controversial dredge and fill permits. The rlean lakes program
1s reduced by $1.5 million. The enforcement activities are being increased by $5.2 million.
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Changes from the budget are as follows:
Original 1980 estimate --------- , ------ .
Congressional increases /decrease:
Travel , ...................... . ............
ADP ........... . .......... . ----- ......... ...
Supplies and Expenses .............. .........
Great Lakes ...... .............. .... .......
Sect ion 208 .............. . ................
Academic Training ..... ....... ...... . ......
Ocean Outfall .......... ... ..... ..... .......
FT at head River Study ......................
Hazardous Substances Accident Assessment..
Proposed Supplemental for pay raise .......
Reprogramming for authorization workyears.
Miscellaneous reprogrammi ng ............. ..
(in thousands of dollars)
$331,451
-854
-52
-1,276
+2 ,000
-2 ,500
+580
+1,000
+354
+1,250
+3,3.63
+387
+1 ,233
1980 Current Estimate
337,436
The Congress reduced Agency travel costs and supplies and expenses by $2 million
each which resulted in decreases to the water quality media of $854,00.0 and $1,276,000,
respectively. The congressional reduction of SI million to ADP costs resulted in a
decrease of 552, 000 to this media. A congressional reduction of 52.5 million w.as
also made to Section 208 areawide waste treatment management grants. The Congress
also increased programs included within the water quality media: Great Lakes $2
million; ocean outfall, $1 million; Flathead River study $354,000; and hazardous
substances accident assessment, 51.25 million,. Finally, the Congress provided an
increase of 51.5 million for academic training of which $580,000 is applicable to
this media.
The proposed supplemental to partially fund the October 1979 pay raise includes
S3, 863,000 for the water quality media. An overall reprogrammi ng throughout the
Agency to provide sufficient salary funds to cover authorized workyears resulted in
an increase of 5387,000 to this media.
Miscellaneous reprogrammings resulted in the following changes: a decrease to
the air media, $133,500; an increase of $2,677,500 from the drinking water media; a
transfer of 596,700 to the solid waste media; a transfer of J100.400 to pesticides; a
transfer of $77,600 to radiation; a transfer of $5,300 from the noise media, a transfer
of $20,700 from the interdisciplinary media; a transfer of $329,400 to toxic substances;
a transfer of 368,000 from the energy media; and a transfer of $808,500 to the
management and support media.
ANALYSIS OF INCREASES AND DECREASES TO OBLIGATIONS
Current
Estimate
1980
Estimate
1981
(in thousands .of dollars)
Prior year obligations
Effects of congressional changes
Effects of pay raise supplemental...
Change in amount of carryover funds
available ............ .........
Program change ----- .......... .....
Effect of reprogrammi ng .......... ...
Change in rate of obligations... ....
$387,169
-2,900
+3,863
-63,477
-+6,300
+1,620
-6.725
$325,850
+11,586
-2,348
-7,004
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EXPLANATION OF INCREASES AND DECREASES TU OBLIGATIONS
The congressional changes discussed in the previous section are estimated to
decrease obligations by 52.9 million. The pay raise supplemental will increase
obligations by $3,863,000. Reprogrammings will increase obligations by $1.6 million.
The amount of carryover funds estimated to be obligated in 1980 is $3,414,000, a
decrease of $63,477,000 from the 1979 level. In 1981, obligations from carryover
funds are estimated to be $15 million, an increase of $11.5 million over the 1980 level,
The obligations related to the program increase were originally estimated as
$6.3 million in 1980. In 1981, the program decrease is expected to reduce obligations
by $7 mill ion.
A change in the rate of obligation is expected to occur in both 1980 and 1981,
creating a decrease to the amount of funds obligated by $6.7 million and $7 million,
respectively.
WO-16
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WATER QUALITY
Actual
1979
Budget
Estimate
1980
Current
Estimate
1980
Estimate
1981
Increase +
Decrease -.-
1981 vs. 1980
PROGRAM LEVELS
State and Areawide water
quality management
(Section 208) plans
approved 210 40 100 150 +50
State and areawide water
quality management
(Section 208) Continu-
ation Grants Awarded. .. 200 198 198 175 -13
Clean Lakes Projects
Awards... , 45 60 50 60 +10
Clean Lakes Projects
Completed.......... 10 20 20 20
Ocean Dumping Permits... 60 47 53 47 -6
Construction Grants
Awards. 2,599' 3,400 3,511 2,550 -961
Step I Awards (982)' (800) (307) 400 -407
Step II Awards (818) (1,300) (1,5*8) 1,200 -348
Step III Awards (799) (1,300) (1,156) 950 - -206
Active Construction
Grants Projects 11,881 10,700 11,725 11,000 -725
State Program Approvals
(National Pollutants
discharge Elimination
System) 33 37 36 39 +3
Ad j ud i cat ory Hea r i n
-------
WATER QUALITY
Health and Ecological Effects
Actual
1979
Budget
Estimate
1980
Currant
Estimate
1980
Estimate
1981
(dollars in thousands)
Appropriation
Health Effects:
Salaries and Expenses. $955 $1,224- $2,102 $2,125
Research and
Development. 5,311 5,849 4,915 5,033
Transport and Fate:
Salaries and Expenses. 336 281 572 573
Research and
Development 738 970 837 694
Chesapeake Say:
Salaries and Expenses. 918 500 905 410
Research and
Development., 968 2,400 2,010 2,503
3reat Lakes:
Salaries and Expenses. 361 409 1,019 945
Research and
Development......... 2,715 1,166 2,570 654
Marine Ecological Effects:
Salaries and Expenses. 2,387 2,168 2,673 2,361
Research and
Development 694 1,225 968 445
Freshwater Ecological
Effects:
Salaries and Expenses. 4,711 5,882 4,112 3,917
Research and
Development.... 2,518 150 915 1.724
Total:
Salaries and Expenses. 10,168 10,464 11,388 10,831
Research and
Development... 12.994 11,760 12,215 . 11,053
Grand Total 23,162 22,224 23,603 21,384
Permanent Positions
Health Effects... ... 23 l 23 32 32
Transport and Fate of
Pollutants.... 3599
Chesapeake Bay. 6566
Great Lakes 9777
Marine Ecological
Effects 57 45 58 54
Freshwater Ecological
Effects 103 119 98 38
Increase +
Decrease -
1981 vs. 1980
+523
+118
+1
-143
-495
+493
-74
-1,915
+183
-523
-195
+809
-557
1,162
-1,719
-4
-10
ratal,
201
204
210
196
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Health and Ecological Effects
Appropriation
Health Effects:
Salaries and Expenses....
Research and Development ...
Transport and Fate:
Salaries and Expenses. ,
Research and Development....,
Chesapeake Bay:
Salaries and Expenses ,.,
Research and Development.
Great Lakes:
Salaries and Expenses...
Research and Development
^rlne Ecological Effects:
Salaries and Expenses
Research and Development
Freshwater Ecological Effects:
Salaries and Expenses
Research and Development
Total:
Salaries and Expenses
Research and Development
Grand Total
Original Revised
Estimate Estimate President's
1981 1981 Reduction
(dollars in thousands)
$2,125 $2,116 -$9
5,033 5,033
573 570 - 3
694 694
410 409 - 1
2,503 2,503
945 942 - 3
654 654
2,861 2,843 -18
445 445
3,917 3,893 -24
1,724 1,724 ...
10,831
11,053
10,773
11,053
-58
21,884
21,826
-58
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Page Intentionally Blank
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Full-time Equivalency
Health Effects.,,,
Transport and Fate of
Pollutants
Chesapeake Say .,
Great Lakes.
Marine Ecological
Effects
Freshwater Ecological
Effects
1979
32
7
5
14
1980
1980
1981
(dollars in thousands)
28
17
5
9
51
16
n
13
50
15
n
13
uecraase -
1981 vs. 1980
-1
-1
89
147
72
156
109
140
117
125
+.8
-15
Total
294
287
340
331
-9
Budget Request
The Agency requests a total of $21,384,000 and 196 permanent workyears for this
program, of which $10,829,800 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and
$11,054,200 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development appropriation,
increases of $558,300 and $1,160,700 respectively. The net decrease of 31,719,000, and
a 14 permanent workyear decrease includes: an increase of $140,900 for the evaluation
of the health affects associated with alternate sludge disposal practices; a decrease
of $141,800 which will extend the validation of recently completed models by one to two
years and assistance in the application of models for waste load allocations be reduced
by approximately 25 percent; a decrease in Chesapeake Bay Study of $1,900; a decrease in
Great Lakes research of $1,989,300 which will result in less work on the transport and
fate of present persistant toxic organic chemicals; a decrease of $340,400 which will
result in the elimination of research on the effects of complex industrial effluents
and a reduction of work on sublethal responses of marine organisms to pollutant exposure;
and a $613,500 increase in freshwater ecological effects which will be used to fund
activities associated with man's impacts on aquatic systems and to determine recovery
rates in ecosystems. The decrease of 14 permanent workyears in the freshwater and
marine ecological programs will shift some activities to the extramural program and are
consistent with the program changes described above.
PROGRAM DESCRIPTION
The health effects research program supports three national goals and policies set
out in the Federal Water Pollution Control Act: to eliminate the discharge of pollutants;
to attain water quality which provides for recreation; and to prohibit discharge of
toxic pollutants in harmful amounts. The research efforts will be directed toward:
- Determination of the health implication of existing and innovative
technology for the treatment and disposal of wastewater and sludge.
- Development of rapid screening tests suitable for extrapolation to
man for the characterization of toxic pollutants in complex effluents.
< Determination of the feasbility of establishing criteria for the safe
reuse of wastewater for potable, industrial and aquacultural purposes
(in conjunction with the public sector water quality program).
- Determination of the health effects of priority organic consent decree
chemicals.
yq-19
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technology program will be assessed so that the Agency can make recoinnendations for
safe and affective changes in treatment methods. It includes studies on the health
effects of aerosols from land application to help establish safe siting practices.
Toxic organic contaminants are an important arsa of water quality health effects
research. Health effects data bases for the regulation of identified priority pollutants
will be established and methods for identifying currently unrecognized organic contaminants
through bioassays will be developed. In addition, the program provides technical
assistance to EPA regional and program offices through short-term studies, consultation
and expert testimony in legal proceedings.
The primary objective of the transport and fate program is to provide a comprehensive
set of practical, tested state-of-the-art tools for water quality management directed
primarily at wasteload allocations for nutrients and toxics, advanced waste treatment
justifications and the areawide wastewater management planning (Section 208) process.
Verified and demonstrated models for water quality impact assessment will be developed
and/or evaluated, and the technology transferred to the user. The emphasis will be on
nutrient and toxics transport and fate, together with related loading models for rural,
suburban and urban areas. Limited technical assistance will be provided in the use of
these tools, and in the evaluation of results obtained therefrom.
The Chesapeake 3ay program was developed in response to a Congressional mandate
that required EPA to c;:nauct a study of the Bay, define the factors adversely impacting
the environment, develop research to address adverse factors, and define management
strategies to ameliorate degradation in the Bay due to pollution. The program has been
developed through a cooperative effort between citizen groups, state environmental
agencies (Virginia and Maryland), and the EPA.
The results of integrated studies In three priority areas i.e., toxic substances,
eutrophication and submerged aquatic vegetation will provide a predictive capacity to
assess the consequences of pollutant loadings on the Chesapeake Bay in terms of effects
on the ecosystem, on organisms, on human health, and on the economic impact of the uset
made of the system. Capacity to predict these impacts will aid management decisions at
all government levels.
The basic objective of the Great Lakes research program is to provide the scientific
and technical base needed to effectively manage water quality in the Great Lakes. This
includes providing methods for assessing the sources, fate, effects, and relative
importance of physical, chemical, and biological pollutants in the Great Lakes and for
translating human exposure and water quality goals into pollution source control
requirements. An integral part of the program is the development, improvement, and
adaptation of mathematical predictive models for translating information on existing or
projected pollution loadings into ambient water quality impacts and human exposure
levels. This research supports the U.S.-Canadian International Agreement (1973) and
EPA responsibilities under the Clean Water Art.
The marine ecological effects.research program is designed to provide information
on which to base legally defensible criteria, standards, and guidelines for effective
pollution control programs and treatment strategies. This program includes research in
the following areas: (1) determination of the affects of specific pollutants or
pollutant combinations on representative or key sensitive organisms in aquatic ecosystems
and on critical ecosystem parameters and processes; (2) investigation of the physical,
chemical, and biological transformation products of pollutants in marine ecosystems;
(3) development of mathematical ecosystem simulation and laboratory models to aid in
the prediction of pollutant stress effects on aquatic bioata and ecosystems; and
WO-20
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material, bioaccumulation, wetlands, and analytical techniques.
The goal of the freshwater ecology research program is to determine the effects
and fate of pollutants in freshwater aquatic systems, including streams, impoundments,
and natural lake systems. The program is designed to gain an understanding of the
structure and function of natural systems and the effects of pollutants, singly and in
complex mixtures, on these systems and on individual species, populations, and communities
of aquatic organisms. This includes research on the recovery rates of damaged ecosystems,
monitoring methods, and investigations of socio-economic factors.
The characteristics of the physical, chemical and biological transformation products
of pollutants in freshwater ecosystems are studied to determine their impact and fate.
Laboratory models and mathematical simulations are developed to aid in predicting
pollutant stress effects on acquatic bioata and ecosystems.
Some of the major areas of research include: (1) development and evaluation of
test methods and protocols for aquatic toxicants and/or detection of mutagenic/carcinogenic
alterations; (2) evaluation of the effects of complex effluents; (3) development of
rapid screening methods to predict the bioaccumulation potential of organic chemicals
and trace metals in biota; (4) field validation studies and definition of new problem
areas; (5) determination of best alternative waste treatment processes; (5) characterization
and determination of the effects of non-point source (MPS) pollutants on water quality
in rural and urban areas; (7) determination of the productivity and function of freshwater
wetlands and pollutant impact within these systems; (8) evaluation of the ecological
effects of land application of treated municipal wastes; and (9} research on pollutant
perturbations in cold climate ecosystems.
HEALTH EFFECTS
1979 Accomplishments
During 1979, obligations totaled $6,256,200 of which $954,700 is for salaries and
expenses and $5,311,500 for extramural research activities. Specific accomplishments
i nc1ude the fol 1owi ng:
- In a study to determine the frequency of gastrointestinal diseases,
incidences were found to be marginally higher in populations exposed
to aerosols from wastewater sprinkler irrigation as compared to
populations exposed to aerosols from non-wastewater sprinkler irrigation
systems. Adults were found to be as susceptible as children in this
study. This study, and other related studies, have implications
the safa siting and design of wastawater irrigation systems.
- A symposium on disease risks of exposure to wastewater and wastewatar
aerosols from activated sludge plants held in September 1979 reported
the results of several studies of the health hazards presented by
aerosols from conventional secondary wastewatar treatment facilities.
The material presented at the symposium will be helpful in developing
policy on the siting of conventional wastewater treatment systems.
While some increases in antibodies to infectious diseases were noted
among those exposed to wastewater aerosols, a pattern of increased
incidence of serious adverse health affects was found.
WO-21
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are being used to develop recreational water quality criteria for marine
waters. Pilot studies for freshwater beaches were conducted at four
places across the country in support of freshwater criteria which must
al so be devel oped.
- Although the development of a simple blood test for the ineasurment of
human exposure to individual organic chemicals is still in the early
stages, initial results have documented that the metabolites of carbon
tetrachloride, chloroform, and benzapyrene do bind hemoglobin.
Demonstration of such binding was the first critical test for determining
whether development of such a human dose monitor was feasible.
1980 Program
The Agency resources for water quality health effects research in 1980 are
$7,016,400. Included in this total is $2,101,800 for Salaries and Expenses, and
$4,914,500 for Research and Development. Highlights of the 1980 research program include:
- Further study of the health implications of land application for the
treatment and disposal of wastewater and sludge.
- Research which supports development of critaria for the safe reuse
of wastewater for potable, aquacultural, and industrial purposes.
- Completion of the marine recreational water quality critaria.
- Completion of the freshwater bathing beach studies which are
critical for developing freshwater recreational water quality
critaria in 1981.
- Continuation of comparative toxicology studies which compare
aquatic bioassays for the detection of toxics in water with
results obtained in traditional mammalian studies.
- Initiation of a program which will fill deficiencies in the health
data base for the consent decree pollutants. Research on the first
ten pollutants will begin in 1980. Ten more will be selected and
studied each year until the total number (65) is complete.
1980 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The net decrease of $56,500 results from several actions. An increase of 549,400
results from the cost of the October 1979 pay raise and is included in a proposed
supplemental appropriation. A congressional reduction of $2 million to Agency travel
costs and $1 million ADP reduction resulted in a decrease of $2,200 and 51,300,
respectively. An overall reprogramming throughout the Agency to provide sufficient
salary funds to cover authorized workyears resulted in a decrease of $102,500 to this activity.
1981 Plan
The requested resources for water quality health effects research in 1981 are
$7,157,300 and 32'permanent workyears, an increase of $140,900 over 1980. Of this amount
$2,124,500 will be expended for salaries and expenses and 35,032,300 for extramural research
M.Q-.22
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alternate sludge disposal practices such as incineration, co-incineration, pyrolysis.
This research is important because very little is known on the subject and, with the
phasing out of ocean dumping of municipal sludges, more cities are turning to these
technologies for sludge disposal.
The major program thrust will be to determine the health impact of land disposal
of wastewater and sludge. The health impact of likely new technologies developed in
the Agency control technology program will be assessed so that the Agency can make
recommendations for safe and effective changes in treatment methods. Since many areas
of the country have a shortage of water, and because the cost of sludge disposal is
currently around one billion dollars a year, it is important to develop safa and
economical technologies for the beneficial utilization of wastewatar and sludge. This
research program looks at the human health impact of viruses, parasites, and certain
heavy metals including cadmium, which are found in wastewater and sludge and which may
be passed on to humans through the food chain or through contamination of ground water
resulting from land applications*
Another area requiring major effort relates to the 65 consent decree pollutants.
Section 304(a) of the Clean Water Act requires that EPA publish and update water quality
criteria. In a 1976 consent decree win the Natural Resources Defense Council, 65 toxic
pollutants were identified for which EPA was required to produce water quality criteria.
These criteria were published for public comment in 1979, In developing water quality
criteria for these pollutants, scientists were hampered by the lack of data on many of
the pollutants. Studies to repair data gaps for 10 of the 55 pollutants were begun in
1980. This effort will be completed in 1981 and studies will begin on another group of
10 pollutants. This research will support the revision or validation of the standards
in areas where data was previously marginal.
Fresh water recreational water quality criteria will be completed in 1981. This
research links epidemiology with micro-biological and chemical analyses .of recreational
waters. Understanding the relationship of various water quality parameters to disease
in swimmers and participants in other watar sports will make it possible for EPA to
determine the most reasonable regulations necessary to protect the public health.
We will continue to investigate the health effects resulting from the reuse of
wastes for potable, industrial, and aquacultural purposes. Data from this research
will support the development of criteria or guideline documents for the safe reuse of
wastswater.
The program will continue to seek improved toxicological methods for predicting
the impact of water contaminants on human health. Bioassays using short-lived aquatic
species will be compared to manmalian test systems which have been traditionally used as
predictors of human health impact. Slood tests which relate exposure to dose are being
developed as a measure of carcinogen exposure and as a means of improving extrapolation
from animal to human studies. This comparative toxicology research, if successful,
will decrease the cost of developing a health data base on a pollutant. The blood test
which monitors dose response will rexluce the uncertainties in extrapolation and nelp
raduce the need for high safety factors sometimes used in developing criteria or
standards because of uncertainties in the extrapolation from lab animal to man.
Regulating pollutants at levels higher than Is actually needed to protect human health
is then less likely to occur.
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1979 Accomplishments
In 1979, the program obligated 51,123,600, Including $335,600 for in-house expenses
and $788,000 for extramural expenses. Major accomplishments are listed below.
- Completion of the Hydrologic Simulation Program - FORTRAN (HSP-F),
a comprehensive simulation package for assessing the impacts of
rural point and nonpoint source pollution on receiving voter quality,
- Testing of the basin-scale model set in the Sandusky and Iowa-Cedar
river basins, and the Chesapeake Bay.
- Completion of the ARM/EXPLORE model set. This model set provides
pesticide and related sediment movement prediction capability for
the assessment of point and nonpoint source impacts of pesticides
and other specific toxic organic compounds.
- Completion of an Initial feasibility study of a methodology for
conducting environmental mass balances, i.e., a procedure for
comparing quantities of a pollutant released to the environment
from all sources and environmental levels to ensure that all of
that released is accounted for.
- Publication of a comprehensive summary of the state-of-the-art
formulations used in water quality modeling, including accepted
values for associated model coefficients.
1980 Program
In 1980, the Agency has allocated a total of $1,409,400, including 3572,000 for
Salaries and Expenses, and $837,400 for extramural purposes under the Research and
Development appropriation. Program highlights include:
- Establishment of a Water Quality Modeling Center to provide computer
programs and limited technical assistance to the user community.
- Testing and evaluation of the HSP-F simulation package for assessing
impacts of point and nonpoint pollution sources. Workshops in HSP-F
use will be conducted and a HSP-F executive summary published.
- Development of a simplified toxics evaluation manual based on the
basin-scale methodology already developed.
- Conduction of a feasibility study for the establishment of a
centralized water quality modeling data base.
- Initiation of a project to^estimate quantitative and qualitative
performance of commonly-used water quality models.
- Implementation of in-house studies on pollutant sorption and
transformation processes.
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1980 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The net increase of $158,400 results from several actions. An increase of $15,100
results from the cost of the October 1979 pay raise and is included in a proposed
supplemental appropriation. A congressional reduction of $2 million to Agency travel
costs resulted in a decrease of 53,000. An overall reprograimring throughout the Agency
to provide sufficient salary funds to cover authorized workyears resulted in a decrease
of $11,700 to this activity.
A reprogramming of $20,000 was made to the management and support media to ORD lab
support for lab maintenance costs due in part to increasing costs of energy. Also, the
number of service contracts have increased as labs undergo RIFs and the services of
maintenance personnel must be replaced by contracts.
A reprogramming of $50,000 was made to water quality characterization and measurement
methods development to help fund the tapes analysis work being done for the Effluent
Guidelines Division.
A reprogramming of $179,000 was made from the water quality resources-renewable
resources to reflect the activity in which actual work is to be performed, without any
change in the program plan.
A reprogramming from the energy health effects ($33,000); and from measurement
system instrumentation development for energy related pollutants ($15,000), for a
contract to plan a research program to integrate the physical chemical transport models
with the ecological fate models.
1981 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $1,267,600 and 9 permanent workyears for this
program, of which $573,200 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $694,400
is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development appropriation. The net
decrease of 5141,300 comes from the Mater Quality Modeling Center established in 1980
on the model testing and evaluation activity. The reduction in model testing and
evaluation will extend by 1 to 2 years, the time required to validate recently completed
models for translating nonpoint source loadings into receiving water quality impacts.
In 1981 the water transport and fate program will:
<- Continue operation of the Water Quality Modeling Technical Assistance
Center at a moderately reduced level.
- Adapt existing loading and water quality models to handle consent
decree toxics.
- Develop and maintain data; files for use in developing model coefficient
applicable to the range of environmental conditions to be encountered,
as necessary, to apply the models without extensive data collection at
each site of application.
- Improve capability to model conventional pollutant/sediment interactions.
- Continue evaluation of the capability of models to assist in making
waste!oad allocations to evaluat-2 advanced waste treatment facilities
and best management practices.
- Continue studies of pollutant sorption and transformation processes.
yq-25
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CHESAPEAKE BAY
1979 Accompl i shinent-S
In 1979, this program utilized 11,386,100, of which $917,900 was for in-house
expenses and $968,200 for extramural purposes.
During 1979, a program plan with the states of Maryland, Virginia, and Pennsylvania
for studying the Chesapeake Bay was developed. A citizens program was established
which facilitated involvement of citizens in the planning and management of the programs
and incorporation of their concerns into the management decision making process.
Integrated studies in the highest priority areas (toxics substances, submerged aquatic
vegetation, and eutrophication), were further developed. A data management effort to
adequately handle the information developed by this program and an environmental
management program to gain a better understanding of present Bay management agencies
and mechanisms were initiated.
1980 Program
In 1980, the Agency has allocated $2,914,900, of which S904.900 is for the Salaries
and Expenses appropriation and $2,010,000 Is for extramural purposes under the Research
and Development appropriation.
The 1980 program is continuing integrated studies initiated in 1978 to that
management decisions at all the government levels can be based on a predictive capability
to assess the consequences of pollutant loadings on the Chesapeake Bay. This will be
done in terms of effects on the ecosystem, on organisms, on human health, and on the
economic impact of the uses made of the system. The three highest priority problem
area studies are being continued through ecosystem simulation, data acquisition and
synthesis, and through identification and evaluation of control alternatives in conjunctio,
with the abatement and control decision units of this program.
Toxics substances source assessment studies will be an analysis of the introduction
of pollutants into the Chesapeake Bay ecosystem from point and non-point sources. This
information will be used to predict current and future loadings under a series of
alternative development projections and management strategies. The transport and fate
nodels will develop bay-wide projections. These projections are to be used in exposure
effect models to evaluate the management strategies proposed to achieve environmental
goals, standards, and criteria.
The autrophication and submerged aquatic vegetation management units vr'll produce
bay-wide assessments of projected ecosystem changes. The reports will be integrated
into and will guide abatement and control development projects-designed to mitigate
specific non-acceptable trends.
A study program with other agencies to evaluate the water quality problems induced
by dredging and spill disposal and various hydrologies! modifications is being initiated.
Management strategies to mitigate these problems and supplement the Department of the
Interior studies on the Potomac Estuary are being developed. These efforts are directed
toward hydrologic and basic water quality models that provide information to evaluata
the impact of modified waste treatment strategies on this major tributory estuary.
Studies of existing management agencies and mechanisms are continuing and will provide
the basis for a better understanding of the factors affecting and influencing the Bay
decision process.
State participation programs, with the states of Maryland and Virginia, and citizen
participation programs are continuing to provide key coordination links between the
states, the public and the Chesapeake Bay program.
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Development or a aata management system is continuing, ims system wn i Handle
the data produced by this program and provide the basis for a centralized data bank for
use by all local, state and Federal groups on the Say.
1980 Explanation of Change from the Budget Estimate
The increase of $14,900 results from the cost of the October 1979 pay raise and is
included in a proposed supplemental appropriation.
1981 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $2,913,000 and 6 permanent workyears, of which
$409,700 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $2,503,300 for the Research
and Development appropriation.
The 1981 Chesapeake Say program will continue its integrated approach to research
in the areas of toxic pollutant effects, submerged aquatic vegetation, and eutrophi cation.
This includes development of a predictive method to assess the effects of pollutant
loadings; development of a source assessment for toxic substances and nutrients entering
the estuarine system from point and non-point sources; validation of transport and fate
models for toxic substances, and evaluation of hazards to the ecosystem and to human
health through the use of exposure effects models; and acquisition and synthesis of
data to evaluate control options to halt eutrophication and major ecosystem changes
such as the disappearance of submerged aquatic vegetation. The environmental management
study will continue to evaluate existing management structures that influence decision
processes affecting the Say. Reports for toxics submerged aquatic vegetation,
eotrophication, and the environmental management study will be produced.
The data management system will be further developed to handle the data produced
in the studies under this program and provide the basis for a centralized data bank for
the Chesapeake Bay.
Long-term environmental management structures for the Chesapeake Bay will be
recommended. These management structures will be based on the information gathered
during this program.
GREAT LAKES
1979 Accomplishments
In 1979, the program utilized $3,576,100 of which $861,300 was for in-house expenses
and $2,714,800 was for extramural expenses. In 1979 the program:
- Participated with other members of a bilateral technical work group,
under the aegis of the U.S. Department of State and the Canadian
Department of External Affairs, in the evaluation and use of five
mathematical models to develop phosphorus loading objectives for the
Great Lakes, The results will serve as the basis for revised treat-
ment requirements to be placed on dischargers to the Sreat Lakes.
These revised treatment techniques will be developed by the IJC
(including Region V).
- Identified and tracked four major types of contaminants in Lake
Superior, using remote sensing techniques.
WQ-27
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- Completed three years of sampling of polychlorinated biphenyls
(RGB's) and metabolites in fish and particle size fractions
indicative -of zooplankton and phytoplankton in Saginaw'Bay and
adjoining portions of Lake Huron. This information will be used
in development of a mathematical model to assess the movement
and fate of PCBs in the Great Lakes and the impacts of various
proposed control schemes on human exposure levels.
- Completed a study of PCB's in the water and sediment of Lake
Superior. Concentrations at various geographical locations were
documented and these and similar studies results described above
will be used in the development of a model for predicting the
transport and fate of toxic organic contaminants in the Great Lakes.
1980 Program
In 1980, the Agency has allocated $3,588,800 to this program of which $1,018,800
is for Salaries and Expenses and $2,570,000 is for extramural purposes under the Research
and Development appropriation. Major activities in 1980 include:
- Determination of the validity of earlier projections of water
quality improvements resulting from nutrient reductions to the
Great Lakes.
- Determination of pathways and reservoirs of PCBs and selected
other persistent toxic organic chemicals in the Great Lakes,
- Determination of rates of basic lake processes influencing
toxicant behavior in the Great Lakes.
- Development of a series of mathematical models for simulating
the transport, bioaceumulation, and loss of toxicants in the
Great Lakes. The revised treatment requirements will be developed
-by the International Joint Commission (including Region V), not by
ORD. ORD's obligation was to assist in selecting and using the
models*
1980 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The net increase of $2,013,800 results from several actions. An increase of $13,300
results from the cost of the October 1979 pay raise and is included in a proposed
supplemental appropriation. A congressional add-on of 52,000,000 was made to the
Sreat Lakes program.
1981 Plan
The Agency requests a total of 51,599,500 and 7 permanent workyears for this
program, of which 5945,000 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $654,500
for extramural purposes under the Research and Development appropriation. This is a
net decrease of 51,989,300 from 1980 which results from a congressional add-on which
was not carried into 1981. The program will continue with the activities underway in
1980, but with decreased emphasis on assessments of the transport and fate of persistent
tpxic organic chemicals present in the Great Lakes.
WQ-28
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ine researcn program HIM u= Uiitw«.s- >*>.
- Development of a management strategy for the control of nearshore
nuisance algal growths.
- Continuation of verification of mathematical nutrient-phytoplankton
models and associated projections of nutrient reduction requirements.
- Determination of pathways and reservoirs of PCBs and selected other
persistent toxic organic chemicals in portions of Lakes Michigan and
Huron.
- Development of framework of mathematical models for simulating the
transport, bioaccumulation, and loss of persisent toxic organic
chemicals in portions of Lakes Michigan and Huron.
MARINE ECOLOGICAL EFFECTS
1979 Accomplishments
In 1979, the program obligated $3,080,500. This includes $2,386,600 for in-house
expenses and $693,900 for extramural purposes. Major accomplishments include:
- In support of the EPA water quality consent decree the program:
developed defensible guidelines for determining quality criteria;
assembled, reviewed and analyzed toxicological data bases; conducted
acute, chronic toxicity and bioconcentration potential to fill
data gaps In the toxicological data bases; and prepared criteria
documents for about half of the pollutants in support of the EPA
water quality consent decree program.
- Completed the technical support document for the regulation
promulgated pursuant to Section 301(h) of the Clean Water Act of
1977. This document explains the scientific and technical
requirements of the regulation. The successful implementation of
this program, following the procedures outlined in this document,
could result in the saving of over $2 billion in construction funds,
significant savings in energy due to lower treatment requirements,
and a wealth of scientific information regarding the effects of
municipal waste dischargers on marine systems.
- Completed a reoort on a benthic bio.assay, using marine macrobenthos,
for sediment toxicity. This procedure may be used in the dredged
material disposal permit program and the ocean dumping permit program.
- Completed the fourth annotated bibliography on biological effects of
metals in aquatic environments and began publication. This account
lists 886 titles of selected'articles from the technical literature
on the subject of toxicological and physiological effects.
- Reported advances in marine aquatic analytical techniques. These
advances were in the area of Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
analysis of organic pollutants in the marine environment, and in
the area of sample preparation techniques in the determination of
silver, a priority pollutant commonly associated with municipal and
industrial effluents, in marine organisms.
WQ-29
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1980 Program
In 1980, the Agency has allocated $3,646,200 to this program, of which $2,678,300
is for Salaries and Expenses and S967.900 is for extramural purposes under the Research
and Development appropriation.
Research in the area of water quality criteria development is continuing to
emphasize development and validation of techniques (bioassays, biomathematical indices,
behavioral indices and physiological indices) to determine the effects of pollutants on
both organisms and systems. This research is being coordinated with related research
conducted in the areas of pesticides and toxic substances. These techniques, and the
information resulting from their use, will be used in the ocean dumping and dredged
material disposal permit program to update water quality criteria and effluent standards,
and to make decisions concerning the registration of pesticides and toxic substances.
The development and refinement of marine analytical techniques will be continued.
Emphasis will be given to those techniques which measure trace elements in sediments
and organisms. The aquatic organism culture research program will, in addition to
providing experimental stock for other areas of research, conduct research on the
nutritional requirements of marine organisms and develop culture methodology for rearing
and holding experimental organisms.
Continuing efforts in the area of ocean outfalls will emphasize the municipal
discharge research, although some research will be conducted on industrial discharges.
This research will determine the response of marine organisms and ecosystem to physical
factors influencing pollutant transport and retention: the dispersal and accumulation
of wastes discharged from ocean outfalls; the size and configuration of mixing zones;
the affects of ocean discharges; the responses of an estuary to the relaxation of sewage
stress; and the optimum type of treatment for ocean outfalls for municipal wastes,
based on the impact of various levels of sewage treatment,
Ocaan disposal research will continue to focus on problems relating to the disposal
of dredged materials. This research is being coordinated with the U.S. Army Corps of
Engineers through a joint technical committee on criteria for dredged and fill material.
Emphasis will be given to the validation of benthic bioassay procedures, studies of
pollutant availability from dump sites, and development of biological indices for use
in impact assessments. It should be noted that this bioassay research will be used in
5oth the ocean dumping permit program and the dredged material disposal program.
Wetlands research is being shifted away from boundary definition work and more
emphasis will be given to studies which will address questions of productivity and
function. Information useful in .determining which wetlands are the most productive or
functionally important will be used in the dredged material disposal permit program and
for areawide planning. This research is being closely coordinated with the freshwater
wetlands research described in the freshwater ecological effects section.
1980 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The net increase of 5253,200 results from several actions, An increase of 5101,300
results from the cost of the October 1979 pay raise and is included in a proposed
supplemental appropriation. A congressional reduction of 52 million to Agency travel
costs resulted in a decrease of $6,000. An overall reprogramming throughout the Agency
to provide sufficient salary funds to cover authorized workyears resulted in a decrease
of $61,700 to this activity.
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support for lab maintenance costs due In part to increasing costs of energy. Also, the
number of service contracts have increased as labs undergo RIFs and the services of
maintenance personnel must be replaced by contracts.
A reprogramming of 562,600 was made from the water quality media from water quality
freshwater ecological effects as a result of the Corvallis and Las Vegas labs after a
1979 RIF.
A reprogramming of $40,000 was made within the same media to water quality
characterization and measurement methods development to help fund the tapes analysis
work being done for the Effluent Suidelines Division*
A reprogramming was made from water quality characterization and measurement
methods development ($4,000); from water quality freshwater ecological effects ($11,000);
from water quality renewable resources (56,000); and from effects related pollutants
(520,000), for a contract to plan a research program to integrate the physical, chemical
transport models with the ecological fate models.
A reprogramming of $210,000 was made from water quality freshwater ecological
effects within ORD to provide for the personnel reassigned from freshwater ecological
effects to marine ecological effects.
1981 Plan
The Agency requests a total of 53,305,800 and 54 permanent wortyears of which
52,360,700 is for th£ Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $445,100 is for the
Research and Development appropriation. The decrease of 3340,400 and 4 permanent
workyears will result in the elimination of research on the effects of complex industrial
effluents and a reduction of the aquatic toxicology effort concerned with sublethal
responses of marine organisms upon exposure to pollutants. The reduction was effected
in order to shift resources to other priority areas, particularly the toxics and
hazardous waste areas.
In 1981, the program will again emphasize aquatic toxicology, ocean disposal, the
effect of dredged material, analytical techniques and wetlands.
The aquatic toxicology research will develop, revise,, and validate procedures
(bioassays, blomathematical indices, behavioral indices and physiological indices) to
be used to determine the effects of pollutants on both organisms and ecosystems. These
techniques, and the information derived from them, will be used not only in the
development of water quality criteria but also in the registration/reregistration of
pesticides, in evaluating materials to be disposed in the ocean, in premarked testing
of toxic substances and in the development of ocean discharge criteria. This research
will be coordinated with similar research in toxic substances and pesticides.
Closely related to this research is the research to develop methodologies for
culturing selected marine organisms to assure the availability of a variety of appropriate
organisms of a known quality for use in bioassay procedures. .Marine analytical techniques
research will continue to develop or revise sampling, extracting, and analytical
techniques, as well as quality control procedures, for the priority pollutants in water,
sediments and tissues of marine origin. This work will result in a methods manual and
will strongly support other research relating to these pollutants. Research to determine
the kinetics of pollutants bioaccumulation and loss in shell fish axposed to low levels
of selected pollutants will be conducted. This research will provide information to be
used in the development of water quality criteria and in evaluating biological monitoring
data.
WO-31
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determine the response of marine organisms and ecosystems to physical factors influencing
pollutant transport and retention; the dispersal and accumulation of wastes discharged
from ocean outfalls; the size and configuration of mixing zones; the effects of ocean
discharges; and the optimum type of treatment for ocean outfalls for municipal wastes,
based on the impact of various levels of sewage treatment. This research will provide
information which will assist in evaluating 301(h) permit modifications and monitoring
programs, be valuable in developing/revising ocean discharge criteria, and in the
formulation of NPDES permits for publicly owned treatment works (PQTWs).
Research on dredged material will focus on the development and validation of
benthic bioassay procedures for use in the Section 404 and ocean dumping dredged material
disposal permit programs. These procedures will be used to evaluate the quality of
dredged material to be discharged.
Studies to determine the relationship between sediment contamination and toxicity,
pollutant bioaccumulation, pollutant availability and effects of marine organisms will
be conducted. This information will be used in making permit decisions relating to
dredged materials, assessing in-place toxic problems such as those associated with
harbors, and evaluating sediment problems associated with ocean outfall discharges.
This research will be coordinated with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers through a joint
technical committee on criteria for dredged and fill material.
Wetlands research on boundary definition will be reduced in 1981. The information
from this research will be used to determine which areas are wetlands, and therefore
fall under the jurisdiction of Section 404. Emphasis will be given to wetland productivity
and function. Information useful in determining which wetlands are the most productive
or functionally important will be used in the dredged material permit program and for
areawide planning. The effects of stress (pollutant and dredged material) and the role
of catastrophic events (such as storms) will be studied to evaluate their importance to
wetland productivity and function. This wetlands research will be closely coordinated
with the freshwater wetlands research.
FRESHWATER ECOLOGICAL EFFECTS
1979 Accomol i shments
In 1979 the program obligated $7,229,800. This includes $2,518,400 for extramural
activities and S4,711,400 for inhouse expenses. In 1979 the program:
- In work jointly funded with the drinking water health program,
the presence of chrysotile asbestos fibers in human urine samples
collected from individuals using drinking water free of chrysotile
fibers was demonstrated. These results are important in that food
chain sources are now suspected of being the vectors for carrying
this material to man. The drinking water health program is now
determining the significance, of these findings through follow-up
studies.
- Described the geographical pattern of mining dust and flyash particle
deposition in Northeastern Minnesota by x-ray diffraction and
electron microscope analysis of particles in snow samples. This
information will be used by EPA to determine the land and lake water
surface areas impacted by large coal-fired power plants and by asbestos
mining in Minnesota and southern Canada.
WQ-32
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- Produced chronic toxicity data with fathead minnows and Daphnia magna
on 10 consent decree chemicals for use in water quality criteria
development.
- Determined the major metabolites produced by fish and invertebrates
exposed to representatives of four important chemical classes;
halomethanes, chlorinated ethanes, chlorinated ethylenes, and chlorinated
benzenes.
- Determined through studies at a number of pesticide manufacturing plants
that secondary waste treatment decreases the acute toxicity of liquid
wastes by approximately 96 percent. These results enable the Agency to
specify water quality criteria and make management decisions about the
level of treatment to effect ambient water quality,
- Found evidence that the lethal effect of two or more heavy metals common
in electroplating wastes is usually additive. As a result, water quality
criteria for various trace metal mixtures can be established by the Agency.
- Determined the tolerance of species of warmwater fish during reproductive
periods to turbidity and sediment; information was based on a review and
statistical analysis of existing literature.
- Completed a study using artificial stream channels relating the degree of
stream bed sedimentation to fish growth in cold water streams.
- Determined baseline biological conditions in three agricultural watersheds
which are included in the joint EPA-USDA Model Implementation Program.
- Developed a procedure for use in monitoring salmon and trout spawning
grounds and assessing the impact of sedimentation.
- Evaluated lake restoration methods, including economic impacts in
conjunction with the Clean Lakes Program.
- Evaluated the effects of pollutant stress on freshwater wetlands and
their relation to wetland role and function, especially productivity
and fpodweb complexes.
- Developed methods and conducted tests to determine effects of metals
and 13 pesticides on ocean survival of salmon smolts, determined the
effects of intermittent exposure of salmonids to pollutants, and
developed and initiated testing in 10 laboratory stream microcosms.
- Determined effects of water hazardous on acute and chronic toxicity of
six metals to Daphnia for consent decree chemical criteria..
1930 Program
In 1980, the Agency has allocated a total of $5,027,300 to this program, of which
$4,112,300 is for Salaries and Expenses and 5915,000 is for extramural purposes under
the Research and Development appropriation.
In 1980 the program will concentrate upon environmental exposure work, which
Includes effects and human food chain analyses, methods development in environmental
toxicology (including bicassays and chemical structure analyses), and characterization
of pollutants. The research program also plans to identify and fill in research gaps
in the analyses of the 129 Consent Decree chemicals to support preparation of water
quality criteria documents.
-------
- Development of methods for predicting effects of reduced nutrient
loading to lakes with emphasis on the verification of methods
developed and identification of costs associated with various
restoration techniques.
- Development of methods to assess impact of nonpoint source pollutants,
such as suspended sediments, or stream systems.
- Assessing the effectiveness of best management practices for nonpoint
sources in protecting and/or enhancing stream quality.
- Initiation of methods development to evaluate ecological impact of
dredging, particularly relating to Section 404 program, on freshwater
ecosystems.
- Development and refinement of methods for directly measuring or
integrating the combined toxicity to aquatic organisms of complex
effluents which vary both in composition and concentration over time,
- Determination of the usefulness of aquatic organisms as biological
models for predicting human effects.
The characterization effort focuses upon the identification of hazardous fine
particles in organisms of ecological importance. In particular, we are developing
procedures for identifying the properties which govern the biological activity of small
particles (such as asbestos fibers) frequently found in biological materials, with emphasis
on fate of ingested mineral fibers in drinking water and in finfish consumed by man.
All research will use naturally exposed populations such as those using Lake Superior
water and consuming regular diet amounts of Lake Superior finfish. Major ongoing
activities are:
- Development of scientific data, rationale, and better methods for
supporting and establishing water quality criteria and regulations;
development of screening tests, rapid chronic tests and test protocol
for aquatic oiological effects as estimates of effects on humans-, tests
and methods work on about 15 consent decree chemicals for water quality
criteria; reports on shorter, cost effective screening tests and test
protocols for consent decree list chemicals, report on effects of
consent decree chemicals on salmonid species of Pacific NW; water
quality criteria documents for consent decree chemicals.
- Determination of effects of sediments, pesticides and nutrients,
singly and in combination, for stream ecosystems and freshwater biota;
development of assessment methods and criteria for physical aquatic
habitat; determination of rural and urban NPS effects and evaluation
of BMP effectiveness, and development of the concept of "wet weather"
criteria for NPS pollutants.
- Development of definition for boundaries to freshwater wetlands
(compatible with previously developed definition for marine wetlands) and
development of a bioassay to determine low level stress on wetland plant
carbohydrate reserves.
WQ-34
-------
- Evaluation of environmental effects and impact on the ecosystem
and water quality of various state of the art methods of restoring
lakes and completion of additional chapters of lake restoration
manual.
- Determination of the stress and recovery of outdoor man-made open
channel aquatic ecosystems receiving upper Mississippi River water
at Monti cello, Minnesota, from toxic substances and relative changes in pH.
- Performance of .structure-activity correlation studies at the molecular
level to evaluate the primary effects of water pollutants upon aquatic
lifs and to understand the initial biochemical and physiological effects.
- Development of a valid certain multiple toxicity approach and models to
predict the effects of certain chemical combinations based on the
knowledge of the behavior of the individual toxic constltutents.
1980 Explanation of Changes from_ Budget Estimate
The net decrease of $1,004,700 results from several actions. An increase of
$135,600 results from the cost of the October 1979 pay raise and is included in a proposed
supplemental appropriation. A congressional reduction of SI million to ADP resulted in
a decrease of $4,000. An overall reprogramming throughout the Agency to provide
sufficient salary funds to cover authorized workyears resulted in a decrease of $95,700
to this activity.
A reprocramming of $96,000 was made to management and support for lab maintenance
costs due in part to increasing costs of energy. Also, the number of service contracts
have increased as labs undergo RIFs and the services of maintenance personnel must be
replaced by contracts.
A reprogramming was made to air ecological processes and effects ($187,700); to
water quality marine ecological effects ($62,600); to pesticides ecological effects
($93,800); and to toxic substances ecological effects ($281,500), as a result of the
reorganization of the programmatic functions of the Corvallis and Las Vegas labs after
a 1979 RIF.
A reprogramming of $210,000 was made to water quality marine ecological effects
within ORD to provide for the personnel reassigned from freshwater ecological effects
to marine ecological effects.
A reprogramming of $38,000 was made to pesticides ecological effects to reflect
the reassignment of one employee as a result of the overall cut in positions at the
Ouluth lab*
A reprogramming of $60,000 was made to water quality characterization and measurement
methods development to help fund the t-apes analysis work being done for the Effluent
Suidelines Division.
A reprogramming of $11,000 was made to water quality marine ecological effects
within ORD for :a contract to plan a research program to integrate the physical, chemical
tranpxjrt models with ecological fate models.
-------
1981 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $5,640,800 and 88 permanent workyears for this
program, of which $3,916,700 is for the Salaries ana Expenses appropriation and $1,724,100
for the Research and Development appropriation. The increase of $613,500 will be used
to fund the development of fresh water quality criteria data for consent decree chemicals
where knowledge gaps exist, to increase the research effort in support of the lake
restoration program, and to determine recovery rates in polluted ecosystems. The 10-
position decrease will result in shifting more of the program's activities to extramural
execution. In 1981 the program will:
- Develop scientific data, rationale, and better methods for supporting
and establishing water quality criteria and regulations; develop
screening tests and test protocols for aquatic biological effects as
estimates of effects on humans; test effects of pollution on Pacific
Northwest species in stream microcosm and intermittent exposure system.
- Determine additional effects of sediments, pesticides and nutrients,
singly and in combination as a contiuation of the 1980 efforts, for
stream ecosystems; develop and refine assessment methods and criteria
for physical aquatic habitat initiated in 1980; continue to determine
rural and urban NFS effects and evaluate effectiveness of BMP's;
conduct and refine applied economic evaluations of costs and benefits
of NPS control practices initiated in 1980; develop and refine the
concept of "wet weather" criteria for NPS pollutants.
- Develop and refine definitions for boundaries of wetlands that began
'in 1980 and complete a bioassay to determine low level stress on
wetland plant carbohydrate reserves.
- Evaluate environmental effects and impact on the ecosystem and water
quality of various state-of-the-art methods of restoring lakes,
including potential for liberation of toxic substances to the water
column, and multiple societal benefits of lake restoration projects;
finalize all chapters of lake restoration guidance manual and provide
the material to the Office of Water Planning and Standards (OWPS) by
August 1981.
- Develop methods to measure aquatic biological effects of complex
mixtures and multiple stresses of pollutants to evaluate best practicable
technology (BPT) and best available technology (BAT); refine the
microcosm method for measuring pollutant effects in multiple species.
- Develop methodology for classifying watershed/stream systems into common
categories based on geological, climatic, and morphological factors;
initiate study of effects 'of specific-chemical nonpoint source pollutants
on aquatic ecosystems.
- Determine the utilization of overflow wetlands in bottomland hardwood
systems by aquatic species and determine the importances of these areas
to aquatic food webs; determine the role and function of arctic moist
tundra systems.
WQ-36
-------
Industrial Processes
Appropriation
Industrial Processes:
Salaries and Expenses....
Research and Development.
Renewable Resources:
Salaries and Expenses....
Research and Development.
Total:
Salaries and Expenses....
Research and Development.
Grand Total
Original Revised
Estimate Estimate
1981 1981
(dollars in thousands)
$1,755
9,163
319
2,074
9.163
11,237
$1,746
9,163
317
2,063
9,163
11,226
President's
Reduction
-$9
- 2
-11
-n
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Page Intentionally Blank
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WATER QUALITY
Industrial Processes
Appropriation
Actual
1979
Budget
Estimate
1980
Current
Estimate
1980
Estimate
1981
(dollars in thousands)
Total
Full .-Time Equivalency
Industrial Processes..
Renewable Resources...
43
36
33
Total
69
57
48
86
57
43
32
75
43
42
.10
52
Budaet Reauest
1931 vs. 1980
Increase +
Decrease -
Industrial Processes
Salaries and Expenses.,
Research and Devel op-
Renewable Resources
Salaries and Expenses..
Research and Devel op-
Total
Salaries and Expenses..
Research and
Grand Total
Permanent Positions
industrial °rocesses. . ...
Renewable Resources......
$ 1,380
5,934
1,108
1 ,962
2,488
7 ,896
10,384
75
18
$ 2,485
9,215
1,291
1 ,836
3,776
11,051
14,327
29
28
$ 1,749
9,756
1,074
1 J98
2,823
11,554
14,377
33
24
$ 1,755
9,153
319
2,074
9,163
1 1 ,237
33
10
*6
-593
-755
-1 ,798
-749
-2.391
-3,140
«* j "
-]4
-14
-1
-22
-23
The Agency requests a total of 511,237,000 and 43 permanent workyears for 1981.
This represents a net decrease of S3,139,500 and 14 permanent workyears,
A total of 52,074,200 is for"the Salaries and Expenses appropriation, and $9,162,800
for Research and Development appropriation, a decrease of $748,400 and a decrease of
32,391,200 resoectively. The decrease of $587,300 in the industrial processes program vnl
.decrease innovative technology development and further development of treatability data fc
toxic pollutants. The 14 permanent workyears and $2,551,800.jtecrease in renewable resourc
will re?"lt in the termination of the extramural work. The reduction reflects the intent
EPA to work with other agencies to utilize other existing funds to undertake any necessary
future BMP development. This change reflects the fact that there are already a large numb
of BMPs available for implementation.
Program Description
The industrial processes water quality research program deals with point and non-
point sources of pollution resulting from the industrial,-agricultural, and forestry
-------
iev,<,ur:> uj uuc es_unum,y. inii pruyrtHti ueveiups ana demonstrates new or improved cost
effective technology.
The industrial processes portion of the research program concentrates on point
sources of water pollution resulting from those mining, manufacturing, service, and
trade industries which must meet best available technology (BAT) standards of the
Federal Water Pollution Control Act (FWPCA). This program is the realization of a
national policy established in the 1972 Amendments which called for a major research
and demonstration effort to develop the technology necessary to help eliminate the
discharge of pollutants into the Nation's waters.
The program thus develops new or improved technology having industry-wide appli-
cation short term achievability, and long term viability. Research results also provide
a significant data base for the establishment of economically and technically feasible
effluent guidelines and treatment parameters for industrial liquid waste discharge
permits. As a result of the Natural Resources Defense Council Consent Decree in June
1976, program emphasis has been shifted toward the development of the data required to
regulate the discharge of toxic pollutants. The program direction focuses on developing
complete waste stream assessments, including chemical and bioassay data, and on developing
and demonstrating treatment technology and alternatives for toxic and non-toxic pollutant-
materials in industrial waste effluents. High priority is also put on the development
and demonstration of reuse and recycle options for industrial wastewater discharges.
In addition, this program addresses technology for the prevention and control of spills
of hazardous materials, in suoport of Section 311 of the FWPCA..
The renewable resources research program conducts research related to the control
of environmental pollution associated with agricultural and forestry activities,
including crop production on both irrigated and nonirrigated lands, forest management
practices, and animal production. This research program is integrated with those of
the Departments of Agriculture and Interior, and with state universities and land grant
colleges. The program encompasses the evaluation and development of total management
systems including best management practices (BMPs) and pollution control predictive
methodologies to control water, land, and air pollution from the production and harvest-
ing of food and fiber and from their related residual wastes; and, to a lesser extent,
the assessment of probable trends in the production of renewable resources and their
resulting environmental and socioeconomic impacts.
The renewable resources research effort also supports the development of guidelines
to identify :and evaluate the nature and extent of agricultural and forestry nonpqint
sources of pollution, along with the necessary processes, procedures, and methods to
control pollution from these sources as required in Section 304 (f) of the FWPCA. It
also responds to the requirement of Section 203 of the FWPCA to support assessment and
management of pollutants emanating from nonpoint sources, as required of State and
local agencies in the execution of their areawide waste management responsibilities.
In addition, Section 203 (j) provides for the Rural Clean Water Program, and makes
available cost-sharing grants to agricultural producers for the installation of SWs to
improve water quality. This section places an added urgency on the need for development
of methods to select and evaluate cost-effective management systems in order to ensure
the effective expenditure of limited Federal resources. As a result of pressure for
increased production of renewable "esources, efforts will be continued to transfer
information concerning the potential environmental impacts of alternative approaches to
increased Droduction in order to -naintain desirable levels of environmental quality.
In order to develoo a basis for selecting and justifying local management techni-
ques for controlling nonpoint source pollutants related to agricultural and forestry
production, it has been necessary to: (1) develop methodologies to estimate or determine
WQ-38
-------
background levels of pollution in agricultural and forestry production regions; (2)
provide tools for the planner/decision maker to determine the probable environmental
consequences of the major agricultural and forestry pollutants, including appropriate
predictive methods; (3) provide tools to select and evaluate both the pollution reduct
and cost effectiveness of individual and combined management systems; (4) develop cost
effective methods that minimize agricultural and forestry pollution by evaluating and
demonstrating different systems at different locations; and (5) develop, evaluate, and
demonstrate implementation strategies, including socioeconomic and institutional aspec
for candidate BMPs.
INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
1979 Accomplishments
In 1979, the obligations for this program was a total of 37,314,400, of which
SI,379,700 was for salaries and expenses and $5,934,700 was for extramural activities.
In 1979 the industrial processess program accomplished the following:
- Demonstrated at full-scale the use of activated carbon for control of hydro-
carbon emissions from petroleum solvent industrial drycleaning operations.
- Demonstrated treatment of refinery wastewater by means of filtration and
activated carbon.
- Demonstrated biological treatment of high strength petrochemical wastewaters.
- Developed a data base for the preparation of effluent guidelines for the
machinery, electrical, and electronic product point sources category.
- Demonstrated organic waste recovery for the paper and pulp industry by raeans
-------
In 1980, activities will be focused on research, development and demonstration of
control and treatment technologies. Currently available treatment methods will be
optimized and innovative technologies will be developed to reduce the level of, destroy
or beneficially reuse pollutants. Outputs will be used to further validate the revised
effluent guidelines promulgated during 1979 and 1980.
A major program will be initiated for the demonstration of reuse and recycle
options for industrial waste^ater discharges. This effort will incorporate existing
treatment methods and new technology in demonstrations of reuse and recycle systems for
selected industrial segments, and will result in widely applicable benefits such as:
(1) reduction of wastewater volume, (2) reduction of intake water, (3) cost and energy
savings, (4) conservation of water and other natural resources, (5) containment of
conventional and toxic oollutants, and (6) progress towards the national goal of "Zero
discharge of pollutants,"
The hazardous incident program will continue the development of technology for the
prevention, identification, and control of hazardous and toxic material spills. Criteria
will be developed for use by spill response personnel in determining priorities for
chemical spill cleanup and the extent to which cleanup must be conducted. Techniques
will be assessed for mitigation of biological damage to and the accelerated restoration
of spill impacted water and land areas.
Major research results to be achieved in 1980 include:
- Environmental assessment of industrial waste water and residuals from the
petroleum refining industry.
- Determination of the interference by, and removabilty of, heavy metals and
refractory organics in municipal waste water treatment systems and elucidation
of the processes involved.
- Demonstration of best available technology for coke plants by using the mobile
wastewater treatment system developed by EPA.
- Evaluation of air .effects of biological aeration basins used by the textile
industry for water pollution control.
- Preparation of a guidance manual to be used by those emergency response team
personnel who are the first to arrive at the site of a hazardous material spill.
- Development of criteria for determing priorities for cleanup following a
hazardous material spill.
- Completion of the feasibility and design studies for a computerized data base
for characterization and control of wastewaters from non-fuel extraction industry.
- Establishmenz of a quick response, inhouse testing and evaluation facility for
performing industrial wastewater treatability studies.
- Assessment of the effectiveness of powdered activated carbon for treating
leather tanning wastes.
- Initiation of development and demonstration reuse/recycle projects for the iron
and steel, textile, organic chemicals, and petrochemicals industries.
-------
1980 Explanation of Changes from Budget Estimate
The net decrease of $194,500 results from several actions. An increase of 543,200
results from the cost of the October 1979 pay raise and is included in a proposal
supplemental appropriation. A congressional reduction of S2 million to Agency travel
costs and resulted in a decrease of $5,500. An overall reprogramming throughout the
Agency to provide sufficient salary funds to cover, authorized workyears resulted in an
increase of 2238,200 to this activity.
1981 Plan
The Agency requests a total of 33 permanent workyears and $10,917,700 for this pro-
gram, of which SI ,754,90.0 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $9,162,800
is for the Research and Development appropriation. This represents a decrease of
5587,800. This will decrease innovative technology development in areas such as food
and wood production industries and the extension of treatability data for toxic pollutant
In 1981, activities will continue to support the development of timely, technically
sound regulations by concentrating on the research, development, and demonstration of
control and treatment technologies. Areas to be covered include support of effluent
guidelines regulation development, advancement of water pollution control technologies
and technology transfer activities.
Special emphasis will be placed on developing a treatability research program that
defines the extent to which existing and new technology can be applied to treating
toxic pollutants. This data is used to assist the Effluent Guidelines Division in the
preparation of regulation and to provide a basis for the writing of permits in situations
not covered by existing regulations.
The new program, initiated in 1980, for the demonstration of reuse and recycle
options for industrial wastewater discharges will be continued at a high level.
Background studies in specific industrial areas will be completed and will be followed,
where indicated, by pilot plant or demonstration scale projects. Development efforts
underway will yield the necessary data for the implementation of full scale industrial
wastewater reuse/recycle systems. Reuse/recycle studies will be initiated in industrial
areas other that those currently under study.
The hazardous incident program will continue the development of control technology
in support of regulatory needs for control, cleanup and removal of toxic and hazardous
spills and for restoration of impacted lands and waters.
Major research results to be achieved in 1981 include:
- Demonstration of a process water recycle system at a petrochemical plant.
- Demonstration of reuse/recycle technology for textile mills which, currently
discharge to municipal treatment systems,
- Preparation of a guidance manual to achieve maximum recycle/reuse for individual
steel plants.
- Demonstration of ion exchange technology for reuse/recycle in the organics
chemical industry.
- Demonstration of total reuse/recycle at a specialty organics chemical manufac-
turing plant.
WQ-41
-------
- Development and evaluation of new technologies specifically designed for
application to reuse/recycle systems.
- Development of criteria to predict removals of selected priority pollutants in
combined treatment systems.
- Development of a data base for previously unidentified toxic pollutants from
iron and steel plants.
- Development of a data base to support .effluent guidelines for pesticide
intermediates manufacturing.
- Report on best management practices, equipment and techniques to prevent,
control, cleanup and remove spilled hazardous and toxic substances.
- Development of bench scale innovative technology for the treatment of broad
classes of toxic chemicals to expand the existing treatability data base.
RENEWABLE RESOURCES
1979 Accomplishments
In 1979, this program utilized 53,069,500. This includes $1,107,300 for Salaries
and Expenses and $1,961,800 for extramural expenses which were allocated among three
subprograms: (1) nonirrigated crop oroduction; (2) irrigated crop production; and (3)
animal production. Accomplishments for 1979 include the following:
Nonirrigated Crop Production
Completion of a study examining the social and economic implications of various
policies for controlling water pollution from nonpoint agricultural sources.
Such policies could be drafted so as to be consistent with existing legislation
and would not have severe adverse effects on the agricultural sector in total.
- Development and initial testing of the Watershed Erosion and Sediment Transport
(WEST) Model which links hydrologic and erosion processes occurring on land
surfaces with water and sediment movement through stream channels.
- Identification and assessment, on a regional basis, of the current and emerging
trends in the U.S. -crop production subsector that will have the most significant
environmental implications.
- Determination of the feasibility of developing an analytical method that can be
applied to determining the costs and v/ater .quality impacts of reducing agricultural
nonooint source pollution.
Irrigated Croo Production
Preparation of an enviromental planning manual for salinity management in
irrigated agriculture, focusing on combinations of technological and institutional
solutions, data requirements, methods of analysis, and formulation of an action
program.
- Evaluation of a mathematical model for predicting subsurface irrigation return
flow salinity.
-------
- Determination of the impact of various irrigation practices on crop yields,
with particular emphasis on corn and wheat.
- Application of a mathematical model for irrigation-related water quality was
found to adequately simulate -observed salinity variation patterns in the Rio
Grande Basin.
Animal Production
- Development of a computer model which simulates feedlot runoff generation and
disposal. The mode] helps establish guidelines and design parameters for
feedlot runoff control facilities which will meet FWPCA requirements.
- Completion of a study which developed management practices for feedlot runoff
retention ponds and determined the cost of open feedlot runoff control systems.
- Identification of biological and thermcchemical processes for recovery of
byproducts from animal wastes.
- Evaluation of vegetated field areas as control mechanisms for contaminated
runoff from small livestock feedlots.
1980 Program
!n 1980, the Agency has allocated a total of 52,871,100 to this program, of which
31,073,300 is for Salaries and Expenses and 51,797,800 is for extramural purposes under
the Research and Development appropriation. Research will continue in the same three
areas as outlined above. Program activities include the following:
Nom'rrigated Crop Production -
- Continuation of a full-scale field evaluation program to evaluate the cost-
effectiveness of agricultural BMPs to improve water quality; various aspects of
this study include evaluating the effects of agricultural land use practices on
stream water quality, determining the sociological factors involved in the
adoption of RMPs, and analyzing the economics of land use practice effects on
water quality.
- Completion of calibration and testing of the Agricultural Runoff Management and
Nonpoint Source Models.
- Development of protocols for selection of B;-1Ps to meet water quality standards
in watersheds.
Irrigated Crop Production
- Development of manuals detailing total system management for control of pollutan-
(i.e., salinity, sediments, nutrients, and biocides) in irrigation return flow.
- Continuation of evaluation of soil sampling intensity and siting in characterizat
of field soil properties.
- Continuation of assessment of prganics and toxic chemicals in surface and
groundwater from irrigated agriculture.
WQ-43
-------
Animal Production
- Continuation of field evaluation of practices used for dairy manure management,
storage, and field application as these practices influence stream and lake
watar qua!ity.
1980 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The net decrease of $255,900 results from several actions. An increase of 534,900
results from the cost of the October 1979 pay raise and is included in a proposed
supplemental aporopriation. A congressional reduction of $2 million to Agency travel
costs and 51 million for ADP reduction resulted in a decrease of S3,000 and $19,800,
respectively. An overall reprogramming throughout the Agency to provide sufficient
salary funds to cover authorized workyearjresulted in a decrease of $33,000 to this
activity. A reorogranming in order to support costs projected on the basis of 1979
actual expenditures resulted in a transfer to water quality transport and fate ($179,000).
A reprogramming of $50,000 was made to management and support, ORD lab support, for lab
maintenance costs due in part to increasing costs of energy. Also, the number of
service contracts have increased as labs undergo RIFs and the services of maintenance
personnel must be replaced by contracts. A reprogramming of $6,000 to water quality
marine ecological effects within ORD for a contract to plan a research program to
integrate the physical, chemical transport models with the ecological fate models.
1981 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $319,300 and 10 permanent workyears for this program,
all of which is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation. The decrease of $2,551,80"
and 14 permanent workyears will result in the discontinuation of extramural work direc
at: (1) quantifying the effectiveness of existing agricultural BMPs in reducing nutriei.--
pesticide, and other pollutant contributions to receiving waters and (2) evaluating the
techniques for selecting agricultural BHPs to improve receiving water quality. The
policy decision to eliminate research on the evaluation of Best Management Practices
was based on several factors including (a) the current availability of BMPs in 208
plans and the phase-out of that program at the end of 1983; (b) problems with implement-
ing the already existing BMPs; and (c) the considerable level of resources at USDA
directed at RMP evaluation. EPA -will make every effort to carefully phase out the
extramural studies so as to achieve maximum research benefit. In addition, EPA will
undertake discussions with other groups that might be interested in assuming responsibi-
lity for our reduced activities, Darticularly the Department of Agriculture which has
existing Bunding in these areas.
I'nder an interagency agreement with the USDA/Extension Service, technical informa-
tion will be provided to the Federal and Stats Extension Services for educational
programs relating to implementation of BMPs for abating pollution from agricultural
nonpoint sources. Efforts will be focused on EPA Program and Regional Offices, and on
State Pollution Control Agencies for providing technical assistance with agriculturally-
related pollution problems. Activities will also continue to transfer research-generated
data and methodologies to the agricultural user community.
-------
WATER QUALITY
Public Sector Activities
Appropriation
Wastewater Control Technology:
Salaries and Expenses
Research and Development
Urban Toxic and Residuals Management:
Salaries and Expenses ,
Research and Development
Total:
Salaries and Expenses... .,
Research and Development.
and Total
Original Revised
Estimate Estimate President's
1981 1981 Reduction
(dollars in thousands)
$2,523
4,275
2,315
5,687
4,838
9,962
14,800
$2,510
4,275
2,304
5,687
4,814
9.962
14,776
-*13
-11
-24
-24
-------
Page Intentionally Blank
-------
Public Sector Activities
Appropri at i on
Actual
1979
Budget
Estimate
1980
Current
Estimate
1980
Estimate
1981
(dollars in thousands)
Wastewater Control
Technology:
Salaries and Expenses.. $2,402 $2,174
Research and Develop-
ment ......... 12,126 4,257
Urban Toxics and
Residuals Management:
Salaries and Expenses.. 2,212 2,563
Research and Develop-
ment...... 4,638 5,359
Total:
Salaries and Expenses 4,614 4,742
Research and
Development.. 16,764 9,616
Grand Total 21,378 14,358
Permanent Positions
Wastewater Control
Technology 51 61
Urban Toxics and
Residuals Management... 48 56
Total > 99 117
Full-time Equivalency
Wastewater Control
Technology 77 82
Urban Toxics and
Residuals Management... 51 75
Total, 138 157
Budget .Request
$2,727
4,572
2,605
4,924
79
75
154
$2,523
4,275
2,315
5,537
72
58
130
Increase +
Decrease -
1981 vs. 1980
-204
-397
-290
+763
-494
+366
-128
-6
-3
-9
The Agency requests a total of $14,799,600 for 1981, a decrease of 3128,700 from
1980. Included in this total is $4,,837,900 for Salaries and Expenses and 39,961,700
for extramural purposes under the Research and Development appropriation, with a decrease
of $494,800 and an increase of $366,100 respectively. The net decrease of 5128,700 is
the result of: a decrease of $601,500 in the waste water systems area eliminating work
in aquacalture and disease producing microorganism research, and an increase of 3472,800
in the .urban systems toxics program will affect to support the innovative and alternative
construction grant program.
WQ--45
-------
Program Description .
The public sector subacttvity develops cost effective technology in support of the
EPA's strategies for achieving the water quality goals of the Clean Water Act Amendments
of 1972 (PL 92-500). The program addresses the research Deeds of the construction
grants, Section 20S areawide planning, toxic pollutants control, permits and enforcement,
the Great Lakes and Clean Lakes programs and nonpoint source programs. These needs
generally require that the Office of Research and Development develop new technologies
to meet effluent and receiving water quality requirements, generate a data base to
guide Agency regulations, develop guidelines for policy, and provide technical support.
The public sector activities program is divided into two program areas: waste water
systems control technology and urban systems, toxics and residuals management. Waste
water systems control technology involves: (a) development of new or improved treatment
processes, (b) cost reduction methods and practices in treatment, (c) land application
processes, (d) small waste water flows, (e) urban wet weather technology, (f) water
conservation and reuse, and (g) the test and evaluation facility. The urban systems
toxic and residuals management program is responsible for: (a) control of toxic
compounds in municipal waste water, (b) sludge processing utilization and disposal
technology, (c) improved operations and maintenance methods and (d) technical assistance
for the implementation of innovative and alternative technologies.
The objective of the wastewater systems program is to develop, demonstrate, and
evaluate the cost, reliability and efficiency of improved treatment systems. A new
test and evaluation facility completed in 1979 will be operating, primarily using
contractors, to conduct the technical research projects. ORD will use the facility to
evaluate performance, operating cost, and other scientific factors associated with
newly developed technologies for wastewater treatment processes. Design date will be
examined in both the experimental and .actual use modes for possible revisions.
Other significant efforts in the waste water systems control technology program
are cost and energy consumption reduction and improved efficiency of publicly owned
treatment plants fPOTWs). Construction and operation practices and POTW design will be
studied to determine which factors have potential for the greatest cost reduction and
improved performance. Modification to upgrade the plant capability will be emphasized.
From the overall management view, the tnrust is to develop methodology and guidelines
for systems analysis which will allow the user to improve operation efficiency.
Modifications to processes which can reduce both capital and operating costs will be
investigated. Special efforts will be directed to development of less energy intensive
processes.
Soil treatment systems research activities are coordinated with related research
activities undertaken by other agencies such as the Corps of Engineers and the Department
of Agriculture. The research is oriented toward field evaluation and development of
design manuals for land application methods or processes which can be utilized to
achieve "best practicable treatment" or "nonpolluting discharge" for municipal sewage
treatment systems. Recent activity has been devoted to research necessary for filling
design gaps. This is necessary to update and improve the land treatment design manual.
Studies are also being conducted to better understand the important mechanisms involved
in successful operation of land treatment systems.
Treatment of small wastewater flows has been given high priority by the Clean
Water Act Amendments of 1977. The objective of this activity is to develop practical
handbooks or manuals with specific details on the design, operation, applicability,
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for the treatment and disposal of wastewater generated from individual homes, rural
communities, and recreational sites. These handbooks will be used by regulatory
agencies, planning agencies, consulting engineers, and the general public. In addition,
the RSD program has begun to investigate and develop improved community-wide institutional
arrangements for on-site disposal systems to maximize the utility and reliability of
such systems. Work has also continued on collection systems.
Urban runoff research includes problem definition and development of technology
and evaluation manuals and aids for planners and engineers; preventive land development
management techniques; collection system flow control; storage, treatment, disposal of
wet weather flows and sludges; and best management practices and integrated systems.
Emphasis is also placed on urban stormwater pollution controls utilizing low or
nonstructural methods to discover lower cost control or abatement methods. The products
of this research (guidelines, manuals, methods, management tools, and supportive data)
will be used by planners, designers, and policy makers in carrying out assessments and
formulating solutions to urban sewered and unsewered wet weather pollution. In combined
sewer overflow abatement, the emphasis is on the development and testing of dual use
concepts, including modification of existing waste treatment processes and systems at
existing POTW for wet weather surge flows. In urban waste water, the emphasis is on
preventive management of drainage systems with development of the attendant technology.
A major objective of the water conservation and reuse effort is the development
and evaluation of the treatment technology to produce potable water from municipal
effluents. These field investigations of technology development {performance, cost,
reliability and feasibility) for the oreparation of safe and acceptable drinking water
from renovated municipal waste water are long term project, {5-7 years) and will be the
major effort of this program. Limited work will also be done in evaluating the impact
of water conservation techniques.
The second major program area addresses urban systems, toxics and residuals
management. It is designed to provide the research support required by EPA's regulatory
program for the control of toxics in municipal waste water, management of wa.stewater
residuals in urban environments, and to optimize urban treatment system operations.
The sludge management program is designed to broaden the technological base for
sludge utilization/disposal so as to protect the public health and the environment.
This can be accomplished through an improved understanding of the fate and impacts of
toxicants and nutrients on sludge processing and disposal. Sludge management research
will continue to focus on techniques which reduce energy consumption.
The control of toxic pollutants in municipal wastewater effluents is a high priority
program. Little definitive information is available concerning the extent of toxic
organics and heavy metals in effluents. This program will attempt to characterize
various municipal effluents and develop control options.
The innovative and alternative (I/A) provisions of the CWA for the construction of
improved wastewater treatment facilities will require strong RSD support in implementation
of the I/A Construction Grant program. Technical assistance will be directed toward
identifying, reviewing and evaluating innovative and alternative technologies. The
products will be assessment manuals and participation in instructional seminars for
regional and state personnel.
The urban systems programs .also has a high priority area improved performance,
reliability and efficiency of publicly owned treatment plants through the application
of better operation and maintenance (OSM) practices, instrumentation, and control systems.
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Emphasis in this area will be on development of improved design guidelines to correct
operational deficiencies and on small plants where OSM costs are high per unit production.
The instrumentation and process control work will develop and evaluate strategies for
process control of conventional plants.
WASTEWATER SYSTEMS CONTROL TECHNOLOGY
1979 Accomplishments
In 1979, obligations totaled 514,528,000 of which $2,402,100 was for salaries and
expenses and $12,125,900 was for extramural activities. In 1979, the program:
Bioengineering Technology - Treatment Process Development
- Published technical reports and papers in the specific pollutant control program,
two of which are of special significance: the design manuals on "Nitrogen
Control and Phosphorus Removal in Sewage Treatment" and the study in "Trends in
Phosphorus Removal Technology11,
- Conducted and published proceedings of the National Symposium "Performance and
Upgrading of Wastewater Stabilization Ponds".
- Successfully demonstrated a prototype ultraviolet disinfection unit process.
This is an important alternative to the use of chlorine in disinfecting treated
wastewater. The early indications are that the process did well and had low
energy usage.
- Published the proceedings of the National Symposium on Wastewater Disinfection
Technology. .The Symposium was held late in fiscal year 1978 and attracted the
Nation's consulting engineers, scientists and municipal design engineers
concerned with disinfection.
- Completed the developments installation and evaluation of a full scale ozone
disinfection process. This was the first implementation of ozone at an advanced
waste treatment plant. After on-site modifications and debugging, the unit
design has been made available to the user community through an evaluation
report and local/national seminars.
Smell Wastewater Flows - Small Community Mastewater Management
- Completed the "Facility Planning Guide for Small Communities". This document
was urgently needed by both local authorities and the Federal construction
grant program and it has received wide distribution. It contains design and
planning guidance on waste water collection/treatment/disposal systems for
small or rural communities and incorporate the best of recent relevant research
findings.
- Provided considerable technology transfer, technical assistance and training in
the areas of small waste water flows i.e., individual and small community
systems. This support was to State and local agencies. This assistance promoted
the installation of better technology.
Urban Met Weather Pollution (Storm and Combined Sewer Pollution Control)
- Conducted a user's group meeting for the stormwater management model (SWWM) and
published proceedings. At the time of tne meeting there were over 100 agencies
or authorities applying the SWWM mathematical model as a tool in planning of remedial
abatement for wet weather flows.
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UJIC rC3Uli*3 Ui niliwil Iia-rc Lict=;i I m-ui pwi uucu ttiuu vitc yjo j riuiiuu i a utt ui wuu
sediment/erosion control. The manuals are also supported by a previously
developed audio-visual training program available through the Agency training
facilities.
- Published, in cooperation with the technical information program, the methodology
for "Benefit Analysis for Combined Sewer Overflow Control". This work was done
to assist the applicants to the construction grants program and the construction
grant program itself in making decisions on funding wet weather remedial
programs. Also published in the storm and combined sewer pollution control
program were a total of 20 technical reports ranging from laboratory findings
to large scale (60 mgd) projects.
Water Reuse and Conservation
- Initiated a program to investigate and evaluate technology for potable reuse of
wastewater utilizing state of the art advanced wastewater treatment technology.
This first year project was with Orange County, CA.
- Initiated a potable reuse health effects and treatment system performance
analysis with the Denver Water Department. This is the most comprehensive
health effects study of potable wastewater use ever undertaken.
- Conducted a National Water Reuse Symposium in cooperation with the Departments
of Interior, and Defense, the National Science Foundation, the National Academy
of Science, the Water Resources Council and the American Mater Works Associations.
The Symposium attracted 500 participants and was the first week-long meeting
devoted entirely to the renovation and reuse of wastewatar from municipal,
industrial and agriculture sources.
Land (Soil ) Treatment. Systems.,
- Initiated the development of a two dimensional model to predict water and
phosphate transport through soils under transient non-isotrophtc conditions.
Hydraulics of the model have been verified with laboratory data.
- Completed1 final reports on studies of ten existing systems for determining long-
term effects of wastewater application to the land. These studies included
four rapid infiltration systems and six slow rate systems,
- Initiated a five year cooperative agreement with Lubbock Christian Collage
Institute of Watar Research for a large land treatment demonstration project.
This project will demonstrate slow rate land treatment in the southwestern
United States and will provide the opportunity for significant studies of ground
water effects, health effects, agriculture response to wastewater application
and cost and economics.
1980 Program
In 1980, the Agency has allocated a total of $7,399,400 to this program, of which
32,727,500 is for Salaries and Expenses and $4,671,900 is for extramural purposes under
the Research and Development appropriation. Highlights of the 1980 program are as follows:
wq-49
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Bloengineering Technology - Treatment Process Development
The thrust of the program remains bioengineering technology development, i.e.,
natural wastewater treatment systems such as a "Reed trench". The subdivisions are
pathogenic microorganism control, specific pollutant control and innovative treatment
technology development.
The pathogenic microorganism control subprogram will mainly summarize and evaluate
several1 years effort in hardware development which are reaching their conclusion. The
results to-date indicate good progress has been made in all aspects of the program,
especially in cost reduction for disinfection. .Each alternative will be evaluated and
quantitative estimates will be made for specified categories to aid design engineers
and municipal planners in deciding how best to approach pathogenic organic control in a
specific situation.
With respect to the specific pollutants subprogram, the state-of-the-art is now
well ahead of application. No new projects are planned for 1980, although the program
will not be stopped completely. In hazardous organic control, efforts emphasize the
evaluation of various biological processes for removal of specific priority compounds.
Jr innovative technology development, the aim is to develop and/or evaluate a new
generation of biological treatment processes. Areas of concentration are reduced sludge
production and improved efficiency and conservation of energy. The efforts in 1980
will be directed to developing vertically aligned biological reactors, hybrid biological
systems, control of organism infestations which adversely effect activated sludge
operation, and a field evaluation of rotating biological contactors in order to advance
design criteria.
Test and Evaluation Facility
Operations at the new test and evaluation (T&E) facility were initiated in December
1979. The purpose of the T&E facility is to provide a flexible facility at which pilot
and bench scale research on or evaluation of pollution control technology can be
expeditiously conducted. The facility is shared by four ORD Cincinnati laboratories
and is ideal for integrated research on both control technology and related health and
ecological effects. Initial studies will address sludge dewatering optimization studies;
behavior of priority pollutants in conventional wastewater treatment plants; and
optimization of ozone contactor design.
Small Wastewater Flows - Small Community Wastewater Management
The small flows program will concentrate on: activities in septage (water from a
septic tank) handling at community facilities; analysis of rural community wastewater
alternatives; identification, evaluation and comparision of on-site wastewater
alternatives; and some continuing efforts on advanced collection systems. Development
of design criteria for the most promising alternative on-site systems, as well as
investigation of individual home units'-will continue.
Urban Wet Heather Pollution (Storm and Combined Sewer Pollution Control)
This program addresses the urban wet weather pollution problem in a total system
context. The program has five major subdivisions: (a) problem assessment (urban
runoff), (b) technology development/cost effectiveness, (c) management and user assistance
tools, (d) remedial considerations, and (e) best management practices.
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In 1980, urban wet weather pollution assessment activities will continue to be
maintained for specific cases only. At selected sites where remedial action is to be
taken, baseline receiving water conditions and the after-correction conditions will be
established, this program will be conducted in conjunction with best management practice
projects. Development of methodologies and guidance on how to conduct impact assessments
will be accelerated in 1980.
In technology development/cost effectiveness, both flow- control and liquid/solid
separation treatment will be investigated. The efforts to produce a manual for selecting
urban runoff control techniques will continue along with a statistical data handbook
for selecting design criteria and storage design considerations. Remedial considerations
will concentrate on: (1) sludge .disposal methods since the characteristics of urban
runoff sludge and problems associated with it differ from normal wastewaters; and (2)
infiltration/inflow control technology to support construction grants needs.
Development and evaluation of best management practices will continue to consume a
major portion of the program effort. Several projects such as urban lake recovery, and
marsh or wet land utilization will be continued. "Hew projects will be initiated in the
area of improved porous pavement, sewer flushing and urban vegetative practices for
rate and volume attenuation. Additionally, cooperative efforts with the Office of
Water and Waste Management on the national urban runoff program will be expanded.
Water Reuse and Conservation
The emphasis of this program will shift from a small maintenance type of research
program to a major effort in examining the feasiblity of potable rause of municipal
wastewatars. The two major field projects initiated in 1979a seven million dollar
five-year project with the Denver Water Board to demonstrate the potential for producing
potable water from domestic -wastewater and a one million dollar effort which will be
selected from competitive applications to demonstrate potable reuse technology--will
consume much of the program's resources.
The reuse activity will continue to develop feasible strategies to extend valuable
water supplies by source substitution. Guidelines will be developed for municipalities
to implement source substitution projects and characterize the biological, organic, and
inorganic residues in wastewater effluents. This program will be coordinated with the
Department of Interior's Office of Water Research and Technology and EPA's Office of
Drinking Water.
The conservation portion will receive lass emphasis, primarily because of the work
completed to date and the entry of other programs and agencies into R&D for water
conservation.
Land (Soil) Treatment Systems
A major effort in 1980 will be devoted to providing additional design and operational
data on rapid-infiltration and overland flow systems for updating the land treatment
process design manual. This is a priority need for the construction grants program.
Overland flow activitias include: completion of work to determine treatment efficiency
as a function of slope length and pretreatment*, initiation of studies to evaluate the
overland flow process in northern climates; and the sponsoring of an overland flow
seminar to present the state-of-the-art of design and operation. Rapid-infiltration
efforts will include the publishing of a summary report of the results of studies of
four rapid-infiltration systems to determine lohg-tsrm effects and continuation of
lysimeter studies to define operations, management ind treatment characteristics.
Baseline studies (land composition) at the Lubbock Demonstration project will be
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conducted as construction and site preparation begins; initiation of studies to evaluate ~*;
various field crops to determine nutrient uptake and evaluation of treatment effectiveness
based on level of pretreatment; and continued expansion of work to determine transport
and transformation of selected priority pollutants in soil systems.
In the area of municipal waste water treatment by aquaculture, several projects
will be initiated to provide design and operational data for the construction grants
program. These projects include: a screening program to evaluate various aquatic
species and systems as potential candidates for use in treatment systems; a study to
compare the treatment, efficiency of a controlled environment aquatic macrophyta system
with other wastewater treatment alternatives; evaluation of nutrient removal £>-om
secondarily'treated municipal waste water introduced into a natural freshwater marsh; a
project to evaluate benefits of utilizing artificial marshes for treatment of municipal
wastewater, and a study to determine the potential for conversion of water hyacinth to
useful products with a concurrent evaluation of the economies of the process. Although
each of these projects is rather modest in scope, each should provide timely information
of great value to the construction grants program.
The Land Treatment Task Force will continue to provide technical assistance to
Regions VI and VII and the nine state governments in those regions with the objective
of obtaining more and better land treatment systems unaer funding by the construction
grant program. Specific activities in 1980 will include: six or more separate brocnures
on case studies and health effects subjects of interest to fanners and municipal
citizens; design workshops in each state in conjunction with the state regulatory
agencies to enable the architect/engineer (A/E) community to develop acceptable facility
plans; technical assistance on the production of a nationwide education program on land
treatment which will include a movie film, slide tape presentation and brochure, ana
technical assistance and educational material to A/£ firms, municipal officials, service-
type agencies, and to environmental, business, and consumer organizations.
1980 Explanations of Change from Budget Estimate
The net increase of 3963,400 results from several actions. An increase of SS7.30C
results from the cost of the October 1979 pay raise and is included in a proposed
supplemental appropriation. A congressional reduction of S2 million to Agency travel
costs resulted in a decrease of 53,000. An overall reprogramming throughout the Agency
to provide sufficient salary funds to cover authorized workyears resulted in a decrease
of $297,500 to this activity.
A reprogramming of 3190,000 was made within the water quality media, for urban
systems, toxics and residual management within QRD to fund a new aquaculture research
program; an initiative in the use of wetlands for municipal wastawater treatment in
order to fully assess its potential for application as an innovative and construction
grants program.
A reprogramming of 5991,600 was made within the water quality media from drinking
water treatment and groundwater protections to reflect the transfer of the 1979 congres-
sional add on for demonstrating technology for potable reuse of wastewater; the research
is being conducted, in the water quality program.
1981 Plan
The Agency requests a total of 57 permanent workyears and $6,797,900 for this
program, of which $2,522,700 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $1,275,200
is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development appropriation. This
represents a decrease of six permanent workyears and $601,500. This decrease in
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This program will continue to concentrate on technology development for lower cost,
more efficient, energy conserving, more reliable and lower maintenance wastewater
treatment methods. The work on developing bio-degradation data for specific hazardous
pollutants will continue. Research in virus inactivation and non-volatile organics
will be reduced.
New research efforts to be initiated are: development of an anerobic screening
test geared to fate and effect of priority pollutants; update of the design manuals for
phosphorus and nitrogen removal; scale-up the bubble diffuser to establish optimum
geometric configuration for full scale application in chlorine disinfection; and
continuion of field investigations on rotating biological contactors to develop design data.
Test and Evaluation Facility
This facility is designed to give quick response to high priority problems that
have been requested by regional and operating program offices. We are in the process
of identifying new projects that are short-term, however, the facility can also be used
for the longer term research projects that are directly related to the ORD program.
Some longer term projects will include: evaluation of the sequence of unit processes
for removing priority pollutants planned for the Denver Reuse Demonstration Project;
analyzing the setting characteristics of sediment in storm and combined sewer system
discharges; and the effect of sanitary landfill leachate on the activated sludge process.
Small Sdastewater Flows - Small Community Wastewater Management
In 1981 the effort to develop seasonal and community sized subsurface disposal
systems will continue. Work will be initiated on the advanced collection systems
handbook which will complement the Septage Handbook begun last year. The basic
investigations of waste-water handling systems tailored to anticipated future construction
practices will continue.
Urban Met Weather Pollution (Storm and Combined Sewer Pollution Control)
During 1981, the program will emphasize three areas of technology development.
These efforts are principally continuations of the furtherance of research in:
(a) dual wet-dry weather fl ow treatment technology for publicly owned treatment works,
(b) best management practices of urban runoff pollution control and (c) wet weather
flow management in combined sewer systems.
Research and development of flexible treatment methods which can be designed into
new facilities .or retrofitted to existing facilities will be investigated, such as,
ultra high rate filtration and expanded bed biological techniques.
In the development of best management practices technology for urban runoff
pollution control, close cooperation will continue with the planning responsibilities
of the national urban runoff program. 'Section 208, areawide waste treatment management
provisions of the Clean Water Act, provided a 30 million dollar effort over a five year
period to implement best management practices. Research in low and non-structural
controls such as porous paving, flow attenuation methods, source control and others
will be developed and evaluated along with methods of implementation for inclusion in
the urban runoff control program.
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of polluted urban wet weather flows.
Water Reuse and Conservation
This program will concentrate on the major projects initiated in 1979 in compliance
with the specifically appropriated funds for research in the potable reuse of wastewaters.
The work in conservation will be phased down to publishing completed projects findings,
monitoring work by others for data gathering, and evaluation of conservation practices.
Land (Soil) Treatment
The soil treatment program for 1981 will continue to emphasize design and operation
data for overland flow systems and the efficient hydraulic loading for rapid-infiltration
systems. Efforts will be continued to develop the soil treatment design model to
include phosphorus, nitrogen, metals, organics and water flow. Emphasis will be placed
on the practical application of the system to "real world" operational management to
increase plant efficiency and reliability. ' The Lubbock demonstration project should be
completed and full-scale operation should be underway. The Land Treatment Task Force
under the present agreement will terminate in 1981. This task force encourages and
promotes the application of land treatment using municipal wastewater through the
review of grant packages.
Urban Systems. Toxics, and Residuals Hanagement
1979 Accomplishments
In 1979, obligations totaled $6,849,600 of which $2,211,800 was for salaries and
expenses and $4,637,800 was for extramural activities.
In 1979 the program:
Sludge Management
- Updated the technology transfer manual on "Sludge Treatment and Disposal" and
distributed some 5000 copies. This manual is being used by consulting engineers,
regional construction grant staff and the Office of yater Programs*
- Published a report concerning our comprehensive evaluation of high efficiency
sludge dewatering equipment.
- Completed an evaluation of European within vessel (containerized) composting
processes. Future sludge composting, using this method is dependent on market
economics and on continued public acceptance.
- Evaluated emissions from sludge incinerators and determined that the low levels
of heavy metals observed in emissions should not be cause for concern.
- Demonstrated the usefulness of sludge by revegetating barren land in Pennsylvania.
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priority pollutants in difficult samples such as raw wastewater and sludges.
Completed a major study to determine the sources of heavy metals that flow into
municipal treatment plants.
Innovative and Alternative Technology
Completed revisions on the comprehensive Innovative and Alternative Technology
Assessment Manual. This manual is being used as the principal informational and
procedural tool in the evaluation of innovative and alternative projects.
Completed about 12 regional innovative and alternative technology assessment
seminars for consulting engineers, and federal/state personnel.
Completed an innovative/alternative technology public information brochure.
Completed 23 reviews of innovative/alternative facility plans submitted by EPA
regional office staffs.
Urban Systems
Completed a 3-1/2 year nationwide study on Q&M factors causing poor plant
performance. These items are identified and a new approach called, "Composite
Correction Program (CCP)" was developed to improve plant performance. The
CCP was found to be cost effective approach to improving plant performance
and increasing levels of POTW compliance. The CCP was successfully implemented
on a limited scale. The result of the nationwide study were presented at
national meetings and published in trade journals.
Compiled a comprehensive treatment plant deficiency design matrix and a
corresponding correction matrix for improving treatment plant designs.
These design matrixes can be used as an aid in determining corrective
actions needed for upgrading existing facilities or in the design phases
for new treatment plants.
Developed a computer-aided design procedure for wastewater treatment and
sludge disposal systems. This procedure enables a design engineer to
synthesize and analyze large numbers of alternative treatment schemes and
rank them with respect to cost, energy and environmental criteria.
Reviewed a draft report on the reliability and stability of various
biological processes. This report presents procedures for determining
plant designs in order to obtain reliable effluent quality levels.
Prepared a design handbook that discusses various activated sludge process
modifications, aeration methfods, equipment and application techniques
and presents an economic analysis of manual versus automatic dissolved
oxygen control.
Prepared a model protocol for conducting comprehensive plant evaluations
in the form of a user oriented field manual to meet the requirements of
the Office of Enforcement and Regional Offices of EPA.
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Sludge Management ^ This program will continue to hold a high priority due to the
Agency's new regulations and policies resulting from implementation of RCRA and the
1977 CWA amendments. The program will concentrate on: development of cost, performance
and design data on new thickening and dewatering process; costs and benefits of sludge
disinfection; improved design and operation of anerobic digesters ana energy production;
development and assessment of processes that will remove toxicants or make them
unavailable for plant uptake and/or make them more suitable as fertilizer: the evaluation
of starved-air combustion systems as a method for reducing fuel requirements and
pollutant emissions; addition of solid waste to sludge combustion/pyrolysis process
(coincineration) to upgrade heat value of sludge and recover energy, characterization
of emissions from conventional sludge incineration; demonstration of a leading witnin-
vessel composting process, and evaluation of innovative and alternative sludge management
technology projects built by the construction grants program.
Land application of sludge is increasing despite some uncertainties concerning the
health and ecological effects of some sludge components. The current program is aimed
at mitigating these uncertainties. Emphasis 'in 1980 Includes: development of management
practices for controlling toxic organic chemicals, heavy metals and pathogens in sludge
applied to land; development of a technique which will allow designers to predict the
response of plants or crops to a broad range of sludge application rates and practices;
identification of design principles of sludge disposal in landfills with or without
municipal refuse; and evaluation of alternate nonfood chain uses of sludge. Develop a
document on sludge management planning that will aid designers and local officials.
Toxic Pollutant Control - This program produces information on the sources of
toxic pollutants, on the treatability by conventional and/or innovative technology and
cost analyses to enable selection of the most cost effective solution. In 1980 the
program will emphasize: data collection to quantify the soure and magnitude of toxic
problems in municipal wastewaters; develop new treatment processes which enhance removal
of priority pollutants from wastewater; assess treatability and removability of priority
pollutants obtainable by biological and physical chemical treatment processes; develop
improved analytical procedures for organic priority pollutants suitable for analysis of
raw wastewaters and sludges; and produce a systems engineering methodology that assess
the different control strategies and tradeoffs of an urabn-wide toxics control program
between source control by pretreatment and treatment and/or detoxification at the PQTW's.
Innovative and Alternative Technology - This program will continue to provide
support for the use of innovative and alternative wastewater treatment technology in
the construction grants program. The program will emphasize: overall evaluation of
the innovative and alternative technology assessment program in meeting legislative
goals; d-evelopment and presentation of regional innovative and alternative technology
assessment seminars for consulting engineers, and Federal/state personnel separately;
and review of innovative and alternative facility plans submitted by the EPA regional
office staffs.
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operating cost and efficiency of POTW's; continue the composite correction program
(OCR) approach on State, county or regional basis using enhanced operation and maintenance
techniques or design changes to improve treatment plant performance,
1980 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The net decrease of $398,100 results from several actions. An increase of $80,300
results from the cost of the October 1979 pay raise and is included in a proposed
supplemental appropriation. A congressional reduction of $2 million to Agency travel
costs resulted in a decrease of $4,200. An overall reprogramming throughout the Agency
to provide sufficient salary funds to cover authorized workyears resulted in a decrease
of $284,200 to this activity.
A reprogramming of $190,000 was made within water quality media, to waterwaste
systems control technology point source technology development to fund a new aquaculture
research program, an initiative in the use of wetlands for municipal wastewater treatment
in order to fully assess its potential for application as an innovative and alternative
technology for the construction grants program.
1981 Plan
The Agency requests a total of 55 permanent workyears and $8,001,700 for this
program, of which $2,315,200 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $5,686,500
is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development appropriation. This
represents a decrease of 3 permanent workyears and an increase of $472,800. In-house
work will be reduced on the development of analytical protocols for priority pollutants,
and extramural efforts supporting the innovative and alternative construction grant
program will be increased.
Sludge Management - In 1981 the program will: Assess cost/benefits of disinfective
capability of various processes; demonstrate ways to upgrade digesters and gas utilization
(i.e. methane gas can be captured on site and converted for use on site or purified and
sold): develop heavy metal removal processes; evaluate starved-air combustion and
conincineration; characterize exhaust streams from incineration related to process
condition and ash disposal problems; prepare planning assistance and technology transfer
documents; develop improved techniques to predict useful lifetime of disposal sites and
better correlation of annual sludge loading rate (tons per acre); and define the impact
of long-term sludge applications on groundwater and land management practices.
Toxic Pollutant Control - In 1981 this program will continue with the emphasis and
direction of that in 1980.The program will include: characterization of sources and
magnitude; determination and improvement of predictive methods for treatability;
evaluation of toxic control and pretreatment strategies from toxics in POTW's and
evaluation of promising control strategies.
WQ-57
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review ±/r\ ap^ i i vau i uiii , ucvc i upiueni anu pi cocnuau i wii v» a jci i ca ui A $ r^ *,*aiiiMi^
activities, including training seminars. In addition, evaluation efforts on sludge
projects that conserve or recover energy, reduce costs, beneficially use sludge and
improve efficiency/reliability will be initiated with $222,800 of the increase.
Urban Systems - The emphasis of this program in 1981 will be to reduce the
construction and operational costs, improve performance and reliability, and reduce
energy use of POTWs. This program will provide technical input on plant design, influent
characteristics, OSM practices and plant performance to the operating programs to impact
their program guidance documents. This activity will also include: improved design
information in the form of specific desing deficiency guidelines; design guidelines and
guidance information in high-priority areas; specific condensed guidance and checklists
to improve the state and federal review process; specific studies will oe undertaken to
identify and document process improvements, as well as existing process system designs
which incorporate cost effective, reliable technology; and a specific initiative to
develop improved operation and design practices for land application systems and other
alternative treatment technologies. The operation and maintenance costs for Ely,
Minnesota, will be funded with 3250,000 of the increase.
HQ-5.8
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Appropriation
Characterization and Measurement
Methods Development:
Salaries and Expenses.
Research and Development
Monitoring Methods and Systems:
Salaries and Expenses
Research and Development ,,
Quality Assurance:
Salaries and Expenses ,.,
Research and Development ,
Technical Support:
Salaries and Expenses ,
Research and Development ...
.otal;
Salaries and Expenses ,
Research and Development ,
Grand Total.......
Original Revised
Estimate Estimate President's
1981 1981 Reduction
(dollars in thousands)
$1,302 $1,295 -$7
203 203
3,010 2,P95 -15
1,135 1,135
1,234 1,228 - 6
4,055 4,055
773 769 - 4
389 389
6,319
5,782
6,287
5,782
-.32
12,101
12,059
-32
-------
Page Intentionally Blank
-------
Monitoring and Technical Support
APPROPRIATION
Characterization and
Measurement Methods
Development:
Salaries and Expenses.
Research and
Bevel opment. ........
Monitoring Methods and
Systems:
Salaries and Expenses.
Research and
Devel opment
Quality Assurance:
Salaries and Expenses.
Research and
Devel opnient. ........
Technical Support:
Salaries and Expenses.
Research and
Development
Total:
Salaries and Expenses.
Research and
Development.........
Grand Total.............
Permanent Positions
Characterization and
Measurement Methods
D eve 1 opuie nt. ..........
Monitoring Methods and
Systems ...............
Technical Support
Total...
Full-time Equivalency
Characterization and
Measurement Methods
Devel optnent... ........
Monitoring Methods and
Quality Assurance.......
Technical Support
Total
Actual
1979
$882
160
2,685
1 ,040
1,279
3,599
1,032
122
5,878
4^921
10,799
27
64
24
20
135
28
81
28
37
174
Budget
Estimate
1980
Current
Estimate
1980
Estimate
1981
(dollars in thousands)
$1,853 $1,261 51,302
93 272 203
2,297 3,022 3,010
610 1,458 1,135
1,664 1,431 1,234
4,488 3,665 4,055
785 759 773
460 380 389
6,599
5,651
12,250
28
56
31
10
125
40
67
41
30 '
178
6,473
5J75
12,248
28
67
23
9
127
33
87
29
20
169
6,319
5,782
12,101
28
60
23
9
120
32
79
29
19
159
Increase +
Decrease -
1981 vs. 1980
+S41
-69
-12
-323
-197
+390
+14
+9
-154
+7
-147
-7
» » *
* *
-7
-1
-8
-1
-10
WQ-59
-------
of 5155,000 in Salaries and Expenses and an increase of $8,400 for extramural research * -;
activities. The net decrease of $146,600 has the following components: a decrease of
$28,300 cuts efforts to identify recurring chemicals in industrial wastewaters that
cannot be identified through matching of spectra in the computerized file; a decrease
of $334,900 and 7 permanent workyears reduces work on radionuclides, and microbiology,
an increase of $193,500 will expand quality assurance support for toxic pollutant
measurements; and an increase of $23,100 for overhead monitoring data acquisition and
analysis for the Enviro-pod program.
Program Description
The monitoring and technical support program has four components. They are:
(!) characterization and measurement methods development, (2) monitoring methods and
systems (3) quality assurance, and (4) technical support.
The objective of the characterization and measurement methods development component
of the program is to provide techniques for measuring substances in water, wastewater,
sediment, sludge, soil", and leachate and to provide assistance in their use of these
techniques.
The monitoring methods and systems component involves the adaptation of currently
available or proposed analytical methods and measurement systems to operations application
for monitoring of water quality. Analytical methods and measurement systems often are
ill-suited to field application for environmental monitoring as they are developed by
manufacturers or research institutions. Considerable work is needed to evaluate,
modify, and adapt instruments or methods for reliable operations application in the
field. The evaluation and modification work under this program provides assurance that
monitoring methods will perform reliability. Another major objective is the design of
monitoring networks to include guidelines for deployment of sampling stations and
improving sampling technology procedures for obtaining, preserving, storing, transport'
and analyzing biological microbiological analysis.
The quality assurance program includes validation and standardization of monitoring
measurement systems, development and provision of quality control materials and procedures
for operational use, the conduct of methods and individual performance evaluation
studies, development of data handling systems, and participation in regional quality
control workshops in support of the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
(NPDES) and ambient water quality monitoring.
The objective of the technical support program is to provide overhead monitoring,
specialized analytical, chemical and biological laboratory field support to the Office
of Water and Waste Management, Office of Environmental Review, Office of Enforcement
and the Regions in implementing the mandates of the Clean Hater Act. Services are
personnel dependent activities that focus on specific problems and utilize expertise
and equipment that are unique to the Office of Research and Development. The program
utilizes a limited number of in-house experts supported by basic service contracts and
interagency agreements which offer unique capabilities to the Regions and Program
Offices so that they may answer operational problems. The program also include quick
response to unforeseeable, but urgent requests for services.
-------
for salaries and expenses and $159.600 for extramural purposes. These resources were
used to identify toxic chemicals in industrial wastewaters and develop analytical
measurement methods for the measurement of organic chemicals, toxic elements (e.g.,
heavy metals), different ionic species of elements, and asbestos fibers applicable to
water and wastewater. In 1979, the program:
- Developed computer software required for computerized spectral
matching and identification of frequently recurring toxic organic
chemicals in wastewaters of 21 industrial categories.
- Developed a catalog of instrument responses to specific toxic
elements that can be used to compare with instrument responses
to unknown samples to facilitate identification to toxic
elements in water, wastewater, and sediments.
- Completed an evaluation of an automatic sampler developed for
collecting organic chemicals in water. The sampler effectively
accumulates a range of organic chemicals of interest.
- Completed a study of the utility of spark source mass spectrometry
as a reference technique (i.e., for use as the basis in evaluating
all other techniques) for multi-element analysis. The technique
was found to have several limitations that prevent it use for this
purpose at this time.
- Conducted the 9th Annual Symposium on the Analytical Chemistry of
Pollutants (jointly with the University of Georgia and American
Chemical Society}.
1980 Program
In 1980, the Agency has allocated a total of $1,533,200 to this program, of which
$1,261,700 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $271,500 is for extramural
purposes under the Research and Development appropriation. In 1980, the program will:
- Assist the Effluent Guidelines Division in the identification of
potentially toxic organic chemicals common to wastewaters from each
of 21 categories of Industry, as required by the Natural Resource
Defense Council consent decree.
- Complete the first generation master analytical scheme for volatile
organic chemicals in water and wastewater.
- Increase emphasis on the development of methods for confirming
tentative identifications of volatile organic chemicals.
- Expand analytical methods1 for volatile organic chemicals to
address sediments, which constitute a reservoir for toxic chemicals
and a secondary source of toxic chemicals to the aquatic environment.
-------
- Continue work on methods for the simultaneous measurement of
chemical elements, with emphasis on expansion and adaptation of
the multielement techniques developed for water and wsstewater
to make them applicable to sediment and soil.
- Continue research on methods to identify and quantify inorganic
chemical species in water, needed for accurate toxicology
assessment. Emphasis this year will be on evaluation of ion
exchange chromatographic methods for the separation, concentration,
and determination of ionic species in water.
1980 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The net decrease of $412,800 results from several actions. An increase of $41,700
results from the cost of the October 1979 pay raise and is included in a proposed
supplemental appropriation. An overall reprogramming throughout the Agency to provide
sufficient salary funds to cover authorized workyears resulted in a decrease of $69,500
to this activity.
A reprogramming of $500,000 was made within the water quality madia to monitoring
methods and systems in order to comply with OMB directive of placing all funds for the
National Bureau of Standards in one activity in each applicable media for ease of
program review.
A reprogramming of $31,000 was made to management and support lab support for
lab maintenance costs due in part to increasing costs of energy. Also, the number of
service contracts have increased as labs undergo RIFs and the services of maintenance
personnel must be replaced by contracts.
A reprogramming of $4,000 was made to water quality marine ecological effects for
a contract to plan a research program to integrate the physical, chemical transport
models with the ecological fate models.
A reprogramming of $150,000 was made from water quality transport and fate (550,000),
from water quality freshwater ecological effects ($60,000), and from water quality
marine ecological effects ($40,000) to help fund the tapes analysis.
1981 Plan
The Agency request a total of $1,504,900 and 28 permanent workyears for this
program, of which $1,302,100 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $202,800
is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development appropriation. The
decrease of $28,300 will reduce efforts to identify recurring chemicals in industrial
wastewaters that cannot be tentatively identified through matching of spectra in the
computerized file. In 1981, the program will:
- Continue assistance to the Effluent Guidelines Division in identification
of toxic organic chemicals common to wastewaters from each of 21 industrial
categories.
WQ-62
-------
identifications that can be made with a fixed amount of resources.
- Continue work on development of methods for nonvolatile organic
chemicals in water, which constitute about 80 percent (by weight)
of the organic chemicals present in surface waters, some of which
(e.g., nitrosamines) are carcinogenic and are not detected by
techniques now in routine use.
- Continue work initiated in 1980 on volatile organic chemical and
multi-element methods applicable to sediments and soils, which
constitute a temporary reservoir for toxic chemicals and a
potentially significant secondary source of these pollutants.
- Develop chemical speciation methods for identification and
quantitation of toxic metals in surface waters and wastewaters.
Since the toxicity of any given metal varies widely, depending
on its chemical state (species), these methods are critical to
assessing the hazards posed by the presence of metals in aquatic
systems.
- Test a proposed referee method (i.e., a basic method by which all
other methods are evaluated) for asbestos in water (using electron
microscopy).
MONITORING METHODS AND SYSTEMS
1979 Accompli shments
During 1979, obligations totaled $3,724,900. Included in this total was $2,684,600
for salaries and expenses and $1,040,300 for extramural purposes. In 1979, the program:
- Corrected deficiencies in existing reference methods for enforcement
of national primary drinking water standards.
- Improved biomonitoring methods for long-term water quality monitoring
and for determining the effects of non-point sources on aquatic
organisms in receiving waters (biological integrity).
- Reported on water quality "-equirements and pollution tolerance of
mayflies, stoneflies, and caddisflies (common aquatic insects that
are sensitive pollution indicator organisms) for use in biomonitoring
data evaluation.
- Revised coded master species list for data management system (BIO-
STORET) for biological field and laboratory data.
- Developed, modified, and evaluated new or recently prepared methods
for monitoring surface water and wastewater cuality for National
Pollution Discharge Elimination System, including bacterial pollution
indicators and pathogens.
WQ-63
-------
surface water parameters, e.g., chlorophyll in algae and dissolved
organics.
1980 Program
In 1980, the Agency has allocated a total of $4,480,000 of which $3,022,000 is for
the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and 51,458,000 is for extramural purposes under
the Research and Development appropriation. Major activities and outputs include:
- Correction of reference methods required for monitoring municipal
and industrial wastewaters in the National Pollution Discharge
Elimination System program and other methods as needed.
- Development of specifications for EPA-approved automatic sampling
and monitoring instrumentation to enforce existing and planned
standards and regulations for effluents and fresh water, for
example, Consent Decree pollutants.
- Development, modification, and evaluation of new or recently
proposed methods or systems for monitoring wastewater quality for
NPDES including methods for bacterial pollution indicators and
pathogens, and to meet the flffice of Water Planning and Standards
requirements for NPDES for pesticides.
- Development of proposed reference methods for toxic and hazardous
substances, and Consent Decree pollutants in wastewater, ambient
waters, sludges, dredges, and ocean disposed water.
- Development of procedures for concentrating pathogens for high-rate
processing of wastewater. Undertake a comparative study on cell
lines for detection of waterborne pathogenic material recovered from
dredges, sludges, and wastewater.
- Evaluation of methods or systems for monitoring surface water quality
and development of guidelines for monitoring network design.
- Development of improved bioassay methods for evaluation of municipal
and industrial effluents and marine water disposal sites to determine
the effects of pollutants on acquatic organisms.
- Update and republish chemical, biological, and microbiological methods
manuals.
- Development of sample preservation and transportation techniques for
conventional and toxic pollutants which comply with Department of
Transportation regulations, to assure integrity of sample is maintained
from source to laboratory. s
WQ-64
-------
$99,600 results from the cost of the October 1979 pay raise and is included in a proposed
supplemental appropriation. A congressional reduction of $2 million to Agency travel
costs resulted in a decrease of 55,500. An overall reprogramming throughout the Agency
to provide sufficient salary funds to cover authorized workyears resulted in a decrease
of $62,100 to this activity.
A reprograiming of $500,000 was made within the water quality media from
characterization and measurement methods development water quality, to comply with OMB
directive of placing all funds for the National Bureau of Standards in one activity in
each applicable media for each of program review.
A reprogramming of 51,041,000 was made from air quality assurance ($90,000); from
water quality technical support ($61,500); and from water quality ($889,500) to reflect
a shift of emphasis from quality assurance to monitoring methods and systems. The two
programs are closely aligned; the monitoring methods program corrects deficiencies in
candidate operational monitoring methods and systems programs, then the QA programs
take these corrected methods and validate their utility for operational monitoring of
pollutants. This reprogramming represents a change in priority to emphasis correction
of technical deficiencies in additional methods to respond to NPDES monitoring requirements.
1981 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $4,145,100 and 60 permanent workyears for this
program, of which $3,009,900 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $1,135,200
is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development appropriation. The
decrease of $334,900 and 7 permanent workyears reflects a decrease in emphasis on
radipnuclides and microbiology. Major activities and outputs will include:
- Development of-reference methods for priority pollutants, toxic and
hazardous substances, and chlorinated aromatics.
- Development of techniques for sampling, preserving, storing and
transporting water samples for analysis.
- Evaluations of continuous monitoring systems for toxic metals,
total phenols, oil, and total organic carbon.
- Development of bioassay techniques for monitoring industrial
effluents and marine disposal sites.
- Development of methods for rapid identification of viruses in
sewage and sludges.
- Preparation of methods manuals for analysis of chemical and organic
pollutants.
- Correction of deficiencies in existing reference methods for
measuring municipal and industrial wastewaters.
WQ-65
-------
TOP monitoring surra.ce waters.
Development of methods and procedures for monitoring microorganisms
and other pathogens in surface water.
- Evaluation of specified monitoring networks for applicability to
monitoring trends and episodic events.
- Correction of deficiencies in existing reference methods for
enforcement of the Consent Decree.
QUALITY ASSURANCE
1979 Accomplishments
During 1979 obligations totaled 54,878,300. Included in this total was SI,279,500
for salaries and expenses and $3,598,800 for extramural 'purposes. In 1979, the program:
- Delivered 13 analytical methods systems based upon gas chromatography,
high pressure liquid chromatography and gas chromatography coupled to
mass-spectrometry for use within the NPDES to measure 114 organic consent
decree priority pollutants.
- Evaluated and designated five equivalent methods for nationwide use and
15 methods for case-by-case use in the NPDES.
- Published quality assurance manual for wastewater laboratories.
- Conducted performance evaluations of the NPDES major discharger
laboratories to determine analytical proficiency in six analytical
series.
- Maintained quality control sample repository and distributed NPDES
enforcement and compliance check samples in 12 analytical series.
- Operated computerized inter!aboratory testing system for performance
evaluationfor EPA, State, and major NPOES water pollution and discharger
laboratories.
1980 Program
In 1980, the Agency has allocated a total of $5,095,700 to this program, of which
$1,431,100 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation, and $3,664,600 is for
extramural purposes under the Research and Development appropriation. Specific outputs
will include:
- Validation and standardization of methodology for analysis of
toxic pollutants in the NPDES for seven categories of pollutants.
WQ-66
-------
toxics 1:0 oe usea as a more ernciem: test tor a setactea oroau
class of toxic chemicals in lieu of chemical testing.
- Maintenance of the present quality control reference material
repository and development of new reference materials as required.
- Evaluation and approval of 13 equivalent methods for use nationwide
and approximately 30 case-by-case procedures for use in the NPDES.
- Evaluation studies of the NDDES laboratories for eight performance
series including EPA, State, and Regional laboratories.
- Validation of methods to meet Agency requirments for monitoring
trace metals and polychloronated biphenyls (PCB's) in marine
environments and for the NPOES monitoring requirement for pesticides
as well as for all priority pollutants.
- Maintenance of the quality control reference material repository and
distribution of quality control samples to Regional, State, local and
private laboratories including: quality control samples for the
measurement of water quality effluents to support effluent limitations
regulations, quality control samples for measuring pollutants regulated
under Sections 104, 106, 208, 304(h) and 307(a) of P,L. 95-218; quality
control samples for measuring pollutants in marine samples in support
of the NPOES; and quality control samples for measurement of hazardous
wastes from active and/or abandoned sites.
- Publication of quality assurance manuals for industrial and municipal
wastewater laboratories.
- Publication of updates on the sampling and sample preservation and
microbiological methods manuals for wastewater and water quality.
- Assistance to Regions and States in the evaluation of regulated water/
wastewater monitoring activities.
- Development of national guidance to assure uniformity in laboratory
evaluation of the NPDES compliance monitoring laboratories.
- Operation of a working computerized inter!aboratory test system for
performance evaluation for the EPA, State, and other NPDES laboratories.
- Expansion and improvement of mass spectral search program for toxic
pollutants by the addition of 10,000 spectra.
1980 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The net decrease of $1,056,300 results from several actions. An increase of
$33,500 results from the cost of the October 1979 pay raise and is included in a proposed
supplemental appropriation. A congressional reduction of $2 million to Agency travel
costs and $1 million ADP reduction resulted in a decrease of $1,600 and $4,800,
respectively. An overall reprogramming throughout the Agency to provide sufficient
salary funds to cover authorized workyear resulted in a decrease of $104,000 to this activity.
WQ-67
-------
A reprog ramming of 5889,500 was made to water quality monitoring methods and
systems within ORD reflecting a shift of emphasis from quality assurance to monitoring
methods and systems. The two programs are closely aligned; the monitoring methods
program corrects deficiencies in candidate operational monitoring methods and systems
programs then the quality assurance program takes these corrected methods and validates
their utility for operational monitoring of pollutants, This reprogrammi ng represents
a change in priority to emphasize correction of technical deficiencies in additional
methods to respond to NPDES monitoring requirements,
1981 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $5,289,200 and 22 permanent workyears for this
program, of which $1,233,700 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation, and
$4,055,500 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development appropriation.
This is an increase of $193,500 to expand quality assurance support for toxic pollutant
measurments. In 1981, the program will:
- Provide analytical methods for analysis of 14 classes of toxic
chemicals in industrial waste water, municipal waste water, and
ambient fresh and marine waters.
- Provide validated analytical methods for 20 trace organic
compounds including a gas chromatograpnic/mass spectrometric
method.
- Maintain a repository of standard reference materials and
distribution of samples for 10 water pollutant test series and
expand repository to include the consent decree pollutants,
- Continue the alternate methods equivalency program for
analytical methods as required by 40 CFR 136, Guidelines for
Test Procedures for the Analysis of Pollutants.
- Revise the quality assurance manual for wastewater laboratories.
- Evaluate the performance of major discharger laboratories within
the NPDES in 11 analytical series.
- Maintain and expand the computerized laboratory performance
evaluation system.
TECHNICAL SUPPORT
1979 Accomplishments
During 1979, obligations totaled $1,154,200. Included in this total was $1,031,900
for salaries and expenses and $122,300 for extramural purposes. In 1979, the program:
- Completed 10 spill prevention control and countermeasure reports
and responded to 12 emergency spills for the Office of Water and
Waste Management. Provided aerial photography and detailed analyses
to regions for oil and petrochemical facilities inspections and for
analysis of the extent and effects of oil and hazardous material
spills.
WQ-68
-------
acquisition and analysis of photographic and multi-spectral scanner
imagery.
- Conducted 50 field studies for the regions and program offices. Provided
detailed analysis of point and non-point source problems, leachate and
thermal plant discharge problems.
- Reviewed 15 environmental impact statements for the Office of Water and
Waste Management and the Office of Environmental Review and the Regions.
Provided detailed analyses of archival and new photography to determine
land use, soil, drainage, geologic and vegetative conditions.
- Provided overhead monitoring data and methods documentation for the Office
of Enforcement initiatives in pulp and paper, iron and steel and power
generation industries.
1980 Program
In 1980, the Agency has allocated a total of $1,139,000 for this program, of which
$758,900 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $380,100 is for extramural
purposes under the Research and Development appropriation. Specific outputs will include:
- Ten spill prevention control and countermeasure studies and 10 to 15
oil and hazardous spill emergency responses,
- Overhead monitoring and data analysis support for all regions and
program offices.
- Overhead monitoring and data analysis support for special programs
such as the Chesapeake Bay, Beaumont/Lake Charles, Poplar River
and Atchafalya River.
- Fifty (50) field studies for the regions and program offices to
produce: thermal pollutant discharge surveys, wetland and land
use surveys, point and non-point surveys and leachate and septic
tank problem surveys.
- Expert witness and overhead monitoring data acqusition for enforcement
case preparation for the Office of Enforcement and regions.
- Overhead monitoring acquisition and analysis support for the 301(h)
Ocean Discharge Program.
1980 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The net decrease of $106,000 results from several actions. An increase of $25,500
results from the cost of the October 1979 pay raise and is included in a proposed
supplemental appropriation. A congressional reduction of $2 million to Agency travel
costs resulted in a decrease of $1,600. An overall reprogramming throughout the Agency
to provide sufficient salary funds to cover authorized workyears resulted in a decrease
of $18,400 to this activity.
WQ-69
-------
Ciosety angneo; tne momtonny uietnous prugram cgrrscts aenciencfes in
operational monitoring methods and systems programs, then the Quality Assurance program
takes these corrected methods and validates their utility for operational monitoring of
pollutants. This reprogramming represents a change in priority to emphasize correction
of technical deficiencies in additional methods to respond to NPDE5 monitoring
requirements.
A reprogramming of $50,000 was made to toxic substances technical support within
QRD to provide additional support to the technical support program under the toxic
substances activity.
1981 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $1,162,100 and 9 permanent workyears for this
program, of which $773,000 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $389,100
is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development appropriation. The
increase of $23,100 will be for overhead monitoring data acquisition and analysis for
the Enviro-pod program. In 1981, the program will:
- Produce ten spill prevention control and counter-measure reports for
the Office of Water and Waste Management and the regions.
- Respond to 10-15 to emergency oil and hazardous spill responses for
the regions.
- Complete 15 field studies initiated in 1980 and undertake 15-20 new
requests for field studies in leachate migration, septic tank leak
and thermal infrared analysis.
- Provide overhead monitoring data acquisition and analysis and photo
laboratory reproduction and analysis for the Enviro-pod program.
- Provide expert witness and case preparation support for the regions
and Office of Enforcement.
- Complete 30 priority reports for the 301(h) Ocean Outfall Program.
WQ-70
-------
Appropriation
State Program Regulations
and Guidelines-
Salaries and Expenses
Abatement, Control and Compliance.
Great Lakes Program:
Salaries and Expenses
Abatement, Control and Compliance,
Clean Lakes Program:
Abatement, Control and Compliance.
Chesapeake Bay Program:
Salaries and Expenses
Abatement, Control and Compliance.
"PA Compliance/EIS Preparation:
Salaries and Expenses
Total:
Salaries and Expenses
Abatement, Control and Compliance.
Grand Total
Original Revised
Estimate Estimate President's
1981 1981 Reduction
(dollars in thousands)
$11,099 $11,032 -$67
3,957 3,957
664 660 - 4
5,865 5,865
13,500 13,500
196 195 - 1
1,814 1,814
192 191 - 1
12,151
25,136
12,078
25,136
-73
37,287
37,214
-73
-------
Page Intentionally Blank
-------
Mater Quality Planning and Standards
Appropriation
State Programs
Regulations and
Guidelines:
Salaries and
Expenses. ...........
Abatement, Control
and Compl iance. . « . . .
Great Lakes Program:
Salaries and
Abatement, Control
and Compl i ance. «
Clean Lakes Program:
Abatement, Control
and Coinpl i ance ......
Chesapeake Bay Program:
Salaries and
Abatement, Control
and Compl i ance* .....
NEPA Compliance/EIS
Preparation:
Salaries and
Expenses. ...........
Total :
Salaries and
E xpenses ............
Abatement, Control
and Compliance. .....
Permanent Positions
State Programs
Regulations and
Gui del ines. .........
Great Lakes Program..
Clean Lakes Program..
Chesapeake Bay
Program. ............
NEPA Compliance/EIS
Preparation..
Total
Actual
1979
$9,821
3,564
1,023
4,9-92
9,204
426
. 2,148
222
11,492
19,908
31 ,400
267
22
2
7
5
303
Budget
Estimate
1980
Current
Estimate
1980
Estimate
1981
(dollars In' thousands)
$11,113 $10,652 $11,099
4,400 4,368 3,957
600 730 664
5,900 5,770 5,865
15,000 15,000 . 13,500
200 133 196
1,800 1,840 1,814
176 206 192
12,089 11,731 12,151
27,100 26,978 25,136
39,189
331
15
* *
5
8
359
38,709
308
15
5
5
333
37,287
300
15
* *
5
7
327
Increase +
Decrease -
1981 vs.. 1980
+$437
-411
-66
+95
-1 ,500
+63
-26
-14
+420
-1,842
-1 ,422
-8
* *
*
+2
-6
-------
Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease -
1979 1980 1980 1981 1931 vs. 1980
(dollars In thousands)
Full-time Equivalency
State Programs
Regulations and
Guidelines .... 343 412 365 360 -5
Great Lakes Program., 26 21 20 20
Clean Lakes Program.. 1
Chesapeake Bay
Program 10 6 6 5
NEPA Compliance/E!S
Preparation......... 7 8 7 7 ,_._.
Total 387 447 398 393 -5
Budget Request
The Agency requests a total of $37,286,900 and 327 permanent workyears for 1931, a
decrease of $1,422,100 and six permanent workyears from 1980. included in this total
is $12,150,700 for Salaries and Expenses and 525,136,200 for Abatement, Control and
Compliance, with an increase of $420,400 and a decrease of $1,842,500, respectively,
Program Description
The water quality planning and standards subactivity includes five program elements:
State ProgramRegulations and Guidelines - This element covers a broad range of
activities, including provision of technical and information transfer assistance to
State and local areawide and other Federal (e.g., USDA) agencies to assist in the
planning and operation of cost-effective control programs. The water quality management
element under this program instituted a major reorientation in the operation of grant
programs under Sections 208, 105, and 314 of the Clean Water Act (CWA). Section 208
grant assistance is scheduled for completion in 1983, From 1979 through 1983, Section
208 management will emphasize funding of problem-specific nonpoint source (NPS) control
projects that -will provide transferable technical information to States and localities on
NPS pollution controls. Specific program outputs include:
- Development of major National Urban Runoff Project (NURP) transferable
prototype control programs for this major nonpoint source of pollution,
- EPA/USDA development and implementation of selected agricultural best
management practices (BMPs) through Model Implementation Projects (MIP);
special Agricultural Conservation Program (ACP) water quality projects; and
(beginning in 1980) a major USDA-funded Rural Clean Water Program (RCWP)
which provides incentive grants to encourage fanners and ranchers to adopt
proven water quality protection methods.
WQ_72
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projects.
- Development of State-based control programs for mining, on-lot disposal, and
construction-related pollution.
Section 106 State water pollution control agency grants are now being managed to a
large extent through the State/EPA Agreement (SEA) process, along with other EPA
pollution control grant programs (including drinking waters solid waste, air, noise,
radiation and toxic pollution problems). Finally, the management of the Clean Lakes Grant
Program under Section 314 of the CWA addresses the assessment and implementation of
watershed and in-lake restorative procedures to Insure that Federal grant dollars are used
in a manner that will provide cost-effective methods for the improvement or maintenance
of the quality of publicly owned fresh water lakes. In 1980, management of the Clean Lakes
program will be fully incorporated into the State/EPA agreement process.
Great Lakes Program - The second element covered by this subactivity is the Great
Lakes program, which includes funding for the Great Lakes initiative program and
demonstration grants authorized by Section 108(a) of the Clean Water Act of 1977. The
Great Lakes National Program Office was established in 1978 to integrate and consolidate
EPA Great Lakes activities and to provide coordinated support to the International
Joint Commission's (.UC) Great Lakes Water Quality Board.
Clean Lakes Program - The third element covered by this subactivity is the Clean
Lakes arant program. Under this grant mechanism financial assistance is provided to
States to classify their publicly owned fresh water lakes according to trophic conditions
and to carry out methods and procedures to restore and protect the quality of those
lakes. To date the Agency has received 175 applications for lake restoration and has
funded 115 projects.
Chesapeake Bay Program - The fourth element covered by this subactivity is the
Chesapeake Bay program, which was developed in response to a congressional directive
which required EPA to conduct an in-depthstudy of the Bay, define the factors adversely
impacting the environment, develop research to address adverse factors, and define
management strategies to ameliorate degradation in the Bay due to pollution. The
program has been developed as a cooperative effort between citizen groups, State
environmental agencies (Virginia and Maryland), and EPA. A program of integrated
scientific and management studies initiated to assess the consequences of pollutant
loadings on the Chesapeake Bay in terms of effects on the ecosystem, the products of
the Chesapeake Bay program will aid managers in making decisions at all government levels.
The three highest priority problem areas are considered to be toxic substances,
nutrient enrichment (eutrophication), and the disappearance of submerged aquatic
vegetation. Additionally, management structures relative to these three areas are
being reviewed in the context of both exisiting regulatory mechanisms and available
alternative control options.
NEPA Compliance/EIS Preparation -. The fifth element covered by this subactivity
involves environmenal impact statement (EIS) preparation in voluntary compliance with
the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA). These EISs are prepared at the discretion
of the Regional Administrators.
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1979 Accomplishments
In 1979,-the Agency obligated 513,384,600 for this program activity of which
59,820,700 was for intramural purposes and $3,563,900 was for extramural purposes. A
major function of this activity was the awarding of $94.5 million in Section 208 planning
grants to State and local areawide agencies emphasizing nonpoint source pollution
control projects- Grants totalling S54.1 million under Section 106 were awarded to
support State water pollution control programs and $9.2 million was awarded for
Section 134 Clean Lakes projects. In addition, a total of $3,563,900 was obligated for
contracts in 1979, including $880,000 for management of best management practice (BMPs)
projects; $690,000 for Financial Management Assistance Projects (FMAPs); $543,300 for
public involvement and technology transfer; and $1,450,600 for statistical support of
regualtions development and for development of a water strategy. Major program accomplishments
were achieved in several areas including:
Regulatory Requirements
- Water quality management (WQM) regulations covering programs under
Sections 208/106/303(e) of the Clean Water Act were promulgated- The
revised regulations: set forth necessary requirements for the continuing
planning and implementation phase of the WQM program, which follow the initial
3-year planning period for grantees; corrected certain technical problems
encountered with parts of the previous regulations; implemented new provisions of the 1977
Clean Water Act; and implemented Presidential initiatives for reducing the burden of
Federal planning requirements on"State and substate agencies. The regulations also place
major emphasis on the coordination of environmental management programs through the
State/EPA Agreement (SEA) process.
State/EPA Agreements(SEAs)
- Signed 32 1979 SEAs with States, 15 of which covered programs under
the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), Safe Drinking Water
Act (SOWA) and Clean Air Act programs as well as the Clean Water Act.
- Guidance for 1980 SEAs was completed, and the development of 1980 SEAs was
initiated with 57 States and territories.
Nonoolnt Source Control
More than 200 grant awards to Section 208 agencies were made in 1979
for nonpoint source (NPS) priority projects. Most agencies have been
funded to work on one or more of the national NPS problems including
urban runoff, agriculture, and construction.
- National prototype projects were funded including 15 urban
runoff (NURP), 29 agriculture .runoff projects (ACP/MIP), and
six ground water protection projects. Ten Financial Management
Assistance Projects (FMAPs) were funded, providing assistance and
training to overcome financial barriers to plan implementation
and to develop self-sustaining State and local continuing planning.
- Half the agencies were funded to work on ground water problems and
a quarter for silviculture and mining problem solutions.
WQ-74
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- .\cai ij no i i cue wrajitcco were t uiiucu uu .ass 131. in auvani-eu
waste treatment (AWT) planning. (In 1980, new AWT planning
projects will be supported through Section 201 facilities
planning grants.)
- Followed-up approvals to ensure implementation of Section 208
plans including approval of management agency designations.
\
- National economic and policy studies on urban storm water and watershed
BMP's were initiated in 1979.
- Participated in State Rural Clean Water Coordinating Committees to
assure activity and focus on WQH implementation in priority areas:
evaluated Rural Clean Water Program (RCWP) applications and reviewed
BMPs proposed for cost share assistance under this USDA funded program.
Control of pesticides and other hazardous substances on toxic materials
in rural runoff was emphasized.
Sections 206/106 Grants Management
- Nearly $150 million awarded through more than 200 Section 208 grant awards
to State and areawide agencies and 57 Section 106 grants to States.
- A 5-year assessment of State program needs for Section 106, 208 and 314
programs was initiated.
Public Information and Technology Transfer
- A national NFS technical information transfer system was developed for use
by Section 208 field staff, grantees and public interest groups.
« Provided funding support for public involvement at the State and
local level in priority NPS projects.
- Training sources on public participation/management were provided
for EPA field staff and State WQM officials.
Clean Lakes Management
- A proposed regulation for administering the Clean Lakes program
was published; proceedings from the national lake restoration
conference were published.
- Forty-five (45) Clean Lake grant applications were evaluated. In
total, 41 grant awards were made.
- A Clean Lakes urban initiative mas started, which resulted in the
funding of 10 urban lake project's in the beginning of 1980.
1980 Program
In 1980, the Agency has allocated a total of $15,029,700 to this program, of
which $10,661,500 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $4,368,200 for
extramural purposes under the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
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million in Section ZUb grants, 3>4e./ minion in section IUD grants, ana $ID million
in Section 314 grants. The total of S 4,368,200 for Abatement, Control and Compliance
will include $1,220,800 for development of nonpoint source best management practices
(IMPs), $300,000 for Financial Management Assistance Projects, S$99,000 for technology
transfer and public involvement, approximately $555,000 for WQM support contracts, $701,000 for
an assessment of industrial energy development impacts on critical western river basins, and
$1,092,400 for statistical support of regulations development and for evaluation and
integration of the water strategy.
In 1980, all States will be required to have signed SEAs to receive 1980 WQM
funding. Together with coordination of Section 106 grant program development, staff
under this program will be placing increased priority on funding Section 208 plan
implementation from Section 105 funds. The Sections 208/106/314 needs assessment,
initiated in 1979, will be completed to assist in setting national, State and local
priorities for 1981 funding.
In 1980 Section 208 emphasis is on prototype NPS projects to assure that limited
funds are used for highest priority problem solutions and that necessary intensive
technical assistance and focused management are provided for all funded projects.
Transfer of workable solutions to other States and localities is being emphasized..
Water quality management (WQM) field staff are overseeing, coordinating and assisting
more than 200 Section 208 agency projects that were initiated in 1978 and 1979. National
expert assistance is provided as required. Assuring implementation of approved plans and
following up on completion of initial plans will result in an increased workload.
State/EPA Agreements (SEAs)
- Responsible for Agency coordination of 1981 SEA guidance
and final SEA regulations.
- Develop requirements for integrating all WQM programs in
in 1981 SEAs.
- Assess the adequacy of all 57 1980 SEAs.
Nongoi nt Source Controls
- rtanage 30 national urban runoff projects (NURPs). These
projects were selected to develop a variety of prototype
control programs that can be transferred to other communities.
Hazardous materials scans will be conducted in the development
of these projects.
- Fund,- manage and provide expert technical assistance to States
and areawide agencies on over 300 other urban runoff, agriculture,
silviculture, ground water protection, construction runoff,
and other problem specific projects.
- Select 20-25 first round Rural Clean Water Program (RCWP) implementation
cost sharing projects. Participate in national, State, and local
RCWP coordinating committees with USDA to select these 20-25 candidate
projects. Continue 23 joint EPA/USDA Model Implementation Program (MIP) and
Agricultural Conservation Program (ACP) prototype projects.
WQ-76
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educational programs for State foresters and landowners, and implement
non-coal mining regulations.
Sections 208/106 Grants Management
- Complete the 5-year Sections 106/208/314 State needs assessment initiated
in 1979.
- Allocate grant funds to the extent feasible, on the basis of program
needs and national priorities. In addition to past Sections 106/208/314
needs, new program activities include: hazardous and toxic waste monitoring,
spill response and prevention and State pretreatment program management.
Public Information and Technology Transfer
- Operate the technology transfer system initiated in 1979, including
information on completed plans and new projects funded in 1980.
- Provide $200,000 to support regional publ'ic involvement projects
in WQM priority areas.
Clean Lakes Management
- Review 70 Clean Lakes grant applications and recommend appropriate award
actions for up to 45 projects. Provide adminsitrative attention to
approximately 115 operating Clean Lakes grants.
- Publish final regulation and program guidance to administer
Clean Lakes program under Section 314.
- Assist nearly all States with the implementation of State/EPA agreements
on Clean Lakes program requirements.
- Initiate an evaluation of lake restoration techniques and develop
technical/economic criteria for evaluating and funding Clean Lakes
projects.
- Assist efforts in 15 States to classify publicly owned fresh water
lakes according to trophic condition.
- Initiate effort to input and review the quality of Clean Lakes grant
water quality data into STORET, and the Grant Information Control System (GICS),
- Conduct four EPA regiona/State workshops to explain operational
procedures of the Clean Lakes program, complete and distribute public
awareness information about lake restoration methods and benefits, and
publish a users' manual on grant assistance offered under the Clean
Lakes program.
- Sponsor an international (North American/European) symposium, on
Clean Lakes restoration. The objective of the symposium is to obtain
information available on methods and procedures for lake restoration
for inclusion in the Administrator's Section 304(j) report to Congress in
1981.
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1980 Explanation.of Change, from Budget Estimate
The net decrease of $482,900 results from several actions. An increase of $402,200
results from the cost of the Qctoer 1979 pay raise and is included in a proposed
supplemental appropriation. A congressional reduction of $2 million each to Agency
travel costs and supplies and expenses resulted in a decrease of $69,000 and $17,400,
respectively. An overall reprogramming throughout the Agency to provide sufficient
salary funds to cover authorized workyears resulted in an increase of 5164,500 to this activity.
A reprogramming of $1,454,800 was made to water quality standards to consolidate
standards, criteria, and regulations functions. A reprogranming to the solid waste
media, management program implementation ($22,000), and uncontrolled hazardous waste
($26,200) was made for improved direction and guidance to the agencies implementing
Section 208 plans.
Reprogrammings in order to support costs projected on the basis of 1979 actual
expenditures resulted in regional transfers from water quality NEPA compliance municipal
waste facility construction ($118,600); from air quality management implementation
($80,100); to water quality municipal waste treatment facilities ($12,600); from drinking
water public systems supervision program assistance ($8,700); to air stationary source
enforcement ($51,100); from water quality ambient water quality monitoring ($38,100);
and water municipal waste treatment facility construction ($4,000).
A congressional add-on of $354,000 was made for the Poplar River Study.
1981 Plan
In 1981, the Agency requests- a total of $15,056,000 and 300 permanent workyears
for this program, of which $11,098,500 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation
and $3,957,500 is for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. This is an
increase of $26,300 and a decrease of five permanent workyears,
In 1981, the water quality management (WQM) program will be emphasizing improved
program management, completion of the Section 208 grants program by 1984, and building
a technological basis for the transfer of effective problem solutions. In awarding
grants under Sections.208, 106, and 314 of the Clean Water Act (CWA), WQM staff will
concentrate on high priority program areas and problem sites, on program integration
and coordination, and implementation of supportive funding policies.
In 1981, the WQM program will be emphasizing broader involvement of related programs
in EPA and other Federal agencies, to support both continuing Section 208 planning and
the implementation of completed plans, particularly those dealing with advanced waste
treatment (AWT) needs decisions, urban runoff control, agricultural nonpoint source control,
and ground water protection. Implementation of approved plans will continue to be
stressed. Successful plan implementation and approved SEAs will become criteria for
future Section 208/106/314 funding eligibility. Improvement of State and local
capabilities to obtain and manage implementation resources will continue as a high
priority. In 1931, the financial management assistance program will disseminate the
tools and techniques to help fund, plan, and implement projects that were developed
during 1979 and 1980.
WQ-78
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Hrant awards Tor state section IUD programs, continuing :>ecT.ion C.VQ jiannmy auu
Section 314 Clean Lakes Programs will be committed and awarded according to priorities
and phasing established in work plans and State/EPA agreements. 1981 awards will
reflect both national priorities and major localized problems identified in the 5-year
State needs assessment. Funding support of public involvement by concerned groups will
be continued with emphasis on groups with significant interests in national WQM priorities.
Clean Water Act (CWA) Sections 208 and 106 grant programs managed under this
element will provide approximately $83 million through negotiated work plans and
State/EPA Agreements (SEAs) to State, interstate, areawide, and local agencies.
Resources under this element will also be required to develop, negotiate and implement
integrated SEAs which include the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) and the
Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) grant programs, and other EPA programs, 1981 new obligational
authority requested is $34 million under Section 208 and $48.7 million under Section
106. These funds will be available on a 2-year grant basis. (See grants assistance
program for further description.)
In 1981, $3,957,500 is requested for extramural purposes under the Abatement,
Control and Compliance appropriation, including $500,000 for nonpoint source control
development, management, and implementation; $500,000 for Financial Management Assistance
Projects (FMAPs)',$1,000,600for technology transfer and education; approximately $447,300
for WQM support contracts, S354,600 for continuina assessment of industrial energy development
icipacts on critical western river basins, and $1,154,500 for statistical support of reaulations
development and for revision of the water quality strategy.
Specific outputs in 1981 will include:
State/EPA Agreements (SEAs)
- Work with other EPA programs to promulgate final SEA regulations.
- Assess the adequacy of WQM coverage in 1981 SEAs in all States.
- Complete development of WQM sections in 1981 integrated SEAs for all
57 States/Territories and begin development of SEAs for 1982.
Nonooint Source Controls
- Provide expert technical assistance to State and areawide agencies on
nonpoint source projects including urban runoff, agriculture, silviculture,
and ground water, with emphasis on national prototype projects.
- Analyze and document cause and effect runoff/water qualtiy relationships
identified in 41 agriculture, silviculture, and urban runoff prototype
projects. Prepare preliminary NURP report to Congress on causes, effects and
controls, final report to be completed in 1982»
- Conduct program assessment and Devaluation of agricultural NPS strategy, and update
strategy as required.
- Provide assistance to other EPA and Federal programs to implement
educational programs for State foresters and landowners; and implement
non-coal mining regulations.
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- Select six additional ground water protection prototype projects with
emphasis on hazardous dump sites.
- Fund and manage State and local high priority agriculture, urban,
silvicultural, and ground water protection projects.
Sections 208/106 Grants Management
- Develop prioritized work programs on negotiations of Section 106
grant awards, using the needs assessment to help set priorities.
- Allocate Section 208 grant funds to regions on basis of funding plans
results of the State needs assessment. (Needs-based procedures for
allocating 1981 funds will be issued in 1980.)
Public Information and Technology Transfer
- Operate the technology transfer system including information
on 41 completed prototype projects plus new projects funded
in 1981.
- Implement technology transfer effort to disseminate results of
completed national prototype projects, particularly from NURPs,
EPA/USDA MIPs and A-CP projects.
Clean Lakes Management
- Provide technical review for over 150 clean lake grant applications
and recommend appropriate award acitons for up to 75 projects. Provide
administrative and project officer attention to approximately 120 operating
D'lean lakes projects.
- Assist all 57 States and Territories in developing comprehensive State
administrative plans that address lake watershed pollution controls and
multiyear priority lists for over 150 Clean Lakes applications.
- Provide four policy and technical assistance workshops/meetings
with regional and State officials.
- Continue technical evaluation of lake restoration techniques, as well as the
economic evaluation of completed clean Lakes projects.
- Publish proceedings from the international symposium on lakes restoration,
publish the Administrator's Section 304(j) report, and publish public awareness
information on the Clean Lakes program.
WQ 80
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GREAT LAKES PROGRAM
1979 Accomplishments
In 1979, the Great Lakes National Program underwent an intensive Agency review and
analysis which resulted in new initiatives to more substantively involve the Agency's operating
divisions and the States in an accelerated Great Lakes clean-up effort. Some program
accomplishments include:
- Completion of the second year of the Lake Erie intensive surveillance
survey with special emphasis on toxic pollutants. Preliminary results
indicate that the lake is no longer rapidly deteriorating, and there is some
evidence of improvement.
- A radioactivity surveillance plan was implemented on Lakes Huron, Michigan,
and Superior by the United States. The Canadians conducted the same program
on Lakes Erie and Ontario.
- Specialized technical expertise was provided for several major Great
Lakes enforcement cases, including Waukegan Harbor and Detroit.
- Two Section 10S(a) grants totalling $1.2 million were awarded to Saginaw,
Michigan, and Cleveland, Ohio, to demonstrate innovative technology to
control storm and combined sewer overflows.
- Regulatory assessments of areas adversely impacted by high levels of
toxic pollutants were initiated at Wyandotte, Michigan and Ashtabula, Ohio.
1980 Program
The 1980 allocation for the Great Lakes abatement and control effort is $6,500,700
of which $730,300 is for Salaries and Expenses and $5,770,400 is for the Abatement,
Control and Compliance appropriation. 1980 marks the beginning of a redirected
Great Lakes surveillance program including:
- $4QQ,OOOfor instituting with the States, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Service and U.S. Food and Drug Administration a coordinated fish
tissue analysis program to detect toxic pollutants which threaten
public health.
- Establishment of technical assistance teams for LakesErie and Huron
to accelerate data analysis capability ($190,000).
- Initiation (in cooperation with the Canadians) of intensive water
quality surveillance surveys on Lake Huron as well as special water
intake and tributary monitoring programs.
- Implementation of an atmospheric loading network to estimate the amount
of pollutants being transferred from the air to the water (including
acid rain) ($200,000).
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- In lyau, resources tor regulatory propiem area assessments win aisu ue
Studies will continue at Wyandotte and Ashtabula, and new efforts will begin on
the Buffalo River in New York.
* The Section 108(a) grant program will allocate $1.4 million for
approximately five new demonstration projects to control rural
nonpoint source and toxic pollutants within the Great Lakes basin.
- Major efforts will be undertaken by the Program to coordinate the
numerous hazard assessment programs of the States and the International
Joint Commission (IJC) and ORD to ensure that health and environmental
contaminant inventories are directed toward the detection and control
of known and suspected toxic pollutants.
- The report of the International Phosphorus Management Strategies Task Force
will undergo intense review, and policy recommendations on the need for further
phosphorus reductions will be formulated.
Finally, the program will take the lead "catalyst" role within the Agency to
implement tne approved Great Lakes strategy with particular emphasis on increasing
State involvement in Great Lakes pollution control efforts through the 1981 State/EPA
Agreements.
1980 Explanation of Changes from Budget Estimate
The net decrease of $700 results from several actions. An increase of $20,400
results from the cost of the October pay raise and is included in a proposed supplemental
appropriation. A congressional reduction of $2 million each to Agency travel costs and
supplies and expenses resulted in a decrease of $6,400 and $13,300, respectively.
1981 Plan
In 1981, $6,529,300 and 15 permanent workyears are requested for this program of
which $664,300 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $5,865,000 is for the
Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. The majority of the Great Lakes
program staff will continue to be engaged in contract and grant management and in
providing technical assistance and support to the States and operating divisions.
State water quality standards and management plans will receive special attention
to insure that both are supportive of the objectives contained in the international
Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement of 1979. Efforts to evaluate and coordinate Great
Lakes and toxic and hazardous material control programs as well as airborne pollutants
programs will also continue. Increased emphasis will be placed on translating pollutant
source data into implementable regualtory programs.
Regulatory assessments and Section 108(a) grants will continue to be initiated and
directed toward the control of toxic pollutants in key Great Lakes areas. The surveillance
programs will concentrate on Lake Ontario and on increasing quality control and data
interpretation for the fish and sediment analyses programs.
WQ-82
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CLEAN LAKES PROGRAM
1979 Accomplishments
In 1979, $9,203,600 was obligated for clean lakes grants. EPA continued to provide
assistance for both lake restoration projects and for State classification of their
lakes by trophic condition. Fifty-one (51) proposals were received with the following
results:
- EPA funded 20 State grants for lake classifications;
- EPA funded nine new lake restoration projects;
- EPA funded 16 amendments for existing lake projects; and
- EPA rejected or had withdrawn six proposals.
Additionally, 10 projects from previous years were completed.
1980 Program
In 1980, the Agency has allocated a total of 515,000,000 for this program under
the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. Under the new program regulations,
EPA will continue to provide technical and financial assistance for Phase I (planning
and feasibility studies), Phase II (implementation awards), and State classification
proejcts. Following the publication of the regulation, Regions will assume all grants
administration and project officer responsibilities for approximately 100 grants/
cooperative agreements.
In 1980, EPA anticipates funding:
- approximately 20 State grants for lake classification;
- approximately 20 new lake restoration projects; and
- 10 Phase I grants, as a part of the Urban Initiative.
In addition, 20 projects will be completed during the fiscal year.
1930 Explanation of Changes from Budget Estimate
There is no change in this program activity.
1981 Plan
In 1981, the Agency requests a total of $13,500,000 under the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation with which EPA will attempt to meet the increasing funding
demands for projects from States.
In 1981, EPA will:
- Receive approximately 150 clean lakes proposals.
- Fund approximately 30 Phase I (planning and feasibility) projects.
- Fund approximately 20 Phase II (implementation) projects and amendments.
- Complete approximately 20 projects.
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1979 Accomplishments
In 1979, the Agency obligated 52,573,800, including $2,148,200 for extramural
purposes for the Abatement and Control Chesapeake Bay Program.
During 1979, the program plan developed by EPA with the States of Maryland and
Virginia and Bay area citizens, and implemented in 1978, was reviewed and expanded or
modified to incorporate relevant concerns into the management decision making process-
Major emphasis in 1979 was on the development of a toxic point source assessment program
and a data management effort to handle the information developed by the Chesapeake Bay
Program. Also during 1979, an environmental management study was initiated to assist
in better understanding present Bay management and review major water resource management
mechanisms.
1980 Program
In 1980, the Agency has allocated a total of $1,972,700 to this program, of which
$132,600 is for Salaries arid Expenses and 51,840,100 is for extramural purposes under
the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
In 1980, the Chesapeake Bay Program under both the research and the abatement and
control activities will continue the efforts initiated in 1978 and 1979, New projects
will be initiated to provide information necessary to make informed management decisions.
This will include a major baywide survey to develop the most complete set of data ever
collected addressing water quality conditions of the Bay. The 1980 program will be geared
toward integrating the vast amounts of research and management data being collected.
Efforts will include mathematical modeling and simulation, data synthesis, and the
identificaiton of control alternatives to abate pollution problems threatening the
environmental health of the Bay.
Toxics substance source assessment studies will analyze the introduction of
pollutants into the Chesapeake Bay ecosystem from point and nonpoint sources. This
information will be used to predict current and future loadings under a series of
alternative development projections and management strategies. Transport and fate
studies will develop baywide projections which will be used to evaluate the management
strategies proposed to achieve environmental goals, standards, and criteria.
The eutrophication and subnmerged aquatic vegetation projects will produce baywide
assessments of projected ecosystem changes. The reports will be integrated into and
will guide abatement and control development projects designed to mitigate specific non-
acceptable trends.
Studies of existing management agencies and mechanisms will continue and will
provide ths basis for a better understanding of the factors affecting and influencing
the Bay decision process.
State participation programs, with the States of Maryland and Virginia and citizen
participation programs, will continue to provide key coordination links between the
States, the public, and the Chesapeake Bay Program.
WQ-84
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1980 Explanation of Changes from Budget Estimate
The net decrease of £27,300 results from several actions. An increase of $4,300
results from the cost of the October 1979 pay raise and is included in a proposed
supplemental appropriation. A congressional reduction of $2 million to supplies and
expenses resulted in a decrease of $31,500.
1981 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $2,009,200 and five permanent workyears for this
program in 1981, of which $195,500 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation, and
$1,813,700 is for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
The 1981 Chesapeake Bay Program, under both research and development and abatement
and control, will continue to conduct the final integration of the research in the
areas of toxics, submerged aquatic vegetation and eutrophication. This will include
development of a peedictive capacity to assess the effects of pollutant loadings to the
system, development of a source assessment protocol for toxic substances and nutrients
entering the estuarine system from point and nonpoint sources, definition of the
transport and fate of toxic substances in the system, and synthesis of data to evaluate
control options to ameliorate eutrophication and major ecosystem changes such as the
disappearance of submerged aquatic vegetation. The environment management study will
assess the existing management structure and propose viable control alternatives to
achieve effective management of the Bay, its uses and resources. Synthesized reports
for toxics, submerged aquatic vegetation, eutrophication, and environmental management
will be produced and integrated into information useful to Bay region decision makers.
In 1981, the data management system will be fully operational and will handle the
data produced in the studies under this program and provide the basis for a centralized
data bank for the Chesapeake Bay.
NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY ACT (NEPA) COMPLIANCE/ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
STATEMENT PREPARATION - MATER QUALITY
1979 Accomplishments
In 1979, the Agency obligated $222,700 for this activity. In August 1978, EPA
revised its policy and no longer requires the regions to prepare EISs for Section 208
WQM plans. However, as part of this policy, 18 detailed EISs being developed on specific
WQM plans were completed in 1979. In addition, the regions assured that the environmental
assessments required in the WQM planning process were conducted in a manner consistent
with the spirit and intent of NEPA, including appropriate citizen and public agency
participation,
1980 Program
In 1980, the Agency has allocated;$205,90Q under the Salaries and Expenses
appropriation for this activity. Under the new EPA policy on NEPA compliance, the
regions are responsible for assuring that environmental assessments required in the WQM
planning process are conducted in a manner consistent with the spirit and intent of the
NEPA. Appropriate citizen and public agency participation will also be assured. More than
200 State and areawide agencies will be conducting continuation planning projects funded
under Section 208. In addition, the last 13 final EISs will be completed on initial
Section 208 WQM plans.
WQ-85
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The net increase of $29,900 results from several actions. An increase of $8,300
results from the cost of the October pay raise and is included in a proposed supplemental
appropriation. A congressional reduction of $2 million to Agency travel costs resulted
in a decrease of $500. An overall reprogramming throughout the Agency to provide
sufficient salary funds to cover authorized workyears resulted in an increase of $1?,40Q
to this activity,
A reprogramming of $5,300 to water quality standards and regulations; and $19,000
to solid waste uncontrolled hazardous waste sites was made to prepare EISs needed for
the construction grant program. A reprogramming of $9,700 to water quality environmental
emergency response and prevention, and $9,400 to water quality NEPA compliance municipal
waste facility construction was made to streamline the accounting process.
Reprograrmrings in order to support costs projected on the basis of 1979 actual
expenditures resulted in regional transfers from drinking water public systems supervision
program assistance ($7,200); from water quality NEPA compliance municipal waste facility
construction ($7,000); from solid waste hazardous waste enforcement ($1,500); from air
stationary source enforcement ($29,600); and from water quality manpower planning and
training ($2,800).
1981 Plan
In 1981, the Agency requests $192,400 and seven permanent workyears under the
Salaries and Expenses appropriation for this activity. The regions will be responsible
for assuring that environmental assessments required in the WQM planning process are
conducted in a manner consistent with the spirit and interest of the NEPA, including
appropriate citizen and public agency participation. Approximately 200 State and
areawide agencies will be conducting continuation planning projects under Section 208.
WQ-86
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*ri i i_i\
Effluent Standards and Guidelines
Appropriation
Salaries and Expenses
Abatement, Control and Compliance...
Grand Total
Original Revised
Estimate Estimate President's
1.981 1981 Reduction
$6,367
23,578
30,045
(dollars in thousands)
$6,338
23,578
30,016
-$29
- 29
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Page Intentionally Blank
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Appropriation
Salaries and Expenses
Abatement, Control
and Compliance ..
Grand Total.
Permanent Positions...
Full-time Equivalency.
WATER QUALITY
Effluent Standards and Guidelines
Actual
1979
Budget
Estimate
1980
Current
Estimate
1980
Estimate
1981
(dollars in thousands)
$ 5,585 $ 4,178
$ 5...8Z1
22,662
28,483
116
151
S 6,367
23,678
30,045
112
147
Increase +
Decrease *
1981 vs. 1930
+S 546
1,016
17562
-4
-4
Budget Request
An appropriation of $30,045,5(30 and 112 permanent workyears is requested for 1981.
This is an increase of $1,562,100 and a decrease of 4 permanent workyears over the 1980
level of $28,483,400 and 116 permanent workyears. The additional funding will be used to
increase work in industrial hazardous waste controls (e.g. management practices for sludges,
energy saving technologies in water pollution and developing regulations for major segments
of the "synfuel" industry (gasohol),,and coal gasification),
.Program Description
The program was mandated in 1972 to develop uniform, national effluent limitations and
standards for 34 major industrial categories that discharge waste into the Nation's waters.
The regulations implementing these effluent limitations guidelines were promulgated under
the combined authorities of Sections 301, 304, and 307 of the Clean Water Act. These auth-
orities provided for different levels of treatment technologies ^or the industrial categories
identified by the Agency as substantial contributors to water pollution. The regulations deve-
loped were based on the demonstrated use of the best practicable control technology (BPT)
then available. Designated industrial categories were to be in compliance by 1977. Limita-
tions based on the best available technology economically achievable (BATEA) were to be
promulgated, with industrial compliance required by 1984. Section 306 of the 1972 Act
required institution of standards for new industrial sources of waste water. Section 307
mandated development of pretreatment standards for those industries that discharge waste
water into municipal wastewater treatment works.
Beginning with the 1976 Settlement Agreement between EPA and Natural Resources Defense
Council (NRDC) et al, the Agency has continued to shift its program emphasis toward the
control of toxic water pollutant discharges. In 1977 this shift was reemphasized by the
Clean Water Act of 1977 which essentially incorporated the requirements of the Settlement
Agreement on toxic pollutants. The required redirection of program activities and a realloca-
tion of available resources has been accomplished. In particular, the emphasis on toxic
pollutants has required the concurrent development and use of new sampling and analytical
methods, substantial increases in resources devoted to analytical sampling and analysis
activities, development of new and cost-effective analytical methods of routine monitoring
of individual toxic pollutants, examination of wastewater treatment technologies for effect-
ive removal of toxic pollutants, and more intensive and thorough engineering investigations
of specific industrial categories.
-------
of 1977. These regulations will be aimed at controlling the water discharge of 65 compounds
and classes of compounds for 34 primary industrial categories. Every one of these 34 industry
categories is under investigation, some of the studies are nearly completed and proposed regu-
lations have been issued in five industrial categories. Each category requires examination
of processes in the industry, water usage, waste water characteristics, and treatment techno-
logies either in use or potentially applicable. In addition, the requirement of economic
achievability has led the Agency to conduct exhaustive studies of the financial and economic
structure of each industry and each subcategory of these industries to assess the economic
achievability of various regulatory options.
In activities which have a direct bearing on efforts in hazardous waste controls under
the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), the Agency is formulating best management
practices (BMP) under section 304(e) for controlling toxic pollutants originating from plant
site runoff, spillage or leaks, sludge or other waste disposal, and drainage from raw material
storage facilities which are associated with or ancillary to the industrial manufacturing
or treatment process.
Section 304 also requires EPA to develop technology-based effluent limitations for so-
called "conventional" pollutants. Presently, conventional pollutants include biochemical
oxygen demand (BOD), total suspended solids (TSS), pH, oil, grease and fecal coliform. The
1977 Act removes best available technology economically achievable (BATEA) as the appropriate
control level for conventional pollutants but adds a new level of technology for establishing
such limitations, termed best conventional pollutant control technology (BCT).
The new technology-based limitations for conventional pollutants cannot be less stringent
than B-PT or more stringent than BATEA standards. On August 29, 1979, the Agency promulgated
its review of existing BAT limitations for conventional pollutants for those industries not
included in the group of 34 industries covered by the consent agreement. This regulation
also detailed the methodology which will be-used to evaluate BCT when it is established in
the future. The BCT regulations will save the settlement agreement (i.e.:, "secondary")
industries up to $200 million in water pollution control costs, which represents about 50
percent of previously estimated future clean-up expenditures for these industries. By
eliminating some future clean-up requirements, the BCT regulations will help to ensure that
industrial water pollution control expenditures are cost-effective in improving the Nation's
water quality.
Consistent with Section 307 (b) and (c), pretreatment standards for both existing and
new industrial sources are forthcoming, with 5 categories now proposed. These standards will
include pretreatment limitations on the discharge of toxic pollutants to publicly owned
treatment works (POTW), consistent with the demonstrated operating performance of POTW's
in effective treatment of toxics.
In developing new regulations and in reviewing existing ones, there is a major effort
to incorporate legislative requirements of the Clean Water Act with those of other statutes.
For example, in the development and review of BATEA regulations, new technology for recycle
and reuse of industrial wastewater will be developed and incorporated with the related RCRA
requirements for the disposal of hazardous wastes. Studies of how best to integrate the
regulatory requirements of the BATEA toxics control effort with RCRA are on-going. RCRA
hazardous waste management regulations that are scheduled for promulgation. To meet the
Clean Water Act and RCRA statutory requirements for the disposal of residues, a joint effort
by several EPA programs is underway. The Office of Water Enforcement is developing guidance
on BMPs for control of toxic discharges from sludge and waste water disposal for the National
Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit authorities. The Office of Solid
Waste is developing, under RCRA authority, specific regulations dealing with any sludges that
are hazardous. The Office of Water Planning and Standards will continue to provide data
support and formulate specific best management practice regulations for the control of
residues in coordination with both the Office of Water Enforcement and the Office of Solid
Waste.
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in IS8I, the Agency will continue its efforts to collect and analyze the technological,
economic, health, and general environmental factors as fundamental inputs to the development
of specific regulations. To complete the revision of the existing BATEA limitation guidelines
for the industries identified in the Clean Water Act, EPA will continue to characterize
effluents with respect to the 65 classes of priority pollutants and to evaluate the effective-
ness of appropriate treatment technology in removing or reducing toxic pollutant concentrations.
Technical, statistical, and economic support will be provided to respond to litigation against
promulgated BATEA regulations. In cases of litigation the agency reviews its data base,"
technical and economic analyses and prepares resource intensive support documentation.
To complete the best conventional pollutant control technology (BCT) regulations, new
technical, economic, arid statistical data bases will be compiled to allow determination of
the necessity of revising existing BATEA regulations to meet the added test of economic
reasonableness imposed by the Act for conventional pollutants. This effort will ensure that
the most appropriate control mechanism for conventional pollutants has been established,
that required level of technology has been defined, and that applicable regulatory approaches
will be selected from technically viable alternatives. Thorough economic impact analyses of
affected industries will be conducted to assess the economic ramifications of alternative
limitations, and, in particular, to assure that the ultimate regulation is economically
achievable, and equitable,
1979 Accomplishments
In 1979, the Agency obligated $25,930,800 for this activity, including $20,345,500 for
extramural purposes. This includes $20,054,900 for contracts; $282,000 for automated data
processing (ADP) costs; and $8,600 for an interagency agreement. The contract obligations
include $12,629,400 for technical analytical studies; $3,656,500 for economic and statisti-
cal analysis; $267,000 for determination of health effects; and $3,502,000 for analysis of
environmental distributions of pollutants and exposure/risk. During 1979 program accomplish-
ments include:
- Technical studies that identified nearly 100 subcategories within 17 industrial
categories, for final determinations (pursuant to Paragraph 8, NRDC Settlement
Agreement) that national BATEA (Toxics) or pretreatment standards were not
appropriate. The principal rationale was that (1) existing standards controlled
toxics adequately, (2) only one plant was identified in a subcategory, or (3)
plants (processes) already achieved zero-discharge because of dry processes.
- Field work and draft reports for a nationwide study of water quality impacts due
to seafood processing (pursuant to Section 74, Clean Water Act) were completed.
Technical work on the BCT review of 33 subcategories in Seafood processing and
economic studies in 5 subcategories also were completed. Additional economic
studies for the remaining 28 subcategories are currently underway.
- Efforts to collect and analyze for toxic pollutants influent and effluent samples
of domestic wastewaters in publicly-owned treatment works (POTWs) were initiated as
part of the Agency's multimedia POTW toxics control strategy; the toxic removal
capability of POTW characterization study was completed, including an evaluation
of sludge contamination; an analysis of the content of combined sewer influents to
POTW was completed using a projection of the industrial effluent burden upon POTW.
- The basic development and validation of improved analytical methods for detection
of toxic pollutants in most complex industrial waste water discharges was completed.
- Technical studies for proposed regulations were completed for eight of the 34
primary industries. Work continued on 26 others.
-------
industries. This study involved extensive data gathering in each region of the
Nation to determine the concentration of pollutants in the environment in those
regions. This information identified the regions and industries that required
special attention because of the severity of their point source pollution problems.
- Economic analyses for proposed regulations covering the potential impacts of each
treatment alternative for one (leather tanning and finishing) of 34 primary indus-
tries were performed. An economic analysis for the final electroplating pretreatment
regulation was also performed.
- Measures were initiated to add substances to the Administrator's list of toxic
pollutants, as required in Section 307 (a) of the Clean Water Act, by developing
a selection rationale for choosing pollutants and by documentation of the human
health and environmental effects of those pollutants.
- Technical information studies for best conventional pollution control technology
(BCT) for eight of 34 primary industries were completed. This required examination
of data on incremental cost of conventional pollutant removal by appropriately
sized plants in each subcategory of each industry and POTW. The cost data were
systematically compared and analyzed for each alternative level of conventional
pollutant treatment to conventional pollutants in each subcategory.
- Secondary Industry Review was completed which resulted in promulgated BCT guidelines
for 93 subcategories. Also, a methodology was developed which will be applied to
other BCT limitation development.
- Effluent and sludge from 15 PQTWs were sampled and analyzed for the "priority
pollutants."
1980 Program
In 1980, the Agency has allocated $28,483,400 for this activity including 55,821,400
for Salaries and Expenses and $22,562,000 for extramural purposes under Abatement, Control
and Compliance. This subactivity includes $300,000 for ADP costs and $22,362,000 for techni,
cal, economic and environmental studies for the proposal and promulgation of best available
technology economically achievable (BATEA) effluent guidelines; new source performance
standards (NSPS); and pretreatment standards for new sources (PENS) for the remaining
primary industries. These studies will also provide for the continuation of the develop-
ment of regulations for best management practices (BMP), for Resource Conservation and
Recovery Act (RCRA) related hazardous sludges, best conventional pollutant control techno-
logy (BCT) regulations for the remaining secondary and primary industries, development of
a preliminary Publicly Owned Treatment Work (POTW) toxic pollutant regulatory strategy and
conducting the first phase pf the synfuel investigations with priority on gasohol manufacture
in iapu, tne program will.: . "
- Complete technical studies for development of proposed regulations in 26 of the
34 primary industries. This work includes detailed laboratory analysis of effluent
samples collected from plants in each subcategory of each industry, evaluation of
the treatment performance of pollution abatement equipment currently used in each
industry, accounting for variations in plant size, expansion space availability,
location, age, and production process. The technical studies will also explore
the feasibility of process changes to recycle or reuse water and the range of
treatment technologies used in other industries that might apply to the industry
under study. For each treatment option, process change, and alternative technology,
the costs incurred by plants in the industry must be determined.
- Publish final regulations establishing national effluent limitations and standards
for 9 primary industries.
WQ-90
-------
uompiete economic studies tor development ot proposed regulations in ^b of tne m
Industries, Because full economic impact information is required before a preferred
treatment option is selected, each treatment alternative must be subjected to an
economic analysis. These analyses become successively more detailed as the range of
option narrows; the final small group of options considered are examined separately
for impacts on prices, production, employment, industry size and concentration,
foreign trade,regional economics, the economics of related industries and capacity.
A precursor to this step is-the analysis of economic data on the industry to deter-
mine the economic and financial structure of model plants most appropriate for
regulatory economic assessment of the industry. When necessary, economic impacts
are determined according to several alternative economic organizational assupmtions.
Continue to incorporate needs of other statutes, in particular RCRA, into technical
and economic studies to develop industrial effluent guidelines. Information on
sludge generation, storage, and disposal and associated costs, and the handling of
hazardous materials and other solid wastes will play a major role in the development
and proposal of effluent guidelines regulations. Support for this work will include
collection of initial data on sludge generated by 33 industrial point source categories
and by POTW. These data will provide a major technical input to the Office of -Sol-id
Waste on sludges generated by industrial BATEA requirements as well as POTW sludges
controlled under Section 405(d) guidelines as part of an expanded complementary
activity for RCRA. This effort will reduce corporate and governmental administrative
burdens in data collection, permit issuance and compliance.
Propose and promulgate Agency analytical methods of analyses of toxics in industrial
waste water and continue investigations of methods applicable to toxic analysis of
sludges and other complex industrial waste streams.
The Agency expects to propose regulations for best available technology economically
achievable (BATEA) effluent guidelines, new source performance standards (NSPS),
pretreatment standards for existing sources (PSES), and pretreatment standards for
new sources (PSNS) for up to 25 primary industries in 1980.
Incorporate into new regulations consideration of innovation and alternative treat-
ment technologies (including cost and energy), and enhance recycling and reuse of
water waste to reduce industrial costs and enhance environmental benefits.
Begin development of data to define model plants for synfuels in gasohol, high BTU
coal gasification, low BTU gasification, direct coal liquefaction,, indirect coal
liquefaction and oil shale synfuel technologies. The mode] plants will be used to
establish baseline discharges, baseline capital cost of the facility and baseline
O&M costs of synfuel facilities using best available data from existing pilot scale
facilities.
Continue to investigate levels of toxic pollutants discharged to and by POTW through
wastewater and sludge. .The results will guide the Agency's approaches to implementa-
tion of pretreatment programs, to sludge disposal or beneficial use, and to reexamina-
tion of standards for wastewater discharges from POTW.
Conduct environmental studies, including geographical and quantitative industrial
profiles for an overall environmental risk assessment of 11 additional BAT indust-
ries. This study involves extensive data gathering in each region of the Nation to
determine the concentration of pollutants in the environment in those regions. This
information will identify the regions and industries that require special attention
because of the severity of their point source pollution problems.
-------
cost of conventional pollutant removal to determine a reasonable level for treatme,
of conventional pollutants in each subcategory.
- Initiate technical support for implementation of the standards in National Pollution
Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) integrated permits. The individual plants in
each industry will face different limitations, depending on their own process mixes
and water use. For NPDES permit writing, methods will be developed to interpret
each regulation or set of regulations applicable to each plant in the light of pro-
cess wastewater and sludge generation, waste treatment and waste stream combination
within the plant. Recycle and reuse of wastewaters as well as other innovative tech-
nologies will be major factors incorporated into permit writing procedures. Because
of this and because of the many possibilities for chemical reaction and waste dilution
within the plant, these methods will be based on a process and chemical engineering
knowledge of the plant's production and discharge practices, and their relationship
to the standards.
- Initiate further measures to add substances to the Administrator's list of toxic
pollutants, as required in Section 307{a) of the Clean Water Act, by developing a
selection rationale for choosing pollutants; and by documenting the human health
and environmental effects of those pollutants.
- Continue ongoing studies of industry best management practices (BMP) for raw material
storage and handling, and control of in-plant spills. Incorporate BMP study results
into industrial effluent guidelines regulations where appropriate.
- Effluent and sludge from an additional 25 POTWs will be sampled for the "priority
pollutants." In addition, two special surveys will be conducted to assess the impact
of industrial pretreatment standards on POTW influents.
1980 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The net decrease of $627,600 results from severs! actions. An increase of 3162,200
results from the cost of the October 1979 pay raise and is included in a proposed supple-
mental appropriation. A congressional reduction of $2 million to Agency travel costs and
an ADP reduction of SI million resulted in a decrease of $4.,,700 and 59,600, respectively.
An overall reprogramming throughout the agency to provide sufficient salary funds to cover
authorized workyears resulted in decrease of 5482,700 to this activity.
A reprogramming of $48,800 was made to the management and support media for the 1979
transfer of an employee. A reprogramming of $200,000 was made to the management and support
media, Office of Water and Waste Management to cover a shortfall in salary funds.
1981 Program
For 1981, the Agency requests $30,045,500 and 112 permanent workyears for this activity,
including $6,367,300 for the Salaries'and Expenses appropriation and $23,678,200 for the
Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. Extramural funds are requested for techni-
cal investigations, economic and statistical support, exposure and risk assessments, analyti-
cal and sampling support, and support for court litigation and remands. In 1981, the program
will:
- Propose regulations for best available technology economically achievable (BATEA)
effluent guidelines, new source performance standards (NSPS), pretreatment standards
for existing sources (PSES), pretreatment standards for new sources (PSNS) for
the remaining 5 or 6 of the 34 primary industries, arid promulgate regulations for
21 to 25 industry categories.
-------
impact information is required oetore a preferred treatment option is selected, eacn
treatment alternative must be subjected to an economic analysis. These analyses
become successively more detailed as the range of options narrows; the final small
group of options considered are examined separately for impacts on prices, production,
employment, industry size and concentration, foreign trade, regional economics, the
economics of related industries and capacity. A precursor to this step is the analy-
sis of economic data on the industry to determine the economic and financial structure
of model plants most appropriate for regulatory economic assessment of the industry.
When necessary, economic impacts are determined according to several alternative
economic organizational assumptions.
Promulgate BCT regulations for 21 to 25 primary industries which will serve as back-up
to BATEA (toxics) regulations. Supporting industry development documents will be
prepared and will include discussions of relevant alternatives and decision criteria
as assistance to the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit
authorities. Efforts will include final promulgation of amendments or issuance of
guidance, for BCT limitations for several food commodity industries (seafoods, meats,
fruits, and vegetables) in compliance with the review requirements of Section 301 and
306 of the Clean Water Act.
Conduct detailed analyses and sampling for expedited regulatory schemes for synfuels
including coal gasification, direct and indirect coal liquefaction and oil shale
industries. Included will be a technical effort encompassing an investigation of
several major aspects of each of the synfuel technologies, an an economic analysis
which includes a review of all existing information on the potential financial and
economic structure of the industry and the development of appropriate economic models.
Develop and prescribe best management practices (BMP) in support of RCRA controls of
hazardous wastes (e.g. treatment sludges) for several major primary industries. The
data from the sampling and analysis of "spills" and sludge waste streams will be in-
corporated into this effort to help define the potential for toxic discharges into
surface waters as well as potential mechanisms for treatment or control by traditional
or innovative management schemes.
If possible, documentation of "innovative" technologies to minimize the overall dis-
charge of all toxics will be completed for 10 industry categories, representing over
300 subcategories. Concepts which reduce costs of pollution control or result in
improved production system efficiency by recycle and reuse of by-products and wastes
will be emphasized in "innovative" technology review.
Develop statistical and technical data to define quantitative "surrogate" relation-
ships for those pollutant parameters which are common to several industrial categories.
These surrogates will represent specific levels of one or more toxic pollutants.
These surrogates will serve as a means for substantial reductions in costs and com-
plexity in permit procedures and monitoring by individual point sources.
Provide technical support to regions and State permit authorities for non-conventional
waivers and how best to interpret and apply regulations in situations where pollu-
tants have been excluded from the regulations. This technical assistance will also
involve application of the "indicator" concept (i.e. non-quantitative relation in
lieu of "surrogate" described above) as well as advice on subcategories or facilities
excluded from national standards or problems involving BAT regulation of non-conven-
tional pollutants.
Continue treatability studies focusing on larger pilot studies, for actual industrial
waste streams. Specific emphasis will be placed on those pollutants that cannot
be readily removed or treated by traditional methods.
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provide comraci. iiiaiiayemeiii, iujjuui u uu uic VM-I.IC.C u-i juiiu nuji-c m m^n^M ,i,= ,,,«*
waste evaluation programs (see the detailed program description for solid waste, v«<. .
management strategies, regulations, guidelines).
Formulation of recommendations and publication of report for specific POTW regulatory
strategy including support for mechanisms for pretreatment credits at the local level,
inputs to Office of Water Program Operations and Office of Water Enforcement Program
efforts; and for possible guidance to regions and States to POTW toxics problems.
The recommendation will incorporate needs regarding definition of best practicable
waste treatment technology for PQTW, and implications for sludge disposal and associa-
ted program aspects for municipal grants.
Provide for additional analysis to respond to anticipated litigation and remands
covering 26 primary industrial categories. Assistance in the preparation of court
records for five promulgated BAT (toxics) regulations will also be required.
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Grants Assistance Program
Appropriation
Control Agency Resource
Supplementation (Section 106):
Abatement, Control and Compliance.
Areawide Waste Treatment Management
Resources (Section 208):
Abatement, Control and Compliance.
Training Grants (Section 104):
Abatement, Control and Compliance.
Original Revised
Estimate Estimate
1981 1981
1ars fn thousands)
Total
82,730
President's
Reduction
$43,730 $48,730
34,000 34,000
32,730
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Page Intentionally Blank
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WATER .QUALITY
Grants Assistance Program
Actual
1979
Appropriation
Control Agency Resource
Supplementation (Section
106):
Abatement, Control and
Compliance
Areawide Waste Treatment
f'fanagement Resources
(Section 208):
Abatement, Control and
Compliance.....,
Training Grants (Section
104):
Abatement, Control and
Compliance
Total
Permanent Positions..,
Full-Time Equivalency.
Budget
Estimate
1980
Current
Estimate
1980
Estimate
1981
Increase +
Decrease -
1981 vs. 1980
(dollars in thousands)
$54,121 $48,730 $48,730 $48,730
' 94,509 40,000 37,500 34,000
2,602 ... 580
151,232 88,730 86,310 82,730
-53,500
580
- 4,080
Budget Request
The Agency requests a total of $82,730,000 for 1981 under the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation. This represents a decrease of 3304,700 from the T980 level in
Section 208 areawide waste treatment management resources and will result in a decreased
number of Section 208 grant awards, including elimination of all construction-runoff project
funding. The decrease of 3580,000 in Section 104 Training Grants is due to a nonrecurring
1980 congressional add-on for academic training.
Program Description
The water quality grants assistance program includes three grants assistance activities:
water pollution control State program grants under Section 106, Section 208 planning grants,
and Section 104 training grants.
In 1979, EPA introduced a major reform in the management of programs under Sections 208
and 106 of the Clean Water Act through the State/EPA Agreement process. The reform is aimed
at integrating water quality and related grant assisted planning, implementation, and manage'
men-t of' environmental programs. State/EPA, Agreements are negotiated annually by indivi-
dual States and EPA regions (with the participation of affected local agencies and the public)
and will cover all strategies and work programs that are intended to integrate water quality
and other directly-related programs that are funded by EPA grants.
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pollution control agencies. In every major Section 106-funded state program, tFA and tne
States jointly perform activities that require extensive coordination. In 1981, EPA regions
will award Section 106 grants according to identified annual priorities for water pollution
control activities and conduct periodic reviews of State accomplishments.
The Clean Water Act provides for financial support of State and designated areawide
water quality planning agencies under Section 208. This authority, combined with Sections
106 and 303 of the Act, provides the basis for control of nonpoint and point sources under
the Act.
Section 208 grants are awarded to State and designated areawide planning agencies for
continuing planning programs which address National, State, and local nonpoint source pollu-
tion priorities. The Section 208 grants afford State and areawide agencies the unique
opportunity to plan and manage water quality programs dealing with urban runoff, agricultural
runoff, construction runoff, and other nonpoint sources. Although Section 208 authorizes
State and areawide agencies to evaluate both point and ntinpoint sources of pollution, Section
208 grants will fund only well-defined nonpoint source (NFS) problem-solving projects.
Increased emphasis will be focused on improved grant management in terms of integration,
accountability, and attention to priorities when awarding Section 106 grants.
Academic training grants are awarded to institutions of higher education to meet pro-
fessional manpower needs. Efforts in this area are divided into three primary categories:
the professional graduate training program, the State agency fellowship program, and under-
graduate training grants.
CONTROL AGENCY RESOURCE SUPPLEMENTATION (Section 106}
1979 Accomplishments
In 1979, $54,120,800 was obligated for Section 106 grants. In addition to the
traditional activities that have been funded under Section 106 (including ambient and efflt
water quality monitoring, NPDES program management and enforcement, "and treatment plant
operation and maintenance training) several emerging activities have been identified as
priorities for Section 106 funding. These include: emergency response programs; toxics
related activities; nonpoint source regulatory activities ; upgrading laboratory equip-
ment; intensive surveys; pretreatment management; and program development. State program
activities and outputs for 1979 included:
Issuance, reissuance or modification of 1,100 major permits for priority municipal
and industrial facilities.
Implemented 140 publicly owned treatment works (POTW) pretreatment programs.
Assured 3,700 State responses to emergency situations.
Initiated 736 enforcement actions against pollution sources.
Conducted 400 intensive water quality surveys.
Conducted 2,005 NPDES compliance inspections.
1980 Program
In 1980, the Agency has allocated $48,730,000 for Section 106 grants under the Abate-
ment, Control and Compliance appropriation.
WQ-96
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Additional State delegations and funding of municipal construction management respon-
sibilities under Section 205(g) are expected to allow limited Section 106 and State funding
to support emerging priority programs, such as emergency response, dredge and fill, and pre-
treatment activities. Traditional State activities, including monitoring, NPDES permits
issuance and compliance assurance, and municipal operation and maintenance training will
continue to be funded by Section 106 grants. Construction grant program management for
delegated States is now funded entirely under Section 2Q5(g) assistance. Where delegations
have not been made, States will continue to receive available Section 106 support as deter-
mined by the State/EPA Agreements, A comprehensive Five-Year Needs Assessment is being
prepared by the Agency which identifies funding and staff support needs in each major pro-
gram area. Planned State program activities and accomplishments in 1980 include:
Issue, reissue or modify 1,455 major permits for priority municipal and industrial
facilities.
Implement 100 publicly owned treatment works (POTW) pretreatment programs.
Assure 2,150 State responses to emergency situations.
Initiate736-enforcement activities against major pollution sources, including
final effluent violations.
Conduct 450 intensive water quality surveys.
Conduct 2,121 NPDES compliance inspections.
Implement NPS control programs in 44 States.
1980 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
There is no change from the budget estimate.
1981 Plan
In 1981, the Agency requests $48,730,000 for Section 106 grants under the Abatement,
Control and Compliance appropriation. Beginning in 1981, a revised Section 106 funding
allocation will be implemented, based on priority State and national needs and State/EPA
Agreements. The regions will work with each State to identify its priorities for the use
of Section 106 funds and the steps the State will take in 1981 to improve management of
their Section 106 funds. Planned State program activities and accomplishments in 1981
include:
Issue, reissue or modify nearly 1,755 major permits for priority municipal and indus-
trial facilities.
Implement 90 municipal publicly owned treatment works (POTW) pretreatment programs.
Assure 2,000 State responses to emergency situations.
Initiate over 271 enforcement activities against major pollution sources.
Conduct 2,771 NPDES compliance inspections
Implement NPS control programs in 38 States
Operate 1,000 Basic Water Monitoring Program (BWMP) fixed stations at which samples
are collected and analyzed for the priority pollutants. .
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1979 Accomplishments
In 1979, the Agency obligated 594,508,800 for Section 208 grants. States and EPA
completed review and approval of most of the 225 initial plans during 1979. Approximately
200 continuing planning awards were made emphasizing urban runoff, agriculture, nonpoint
source, Advanced Waste Treatment evaluations, and other problem-specific nonpoint source
planning projects with high priorities established by national policy and 1979 State/EPA
Agreements. Improved integration of planning and management requirements under Sections
2C8, 201, 106, and 303 was strongly emphasized. The 1979 water quality management program
outputs are described in detail under the State program regulations and guidelines section.
1980 Program
In 1980, the Agency has allocated $37,500,000 for Section 208 grants under the Abate-
ment, Control and Compliance appropriation. Beginning in" 1980, unless a significant portion
of completed planning 1:s being implemented, continuing funding will not be provided. There-
fore, it is expected that a limited number of State and areawide agencies will be
funded during 1980. Successful agencies will be funded to perform continued planning only
in nonpoint source priority areas, including urban runoff, agriculture runoff, groundwater
protection, construction runoff, silviculture, and noncoal mining. Selection of the projects
that will be funded is governed by selection criteria developed in 1979. Other activities,
including Advance Waste Treatment (AWT) planning and pretreatment program management, that
were previously funded under Section 208 will be funded under other authorities (i.e., Sections
106, 201, and 205(g}).
Additional 1980 water quality management activities and outputs are described under
the State program regulations and guidelines section. Highlights of these outputs include:
Selection, funding,and management of 30 prototype urban runoff control projects.
Continuation of 23 Model Implementation Programs (MIP) and Agricultural Conservation
Programs (ACP), which are special water quality projects developed and funded in co-
ordination with USDA.
Assistance to 10 additional prototype agencies in developing self-funding mechanisms
for implementation of cost-effective nonpoint source control programs and for mainten-
ance of continuing planning programs.
Funding of: 53 agriculture NPS projects; 126 urban runoff projects; 99 groundwater
protection projects; 107 construction NPS projects; 43 silviculture projects; and
46 non-coal mining projects. Some of these projects will be identified as national
prototypes.
1980 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The net decrease of $2,500,000 results from a congressional reduction to this activity.
1981 Plan
In 1981, $34,000,000 is requested for Section 208 grants. No Section 208 funds will
be used for point source planning activities or for planning not associated with the solu-
tion of specific nonpoint source water quality problems. Related 1981 water quality mana-
gement activities and outputs are described'under the State Program Regulations and Guide-
lines section. Highlights of planned outputs include:
Continued or completed funding for 3D prototype national urban runoff control projects
(NURPs).
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Continued funding of six prototype ground water protection projects.
Seven Model Implementation Program (HIP) and 16 Agricultural Conservation Program
(ACP) projects will be funded in coordination with USDA.
Completion of 5 prototype financial management assistance projects funded in 1980
to develop self-funding mechanisms for implementation of cost-effective nonpoint
source control programs.
Funding for other projects including: 125 agricultural NFS projects (75 for deve-
lopment of USDA Rural Clean Water Program (RCWP) cost sharing projects, and approx-
imately 50 other area-specific applications of prototype technologies;!; 80 urban
runoff projects to apply technical and financial solutions trom NURP planning in
other localities; 80 State and local priority groundwater projects.
TRAINING GRANTS
1979 Accomplishments
In 1979, the Agency obligated $2,602,000 for these activities, including a congres-
sional add-on to the professional training grant program of 5415,000. This included
$175,000 for training graduate level students in water-related engineering and environ-
mental sciences. In 1979, 43 graduate trainees were supported at 28 institutions. The
State agency fellowship program provided $175,000 for 58 State employees from 32 State
and territorial water pollution control agencies. Upon completion of this training,
the employees returned to their respective agencies to work at least 2-years for each
full year of financial support. The remaining $65,000 was provided for the undergraduate
training program.
Professional training activities for 1979 did not include the continuation of cir-
riculum development. The Bachelor of Engineering Technology programs are being developed
at Pennsylvania State University and Rochester Institute of Technology. Undergraduate
training grants were provided to four institutions in water-related engineering and en-
vironmental disciplines to support approximately 50 students at a cost of $100,000.
1980 Program
In 1980, the Agency has allocated $580,000 under the Abatement, Control and Com-
pliance appropriation to support trainees, including graduate training programs at $105,000,
undergraduate training programs at $55,000, State Agency Fellowships at $125,000,
Curriculum Development at $100,000, Minority Colleges at $20,000 and $175,000 to study
the feasibility of establishing interdisciplinary training centers.
The training grants provide funding support primarily for tuition, fees, and stipends
for students enrolled in water quality control technology curricula.
1980 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The net increase of $580,000 results from a congressional increase of $1.5 million
agencywide for the academic training program.
1981 Plan
There will be no program in 1981.
WQ-99
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WATER QUALITY
Water Quality Strategies Implementation
Appropriation
Environmental Emergency
Response and Prevention:
Salaries and Expenses..,.
Abatement, Control
and Coinpl iance. ~
Standards and Regulations:
Salaries and Expenses....
Abatement, Control
and Coropl i ance
Regulatory EIS Prep-Water
Quality:
Salaries and Expenses....
Abatement, Control
and Compl iance
Ocean Disposal Permits:
Salaries and Expenses....
Abatement, Control
and Compliance...,
Total:
Salaries and Expenses
Abatement, Control
and Comol iance
Grand Total
Permanent Positions
Environmental Emergency
Response.
Standards and Regulations..
Regulatory EIS Prep-WO
Ocean Disposal Permits
Total
Full-time Eoui valency
Environmental Emergency
Response ,
Standards and Regulations..
Regulatory EIS Prep-WQ .
Ocean Disposal Permits
Total
Actual
1979
$4,112
3,694
2,819
1,671
500
995
482
7,925
6,347
14,273
113
84
27
224
120
94
'M
246
Budget
Estimate
1980
$8,118
1,723
500
1,231
11,072
500
11,572
122
49
25
196
136
61
'ii
232
Current
Estimate
1980
(dollars in
$4,229
5,536
3,008
381
500
1,113
230
8,350
6,647
14,997
125
95
28
248
137
108
'35
280
Estimate
1981
thousands)
$4,970
4,295
3,573
1,433
500
879
159
9,422
6,337
15,809
129
110
24
263
138
121
*29
288
Increase +
Decrease -
1981 vs. 1980
+741
-1,?41
+565
+1,052
-234
-71
+1,072
-20
+812
+4
+15
-4
+15
+1
+13
-6
+8
WQ=100
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Water Quality Strategies Implementation
Appropriation
Environmental Emergency Response
and Prevention:
Salaries and Expenses
Abatement, Control and Compliance,
Standards and Regulations:
Salaries and Expenses
Abatement, Control and Compliance.
Regulatory EIS Prep-Water Quality:
Salaries and Expenses.
Abatement, Control and Compliance.
Ocean Disposal Permits:
Salaries and Expenses...
ibatement, Control and Compliance.
Total:
Salaries and Expenses..
Abatement, Control and Compliance.
Grand Total ,
Original Revised
Estimate Estimate
1981 1981
(dollars in thousands)
President's
Reduction
4,970
4,295
3,573
1,433
500
879
159
9,422
6,387
$ 4,941
4,295
3,550
1,433
500
874
159
9,365
6,387
-29
-23
- 5
-57
15,809
15,752
-57
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Page Intentionally Blank
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Budget Request
The Agency requests a total of 515,809,000 and 263 permanent workyears for 1981, an
increase of $811,700 from 1980. Included in this total is $9,422,100 for the Salaries
and Expenses appropriation and $6,386,900 for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appro-
priation, with an increase of 51,071,900 and a decrease of $260,200, respectively. The
increases in the standards and regulations program element will allow almost a full review
of major/controversial dredge and fill permits.
Program Description
The water quality strategies implementation subactivity covers the Environmental
Emergency Response and Prevention Program, the Ocean Disposal Permits Program, and the
Standards and Regulation Program.
Environmental Emergency Response and Prevention - The primary-objectives of EPA's
Environmental Emergency Response and Prevention Program are to protect water quality by
preventing and responding to oil and hazardous substances spills, and providing emergency
assistance to hazardous waste site incidents. Section 31T of the Clean Water Act of 1977
contains the congressional mandate to provide a nationwide capability to prevent spills of
oil and designated hazardous substances into the navigable waters of the United States, to
respond to spills with necessary cleanup and removal actions, and to respond to other
serious environmental emergencies which cause or threaten danger to public health and
welfare or sensitive ecological systems, when not precluded under Section 311. Successful
implementation and operation of Section 311 depends on the promulgation of key regulations
(including the continuing designation of hazardous materials), revisions to the National
Contingency Plan, development of national program guidance, interagency coordination,
development of spill training programs, and an aggressive spill prevention program
(including development of a hazardous substances prevention program).
EPA shares responsibility for the Environmental Emergency Response and Prevention
Program with the U.S. Coast Guard (USCG). Jurisdictional lines between the agencies
for spill response actions in navigable waters are drawn geographically with EPA having
responsibility for inland water excluding the Great Lakes. The National Oil and Hazardous
Substances Contingency Plan (40 CFR Part 1510) specifically charges EPA with assuming On-
Scene Coordination (OSC) responsibilities for spills of oil and designated hazardous
substances into or upon inland waters, and providing coordination and technical support
on both the national and regional level. EPA's OSC and/or their designated representative
will assume a monitoirng role or a Federal removal role, as dictated by the situation. To
assure that responses are efficient and coordinated, national and regional contingency
plans are required which delineate procedures, techniques, and responsibilities of the
various Federal, State and local authorities.
The major new emphasis will be on the implementation of the hazardous substances
spill response program. The key regulation required for implementation of the program,
the Reportable Quantities Regulation, went into effect on September 28, 1979. It will
be EPA's responsibility to respond on-Scene to the severest environmental incidents
involving the discharge or spill of designated hazardous substances. As the public
becomes aware of the notification requirement in the new regulations, the number of
reported hazardous substance spills to which the EPA will need to respond will increase.
It will require EPA expertise and resources to address the complex technical and potentially
dangerous emergencies expected to be reported under the new regulations. The increasing
number of hazardous substance spills on land, as a result of truck and rail accidents,
and the introduction of more chemicals into commercial use will also impact the demands
on the program.
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In order to augment the resources of the program, the tnvironmentai Response team U-KI, "
was established early in 1979. It is a team of experienced personnel which, provides on-site -
consultation services to the OSC including spill response and mitigation alternatives,
ecological damage assessment during an incident, determination of information needs, as
well as on-site deployment of prototype spill control devices. In addition to the ERT
providing immediate field assistance) the Regions also receive technical support from the
Technical Assistance Team (TAT) contract. The contract was awarded in 1979 and will remain in
effect through 1981 to assist the Regions and the ERT in responding to Section 311 spills
and environmental emergencies.
Standards and Regulations - The standards and regulations program includes several
discrete functions.National management, coordination and program development regulating
the discharge of dredged or fill material (Section 404) are carried out under this program,
including the review and approval of requests from States for Section 404 permit authority
for specific waterways. Under Sections 304(a) and 307(a), water quality criteria are
developed and published tc reflect the latest scientific knowledge on the kind and extent
of all identifiable effects on human health and welfare. Assistance in the development
and review of State water quality standards is provided to ensure that acceptable standards
are established in each State. Basic hazardous substances regulations are developed based
on aquatic organisms, and designations are being expanded under Section 311 to include
protection of human health, Guidelines, standards and regulations are developed to
correct water pollution problems resulting from such sources as in-place toxicants and
discharges from vessels and aquaculture projects.
Ocean Disposal - For budgetary purposes, the ocean disposal program is divided into
two program elements: (1) ocean disposal permits program, and (2) regulatory EIS pre-
paration. The ocean disposal program (authorized by the Marine Protection, Research
and Sanctuaries Act of 1972 and operational since 1973) provides EPA with a capability
to regulate ocean dumping, designate disposal sites, develop ocean related policies,
and participate in interagency programs that deal with development of ocean resources.
To carry out the ocean disposal permitting functions under Title I of the Marine
Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act of 1972, the Administrator of EPA is authorized
to regulate the disposition of all materials except dredged material (which is regulated
by the Corps of Engineers). The Act further prohibits the transportation and dumping in
ocean water of chemical, biological, and radiological warfare agents and high level
radioactive materials.
The ocean program activities are designed to insure that EPA authorities will be
applied to the significant new and changing activities in the exploration and develop-
ment of multiple uses of open ocean resources. The program utilizes water quality
criteria, effluent guidelines, and the new ocean discharge criteria to establish the
framework for EPA assistance and influence over uses of the ocean resources. Major
coordination witti the ocean related programs of other agencies is necessary.
ENVIRONMENTAL EMERGENCY RESPONSE AND PREVENTION
1979 Accompli shments
In 1979, the Agency obligated a total of $7,806,400 for the Environmental Emergency
Response and Prevention program, of which $4,111,900 is for salaries and expenses and
$3,694,500 is for extramural purposes.
Over 7,500 notifications of environmental emergencies were received by the regional
offices during 1979. The program responded to'224 spills which required a Federal
On-scene Coordinator to direct Federal removal actions and monitored 5,300 cleanup actions
by the spiller. The spill prevention program was continued by the regions during 1979,
with a combined regional effort totalling over 550 spill prevention inspections of
facilities and follow-up on oil spills from non-transportation "related facilities.
The promulgation of the hazardous substances regulations on reportable quantities
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Section 311 of the Clean Water Act. During 1979, guidelines were drafted which define
implementation procedures and EPA's responsibility when responding on-scene to discharges
or spills of designated hazardous substances.
The 8-person Environmental Response Team (ERT), as defined in the Program Description
was established in October-November, 1973. Through August 1979, the team responded to 38
incidents. It provided assistance during the fiscal year at the request of the regional on
scene coordinators both within EPA and outside the Agency.
Contract funding of approximately S3 million was used for additional technical field
support for emergency spills. The Technical Assistance Team (TAT) contract provided 32
contractor personnel to help the regions and the ERT respond to oil and hazardous materials
spills and environmental emergencies, perform inspections for compliance with oil prevention
regulations, prepare enforcement cases and assess spill damages. An additional SI million
was used to fund the development of hazardous substances regulations, aerial surveillance
and emergency mapping for major spills, and operation and maintenance of the spill pre-
vention management information system.
During 1979, the Emergency Response and Prevention program responded to spill incidents
at uncontrolled hazardous waste sites through the authority of Section 311(k). The new
hazardous substances regulations expanded this authority to include discharges of hazardous
substances as well as oil. Although the regulations were not promulgated until the end of
the fiscal year, EPA still was able to respond to 12 emergencies at uncontrolled hazardous
waste sites.
1980 Plan
In 1980, the Agency has allocated a total of $9,765,500 and 125 permanent workyears
to this program, of which $4,229,500 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and
$5,536,000 is for extramural purposes, under the Abatement, Control and Compliance appro-
priation.
The Environmental Emergency Response and Prevention program expects to respond during
1980 to 230 spills which will require a Federal On-Scene Coordinatory to direct Federal
removal actions and to monitor 5,300 cleanup actions by the spiller. The increase from
1979 i«- due to the expected increase of emergencies reported to EPA as a result of the
new hazardous substances regulation notification requirements. The demand for EPA
response is also expected to increase because of the complex and potentially dangerous
emergencies expected with hazardous substances spills, which will require technical
expertise and resources not available from other sources. EPA is projected to receive
8,300 notifications of environmental emergencies during this fiscal year.
The spill prevention program will be on-going in 1980. It is expected that over
500 prevention inspections will be performed following major spills. In addition.
drafting of spill prevention regulations for hazardous substances covering "402
permitted" facilities, publicly owned treatment works (POTWs) and non 402 permitted
facilities will be completed in 1980. The implementation of the hazardous substances
prevention program is a major program initiative that should reap substantial control
and counter measure benefits in 1980 and the future.
Contract funding of 15,536,000 will be used tc provide major technical assistance
and support to current EPA efforts. The $3,200,000 technical assistance (TAT) contract
will continue tc provide the same support as it did in 1979, as well as training to
Federal, State and Iccal officials. In addition, a congressional add-on of SI,250,000
ta the 1980 appropriation has been provided for spill prevention and response under Section
104 of the Clean Water Act. The funds will provide support for field assessment studies,
follow-up on chemical substances for which little or no technical data is available, and
demonstration projects or shakedown procedures for prototype spill response equipment.
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me remaining ii,uoD,uuu wi 1
Technical Assistance Data System (OHM-TADS) to include newly designated hazardous substances.
priority pollution and uncontrolled hazardous waste site data fields-, aerial surveillance and
photo mapping for spill prevention inspections, contingency planning .and emergency response;
and maintenance of the Spill Prevention Control and Countermeasure (SPCC") management informa-
tion system during 1980.
Highest priority will continue to be on protecting public health and the environment
by emergency response to pollutant spills or discharges. A major EPA emphasis will be
on controlling"hazardous substance discharges from hazardous waste sites using emergency
assistance actions. Because of the limitations of present authorities, the primary
mechanism for taking emergency assistance will continue to be the use of available
Section 311(k) funds. The number of emergency responses by the program to uncontrolled
hazardous waste sites is expected to increase to 35 during 1980. These emergency responses
are limited to discharges of hazardous substances from sites to navigable waters, which
substantially threaten public health and welfare.
1980 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The net increase of $1,647,500 results from several actions. An increase of $157,500
results from the cost of the October 1979 pay raise and is included in a proposed supple-
mental appropriation, a congressional reduction of $2 million each to Agency travel costs
and supplies and expenses resulted in a decrease of $19,300 and 511,000, respectively. A
congressional increase of $1,250,000 was provided for hazardous substances accident assessment.
An overall reprogramming throughout the agency to provide sufficient salary funds to cover
authorized workyears resulted in an increase of $32,500 to this activity.
A transfer of $9,500 to the solid waste media, uncontrolled hazardous waste sites was
made to provide staff capability to discover, investigate, provide technical assistance
and coordinate containment and cleanup with State and other Federal agencies.
Reprogrammings in order to support projections of costs based on 1979 expenditures
resulted in transfers from water quality manpower planning and training (5204,900); from
NEPA compliance-municipal waste facility construction ($14,400); from radiation program
implementation (519,500); from toxic substances management ($7,000); from standards and
regulations ($11,200); from waste treatment operations and maintenance ($700); from drinking
water public systems supervision program assistance ($40,400); from underground injection
control program ($1,200); from ambient water quality monitoring ($55,100); to water quality
ocean disposal permits ($30,000); to standards and regulations (560,300); to ambient water
quality monitoring ($16,900).
1981 Plan
The Agency requests a total $9,264,600 and 129 permanent workyears for this program,
of which $4,970,000 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $4,294,600 is
for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. With the exception of the one-
time congressional add-on in 1980 of $1.25 million, the 1981 resource levels will increase
slightly from the 1980 levels for both personnel and contract dollars. In 1981, the
Technical Assistance Team (TAT) contract will increase by 1200,000 to S3.4 million. The
Environmental Emergency Response Team (ERT) will expand to 10 members in 1981, to allow
an increase in their on-scene technical support for hazardous waste site emergencies.
WQ-1Q4
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maintain a national oil ana nazaraous suostances spin prevention, response, removal
and mitigation program, as well as the emergency assistance activities related to a limited
number of uncontrolled hazardous waste sites pursuant to Section 311 affecting navigable
waters. The program is projected to respond cm-scene to approximately 260 spills which
will require a Federal On-Scene Coordinator to direct Federal removal actions and to monitor
5,600 cleanup actions by the spiller. The increase in 1981 response actions is attributed
to the continuing impact of the new hazardous substances regulations, as well as a slight
increase in resources. The number of notifications received and screened is projected to
reach 9,700 for the same reason. The number of spill prevention inspections following
a major spill is expected to increase to more than 600 during 1981.
Other program objectives will be to provide program and policy guidance to other member
agencies of the National Response Team (NRT) on issues and problems encountered in
executing their mandate; to implement an effective hazardous substances response program;
to deploy a mobile National Environmental Response Team (ERT); to provide liaison with the
U.S. Coast Suard, the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) and other members of the
National Response Team; as well as to continue to provide emergency response to pollutant
dischargers from uncontrolled hazardous waste sites under Section 311.
STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS
1979 Accompli shments
In 1979, $4,490,400 was obligated under this program activity with major emphasis
on Section 404 permit review, and the development of criteria documents for 65 classes
of toxic pollutants. Included in this total, $1.670,600 was for extramural purposes
in the dredge and fill program, including $500,000 for technology transfer and public
participation; 3285,000 for supplemental research and development on the identification
of control and treatment alternatives for dredge and fill discharges; $115,000 for an
interagency agreement with the Fish and Wildlife service; and the balance of 5768,700 for
a wide variety of dredge and fill support contracts such as assessment of wetlands and
employment of expert consultants. Accomplishments in 1979 included:
Dredge and Fill Regulations
Reviewed and commented on an estimated 1,450 controversial Section 404
permits.
Proposed revised Section 404(b)(l) guidelines, to establish environmental
criteria for the review of Section 404 permit applications.
Proposed and promulgated Section 404(c) veto regulations which authorize
the Administrator to prohibit the specification of any defined area as a
disposal site.
Developed and implemented strategy for delegating State permit programs;
developed policies and procedures to assist Regions and States in the
transfer of program operations; and evaluated existing States programs
to identify those most suitable for Section 404 transfer.
Proposed regulations for State (permit) program operation exemptions
(Section 208(b)(4).
Developed theEPA/Corps of Engineers Memorandum of Agreement required
by Section 404(g) for minimizing duplication, paperwork and delays in
the issuance of permits.
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authorized Federal projects to assure conformance with Section 4Q4(b)(l)
guidelines.
Assisted the Water Resources Council in developing an integrated program
for the management of floodplains and the protection of wetlands.
Criteria and Standards
Published draft water quality criteria documents for 65 classes of toxic
pollutants (129 pollutants), pursuant to the Natural Resources Defense
Council (NRDC) Settlement Agreement, in support of Agency's toxic strategy.
Performed over 300 acute and chronic bioassays by contractor for use in
developing water quality criteria.
Published guidance on factors to be considered in deleting substances
from the Section 307(a) toxic pollutant list. Denied a petition to remove
aromatic haloethers from the Section 3Q7(a) list of toxic pollutants, and
proposed denial of two additional petitions covering severalother toxic
pollutants.
Added oil and grease to the Section 304(a){4) list of conventional
pollutants.
Evaluated 38 State water quality standards. Federal standards promulgated
for one State and proposed forfour other States which had standards dis- >
approved by the regional Administrator. Initiated a program to develop
compatible water quality standards for all States along the Ohio River.
Reviewed 60 Advanced Waste Treatment (AWT) projects to determine applica-
bility to water quality standards.
Promulgated Part 117 Regulations under the Section 311 hazardous substances
program which establish reporting requirements for 299 hazardous substances.
Proposed and promulgated regulations deleting two lime compounds from Part
116 designation and Part 117 reporting requirements under the Section 311.
Developed Agency determination under Section 312(f)(3) on two California
petitions to establish no-discharge zones.
Published a notice of factors to be addressed by the States in their
petitions to the Agency in establishing prohibition of vessel discharges
into drinking water zones.
Reviewed and made recommendations for changes to the Michigan Plan for a
Feasibility Study of polychlorinated faiphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated
biphenyls (PBBs) in the Pine'and Saginaw Rivers.
1980 Program
The current 1980 allocation for this effort is $3,388,600 and 95 permanent workyears,of
which $3,008,000 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation. In 1980, 5380,600 is
planned for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation, including 5230,400 for
dredge and fill activities and the balance of. $150,20(3 on such standards and criteria work
as data support for priority pollutants and for technology transfer activities.
WO-106
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Under the dredge and fill program activity, the Agency will continue to increase
direct assistance to a selected number of States in developing their own programs. An
increased national focus is evident in the development of a national policy on Section
404 permit applications, establishment of a national data base for permits, and on
efforts to coordinate permit reviews with other Federal agencies. Final water quality
criteria will be published for 65 classes of toxic pollutants, along with publication
of the proposed revision of water quality standards regulations, emphasizing these
pollutants. Increased hazardous substance activity will be evident in the development
of new criteria on carcinogenicity and other long term health effects and in the
publication of liabilities for on-shore and off-shore hazardous substance discharges.
In 1980, program plans include:
Dredae and Fill
Review 1650 controversial Section 404 permit applications and
exercise 404(c) veto authority in those cases where environmentally
unacceptable discharges are proposed. Develop national policy for
review and comment on general and individual permit applications
and provide recommendations to higher management on controversial
permits.
Review controversial dredged or fill material discharge activities
that occur without an approved permit, and establish a centralized
capability to provide analytical field support for enforcement
against unpermitted activities and for potential Section 404(c)
actions.
Promulgate Section 404 State program regulations (Part 122-4) and
Section 404(b)(l) environmental guidelines, along with issuing of
guidance.
Develop strategies and policies for transfer of Section 4QA programs
to States and provide assistance to a selected number of State in
developing their programs; review State program applications for
assuming the Section 404 permit program and'the Section 208(b)(4)
program and recommend to the Administrator their continued approval
or withdrawal.
Coordinate Section 404 activities with other Federal agencies involved
in the Section 404 program or related programs.
Execute a Memorandum of Agreement with the Corps of Engineers regarding
determination of the extent of U.S. waters and procedures for resolving
disputes, and develop ancillary guidance.
Review and provide comment on Environmental Impact Statements (EISs)
associated with 18 congressi'-onally authorized construction projects
for their conformity with the Section 404(b)(l) guidelines.
Criteria and Standards
Publish health and aquatic life, water quality criteria for 65 toxic
pollutants mandated by the Clean Water Act and the Natural Resources
Defense Council Settlement Agreement.
Publish proposed revision of water quality standards regulation with
emphasis on States addressing toxic pollutants. Publish regulatory
mechanisms for these standards. Assist States in revision of State-
adopted water quality standards.
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standards for an additional four.
Review an estimated 57 AWT/AST projects for applicability of water quality
standards.
Propose a rulemaking to delete Freon from Section 307(a) list of toxic
pollutants. Finalize response to two petitions for removing seven toxic
pollutants from the Section 307(a) list and take initial action on
additional petitions.
Develop criteria for designating new hazardous substances under Section
311 on the basis of chronic effects such as carcinogenicity, mutagenicity
and bioaccumulation meeting the criteria.
Under Section 311, develop Part 117 reporting requirements for substances
that are toxic to human health on the basis of potential risks.
Propose regulations establishing limits of liability for dischargers of
hazardous substances from onshore and offshore facilities; propose
regulations establishing liability limits for small hazardous substances
storage facilities,
Coordinate with the Department of Transportation in amending Materials
Transportation Bureau regulations to identify each designated hazardous
substance and its reporting level.
Propose regulations for the removal of oil and hazardous substances
spills from the U.S. waters and shorelines.
Monitor the Section 115 grant to the State of Michigan on the feasibility
of removing polychorinated biphenyls and polybrominated biphenyls from the
Pine and Saginaw Rivers.
Review and make Agency determination on State petitions to establish noidischarge
zones under the provisions of Section 312(f)(3), 312{f)(4)(A) and 312(f)(4)(B),
Initiate National Estuarine Study.
1980 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The net increase of $1,321,600 results from several actions. An increase of $48,100
results from the cost of the October 1979 pay raise and is included in a proposed supple-
mental appropriation. A congressional reduction of S2 million to Agency travel costs
resulted in a decrease of 54,500. An overall reprogramming throughout the agency to
provide sufficient salary funds to cover authorized workyears resulted in a decrease
of $20,100 to this activity.
A transfer of $1,454,800 was made from water quality state programs regulations and
guidelines to establish a new element to consolidate standards, criteria, and regulations
functions,
A transfer of 1156,700 was made to water quality dredge and fill to increase regional
and state assistance for additional duties and to integrate permit proposals through field
investigations.
WQ-108
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In 1981, $5,005,900 and 110 permanent workyears are requested for this activity, which
is an increase of $1,617,300 and 15 workyears. Included in the request are $3,572,800 for
the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and 31,433,100 for extramural purposes under the
Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. The increase is entirely for dredge and
fill activities. Of the extramural funds, $1,200,000 will be used for dredge and fill
activities and the balance of 5233,100 on trends analysis of parameters in water quality
standards.
Continuing emphasis is placed on the dredge and fill program, with additional
assistance to State programs, full review of State Section 404 program submissions, and
assistance to regions is specifying disposal sites. Increasing attention is given to
the technical implications of this program, such as energy development, waterways and
agricultural ramifications. Continuing water quality standards assistance will be given
to States and Regional offices in developing standards for toxic and non-toxic pollutants.
The hazardous substances program will increasingly address substances whose spills contain
immediately active agents. In 1981, the program will include:
Dredae and Fill
Reyiew 1820 major/controversial permits and exercise Section 404(c)
authority in cases where unacceptable discharges are proposed. Refer
major issues to Headquarters.
Review major/controversial proposals and authorized projects that have
not reached the permit stage, which could account for up to half of
the total workload. Review major permits referred to headquarters
(under Section 404(q) Memorandum of Agreement with the Corps of Engineers)
for top management resolution.
Provide technical assistance for cases in litigation and assistance to
enforcement attorneys in actions against unpermitted discharges under
Section 404(n) and cases involving litigation against EPA on Section 404
issues.
Provide assistance to States in the development of a Section 404 program
and provide full review of State Section 404 program submissions for com-
pliance with delegation requirements of 404(g-l).
Review EISs submitted for major Federal projects for Section 404(b)(l)
guidelines compliance.
Provide assistance in areawide specifications of disposal sites.
Assess need for improvements in existing systems of Section 404
related environmental monitoring and work with State, Federal and local
offices/agencies to improve-.effectiveness.
Provide special technical analyses for dredged or fill discharge environ-
mental problems which are region-specific and increase assistance on
analyses of technical and policy issues involved in major permit review.
Areas of particular concern include: energy development, agriculture,
and waterway development.
Criteria and Standards
Assist States in developing water quality standards for traditional
non-toxic pollutants with limited coverage of toxics beyond technology-
based guidelines. Develop policy guidance documents as required for
both toxic and non-toxic pollutants.
-------
Promulgate state water quality standards wnen itate standards are disapproved
by the Regional Administrator,
Provide assistance on water quality standards review.
Manage Agency program for proposed and final additions or deletions to the
Section 307(a) list of toxic pollutants and for the development of water
quality criteria for toxic pollutants beyond the list of 65.
Establish inter-program coordination measures with regard to toxic
pol1utants.
Evaluate 57 advanced waste treatment proposed projects.
Designate new hazardous substances under Part 116 on the basis of protection
of human health from spills of acute or immediately acting agents (as opposed
to chronic or long-term toxic effects).
OCEAN DISPOSAL PERMITS PROGRAM
1979 Accomplishments
The ocean disposal permits program obligated 51,476,300 in 1979. This funding
included contract support for the development of impact statements for ocean disposal
site designation. Baseline surveys were continued, under contract, on the three sites
initiated in 1978. Environmental impact and site designation activities will carry
over into future years. Dredged material site investigations were commenced. Of the
141 interim approved sites which must be surveyed and designated, 127 are for disposal
of dredged materials, which comprises more than 90 percent of all materials dumped in
the ocean.
The ocean program was also involved in offshore oil and gas lease sale EIS reviews,
an interagency project that used the Flower Garden Banks in the Gulf of Mexico as a model
for measuring the environmental effects of oil and gas drilling and production on sensitive
environmental underwater areas on the outer continental shelf; and an effort with NOAA and
DOI to determine the quality of open ocean waters and the state of marine technology against
which conditions were established for permitting specific ocean-related industrial operations,
such as ocean thermal energy conversion and deep seabed mining.
1980 Program
In 1980, the Agency has allocated a total of $1,343,200 and 28 permanent workyears to
this program of which $1,112,700 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $230,500
is for extramural purposes under the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. These
extramural resources are to develop impact statements for ocean disposal site designations.
The Agency expects to continue its 1980 ocean program, dealing only with the following
highest priority activities:
WQ-TFO
-------
prepare 23 environmental analyses and dumpsite EIS's using contract
support.
- Review and issue approximately 50 interim and special permits for
completeness and compliance with ocean dumping criteria and
regulations.
- Provide an EPA cursory review and coordination for an estimated 85
Corps of Engineers permit and Federal project proposals.
Because of the statutorily required termination of ocean dumping of harmful sewage
sludge as well as the termination of all interim permits by the end of 1981, emphasis
on overseeing the implementation of alternative disposal practices will continue and
increase. The volume of ocean dumping under special permits will continue at present
or slightly higher levels as a result of implementation of the Resource Conservation
and Recovery Act, the elimination of marginal and unsatisfactory disposal landfills,
and an increase in incineration-at-sea applications which will require site designations
and monitoring. Probable changes in the International Ocean Dumping Convention will
require changes in U.S. ocean dumping criteria within the next year, particularly in
radioactive waste disposal and incineration at sea. The program is responsible for
both international negotiation and changing criteria. Ocean disposal site designations
utilizing a major 5-year contract will be increased and accelerated to meet statutory
and litigation requirements.
The ocean program will concentrate on environmental effects of offshore oil and
gas activities with emphasis on special NPDES permit conditions, environmental guidance,
and technical assistance. Specifically, the Agency will participate in an interagency
project (Department of Commerce (DOC), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
(NQAA), Department of Interior (DOI), EPA, and State) to measure the environmental
effects of oil and gas drilling and production on sensitive environmental underwater
areas on the outer continental shelf. EPA will also participate in an interagency
effort (DOE, NOAA, and EPA) to establish conditions for permitting specific ocean-
related industrial operations such as ocean thermal energy conversion and deep seabed
mining.
1980 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The net increase of $111,700 results from several actions. An increase of $43,300
results from the cost of the October 1979 pay raise and is included in a proposed
supplemental appropriation. A congressional reduction of $2 million each to Agency
travel costs and supplies and expenses resulted in a decrease of $900 and $600,
respectively. An overall reprogramming throughout the Agency to provide sufficient
salary funds to cover authorized workyears resulted in an increase of $24,800 to this
activity.
Reprogrammings in order to support projections of costs based on 1979 expenditures
resulted in transfers from water qual'ity spill prevention and response ($30,000); and
from water quality manpower planning and training ($15,100).
-------
The Agency requests a total of $1,038,500 and 24 permanent workyears for this
program, of which $879,300 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $159,200
is for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. This is a reduction of
$304,700 and four permanent workyears below 1980 levels. The extramural dollars included
in this request are to develop impact statements for ocean disposal site designations.
The Agency will continue its ocean program at a reduced level, dealing with the following
high priority activities:
- Respond to major crises by issuing emergency and research permits and
waiver requests or responding to litigation or congressional oversight.
Continued efforts to phase out harmful dumping (including issuance o*
interim permits).
- Compile data and prepare annual reports as required by statute for
Congress and the International Ocean Dumping Convention.
- Manage the EIS contract to complete six EISs on ocean dumping sites
and the designation of four dump sites. EPA has statutory
responsibility for designating all ocean dumping sites, including
those for dredged material, A total of 140 ocean disposal sites
have been designated on an interim basis until January 1980.
- Review and issue 50 interim and special permit applications for
ocean dumping, and screen and coordinate 85 Corps of Engineers
permits and Federal project proposals.
' Coordinate open ocean-related programs within EPA and with outside
Agencies including Outer Continential Shelf (DCS) oil and gas
operations (DOI, DOC), ocean thermal energy conversion (DOE), and
deep-sea mining (DOC, DOI).
- Analyze major open ocean related documents of other agencies (DOI,
DOC, DOE) under responsibilities of National Environmental Policv
Act (NEPA) and Section 309 of the Clean Air Act.
- EPA will achieve coordinated approaches to permit issuance for OCS
activities in some key open ocean areas. Through its analyses of
OCS EISs for oil/gas operations, some major environmental problems
are anticipated which will effect changes in DOI's lease
stipulation and DOC's marine sanctuary regulations.
The ocean disposal program in 1981 will continue to concentrate efforts on meeting
the regulatory requirement to phase out all interim permits by the end of 1981 and the
statutory requirement to end all dumping of harmful sewage sludge by the end of 1981.
The contract-supported effort, being done jointly with the Corps of Engineers, to
complete preparation of EISs on ocean dumping sites will continue. The Corps is the
primary source of funding for field surveys and data analysis, and EPA is contributing
to the development of the data base and funding EIS preparation. Ocean dumping under
special pennits is expected to attain a slightly higher level in 1981 as a result of
implementation of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, the elimination of marginal
and unsatisfactory disposal of harmful sewage sludge, and an increase in incineration-
at-sea applications.
WQ-112
-------
Mater Quality Monitoring and Analysis
Appropriation
Water Quality Monitoring and Analysis:
Sal arles and Expenses
Abatement, Control and Compliance...
Original
Estimate
1981
(do!
$ 8,209
2,436
Revised
Estimate
1981
lars in thousands)
$ 8,165
2,436
President's
Reduction
-$44
Grand Total
10,645
10,601
- 44
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Page Intentionally Blank
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WATER QUALITY
Water Quality Monitoring and Analysis
Appropriati on
Water Quality Monitoring
and Analysis:
Salaries and Expenses..
Abatement, Control and
Compliance......
Grand Total ..
Permanent Positions
Water Quality Monitoring
and Analysis
F ul 1 -ti me Eq.ui val ency
Water Quality Monitoring
and Analysis............
Budget Current
Actual Estimate Estimate
1979 1980 1980
(dollars in thousands)
192
257
Estimate
1981
Increase +
Decrease -
1981 vs. 1980
$7,677
3,532
11,209
$6,042
2,520
8,562
$7,540
2,471
10,011
$8,209
2,436
10,645
+$669
-35
+634
175
244
188
243
191
241
Budget Request
An appropriation, of $10,644,600 and 191 permanent workyears is requested for 1981,
including $8,208,700 for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $2,435,900 for
extramural purposes under the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. This
represents an increase of $633,100. Included in the extramural funds is $1,985,900
for contracts and $450,000 for interagency agreements. Also included under Salaries
and Expenses is $1,250,000 in laboratory equipment to upgrade regional laboratory
toxic analysis capabilities.
Program Description
This program's responsibilities include: toxic pollutant data collection and
analysis; toxic pollutant management; publicly-owned treatment work (PQTWs) toxic
pollutant source analysis; wasteload allocation guidance and review; national monitoring
network management; data management; and program analyses to assess environmental
trends and improve program management. Specific activities pursued by this program
a re des cri bed be 1 ow.
In support of the Agency's toxic" pollutant strategy, this program coordinates its
analytic activities with the Effluent Standards and Suidelines Program. In response
to the requirements stipulated under the Clean Water Act of 1977 and the Natural
Resources Defense Council (NROC) Settlement Agreement, this program provides: pollutant
control strategies based on assessments of environmental distribution, exposure/risk
analysis and fate studies for controlling the 65 classes of toxic pollutants stipulated
in the Clean Water Act and Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC) Settlement
Agreement; area-by-area regulatory strategies and guidance to the States for geographic
areas where best available technology (BAT) may not be adequate to control pollution,
including identification of toxic pollutant "hot spots"; industrial/environmental
-------
strategies; implementation of the State Basic Water Monitoring Program to provide inereai
intensive surveys, biological monitoring, and toxic pollutant monitoring; and resources
devoted to field sampling and analysis to detect and measure the 129 priority pollutants.
Additional activities included in this program include: implementation of a water
monitoring strategy to collect and analyze data to support EPA management; operation of
EPA's water quality data systems for management of toxic pollutant and other data,
including standardization of storage protocols and quality assurance; and ongoing
evaluations of ambient water quality trends to measure the success of EPA control
strategies. It also includes management overhead for the regional Surveillance
and Analysis Divisions which are responsible for monitoring in all media (water,
air, toxics, enforcement, and pesticides) and for coordinating surveillance and
analysis among States and other Federal agencies.
1979 Accomplishments
In 1979, $11,208,500 was allocated to water quality monitoring and analysis.
Included in this total is $3,531,900 for extramural funds. Of these funds, $2,289,100
was used to determine toxics contributions from publicly owned treatment works (POTW)
and for exposure/risk assessments:; $1,087,900 was for interagency agreements including
the U.S. Geological Survey and the Fish and Wildlife Service for provision of sampling
and analysis support; and 5154,900 for grants to researchers, State, and interstate
agencies to collect and analyze data. Programs included: (1) the management of the
nationwide State Basic Water Monitoring Program emphasizing toxic pollutants and
intensive surveys, and (2) EPA and contractor collection and analysis of toxic pollutant
data and information to meet the requirements of the Clean Water Act and the NRDC
Settlement Agreement. Accomplishments included:
- Assessment of environmental exposure/risk and geographic distribution of
toxic pollutants to set revised Best Available Techno!o.gy (BAT) regulations
and pretreatment and New Source Performance Standards, water quality criteria,
and to add to/delete from the 307(a)(l) list of toxic substances.
- Investigated 15 potential toxic "hot spots" to determine actual levels -of
toxic pollutant contamination in geographic areas where BAT regulations will
not satisfy toxic criteria. Developed control options for 10 "hot spoi" areas.
- Technical review of 60 proposals for advanced waste treatment (AWT) projects,
of which the Administrator acted on 26,
- Implemented the Basic Water Monitoring Program, including initial designation
of a uniform monitoring network of 1,000 State-operated stations, for State
collection of ambient, effluent, toxics, and biological data.
- Continued evaluation of quality assurance procedures in selected State and
contractor water laboratories for accurate detection and measurement of
toxic and other pollutants in ambient water and effluents.
- Operated water quality and toxic pollutant data management systems to provide
access and analysis of available information on toxics and other pollutants.
- Analyzed and published reports of water pollution improvement in 6 geographic
areas to describe and document programs which are successful and may be
adaptable to other areas. Developed Environmental Profiles for water quality
in five EPA regions.
-------
analyze water samples tor use in assessing propiem areas ana water quai i\.y
trends.
- Continued an interagency agreement with the National Fish and Wildlife Service
to analyze fish tissue for the presence of toxic substances. This will help
assess probable exposure and risk determine geographic distribution of toxic
pollutants.
1980 Program
In 1980, the Agency has allocated a total of $10,011,500 to water quality
monitoring and analysis, including $7,540,200 for Salaries and Expenses and $2,471,300
for Abatement, Control and Compliance. The program will use approximately $2,021,300
for contracts and interagency agreements to determine geographic distributions and to
assess exposure/risk of toxic pollutant contributions to publicly owned treatment works
(POTW); and $450,000 for interagency agreements to perform biological and chemical
monitoring.
Projected accomplishments for 1980 include determination of geographic distributions,
mass balances, and exposure/risk analyses for selected toxic substances as well as the
implementation of a water monitoring stategy. The planned outputs are:
- A detailed assessment of the sources of toxic pollutants to publicly owned
treatment works (POTU), with resultant analysis of regulatory strategies,
including controls under T5CA and RCRA.
- Assess environmental exposure/risk and geographic distributions of additional
toxic pollutants for setting revised best available technology regulations,
pretreatment and new source performance standards, water quality standards,
and Section 307(a) actions.
- Identify and document toxics "hot spots" and provide technical evaluation and
definition of control options for toxic pollutants including controls of
specific pollutants, certain categories of industries, and/or certain geographic
areas where advanced waste treatment or waste!oad allocations may be necessary
to control water pollution. Expect development of additional 15 "hot spot"
action recommendations.
- Technical review of an estimated 57 proposals for AWT projects,
- Implement a water monitoring strategy to collect and analyze water quality
information for use in policy decisions and measuring effectiveness of programs.
- Initiate a review and possible redesign of water monitoring networks to improve
statistical coverage and utility of data for national analyses.
- Manage the State Basic Water Monitoring Program, which includes toxic pollutant
and biological monitoring, and intensive surveys.
- Implement a data system for storage and analysis of toxic pollutant data.
Continue and improve data systems to provide pollution control agencies, at
all levels of government, and widespread access to toxic and other pollutant data.
- Evaluate quality assurance procedures in selected State and contractor
laboratories to provide accurate detection and measurement of toxic and other
pollutants in ambient waters and effluents.
-------
for presence of toxics, to pinpoint needs for chemical monitoring, and
to evaluate effects of chemical pollutants.
- Analyze and publish water pollution improvements to describe and document
successful programs which may be adaptable to use elsewhere.
- Continue an interagency agreement with the National Fish and Wildlife Service
and the U.S. Geological Survey to collect and analyze water samples and fish
tissue. This will help determine geographic distributions and exposure/risk
of toxic pollutants, and measure trends in overall water quality.
- Publish State water quality assessment reports as required by Section 305(b)
of the Act.
1980 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The net increase of $1,449,200 results from several actions. An increase of
$262,200 results from the cost of the October 1979 pay raise and is included in a
proposed supplemental appropriation. A Congressional reduction of $2 million each to
Agency travel costs and supplies and expenses resulted in a decrease of $368,100 and
$662,900, respectively. An overall reprogramming throughout the Agency to provide
sufficient salary funds to cover authorized workyears resulted in an increase of 5938,300
to this activity.
Reprogrammings were made to air quality management implementation ($25,000)., to
water quality state program regulations and guidelines ($38,100); and to water quality
permit issuance {$15,100) for actual staff assignments and projections for travel,
training, overtime and grade and steps increases. A reprogramming was made of $14,500
to water quality standards and regulations to support the position identified for the
Clean Lakes program. A reprogramming was made of $55,100 to water quality environmental
emergency response and prevention to support positions as well as to reflect adequate
funding for actual staff assignments and current projections.
A reprogramming was made of 57,300 to interdisciplinary water quality - EIS review
to support the permanent part-time hiring program.
Reprogrammings in order to support costs projected on the basis of 1979 actual
expenditures resulted in regional transfers from water quality regulations, guidelines
and policies/resource conservation and recovery ($8,500); from water quality NEPA
compliance municipal waste facility construction ($34,300); from water quality
environmental emergency response and prevention ($27,600); and from drinking water
public systems supervision program assistance ($114,400),
A reprogramming was made of $1,250,000 from drinking water public systems
supervision program assistance for regional lab equipment to be used for monitoring
and analysis,
1981 Plan
In 1981, the Agency requests a total of $10,644,600 and 191 permanent workyears
for this program, including $8,208,700 for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation
and $2,435,900 for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriaton. This reflects
an increase of $633,100. Included in the total request for extramural funds is
approximately $1,215,000 for contracts and .interagency agreements to determine
geographic distributions and to assess exposure/risk of toxic pollutants; and
$1,220,900 for contracts to assess toxic pollutant contributions to publicly owned
WO-116
-------
treatment wortcs
efforts to manage toxic pollutants, and continued implementation of toxic water
monitoring strategy. The planned outputs are:
- Expand the assessment of sources of toxic pollutants to publicly owned
treatment works (PQTWs) to include an additional 2 urban sites and
assess the effectiveness of pretreatment.
- Collect and analyze effluent samples and environmental exposure/risk and
fate data to identify and recommend which toxic pollutants require further
regulatory controls or should be added or deleted from the Section 307{a) list.
- Identify and rank 50 toxic "hot spots", and develop control strategies for 15
geographic areas.
- Provide detailed technical evaluation for use in water quality based decisions,
including review of 57 AWT proposals and proposed revisions to water quality
standards,
- Collect/analyze 1,500 toxic pollutant samples to determine geographic coverage
and ambient concentrations of toxic pollutants in the Nation's waterways.
25 pollutants will be screened which will result in action recommendations for
the control of 10 pollutants.
- Continued development and implementation of a national water monitoring strategy
to collect and analyze data needed for policy decisions and program evaluation,
including limited biological monitoring.
- Provide policy and technical guidance on the use of wasteload allocations in
water quality standards review and AWT review studies.
- Operate a clearinghouse of water and other related monitoring programs to maintain
an inventory of what data is being collected, and to help screen new monitoring
programs to ensure that they are integrated with efforts of other offices in EPA.
Provide computer systems support to approximately 700 water quality data users.
- Guide the implementation of quality assurance programs for collection and
analysis for Headquarters, Regions and States.
- Completion of Environmental Profiles for all EPA regions, detailing environmental
progress and remaining environmental concerns.
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Municipal Source Control
APPROPRIATION
Construction Srants
Program Management
Municipal Waste Treatment
Facility Construction:
Salaries and Expenses ........
Abatement, Control .
and Compl i ance ......*...,..«
NEPA Compliance - Municipal
Waste Facility Construction:
Salaries and Expenses ........
Abatement, Control
and Compliance
Corps of Engineers:
Salaries and Expenses
Abatement, Control
Waste Treatment Operation
and Maintenance:
Abatement, Control
Subtotal, Construction Srants
Program Management:
Abatement, Control
and Compliance ..............
Waste Treatment Training
and Technical Assistance
Manpower Planning & Training -
Water Quality:
Abatement, Control
and Cornpl i snce ..............
Total :
Abatement, Control
and Compliance
Budget
Actual Estimate
1979 1980
(dolla
$21,030 $24,486
7,910
2,741 2,900
7,076 6,600
15,986 22,800
1,356 1,426
534
25,127 28,812
31 ,506 29 ,400
1,,272 4,169
2,267
26,399 32,981
33,773 29,400
60.172 '62.381
Current
Estimate
1980
Estimate
1981
irs in thousands)
$22,575 $22,692
5,658 4,940
2,678 2,682
6,245 5,600
22,338 21,955
960 1 ,040
88 542
26,213 26,414
34,330 34,037
1 ,401 1 ,345
2,448 2,692
27,614 27,759
36,778 36,729
64.392 64,488
Increase*
Decrease-
1981 vs 1980
+$117
-718
+4
+354
» -»
-383
+80
+454
+201
-2S3
-56
+244
+145
-49
+96
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Municipal Source Control
Original Revised
Estimate Estimate
1981 1981
(dollars in thousands)
President's
Reduction
Appropriation
Construction Grants Program
Management
Municipal Waste Treatment Facility
Construction:
Salaries and Expenses $22,592
Abatement, Control and Compliance....... 4,940
NEPA Compliance - Municipal Waste
Facility Construction:
Salaries and Expenses.... . ...... 2,682
Abatement, Control and Compliance 6,600
^orps of Engineers:
Salaries and Expenses
.Abatement, Control and Compliance........ 21,955
Waste Treatment Operation and Maintenance;
Salaries and Expenses 1,040
Abatement, Control and Compliance.. 542
Subtotal, Construction Grants Program
Management:
Salaries and Expenses * .. 26,414
Abatement, Control and Compliance....... 34,037
Waste Treatment Training and
Technical Assistance
Manpower Planning & Training - ;
Water Quality:
Salaries and Expenses. 1,345
Abatement, Control and Compliance 2,692
Total:
Salaries and Expenses.... 27,759
Abatement, Control and Compliance 36,729
Grand Total 64,488
$22,550
4,940
2,666
6,600
21,955
1,035
542
26,251
34,037
1,337
2,692
27,588
35,729
64,317
-$142
-16
- 5
-163
- 8
-171
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Page Intentionally Blank
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Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease-
1979 1980 1980 1981 1981 vs 1980
(dollars in thousands)
Permanent Positions
Municipal Waste Treatment
Facility Construction . 733 771 774 766 -8
NEPA Compliance-Municipal
Waste Treatment Facility
Construction ... 87 98 93 95 +2
Corps of Engineers-Municipal
Waste Treatment Facility
Construction
Operations & Maintenance .... 36 44 28 28 J_1_1
Subtotal 906 913 895 889 -6
Manpower Planning a Training-
Water Quality 33 18 30 26 -4
Total , 939 931 925 915 -10
Full-time Equivalency
Municipal Waste Treatment
Facility Construction 853 -" 912 907 894 -13
NEPA Compliance-Municipal Waste
Facility Construction 100 95 93 95 +2
Corps of Engineers ... ... ...
Operations § Maintenance .... 43 47 29 29
Subtotal 996 1,054 1,029 1,018 " -11
Manpower Planning and
Training-Water Quality 42 30 43 4Q_ -3
Total ..... . 1,038 1,084 1,072 1,058 -14
Budget Request
The Agency requests a total of $64,488,0-00 and 915 permanent workyears for 1981,
an increase of S96.200 from 1980. Included in this total is $27,759,100 for Salaries
and Expenses and $36,728,900 for Abatement, Control and Compliance, with an increase
of $145,400 and a decrease of $49,200, respectively.
Program Description
The municipal source control '-subactivity is composed of two program areas. The
first, construction grants program management, derives its legislative authority from
Titles II & III of the Clean Water Act (CWA). For budgetary purposes, the program is
divided into four principal program elements: (a) municipal waste treatment facility
construction, (b) NEPA compliance for construction grants, (c) the Corps of Engineers
WQ-119
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principal authority from Mtie l, sections iU4 and iuy through \\'l, and portions of
Title II and Title IV of the Clean Mater Act (CWA). The funding provided under this
subactivity covers only the direct operating costs. Omitted are the municioal
construction grant funds (including State management assistance grants), which are
included in a separate appropriation account (Construction Grants) and the academic
training grant funds provided under the Grants Assistance program subactivity.
Most of the construction grants management activities, from facility planning to
post-construction oversight, take place in the EPA regional offices. The direct
training and operational technology activities of the municipal operations and training
program are located at the National Training and Operational Technology Center in
Cincinnati, Ohio. The remainder of this subactivity - program policy, administrative
and management oversight, and needs estimates - resides in headquarters, primarily in
the Office of Water and Waste Management.
The first program area the administration of the grants program for .construction
of municipal waste water treatment facilities will involve 889 permanent workyears
in 1981 of which 791 are in the regional offices and 93 are in headquarters, along
with substantial contractual and interagency assistance. The principal goal underlying
the grants program is to eliminate the municipal discharge of untreated or inadequately
treated pollutants and thereby help restore or maintain the quality of the Nation's
waters and protect the health and well-being of the people. The major operational
objectives guiding EPA's program administration are to achieve the most cost-effective,
environmentally sound, and timely abatement and municipal waste water pollution
control through proper planning, design, and construction of treatment works; to
protect the fiscal and technical integrity of the program through sound management
and close project oversight; and to -encourage maximum State participation in program
administration through both technical assistance to improve State program management
and delegation of program management responsibilities. Areas of-continued attention
include more careful review of projects requiring waste treatment more stringent than
secondary, improved environmental review, more face-to-face contact with grantees, an
improved public participation program, encouragement of alternatives to conventional
treatment (including land treatment), closer oversight and review of cost effectiveness
methodology, better State project planning, and other activities prompted by new
environmental initiatives and recent legislative amendments. EPA will direct its
construction grants funds to those municipal projects required to comply with the
enforceable environmental goals of the Act. In addition, EPA will continue to
implement the Administration 's directives on water conservation and the urban and
rural initiatives. A specific description of activities included in this first
program area are as follows:
- Municipal Waste Treatment Facility Construction.. This subactivity includes
most of the day-to-day in house management activity associated with the
construction grants program both in Headquarters and EPA Regional Offices.
- NEPA Compliance. This involves the review of facility plans and the
development of environmental impact statements to assure that municipal
facilities are planned and constructed in conformance with the National
Environmental Policy Act (NEPA).
- Corps of Engineers. This activity covers a series of Step 3 construction
management activities provided to EPA by the Corps of Engineers to assure
the technical and fiscal integrity of projects under construction.
WQ-120
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water treatment plant operational efficiencies which is reported annually to
Congress in accordance with Section 210 of the Clean Mater Act. The program
supports State, local and private sector efforts to improve plant operations
and maintenance through the development of guidance materials, identification
of planning, design research and training needs-, and a series of public aware-
ness activities.
The second program area - training and technical assistance - involves 26
permanent positions. Activities include: (a) program support (courses, materials, etc.]
for training and certification of municipal waste water treatment facility operators
and. related personnel to improve plant efficiency in existing plants and to assure
efficient and reliable operation of new federally-funded plants; and (b) training of
EPA, State and private sector agency personnel in the technology of abatement and
control of water pollution through short-term training courses, development of audio-
visual training aids, and delivery of training resources for the purpose of developing
effective State and local water pollution control training programs.
CONSTRUCTION GRANTS PROGRAM MANAGEMENT
1979 Accomplishments
The construction grants program management obligations for 1979 totalled 556,632,IOC
of which $25,127,300 was for salaries and expenses and $31,505,800 for extramural
activities. EPA awarded 2,599 grants totalling $4,256 million. Approximately 11,881
projects were in the preconstruction or construction stages by year end, including 5,365
facility planning projects, 1,658 design projects, 349 combined design and construction
projects, and 4,509 projects under construction. The following table summarizes the
program for 1979:
Item . 1979
Number W Amount
(dollars in millions)
Total Obligations - Gross £/ $4,256
Total Outlays $3,756
Awards Processed:
Step 1 Awards 982
Step 2 Awards 572
Step 3 Awards 799
Step 2+3 Awards 246
Active Projects 11,881
Step 3 Completions 459
(including Step 2 and 3) :
New EISs Initiated 45
£/ This represents gross obligations during the year. Net obligations, reflecting
recoveries from past awards, totalled $3,879 million.
W Numbers in this table are updated from those in the President's Budget Appendix.
The 54,256 million in gross 1979 obligations represents an increase of $856 million
over the level indicated in EPA's budget request to Congress last year. This increased
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itates to accelerate projects to avoid tne loss OT runds to reallotment. «>
In 1979 EPA continued to implement several new Initiatives required by the Clean
Water Act Amendments of 1977, following the publication of final regulations in September
1978. Initiatives included (a) the delegation of major management responsibilities to
the States, (b) new emphasis for the use of innovative and alternative technology, (c)
restructuring State priority list planning requirements, (d) changes in secondary
treatment requirements for ocean outfalls, (e) improvements in cost effectiveness
procedures and guidelines, and (f) user charge changes.
Significant progress was made in transferring major management responsibilities
for the program to the States under Section 205(g) of the Act. By the end of
fiscal year 1979, 30 delegation agreements have been signed of which 27 were signed
during fiscal 1979 alone." Progress in this area demonstrated that both EPA and the
States are committed to transferring major management responsibility to the States as
expeditiously as possible.
EPA also completed the transfer of several construction related management activities
to the Corps of Engineers in accordance with an agreement signed by EPA and the Corps
in 1978. The Corps agreement provides for Corps services in three areas to assure the
fiscal and technical integrity of construction projects: (a) on-site presence during
construction for all projects greater than $50 million, (b) performance of construction
engineering functions (such as inspections, review of change orders, outlay management,
construction close-out, and management oversight) on all projects which are in the
construction stage, and (c) review of plans and specifications to assure that plans are
biddable and constructable before contract awards are let.
In 1979, EPA also implemented the congressional mandate requiring the Administrator
to personally review and approve all projects involving treatment levels greater than
secondary where the incremental cost of the advanced component was more than $1 million.
During the year 57 advanced treatment projects were forwarded to EPA headquarters for
review, of which 26 were acted upon by the Administrator. In addition, EPA regional
offices evaluated all AWT/AST projects involving lesser sums of money to assure that
the advanced treatment components were fully justified.
The operations and maintenance (O&M) program concentrated on mobilizing a coordinated,
broad base approach to improved performance. The program proposed new program guidance
for inspection, technical assistance and O&M/enforcement cooperation. The program
developed three technical manuals on plant operations and conducted two national symposia on
O&M. A program was developed and implemented for increasing the public awareness and
support for improved OSM. On-site demonstration provided technical assistance to States
and the private sector.
1980 Program
In 1980, the Agency has allocated a total of $60,542,500 to this program and 895
permanent workyears, of which $26,212,800 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation
and $34,329,700 is for extramural purposes under the Abatements Control and Compliance
appropriation. EPA expects to award approximately 3,511 grants totalling $4.8 billion.
Approximately 11,725 projects will be in the preconstruction or construction stages by
year end, including over 4,445 facility planning projects, 2,055 design projects, 625
combined design/construction projects and 4,600 projects under construction. The follow-
ing table summarizes the program planned for 1980:
WQ-122
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Item Number ^J Amount
(dollars in millions)
Obligations - Gross _£/ ' $4,800
Total Outlays $3,900
Awards Processed
Step 1 Awards 807
Step 2 Awards 1,193
Step 3 Awards 1,156
Step 2+3 Awards 355
Step 3 Completions 1,008
(including Step 2 and 3)
Active Projects (all steps) 11,725
New EISs Initiated 51
£/ This represents gross obligations during the year. Net obligations, reflecting
recoveries from past awards, are projected to total $4.5 billion.
W Numbers in this table are updated from the President's Budget Appendix.
Obligation levels are expected to increase by $544 million in 1980 over 1979 as
the increased level of total resources brought to bear on the management of the program
by EPA, the States, and the Corps begins to be felt. The levels of obligations, outlays,
new awards, and completions are expected to increase as these additional personnel resources
move projects through the planning, design, and construction process more expeditiously
than possible previously.
The number of States with delegated programs is expected to increase from 30 to 42
with several States assuming complete control of the program by the end of the year.
EPA resources will continue to be devoted to the training of State staffs and the phased
transition of major management responsibility to the States as they demonstrate the
interest and capability to assume delegable activities.
Significant attention will be directed toward implementing the National Municipal
Policy and Strategy, which was published in November 1979. This strategy is intended
to integrate program activities of the grants, enforcement, and NPDES permit compliance
programs, and to better coordinate and reinforce planning and scheduling of municipal
projects to meet the goals of the Act. During 1980 attention will be directed toward
developing compatible information systems, integrating municipal permit and grant
schedules, and increasing enforcement activity related to high priority municipal
projects. The long run objective is to improve the degree of compliance of the municipal
sector which currently lags behind industry significantly in meeting the goals of the Act.
In a related effort, EPA implemented the construction grants program management
strategy early in the fiscal year. This strategy is directed more toward the internal
management of the program and attempts to tie together program planning, resource
utilization, and program performance activities to enhance program performance and
program quality. Regional office plans are analyzed for conformance with annual
guidance and, following the approval of plans, are held accountable for meeting approved
conrnitment levels. The program management strategy is expected to enhance the overall
management of the program and improve the quality of obligation and outlay estimates.
It will provide a basis for tracking delegations to the States, reducing the preconstruction
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Tire Conference Report to the 1980 Appropriations Act increased the dollar level at
which the Administrator must personally review projects involving treatment levels
more stringent than secondary. Under this most recent provision the Administrator will
review grant awards to all projects with incremental costs above secondary of more than
S3 million (previously the cut off was $1 million). In addition, EPA regional offices
will continue to review rigorously all projects requiring treatment above secondary to
assure that State-imposed limitations are properly applied and effective. During 1980
EPA expects to review approximately 57 such projects of which approximately 27 will be
reviewed directly by the Administrator in addition to the 31 projects carried over from
1979.
EPA is devoting significant attention to the development of a long-term strategy
for the construction grants program which will result in recommendations to Congress In
the near future. The strategy will result in recommendations related to the allotment
formula, eligibilities, the use of incentive funds, etc., and will attempt to reconcile
the problem of huge municipal treatment needs and scarce Federal dollars.
In 1980, EPA also plans to initiate 51 EISs on municipal projects, review and
approve 240 innovative/alternative projects, and review and process 70 applications for
waiver of secondary treatment requirements for communities with ocean outfalls. The
operation and maintenance program with reduced resources will put Its emphasis on
implementation of an overall program management strategy by developing the Municipal
Management System on a region-by-region basis.
1980 Explanation of Budget Estimate -
Municipal Waste Treatment Facility Construction - The net increase of $3,746,700
results from several actions. An increase of 5876,000 results from the cost of the
October 1979 pay raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation. A
congressional reduction of $2 million each to Agency travel costs and supplies and ex-
penses and $1 million to ADP resulted in a decrease of $64,900, $80,000 and 12,200,
respectively. A Congressional increase was made to the ocean outfall program of
$1,000,000. An overall reprogramming throughout the Agency to provide sufficient
salary funds to cover authorized workyears resulted in an increase of $1,156,500 to
this activity. Reprogrammings were made between media to support projected costs
based on 1979 actual expenditures from water quality waste treatment operations and
maintenance ($37,000); from water quality manpower planning and training (5141,600);
from drinking water underground injection control program ($172,000)); from drinking
water public systems supervision program assistance ($211,900); from water quality
state programs regulations and guidelines ($12,600); from water quality standards
and regulations ($14,300); from air quality management implementation ($9,000); from
solid waste hazardous waste management regulatory strategy implementation ($19,500);
from solid waste management program implementation ($18,700); from noise regional
program implementation ($5,300); from pesticide use management ($88,600); and from
water quality municipal waste facility construction ($18,900). A transfer of ($4,000)
was made'to water quality state programs regulations and guidelines to support actual
staff assignments and projections for travel. A transfer of ($115,900) was made from
water quality waste treatment operations and maintenance.
NEPA Compliance_- Municipal Waste Facility Construction -
The net increase of $575,700 results from several actions. An increase of $95,500
results from the cost of the October 1979 pay raise and is included in a proposed
supplemental appropriation. A congressional reduction of $2 million each to Agency
WQ-124
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respectively. An overall reprograittming throughout the Agency to provide sufficient
salary funds to cover authorized workyears resulted in a decrease of $124,200 to this
activity. Reprogrammings were made between media to support projected costs based on
1979 actual expenditures to water quality state programs regulations and guidelines
($118,600); to water quality NEPA compliance/EIS preparation ($7,000); to ambient
water quality monitoring ($45,000); to water quality standards and regulations
($36,000); to water quality environmental emergency response and prevention($4,700);
from NEPA compliance/EIS preparation ($9,400); to pesticide use management ($45,000);
to radiation program implementation ($7,200); to air - EIS review ($20,900); to (WQ) -
EIS reviews ($5,300); solid waste technical assistance delivery ($4,900); to solid
waste hazardous waste management regulatory implementation ($7,000);
and to municipal waste facility construction (ii8.900). A transfer was made to water
quality enforcement (559,700); to water quality permit issuance ($13,100); to
drinking water public systems supervision program assistance ($43,800); to air EIS re-
view ($5,800) to support actual staff assignments and projects for travel training
overtime and grade and step increases. A transfer was made to water quality EIS review
(SI,400) to support allocation of additional OPFTE ceiling for permanent part time
hiring.
Corps of Engineers -
The net decrease of $462,300 results from an overall reprogramming throughout the
Agency to provide sufficient salary funds to cover authorized workyears.
Manpower Planning and Training -
The net decrease of $378,300 results from several actions. An increase of $30,000
results from the cost of the October 1979 pay raise and is included in a proposed
supplemental appropriation. A congressional reduction of $2 million each to Agency
travel costs and supplies and expenses resulted in a decrease of $4,900 and $1,200,
respectively. An overall reprogramming throughout the Agency to provide sufficient
salary funds to cover authorized workyears resulted in a decrease of $1,800 to this
activity.
Reprogrammings were made between media to support projected costs based on 1979
actual expenditures to ambient air quality monitoring ($7,900); to ambient water quality
monitoring ($4,000); from drinking water public systems supervision program assistance
($2,800); from drinking water underground injection control program ($4,200); transfer to
water quality municipal waste treatment facility construction ($152,900); to water quality
environmental emergency response and prevention ($700); and to manpower plannina and
training ($241,900).
1981 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $60,451,200 for this program and 889 permanent work-
years, of which $26,414,200 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $34,037.000
for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. Approximately 2,550 new awards
will be made totaling $4.5 billion. This represents a decrease of 850 in the number
of awards and a $300 million reduction in the dollar value of obligations. The decrease
in obligations results primarily from the lower level of the funds available for obligation
in 1981, which reduces obligation levels in several States which are capable of
obligating significantly more than their share of the $3,7 billion appropriation. The
following table compares the planned FY 1981 program with 1979 and 1980 program levels:
WQ-125
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\vty tsti.mate estimate
Actual Planned Requested
(dollars in minions)
Total Gross Obligations $4,256 54,800 $4,500
Total Outlays $3,756 $3,900 $3,950
Step 1 Awards 982 807 400
Step 2 Awards 572 1,193 925
Step 2+3 Awards 246 355 275
Step 3 Awards 799 1,156 950
Active Projects (all steps) 11,881 11,7.25 11,000
Construction Completions
(including Step 2 and 3) 459 1,008 1,200
New EISs Initiated 45 51 51
Note: Numbers in this table are updated from output numbers in the President's Budget
Appendix.
1981 will see a continued shift of the management of the program from EPA to the
States, Whereas approximately 25 percent of the direct program workload will be
administered by the States at the end of 1980, EPA estimates that approximately 40
percent of the direct program activities will be fully administered by the States at
the end of 1981. Further support will be provided by the Corps, which is expected to
handle 25 percent of the direct workload in 1980 and 20 percent in 1981. As the program
delegation increases, EPA will increasingly move into delegation management and monitori'*'
and out of direct program operations.
The construction grants program management strategy will be further enhanced with
greater emphasis being placed on project quality, project completion times, management
oversight of State and Corps activities, and full-scale implementation of the coordinated
approach to grant making, permitting, and enforcement as related to municipal facilities.
By early 1981 a new management agreement will have been negotiated with the Corps of
Engineers which will extend the current agreement and provide for a continuation of Corps
support for the Step 3 construction program.
Other major activities to be accomplished in 1981 include the completion of the
1930 municipal needs survey, the review of 57 AWT and AST projects by the Administrator,
the review/approval of 400 innovative/alternative technology projects, an increase of
67 percent over 1980 levels, and a significantly increased degree of coordination with the
industrial pretreatment program to assure a coordinated approach to the treatment of all
westewaters entering municipal waste streams whether generated domestically or hy industry.
In 1981, EPA plans to complete processing the majority of remaining applications
requesting a waiver of secondary treatment under Section 301(h) of the Act, which
permits such waivers for certain communities which dispose of municipal waste in ocean
areas. EPA also expects to significantly increase the number of innovative/alternative
projects funded to a total of approximately 400 nationally, resulting in more cost-
effective, environmentally sound, and energy efficient treatment systems in an increasing
number of communities. EPA will also initiate 51 EIS's, complete work on municipal
needs for treatment facilities, and send the Needs Survey Report to Congress in
February 1981.
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to provide on-site technical assistance and training to municipal treatment plants with
major O&K problems in .order to demonstrate the most cost-effective and efficient methods for
resolving these problems. Operationally oriented consultants from the private sector would
provide the technical assistance either in a team or on a one-to-one basis depending on the
municipalities' particular problems*
WASTE TREATMENT TRAINING *, TECHNICAL .ASSISTANCE
1979 Accomplishments
The manpower and training program obligations for 1979 were $3,539,000. Training
activities continued to encourage and support the development of water pollution control
manpower planning and training capabilities at the State and local levels. Manpower
planning and training activities in 1979 concentrated on:
- Development of training programs, curricula, and courses to support construction
grants and municipal operations program objectives (i.e., Section 205(g)).
- Support to the National Operator Training Coordinating Committee and State
Operator Training Coordination Committees In the implementation of the
Association of Boards of Certification "Brown Book" which provides a comprehensive
plan for development and coordination of operator training at the State and local
level.
- Support of interagency agreement with the Department of Labor (DOL), to provide
operator training assistance to the water industry in rural areas.
- Support to the Association of Boards of Certification for the continuing develop-
ment of State certification examinations.
- Development, demonstration, and distribution of course packages and materials in
support of State and local training programs.
- Continued development of the Instructional Resource Center in Cincinnati, Ohio,
to provide training course packages, equipment and instructional material to the
private and public sectors.
- Initiation of a feasibility study and planning for training centers
located in centralized areas to provide training of a specialized technical nature.
1980 Program
In 1980, the Agency has allocated a total of $3,849,300 and 30 permanent workyears
to this program of which $1,400,900 is for Salaries and Expenses and 52,448,400 is for
extramural purposes under the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
With the exception of 8 permanent workyears In the regional offices to perform liaison
and coordination between State and local training programs, the total training program has
been consolidated at the National Training and Operational Technology Center (NTOTC) in
Cincinnati, Ohio.
With these resources the training center will be engaged in:
- Developing, demonstrating and delivering training courses supporting State
agency delegations under Section 205(g).
WQ-127
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consultative assistance) and developing operational technology for wastewater
treatment facilities.
- Conducting instructor training and other direct technical training.
- Developing and expanding the operations of the National Instructional Resources
Center at NTOTC, Cincinnati, Ohio.
- Continuing area training center study and placement of a pilot and three area
training centers.
1980 Explanation of Changes from Budget Estimate -
The net decrease of $319,400 results from several actions. An increase of $52,800
results from the cost of the October 1979 pay raise and is included in a proposed
supplemental appropriation. A congressional reduction of $2 mi,11 ion to Agency travel
costs resulted in a decrease of 51,900. An overall reprogramming throughout the Agency
to provide sufficient salary funds to cover authorized workyears resulted in a decrease
of $15,800 to this activity. Reprogrammings were made between media to support projected
costs based on 1979 actual expenditures to water quality municipal waste treatment facility
construction ($141,600); to ambient water quality monitoring ($8,500); to water quality
environmental emergency response and prevention (3204,900); to water quality NEPA
compliance/Els preparation (52,300); to management and support ($179,400); to water
qualtiy ocean disposal permits ($15,100); to drinking water public systems supervision
program assistance ($44,100); and from water quality waste treatment operations and
maintenance ($241,900).
1981 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $4,036,800 and 26 permanent workyears for this
program, of which $1,344,900 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $2,691,.
is for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. This represents a decrease u.
four-permanent workyears.
In 1981, a greater emphasis will be placed on training to assist States to assume
State construction grants delegated responsibilities under the Clean Water Act and to
develop self-sufficiency in operation and maintenance (Q&M) training. There will be a
continuing support of publicly owned treatment works (POTW) operator training; instructor
training to State, local and private sectors; specialized technical training assistance
and continued operation of the Instructional Resources Center.
WQ-128
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WATER QUALITY
Permits Issuance
Appropriation
Salaries and Expenses...
Abatement, Control and Compliance.
Original Revised
Estimate Estimate President's
1981 1981 Reduction
{dollars in thousands)
S 7,949
5,927
$ 7,899
5,927
-$50
Total
13,876
13,825
-50
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Page Intentionally Blank
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Permits Issuance
Budget Current Increase f
Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease -
1979 1980 ^ 1980 1981 1981vs. 1980
(dollars in thousands!
Appropriation
Salaries and Expenses-. $6,247 $6,653 $6,850 $7,949 +$1,099
Abatement, Control and
Compliance.. 1 ,349 2,750 3,036 5,927 +2.891
Total 7,596 9,403 9,886 13,876 +3,990
Permanent Positions .. 204 237 243 243
Full-time Equivalency 237 273 270 . 295 +25
Budget Request
The Agency requests a total of $13,875,400 for NPDES permits issuance in 1981,
an increase of $3,989,700 from 1980. Included in this total is $7,948,800 for Salaries
and Expenses and 55,926,600 for Abatement, Control and Compliance, with an increase
over 1980 of $1,098,900 and $2,890,800 respectively. The 243 permanent workyears
requested reflects no increase from 1980 levels.
Program Description
The National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit program is
part of the comprehensive effort provided by the Clean Water Act (CWA), to reduce or
eliminate point source pollution from industrial, municipal, commercial, and agricultural
discharges. The Act prohibits discharge of pollutants into all waters of the United
States unless a permit is issued by EPA or an EPA approved State Program.
The permit is a mechanism for Imposing on point source dischargers the uniform
national effluent limitations and national performance standards for new source
facilities which EPA is required to promulgate. These effluent limitations and
standards, set by Office of yater and Waste Management, establish the maximum amounts
of various pollutants which can be legally discharged by a facility. Where effluent
limitations or standard regulations have not been promulgated for a particular
industrial discharger, the effluent limits will be set by the available and economically
feasible abatement technology. Such permits will be issued on a case-by-case basis
Additionally, if at a given facility, established national effluent limits will not
reduce pollutants enough to meet the ambient water quality standards set by the
State or EPA, the permit will impose more stringent effluent limitations as necessary
to meet the water quality standards. Permits are issued to require that pollutant
reductions be accomplished according to given time schedules.
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of industries whicn cnscnarge toxics. A recent TOCUS OT tne permit pruyram is uie
implementation of the pretreatment program. The pretreatment program places
responsibilities on municipalities or States to enforce national pretreatment standards
against industries discharging toxic pollutants into municipal treatment facilities.
A significant amount of resources will be used to assist municipalities in the development
of adequate pretreatment programs.
As part of its effort to improve the regulatory process, EPA is consolidating permit
procedures for permits issued under five seperate programs, including NPDES. Regulations
and application forms for permit consolidation have been proposed, and will be
finalized during 1980. Coordinating and consolidating permit regulations should
benefit both the public and the Agency by reducing delay and simplifying the permitting
process.
Another important function of the program is resolution of adjudicatory hearings
held on the terms, conditions, and effluent limitations contained in permits on
determinations concerning requests for variances from permit effluent limitations.
This clears the way for a finally effective and enforceable permit. Additionally,
EPA will conduct non-adversary panel hearings for municipalities which have requested
marine discharge modifications under section 301(h) of the Clean Water Act. Non-
adversary panel hearings will be used to process any first issuance of an NPDES permit
to a discharger that has not previously held an NPDES permit as well as the first
decision on any variance applied for by a discharger.
A primary goal of the permit program is to encourage States to assume responsibility
for the NPDES program. At present, 33 States have assumed NPDES authority. The permit
program devotes a considerable amount of resources to overviewing these state NPDES programs
to ensure that these States issued permits conform with national permit program policies
and procedures.
For all of its permit issuance activities, EPA is committed to involving the
public by publishing and disseminating informational materials, answering questions,
and holding public hearings and meetings.
1979 Accomplishment
In 1979, obligations totalled $7,595,900; EPA issued a total 9f 501 major, and
2,299 minor permits, 2,039 to industrial dischargers, 504 to municipal sources, and
257 permits to other sources. In 1979, 51,348,900 was obligated for contract support
of permit issuance activities including pretreatment program assistance, adjudicatory
hearing support, and information system development.
During 1979, EPA issued "second round" permits designed to assure control of
toxic pollutants. The NRDC Consent Decree of June 1976 {modified in March 1979,
resolving litigation against the Agency regarding its control of toxic pollutants
under the Clean Water Act) requires that EPA regulate up to 129 priority pollutants
for 34 industrial categories. The Decree requires that permits issued to dischargers
in these 34 industrial categories incorporate the Best Available Technology (BAT)
guidelines when they are promulgated. Because Best Available Technology (BAT) toxic
effluent limitation guidelines in the 34 industrial categories identified by the
National Resources Defense Council (NRDC) Consent Decree were not available in 1979,
the issuance of second round permits was difficult. EPA policy, developed to deal
with the absence of these guidelines in 1979, would issue short-term Best Practicable
Technology (BPT) permits to the dischargers in these 34 industrial categories on the
condition that the BAT toxic guidelines would be incorporated into the permits when
they are promulgated.
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The final regulations, published in June, 1979, clarified and improved tne
program. The revision incorporated changes which reflect experience gained by issuing
permits, the results of court decisions, and new requirements imposed by the 1977
Amendments to the Clean Water Act. It also completely reorganized the regulations to
simplify them and reduce needless duplication.
In June 1979, the Agency proposed consolidated permit regulations and application
forms outlining procedures to coordinate five permit programs, including NPD.ES, The
regulations are expected to increase the quality of environmental protection while
reducing the regulatory burden on industry and the government.
Also in 1979, development of the pretreatment program began to focus attention
on the indirect discharge of industrial toxics through publicly owned treatment works.
Resources were used to assist municipalities and States in developing pretreatment
programs, negotiate and settle a lawsuit filed against the final pretreatment
regulations, and develop joint construction grants/permit guidance on implementing
the pretreatment program.
For a variety of technical, financial and administrative reasons, a large number
of publicly owned treatment works (POTWs) are not in compliance with the Clean Water .
Act's treatment requirements. Developing a strategy to deal with these cases has
paved the way for effective control of noncomplying POTWs by coordinating EPA's
construction grants, permit, and water enforcement programs.
EPA review of State NPDES programs in 1979 ensured issuance of effective and
enforceable permits; uniform application of policy, regulations, and effluent limitations;
and technical and/or policy support where needed. In addition, the permit program in
1979 continued to strive for the goal of maximizing State participation in the NPDES
program, by working with States to develop and assume the NPDES program. In 1979,
one additional State, Alabama, assumed the NPDES program to make a total of 33 NPDES
States. In 1979, EPA also reviewed and approved State programs to permit discharges
from Federal facilities and to implement the pretreatment program.
1980 Program
In 1980, the Ageny has allocated a total of $9,885,700 for permits issuance of
which $6,849,900 is for Salaries and Expenses and $3,035,800 is for Abatement, Control
and Compliance. Contract support will be used for pretreatment program assistance
and review, for technical assistance for permit writers, and for general program
support.
In 1980, permit program activities focused on reducing discharges, especially
toxic discharges, from the most significant sources of pollution and thereby achieving
the greatest measure of environmental protection possible. The 1980 program will
continue to concentrate on applying effluent requirements reflecting Best Conventional
Technology (3CT) and BAT level controls to major dischargers with new and reissued
permits and ensuring that these permits are finally effective and enforceable. It is
estimated that EPA will issue approximately 500 major permits in 1980. In 1980, the
permit program will also resolve approximately 20 adjudicatory hearings to clear the
way for effective and enforceable permits.
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extend deadlines under provisions of the 1977 Amendments to the CWA in accordance
with the newly issued Municipal Strategy. Approximately 10,000 municipalities have
requested Section 301 (i) extensions based on lack of financial assistance and
approximately 200 municipalities have asked for Section 301 (h) marine discharge
modifications.
A considerable amount of permit program effort in 1980 is being devoted to
implementing the general pretreatment regulations (40 CFR 403) promulgated in June of
1978. These regulations are designed to control toxic pollutants introduced by sources
discharging into municipal systems. The number of facilities covered by the pretreatment
regulations is comparable to that covered by the NPDES regulations for direct dischargers.
Efforts in 1980 are focused on developing compliance schedules for municipal permittees
requiring them to develop pretreatment programs and reviewing and approving such programs.
Resources will be used in 1980 for reviewing and approving requests by NPOES State
for State pretreatment program approval. It is anticipated that the majority of the
33 approved NPDES States will be submitting pretreatment plans for approval.
During 1980, the consolidated permit regulations and applications forms will be
finalized. Implementation of the regulations and use of the consolidated forms will
also begin in 1980, reducing delay to permit applicants and simplifying the permitting
process. The NPOES portion of the consolidated form will also provide the mechanism
for collecting information on toxic pollutants to be used in developing appropriate
permit limits.
The permit program continues to overview State-run NPDES programs and to encourage
State assumption of the NPOES program in 1980, During this fiscal year, two or three
States are expected to receive program approval for a total of 35 or 36 NPDES States.
1980 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The net increase of $483,000 results from several actions. An increase of
$259,100 results from the cost of the October 1979 pay raise and is included in a
proposed supplemental appropriation. A congressional reduction of S2 million each to
Agency travel costs and supplies and expenses resulted in a decrease of 566,400 and
$114,400, respectively. An overall reprogramming throughout the Agency to provide
sufficient salary funds to cover authorized workyears resulted in an increase of
$535,400 to this activity.
A reprogramming of 513,100 from water quality NEPA compliance - municipal waste
treatment facility construction; and $15,100 from water quality ambient monitoring
was made to provide for actual staff assignments and projections for travel, training,
overtime and grade and step increases.
Reprogramming in order to support costs projected on the basis of 1979 actual
expenditures resulted in regional transfers to ambient air quality monitoring (521,400);
to interdisciplinary Federal activfties/EIS review ($1,900); to solid waste enforcement
($9,000); to water quality enforcement ($120,700); to pesticides enforcement ($7,100);
to air stationary source enforcement ($31,800); from solid waste enforcement ($16,000);
and from water quality enforcement ($17,000).
1981 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $13,875,400 for the NPDES permits issuance
program in 1981, including $7,948,800 for Salaries and Expenses and $5,926,600 for
Abatement, Control and Compliance. None of the 243 permanent workyears requested are
an increase from 1980. Of this, approximately $4,500,000 will go towards toxic
control in the pretreatment program including reviews and approval of pretreatment
programs; the remainder will be used to provide technical assistance for permit
writers, and for general program support.
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indirect toxic .dischargers, uontroi or cnrect toxic aiscnaryeri WIM uc awM<=*=u UJ
imposing new and more stringent toxic controls on industrial dischargers through the
issuance of "second round" permits. EPA will issue permits to approximately 500
industrial toxic dischargers in 1981. In 1981, the program will again be
issuing BAT level permits according to promulgated guidelines. Where no BAT guidelines
have been promulgated, either for NRDC Consent Decree industries or secondary industries,
permits must be issued on a case-by-case basis in order to meet the July 1984 statutory
deadline.
The pretreatment program will provide control over indirect discharges of toxic
pollutants into municipal treatment systems. EPA has significant pretreatment
responsibilities in non-NPDES State including providing technical assistance directly
to muncipalities, developing pretreatment compliance schedules and including them in
permits, and approving local pretreatment programs. Nationally, EPA will be developing
general legal and technical pretreatment guidance. Additional resources will also be
devoted to approving State pretreatment programs in those States responsible for the
NPDE2 program.
As part of its efforts to.improve the regulatory process during 1981, EPA will
continue to implement the consolidated permit regulations that will be finalized
during 1980. By coordinating permit issuance procedures for five seperate permit
programs, EPA expects to reduce delay to permit applicants and simplify permitting
procedures.
As increasing numbers of State assume the authority to administer the NPDES
program, EPA's role in overviewing States take on increasing importance. In 1981,
considerable effort will be devoted to overviewing the adequacy of State NPDES programs
to assure that major permits are being issued in conformance with national standards
and procedures. It is anticipated that two or three additional States will be
delegated for NPDES authority in 1981.
Using technical and legal resources, the resolution of adjudicatory hearings for
major industrial discharge permits will continue to be a priority activity in 1981.
Particular attention will focus on resolving adjudicatory hearings relating to permits
with toxic concerns. Approximately 50 adjudicatory hearings will be conducted.
Resources will also be used in 1981 to issue permits with Section 301 (h)
modifications to municipalities discharging into marine waters. This modification is
intended to reduce the economic impact of complying with Clean Water Act standards
when municipalities discharge into marine waters.
For all of its permit issuance activities, EPA is committed to involving the
public by publishing and disseminating informational materials, answering questions,
and holding public hearings and meetings.
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WATER QUALITY
Water Quality Enforcement
Actual
1979
Budget
Estimate
1980
Current
Estimate
1980
Estimate
1981
increase +
Decrease -
1981 vs. 1980
(dollars in thousands)
Appropriation
Salaries and Expenses..
Abatement, Control and
Comp1i ance
$15,477
4,157
19,634
568
610
$14,670
4,174
18,844
541
644
SI 5, 937
3,053
18,990
520 .
588
$16,277
3,909
20 , 186
511
575
+$340
+856
+1,196
-9
-13
Total 19,634
Permanent Positions....
Full-tinie Equivalency..
Budget Request
The Agency requests a total of $20,186,400 for 1981, an increase of $1,195,700
from 1980. Included in this total is $16,277,100 for Salaries and Expenses and
$3,909,300 for Abatement, Control and Compliance, with increases of $339,600 and
$856,100, respectively. The 511 permanent workyears requested for 1981 is a nine
permanent workyears decrease from the 1980 level.
Program Description
The water quality enforcement program emphasizes as its highest priority, response
to emergencies that involve substantial hazards to public health and safety. The second
major goal is to complete enforcement actions against violators of the July 1, 1977,
Clean Water Act (CWA) deadline as part of the major source enforcement effort (MSEE)
initiated in 1978 and continued in 1979. The third major program goal is to complete
the planning of and begin implementing the enforcement aspects of the National Municipal
Policy and Strategy. The fourth goal is to control toxic substances through toxic and
pretreatment enforcement and compliance monitoring programs.
The water quality enforcement program also emphasizes compliance monitoring and
enforcement of NPDE5 wastewater discharge permits. Other activities include enforcement
actions necessary to achieve compliance with regulations on spills of oil and hazardous
substances, ocean dunping, dredge and fill, and other related requirements of the CWA,
the Rivers and Harbours Act (Refuse Act), and the Marine Protection, Research, and
Sanctuaries Act. Most water quality enforcement activities are conducted cooperatively
with the States; maximum State assumption of these activites is a primary goal.
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WATER QUALITY
Water Qualty Enforcement
Appropriation
Salaries and Expenses.
Abatement, Control and Compliance.
Original Revised
Estimate Estimate President's
1981 1981 Reduction
(dollars in thousands)
$16,277 $16,183 -$94
3.909 3,909 ...
Total
20,186
20,092
- 94
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Page Intentionally Blank
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EPA's NPDES compliance monitoring program includes compliance review, compliance
inspections, and enforcement actions initiated because of instances of noncompliance.
Compliance review is the review of all compliance schedule status and self-monitoring
reports submitted by permittees to EPA. These reports provide information on planning,
construction, operation, and effluent characteristic of treatment facilities. Compliar
inspection refers to all field related activities conducted to determine the status of
compliance with statutory requirements, including compliance evaluation and performanc
audit (both nonsampling inspections), sampling inspections, and surveillance and anal}
in response to emergencies and toxics enforcement.
The FWPCA provides for various enforcement mechanisms to assure compliance with
requirements of the Act. Primarily, these are issuance of Section 309(a)(l) Notice?
Violations to dischargers with NPDES permits issued by approved States; issuance of
Section 309(a){3) Administrative Orders to dischargers with EPA issued permits am
dischargers with State issued permits who fail to comply with Notices of Violation
referrals to U.S. Attorneys for civil or criminal relief to remedy violations of '
permits and Administrative Orders. The law provides for 510,000 civil penalties
525,000 criminal fines per day of violation.
The non-NPDES enforcement program is responsible for providing legal suppo*
achieve compliance with Section 311 oil and hazardous substance discharge liabf
provisions and Section 404 dredge and fill material permit provisions (shared ,
responsibility with the Corps of Engineers) of the CWA. In addition, the non-NPDES
enforcement program is responsible for enforcement actions initiated under the Refuse
Act, and under the ocean dumping provision of the Marine Protection, Research and
Sancturaries Act.
1979 Accomplishments
During 1979, obligations totaled $19,633,800; the water quality enforcement program
continued the major source enforcement effort initiated in 1978, devoting substantial
resources to enforcement actions against major industrial permittees not in compliance
with the July 1, 1977, deadline for attaining specified effluent limitations and against
publicly owned treatment works (POTW) with permit schedule violations. Of the 482
civil case actions initiated by EPA through the end of 1979, 222 of these cases against
major facilities have been referred to the Department of Justice (DOJ) as part of the
major source enforcement effort; the balance of cases were initiated for other than
July 1, 1977, schedule deadline violations.
In States without an approved permit program, EPA reviewed all major industrial
and POTW discharger self-monitoring reports. Regional offices conducted 1,090 compliance
evaluation inspections and 920 compliance sampling inspections to verify permittee self-
monitoring information; reviewed violations identified in permittee self-monitoring
reports ; and identified and categorized permit violations not indicated in the reports.
The regional offices diverted significant NPDES inspection resources for response to
specific emergency and toxics enforcement activities such as the Love Canal in New
York, the Kimbuck landfill in New Jersey, the carbon tetrachloride spill to the Kanawha
River in West Virginia, the City of Louisville POTW shutdown due to toxics, and other
similar emergencies throughout the Nation.
As part of the water enforcement and compliance monitoring program, a number of
significant activities were initiated in 1979.
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municipal permits where Federal construction grant funds are involved. Instruction
manuals and guidance were issued detailing correct procedures to be used in conducting
NPDES compliance sampling, biomonitoring and performance audit inspections. In keeping
with the Agency's emphasis on assuring the quality of permittee monitoring data, the
water enforcement program issued performance samples and deficiency notices to NPDES
permittees as checks on the quality of self-monitoring data. Chemical and biological
compliance monitoring inspections were conducted through the use of substantial contract
support.
Where violations were identified and follow-up enforcement activities were necessary,
EPA regional offices issued a total of 149 Notices of Violation, 516 Administrative
Orders, and forwarded cases to headquarters for referral to DOJ, involving 29 facilities
in violation of the July 1, 1977, deadline; regions and headquarters prepared case
support for those referrals, including follow-up support after referral to DOJ.
The Agency continued to monitor and bring enforcement actions in accordance with
the oil spill and oil spill prevention requirements of Section 311 of the Clean Water
Act and the ocean dumping provision of the Marine Protection,-Research and Sancturar-ies
Act. Regional offices referred 963 oil spill civil cases to the Coast Guard, two oil
spill criminal cases to the U.S. Attorney, and conducted 471 proceedings for
violations of oil spill prevention countermeasure and control plans (the SPCC program).
The $4,156,800 obligated in 1979 for contract support to water enforcement activities
was used to meet ADP information needs, produce regulations, evaluate ongoing programs,
conduct feasibility studies, provide technical and legal case support, assist in case
preparation for adjudicatpry hearings, implement pretreatment program enforcement, and
conduct monitoring and inspection training.
1980 Program
The Agency has allocated a total of $18,990,700 and 520 permanent workyears to
this program for 1980, of wnich 515,937,500 is for Salaries and Expenses and $3,053,200
is for extramural purposes under the Abatement, Control, and Compliance appropriation.
During 1980, all activities supporting enforcement actions in emergency situations
involving substantial threats to public health and safety will continue to receive the
highest program priority.
Following those activities, second priority is placed on concluding the first
phase of the major source enforcement effort. This will be accomplished by bringing
enforcement actions, most of which were initiated in 1978 and 1979 against major
permittees which failed to complete and put in operation required treatment facilities
by the July 1, 1977 deadline, to decision by settlement, administrative process, or
court trail. In 1979, the first phase of the major source enforcement effort was
completed by referring the last of 222 civil actions asainst major facilities
to DOJ. In 1980, EPA expects to bring any of the 222 cases not yet completed to conclusion.
A second major source enforcement effort, equal in scope to that conducted with
respect to industrial dischargers will be initiated for municipal dischargers in T980.
WQ-136
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Issuance of The.Nation Municipal Policy and Strategy in October of 1979 by the
Administrator gave added impetus to this effort. The Policy and Strategy provides
comprehensive and detailed guidance for coordination of the three municipal program
activitiesconstruction grant, permits and enforcement. The Policy and Strategy also
outlines criteria for determining which municipalities will be granted Section 301(1)
extensions. These noncomplying municipalities which are not granted 301(i) extensions
will be the target of immediate enforcement action,either administrative or judicial.
The Office of Water Enforcement and the Office of Water Program Operations have
joined in an effort to demonstrate the effectiveness of a municipal management system
(MMS) during 198C. EPA plans to have the system operational in all regions by 1981.
In the MMS concept, enforcment will assist in the tracking of municipal permit compliance
and initiate enforcement actions where Section 301(i){1) requests have been denied.
The third major priority for the year is development and implementation of a formal
toxics compliance/monitoring and enforcement program. During 1980, this program will be
inplemented through comprehensive guidance and training activities. With the promulgation
of regulations for the control of hazardous substances spills in August 1979, it is
anticipated that there may be an increase in actions initiated for spills of reportable
quantities of hazardous and toxic substances.
For those industrial and municipal facilities in compliance, the fourth major
program priority is to assure that these facilities are maintaining compliance with
CWA statutory requirements. Regional offices will conduct 2,121 compliance inspections,
and take enforcement actions where necessary in an effort to insure continued major
industrial and municipal compliance with the established effluent limitations.
Headquarters will provide legal support to the permit program for NPDES adjudicatory
hearings. The permit program will resolve approximately 20 adjudicatory hearings in 1980.
With increased emphasis on approval of State programs, EPA will provide assistance
to the 33 States currently operating approved enforcement programs. Two to three
additional States are expected to have an approved NPDES program by the end of the
year. In support of the National State Overview Policy, the regional office will also
conduct State program management audits and joint State compliance inspections to assure
that States with approved programs continue to maintain standards which are in compliance
with nationally established requirements. In the case of States which have not yet
received program approval, EPA will work witn those States to improve technical and
legal capabilities and promote State cooperation and participation in enforcement
program efforts.
Contract funds totalling $3,053,200 will be used in 1980 in support of the following
activities: litigation training for regional personnel and case development support activities;
regional program operations, including support for responses to emergency situations;
compliance monitoring and sampling; technical support for bioassay screening techniques
development; computer programming activities; technical support for adjudicatory
hearings; and quality assurance samples for all major NPDES permittees.
1980 Explanation of Changes from Budget Estimates
The net increase of $146,700 results from several actions. An increase of $586,200
results from the cost of the October pay raise and is included in a proposed supplemental
appropriation. A congressional reduction of $2 million each to Agency travel costs and
supplies and expenses, and $1 million to ADP costs, resulted in a decrease of $144,700,
-------
provide sufficient salary funds to cover authorized workyears resulted in a decrease of
$44,300 to this activity.
A reprograpni ng was made to the air media, mobile source enforcement ($3,800); and,
to the solid'waste media, hazardous waste enforcement ($7,000) for travel costs. A
reprogramming was made of $69,700 from water quality NEPA compliance/municipal waste
treatment facility construction for actual staff assignments and projections for travel,
training, overtime and grade and step increases.
A reprogramming was made of $57,000 to the solid waste media to reflect the transfer
of 50 percent of the oil spill enforcement capability since these activities are closely
related. This reprogramming gives formal recognition to otherwise hidden responsibilities
which draw on other abatement and control and enforcement resources; in this case some
pesticides and water enforcement capability is being diverted to initiate enforcement
actions where hazardous waste disposal presents an imminent danger to public health and
welfare. A reprogramming was made of $50,000 to management and support - program
management for litigation management support and establishment of a special investigations
unit in the Immediate Office of the Assistant Administrator, A reprogramrrring was made
of $92,700 from interdisciplinary Federal activities/EIS reviews to reflect the transfer
of the Federal facilities monitoring and compliance function which is mere appropriately
identified with enforcement activities.
Reprogrammings in order to support costs projected on the basis of 1979 actual
expenditures resulted in regional transfers to interdisciplinary Federal activities/EIS
reviews (519,100); to interdisciplinary new source permit E!S preparation ($300); to
air stationary source ($13,500); to management and support administrative management
($34,100); to water quality permit issuance ($17,000); to solid waste enforcement
($5,800); to pesticide enforcement ($5,100); to management and support regional management
($39,700); to toxic substances ($4,900); to water quality E!S reviews ($10,000); to
management and support general counsel ($5,500); from water quality permit issuance
($120,700); and from solid waste hazardous waste ($15,000).
1981 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $20,186,400 for this program, of which $16,277,100
is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $3,909,300 for the Abatement, Control,
and Compliance apppropriation. There will be a decrease of nine permanent workyears
from the program level of 520.
Enforcement actions in emergency situations involving substantial threats to
public health and safety will have highest program priority in 1981. While every effort
will be made to conclude all MSEE cases by the end of 1980, a small number of cases may
continue unresolved in 1981. If this does occur, the enforcement program's second
priority will be to resolve all remaining enforcement actions initiated in 1978 and
1979 against major permittees who failed to meet the July 1, 1977, deadline.
Enforcement will continue to provide any legal and technical assistance needed in
preparation for emergency actions taken under the authority of the Clean Water Act and
any assistance in preparation and expeditious conclusion of major enforcment referrals.
WO-138
-------
The pretreatment and toxics compliance/monitoring and enforcement programs developed
during 1980 in response to new program emphasis on control of toxics will be implemented
during 1981. These programs will yse bioassay screening techniques and compliance
sampling inspections to determine if the permittee is in compliance with existing
effluent limitations, identify those permittees who may have potential toxicants in
their effluent which were not identified in the permit, and to provide toxicity data
for permit issuance.
In those States without approved permit programs, EPA will review all major
industrial and POTW discharger self-monitoring reports for compliance with permit
conditions; a portion of this activity will be accomplished through contractor support.
An automated system to detect discharge monitoring report violations is being implemented
in 1980 to provide for automated processing and initial review of all discharge self-monitoring
reports. This system will be operational for tracking major permittee effluent data in
1981. Regional offices will conduct approximately 2,700 compliance inspections to
verify permittee self-monitoring information. Where necessary, appropriate enforcement
actions will be initiated, including issuance of Notices of Violations and Administrative
Orders, and referral of cases -to the Department of Justice.
During 1981, enforcement activities in conjunction with The Municipal Policy and Strategy
effort will include the issuing of administrative orders where extension requests have
been denied; prioritizing of possible referrals for judicial action; and processing of
nunici'pal referrals, including legal and technical assistance in support of those
municipal case referrals. Emphasis will also be placed on establishing a Permit
Compliance System (PCS) and Grants Information Control System (G.ICS) interface.
Enforcement will cooperate in developing procedures to integrate data from the two
management information systems into one method of information control to insure routine
coordination of construction grants, permitting, and enforcement activities.
In support of an anticipated 40 adjudicatory hearing requests during 1981, enforcment
will provide legal and technical assistance to the permit program for resolution of
those hearings.
Two additional States are expected-to receive approval for NPDES programs during
1981. Regions will take an active role in State program development and overview.
Non-NPDES enforcement of Section 311 oil spill requirements and the Ocean Dumping
Act will be held to 1980 levels.
Enforcement of Section 404 provisions will receive higher priority during 1981
than in previous years. Increased attention will be given to identifying illegal
dumping activities, those incidents performed by individuals not possessing a permit,
and aggressively taking the appropriate legal action.
In 1981, contract funds totalling $3,909,300 are requested to provide for the
following activities: specific case support (expert testimony), litigation training
for regional personnel, performance samples {self-monitoring quality assurance) for
major NPDES permittees (or labs used by permittees), technical manuals development,
biomonitoring activities, and the contracting out of NPDES compliance sampling inspections.
WQ-139
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Page Intentionally Blank
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Drinking Water
-------
Page Intentionally Blank
-------
Appropriation
Salaries and Expenses. ,
Research and Development.
Abatement, Control and Compliance.,...
Total
PROGRAM HIGHLIGHTS
Public Sector Activities:
Salaries and Expenses.... ,
Research and Development
Monitoring and Technical Support:
Salaries and Expenses ,
Research and Development .
Total:
Salaries and Expenses.*...
Research and Development.. ,
iota!, Research and Development Program,
Criteria, Standards, and Guidelines:
Salaries and Expenses
Abatement, Control and Compliance
State Program Resource Assistance:
Salaries and Expenses......
Abatement, Control and Compliance ,
Drinking Water Management:
Salaries and Expenses ,
Abatement, Control and Compliance
Total:
Salaries and Expenses
Abatement, Control and Compliance
Total, Abatement and Control Program....
Drinking Water Enforcement:
Salaries and Expenses., ............
Abatement, Control and Compliance,,...
Original Revised
Estimate Estimate President's
1981 1981 Reduction
(dollars in thousands)
$22,013
20,229
44,663
86,905
6,643
19,796
575
433
7,218
20,229
27,447
5,458
3,837
39,574
8,582
1,243
14,040
44,654
58,694
755
9
$21,897
20,229
44,663
86,789
6,611
19,796
571
433
7,182
20,229
27,411
5,432
3,837
39,574
8,533
1,243
13,965
44,654
58,619
750
9
-$116
-116
-32
-4
-36
-36
26
-49
-75
-75
-5
al, Enforcement Program
764
759
-5
-------
Page Intentionally Blank
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Appropriation
Salaries and Expenses...
Research and Development
Abatement, Control and
Compliance. ,
Totel
Permanent yorkyears.....
Full-time Equivalency...
Outlays.....
Authorization Levels....
PROGRAM HIGHLIGHTS
Public Sector Activities:
Salaries and Expenses...
Research and Devel opment
Monitoring and Technical
Support:
Salaries and Expenses...
P.eseerch and Development
Total:
Salaries and Expenses...
Research and Development
Total , Research and
Criteria, Standards, and
Guidelines:
Salaries and Expenses...
Abatement, Control and
Comoliance
Actual
1979
316,105
12,157
39.425
67 , 687
440
528
59,977
116,150
$4,917
11,702
501
455
5,427
12.157
17,584
$4,056
5.241
Budget
Estimate
1980
(dollars
$16,166
17,358
46,795
82,319
506
600
66,450
Pending
$5,7.34
17,210
577
148
6,311
17,358
23,669
$3,720
5.500
Current
Estimate
1980
Estimate
1981
Increase +
Decrease -
1981 vs. 1
980 pa,
in thousands)
519,940
15,621
41,164
76,72.5
518
610
64,200
66,650
$5,569
15,188
555
433
7,124
15,621
22,745
$5,017
5.052
$Z2,013
20,229
44,663
86,905
537
638
74,000
88,00.0
$6,643
19,796
575
433
7,218
20,229
27 ,447
$5,458
3.837
+$2,073
1-4,608
+3,499
+1.0.., 180
+19
+28
+9,800
+21,350
+74
+4,608
+20
...
+94
+4,608
+4,702
+$441
-1.215
Dw-n
DW-21
DW-24
State Program Resource
Assistances
Salaries and Expenses...
Abatement, Control and
Compliance
Drinking Water Management:
Salaries and Expenses...
Abatement, Control and
Compliance..
Total:
Salaries and Expenses...
Abatement, Control and
33,938
6,153
198
10,209
38,795
7,300
2,500
34,745
6,928
1,301
11,020 11,945
39,574
8,582
1,243
14,040
+4,829
+1,654
-58
+2,095
DW-29
DW-33
-------
Drinking Water Enforcement: DW-3?
Salaries and Expenses... 459 835 871 755 -116
Abatement, Control and
Compliance 48 ._...__. _6Ji 9 -57
Total, Enforcement Program 517 835 937 764 -173
Permanent Positions
Public Sector Activities.. 120 122 120 130 +10 DW-11
Monitor)no and Technical
Support ......... 11 9 10 TO ... DH-21
Tots!, Research and
Development Program 131 131 130 140 +10
Criteria, Standards, and
Guidelines 87 103 106 101 -5 DW-24
State Program Resource
Assistance. ....- ... ... .... ... ... DW-29
Drinking Water Management. 217 264 252 269 +17 DW-33
Total, Abatement and
Control Program 304 367 358 370 +12
Drinking Water Enforcement,
Total Enforcement Program 15 31 33 28 -5 DW-37
Full-time Eouivalency
Public Sector Activities.. 159 163 161 174 +13 DW-1.
Monitoring and Technical
Support JO 9 . 14 14 ^ DW-2]
Total, Research and
Development Program...... 169 172 175 188 +13
Criteria, Standards, and
Guidelines , 100 119 124 119 -5 DW-24
State Program Resource
Assistance ... ... ... ... DW-29
Drinking Water Management. 241 276 276 299 +23 DW-33
Total, Abatement and
Control Program 341 395 400 418 +18
Drinking Water Enforcement,
Total Enforcement Program 18 34 34 32 -2 DW-37
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iiy LIIC SCICLV wi urmniny water is primarily me responsi 01 f liy DT tne il-flfe
and local governments. However, Congress provided that the Federal Government share
in this responsibility through standard setting and providing assistance and reinforcement
for State end local efforts. To assist the States in their efforts to provide safe
drinking water, Congress has provided financial assistance for building and
strengthening their efforts to meet the mandates of the Safe Drinking Water Act.
Prior to the passage of the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) in December 1974, the
Public Health Service Act and the Interstate Quarantine Regulations provided the only
statutory authority for the Federal drinking water program. With the enactment of
the Safe Drinking Water Act (an amendment to the Public Health Service Act), EPA's
authorities and responsibilities were significantly increased. The Act requires that
EPA develop and promulgate national drinking water standards. It also established
two major programs the public water system supervision program (PWS) which rs
designed to ensure the safety of drinking water provided by public water systems, and
the underground injection control program (U'lC) which is designed to protect present
and future underground sources of drinking water from contamination through injection
wells.
Standards Development
EPA is required to establish primary drinking water regulations which specify
maximum permissible contaminant levels to protect the public health and secondary
drinking water regulations which deal with the aesthetic quality of the drinking
water. Interim primary drinking water regulations which cover such contaminants as
bacteria, turbidity, and certain inorganic chemicals, pesticides and radionuclides
have been in effect since June 1977. These standards have been revised (1979) to
regulate chloroform and other trihalomethanes. The program will also develop additional
maximum contaminant levels, revise existing standards to incorporate new data, and
develop a regulatory approach to control contaminants which may increase the incidence
of cardiovascular diseases. Existing implementation regulations will be modified to
reflect modifications to the primary drinking water regulations. In addition,
underground injection control program regulations will be promulgated. A ground
water protection strategy will be developed for the Agency. The 1981 program will
focus on the establishment of Revised National Primary Drinking Water Regulations
which will include maximum contaminants levels (MCLs) for 10 organic chemicals and
MCLs or treatment requirements for 10 inorganic chemicals, virus and protozoa;
implementation of Interim Primary Drinking Water Regulations for trihalomethanes and
national oversight of the public water systems and underground injection control
programs; and oversight of the sole source aquifer program. In addition, guidance
documents for the implementation of the ground water strategy will be developed.
Public Water System Supervision
Since the PWS program includes approximately 60,000 community and 240,000
non-community water systems, State participation is essential to the successful
implementation of the Act. Forty-five (45) States (including one approved in early
1980) have primary enforcement responsibility for the PWS program with an additional
six expected to achieve primacy during the remainder of 1980. In 1981, program
activities will concentrate on oversignt of primacy States and program implementation
in non-primacy States and on Indian lands, improving State and EPA performance and
strengthening follow-up action where non-compliance occurs. In primacy States, the
regions will conduct evaluations of State primacy programs and will continue to
certify laboratories, provide assistance to the States in implementing the organic
regulations; provide emergency response; conduct public hearings and training programs
and review monitoring reports* violations and date used in granting variances and
exemptions. In non-primacy States, regional activities will"focus on bringing non-
complying systems into compliance. In support of this, laboratory certification,
sanitary surveys, review of variances and exemptions requests, review of enforcement
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underground injection control programs in uruer tu PFULCWV uuueryr u-uuu »uui v« w*
drinking water. EPA has designated 41 States as requiring underground injection
control programs and will designate the remaining States during 1980. Of the 23
States which were first designated by the Administrator as requiring an underground
injection control program, 11 States are expected to assume primacy for the program
during 1981. For the remaining 12 States that do not qualify for or do not intend to
assume primacy, EPA must develop and implement either partial or full programs. In
addition, EPA must develop and implement a program on all Indian lands. EPA will
actively work with the 11 primary States to assure the development of a sound program
and will provide assistance to the 19 States that are working toward primacy.
Surface Impoundment Assessment
Under the statutory authority of Section 1442 of the SDWA, EPA initiated an
inventory and assessment of surface impoundments to determine the nature and extent
of contamination potential of various types of surface impoundments. Grants were
awarded to 50 States to conduct the assessment. In those States which chose not to
apply for a grant, the assessments were conducted by universities or private organizations
and the EPA regional office. Data and reports for all 5? States and territories will
be analyzed and regional comments will be reviewed. During 1981, the final report
will be completed and transmitted to the Congress with recommendations for the control
of ground water contamination from surface impoundments.
Sole Source Aquifers
Under Section 14.24(e) of the Safe Drinking Water Act, an aquifer or portion
thereof may be designated as a sole or principal source of drinking water if it is
determined that in fact it is the sole or principal source of drinking water and that
contamination of this source would create a significant hazard to public health. The
designation process may be initiated by EPA, by a petition from the State, or by
petition from interested parties. To date six aquifers have been designated as sole
and/or principal sources of drinking water.
All projects assisted with Federal financing within an area designated as a
sole or principal source aquifer may be subject to a review. If the Administrator
determines during this review process that the project will create a significant
hazard to public health, the Federal funds associated with the project may be
denied. Ttie project may be redesigned so as not to contaminate the sole or principal
source aquifer and Federal financial assistance may be rendered at that time. One
federally financed project in San Antonio, Texas, was halted temporarily because of
possible contamination of a sole source aquifer. Modifications were required to work
plans to ensure that the designated aquifer would not be contaminated; the project
resumed after the revisions were adopted.
During 1980, it is estimated that three aquifers will be designated as sole or
principal sources of drinking water and five new petitions will be reviewed. During
1981, it is expected that five petitions will be received and three sole source
aquifers will be designated.
Research and Development
The long-range goal and overall concept of the research and development program
is the provision of a scientific basis for assuring safe supplies of drinking water
for the people of this country. This means that the research is designed to yield
data to help determine the need to regulate specific substances, and if there is such
a need, to help determine the levels at which standards should be set. To achieve
its goal, the program is linked with the activities of EPA's'Office of Drinking Water.
The program addresses a spectrum of organic, inorganic and microbiological contaminants
in water supplies, as well as the protection of ground water, a major source of
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as shorter-term types of studies, for important organics to provide data for setting
maximum contaminant levels. The health program also emphasizes cardiovascular effects
from inorganic contaminants and gastrointestinal illnesses related to microbial
contaminants. In addition, support is provided to a coordinated research effort on
the reuse of waste water for potable purposes.
As in the health area, the control technology or treatment portion of the program
emphasizes organics, including those from disinfection. Overall, this part of the
program develops detection and measurement methods to quantify contaminants and is
concerned with providing treatment methods to avoid forming contaminants or reduce
them to acceptable levels. The work on organics wil focus on measurement and control.
The treatment program includes an emphasis in means of controlling inorganic
contaminants, including asbestos, as well. In addition, microbiological occurrence,
detection, and control are receiving attention because outbreaks of waterborne disease
still occur in the U.S., especially in poorly operated treatment and distribution systems.
In 1981, an initiative is planned to focus on finding practical, cost effective
processes to meet the needs of small communities which have difficulty in complying
with state and national drinking water standards. The ground water portion of the
program develops new and improved methods of detecting and assessing contamination
and methods for determining the adsorption, movement and transformation of contaminants
in the subsurface environment. Again, the emphasis is on organic contaminants and on
viruses.
The quality assurance portion of the program is concerned with ensuring precise,
accurate, and reliable measurement data for official use. This effort develops
quality control procedures and guidelines to document data for official use,
measure systems performance. In addition, the program supports the development
of criteria and procedures for on-site evaluation and certification of laboratories
with drinking water monitoring and analysis. Because it is an integral part of the
research and development effort on drinking water, the emphases in this work are
closely parallel to those of the other portions of the program. In addition, the
quality assurance effort focuses on contaminants for which regulations have been
promulgated, to help insure their proper implementation, and focuses on substances
being considered for regulation as well.
Enforcement
For 1981, the highest priority of the drinking water enforcement program will
continue to be enforcement response in emergency situations presenting substantial
endangerment to public health and safety.
Program efforts not expended on emergency actions will be used in the preparation
of enforcement actions where violations of primary water standards have occurred
(non-primacy States). In addition, EPA will overview the 45 primacy State PWS
programs, to see that all State programs are adequately enforcing Pk'S requirements.
Legal assistance will be made available to the Office of Drinking Water and all
Regional Drinking Water branches in conjunction with variance and exemption issuance
activities and in support of laboratory certification efforts.
Enforcement program activities for 1981 will also include review and approval
for the enforcement sections of primacy applications for both Public Water Systems
and Underground Injection Control programs, and preparation for implementing U1C
compliance monitoring and enforcement programs in non-primacy States.
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i?uu LI i i UK i ny wci,er r i uyr ciii. .................... i ,' c . /£3
Salaries and Expenses.. -. +2,073
The primary increase is for additional
regional implementation resources for
the UI:C and the public water systems
supervision programs, and for drinking
water treatment and ground water protection
and standards and regulations development.
Research and Development +4,608
The major portion of this increase,
$4.3 million is an initiative to develop cost-
effective technology for small water
systems (pop. 10,000 and under). The
additional $.3 million will be used to
conduct research on health effects of
contaminants in drinking water as they
relate to human reproduction and early
ch i1dhood development.
Abatement, Control and Compliance *3,499
The net increase of $3.5 million represents
$4.2 million additional grants to the States
to support the establishment of State
underground injection control programs,
$1.1 million for special studies and
demonstrations to provide continued support
to rural -water associations, and a decrease
pf .51.2 million in criteria, standards and
guidelines development which funded extra-
mural projects relating to the additives
program and a decrease of $.5 million due to
to the nonrecurring training activity.
1981 Drinking Mater Program 86,905
SUMMARY OF BUDGET ESTIMATES
1 Summary ojf Bud get Estimate
An appropriation of $86,904,900 is requested for 1981, This request, by
appropriation account, is as follows:
Salaries and Expenses $22,012,300
Research and Development............. 20,228,700
Abatement, Control and Compliance..., 44,663,900
This recuest represents an increase of $10,180>300 and provides for
additional grants to the States to support the establishment of State UIC programs
($4.2 million), and for continued support to rural water associations ($1.1 million).
An increase of 54.3 million will support the development of cost-effective technology
for small water systems (10,000 population and under). An increase of $.3 million is
to conduct research on health effects of contaminants in drinking water.
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Changes from the budget are as follows:
(in thousands of dollars)
Original 1980 estimate.
Congressional change:
I! 1C grants..
Travel
Supplies and expenses.
ADP
Academic training.....
Reprogramming for authorized workyears.
Proposed pay raise supplemental...
Miseel 1aneous reprogramming
Current 1980 estimate.
$82,319
-3,400
-59
-21
-36
+350
-154
+657
-2.931
76,725
ANALYSIS OF INCREASES AND DECREASES TO OBLIGATIONS
Prior year obligations
Effect of congressional changes.....
Effect of reprogrammi ngs
Proposed pay raise supplemental
Change in amount of carryover funds
available,
Program increase ..
Change in rate of obligation........
Total estimated obligations.......
(From new obligation authority).
(From prior year funds).
Current
Estimate Estimate
1950 1981
(in thousands of dollars)
$67,687
-3,166
-3,085
+657
+1,963
+11,000
+3.998
79,054
69,121
(9,933)
$79,054
-2,329
+9,105
85,830
(78,226)
(7,604)
Congressional changes, reprogrammings, and the proposed pay raise supplemental
discussed in the previous section are expected to result in a decrease of $5,594,000.
The amount of carryover funds to be obligated in 1980 is $9,933,000,an increase
of $1,963,000 over the 1979 level. In 1981, it is estimated that $7,604,000 of carry-
over funds will be obligated, a decrease of $2,329,000 from the 1980 level.
The 1980 increase in budget authority was previously estimated to increase
obligations by $11 million. In 1981, the program increase is expected to result in
increased obligations of $9,105,000. A change in the rate of obligation is expected,
thereby increasing obligations by $3,998,000.
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Safe Drinking Water Act of 1974. Research and evaluations are conducted relating to:
(1) causes, diagnosis, and prevention of diseases and other impairments in man
resulting directly or indirectly from contaminants found in drinking water; (2) the
treatment and control of those contaminants; and (3) the provision of dependable.
economical, and safe supplies of water, including the protection of underground
sources of drinking water. Research is also conducted to develop and implement
quality assurance procedures and protocols for water supply laboratories to assure
that laboratory analytical data are accurate and valid,
Purpose - Abatement and Control Program
The abatement and control program provides for the protection of public health
and underground drinking water sources through the development of regulations and
standards and the development of such programs as mandated by the Safe Drinkin§
Water Act, as amended. These activities include the promulgation of primary and
secondary drinking water regulations which include maximum contaminant levels, the
establishment of mir.imuni requirements for State public water systems supervision and
underground injection control programs and the Federal implementation of these programs
where necessary.
The main priority for this program is the protection of the public from harmful
contaminants found in drinking water. The abatement and control program has used the
following approach to implement this priority. Through the development and implementation
of drinking water standards and regulations, the health quality of drinking water may
be assured. Realizing the increased administrative costs tc administer a program
which assures the safety of drinking water, the Federal Government has provided
financial assistance to those States which satisfy minimum Federal requirements and
bear primary enforcement responsibility. In addition, technical assistance and
oversight are available to help States implement their programs.
The abatement and control program is divided into the following activities:
Criteria, Standards and Guidelines - This subactivity relates to the
development of standards and regulations designed to control the quality of drinking
water to protect the public health and welfare; to the development of regulations
establishing minimum requirements for public water systems and underground injection
control programs; and to the development of guidance documents to assure uniform program
implementation. It further includes the development, review and application of
information from studies on health effects, control technology, and monitoring of
hazardous substances such as toxic chemicals from natural and synthetic sources to
establish or revise primary drinking water regulations. Economic analyses are
conducted to determine the impact of regulations. In addition, national program
oversight and evaluations of public water systems supervision, underground injection
control and sole source aquifer programs are conducted; and management information
systems are maintained. '
State Program Resource Assistance - This subactivity relates to the provision
of financial assistance to support State activities in the implementation of the
public water systems supervision and underground injection control programs. It also
provides for grants to assist State rural water associations in the development and
demonstration of technical assistance and training programs to assist small rural
water systems in complying with the mandates of the Safe Drinking Water Act.
Fellowships and grants to academic institutions are awarded to provide for continuing
education to State and local staff working in the drinking water field including
ground water protection.
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oversight and evaluation of States with primacy, as well as program implementation in
States without primary enforcement responsibility and on Indian lands. Other activities
included are technical assistance to all States in the implementation of public water
systems supervision programs and in the establishment and adminstration of underground
injection control programs, emergency assistance, administration and implementation
of the sole source aquifer programs; and coordination with water quality management
planning and solid waste programs.
Purpose - Enforcement Program
It is the goal of the drinking water enforcement program to see that ell applicable
parties comply with standards established under the .Safe Drinking Water Act, regulating
public water system and underground injection control operations. The program's highest
priority is initiation of enforcement actions, if required, in response to emergency
situations. Also fundamental to system or facility compliance with PWS and UIC
standards is the Agency's establishment and operation of enforcement programs in
States which have not yet implemented enforcement programs (non-primacy States). In
States which have enforcement programs, EPA provides legal and technical assistance
es required and overviews State activities to ensure that primacy States adequately
enforce requirements of the Act.
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Budget Current Increase +
Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease -
1979 1980 1980 1981 1981 vs. 1980
PROGRAM .LEVELS
Number of States with primary
enforcement responsibility
for Public Water Systems
Supervision programs 44 54 51 51
Number of States with primary
enforcement responsibility
for Underground Injection
Control programs , ... ... 11 +11
Underground injection control
grants 19 57 44 57 +13
Variances and exemptions
granted by EPA in non-pri-
primacy States 12 180 180 150 -30
Sole source aquifer petitions
received 2 14 5 5
Sole source aquifer designa-
tions, , , 1 . 6 3 3
Laboratories certified 100 126* 100 100
Enforcement actions 2 20 20** 40** +20
*Labs in non-primacy States.
**Includes compliance agreements and court cases.
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Public Sector Activities
Original Revised
Estimate Estimate President's
1981 1-981 Reduction
(dollars in thousands)
Appropriation
Health Effects;
Salaries and Expenses , ,. $ 3,054 $ 3,041 -$13
Research and Development . 9,305 9,305 ...
Treatment and Ground
Water Protection:
Salaries and Expenses.... 3,589 3,570 -19
Research and Development.. 10,491 10,491
Total:
Salaries and Expenses 6,643 6,611 -32
Research and Development 19,796 19,796
.Grand Total 26,439 26,407 -32
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Page Intentionally Blank
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Public Sector Activities
Actual
1979
Budget
Estimate
1980
Current
Estimate
1980
Estimate
1981
(dollars in thousands)
Appropriation
Health Effects:
Salaries and Expenses. $2,141 $2,769
Research and
Development 4,410 9,472
Treatment and Ground
Water Protection:
Salaries and Expenses. 2,776 2,955
Research and
Development ... 7,292 7,738
Total:
Salaries and Expenses. 4,917 5,734
Research and
Development.... 11,702 17,210
Grand Total., , 16,619 22,944
Permanent Positions
Health Effects..... 52 54
Treatment and Ground
Water Protection...... 68 68
Total.... -. 120 122
Full-time Equivalency
Health Effects. 71 75
Treatment and Ground
Water Protection 88 88
Total 159 163
Budget Request
S3,462
8,561
3,107
6,627
6,569
15.188
53,054
9.305
3,589
10,491
6,643
19,796
21 ,757
52
68
26,439
52
78
120
73
88.
130
73
101
161
174
Increase +
Decrease -
1981 vs. 1980
--$408
+744
+482
+3,864
+74
+4,608
+4,682
+10
+10
13
+13
The Agency requests a total of £26,438,300 and 130 permanent wprkyears for 1981,
an increase of $4,681,800 from 1980. Included in this total is $6,642,600 for Salaries
and Expenses and $19,795,700 for Research and Development, with an increase of $74,000
and 54,607,800, respectively. The major portion of this increase, $4,345,000, is an
initiative focused specifically on the needs of small systems (population 10,000 and
under), which comprise 80-90 percent of all drinking water systems. The initiative
will develop cost-effective technology and will illustrate multi-community cooperative
arrangements for services to assist these communities in meeting national and state
drinking water standards. The additional funding of $336,800 will enable EPA to conduct
research on health effects of contaminants in drinking water as they relate to human
reproduction and early development.
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The program is designed to develop the scientific information from which EPA can
determine if there is a need to regulate drinking water contaminants. Furthermore, if
regulations are deemed appropriate, the research information will help establish levels
at which standards should be set.
The major health research activities are to investigate health effects resulting
from organic, inorganic, contamination of drinking water, and/to develop alternative
disinfectants which do not produce significant levels of tr1halomethan.es to determine
whether they are as effective as chlorine and whether they cause adverse health effects,
The health effects portion of the program also investigates microbiological contaminants
to provide valuable data for the prevention of waterborne disease outbreaks and evaluates
health considerations related to potable reuse of highly treated wastewater.
The major goals of the treatment and ground water protection research program are,
in cooperation with the Office of Drinking Water, to: (1) develop detection, measurement
and monitoring methods to identify and quantify drinking water contaminants; (2) provide
treatment methods to avoid forming contaminants or reduce contaminants to an acceptable
level; (3) establish scientific and technical bases for action to protect ground water
quality.
The major problem area is the measurement and control of organics, with particular
attention to disinfection by-products, so work on organics will be emphasized. Also of
high priority are methods to control inorganic substances and asbestos fibers.
Microbiological contaminant occurrence, detection, and control remain a relatively high
priority because outbreaks of waterborne disease still occur in the United States,
especially in poorly operated treatment and distribution systems. Finding practical,
cost-effective processes to meet the needs of small communities which have difficulty
in complying with drinking water standards will be a major initiative in 1981. Ground
water research will develop new and improved methods of detecting and assessing
contamination and methods for determining the absorption, movement and transformation ',
of contaminants in the subsurface environment, especially organic chemicals and viruses
HEALTH EFFECTS
1^79 Accomplishments
In 1979, the program expended $6,551,400. Of this amount, $2,140,900 was for
salaries and expenses and $4,410,500 for extramural research and development activities.
Specific accomplishments include the following:
- Protocols for the recovery of volatile and non- volatile organics in
drinking water for use in bioassays were prepared.
- A research program to assess human body burdens of organics in drinking
water was developed and conducted. Animal models were used to develop
and validate techniques to measure chloroform and other volatile organics
in blood and fatty tissue. An epidemiological study was conducted to test
the method and evaluate the contribution of chlorinated by-products
(Trihalomethanes) in drinking water to levels of chloroform in human body
tissue. Preliminary data suggests that humans exposed to chlorinated water
may have slightly higher blood levels of chloroform than the control groups.
Further epidemiological methods will be used in 1980 on the same population
to correlate the results of the body burdens found in human tissue with the
incidence of cancer.
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positive association between asbestos fibers in the water and white
male lung and stomach cancer and female gall bladder, esophagea"!, and
peritoneal cancer. Other studies showed no measurable effect. It
is significant that the results of these studies are not consistent -
both for male and female groups and for target organs. These first
correlation studies are for the purpose of generating a hypothesis
(i.e. to identify which organs may be at risk). Additional research
is needed to test this hypothesis further.
- Epioemiological studies were conducted on the relationship of drinking
water sodium levels to hypertension. Several studies indicated that there
were significant differences in blood pressures between high and low sodium
groups. Further research is being conducted under controlled conditions to
determine if there is a reduction in blood pressure and hypertension when the
level of sodium in drinking water is reduced.
- Additional protocols for the isolation and recovery of viruses in drinking
water were developed in response to the Safe Drinking Water Act Section
1442{e)(7) which requires that the Administrator of the U.S. EPA "carry
out a study of virus contamination." The significance of this work is to
determine if pathogenic viruses are present in drinking water. At the present
time transmission of viruses through drinking water has not been confirmed.
This may be due in part to difficulties encountered with recovery and
analytical methods.
- Long-term toxicologies! studies to determine the health effects of
chlorine, chloramine, chlorine dioxide, chlorite, and chlorate were
performed to broaden the health data base on alternative disinfectants.
Acute toxicity studies in mice and tolerance studies in humans with
alternate disinfectants were completed. Results of the animal studies for
chlorine and chloroform show an increased incidence of tumors among the
experimental groups.
1980 Program
In 1980, a total of 112,022,300 is allocated to the program, of which $3,461.800 '
is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and 58,550,500 is for extramural purposes
under the Research and Development appropriation.
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highest priority on organic contaminants, with the major emphasis on carcinogenic " /
effects. Organic ..sample concentrates from representative American city drinking water
supplies ere being analyzed chemically and screened for mutagenic activity to identify
potentially carcinogenic groups of compounds. The analytical and concentration techniques
being used to support biological testing are being improved so that the health results
may be more directly linked with the appropriate environmental contaminants. Short-
term animal assays are being adapted for detecting carcinogenic and mutagenic effects
in drinking water. More definitive epidemiologies! studies (i.e. case-control or
cohort) ere being conducted to learn about the relative risks of cancer from drinking
water contaminants which are suggested by earlier studies which contributed to the
hypothesis about the relationship between organic contaminant and cancer risks.
Research on inorganic contaminants emphasizes cardiovascular diseases. Reports on
the relationship of inorganic contamination and the potential chemical contributors
(i.e. calcium and/or magnesium hardness) to cardiovascular disease will be prepared in
1980. Information on the relationship of sodium in drinking water to hypertension
being corroborated by more definitive, controlled studies in 1980. The association
between asbestos in drinking water and cancer morbidity and mortality are being studied
in five areas of the U.S. during 1980.. To date, asbestos epidemiology studies have been
preliminary and hypothesis-generating. One of the five recently completed studies
investigated leaching of asbestos fibers from asbestos-cement pipes used in distribution
systems where the water is highly corrosive. No significant increase in cancer rates
were found in this study. In 1980, a different geographic region of the country where
the waters are also highly corrosive will be studied to corroborate the results of the
first study. The asbestos fiber counts in the drinking water is much higher and the
epidemiological study will attempt to determine the relative risks of cancer from
ingestion of asbestos fibers. The additional epidemiology studies to be conducted in 1980
and 1981 are part of a long-term research program, to test hypothesis-testing studies
based upon the results of the completed studies. This, research will supplement the
toxicological data base needed to establish maximum contaminant levels allowable in
drinking water.
For microbiological contaminants, the health research program include technical
assistance for the investigation of waterborne diseases. Waterborne outbreaks of
infectious diseases are investigated in cooperation with the Center for Disease
Control with the objective of identifying the causative organisms in water, determining
the route of entry, and recommending corrective action to prevent recurrence. Subsequent
to a symposium in 1978, a two year research program was initiated to evaluate methods
of identifying water systems that contain Giardia cysts, some life forms of the parasite
Giard^a Iambi a, which is found in raw and treated waters and may cause an intestinal
disease caTTed giardiasis. Raw and treated waters from several sites will also be
investigated for the occurrence of other pathogens,(disease causing organisms), such
as the bacteria Yersinia. Currently we are unable to culture and identify many viruses
associated with waterborne diseases.' Work will continue on improving methods for the
identification of these viruses. This will permit a more accurate assessment of the
significance of viruses in drinking water to health*
The search for a disinfectant which is as effective as chlorine but which does not
produce significant levels of toxic substances such as trihalomethane will be almost
completed in 1980. The toxicity of reaction products resulting from chlorination and the
use of proposed alternative disinfectants will be bioassayed both in whole animal and
bioassay screening tests. Toxicological studies will be completed on the effects of
disinfectants and supplemented with epidemiological studies where feasible (i.e. chlorine
dioxide). Recent research has indicated that some alternate disinfectants may cause
adverse health effects. The proposed toxicological studies will provide data for assessing
the health risk of alternative disinfectants.
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waste water reuse, Bioassay techniques developed in conventional drinking water research
are applied to the reuse situation to assess the health effects of waste water reuse.
Inorganic and .organic constitutents of advanced waste water treatment plant effluents
will be identified and additional toxicity studies performed where inadequate health
information exists,
1980 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The net decrease of 5218,800 results from several actions. An increase of $81,700
results from the cost of the October 1979 pay raise and is included in a proposed
supplemental appropriation. A congressional reduction of 52 million to Agency travel
-costs and $1 million to ADP costs resulted in a decrease of $4,300 and $9,800,
respectively. An overall reprogramming throughout the Agency to provide sufficient
salary funds to cover authorized workyears resulted in e decrease of $286,400 to this
activity.
1981 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $12,35i,10Q and 52 permanent workyears for this
program, of which $3,054,000 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $9,305,100
is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development appropriation. The
$336,800 increase over the current level will enable EPA to conduct research on health
effects of contaminants in drinking water as they relate to human reproduction and
early development.
Health effects research on drinking water will continue to focus on organic
contaminants in 1981. The quality of drinking water will be defined by both chemical
analysis and biological screening tests. Research on organic contaminants of drinking
water will be concentrated on carcinogenics. The results will potentially
provide the data base for the establishment of maximum contaminant levels for several
widely occurring carcinogens (i.e., 1,1,1-trichloro.ethane, carbone tertrachloride,
1,1 ,2-trichl oroethane, 1, 2dichloroethane and tetrachloroethylene. Screening tests
based upon mutagenic effects will be used to predict carcinogenic activity. It is
necessary to develop screening tests to determine such activity, for various organics
found in drinking water at very low levels {i.e. part per billion). The current bioassay
tests have limitations. Attention will be given to teratogenic effects. Development
of methods devoted to suitably preparing organic concentrates and identifying biologically
active fractions will continue to be an area of importance. Key compounds, such as
benzene; 2,4, dichlorophenol and 1,1-dichloroethylene, will be the subject of long-term
toxicologic study. A report on carcinogenic risk of organic contaminants will be
completed. Health risk assessment based on available epidemic!ogical, chemical, and
toxicological data is necessary and will be accomplished to provide guidelines for
setting preliminary limits for selected chemicals that are known carcinogens and/or
toxic chemicals. !
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to establish the relationship of specific types of cardiovascular diseases, especially ;
hypertension, to sodium levels in drinking water and heart attack rates to magnesium
levels in drinking water. lexicological studies will be conducted to determine the
impact of various combinations (synergisums) of calcium, magnesium, lead, cadmium,
sodium and other .chemical substances in water on the development of cardiovascular disease.
These are long-term studies that will be conducted over the next 3 to 5 years to provide
supportabable data for verifying the preliminary observations.
Cardiovascular disease, unfortunately, is not the only adverse health effect
shown to be associated with inorganic contaminants of drinking water,
Toxicological studies will be continued which will determine whether blood lead levels
which are currently considered to be in the normal range, delay the central nervous
system development in children. The significance of drinking water as a source
(relative to other sources) will be established. The bioavailability of certain metals,
such as lead, cadmium, and zinc, in hard and soft waters and in food will be investigated
to determine safe levels.
Epidemiologies! studies will be completed to determine whether asbestos occurring
in drinking water from natural erosion, mining operations, and asbestos-cement pipe is
a contributing factor in increased cancer rates. The outcome of this research will provide
the necessary date base for a treatment technique to reduce leaching of asbestos fibers.
Epidemio'iogical studies of the association between barium and increased incidence
cf hypertension will be investigated. Previous results found in a retrospective study
indicated that communities with high levels of barium (above the current standard) had
higher death rates for cardiovascular disease than communities with low levels of
barium. In 1981, epidemiological research will be conducted to test such e hypothesis
and determine if the higher incidence of cardiovascular diseases and death rates are
related to barium and/or sodium levels in drinking water. The effect of using home
water softeners will also be examined since many of these devices increase the level o1' ']
sodium in water. ....,./
Neurological disease, including multiple sclerosis, is being studied to determine
whether there is an association between such diseases and certain inorganic, organic,
or microbiological contaminants of drinking water. Both toxic metals and viruses are
considered by some researchers to be possible predisposing factors for some
of these chronic diseases. Since cases of multiple sclerosis occur in a north-south
gradient similar to that of certain drinking water parameters, it is hoped that
epidemiological research will add to pur understanding of these diseases and their
prevention.
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of chloramines, chlorine, chlorine dioxide, anc! ozone disinfection will be completed.
Such research should provide data useful in assessing alternative disinfection practices.
Health effects research on microbiological contaminants in drinking water will continue
to be concerned with examining waterborne outbreaks of infectious diseases to determine
the causative agent. The EPA, in collaboration with the Center for Disease Control,
will continue to provide technical assistance and investigate ongoing waterborne disease
outbreaks. Studies on the occurrence and significance of Legionella and Giardia in water
supplies to assess the need for treatment criteria will be completed. Work will continue
on improving methods for the concentration and identification of viruses found in drinking
water which are known to be associated with waterborne disease outbreaks. These
improvements will permit a more accurate assessment of the significance to health of
viruses in drinking water.
Studies on the potential health effects associated with the reuse of highly treated
municipal waste water which were started in 1980 will be continued. Toxicological
testing techniques developed in conventional drinking water research will be applied to
the wastewater reuse. Inorganic and organic constituents of advanced wastewater treatment
plant effluents will be identified and additional toxicity studies performed on those
substances for which little health information is available. This Is part of a 10 year
program which has as its ultimate objective the development of the data base sufficient
to set reasonable criteria for reuse standards. Criteria will be developed by 1985
for emergency reuse.
TREATMENT AND GROUND WATER PROTECTION
1979 Accomplishments
In 1979, the program obligated 510,068,000 of which $2,775,600 was for salaries
and expenses and $7,292,400 for extramural activities.
In the treatment area, results in 1979 include the following:
- A report was published defining methods for determining the costs of
99 treatment processes. The report gives examples of how to conduct
cost analyses and the data is arranged for computer use.
- A report was completed on granular activated carbon treatment, providing
information from pilot and field evaluation projects. This data was used
in establishing the data base for the standard setting process.
- Field investigations were expanded in response to increased incidences of
ground water contamination from organic solvents to develop treatment
techniques for removing such solvents from drinking water. Cooperative
pilot scale studies with the U.S. Air Force and utilities in Connecticut
and New Jersey have provided important information on the usefulness of
treatment techniques such as aeration and adsorption. A project involving
pilot field application of the processes was started with a utility on
Long Island.
-------
and ozone.
- A report was completed that brings together the available information
on water filtration for the removal of asbestos fibers. Results from
EPA sponsored research on filtration at Duluth and Seattle have shown
that asbestos (both chrysotile and amphibole) fiber concentrations in
drinking water can be substantially reduced by the use of coagulants
and/or polymers with granular media filtration.
- Studies on asbestos cement pipe have shown the importance of pH
conditions and high zinc levels to protect the pipe from attack front
corrosion.
- Information was developed on the efficiency of water treatment processes
for the removal of Giardie lamblie cysts from drinking water and shows
that the cysts can be inactivated by chlorine. A symposium was held to
bring together information on waterborne transmission and control.
The results in the ground water protection area in 1979 include the following:
- A guidance document was prepared in support of the underground injection
control regulations for calculating pressure increases around injection
wells to determine the radius of influence of such wells. This report
was used to aetermine the radius of influence for several injection
fields.
- An interim research report was published which provided some of the first
data on the movement and fate of organic contaminants introduced directly
into an aquifer during artifical recharge,
- A method for predicting ground water quality changes due to surface mining
activities was extended to include coal gasification and in-s i tu shale
retorting.
- A method was developed which allows, for the first time, uncontaminated
ground water samples to be collected for trace organic analysis from
depths greater than 25 feet.
- Technical assistance was provided to the Office of Enforcement as well
as regional offices in developing assessment and correction strategies
for several hazaradous waste disposal sites.
1980 Program
In 1980, the Agency has allocated a total of $9,734,200 to this program, of which
$3,106,800 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $6,627,400 is for extramural
purposes under the Research and Development appropriation.
In the drinking water treatment program, organic compounds, inorganic compounds
(including asbestos) and microorganisms which are found as contaminants in drinking
water are investigated to provide means of control. As in the health program, organic
contaminants remain the highest priority research area, particularly as treatment
requirements for specific organics evolve arrd treatment practices change.
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^ wOUUDl UP 3C y V I ily pi VW.^^^1 *-BI IJ i &.?u { t..? t t WMl \.*U1WWVJW»I V ^w*i>w- I w ^^ wi wu %....,_,. ^ H vwi.i~
will become available and will be analyzed for the user community'.
Information on economical treatment processes for inorganic contaminants are being
extended through evaluation of processes in the field. Pilot scale processes are being
evaluated for a number of contaminants found in different water sources. Materials in
water resulting from corrosion and/or additives for water treatment are addressed.
Insuring protection against microbiological contaminants continue to be s goal in
this program. T-h'.-r a: treatment processes change and alternate disinfectants are used,
care will be taken to assure that microbiological contaminants are not increased in
the attempt to reduce chemical contamination.
In the ground water protection area, biological and organic chemical indicators of
ground water pollution are being assessed; short courses are being developed for ground
water modelers and for water resources and quality managers who need to understand
ground water models; and technical assistance is being given to the regulatory activities
in developing underground injection control and hazardous waste disposal regulations.
Technical assistance will be provided in completing the Surface Impoundment Assessment.
Considerable involvement is underway in helping to develop an Agency ground water
protection strategy. Methods for reducing ground water pollution from septic tank systems
will be studied in cooperation with the municipal technology program. A major effort
is also underway with three research programs cooperating to determine the ground
water pollution potential from land application facilities. This latter effort will
result in an understanding of some of the characteristics (e.g. chemical, geophysical
and pollution source) which influence organic pollutant transport and transformation in
the subsurface environment.
1980 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The net decrease of $968,800 results from several actions. An increase of $96,300
results from the cost of the October 1979 pay raise and is included in a proposed
supplemental appropriation. A congressional reduction of $2 will ion to Agency
travel costs and $1 million ADP costs resulted in a decrease of $3,500 and $3,200,
respectively. An overall reprogramming throughout the Agency to provide sufficient
salary funds to cover authorized workyears resulted in a decrease of $66,800 to this
activity.
A transfer of $991,600 was made to the water quality media to waste water systems
control technology development to reflect the transfer for demonstration technology for
potable reuse of waste water; the research being conducted in 1980 is in the water quality
program.
1981 Plan
The Agency requests e total of $T4,079,200 and 78 permanent workyears for this
program, of which $3,588,600 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and
$10,490,600 is for the Research and Development appropriation. This request reflects
an increase of 10 permanent workyears and $4,345,000 over the current level.
The increase will be focused specifically on the needs of small systems, which
comprise 80 to 90 percent of all drinking water systems and which regularly serve
approximately 20 percent of the U.S. population. The research is needed to evaluate
information on cost-effective technology and illustration of cooperative arrangements
for small systems. This type of data will enable these systems to meet national and
state drinking water standards established to protect public health.
-------
k, I CC talllCt i l> IMS krirt/U^ I* JU^/ t t wj jmw i i wn t4_j 3 i *- / ww*.wiwp t .. i v >** v > u^-v .. ,,.,,-***, ,*.....,
community cooperative arrangements can be established after which communities can
establish a .common source for services or can enter into an agreement with public or
private organizations to provide such services; and (3) evaluate treatment systems and
unit processes to determine whether or not they are amenable to certification by non-
government organizations and unde*" whet circumstances certification would be meaningful.
Such certification would provide valuable guidance to the small towns and the system
designers in selecting treatment methods.
At the same time, the remainder of the program will move forward to provide information
on economical treatment processes to control specific compounds of health concern
which are discharged to, and are found in, our drinking water sources. Efforts will
be made to produce, evaluate and bring together information on the performance of
existing units producing water from questionable or suspect sources. The evaluations
will include cost data and information on effects on microbiological quality.
In the ground water protection research area, the focus will be on developing the
scientific bases for implementing EPA's ground water strategy. Also planned is a
study of methods for rehabilitating already polluted aquifers. Finally, the understanding
of organic transport and transformation gained in 1980 will be extended to beginning
development of predictive models for assessing hazards associated with various pollution
sources.
-------
Monitoring and Technical Support
Appropriation
Quality Assurance:
Salaries and Expenses
Research and Development.
Original Revised
Estimate Estimate President's
1981 1981 Reduction
(dollars in thousands)
$ 575 $ 571 -$4
433 433
Grand Total
1,008
1,004
- 4
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Page Intentionally Blank
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DRINKING WATER
Monitoring and Technical Support
Budget Current Increase +
Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease -
Appropriation 1979 1980 1980 1981 1981 vs. 1980
{dollars in thousands)
Quality Assurance:
Salaries and Expenses.. $510 $577 $555 $575 $20
Research and
Development 455 148 433 433
Grand Total............ 9&5 725 988 1,008 +20
Permanent Positions
Quality Assurance.,...,.. 11 9 10 10
Full-time Equivalency
Quality Assurance.... 10 9 14 14
Budget Request
The Agency requests a total of $1,007,800 and 10 permanent workyears for 1981, and
increase of $19,700 from 1930. Included in this total is $574,800 for the Salaries and
Expenses appropriation and $433,000 for the Research and Development appropriation,
Program Description
The drinking water quality assurance program supports the Agency's drinking water
program by standardizing monitoring methods; providing quality control procedures
for operational use; supplying standard samples and reference materials; conducting
methods validation and performance evaluation studies; developing sampling and analyt-
ical methodology and quality control guidelines and manuals; and participating in
regional quality control workshops. The Agency uses the procedures, protocols, and
materials generated by this program to assure that the data generated from the use
of measurement systems are accurate, inter-comparable and legally defensible.
1979 Acc.ompl i shroents
During 1S79, resources totaled $964,700. Included in this total is $509,800 for
salaries and expenses and 5454,900 for extramural purposes. Specific accomplishments
include the following: ;
- Publication of a manual for interim certification of laboratories involved
in analyzing public drinking water. The manual includes chemical, microbio-
logical and radiochemical analyses for regional and State certification.
Provision of quality control samples and standard reference materials to analyt-
ical laboratories for the analysis of currently regulated contaminants in
drinking water in support of the Safe Drinking Water Act and the National
Interim Primary Drinking Water Regulations.
-------
procedures as required unaer tne Laboratory uerfm cation program.
- Certification of on-site evaluation teams in all ten EPA regions to conduct
performance evaluations of drinking water laboratories in their respective
regions.
- Completion of 25 on-site evaluations of State and regional radiochemistry labora-
tories,
- Evaluation and approval of two alternative analytical test procedures for national
use.
1980 Program
In 1980, the Agency has allocated a total of 5988,100 to this program, of which
$555.100 is in the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $433,000 is for extramural
purposes in the Research and Development appropriation. Major activities of the program
include:
- National inter!aboratory performance evaluations;
- On-site evaluation of principal State radiochemistry laboratories and four
EPA regional radiochemistry laboratories;
- Development, preparation and distribution of quality control and performance
evaluation samples for use by EPA regions and States;
- Validation of several measurement methods for monitoring trace metals and pesti-
cides;
- Preparation and distribution of quality assurance guidance for EPA regions, in-
cluding assistance in proper use of test procedures and quality control tech-
niques; and
- Continuation of evaluation and approval of alternate analytical test procedures
for national use.
1980 Explanation of Change from Bud-get Estimate
The net increase of $263,100 results from several actions. An increase of $21,100
results from the cost of the October 1979 pay raise and is included in a proposed
supplemental appropriation. A congressional reduction of $2 million to Agency travel
costs resulted in a decrease of 51,000. An overall reprogramroing throughout the Agency
to provide sufficient salary funds to cover authorized workyears resulted in a decrease
of $7,000 to this activity.
A transfer of $250,000 was made from the Air media from air quality assurance to
correct an incorrect transfer of interdisciplinary funds to the air media in the budget
request; the funds were reprogranroed to the media to more accurately portray the
intended purpose by media of the quality assurance program.
-------
The Agency requests a total of 51,007,800 and 10 permanent workyears for this
program of which 5574,800 is in the Salaries and -Expenses appropriation and 5433,000
is for the Research and Development appropriation.
In 1981, the program will:
- Evaluate and validate alternate .analytical measurement methods.
- Develop and deliver quality control samples, reference materials and
technical assistance documents required to support drinking water standards.
- Develop a repository of quality control reference samples for radio-
chemical, chemical, and biological measurements in support of the laboratory
certification program.
- Prepare and publish quality control guidelines, sampling procedures, and
analytical methods manuals for radiochemical, chemical, biological, and
microbiological measurement methods.
- Develop national guidance to assure uniformity for evaluating and certifying
public water supply laboratories.
- .Develop an automated water laboratory test system for EPA and State drinking
water laboratories.
- Conduct on-site inspection and performance evaluations for the program office
and regional laboratories to determine the capabilities of measurement systems
and operators to analyze drinking water for unknown contaminants.
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Criteria, Standards, and Guidelines
Appropriation
Drinking Water Standards
end Regulations
Development:
Salaries and Expenses
Abatement, Control
and CoFrol i ance. , . . .
State Program Guidelines
and Regulations
Development:
Salaries and Expenses
Abatement, Control
Total :
Salaries and Expenses
Abatement, Control
and Corr.pl lance.... .
Grand Total..
Permanent Positions
Drinking Water Standards
and Regulations
Devel opment
State Program Guidelines
and Regulations
Development.. ..........
Total
Full-time Equivalency
Drinking Water Standards
and Regulations
State Program Guidelines
and Regul ati ons
Devel opment. .... ...
Total ,
Actual
1979
52,022
3,224
2,034
2,017
4,056
5_,241
9,297
39
48
8.7
45
55
100
Budget
Estimate
198D
(dollars
$1 ,720
3,500
2,000
2,000
3,720
5,500.
9,220
45
58
103
54
65
119
Current
Estimate Estimate
1980 1981
in thousands!
$2,616
3,282
2,401
1,770
5,017
5,052
10,069
52
54
106
58
66
124
$2,983
2,3.00
2,475
1,537
5,458
3,837
9,295
46
55
101
54
65
119
Increase +
Decrease -
1981 vs. 1980
+$367
-982
+74
-233
+441
-1,215
-774
-6
+1
-5
-4
-1
-5
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DRINKING WATER
Criteria, Standards, and Guidelines
Appropriation
Drinking Water Standards and
Regulations Development:
Salaries and Expenses
Abatement, Control and Compliance...
State Program Guidelines and
Regulations Development:
Salaries and Expenses
Abatement, Control and Compliance -
Total:
Salaries and Expenses
Abatement, Control and Compliance
Original Revised
Estimate Estimate
1981 1981
(dollars in thousands)
President's
Reduction
2, 983
2,300
2,971
2,300
-$12
2,475
1,537
5,458
3,837
2,461
1,537
5,432
3,837
-14
-26
*
and Total
9, 295
9,269
-26
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Page Intentionally Blank
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The Agency requests a total of IS,294,900 for 1981, B decrease of 5773,40.0 from
1980. Included in this total is 55,457,500 for Salaries and Expenses and .$3,837,400
for Abatement, Control and Compliance, with an increase of $440,900 and a decrease .of
51,214,300, respectively. These resources will be used to develop revised primary
drinking water regulations; establish additional contaminant standards; provide guidance
and assistance to the regions and States on the implementation of the organics regulations
and for emergency exposure situations and emergency response; and review of variances
and exemptions and compliance schedules, and development of compliance schedules where
EPA has primacy. EPA will also develop methods to determine drinking water quality
criteria of direct and indirect reuse of waste water; establish ground water quality
criteria; develop guidance documents on the implementation of the U.IC program in non-
primacy States and on Indian lands, provide national oversight and conduct program
evaluations of the public water systems, underground injection control and sole source
programs; and establish a comprehensive testing and evaluation program for point-of-use
home water treatment devices.
Program Description
The Safe Drinking Water Act requires EPA to assure the safety of drinking water
through the establishment and implementation of national primary drinking water
regulations specifying maximum permissible bacteriological, chemical, and radiological
contaminant levels to protect the public health. This requires EPA to determine exposure
and health risks of drinking water contaminants and to assess the technology and economic
feasibility of controlling these contaminants, Interim primary drinking water regulations
which addressed bacteriological, radiological, and chemical contaminants became effective
in June 1977. Based upon the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) report received by EPA
in May 1977, EPA revised s portion of these regulations to include additional contaminants.
Further revisions to these regulations based on the NAS study and subsequent studies
are being developed. In addition, EPA promulgated in June 1979 secondary drinking
water regulations which deal with the aesthetic quality of drinking water. .
EPA is also responsible for developing regulations and program guidance for State
public water systems supervision and underground injection control programs. The public
water system supervision program regulations provide that all public water systems meet
the requirements of the interim and revised primary drinking water regulations. The
underground injection control program regulations are designed to protect existing and
potential underground drinking water sources from contamination through underground
injection practices. EPA is adopting a phased approach in listing the States which
require UIC programs. To date, 41 States have been listed with the remaining States to
be listed during 1980. This schedule will allow the control of underground hazardous
waste disposal under the UIC program to commence simulatenously with control of hazardous
waste disposal under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act. As part of the effort
to protect underground sources of drinking water, regulations for the designation of
sole source aquifers are being developed. Additional activities to provide support in
program development such as data management, public awareness, special monitoring
studies, and toxlcological assistance will continue.
-------
During 1979, obligations totalled 55,245,800, of which $3,223,700 was for extramural
projects. In 1979, public hearings on the proposed revisions to the Interim Primary
Drinking Water Regulations (IPDWR) for tribalomethane and synthetic organics were
conducted. In addition, an international symposium on granular activated carbon
treatment technology was jointly sponsored to address the effectiveness of the technology
in organics removal. Based upon the public comments, final tribalomethane regulations
were prepared. Secondary drinking water regulations on the aesthetic quality of drinking
water were promulgated in 1979, Economic impact studies of these and other program
regulations were conducted, and management information systems on monitoring data,
violations, etc. were maintained. Amendments to the 1977 regulations particularly
affecting non-conmunity systems were proposed in 1979.
Other accomplishments during 1979 included the completion of the mandated study on
viruses in drinking water, signing of a memorandum of agreement between EPA and the
Food and Drug Administration transferring to EPA authority over direct and indirect
additives to drinking water. In addition, public hearings were conducted on the Draft
Report on Water Supply - Wastewater Coordination Study mandated by Section 1442 of the
Safe Drinking Water Act and Section 516 of the Clean Water Act. Scientific expertise
was provided during the Three-Mile Island nuclear accident to ensure that the drinking
water supplies did not exceed the maximum contaminant levels for radionuclides. In
addition, a large number of advisory values for non-regulated contaminants were evaluated.
1980 Program
In 1980, the Agency has allocated a total of S5,897,700 to this program element,
of which $2,615,700 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $3,282,000 is
for extramural purposes under the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. The
activities in this element will continue to emphasize the Agency's continuing health
initiative. An amendment to the IPDWR for trihalomethanes (THMs) was promulgated on
November 29, 1979. Guidance documents on the implementation of the THM regulation will
be prepared: treatment requirements for organics removal will be re-examined; and
technical amendments to the Interim Primary Drinking Water Regulations will be promulgated.
These amendments will revise the monitoring requirements for bacteriological contaminants
and turbidity in non-community systems and will establish new requirements for sodium
and corrosion control.
To implement the Memorandum of Understanding with the Food and Drug Administration,
procedures and protocols to control direct and indirect additives to drinking water
will be established and implemented.
Section 1442 of the Safe Drinking Water Act authorizes the Administrator to conduct
a variety of studies dealing with drinking water. Many of these studies are on-going
and require constant modifications. Studies to be completed this year are: (1) cost'of
compliance with National Interim Primary Drinking Water Regulations and alternative
means of financing these costs; (2) reaction of chlorine and humic acids and effects of
the contaminants which result from such reactions; (3) present and future availability
of safe supplies of drinking water; and (4) study of polychlorinated biphenyls and
other substances known or suspected to be carcinogenic which contaminate actual or
potential sources of drinking water and the effects of such contamination and means of
controlling, treating or removing such contaminants.
-------
results from the cost of the October 1979 pay raise and is included in a proposed
supplemental appropriation. A congressional reduction of SI million to Agency AOP
costs resulted in e decrease of $22,900, An overall reprograimiing throughout the
Agency to provide sufficient salary funds to cover authorized workyears resulted in a
decrease of 570,400 to this activity.
A reprogranming of 51,000,000 was made within the drinking water media from special
studies end demonstrations to provide support for the program to control direct/indirect
additives to drinking water. A transfer of 5141,600 within the Office of Water and
Waste Management was'made to program management to reflect centralizing economic analysis
activities, A reprogranming was also made of $159,000 within drinking water to state
program guidelines and regulations development.
1981 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $5,283,000 for this program, of which $2,982,500 is
for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $2,300,500 is for the Abatement, Control
and Compliance appropriation. The Abatement, Control and Compliance funds will be used
to gather date on drinking water contaminants, to evaluate health effects data and
technological techniques and to conduct economic impact studies on the cost of meeting
and implementing the drinking water regulations. The major objective of the 1981
program will be to expand the coverage of the primary drinking water regulations. This
includes establishing standards for ID organic chemicals and protozoa, virus and 10
inorganic chemicals; promulgation of comprehensive revisions to the coliform bacteria
regulations and monitoring frequency requirements. In addition, the following activities
will be undertaken: developing methods to determine drinking water quality criteria
for direct and indirect reuse of waste water; and establishment of a comprehensive
testing and evaluation program for point-of-use home water treatment devices. The
activity relating to the control of direct and indirect additives to drinking water
that was initiated in 1980 will be severely curtailed.
STATE PROGRAMS GUIDELINES AND REGULATIONS DEVELOPMENT
1979 Accomplishments
Obligations In 1979 totalled $4.050,900, of which $2,016,800 was for extramural
purposes. Accomplishments for the State programs guidelines and regulations development
are divided into two major categories: public water systems supervision program and
the ground water protection program.
In the public water system supervision program an additional five States were
approved for primary enforcement responsibility, bringing the total to 44. All ten
regional offices were evaluated, which included determination of program effectiveness
in 15 non-primacy States, Management steps were taken to improve performance. Also, a
comprehensive guidance on the issuance of variances and exemptions was developed and
public participation and awareness activities were continued.
Accomplishments in the ground water protection program included the reproposal of
the Underground Injection Control Regulations; the designation of 18 additional States
as requiring underground injection control programs; the review of two new sole source
aquifer petitions and approval of one petition for designation; promulgation of the
U1C grant regulations and issuance of program guidance on the conduct of the inventory
of injection wells, and on aquifer mapping.
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In 1980, the Agency has allocated a total of $4,170,600 to this program, of which
$2,400,900 is for salaries and expenses and $1,769,700 is for extramural purposes under
the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
In the public water system supervision program, attention will focus on continued
oversight of regional operations in primacy States and program activities in non-primacy
States. Guidance will be developed for the issuance of variances and exemptions for
new standards, and assistance will be provided on the Implementation of the TH.M
regulations. The priority of the ground water protection program is the development of
e coordinated agency ground water strategy. Other activities to be conducted include
the designation of the remaining States requiring UIC programs; promulgation of the UIC
and sole source aquifer regulations; providing guidance on UIC program implementation
and public participation and awareness activities relating to the UIC program. Data
from the assessment of surface impoundments will be analyzed and a final report prepared.
1980 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The net increase of $170,600 results from several actions. An increase of 585,900
results from the cost of the October 1979 pay raise and is included in a proposed
supplemental appropriation. A congressional reduction of $2 million to Agency travel
costs resuHed in a decrease of $5,000. An overall reprogramming throughout the Agency
to provide sufficient salary funds to cover authorized workyears resulted in a decrease
of $65,300 to this activity.
A reprogramming of S15S,000 was made within the drinking water media from standards
and regulations development in order to support costs projected on the basis of 1979
actual expenditures.
1981 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $4,011,900 for this program, of which $2,475,000 is
for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $1,536,900 is for the Abatement, Control
end Compliance appropriation. National oversight of the public water system supervision
program will be conducted through regional program evaluations, and guidance for program
implementation in non-primacy States, Indian lands and on interstate carriers will be
issued. Other planned activities include review of variances and exemptions granted
for drinking water regulations and assistance in conducting State evaluations. Activities
in the ground water protection program will focus on the development of guidance
documents for implementation of UIC programs in non-primacy States and Indian lands;
review of UIC primacy applications; guidance on implementation of an ADP system for the
UIC program; implementation of a public information strategy; and evaluation of regional
implementation of the sole source program. Other activities in the ground water
protection program will include finalization of the Report on Surface Impoundments.
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State Program Resource Assistance
Original Revised
Estimate Estimate President's
1981 1981 Reduction
(dollars in thousands)
Appropriation
Public Water Systems
Supervision Program Grants:
Abatement, Control and Compliance $29,450 $29,450
Underground Injection Control Grants:
Abatement, Control and Compliance., 8,574 8,574
Special Studies, Demonstrations
and Training:
Abatement, Control and Compliance 1 »550 '.v550
Total:
Abatement, Control and Compliance. 39,7.54 39,574
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Page Intentionally Blank
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State Program Resource Assistance
Actual
1979
Budget Current
Estimate Estimate Estimate
1980 1980 1981
(del 1ars in thousands)
Increase *
Decrease -
1981 vs. 1980
Appropriation
Public Water Systems
Supervision Program
Grants:
Aoatement, Control
and Compliance
Underground Injection
Control Grants:
Abatement, Control
and Compliance
525,057
6,638
529,450 $29,450
7,795
4,395
$29,450
8,574
+$4,179
Special Studies,
Demonstrations and
Trai ning:
Abatement, Control
and Compliance....
2,243
1.550
900
1.550
+650
Totel:
Abatement, Control
and Compliance 33,938 38,795 34,745 39,574 +4,829
Permanent Positions....
Full-time Equivalency..
Budget Request
The Agency requests a total of $39,574,500 for 1981 for the Abatement, Control and
Coitpliance appropriation, an increase of $4,829,500 from 1980, These funds support
State activities in acquiring and maintaining primary enforcement responsibility for the
public water system supervision and underground injection control programs. Financial
assistance will also be provided to State rural water associations to provide training
and technical assistance to small rural water systems.
Program Description l
Under the Ssfe Drinking Water Act, the States are encouraged to assume principal
responsibility for implementing the public water system supervision and underground
injection control programs. Recognizing that the States would require financial
assistance to implement these programs, Congress has appropriated funds to the States
to aid in developing and maintaining programs that would satisfy the minimum requirements
of the regulations designed to protect public health and underground sources of drinking
-------
water. These financial assistance programs are a means of strengthening the cooperative
relationship between the State and Federal Governments. In the public water system
supervision program, only States with primacy are eligible for grants. In the underground
injection control .program, only States designed by the Administrator are eligible for
grants. Currently, 41 States have been designated, the remainder will be designated
during 1980. All States must assume primacy within two years after the original grant
award to be eligible for continued financial assistance. In. the underground injection
control grant program, EPA may utilize the funds for its implementation activities in
States that indicate their intent not to assume primary enforcement responsibility.
Financial assistance is also provided to State rural water associations to aid in
providing technical assistance and training to owners and operators of small rural
water systems to enable them to meet the requirements of the Safe Drinking Water Act.
Fellowships and academic grants are awarded to State and local staff to aid in their
continuing education in the drinking water field.
PUBLIC MATER SYSTEMS SUPERVISION PROGRAM GRANTS
1979 Accomplishments
During 1979 a total of $25,057,200 was awarded to 50 States that had either assumed
primacy or were making a diligent effort and showed substantial progress toward assuming
primacy. The States used these funds for salaries and other administrative costs to
carry out the following activities: maintainence of data systems; enforcement of
Interim Primary Drinking Water Regulations; laboratory certification and updating
laboratory capabilities; surveillance and technical assistance to community water
systems; and public participation and awareness. As a result of this financial
assistance, five additional States were approved for primacy during 1979 bringing the
total to 44.
1980 Program
In 1980, the Agency has allocated a total of $29,450,000 to this program under the
Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. These funds are available to provide
financial assistance to those States which have assumed primacy for the public water
system supe-vjsion program. Currently 45 States have primacy and an additional six may
achieve primacy and be eligible for grants. These grant funds will be used for salaries
and other related program management activities; implementation of the organic regulations;
date management; enforcement of the National Interim Primary Drinking Water Regulations,
and public notification, public participation, and public awareness, and training
programs for State personnel.
1980 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
There is no change from the budget estimate.
1981 Program
The Agency requests a total of 529,450,000 for this program under the Abatement,
Control and Compliance appropriation. These funds will be used to maintain present on-
going State programs which include emergepcy response; data processing systems; adoption
of organic regulations; sanitary surveys; follow-up on MCL violation notifications; and
public participation and awareness activities. 'In addition, funds will support revisions
to existing programs to include implementation of the trihalomethane regulations and
-------
other amendments to the Interim Primary Drinking Water Regulations; the implementation
of the small systems strategy; and additional follow-up of systems which are in non-
compliance with drinking water regulations.
STATE PROGRAM RESOURCE ASSISTANCE - UNDERGROUND INJECTION CONTROL PROGRAM (UIC)
197° Accomplishments
During WB, grant funds totalling $7,600,000 were available to the States for
establishing UIC programs; obligations totalled $6,637,700. Forty-one (41) States are
eligible to apply for grants to develop and establish their UIC programs. In the event
that £ State indicates that it will not assume primacy and does not elect to apply for
a grant. EPA may utilize the funds allocated to such States and/or Indian lands to
award contracts or grants or to cover in-house costs related to activities which could
not be delegated to a non-Federal entity in the development and implementation of an
underground injection control program. Activities included: establishing the
institutional framework for implementing a UIC program; conducting inventories of
injection facilities of Class I, II, III, IV, and V wells; mapping of aquifers to be used
in designation of underground sources of drinking water; and establishing public
participation and awareness activities.
1980 Program
In 1980, the Agency has allocated a total of $4,395,000 to this program under the
Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. These funds are available to all
States designated as requiring a UIC program. Approximately $85,000 will be used by
EPA to cover additional salaries and expenses of regional personnel who are working to
implement UIC programs on Indian lands. EPA will also use the funds allocated to States
who indicate they will not assume primacy to issue contracts and grants for providing
assistance in establishing and implementing programs in these States. Activities to be
conducted by the States and/or EPA will include: inventory of wells; Class I and II
permit reviews; permitting a limited number of salt water disposal wells; aquifer
mapping; administration and support services; and emergency response.
1980 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The decrease of $3,400,000 is a result of congressional action.
1981 Program
The Agency requests $8,574,500 for this program under the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation. Funds will be available to support program implementation
activities in those States which have achieved primary enforcement responsibility within
two years after receiving their initial grant and those States seeking primacy within
the two-year period. For those States that have not assumed primacy, EPA will use
their allocated funds to implement their programs. Approximately $100,000 will be
transferred to salaries and expenses to defray expenses associated with implementation
activities which cannot be performed by a non-Federal entity. Activities to conducted
will include report review and surveillance of Class I, II, and III wells; Class III
well site permit review; training of well operators; regulation by rule; aquifer mapping;
permitting additional wells; regulating Class IV wells, inventory and assessment of
Class V wells; and administration and support services.
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SPECIAL STUDIES AND DEMONSTRATIONS AND TRAINING
1979 Accomplishments
Grants totalling .$2,000,000 were awarded to 24 rural water associations use in
educating the owners/operators of rural water systems in the requirements for the Safe
Drinking Water Act and also for providino technical assistance in the solutions of
drinking water problems. Sixty-five (65) fellowships totalling approximately $173,000
were awarded to State personnel to update and increase their knowledge in drinking
water technology. Also, 28 grants totalling $68,980 were awarded to academic institutions
to encourage academic pursuits and careers in the drinking water field.
1980 Program
In 1980, the Agency has allocated a total of 5900,000 to this program under the
Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. A total of $400,000 will be awarded
to State rural water associations to maintain support to rural water districts for
training, technical assistance, public awareness projects and special studies.
Approximately 30 fellowships totalling $500,000 will awarded for continued training of
State and local personnel in the drinking water field.
1980 Explanation of Change from Budget Request
A net decrease of $650,000 results from (1) the transfer of $1 million within the
drinking water media to standards and regulations development to provide extramural
funds for the control of direct and indirect .additives to drinking water and (2) the
congressional increase of $1.5 million for academic training, of which $350,000 was for
the drinking water media.
1981 Program
The Agency requests a total of $1,550,000 for this program under the Abatement, Control
and Compliance appropriation. These funds will be used to continue and expand programs
in approximately 24 State rural water associations.
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DRINKING WATER
Drinking Water Management
Original Revised
Estimate Estimate President's
1981 1981 Reduction
(dollars in thousands)
Appropriation
Drinking Water Management Public
Water Systems:
Salaries and Expenses $6,199 $6,161 -$38
Abatement, Control and Compliance 1,208 1,208 ...
Drinking Water Management
Ground Water Protection:
Salaries and Expenses 2,383 2,372 -11
Abatement, Control and Compliance 35 35 ...
v,al:
salaries and Expenses , 8,582 8,533 -49
Abatement, Control and Compliance.. 1,243 1,243 ...
Grand Total. ,..., 9,825 9,776 -49
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Page Intentionally Blank
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DRINKING WATER
Drinking Water Management
Actual
1979
Appropriation
Drinking Water Management
Public Water Systems:
Salaries and Expenses., $5,190
Abatement, Control and
Compliance,.,....,...., 183
Drinking Water Management
Ground Water Protection:
Salaries and Expenses., 963
Abatement, Control and
Compliance 15
Total:
Salaries and Expenses.. 6,153
Abatement, Control and
Compliance 198
Grand Total 6,351
Permanent Positions
Drinking Water Management
Public Water System 183
Drinking Water Management
Ground Water Protection.. 34
Total...,..,..., 21?
Full-time Equivalency
Drinking Water Management
Public Water Systems 204
Drinking Water Management
Ground Water Protection. 37
Total, .. 241
Budget
Estimate
1980
Current
Estimate
1980
Estimate
19.81
(dollars in thousands)
$5,585
2,500
1,715
7,30.0
2.500
9,800
217
47
2.64
228
48
55,701
1,266
1,227
35
6,928
1,301
8,229
20?
45
252
230
46
$6,199
1,208
2,383
35
8,582
1,243
9,825
208
61
269
232
67
Increase +
Decrease -
1981 vs. 1980
+$498
-58
+1,156
+1,654
-58
+1,596
+1
+16
+17
+2
+21
276
276
299
+23
Budget Request
The Agency requests a total of $9,524,900 for 1981, an increase of 51,595,400 from
1980. Included in this total ere $8,582,200 for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation
and $1,242,700 for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriaton, with an increase
of $1,653,900 end a decrease of $58,500, respectively.
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to provide oversight of States with primary enforcement responsibility, continue to
assist in the implementation of the organic regulations, end continue EPA implementation
tn non-primacy States. The activities of the ground water protection program include the
implementation of the sole source aquifer regulations and assistance to the States in
the development and implementation of underground injection control (UIC) programs.
The UK program activities to be carried out by EPA in States without primacy include
conduct of inventories and assessments of injection facilities, aquifer mapping,
designation of aquifers which are drinking water sources, technical review of permit
applications, and implementation of training and public awareness programs.
Drogram Description
Under the .Safe Drinking Water Act, Congress intended that the States would be
p'-imcrily responsible for assuring the safety of drinking water and the protection of
underground sources of drinking water. The role of the federal Government is to
provide assistance to the States in the development of the public water systems
supervision and the underground injection control programs. To assist States in
developing and implementing these programs, EPA personnel provide guidance on the
interpretation of regulatory requirements and specify the minimum requirements for
Drimary enforcement responsibility. In the event that States are unable or unwilling
to assume responsibility for either the public water system supervision or the
underground injection control programs, EPA must develop and administer control strategies
and programs. This includes monitoring and surveillance activities as well as record-
keeping responsibilities,. In addition, EPA is required to establish and implement
similar programs in Indian reservations and for interstate carrier conveyances.
Drinking water management activities for the public water systems supervision programs
include implementation of Federal responsibilities in those States that .do not assume
primacy, oversight of States with primacy, review of variances and exemptions, and
assistance in the implementation of the organics standards. The drinking water
management activities for the ground water protection program include the review and
processing of sole source aquifer designations petitions; review of projects in
designated areas; assistance to those State which are designated as requiring UIC
programs to encourage assumption of primacy; coordination of regional ground water
programs with RCRA programs; implementation of a ground water strategy; development
of public participation and awareness activities; establishment of programs in non-
primacy States; oversight in primacy States; and emergency response assistance.
DRINKING WATER MANAGEMENT - PUBLIC WATER SYSTEM SUPERVISION
1979 Accomplishments
A total of $5,373,600 W8s obligated, of which $183,400 was for extramural
purposes. Five additional States achieved primacy during 1979 bringing the total to
44. Oversight was provided for the 44 primacy States; 15 primacy State evaluations
we>~e conducted and programs were implemented in the 13 non-primacy States. Other
activities included review of violation and public notification reports, assistance
to the States relating to the inclusion of non-community systems in their public
water system supervision program; and assistance to States in issuing variances and
exemptions and establishing compliance schedules. In addition,-emergency assistance
was provided in the Three-Mile Island nuclear accident.
T980 Program
In 1980, the Agency has allocated a total of 56,967,100 to this program, of
which $5,700,900 is for Salaries and Expenses and $1,266,200 is for extramural purposes
under the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriations. - These resources will be
used to provide continued oversight in 45 primacy States which includes grant
administration, program review, technical assistance in adopting the organic regulations:
-------
during the jeer and will continue implementing 2 full program in the remaining six
non-cooperating States. EPA activities in non-primacy States will include issuing
exemptions, developing compliance agreements, surveillance, implementation of non-
community systems program, assuring public notification and monitoring and reporting.
Abatement, Control and Compliance funds support EPA's implementation activities in
non-primacy States.
1980 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The net decrease of $1,117,900 results from several actions. An increase of
$219,300 results from the cost of the October 1979 pay raise and is included in a
proposed supplemental appropriation. A congressional reduction of $2 million each to
Agency travel costs and supplies and expenses resulted in a decrease of 531,900 and
$14,400, respectively. An overall reprogramming throughout the Agency to provide
sufficient salary funds to coyer authorized workyears resulted in an increase of
$216,000 to this activity.
Reprogramnrings in order to support costs projected on the basis of 1979 actual
expenditures resulted in regional transfers from water quality NEPA compliance
municipal waste facility construction ($43,800); from water quality manpower planning
and training ($44,100); from drinking water Underground Injection Control Program
($40,600); to water quality municipal waste treatment facility construction ($211,900);
to water quality ambient water quality monitoring ($114,400); to water quelity NEPA
complience/EIS preparation (57,200); to water quality environmental emergency response
and prevention ($39,100); to water quality waste treatment operations and maintenance
($2,800); to water quality state programs regulations and guidelines ($8,700); and to
water quality spill prevention and response ($1,300).
A transfer of 51,250,000 was made to water quality ambient monitoring
for regional lab equipment which is being used for monitoring and analysis work.
1981 Program
The Agency requests a total of $7,407,000 for this program, of which $6,199,300
Is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $1,207,700 is for the Abatement,
Control and Compliance appropriation. These resources will be used for oversight ana
evaluation of State primacy programs, assistance to States on modifications to the
primary drinking water regulations, program implementation in non-primacy States
which will include sanitary surveys, public notification for violations of the primary
drinking water regulations, record-keeping, data management and review of requests
for variances. The Abatement, Control and Compliance resources will support these
EPA activities in non-primary states. In addition, continuing program activities
include operation of public water systems supervision programs on Indian lands, for
interstate carrier conveyances and on Federal facilities in non-primacy States.
DRINKING MATER MANAGEMENT - UNDERGROUND INJECTION CONTROL
1979 Accomplishments
Obligations in 1979 totalled $977,200, of which $14,700 was for extramural
purposes. Activities in this program element focused on technical assistance to 23
designated States to assist and encourage them in assuming primary enforcement
responsibility for the UIC program. Activities included assistance to the States in
the preparation of program plans, grant applications and review of existing programs
to assess the impact of proposed underground injection control regulations. SoTe
source aquifer designation petitions were processed and technical evaluations initiated.
In addition, projects proposed in designated areas were reviewed to ensure that the
sole source aquifer would not be contaminated. Assistance and oversight was provided
for the State surface imooundment assessments. The reoions also orovided emeraencv
-------
which SI,227,400 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $35,000 is for
the Abatement. Control and Compliance -appropriation. The regions will provide guidance
and technical assistance in developing State programs to all States working toward
primary enforcement responsibility. Activities that will be included are assistance
in the preparation of grant applications, assessments of current programs, statutes
and regulations; and development of DIG programs. Regions will be implementing public
awareness activities in an effort to communicate the need for State UIC programs in
ground water protection. Plans will be formulated for total or partial EPA implementation
of UIC programs in. States that are unable or unwilling to assume primary enforcement
responsibility and on Indian lands. Special efforts will be placed on the coordination
of the UIC program with the RCRA program.
Activities in the sole source aquifer program will continue with an estimated
five petitions to be received during 1980. Other activities will include completion
of the State surface impoundment assessments coordination of regional ground water
programs with RCRA programs; and participation in the development of a coordinated
ground water strategy.
1980 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The net decrease of 5452,600 results from several actions. An increase of
$47,300 results from the cost of the October 1979 pay raise and is included in a
proposed supplemental appropriation. A congressional reduction of $2 million each to
Agency travel costs and salaries and expenses resulted in a decrease of 57,400 and
$3,900, respectively. An overall reprogramming throughout the Agency to provide
sufficient salary funds to cover authorized workyears resulted in an increase of
$49,400 to this activity,
Reprogrammings in order to support costs projected on the basis of 1979 actual
expenditures resulted in regional transfers to solid waste hazardous management
regulatory stratospheric implementation (59,500); to water quality environmental
emergency response and prevention (51,200); to municipal waste treatment facility
construction (5172,000); to pesticide use management (542,200); to solid waste
management program implementation (54,500); to ambient air quality monitoring
(5176,600); to water quality waste treatment operations and maintenance ($4,200); to
air quality management implementation ($65,800); to drinking water public systems
supervision program assistance ($40,600); tc solid waste uncontrolled hazardous waste
sites ($17,100); to air EIS review ($5,600); end from noise regional program
implementation ($1,300).
1981 Program
The Agency requests a total of $2,417,900 for the program, of which $2,382,900
is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $35,000 is for the Abatement,
Control and Compliance appropriations-. The major program activity will focus on
assistance to the States which are eligible to assume primary enforcement responsibility.
In addition, EPA will prepare implementation programs for Indian lands and for those
States that do not assume primacy. Simultaneous with this effort, EPA will continue
to work with the remaining States in their efforts to achieve primacy within the
statutorily mandated timeframe. The regions will continue to ?dminister the sole
source aquifer program which includes the technical review of petitions and reviews
of proposed projects on designated aquifers.. Coordination with the NPDES and RCRA
programs will be a high priority activity.
-------
Drinking Water Enforcement
Original Revised
Estimate Estimate President's
1981 1981 Reduction
(dollars in thousands)
Appropriation
Salaries and Expenses 5 755 $ 750 -$5
Abatement, Control and Compliance.... _j 9 9 _._._,_
Total..., 764 759 _ 5
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DRINKING WATER
Drinking Water Enforcement
Budget Current Increase +
Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease -
1979 1980 1980 1981 1981 vs. 1980
(dollars in thousand?]
Appropriation
Salaries and
Expenses $459 S835 S871 $755 -$116
Abatement. Control
and Compliance... 48 _jLii. §§. i -57
Total 517 835 937 764 -173
Permanent Positions 15 31 33 28 -£
Full-time Equivalency 18 34 34 32 -2
Budget Request
The Agency requests a total of $764,500 for 1981, a decrease cf 5172,700 from 1980.
Included in this total is S755,200 for Salaries and Expenses and $9,300 for Abatement,
Control and Compliance, with a decrease of $115,600 and 557,100 respectively. The 28
permanent workyears requested for 1981 is a decrease of five from the 1-98D level.
Proorarc Description
The Safe Drinking Water Act of 1974, as amended, provides the statutory requirements
for a Federal/State drinking water program. The Act assures the safety of drinking water
through two mechanisms: the establishment and enforcement of Primary Drinking Water Regu-
lations, which specify the maximum allowable levels of drinking water contaminants, and
Underground Injection Control (UIC) regulations for protection of underground drinking
water supplies.
The Safe Drinking Water Act provides for State assumption of the drinking water
program, and requires EPA to implement the program in State! that have not been delegated
enforcement responsibility. The Public Water System (PWS1 program encompasses the following
enforcement activities; investigate violations and take legal action against violators of the
Primary Drinking Water Regulations in primacy States which reouest such assistance and in
all non-primacy areas, review variances and exemptions granted by primacy States to assure
compliance with the regulations, issue variances and exemptions in non-primacy areas, and
where necessary initiate emergency enforcement actions.
The Underground Injection Control (UIC) program requires that EPA designate States
which can assume the UIC program. By 1981 all 57 States will be designated. Enforcement
program activities will include approval of the enforcement sections of primacy applica-
tions for State UIC programs, preparation for implementing UIC compliance monitoring and
enforcement programs in non-primacy States, issuance of UIC permits, investigation and
initiation of enforcement action for violations of the regulations and response to emer-
gencies when necessary.
-------
Included in this amount is SI/,800 for .analytical support services for investigations of
an emergency action.
During 1979, EPA initiated the first two civil actions for violations of the Safe
Drinking Water Act (SOWA). These actions enhance the credibility of the enforcement program
within the regulated community and provide valuable experience for future preparation and
prosecution of similar actions.
Drinking water enforcement activities also included oversight responsibility in 45
primacy States and territories, enforcement responsibility in 12 non-primacy States and
territories, and review of the enforcement aspects of six State primacy applications. In
addition, draft amendments to the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) were prepared. The proposed
amendments contain provisions which would streamline the enforcement process by providing
authority for the issuance of administrative compliance orders and the assessment of adminis-
trative civil penal Hies.
1980 Program
In 1980, the Agency has allocated a total of 5937,200 and 33 permanent workyears to
this program. Of the 5937,200, 5870,800 is for Salaries and Expenses and 566,400 for
extramural purposes under the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
During 1980, the highest priority of the drinking water enforcement program will be
response to emergency drinking water situations that involve imminent and substantial hazards
to public health and safety. The program will also focus on issuing approximately 180
variances and exemptions to public water systems in non-primacy States not in compliance
with Primary Drinking Water Regulations and on initiating enforcement actions, where neces-
sary, to assure compliance with the requirements of the Act. An estimated 30 enforcement'
actions will be undertaken for violations of the regulations by public water systems in
States without primacy and in States that have primacy but have requested EPA assistance.
Additional resources will be devoted to overview!no State public water supply primacy
programs, preparing program guidance for issuance of variances and exemptions, initiation
of enforcement actions, and evaluation of State UIC primacy applications.
In 1980, the extramural funds will be used to provide quick analytical support for
response to potential emergencies involving imminent and substantial hazards to public
health and safety.
1980 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The net increase of 5102,600 results from several actions. An increase of $33,300
results from the cost of the October 1979 pay raise and is included in a proposed supple-
mental appropriation, A congressional reduction of $2 million each to Agency travel costs
and supplies and expenses resulted in a decrease of $6,SOD and $2,200, respectively. An
overall reprogramming throughout the Agency to provide sufficient salary funds to cover
authorized workyears resulted in an increase of ,580,300 to this activity.
Regional re-programmings in order to support personnel costs in those areas which
changed from the projections used one-year ago in the formulation of the 1980 budget
resulted in transfers from toxic substances enforcement (512,9.00); to air stationary
source enforcement ($1,900); to financial management ($10,000); and to personnel manaoement
(53,500).
-------
In 1981, the Agency requests 5 tots! of 5764,500 for this program, of which $755,200
is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation, and 59,300 is for the Abatement, Control
and Compliance appropriation. The request for 28 permanent workyears represents a decrease
of five from the previous year's level.
During 1981, the highest priority of the drinking water enforcement program will be
response to emergency drinking water situations that involve imminent and substantial
hazards to public health and safety. Drinking water enforcement will also focus .on two
programs: public water systems implementation and underground injection control (U1C).
For the public water system implementation program, activities will include overview of
State Drinking water enforcement programs (PV.'S & UIC), review of 21 primacy applications,
providing legal support for variance and exemption activities in non-primacy States,
support for the initiation of approximately 23 new enforcement actions, and continued
support for enforcement proceedings initiated in 1980, Activities will also include
issuance of Notices of Violation to States with primacy that have not adequately enforced
provisions of the Act. The UIC program will begin implementation in 1981. The implemen-
tation plan includes legal and technical support for overview of State primacy programs,
permit program initiation, and compliance monitoring and enforcement programs in non-
primacy States. If necessary, a limited number of UIC permits will be issued by EPA in
non-primacy States.
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Solid Waste
-------
Page Intentionally Blank
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Original Revised
Estimate Estimate
1981 1981
(dollars in thousands)
President's
Reduction
Appropriation
Salaries and Expenses $32,895
Research and Development... 22,562
Abatement and Control and Compliance 91,991
Total $147,448
PROGRAM HIGHLIGHTS
Public Sector Activities:
Salaries and Expenses 3,884
Research and Development , 22,562
Total, Research and
Development Program 26,446
ste Management Regulations,
Sidelines and Policies:
Salaries and Expenses 6,369
Abatement, Control and Compliance 18,637
Financial Assistance:
Abatement, Control and Compliance 48,000
Waste Management
Strategies Implementation:
Salaries and Expenses , 10,130
Abatement, Control and Compliance . , 3,033
Technical Assistance:
Salaries and Expenses 1,600
Abatement, Control and Compliance .. 5,094
Uncontrolled Hazardous Waste Sites:
Salaries and Expenses 1,737
Abatement, Control and Compliance 16,570
$32,719
22,562
91,991
$147,272
3,865
22,562
26,427
6,332
18,637
48,000
10,075
3,033
1,593
5,094
1,7.33
16,570
-$176
-176
-19
-19
-37
-55
-7
-4
Total
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Hazardous Waste Enforcement:
Salaries and Expenses......
Abatement, Control and Compliance,
Permits Issuance:
Salaries and Expenses.,
Abatement, Control and Compliance.
Total:
Salaries and Expenses.*...........
Abatement, Control and Compliance.
Total, Enforcement Program...
Original
Estimate
1981
$5,
4,
9,
(dollars
086
632
090
25
176
657
Revised
Estimate President's
1981 Reduction
in thousands)
5,059
632
4,063
25
9,122
657
-27
-27
*
-54
* -*
9,833
9,779
-54
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Page Intentionally Blank
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AcDrooriation
Salari°c and Expenses^.. ..
Research and Development...
Abatement and Control
and Comol i anca
Total ,
Permanent Workvoarc
Full -time Equivalency
Outlays
Authorisation Levels
PROGRAM HIGHLIGHTS
Public Sector Activities:
Salaries and Expenses...
Researcn ana
Development
Actual
1979
.5 9, .3.7-5
7,135
45.511
362, 521
28G
339
S63.G24
3172,162
* Authori
SI, 31 7
7.135
Estimate E
1980
( do 1
322.350
6 i960
52,979
392,289 S
397
483
357., 600
zation pending
SI, 183
6,960
stimate
1980
1 a rs i n
315,456
12,745
71 .859
100,060
406
496
383,700
SI ,498
12.745
Estimate
1981
tncusancs /
332,895
22,562
91 .991
,.,d? ii£
774
S125.,500
33,88*
22 ,562
.ncrease +
Decrease -
19?.l vs. 19?
-317, 4 39
+9,817
+20.132
-Si7 , 38£
+ 368
-S41,80C
+22,386
+9,817
Salaries and Expenses.,.
Abatement, Control
and Comolisnce
Financial Assistance:
Salaries and Expenses...
Abatement, Control
and Cotnpl i ancs
Waste Management
Strategies Implementation:
Salaries and Expenses...
Abatement, Control
and Comol iance
3,397
9,586
32,190
2,366 -
106
8,, 388
3,000
42,550
3,552
4,623
11 ,906
38,600
3,625
115
6,369
18,637
48,000
1C, 130
3 ,T5-
+ 1 ,746
-6,731
+9,400
-6,505
T2.918
Total, Research and
Development Program 8,452 S.,143 14,243 26,4-46 1.2,-203
Waste Management Regulations,.
Guidelines and Policies: SW-21
-------
Aoprooriati.or, 197S
Technical Assistance:
Salaries and Expenses... Si ,86?
Abatement, Control
and Cornel iance 3,042
Uncontrolled Hazardous
Waste Sites:
Salaries and Expenses.,.
Abatement, Control
and Comol iance
Total :
Salaries and Expenses... 7,630
Abatement, Control
and Compl iance 44 .924
Total , Abatement and
Control Program 52,554
Hazardous Waste
Enforcement:
Salaries and Expenses... 928
Abatement, Control
and Compliance 587
Permits Issuance:
Salaries and Expenses...
Abatement, Control
and Compliance ...
Total.:
Salaries and Expenses.,. 928
Abatement, Control
and Compliance 587
Total , Enforcement
Proaram 51 ,515
1980 1980 198' 1981 vs. 19SC Face
(dollars in tncusar.es/
SW-43
54,549 $1,60- Si ,600 -4
504 558 1,737 +1,179
-17,429 16,537 16,570 ^33
16,993 10,410 19,836 +9,426
62,979 71^077 91.334 +20,257
"9,972 81,^87 111.170 -29.633
4,174 3,547 5,336 -1,539
783 532 -151
Sw-5c
4,090 +4,090
75 ^.75
4,174 3,547 9,176 +5,529
783 657 -126
S4.174 S4.330 S9.333 -$5.503
SW-2
-------
Aoorooriation "97?
Bsrman.ent °ositions
Puoiic Sector Activities,
Total , Researc.n and
Development Program. ...... 21
Waste Management Regulations,
Suioelines and °o1icies.. 91
"Inancial Assistance ...
Waste Management Strategies
Irnol amentation. 95
Tecnnical Assistance ^7
Uncontrol 1 sd Hazaraous
Waste Sites
Total , Abatement and
Control Proeram. E13
Hazardous 'waste Enforcement 25
Permit Issuance
Total , Enforcement Program 25
?ul1-time Eaui valencv
?uplic Sector Activities,
Total , Research ana
Develooment Program 3s
waste Management Regulations,
Guidelines and Policies... 122
"inancial Assistanc0
Waste Management Strategies
Imo lamentation 92
T»cnnica1 Assis'tanc* 59
Uncontrolled Hazardous
waste S i tes
Total , Acatement and
Centre 1 Program 273
Hazardous Waste Enforcement 31
Permit Issuance
Total , Enforcement Proaram 31
1S8G 198C (98" :9S" vs. 193C ?acs
(dollars in tnousancs,
2C 23 69 -4-6
97 110 M*. *31 SW--Z-2
3W-31
129 122 252 -i-KQ SW-3-7
37 32 25 -a SW--3
IS "7 ^ ±1 SW-4-9
278 231 MS ^167
99 102 '36 -^-34 SW-52
121 -121 3*-;-,
99 102 2S7 -rlSS
SW- '. >
30 36 89 ^53
157 163 197 -3i SW.2Z
131 131 313 -132 -w.«
i6 ''i 35 *6 Vifcu
; 15 17 19 . -'- -^.JG
3^9 351 553 ^212
105 110 151 --1 sw.52
'75 -175 <-.,_
irkC T-S--I ^oc -?*«
! Vw i , v J^~ - ^
SVi-3
-------
Congress and the public on the neec for nationwide regulation of hazardous waste and
emergency assistance to the most threatening problem sites.. The potential for serious
puDlic health damages and environmental degradation caused by improper management of Industrie"! ane
municipal wastes, as well as, the alarming frequency with which damaging incidents occur,
makes effective administration of a national solid waste program a critical need in the
years ahead.
The annual generation of municipal and industrial wastes totals almost 500 million
metric tons. This includes 54 million metric tons of hazardous wastes, sucn as toxic
chemicals, oesticides, acids, caustics, flammables ana explosives. Only 10 percent of these
are currently disposed of safely. With the curtailment of emissions to air and water due te
other environmental laws, EPA estimates the amount of hazardous waste will grow by 30 percent
in the next decade.
An EDA contractor study indicates that 32,000 to 50,000 dumpsitas across the nation may
already contain hazardous wastes. 1,20.0-2,0.00 of these may be significant problem sites.
Potentially thousands of American communities face the risk of suffering public health and
environmental damages such as occurred at the Love Canal in Nsw York.
EPA's strategy for addressing these problems is two fold: emphasis on the implementation
of a regulatory program for control of hazardous wastes and the management of wastes not
classified as hazardous, through Subtitles C and D of the Resource Conservation and Recovery
Act {RCRA): and high priority given to the continuation of the Agency crogram to identify.
investigate, evaluate and, if necessary, respond to uncontrolled hazardous waste sites, as
defined in the interim strategy issued by the Deputy Administrator during 1979.
Hazardous/Solid Waste Reaulatorv Procram
The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976 (RCRA.) established the first national
program to protect public health and the environment from the damages caused by improoer
waste management practices. To handle prospective hazardous waste oroolems, EPA is continuing
to develop the regulatory orogram mandated by RCRA which will reduce risks from improper
hazardous waste disposal practices.
Requested increases for the solid waste budget in 1980 and 1981 acknowledge, for the
first time since enactment of RCRA in 1976, the magnitude and importance of the hazardous
waste problem. EPA has prepared a 1980 budget supplemental request i-eflectiag the need tc
build an extensive knowledge of industrial wastestreams and hazardous waste treatment and
disposal technology to be incorporated into the regulations. The 1981 budget reauest further
demonstrates the Agency's strong support for the hazardous waste control program. EPA intends
to improve ths knowledge base supporting the regulations; broaden the scope of the regulations:
accelerate the field implementation of the regulations: ensure adequate enforcement; and
encourage strong State programs.
In response to a suit filed against EPA for missing the statutory deadline for pro-
mulgation of the major RCRA regulations, the Federal District Court approved December 31,
1979, as the promulgation date for the seven Subtitle C regulations. EPA proposed a list
and criteria for defining hazardous waste; standards for generators and transporters;
standards for hazardous waste treatment, storage and .disposal facilities; procedures for
notification of hazardous waste activities; and regulations for facility permits and develop-
ment of State hazardous .waste programs. Despite this progress. EPA failed to meet the
ambitious schedule approved by the Court due, in large part, to; ths comprehensive scope of
the Subtitle C regulations; the complexity of the technical and policy issues raised in
public comments and EPA's analyses of these comments; the undeveloped state of hazardous
waste management technologies; the inclusion of new regulatory concepts; and efforts to
coordinate and integrate the Subtitle C regulations with requirements of other major
environmental laws.
SW-4
-------
EPA has submitted for Court approval a revised promulgation schedule for trie Subtitle C
regulations:
-- in February 1980, EPA will promulgate standards for generators
and transporters of hazardous wastes, and notification require-
ments;
- in April 1980, EPA will promulgate a list and four criteria for
determining a hazardous waste, and interim status standards for
facilities treating, storing and disposing of hazardous wastes;
in fall 1980, EPA will promulgate technical performance standards
for treatment, storage and disposal facilities.
By late 1980, EPA will move into an implementation phase for tne hazardous waste program.
Two phases of interim authorization for stats hazardous waste programs will begin in 1981,
the,first pnase introduced by the interim status standards and the second ohase keyed to the
effective date of the technical standards for hazardous waste facilities. Each phese will
allow States two years to upgrade their hazardous waste programs to meet authorization
requirements. EFA expects 37 States to seek anc receive at least interim authorization in
1981. While RCRA provides for and encourages authorization of States to coerate the hazardous
waste regulatory program, it also requires that EPA operate the program for those states that
do not seek or are unable to obtain authorization.
In 1981, the Agency will inaugurate a 6-year program to permit an estimated 30,000
hazardous waste treatment, storage and disposal facilities nationwide. States and EPA
regional offices will issue, on almost .a case-by-case basis, best engineering judgment
permits against performance standards under Section 3004. This regulatory approach will
require individual technical evaluations and increase the number of formal public hearings
for permits.
EPA's regional Enforcement and Abatement and Control offices will share responsifcility
for issuing the 7,500 facility permits in the 19 unauthorized States. The Abatement and
Control resources will be used to conduct the detailed technical review of the permit
applications while Enforcement will provide legal review, administrative support and
analysis of routine technical problems.
The enforcement provisions of RCRA center upon the administrative and public hearings
requirements of permit -issuance, and upon comoliance monitoring activities in those States
which do not assume responsibility for hazardous waste management. The enforcement program
is responsible for developing enforcement provisions of the regulations; mechanisms for
regional oversight of authorized states and enforcement programs in unauthorized states;
and mechanisms for talcing enforcement or prosecutory actions, and negotiating enforcement
agreements. During 1981, regions will begin establishing compliance monitoring programs
in unauthorized States. In these States, EPA will conduct site inspections; initiate
enforcement actions (Notices of Warning, fiotices of Violations, Compliance Orders, etc.)
where generators, transporters, and storage/disposal facilities fail to comply with the
law; and operate ADP tracking systems to maintain and monitor manifest, inspection, ana
enforcement information. For authorized states, EPA will conduct oversight activities,
including joint inspections with the States, to determine whether or not States are
adequately enforcing RCRA requirements.
SW-5
-------
conservation and recovery. Under Subtitle Q, criteria for the classification of sanitary
landfills and guidelines for the development c* State plans nave been promulgated, thereby
ushering in the implementation phase of the program. The empnasis 113 I960 is on State
initiation of their disposal site inventory. Also, under the President's Urban Policy,
a 3-year grant program to local communities for resource recovery feasibility Projects
will conclude in 1981.
Financial and technical assistance are provided to assist the States in implementing
their responsibilities under RCRA. Assistance to Federal, .State and local agencies is
provided in all areas of solid waste management through Technics': Assistance Panels com-
posed of expert contractors, EPA staff, and other experienced public officials. Grants
to States are awarded annually for the development and administration cf state hazardous
and solid waste programs. In 1981 Subtitle C grants will grow substantially in recognition
cf the major role the States will soon play in implementing Hazardous waste management
programs. At the same time, States are expected to move towarc self-supporting nonhazaraous
waste programs. Federal Subtitle 0 assistance, therefore, is being phased out over a 5-year
period.
Research and development activities will assume, in 1981, a new double focus in order
to: (!) provide a firm scientific basis for the RCRA regulations and tne perr.it guide-
lines, and (2} accelerate development of techniques for investigation, ^emedial treatment,
and containment to support the uncontrolled hazardous waste sits program. In direct
support of RCRA, the research program will be improving tne techniques fcr: (1) sampling,
chemical analysis and biological testing to support listing and de-listing of hazardous
wastes, and (2) for evaluating the design ana operation of proposed lane disposal facilities
and incineration facilities in the permitting process, A quality assurance 0rograrr, will bs
initiated to support both the investigation cf uncontrolled hazardous waste sites and the
characterization c* industrial hazardous waste streams. The research program will also
provide technical support and testing where necessary to determine the risks from
hazardous waste sites. This effort will include coordination of work done by other
agencies in health risk research. Other programs will include: hazardous waste site
monitoring technique development; emergency response technology development for imminent
hazards-, studies of high volume wastes from mining; and development o£ technologies for
recycle, reuse and treatment of hazardous wastes from industry.
Uncontrolled Hazardous Haste Site Program
The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), however, does not deal directly with
the problem of abandoned, inactive or potentially inactive sites, except through the
imminent hazard provision of Section 70.03.
Conseauently, EPA established the uncontrolled hazardous waste site program as an
interim program to address the worse known problems associated with .uncontrolled hazardous
waste sites. The primary objective of the program is to eliminate threats to public health
and welfare and ecologically sensitive areas. The interim strategy encompasses aggressive
site discovery .actions, investigations, emergency assistance and containment of sites where
eligible under Section 311 of the Clean 'Water Act of 1977 or through enforcement actions.
The resources for respending to a site unde" Section 311 of the Clean Water Act will be
provided by the environmental emergency res-wise and prevention orograra. This interim
approach will only bridge the gap until "Superfund" legislation is enacted. It is not
intended to be a major program of clean-up or containment in advance of funds and
authorities available under the new legislation.
SW-6
-------
particiDcte in trie identification, investment, assessment and case preparation for these
sited which may be potential enfor.cemetn actions. Technical assistance and operational
guidance have been provided by Doth the newly formed Abatement and Control uncontrolled
hazardous waste sites program and tne emergency response and prevention and solid waste
programs. Research anc Development activities have begun to focus or, several priority areas
as described above.
During 1980, the uncontrolled .hazardous waste site program will continue to implement
the interim strategy as delineated in the 1979 memoranda from EPA's Deouty Administrator.
This strategy Is based on the policies established during 1979 on site identification and
discovery, neld investigation, emergency response and enforcement actions. Top priority
of this program in 1980 will be to ensure that only the most serious hazardous waste sites
are addressed first, given the large number of potentially dangerous sites EPA must address.
The program plans to continue to develop, implement and maintain the interim strategy
in 1981 at the same resource levels as 1930, and according to the same oolicies estanlisheci
during 1979-1980. Pending enactment of "Superfund", most corrective actions at uncontrolled
hazardous waste sites will be limited to short-term remedial action using available Section
311 (k) funds and resources from the environmental emergency response and prevention program.
As more sites are identified, increasing emphasis v,'ill be placed on the priority system
in order to determine which sites to investigate with the limited available resources.
Particular emphasis will also be given to integrating the Section 311, enforcement and
investigation program efforts in order to make maximum use of expertise and available funds.
If "Superfund" legislation is enacted during 1981, the resource requirements for chis pro-
gram will increase significantly.
Purpose - Research and Development Program
The solid waste research and development program, consistent with the goals of tne
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976 (RCRA), is directed to the development of
technologies, methodologies, and the scientific data base necessary to achieve environmental-
ly acceptable, cost-effective solid and hazardous waste management from generation tnrougr
disposal.
The objectives of the programs are: (1) to develop methodologies and/or equipment
to eliminate the release into the environment of materials in solid and hazardous waste
which would be adverse to public health and welfare-, (2) to establish a technical basis
to support both EPA's efforts in developing guidelines and regulations for solid and
hazardous waste management and the implementation of these guidelines and regulations by
the Federal, State and local governments and the private sector; (3} to provide stancardizec
monitoring systems, quality assurance, and support to the Agency's regulatory programs and
the uncontrolled hazardous dumpsite program; (4) to evaluate and develop new or improved
management techniques; (5) to evaluate and develop new or Improved methods for the reduction,
separation, processing, and recovery of resources including energy; and (6) to explore the
development and validation of screening techniques for toxicity of solid waste.
Purpose - Abatement and Control Program
The solid waste abatement and control budget activity encompasses activities for pro-
moting the protection of the public health and the environment through improved solid waste
management practices. These activities include developing and promulgating regulations under
Subtitles C and D of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA); promoting resource
conservation and recovery as the preferred solid waste management approach; providing tech-
nical and policy guidance to accompany these activities; assisting and encouraging State pro-
grams; providing technical assistance as mandated by RCRA; .managing the President's Urban
Policy grant program.; and, for hazardous waste management, operating a Federal program wnen
States are unwilling or unable to do so. This budget activity also includes emergency assist-
ance to the most threatening uncontrolled hazardous waste site-problems.
States have the primary role in implementing the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act.
»?^ ^^«-^.« ^ C ^a 4*« U * ?a fc-^("> f se-'rt * + -S V»/^ ft vt n rn f 4 f r+£ >-vuf*m^u*i/ 4«nr-i*"4v*-h^*«ij-'^ -^ -^
-------
i MIL; icHicii -.lie i r i ciMU'^i ' u i i i,isa uu<.'. meu ii! uie .-tt_ i. : ur flUfUiCi.ar-'jsjUb Wcbi-fc. Cfil; w i : i rggg ,
financial and technical assistance to oo so. Federal Subtitle D grant assistance is be^nc
Divas so' out over a 5-year period, with States expected to move towards self-supporting non-
hazardous waste programs.
EPA has the primary rcle in establishing national standards and programs to ensure
proper management, transportation, treatment, storage, and .dispose* .0* hazardous waste
and proper disposal of nonhazarqous waste, and promoting resource conservation and recovery
as the preferred solid waste management approach.
For hazardous waste, this includes promulgating a list and criteria for deterrrini.ng
what constitutes a hazardous waste; standards for generators and transoorters of hazardous
waste., and for owners and operators of hazardous waste treatment, storage and disposal
facilities; procedures for notification of hazardous waste activities; technical standarzs
for oermitting hazardous waste facilities using "Best Engineering Judgment" anc reouire-
men ts for authorization of State hazaraous waste programs. ror non-nazar.dous waste,
EPA must promulgate criteria defining a sanitary landfall and conduct an inventory gf al"
land disposal sites. EPA is also responsible for providing technical and other guidance
for implementing the regulations. The RCRA mandated Technical Assistance Danels program
will provide an outlet of expertise to States and local governments encountering problems
on all aspects .of solid waste management.
The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act {RCRA} ooes not deal directly
with the problem of abandoned, inactive or potentially hazardous
waste sites, except througn tne imminent hazard provision of Section 70Q3-, EPA has
established an interim prograrc to address the worst known problems related to uncon-
trolled sites. The primary objective of the program is to eliminate threats to public
health and welfare and ecological7y sensitive areas.
The Abatement ana Control activities are categorized under the following subactivi.ties
Maste. Management Regulations, Guidelines and Policies: This su.bactivity involves '^}
the development'and promulgation of hazardous and non-hazardous waste regulations: (2) trie
development of technical and policy guidance for implementing the regulations; (3; the con-
duct of engineering, design, environmental an; economic evaluations and assessments of scn'c
waste management technologies and practices: and (4) national management anc oversignt of
regional program implementation activities.
Financial Assistance: This subactivit} provides grants '15 to States for the
development and operation of hazaraous waste management programs under Subtitle C of
RCRA; (2) to States for the development of Stete non.tiazardous wests regulations; (2? the
and conduct of the RCRA mandated land disposal site inventory under Subtitle D of RCRA;
and (3) to local governments for feasibility studies and other project development
activities leading to the the implementation of resource and energy recovery systems.
Waste Management Strategies and Implementation: This subactivity involves: il
oversight of authorized States that are developing and imc'lementing hazardous waste
programs; (2) conduct of a Federal program -or unauthorized States under Subtitle C.
including issuance of permits to hazardous waste facilities using "Best Engineering
Judgment"; (3) direct support and oversight for implementatior of the solid waste
management planning and land disposal site inventory requirements under Subtitle D;
and (4) management of grants to local governments for resource and energy recovery
projects under the President's Urban Policy Program.
-------
Technics! Assistance: This subactivity provides for (1) national management cr the
Technical Assistance Panels program; (2; tecnrncal assistance to State and local Govern-
ments on all asoects of solid waste management; (3) oupllc participation anc .education
programs; and (4) the development .and distribution of public anc technical information
materials.
Uncontrolled Hazardous Maste Sites: This subactivity provides for 0} aggressive
identification of proolem uncontrolled hazardous waste sites, (2) investigation leading
to assessment and case preparation of those sites which may be potential enforcement
actions, and (3) emergency assistance (where eligible emergency assistance and con-
tainment will be done ynaer authority of Section 311 of the Clean Water Act (see
description of Environmental Emergency Resoonse and Prevention program element under
Water Quality Media). Case preparation and enforcement actions are managed und.e- tne
enforcement solid waste budget activity.
Purpose. Enforcement Program
The goals of the solid waste enforcement prograir are to see that all applicable
facilities comply with standards established'under the Resource Conservation anc
Recovery Act, regulating transportation treatment, storage, and disposal of solid
and hazardous wastes, and to take legal action to coraoel responsible parties to take
remedial steps regarding uncontrolled sites posing an imminent and substantive hazard
to health and the environment. To achieve this goal, EPA has established a single
program element for 1980, consisting of two subelements: (1; the hazardous waste
enforcement subelement and (2) the uncontrolled hazardous waste site subelement. for
198G only, the hazardous waste enforcement subelement includes 2 permanent workyears
which will support hazardous waste permit issuance activities. In 1931. however,
the permitting and uncontrolled hazardous waste site .enforcement resources become
separate program elements, and Solid Waste Enforcement will consist of three .program
elements: (1) the hazardous waste permit issuance orocram, (2) the uncontrolled
hazardous waste site enforcement program ana (3) the hazardous waste enforcement program.
Solid waste enforcement provisions were enacted largely as the result of wide scale,
historical mismanagement cf hazardous wastes, and are designed to prevent similar iris-
management from occurring in the future. Regulation will take place through the permitting
of hazardous waste management facilities and subsequent monitoring of those facilities to
verify compliance. Permitting and compliance monitoring programs will reaulate not only
generators of hazardous wastes, but on and off-site treatment,storage and disposal facili-
ties as well. A separate enforcement mechanism, the Hazardous waste manifest system, will
monitor hazardous waste transporters to ensure that wastes transported from a generator
to a treatment,storage or disposal facility actually "-each the intended destination.
Under provisions of RCRA, States may assume responsibility for operating permit
and enforcement programs. In cases where a State has interim or final authorization
to conduct such programs, EPA is available to assist in State efforts, and will
overview authorized programs for adequacy.
Permit issuance, compliance monitoring and enforcement programs are currently in
their formative stages. EPA will not begin to issue permits, monitor for compliance.
or take enforcement actions in connection with permitted facilities before the start
of 1981. However, investigation and enforcement activities were initiated in 197?
against uncontrolled hazardous waste dump sites suspected of posing imminent or
substantial hazards to public health and the environment. The Hazardous Waste
EnforcementTask Force, created to prepare and, manage imminent hazard enforcement
case actions, has thus far filed 13 cases with the Department of Justice, using
emergency enforcement provisions available under Section 7003 of RCRA, Section 1431
of the Safe Drinking Water Act, Section 504 the Clean Water Act, and TSCA. Initiation
of enforcement actions against sites posing an imminent or substantial danger will ccn-
tinue to be the highest priority activity for the Solid Waste enforcement program until
such time as these sites no longer present a threat.
-------
Salaries and Expenses .................... . ........... ... '17,439
The net increase is primarily related to the increased
workyears.
Researcn and Development,
The net increase is due to hazardous waste Fior.itorine
end measurement cevelooment and duality assurance;
researcn on thermal destruction cf hazardous waste;
uncontrolled hazardous waste sites; and health effects
associatec with hazardous waste sites. There is a
decrease in municipal solid waste land disposal and
resourcs recovery, and large volume waste characteriza-
tion will be phased out.
Abatement, Control and Compl iance ....................... +20,1 32
The net increase provides additional funds for regula-
tory support under Subtitle C of RCRA; State grants,
for hazardous waste management; regional imolementation
and/or oversight of hazardous waste programs; technical
assistance; and the uncontrolled hazaraous waste sites
program. These increases are offset by a decrease in
State solid waste tnariaaement planm'na grants.
19S1 Solid Waste Program K7,443
SUMMARY OF BUDGET ESTIMATES
1. Summary of Bucget Request
An appropriation of 3147,447,800 is requested in 1981. This request, by appro-
priation account, is as follows:
Salaries and Expenses 232,894,700
Research and Development , 22.562,200
Abatement, -Control and Compl iance 91 ,990,900
This reoreserts an increase of 547,388,100 over the 1980 level. This is due to
several actions: +53,3 million for regulatory suoport under Subtitle C of RCRA; +511.'
million in State grants for hazardous waste management; +9,6 million for regional imple-
mentation and/or oversight of hazardous waste programs; +S1.4 million for technical
assistance; and -SI.2 million for uncontrolled hazardous waste sites orogram. These
increases are partial'y offset by a decrease of $2,0 million for State solid waste
management planning grants, as part of1a 5-year phase out of Subtitle B grant funding.
An increase of +1.5.million for enforcement of the RCRA Subtitle C program orimanly
at the regional level; and +S4.1 million for regional permit issuance and State permit
program oversight. An increase of +$4.0 million for hazardous waste monitoring and
measurement development and quality assurance: +S5.9 million for research activities on
thermal destruction of hazardous waste; +S2.6 million for uncontrolled hazardous waste
sites and +$3.0 million for research activities on the health effects associated with
hazardous waste sites. These increases are offset by a decrease of S3.3 million, as
programs on municipal solid waste land disposal and resource recovery, and larqe
volume waste characterization will be phased out.
-------
Changes from Original 1930 Budget. Estimate
Changes from tha Due-get are as follows:
(in thousands c^ dollars'
Original 1980 estimate 592,229
Congressional increase/decrease:
Resource recovery local financial assistance.. -3,95C
Acadenric training. +90
Travel . -91
ADP -16
Supplies and expenses., ., -35
Proposed pay rai s'e SUDD!emental -508
Reprogramming for authorized workyeers . -2S1
Mi seel 1 aneous reprogramrrnngs -454
Proposed RCRA suppl emental +12,000
Current 193C estimate..., 100,060
Congressional decreases to the solid waste meaia reauest included a reduction
of S2,95C,.?i30 to resource recovery local financial assistance grants; a S2 Trillion
decrease to travel resulting in a reduction of 591,000 to this media; a SI million
decrease to ADP resulting in a decrease of 516,000; and a S2 million decrease to suoclies
and expenses resulting i:r, a decrease of S35.0QO to the solid waste media.
A supplemental is prooosed to partially fund the October 1979 oay raise anc
includes 3508,000 for this meclia. The overall reprogramrninc throughout the Aoency
to orovide for authorized workyears results in a decrease o^ S2E1,000. Miscellaneous
-eprogramratngs result in a decrease of 5454,000.
A proposed -supplemental under RCRA will provide an increase of SI2 (nillion.
ANALYSIS OF INCREASES AND DECREASES TO OBLIGATIONS
Current
Estimate Estimate
1980 1981
\in thousands of dollars;
Prior year obligations ... 562,520 5103,882
Effect of congressional changes -4,002
Pay raise supplemental. +508
Reprogrammings , -735
Proposed RCRA supplemental.,...'. '12,000 ...
Change in amount of carryover funds available +11,778 -3,322
Program increase ....". -3,000 +44,940
Change in rate of obligation -24,313 ...
Total estimated obligations. 103,882 145,000
(From new obligation authority) (90.060) (135,000)
(From prior year funds) (13,822) (10,000)
-------
Congressional changes discussed in the previous section are expected tc -esul-t ir a
decrease of S4,CC2,OQC to obligations. The effect of the proposed supel amenta" for partial
funding of the October 1979 pay raise results in .an increase of SSOS.OOQ.
Reprograrnmings result in a decrease of ,3735.,000 to obligations. The proposed supole-
mental for RCRA will increase obligations by $12 million.
The amount of carryover funds to be obligated in 1980 is $13.822,000. an increase of
SIT,778,000 from the 1979 level. In 1981, it is estimated that SIC million of carryover
funds will be obligated, a decrease of $3,822,000 f>-om the 1930 level.
The increase in buaget authority in 198C was previously estimated tc aecrease opliga-
tions -by S3 million. In 1981, the program change will increase obligations by ?-4,9^0,000.
sy-12
-------
public sector Activities
Original Revised
Estimate Estimate President's
1981 1981 Reduction
(dollars in thousands)
Appropriation
Control Technology
Salaries and Expenses.
Research and Development.
$3,884 $3,865
22.562 22.562
-$19
Total
26,446
26,427
-19
-------
Page Intentionally Blank
-------
Appropriation
Control Technology:
Salaries and Expenses,
Research and
Development
Total...,
Permanent Positions....
Full-time Equivalency..
Actual
1S79
Budget
istimate
1930
Current
Estimate
1980
Estimate
198;
; collars in thousands)
increase -
Decrease -
1981 vs. 1980
SI
7
8
,317
,135
,452
21
25
51,183
6 G^Q
8,145
20
30
51
12
14
,498
,745
a/
,243 '
23
36
53,884
22,552
26,44-6
59
39
-52
+9
+ 12
,385
,21T
,203
^45
-53
a_/ Includes -a $5,500,000 pending supplemental for 1930 research necessary to support the
Research Conservation and Recovery Act (3CRA) regulation development.
Budget Request
The Agency requests a total of 525,445,800 for 1981, an increase of 512,203,300 ano
46 permanent workyears over 1930. Included in this total is S3,883.500 for. Salaries
'and ExDenses and 522,562,200 for the Research and Development aDsropriation, wit.fc
increases of 52,385,600 and 59,817,700, respectively. Of this increase, 54,020,000 wi'l
be devoted to a program for hazardous waste monitoring and measurement uietnods development
and quality assurance; 55,950,000 to expand the research needed to provide data and
guidance manuals on thermal destruction of hazardous wastes to support RCRA permit
writers, and 12,550,000 to increase v
-------
and operating problems and researching resource recovery -rora soli? waste. Only a
limited number of projects wars performed on hazardous waste. After the passage of
RCRA, EPA, revised its research strategy towarcs the very cifficult problem of hazaraous
wastes and their effects on the environment. There is now the realization that past
mismanagement of hazardous wastes has left us with a legacy cf dangerous situations
which must be identified and cleaned up. Research to guide the cleanup effort and tc
develop better hazardous waste management practices must be accelerated.
The program will be directed to the development of technologies, methodologies and
tne scientific cats base necessary to achieve environmentally acceptable, cost-ef£ective
solid and hazardous waste management (generation through disocsalf in which reuse and
recovery of resources are important considerations.
1979 Accomplishments
In 1979, ooligations were Sc,452,000 which induced SI ,317,380 for inhouse expenses
and $7,134,700 for extramural activities. During 1979, EPA:
- Completed pilot-scale studies and published a report on the physical
and chemical stability performance of ID liner mater'als which were
exposed to municipal solid waste leachate. *
- Published a renort on tne results of seven years of riels-scale
researcn to characterize gas and leachate generation and pollutant
removal at municipal solid waste landfills. A two-dimensional model
of leachate migration patterns was developed and correlated with
field results. This research forms the basis for the prediction of
the performance of sanitary landfills.
- Completed and published the results of an evaluation on the status
.of land cultivation technology for treating industrial and municipal
wastes, including case studies of specific'facilities, review of
- design parameters and documentation of environmental impacts.
- Conducted a national symposium on land disposal end resource recovery
pf municipal solid wastes and published proceedings. The technical
areas covered included methods development and cost assessment,
identification of pollutant potential, prediction of pollutant
migration, design of facilities, and disposal/recovery alternatives.
- Completed and published an evaluation of three^ste leaching test
methods to assist in developing regulations for the identification
of hazardous waste unaer the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
of 1976 (RCRA).
- Provided the Office of Solid,Waste and the States with a technique
for performing the inventory'of disposal facilities. The technique
uses site data which can easily be obtained from State recoras and
site visits.
SW-14
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tne sites wnich received and continue to receive assistance include:
Kin-Buc, Love Canal, and the LaSounty Landfill.
Provided 1.5 workyears of direct technical assistance to the Office
of Solid Waste in preparation of the RCRA nazardous waste regulations.
Efforts included review of public comments, preparation of Dackgrounc
documents and of draft revised regulations.
Completed and published a study which compared emissions ^rom St. Louis
refuse-derived fuel (RDF) plants and other waste handling facilities.
The results showed that relatively large emissions of bacteria can oe
expected from solid waste processing plants which have 10 dust control.
Analyses for viruses were negative.
Sponsored a symposium on scrap futures markets for ihe purpose of
discussing with industry representatives the feasibility of using such
market trading-to increase the use of recycled secondary materials
recovered from wastes. The symposium highlignted a completed research
study and a handbook on scrap futures markets develoD.ed by the research
program. At least one rutures exchange has supsequently announced the
formation of a futures marKet for ferrous scrap.
Completed a study whicn determined that the lack of a ready market is
the major impediment tc recovering glass from sonc wastes.
Conducted a national symposium on waste pesticide disposal research
and development
Completed and publisned- the results of a study to determine the nature
and Quantity of industrial hazardous waste wnich is treated and disposec
of in municipal and private off-site facilities. The study found that
23 percent of the hazardous waste generated by the f*ve major industrial
categories studied was managed in this manner.
Demonstrated that densified forms of refuse derived fuels (d-ROF) can
successfully be substituted for coal in industrially sized stoker fired
boilers. Tests completed at the Erie, Pennsylvania General Electric
plant represented a major cooperative effort between industry and EPA.
Completed and published a study which analyzed specific scenarios for
municipal solid waste disposal in 1990 with and without resource
recovery. Results show that the net environmental impact of resource
recovery would be positive. Discharge of some pollutants to surface
waters would increase but most air pollution emissions would be
reduced, less landfill capacity would be required, and energy savings
would be realized.
Completed and publishec, in a manual, the results of a study to determine
the performance and design of natural and artificial surface covers for
controlling moisture infiltration at land disposal facilities.
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- Completed a ~isld study of mining solid waste and initiated a major
envi-on:ne"~3! and engineering assessment of mining solid waste
management practices in response to RCRA.
Initiated ^ield studies of the technical and environmental requirements
for co-combustion of selected hazardous wastes in cement kilns.
198G Program
In 19SC, tne Agency has allocated a tota' of 314,242,500 to this program, cf which
55, 600, 000 is a oencing supplemental for re-search necessary to suoport RCSA regulation
development for landfills, land treatment and thermal Destruction. Of trr's total,
$1,438,000 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $12.744,500 is for
extramural purposes under the Research and Development appropriation. The 1980 p-ograra
includes:
Studies ongoing 'at the end o^ -1979 will b.e continued. They
include: oench, pilot scale, and lysi meter studies cf rates of leachate
and gas production under different moisture regimes, gas and laactiata
migration, leachate attenuation in various soils, characteristics of
natural and syntnetic liners, and control technology for the treatment
of leachata and gas from municipal end hazardous waste landfills. A
major effort will be undertaken to dev.e'loo and publish guidance manuals
on containment, chemical fixation of waste, liner performance anc aes;gn,
landf arming, water mass balance calculations, surface cover design,
leachate collection, waste and leaching modification, pollutant transport,
and landfill closure procedures. A major 5-year research program rfi 1 1 oe
initiated to provide critical data needed ts' support the implementation
and mission of the RCRA Hazardous waste disposal regulations. Ongoing
research in municipal landfill site design and operation will bs completes.
No additional municipal solid waste research will be conducted beyond 198C.
- Ha za rgous Waste peg tract i on : The following small scale studies underway
at the end of 197S will be continued: time and temperature requirements
for thermal destruction, detoxification, ciodegradation, and balk
encapsulation of hazardous materials. A major effort will be Initiates
to develop a guidance manual for assessing permit applications for
hazardous waste incinerators. Ongoing thermal decomposition re-search will
be expanded and accelerated to produce protocols for conducting incinerator
test burns, for measuring and analyzing hazardous waste destruction
efficiency and air pollution control equipment effectiveness, for predicting
the performance of alternative incinerator designs, and for determining trie
basic thermal decomposition requirements and decomposition product production
for hazardous waste streams to be regulated under RC3A.
- Remedial Action: Field verification of a remedial scheme at a
pol luting "municipal solid waste site will be continued- In addition,
remedial schemes will be designed and field verification initiated.
The effectiveness of existing hazardous materials spill control equipment
for emergency response action at uncontrollable sites will also be evaluated
at field sites.
SW-16
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recovery from municipal soli.G wastes "o reuse ana recovery trow
Incustrlc! wastes.
- Hazardous *aste Monitoring: Sara', ing and analytical met hoes for
hazardous wastes and for tne air, water and soil samples taken from
hazardous waste disposal sites are being evaluated, validated, and
developed. In addition, a quality assurance program is being initiated
in support of the investigation and enforcement actions on jnccntrollec
hazardous waste sites.
- Hazardous Waste Treatment: The effort will be directed towards
detsxi~ication and/or recovery techniques for wastes from the organic
chemicals industry, as well as towards evaluating technologies
available for recovery of metal values from the ferrous and non-
ferrous industry.
- High Volume Wastes: A major effort consisting of a 3-year program to
assess the environmental impact of hazardous waste generation, current
waste management practices, and the development of new control require-
ments for the mining industry is underway.
198C Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The net increase of S6,099,300 results from several actions. An increase of
546,500 results from the cost of the October 1979 pay raise and is included in a proposed
supplemental appropriation, A congressional reduction of S2 mil lion te Agency travel
costs resulted in a decrease of 54,500. An overall reprogramming throughout the Agency
to provide sufficient salary funds to cover authorized wgrkyears resulted in a decrease
of S20,100 to this activity.
A transfer of 5478,000 was made within the solid wa.ste media, from the abatement
and control uncontrolled hazardous waste sites activity where the resources were included
in the hazardous waste sites amendment.
A"so included is a 55,6 million pending supplemental for research necessary to
suppor: the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act regulation development.
1981 P'.ar
"he Agency requests a total of 69 permanent workyears and 526,4-45,300 for this
program, of which 53,883,600 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and
522,562,200 is for the Research and Development appropriation. This represents an
increase of 46 permanent workyears and 512,203,300.
Of this increase, $4,020,000 will oe devoted to a program for hazardous waste
monitoring and management methods development and quality assurance; 55,950,000 to
expand the research needed to provide data and guidance manuals on thermal destruction
of hazardous wastes to support RCRA permit writing: 52,550,000 to exoarid research into
technologies that can be used for remedial actions at uncontrolled Hazardous sumpsites;
and 53,000,000 to document and determine the health risks associated with hazardous
waste sites. EPA's R8D p-ogram on health effects will be coordinated with other federal
agencies having more prominent roles. In turn, an offsetting decrease of 53,316,700
will be effected by phasing out the following areas during 1981: municipal solid
waste land disposal, resource recovery from municipal solid waste and large volume
wastes characterization.
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tnat will provide z. sauna scientific and legal basis for the data required
by tne RCRA regulations ana the uncontrolled hazardous waste site program,
Major activities will Include:
- Developing and evaluating protocol procedures for obtaining
hazardous waste .samples.
- Completing .a problem definition study for air monitoring,
Evaluating methocs for analysis of samples.
Completing a manual using best available methodology for
analysis of samples.
Evaluating bioaccumulation test procedures in the proposed
regulation (Section 3001).
- Providing analytical methods for characterization of wastes
listed in the RCRA (Section 3001).
- Initiatina intercomparison studies in support of RCRA,
(Section 3004;.
- Providing additional reference materials on soil and sludge.,
Remedial Action The remedial action program is concerned with the development and
assessment of technologies which can be used for clean-up activities at uncontrolled
hazardous dumpsites. In this program, EPA will not be accepting the responsibility
for cleaning up any hazardous dumpsite which is not ownea by the Federal government.
The legal responsibility for clean-up at these sites may belong to States, local
governments or private entities, and the EPA can not assume tfiis responsibility. The
funds in this program therefore will not oe used to pay for the clean-up at a non-
Federal site. EPA w'11 develop and assess technologies whicn may be used at clean-up
sites and will be assessing technologies developed .by others that are used in remedial
actions at hazardous sites. The EPA commitment at non-Federally owned sites in this
program therefore is limited to the assessment of specific equipment and technologies.
The EPA costs will be .associated with this assessment activity only. The overall cost
of cleaning up the hazardous dumpsite would remain with the entity which has the legal
responsibility for clean-up. Whereever possible, the EPA demonstration and assessment
activity will be conducted at test facilities and hazardous dumpsites which are owned
by tne federal government.
In 1981, the program will be expanded to undertake field testing of technologies
available for abating pollution problems at uncontrolled waste sites. Much of the
knowledge and technology for this action has already been developed under the hazardous
waste spills program, but requires field testing. The program will initiate field
testing of a variety of on-site treatment options within 3-5 months of the start of
the program. Permanent remedial action methods will also be developed and tested
under actual field conditions so that (a) quick response capability for initial cleanup
operations can be validated; (b) defensible long-term closure recommendations can be
made to various regulatory agencies; ana (c) effectiveness of remedial schemes can be
established. The development of technology for containment of pollutant emissions will
be directed toward preventing pollutants from leaving the boundary of the site and
cantaminanring the groundwater, surface waters, air and surrounding soil media. This
program will demonstrate remedial action techniques, equipment and technology to
contain, treat or destroy the hazardous wastes; the leachate produced from the wastes;
the contaminated soils, standing water and groundwater; and volatiles or gases.
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snudviui2\-!un a: tu i cuu r :ci *sj co ^cu i s 3*. wiici1 i-w^w w=.~*--i*wiis=.j.s.
Field .Treatment In 1931, this progran will demonstrate at one or more fiazarcous
weste sump sices ^Inducing pits, oonds, lagoons, subsurface rins, and storage sites/
the following remedial action technologies ana equipment:
- A field-modified anaerobic/aerobic Diological treatment system fo--
biodegradable hazardous materials.
- A mobile system for "washing" contaminated soils.
- Mobile physical -chemical systems, 'Inducing flocculation/
sedimentation,, activated carbon treatment equipment: for
concentrating wastes and leachates.
- A mobile thermal rggenerctior, system for granular activated
carbon.
- Land cultivation with nutrient injection. This process"provices
for the in-sltu bioaegradation of the organic hazardous wastes
or contaiminants in the waste site.
- Catalytic wet oxiaation of chlorinated hydrocarbons.
- Three mobile nazardous waste or leachate preprocessino/
concentration technologies {modified mutlple stage thfn film
distillation, continuation mechanical sludge de,vetaring, and
the Dravo electro-coagulation process).
Onsite destruction In 1931, this program will demonstrate a mobile incineration
system for destroying hazardous materials which appea1" as floating scum in lagoons, as
contents of drums, cr as contaminated soils.
Landfill ing and Land Treatment The najor effort begun in 1980 to develop and
publisn guidance manuals for tne implementation of the hazardous waste regulations will
be continued. The following manuals will he completed, incorporating research results
and data: containment, chemical fixation of wastes, liner performance and design, land
treatment, water mass Da lanes calculations, surface cover des-on, leachate collection,
waste and leaching modification, and landfill closure proceau-es- Training programs in
the use of the manuals for EPA and state permit writers will he established. An extensive
five year research program to expand and improve tne aata bast; in the manuals wil-1 oe
continued. New manuals on volatile emissions from landfills and surface impoundments
and on predicting pollution migration in soils will oe initials;:. New and novel concepts
for early detection and repair of landfill and surface impoundment failures will be
investigated.
Hazardous Waste Destruction The major effort begun in 1930 to develop and publish
guidance manuals for tns implementation of hazardous waste regulations will be expandec
(35,950,000 increase from 1980). The manuals on conducting incinerator test ourns for
measuring hazardous waste destruction efficiency and air oclljtion control equipment
effectiveness and for predicting the performance of new incinerator design will oe
completed but with limited data bases. An extensive test burn program will be undertaken
to directly support the evaluation of permit applications by performing preliminary
small scale test burns. Results from these test burns wiV". be used in the design of
the required full scale test burn. New methods for measuring toxic compounds in the
incinerator offgases will be investigated. The effectiveness of incineration of
hazardous wastes in industrial boilers will be monitored ',r< experimental units and full
scale operations. The guidance manuals will be updated as new data and methods become
available from these programs.
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Hazardous Waste Treatment Ongoing efforts to develop or assess technologies
using pnysical, enemies! and biological .-rietncds to concentrate, neutralize, or detox4fy
hazardous wastes from industry will be continued. An industry by industry examination
will be made to identify potential uses for these technologies as alternatives tc
land-filling or thermal destruction.
Risk Assessment A new initiative (53,000,000* will provide for chemical,
epidemiological , toxicologies!, and clinical tests to oeterrnioe the health risks from
hazardous waste sites. EPA's activities in this area will be coordinated with other
federal agencies having more prominent roles.
In dealing with hazardous waste disposal sites, it *s not always possible to
eliminate the hazardous materials from the environment, i.e., some hazardous substances,
no matter what is done, w'll continue to show up in food, drinking water or cne aii".
In such cases it is necessary tc provide an estimate of the residual risk as a function
of the extensiveness of various abatement and control actions. This program will;
determine which measurements are needed for exposure determination
and calculation of '"iSK, i.e., air exposures, drinking water, soil
levels, etc;
- determine tne population at risk and the health effects,
- wherever possible develop from available data, a dose-
response relationship derived from the community's exposure
situation;
perform short-term biological tests where needed;
- provide, from the above, an estimate of the number of people
who will suffer serious adverse health effacts from exposure
to hazaraous waste and esticnate the increased risk to the
exposed population.
SW-20
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riatiaycniciti. i\cyu i a t» luiio , uuiuci IIIGO aiiu rui
Original Revised
Estimate Estimate
1981 1981
(dollars in thousands)
President's
Reduction
Appropriation
Regulations, Guidelines and
Policies/Hazardous Waste:
Salaries and Expenses., $4,994
Abatement, Control and Compliance 17,726
Regulations, Guidelines and
Policies/Solid Waste:
Salaries and Expenses 740
Abatement, Control and Compliance 600
Regulations, Guidelines and
Policies Resource Conservation:
Salaries and Expenses ....... 635
Abatement, Control and Compliance,,...,.. 311
^ulations, Guidelines and Policies/EIS:
ibatement, Control and Compliance
Love Canal :
Abatement, Control and Compliance.,......
Total:
Salaries and Expenses 6,369
Abatement, Control and Compliance. ... 18,637
Grand Total 25,006
$4,966
17,726
735
600
631
311
6 332
18.637
-$28
-5
-4
-37
24,969
-37
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Page Intentionally Blank
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Waste Management Regulations, Guic;el~nes and Policies
Actual
1979
Budget
Estimate
1930
Current
Estimate Estimet
1980 1931
(dollars in thousands)
Appropriation
Regulations, Guidelines
and Dol 1 ci es/Hazarcous
Waste:
Salaries and Expenses... 51,352 S5,34£
Abatement, Control and
Compliance 4,701 3,000
Regulations, Guidelines
and Policies/Solid Waste:
Salaries and Expenses... 994 1,805
Abatement, Control anc
Coral iance 586 ...
Regulations, Guidelines
and Policies/Resource
Conservation;
Salaries and Expenses... 541 735
Abatement, Control and
Compliance 110
Regulations, Guidelines
and Policies/EIS:
Abatement, Control and
Compliance.. 150
Love Canal:
Abatement, Control and
Compliance 3,939
Total:
Salaries and Expenses... 3,397 8,388
Abatement, Control and
Compliance 9,536 3,000
Grand Total ,... 12,983 11,388
S3,499 54,994
10,376 a/ 17,725
829
:,200
295
330
4,623
11.906
740
600
535
311
5,359
IS,637
~ n c r & a ^ -^ ~
Decrease -
19E1 vs. 1980
-89
-600
-19
16,529 a/ 25,006
_a/ Includes a proposed supplemental for S6.4 million to provide first phase of an effort
to refine EPA's data base on the scope of the Hazardous Waste problem, and to assist
permit writers in their efforts to permit new and existing facilities.
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Regulations, Guidelines
ana Policies/Solid
Waste 27 23 23 13
Regulations, Guidelines
and Policies/Resource
Conservation 12 5 § 9
Total 91 97 HO HI >31
Full-time Equivalency
Recu! at i orvs , 3ui ae 11 nes
and Policies/Hazardous
Waste 67 99 1C7 151 +44
Regulations, Guidelines
and Policies/Solid
Waste 35 38 33 23 -10
Regulations, Guidelines
and Policies/Resource
Conservation. 20 20 23 23
Total 122 157 163 197 ^34
3ud_Q-et Request
The Agency request for this subactivity is 325,005,100 and 14-1 permanent workyears,
Included 'n this amount is 56,369,300 £or the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and
S18,636,8DC r'or the Abatement, Control anc Compliance appropriation. An -, ncrease of
56,731,000 is provided for 1981 extramural Bunding, primarily in suooort of regular''ons
under Subtitle C of Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA).
Proaram Description
policy guidance for implementation
;I ( J W ' I 1 V I UUt^ *j U>v W-t IV. W^T<^IU^>'l<«lll, V I i, C VI I ' » ' WVi I U 1 1U p V i 1 VJI ^J U I
of the RCRA regulations and national oversight of implementat
following program elements are included in this subactivity:
Regulations, Guidelines, Policies/Hazardous Waste This program element provides
for national management of the RCRA Subtitle C program. Included are further
development and refinement of the criteria and regulations for identification,
management and disposal of hazardous wastes; and supportive analyses and assessments
of management approaches and technologies. Also included is provision of guidance to
the regions and States for nationally consistent implementation of the Subtitle C
regulations.
Regulations, Guidelines, Policies/Solid Waste -- This program element provides for
national management of the RCRA Subtitle 0 program. This includes development of
technical and policy guidance on Subtitle D State planning and implementation issues,
and oversight and guidance to support States' application of the criteria for
determining a sanitary landfill and carrying out the Open Dump Inventory.
SW-22
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yrdn,. pruyreiii, ue»c i uumciii- u< -jyiuct.nci i ui icucrci yi ux-ui cm^n, , ,-i'wuuw-j ^v.x.--< >.
recycled materials, evaluation cf resource recovery technologies and conduce of
resource recovery seminars to promote adoption of resource recovery and conservation
as a areferrea solid waste management option.
Regulations, Guidelines. Po1icies/EIS Preparation -- Until 198C tnis program element
proviaec for the completion of environmental impact statements (EIS) and economic
impact analyses for regulations under SuDtitles C and D of RCRA,
This program element existed in 1979 and contained funding for a
project sf remedial work at the Love Canal in Niagara. New York.
Love Canal
demonstration prc
RESULATIONS,. GUIDELINES, POLICI;S/HAZARDOI!S WASTE
1979 Accomplishments
On December 18, 1978, EPA proposed a list and criteria for determining a hazardous
waste (Section 3001), standards for generators of hazardous waste (Section 30C2) and
standards for owners and operators of hazardous waste treatment, storage and disposal
facilities (Section 3004), Regulations for permit issuance (Section 3005) and for
authorized Stats programs (Section 3006) were combined with similar regulations under
the Clean Water, Clean Air, anc Safe Drinking Water Acts for, respectively, the
National Pollutants Discharge Elimination System (NPOES), °revention of Significant
Deterioration (PSD), and Underground Injection Control (DIG) into a consolidated
regulatory proposal.
Several technical analyses and studies were initiated to support development or
revision of regulatory assumptions ir, order to:
- respond to more than 40 major and hundreds of miner issues raised by over
1.200 public comments received on the proposed regulations;
- promulgate the regulations by the December 31, 1975 deadline approved by the
Federal District Court (subsequently revised); and
prepare an implementation program.
The major contractual efforts in 1979 included an assessment of the impact of
alternative regulatory options on generators of small amounts of hazardous waste; an
analysis of the costs and economic impacts of the regulations on six most-effected
industries and on surface impoundments already in use for industrial waste water
treatment; quality assurance and validations of test protocols; and development of
design and operating guidance for inclusion in manuals for owners and operators of
hazardous waste treatment, storage and disposal facilities suoject to the Section
3004 regulations.
Design began on a data process ing system to accomodate data to be generated by
the notification, manifest reporting and permit activities associated .with Subtitle C
implementation. The system will be designed for compatibility with other EPA anc
existing State systems.
EPA continued to receive information on the effects of exposure to the improper
management of hazardous waste and rendered assistance to regional offices and states
in reponding to hazardous waste emergencies, such as in Toone, Tennessee, and in
Jackson County, Indiana, where large amounts of chemical waste were improperly stored
in a sandy, ground water discharge area.
SVJ-23
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uncontrolled dumpsites and initiated the assign of a new -eceral emergency resoonse
and clean-up program to supplement Subtitle C's regulatory control of currently
operating disposal sites. Beginning in 1980, tnis program is includea unaer tne
uncontrolled hazaracus waste sited budget subactivity.
1980 Program
T'ne current estimate for tnis program element is 73 permanent workyears and
313,875,200, of wnich $3,499,400 is for Salaries and Expenses, and $10,375,300 is for
extramural purposes uncle1" the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
EPA, with the agreement af Federal District Court, will complete analysis of
issues raised by public comments and promulgate, in Feorua>-y 1930, standards for
generators of hazaraous waste (Section 3002J; standarcs for transporters of hazardous
waste (Section 3003); anc s notice on notification requirements (Section 3010).
These will be followed in April 1980, by an initial list and four criteria for
determining a hazardous waste (Section 3001) interim status standards for owners and
operators of hazardous waste treatment, storage and disposal facilities (Section
3004) and regulations for oermit issuance (Section 3005} and for authorization of
State programs (Section 3006) as part of the Consolidated Permits regulations, "hese
core regulations will be followed by Section 3004 tecnnicel standards for treatment,
storage and disposal facilities in the fall of 1980.
The Federal standards under Section 3004 will De Best Engineering Judgement
standards. They will set performance standards to be met by landfills, "!sndfanns,
surface impoundments, incinerators, and lane treatment facilities and .specify tne
factors to be considered in individual facility permitting. This approach fc>-
regulation of the estimated 30,000 treaters, 'storers and disposers of hazarcous waste
nationwide shifts the Duraen of developing the pernnt oarameters to the State anc
-egional permit writer. To guide tne application of Jest Engineering Judgment to a
permit in later years, headquarters will begin to develoo the extensive knowlecge
base needed about industry specific wastestreams and control practices and technologies,
EPA will initiate in 1930 the first phase of an extensive evaluation of industrial
waste to yield data and information to support five regulatory development needs of
the hazardous waste program:
- assessments of incustry-specific treatment and disposal practices and Impacts
to support issuance of Best engineering Judgment permits against Section 3004
performance standards;
- establishment of safe cut-off levels for regulatory coverage of wastestreams
(small generator cut-offs);
- speedy response to petitions to remove a hazardous waste from the initial
Section 3001 list;
- justification of additional listings under .Section 3001; and
- identification of candidate wastestreams for reuse and recovery activities.
SW-24
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approximately 220 industrial waste streams, aevel orient of analytical procedures, and
analysis of samples.
Another essential component of the 1980 extramural program is .support for trie
onset of implementation activities in late 1930 and 1981. Developmental work will
continue on manuals to assist permit writers in evaluating facilities against
performance .standards and to describe preferred designs and operating procedures for
facility owners and operators seeking to comply w'th the Best Engineering judgement
standards. Analyses will be conducted cf oolicy issues, such as siting of hazardous
waste facilities and State authorization, and on permitting procedures, Develooment
of AD? systems to facilitate implementation and reporting requirements will continue,
A national contract for regional handling and processing of up to 450,000 notifications
from generators, transporters and hazardous waste facilities will be developed.
1980 Explanation of Changes from Budget Estimate
The net increase of 5.5,026,500 results from several actions. An increase of
5102,600 results from the cost of the October 1979 pay raise and is includes in a
proposed supplemental appropriation. A congressional reduction of 52 million each to
Agency travel costs and 51 million to ADP costs resulted in a decrease of 517,900 and
512,700, respectively. An overall reprograrnming throughout the Agency to provide
sufficient salary funds to cover authorized workyears resulted in a decrease of 5133,500
to this activity.
A transfer of SS15,100 was made within the solic waste media to other activities
and 325,100 was transferred tc the management and supoort media to suop.ort an inventory
support contract and a Waste Alert Program (A citizen education program for hazardous
waste). A transfer of 5183,900 was made within the solid waste media to technical information
development and SI36,.90.0 to management and support for the Office of Water .and Waste
Management program management in order to provide for projected costs based or 1979
expenditures.
A proposed supplemental for 56.4 million is prooosed for 1930 tc provide critical
regulatory data tc permit effective and timely implementation of the hazardous waste
regulatory effort in 19S1.
1981 Plan
Resources required for this program element are 119 permanent workyears and
522,720,100, of which $4,994,300 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and
517,725,800 is for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. The major
increases in the hazardous waste program element will expand technical support for
its regulations under Sections 3001 and 3004 of RCRA.
EPA will not have the knowledge base to list in its initial Section 3001
regulations all the hazardous wastestreams covered by RC3A and to prescribe national standards
for the generation, transport, treatment, storage and disposal of each wastestream.
In 1981, EPA will continue building the data and information base it needs to refine
and broaden its hazardous waste regulations.
The second year of the industrial waste evaluation will continue to:
- develop methods, procedures and tests to identify the harmful contaminants
in complex industrial wastestreams;
- sample and analyze the wastestreams to determine their hazardous characteristics
and the seriousness of their hazard; and
- analyze current disposal techniques, their costs and environmental effects,
and disposal capacity problems.
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EPA will complete development and validation of test orotoccls for additional
waste characteristics, sucn as low-level racioactivity, infectiousness, pnytotoxicity,
and mutagenicity and teratogenicity, and continue to develop proper analytical tools and
methodologies..
Industry and waste-specific technical guidance materials will be issued to assist
State and regional permit writers. Based on a study of .recovery technology and
amenable wastestreams, an assessment of how to support development of viaole industrial
waste recovery processes will be conductec.
Development of mechanisms for assuring adequate post-closure financial responsibility
for hazardous waste facilities will be completed.
The changing American .energy supply plan adds a component to tne 19S1 hazardous
waste program. Synthetic fuel technologies have the potential to create large volumes
of potentially harmful wastes. In 1981, EPA will issue preliminary guidance documents
to advise the growing synfuels industry on appropriate facility designs and management
procedures and will develop regulations for wastes such as retorted shale, coal
gasification ash and spent catalysts from coal gasification and oil snale orocessing.
Headquarters will also provide national policy and pocadural guidance on State
authorization issues, hazardous waste program administration, and evaluation of permits.
REGULATIONS, GUIDELINES, POLICIES/SOLID aASTE
1979 Accomplishments
The Agency promulgated criteria for classification of sanitary landfills under
Section 4004 of RCRA and guiaelines for the development and implementation of State
solid waste management plans under Section 4002. The criteria specify conditions
that must be met regarding floodplains, surface water, ground water, application to
land producing food-chain crops, disease, air quality, and safety.. The regulation
also establishes a definition of open dumping as required in Section 1008 of RCRA and
serves as a partial guideline under Section 405 of the Clean Water Act for disposal and
utilisation of waste water treatment plant sludge. A manual was developed for States'
use in classifying solid waste disposal facilities .according to the Section 4004
criteria for the Open Dump Inventory.
Landfill design and operation guiaelines (Section 1008) were proposed and studies
were initiated of the agricultural chemicals, pulp and paper, textiles and food
processing industries to support future development of Section 1008 guidelines to
control nonn.azflpdous industrial waste disposal.
The comprehensive sludge study required by Section 8002 was forwaraec to Congress.
1980 Program
In 1930, the Agency has allocated a total of 52,028,800 to this program, of
which 5828,800 is for Salaries and Expenses and 51,200,000 is for extramural purposes
under the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriaton.
Suits have already been filed requiring EPA's defense of both the landfill
criteria of Section 4004 and the State planning guidelines of Section 4002, In
combination with the criteria, publication of the Site Classification Manual and a
program of assistance and training sessions for the States will constitute the base of
Federal policy and technical guidance in 1930 to support States' initiation of the
Open Dump Inventory. National management of the States' preparations for conduct of the
inventory process will also be provides. The initial installment of the inventory is
scheduled for late 1980 publication.
-------
date of January 31, 1981.
"work will continue on development of additional guidelines under Section £05 of
the Clean Water Act on municipal waste water treatment sludge disocsal and utilization.
Guidelines for the giveaway or sale of processed sludge will be proposed. Section
1008 guidelines for landfill disposal will be issued. Studies will continue on ground
water .monitoring, landfill, landspreading and surface impoundment design and operation
to support development of Section 1008 guidelines and refinement of technical guidance
for the states and regions on solid waste disposal. EPA will co-sponsor with FAA and
the Fish and Wildlife Service a comprehensive study of means to diminish dangers to
aviation from birds congregating at landfills in the vicinity of airports.
1980 Explanation of Changes from Budget Estimate
The net increase of 3223,800 results from several actions. An increase of
531,700 results from the cost of the October 1979 pay raise and is included in a
proposed supplements! appropriation. An overall reprogr aiming throughout the Agency
to provide sufficient salary funds to co^er authorized workyears resulted in a decrease
of 514,400 to this activity.
A reDrogramming of 5205,500 was made within the solid waste media from regulations,
guidelines and policies/hazardous waste (547,700); regulations, guidelines end
policies/resource conservation and recovery (5115,100); and solid waste technical
assistance (542,700), to cover the remaining amount needed for the inventory suppor-
contract.
1981 Plan
Resources required for this program element are 51,340,000 and 13 permanent
workyears, of ₯/hich $740,000 is for Salaries ana Expenses and $500,000 is for Abatement,
Control and Compliance. In 1981, the headquarters program will continue to concentrate
on national management of the Open Dump Inventory, development of remaining sludge
management guidelines, and guidance on technical and policy issues of State solid
waste management planning and implementation.
Given the broad scope of the State solid waste mangement plans and the number of
State agencies and organizations to be involved, EPA expects to continue to provide
guidance on implementation as States' plans begin to phase-in during 1981,
Section 1008 guidelines will be prepared on preferred designs and methods of
operation of surface impoundments and landspreading. These, along with Section 1008
guidelines to be developed for land disposal of wastes from selected industries, such
as puls and paper and food processing, will provide technical guidance for compliance
with State solid waste regulatory programs.
Additional comprehensive guidelines under Section 405 of the Clean Water Act,
addressing sludge incineration, ertergy recovery, 'sandf il ling, landspreading, and
disposal of sludge in surface impoundments, will be proposed in 1981. This will
satisfy provisions of the Clean water Act and RCRA for regulations on disposal and
utilization of municipal sludge.
REGULATIONS, GUIDELINES, POLICIES/RESOURCE RECOVERY
1979 Accomplishments
In 1979, extramural efforts provided for economic, technical and environmental
evaluations of sta'Le-of-the-art resource recovery systems, and a study to support
Section 6002 Federal procurement guidelines for highway construction products containing
recycled materials.
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materials; subsidies for resource recovery; railroaa freight rate discrimination; "
product regulations; beverage container deposits; bounties on durable and hazardous
consumer goods; national litter tax; local user fees; and a national solid waste
disoosal tax.
The Agency managed a competitive process to select 56 communities to snare in
$15 million in grants under the President's Urban Policy Program for local resource
recovery system planning.
Detailed reports were issued on the design arid operation of the San Diego County
Resource Recovery Facility and the Landgard pyrolysis project In Baltimore, Evaluations
of European waterfall combustion systems and on small nodular incinerators with heat
recovery were completed.
In 1979, a Memorandum of Understanding was completed delineating responsioi lities
between EPA, for planning and development, and the Department of Energy, for design
and construction of municipal waste resource recovery systems. .EPA initiated development
of a 5-year plan for Federal resource conservation activities.
198P Program
The current estimate for this program is 9 permanent workyears and 5625,000, of
which $295,000 is for Salaries ana Expenses and 5330,000 is for extramural purposes
under the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
Follow-up funding of S1G.million will be provided for the 66 urban grantees of
the President's Urban Poncy Program to move into tne second phase of their planning
for projects to convert municipaT solid waste to useaole energy and materials. A
contract to provide a model to assist EPA and grantees in technical project management
will be continued and three workshops to train grantees in the model's use will tase
place, Headquarters will provide national oversight of regional management of the
grants and evaluate the grantees' use of funds in the first phase.
The first three Federal procurement guidelines are scheduled for proposal in
1980, for fly ash as a cement supplement, recycled paper products and composted sewage
sludge as a soil conditioner or fertilizer. Development will begin of future Section
6002 guidelines on procurement of recycled construction materials.
In 1980, eight comprehensive evaluations will begin on several resource recovery
system components, such as air classifiers, and on commercial-scale facilities, such
as the Andco-Torrax pyrolysis plant in Frankfurt, Germany. The evaluations of the
technological, operational, economic, environmental and institutional aspects of
performance of resource recovery systems expand the knowledge base available to local
decision-makers. Intended for publication in 1980 are evaluations of refuse-fired
energy systems in Europe and small modular incinerators with heat recovery.
Resource recovery seminars and; an updated Resource Recovery Implementation Guide
continue to supply Information to support technology transfer among State ana local
public administrators.
The interagency 5-year plan for Federal resources conservation and recovery
programs to help systemize long-term planning will be completed.
SW-28
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i ne net decrease or .jiiu,uuu resuii.5 irum several ntLiuns. «n i ncresie yt jii,tiju
results from the cost of the October 1979 pay raise and is included in a oroposed
supplemental appropriation. An overall reprogransning throughout the Agency to provide
sufficient salary funds to cover .authorized workyears resulted in a decrease of $5,IDG
to this activity.
A reprogramming of 3116,100 was made within the solid waste media to solid .waste
regulations, guidelines and policies to support a contract for inventory support.
1981 Plan
The Agency requests 2946,000 for this program element, of which 5625,000 is for
the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and 3311,000 is for the Abatement, Control
and Compliance appropriation.
Headquarters will mainta.in its oversight of ongoing regional management of the
Presidents' Urban Policy grant program to assist selected local governments complete
their feasibility studies, procurement and pre-implementation activities for resource
conservation and recovery projects. This includes providing assistance to the regions
in refining project work plans for the final phase and evaluating the progress of
second phase projects.
Section 6002 procurement guidelines will be developed for recycled construction
materials and for insulation products using recovered materials. Previously proposed
guidelines will be finalized.
Evaluation will be continued on selected resource recovery systems and reports
issued on the design and performance of state-of-the-art and commerical technologies,
particularly in regard to small-scale usage. This activity will form a contribution
to the ongoing recovery seminars organized by EPA to aid decision-makers and expand
resource recovery.
REGULATIONS, GUIDELINES. POLICIES/EIS PREPARATION
1979 Accomplishments
In 1979, contract studies continued on the environmental impacts of the landfill
criteria, sludge guidelines, Section 1008 landfill guidelines, and the set of seven
Subtitle C regulations. Contract studies were also continued to determine the
overall economic impact of the hazardous waste regulations and sludge disposal
guidelines and impact of the Subtitle C regulations on selected industrial sectors.
1980 Program
No resources are requested.
1981 Plan
No resources are requested,
LOVE CANAL
1979 Accomplishments
Congress appropriated 54 million to the Agency for a grant to the State of New
York for a clean-up demonstration project at the Love Canal. In conjunction with
EPA'-s award of the grant immediate efforts to contain and clean up the Love Canal
site, such as dispatch of EPA's mobile waste water treatment unit and covering the
site, were initiated.
SW-29
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- assess the extent of aquifer contamination due to leachate migration and
evaluate its environmental impact;
- construct containment and leachate collection systems around the site;
- design, construct and operate a permanent treatment and disposal system for
intercepted leachate;
- perform epldemiol ogical studies of area residents;
- analyze possible site effectiveness of remedial measures and plan additional
retnedi a 1 a ct i vi t i e-s.
1980 Program
No resources are requested for this program element- The congressional add-on
was provided for 1979 only. Remedial, rehabilitation,monitoring and evaluation work
under the grant agreement will continue, however, in 1980 and beyond.
1981 Plan
No resources are reouested.
SW-30
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SOLID WASTE
Financial Assistance
Original
Estimate
1981
Revised
Estimate
1981
President's
Reduction
Tdollars in thousands)
Appropriation
Hazardous Waste Management
Financial Assistance to
States:
Abatement, Control and
Compl iance ,
Solid Waste Management
Financial Assistance to States:
Abatement, Control and
Compliance.
,,<:source Recovery Local
Financial Assistance:
Abatement, Control and
Compliance
Total:
Abatement, Control and
Compliance
Grand Total
$30,000
8,000
10,000
48,000
48,000
$30,000
8,000
10,000
48,000
48,000
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Page Intentionally Blank
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Financial Assistance
Actual
1979
Budget
Estimate
1980
Current
Estimate
1980
-Estimate
1981
Increase -
Decrease -
1981 vs 19SC;
"(dollars in thousands)
Appropriation
Hazardous Waste Manage-
ment Financial Assistance
to States:
Abatement, Control and
Corno! i ance
S14,50i 518,600
518,500
330,000
+$11,400
Solid Waste Management
Financial Assistance
to States:
Abatement, .Control and
Compliance
Resource Recovery Local
Financial Assistance:
Abatement, Control and
Compliance ......
11,138 10,000
6,551 13,950
10,000
8,000
-2,000
Total
Salaries and Expenses
Abatement, Control and .
Compliance 32.190
32,190
10,000 10,000
38,600 .48,000
38,600 48,000
Grand Total
Permanent Positions ...
Full-time Equivalency ... ... ... ... ...
Budget Request
The Agency request for this budget subactivity is $43,000,000 for the Abatement,
Control and Compliance appropriation, an increase of 59,400,000 from 1980. This
reflects a decrease of $2,000,000 for solid waste management grants to States, due to
the 5-year phase out of Federal financial assistance under Subtitle D of RCRA, An
increase of 511,400,000 is requested' for hazardous waste management grants to States
for Subtitle C implementation.
Program Description
This subactivity provides financial assistance to State governments for developing
and implementing hazardous and non-hazardous waste management programs under Subtitles
C and D of RCRA. Financial assistance is also provided to local government for resource
and energy recovery projects. The following program elements comprise this subactivity.
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programs must oe cdpaaie OT receiviny auutur i LC., \\i\\ unuer ouuuii-ie %.
-------
In late 193D, States will be able to receive interim authorization. This -will
allow States to operate programs that provide substantially the same degree of protection
as the Federal program, during the period they are developing programs caoable of
receiving final authorization.
Interim authorization will occur in two phases. This will enable States to continue
preparation of necessary legislation and regulations prior to promulgation of the entire
Federal Subtitle C regulator)' program. Phase I will cover generator and transporter
requirements and preliminary facility standards. Phase II will cover permitting of
hazardous waste treatment, storage and disposal facilities. States may receive interim
authorization beginning six months after the promulgation of the Section 3001 regulations.
States may receive interim authorization for phase II after the Section 3004 technical
standards are promulgated. Interim authorization for both parts extends for 24 months
beyond the earliest date Phase II begins. During this period, States will upgrade
their programs to qualify for final authorization. States are expected to seek
authorization for both phases.
In general, in order to receive interim authorization for either phase a State
program should have;
- legislative authority adequate for the .State to carry out its responsibility
for that phase;
regulations in effect necessary to implement the requirements of that phase;
- control over a substantial majority of hazardous wastes generated, transported,
treated, stored and disposed of in the State.;
- capacity to inspect, monitor, and reauire recordkeeping, reporting and
monitoring in order to determine compliance with the requirements of that phase;
- enforcement capabilities that are adequate to ensure compliance with the
requirements of that phase; and
- adequate resources to administer and enforce the requirements of that phase.
For those States unwilling or unable to obtain authorization, EPA is required to
operate a Federal program. At the discretion of the Administrator, unobligated grant
funds remaining after negotiation with the States in a Region, and funds for which no
grant application has been received, may be used to meet the costs of a required Federal
program in any State not applying for, or which has been denied interim or final authorization.
1980 Explanation for Changes from Budget Estimate
There was no change.
1981 Plan
EPA requests a total of $30,000,000 under this program for Abatement, Control and
Compliance. This reflects an increase of $11,400,000 over the 1980 level.
In 1981, the interim authorization period will still be in effect. States will
continue to receive financial assistance for their efforts toward develooing and
implementing hazardous waste management programs. States that are ineligible for
authorization in 1981 can still be funded to develop a program eligible for future
SW-33
-------
Only those States totally divorcing themselves from the program will not qualify
for grant funds. EPA will continue to use unobligated funds "0 operate Federal programs
for these unauthorized States.
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT GRANTS TO STATES
1979 Accomplishments
Grants totalling $11,138,300 were awarded In 1979. The 1979 congressional add-on
of $4 million was not obligated in 1979, but will be used by the States in 1930. In
1979, States continued to develop comprehensive solid waste management plans which
would meet the six requirements under Section 4003 of RC.RA.. The States also continued
drafting and supporting passage of legislation and implementing regulations to provide
an adequate regulatory base to assume their responsibilities under RCRA concerning non-
haza^dous waste. This includes regulations governing new municipal and industrial
waste disposal sites; rlght-of-entry for orr-site industrial waste disposal; site
monitoring and inspection requirements; compliance scheduling; removal of long-term
contract prohibitions; and administrative and judicial enforcement mechanisms.
States also continued to gather background information on the location, ownership
and other pertinent data of solid waste disposal sites. The development of appeal and
other administrative procedures was also initiated in 1979. These pre-inventory
activities are pertinent and necessary in order to effectively initiate the inventory
program. They will enable the States to develop a good data base identifying all of
the facilities within their jurisdiction and the facilities needing to be evaluated
each year.
1980 Program
The total current estimate for this program is 510,000,000 in new obligation
authority for Abatement., Control and Compliance. An additional $4 million will be
available in 1979 carryover funds. EPA will continue to encourage the development and
implementation of strong State programs to oversee and regulate non-hazardous waste.
Since the enactment of RCP.A, many States have appreciably strengthened their capacity
to assume such responsibilities under the Act.
EPA will work with the States to develop a long-term financial base resting on
user charges. Therefore, beginning in 1980, Federal financial assistance will be phased-
out over a 5-year period. This will require that States use grant funds during 1930
through 1984 for only the highest priorities under Subtitle D of RCRA -- completion of
an inventory of all solid waste disposal sites to determine whether they should be
classified as open dumps (and therefore be closed or upgraded) or as sanitary landfills;
completion of a comprehensive State solid waste management plan; and development and
implementation of State regulatory programs for the management of all non-hazardous waste.
In 1980, the inventory of solid waste disposal sites will be given highest priority.
Since such an inventory is very resource intensive, a majority of the grant funds will
be used for this purpose. EPA will insure that at least 50 to 75 percent of the 1980
allotments to each State is used for this purpose. The remaining funds should support
the other high priority activities.
1980 Explanation for Changes from Budget Estimate
There was no change.
SW-34
-------
EPA requests-a total of 53,000,0.00 under this program for Abatement, Control and
Compliance. This reflects e decrease of 52,000,000 over the 1980 level, due to the
5-year phase out of Federal financial assistance under Subtitle 0 of RCRA.
In 1981, States will continue to conduct the inventory of solid waste disposal
sites, and have ah on-going program to classify such sites. There should also be a
marked increase in the number of States completing comorenensive solid waste management
plans, and passing legislation and implementing regulations covering non-hazardous
waste. EPA will also continue to work with the States in developing user-charges as a
means of financing activities within their solid waste management program.
LOCAL RESOURCE RECOVERY FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE
197° Accomplishments
Grants totalling $6,550,900 were awarded in 1979. EPA selected 58 local governments
from 205 applicants for-award under the President's Urban Policy grant orogram, for-
feasibility studies and other project development activities leading to implementation
of resource and energy recovery systems. The program*s major initiatives are to overcome
one of the major barriers to resource recovery implementation -- inadequate funding ^or
planning activities and have a positive economic and labor impact on urban areas.
The 63 projects finally awarded represent nearly 10 percent of the U.S. municipal
solid waste stream. They also represent a total potential construction cost of over
S4 billion and will provide more than 2,000 jobs. Fifty-six (56) are directly related
to energy recovery. The remaining seven are related to source separation activities.
In 1979, EPA began assisting applicants in developing comprehensive workscopes,
closely monitored their progress in initiating activities, and provided grantees with
in-house and contractor support as problems arose. Thus., with both financial and
technical assistance, the rate of resource recovery project implementation will be
accelerated by avoiding delays caused by decision-making errors and inadequate informa-
tion, and by enabling those communities with limited funds and high potential for
success to investigate the feasibility of resource recovery.
1980 Program
The total current estimate for this program is $10,000,000 for Abatement, Control
and Compliance. EPA will continue to provide grant funding to those communities selected
in 1979. The selected communities may use the funds to perform any of the following
type activities necessary to successfully implement a resource or energy recovery
system: waste stream and market .surveys; financial analyses; selection of procurement,
technology and financing options; analysis and design of necessary ordinances or
legislation; site selection; public participation; preparation and evaluation of bids;
and finalizing contracts for systems, markets and waste supply.
In 1980, EPA will continue to monitor the progress of grantees. Along with
providing additional grant funds, EPA will use a portion of the funds for contractor
assistance on technical management of the grants and on evaluating the overall program.
1980 Explanation for Changes from Budget Estimate
The Congress reduced the Agency's request by $3,950,000.
SW-35
-------
Compliance. This renresents the same .amount as in 1980. In 1981, EPA will provide
additional funds to grantees, enabling them to complete their final program phases.
SW-36
-------
o(.rat-cy ieb impi emendation
Appropriation
Original Revised
Estimate Estimate
1981 1981
(dollard in thousands)
President's
Reduction
Hazardous Waste Mgtnt
Regulatory Strategy
Implementation:
Salaries and Expenses ,
Abatement, Control
and Compl iance.
Solid Waste Management
Program Implementation:
Salaries and Expenses .. ,
Abatement, Control
and Compl iance.
Salaries and Expenses
Abatement, Control
and Compl iance.
Grand Total ,
$9,052
3,018
1,078
15
10,130
3,033
13,163
$9,004
3,018
1,071
15
10,075
3,033
13,108
-$48
-7
-55
-55
-------
Page Intentionally Blank
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SOLID WASTE
Waste Management Strategies Implementation
Appropriation
Hazardous Waste Mgmt
Regulatory Strategy
Implementation:
Salaries and Expenses...
Abatement, Control
and Compl iance ....
Solid Waste Management
Program Implementation:
Salaries and Expenses...
Abatement, Control
and Compliance
Total:
Salaries and Expenses...
Abatement, Control
and Compliance ....
Qrand Total......
Permanent Positions
Hazardous Waste Management
Regulatory Strategies.....
Solid Waste Program
Total
Full Time Equivalency
Hazardous Waste
Regulatory Strategy.....
Solid Waste Management
Program Implementation....
Total..
Actual
1979
$1,373
96
993
10
2,366
106
2,472
58
37
95
56
36
92
Budget
Estimate
1980
$2,443
...
1,109
* * *
3,552
... *
3 552
89
40
129
88
43
131
Current
Estimate
1980
(dollars in
$2,369
100
1,256
15
3,625
115
3 740
81
41
122
86
45
131
Estimate
1981
thousands)
$9,052
3 ,-018
1,078
15
10,130
3,033
13 163
227
35
262
275
38
313
Increase +
Decrease -
1981 vs 1980
+56,683
' + 2,918
178
* * .
+6,505
+2 ^918
+9 423
+ 146
6
j- 140
+ 189
7
+ 182
-------
Budget Request
The resources requested for this budget subaetivity are 513,163,800 and 262 permanent
workyears. This includes a total of $10,130,000 for Salaries and Expenses and 53,033,000
for Abatement, Control and Compliance, with an increase of 56,505,000 and $2.918,000,
respectively. This also includes an increase of 140 positions. The increase provides
for regional implementation of a hazardous waste management system in unauthorized
States; issuance of permits to hazardous waste treatment, storage and disposal facilities
in unauthorized States using "Best Engineering Judgement" standards; and technical
support and oversight of authorized States.
Program Description
The objectives of the regional office solid waste management program are to implement
regulations, guidelines and polices as required under Subtitles C and D of RCRA; and to
develop regional, State and local programs for resource conservation and recovery. The
following program elements comprise this subaetivity:
Hazardous Haste Management This program element includes activities that will
increase the ability of States to receive authorization for implementing hazardous waste
management programs under Subtitle C of RCRA. RCRA mandates EPA to authorize States
that develop and implement hazardous waste management programs substantially equivalent
to the Federal hazardous waste program. The EPA regions will work closely with States
to develop programs that meet all the federally mandated requirements. For States
unwilling or unable to obtain authorization, EPA will operate a Federal program.
Solid Waste Implementation This program element includes activities that will
increase the ability of States to implement solid waste management programs under
Subtitle D of RCRA. The EPA regions will be responsible for managing the RCRA mandated
solid waste disposal site inventory. The EPA regions will also provide assistance to
States in developing comprehensive solid waste management plans, and in developing and
implementing non-hazarous waste regulatory programs. Management of local resources
recovery grants under the President's Urban Policy program is also provided.
HAZARDOUS HASTE MANAGEMENT
1979 AcompHshments
In 1979, obligations totalled $1,468,900; the regions' major activity was in assisting
and monitoring the development of State legislation, regulations and other requirements
necessary to qualify for Federal authorization (interim and final). The regions also
began strengthening their capabilities to implement a Subtitle C hazardous waste
management program in States unwilling or unable to obtain Federal authorization.
The second highest priority during, 1979 was responding to hazardous waste emergencies
and imminent hazards. Specifically, the regions analyzed suspect situations, conducted
technical evaluations to determine the extent of damage, and provided recommendations
for cleanup and disposal as needed. The regions cooperated with the Office of Enforcement,
which determined appropriate legal actions to take in response to such emergencies. (This
activity will be covered in the "Uncontrolled Hazardous Waste Sites" subaetivity in 1980
and beyond).
SW-38
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1980 Program
The total current estimate for this program is 81 permanent workyears and $2,459,100,
of which $2,369,100 is for Salaries and Expenses and 5100,000 is for Abatement, Control
and Compliance.
In 1980, the EPA regions will continue to work closely with the States in developing
and strengthening their hazardous waste management programs to qualify for interim
authorization, this will include helping States to establish a base program that is
substantially equivalent to the Federal hazardous waste program, and to develop the
application packages required for interim authorization.
The regions will also continue strengthening their own capability to implement
hazardous waste programs in unauthorized States. This is especially critical with
regard to permitting of hazardous waste facilities. Since EPA does not have the
knowledge base to promulgate national design standards for disposal facilities, EPA
will be required to issue permits based on "Best Engineering Judgement". This will
require technical evaluation of permits on almost a case-by-case basis, significantly
increasing the regional workload. In order to initiate a credible permitting program
immediately after promulgation of Subtitle C, EPA regions will need to begin hiring and
training a permit evaluation staff in 1980 to assume this responsibility.
EPA will initiate the Subtitle C implementation process in mid-1930, by mailing
out notification forms to individuals and firms believed to be Involved in hazardous
waste management activities. EPA regions will be responsible for receiving and processing
these forms in late 1980, as well as issuing notices of interim permit status to all
notifiers.
1980 Explanation of Changes from Budget Estimate
The net increase of 126,200 results ^rom several actions. An increase of $87,200
results from the cost of the October 1979 pay raise and is included in a proposed
supplemental appropriation. A congressional reduction of $2 million to Agency travel
costs and $1 million to ADP costs resulted in a decrease of $12,100 and $2,600,
respectively. An overall reprogramming throughout the Agency to provide sufficient
salary funds to cover authorized workyears resulted in an increase of $210,300 to this
activity.
Regional renrogrammings were made to cover projected costs based on 1979 expenditures
and resulted in a reprogramming within the solid waste media of $193,800 to other
activities; $11,200 to the air media; $12,500 to the water quality media; $9,500 from
drinking water activities; $18,200 to the noise media; and $30,400 to the toxic substance
media.
1981 Plan
EPA requests a total of 227 permanent workyears and $12,069,900, of which $9,051,500
is for Salaries and Expenses and 53,018,400 is for Abatement, Control and Compliance.
This reflects an increase of 146 positions and $9,600,800 over the 1980 level.
In 1981, EPA regions will begin the interim authorization process. This will
include reviewing State authorization packages prior to authorization to ensure all
SW-39
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negotiated with each State by the regions.
The regions will also oversee these States while they continue to work toward
qualifying for final authorization. Regional oversight activities will include monitoring
States' program authorization status; ensuring compliance with the interim standards;
reviewing State progress reports; and identifying and resolving problem areas that
arise during implementation. The State permitting process will be monitored, including
reviewing 10 percent of State issued facility permits and conducting site inspections
of 10 percent of State facilities.
The implementation of hazardous waste management programs in unauthorized States
will begin in 1981. Regional responsibilities will include answering questions and
resolving problems of generators, transporters, and facilities concerning the Subtitle C
regulations; installing data processing and analysis systems to receive and analyze
annual reports from facilities; and closely monitoring compliance with the manifest
system's reporting requirements and interim permit standards. This information will
help EPA identify implementation problems and set priorities for permitting.
In 1981, the Agency and States will inaugurate a 5-year program to permit an
estimated 30,000 hazardous waste treatment, storage and disposal facilities nationwide.
The increase requested for 1981 will provide resources for the EPA regions to begin
the permit issuance process -using "Best Engineering Judgement" (BEJ) standards.
States and EPA regional offices will issue, on almost a case-by-case basis, best
engineering judgement permits against performance standards under Section 3004. The
BEJ regulatory approach will require individual technical evaluations and will increase
the number of formal public hearings for permits. The resources under this program
element will be used to conduct the detailed technical review of the permit applications,
while resources requested under hazardous wastes enforcement will provide legal review,
administrative support and analysis of routine technical problems.
The $3,018,400 in extramural resources requested will fund contractors to provide
technical support in evaluating permit applications. The resources requested under
this program and the enforcement program will enable EPA to isssue the estimated 7500
permits in unauthorized States over a 6-year period. If fewer States accept the program,
additional EPA resources may be required or the length of the permit period will
increase. In addition, as BEJ standards are refined and national design standards
developed, initial BEJ permits may need to be revised, requiring additional EPA resources.
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
1979 Accompli shments
In 1979, the regions assisted States in assuming their responsibilities under
Subtitle D of RCRA. Specifically, the ,regions received and commented on State
comprehensive solid waste management plans. Assistance was also provided in preparing
for the RCRA mandated inventory of land disposal sites. This involved assessing State
legislative bases and examining State regulations against the Federal landfill criteria,
reviewing the necessary appeal and other administrative procedures, and recommending
areas where further State action was needed before conducting the inventory.
SW-40
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The regions also began administering and managing the 63 Urban Policy resource
recovery grants within their jurisdictions by helping grantees in refining their
workscopes.
1980 Program
The current estimate for this program element is 41 permanent workyears and
$1,271,300 of which $1,256,300 is for Salaries and Expenses and $15,000 is for Abatement,
Control and Compliance.
In 1980, the regions will negotiate, award, and oversee State Subtitle D grants. A primary
reponsibility will be to ensure funds are directed to only the highest priority
activities. The regions will need to be certain that States direct .-at least 50 to 75
percent of their allotment to the land disposal site inventory. Regions will manage the
inventory process beginning in 1980.
Regional assistance will be provided as States begin developing and implementing
regulatory powers for disposal of non-hazardous waste. This will involve assessing
regulatory needs and providing support and advice in drafting legislation. Regional
oversight will also be provided as States begin establishing resource conservation and
recovery programs.
The initiation of State/EPA agreements under RCRA, the Clean Water Act and the Safe
Drinking Water Act will begin in 1980. EPA personnel under this program element will
support this process by planning, implementing and managing the agreements as they relate
to solid waste. This will provide an interpreted and consistent approach to solving
pollution problems covered under the above programs. The regions will be.involved in
negotiating agreements with the States, coordinating them with other EPA and State
programs, and monitoring them after approval.
The President's Urban Policy Program of local resource recovery grants will continue
to be managed by the regions.
1980 Explanation of Changes from Budget Estimate
The net increase of $162,600 results from several actions. An increase of S48.400
results from the cost of the October 1979 pay raise and is included in a proposed
supplemental appropriation. A congressional reduction of $2 million each to Agency
travel costs and supplies and expenses resulted in a decrease of $3,600 and $600,
respectively. An overall reprogramming throughout the Agency to provide sufficient
salary funds to cover authorized workyears resulted in an increase of $42,100 to this
activity.
Regional reprogrammings were made to cover projected costs based on 1979 expenditures
and resulted in a reprogramming of $73,500 within the solid waste media from other
activities; $4,500 from the drinking water media; and $3,300 from the water quality media.
SW-41
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EPA requests a total of 35 permanent workyears and $1,093,100, of which $1,078,100
is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and 515,000 is for the Abatement, Control
and Compliance appropriation. This reflects a decrease of 6 permanent workyears and
$178,200 from the 1980 level.
In conjunction with EPA's phase-out of Federal financial assistance under Subtitle D
of RCRA, the regions will concentrate primarily on helping States work toward implementing
adequate and self supporting programs covering non-hazardous waste. This will involve
helping States complete solid waste management plans, and pass legislation and implementing
regulations. A large part of this effort will require the regions to negotiate and monitor
State/EPA agreements, in order to ensure the programs are properly implemented. The
regions will also work with States in developing user charges as a means of financing
solid waste management programs when Federal funds are no longer available.
Regional management of the land disposal site inventory will continue during 1981.
The information gathered will be forwarded to headquarters for additional installment in
the published inventory.
The regions will continue to manage and provide support under the President's
Urban Policy Program, as grantees move toward completing feasibility studies of resource
and energy recovery systems for their communities.
SW-42
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Appropriation
Technical Information
Development:
Salaries and Expenses..
Abatement, Control and
Compliance
Solid Waste Technical
Assistance Delivery/
Headquarters;
Salaries and Expenses.,
Abatement, Control and
Compliance
lid Waste Technical
si stance Delivery/
Regions:
Salaries and Expenses..
Abatement, Control and
Compliance
Total:
Salaries and Expenses
Abatement, Control and
Compliance
Grand Total
Original
Estimate
1981
$1,094
600
120
4,494
386
Revised
Estimate
.19.81.
(dollars in thousnads)
President's
Reduction
1,600
5,094
$1,090
600
119
4,494
384
1,593
5,094
-54
-1
6,694
6,687
-7
-------
Page Intentionally Blank
-------
Actual
1979
Appropriation
Technical Information
Development:
Salaries,and Expenses.. $899
Abatement, Control and'
Compliance 593
Solid Waste Technical
Assi stance Del 1 very/
Headquarters:
Salaries and Expenses., 396
Abatement, Control and
Compliance 2,449
Solid Waste Technical
Assistance Delivery/
Regions:
Salaries and Expenses.. 572
Abatement, Control and
Compliance
Total:
Salaries and Expenses.. 1,867
Abatement, Control and
Compliance 3,042
Grand Total... 4,909
Permanent Positions
Technical Information
Development 13
Solid Waste Technical
Assistance Delivery/
Headquarters 12
Solid Waste Technical
Assi stance Delivery/
Regions , 22
Total 47
Budget
Estimate
1980
Current
Estimate
1980
Estimate
1981
Tdollars in thousands;
31,065
2,967
517
4,549
10
18
$968
780
121
3,139
514
10
19
51,094
600
120
4,494
336
1,600
5,094
6,694
10
13
Increase +
Decrease -
1981 vs. 1980
+S126
-180
-1
+1,355
-128
-6
37
32
26
-6
SW-43
-------
Full-time Equivalency
Technical Information
Development 22 17 17 16 -1
Solid Waste Technical
Assistance Delivery/Head-
quarters.. 14 10 4 4
Solid Waste Technical
Assistance Delivery/
Regions 23 19 20 15 ^L
Total 59 46 41 35 -6
Budget Request
The resources requested for this budget subactivity are $6,693,800 and 26 permanent work-
years. This includes a total of $1,600,000 for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and
$5,093,800 for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation, with a decrease of 54,000
and an increase of $1,175,000, respectively. The amount requested in this budget would pro-
vide technical assistance funds of $5 million rather than 20« percent of the RCRA request.
An appropriation language change has been submitted for this change.
Program Description
Funding under the subactivity enables EPA to provide States and local governments with a
comprehensive technical assistance program on solid and hazardous waste management and resr
conservation and recovery. EPA is also able to manage a participatory public education an
information program, as well as develop and provide technical information concerning RCRA
regulations, guidelines and programs. Section 20.06(b) of RCRA mandates EPA to establish
Technical Assistance Panels for the purpose of providing technical assistance to States, local
governments, and Federal agencies upon request. These panels consist of experts from EPA, State
and local officials (under the peer matching program), consultants under contract to EPA, or any
other individuals serving voluntarily. Peer matching uses officials from one community to help
another community solve a problem with which they have had similar experience.
The management of the Technical Assistance Panels program and implementation of a RCRA
orientation training program are also Included. The following program elements comprise
this subactivity.
Technical Information Development This program element includes the management of hearings,
meetings and other public participation activities necessary in the development of all regula-
tions, guidelines and programs under RCRA. Management of RCRA orientation training courses
for new Federal and State employees will be provided. EPA's management of a participatory
public education and information program on solid waste management issues, and preparation,
publication and dissemination of reports to Congress and the President and other publications
.are also included.
Technical Assistance- Regional Offices This program element includes regional management of
the Technical Assistance Panels program for States and local governments and delivery of techni-
cal assistance by regional personnel.
Technical Assistance - Headquarters This program element includes national program management
by EPA headquarters in establishing regional level-of-effort contracts for technical assistance
and in managing an evaluation reporting system of the technical assistance provided. Management
and monitoring of peer matching technical assistance grants is also included.
CI.I-jl/1
-------
1979 Accomplishments
In 1979, extramural expenditures under this program element included a congressional
add-on of $100,000 for an academic training program. Four universities were awarded grants
under this program to develop and teach innovative model courses on hazardous waste mana-
gement.
EPA published Final Regulations on Public Participation in Programs under the Resource
Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), Clean Water Act (CWA), and Safe Drinking Water Act
(SDWA). These regulations replaced the Interim Guidelines for Public Participation in
Solid Waste Management. Thirteen (13) public hearings and six public meetings were held
in 1979 on proposed RCRA regulations, guidelines and programs under development.
The 4-year public education program on RCRA implementation, Waste Alert.', was success-
fully begun 1979. Citizen fear of hazardous waste sites is the basis of opposition to
new hazardous waste facility siting and has become a major problem of waste management.
This program has begun to enhance public understanding of the various components of the
problem, and create support for regulatory programs to deal with hazardous and solid
waste siting, disposal and recovery. Five citizen education grants were awarded in
1979, and these grantees developed, organized and managed four regional Haste Alert!
conferences.
In response to approximately 17,000 requests from the public, over 790,000 techni-
cal and public information documents were distributed. EPA prepared and published 254
new information projects, including reports to Congress and the President, journal
articles, news releases, technical reports and graphic presentations. The Agency also
completed development of an orientation training workshop for new Federal and State
employees involved in all aspects of solid waste management.
1980 Program
The total current estimate for this program element is 10 permanent workyears and
$1,748,400, of which $968,400 is for Salaries and Expenses and $780,000 is for Abate-
ment, Control and Compliance. In 1980, EPA will continue to manage public participation
activities, providing an open process of government and promoting public awareness
and comment in the course of making decisions on RCRA programs. This will include 10
public hearings and meetings on RCRA regulations, guidelines and programs in 1980.
The 4-year public education program, Maste^Alert!, will enter its second year.
The initial two years are focusing on identifying and educating citizen leaders, deve-
loping proposals for implementing public participation under RCRA at the State level,
planning for State Waste Alert! conferences, and identifying State action groups for
participation in such conferences. Six additional regional conferences will be held
in 1980.
The orientation training workshop, aimed at enhancing the ability of new Federal
and State employees to assume their responsibilities under RCRA, will be scheduled.
The preparation, publication and distribution of information materials will con-
tinue, particularly as implementation of the Subtitle C program begins. EPA plans
to distribute an additional 800,000 copies of technical and public information docu-
ments to the public. Approximately 250 new solid waste information projects will be
prepared and published during the year.
SW-45
-------
mental appropriation. A congressional increase of $1.5 minion to academic training
resulted in an increase of 590,000 to this activity. An overall reprogrammingthroughout
the agency to provide sufficient salary funds to cover authorized workyears resulted in
a decrease of $8,200 to this activity..
A reprogramming of 5183,900 was made within the solid waste media, from hazardous
waste regulations, guidelines and policies, to .cover projected costs as based on 1979
expeditures. A reprogramming of 5400,000 was made within the solid waste media, from
hazardous waste regulations, guidelines and policies to fund the I'Jaste Alert> program( a
citizen education program for hazardous waste.
1981 Plan
EPA requests a total of 10 permanent workyears and $1,693,800 under this program
element, of which $1,093,800 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation .and $600,000
is for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. This reflects a decrease
of 554,600 from the 1980 level.
Public participation in RCRA programs will continue in 1981, including public
hearings and meetings on all regulations, guidelines and programs. Management of the
orientation training workshops will continue to be provided, including the periodic up-
dating of course material such as training manuals.
The public education program, Haste Alert!, will continue into its third year.
Waste Alert*, .conferees will begin forming coalitions and serve as a corps to help citizens
at the local level understand solid waste management projects and issues, such as land-
fill siting, resource recovery and the problems of abandoned waste sites. Citizens in
all 50 States will ultimately be involved in shaping national, State and local programs
and policies concerning waste management.
The preparation, publication and distribution of information documents and reports
is expected to continue at the 1980 level of output.
TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE DELIVERY - REGIONAL OFFICES
1979 Accomplishments
In 1979, obligations totalled $571,700. EPA regions continued operation of the
Technical Assistance Panels program, in order to meet the RCRA mandate of providing
State and local governments within their jurisdictions with technical assistance on all
aspects of solid waste management. In 1979, EPA regions responded to 288 requests through
the use of regional personnel (62), contractors (136), and peer matching (90).
In 1979, the Panels program began providing an increasingly wider scope of technical
assistance than in the past. As an example, hazardous waste management requests increased
from 15 percent to 23 percent of the requests for technical assistance in 1979. Further
increases are expected with promulgation of the Subtitle C regulations. This program
has been highly successful in supplying information for rational decision-making at the
State and local level, thereby expediting the implementation of waste management programs
by one to three years. Two examples of such assistance in 19:79 were:
SW-46
-------
seminar WIN provide itaze ana local decision-makers with up-to-date and comprehen-
sive information on the benefits of this disposal alternative, including technologies.
procurement strategies and financing opportunities.
- The Minnesota Pollution Control Authority received technical assistance in developing
alternative solutions to problems of soil and groundwater contamination at four
hazardous waste sites. Through the Panels program existing data on the sites was
analyzed and recommendations for remedial action and follow-on monitoring were pre-
sented.
1980 Program
The total current estimate for this program element is 19 permanent workyears and
5514,400 for Salaries and Expenses. The program wi"ll_remain structured to include indivi-
dual consultant contracts for each regional office. This support and the other services
enable each region to maintain comprehensive coverage of its jurisdiction's needs. These
services will act as a catalyst for States and local governments as they begin to implement
their responsibilities under Subtitles C and D of RCRA, such as the inventory of all solid
waste disposal sites and State hazardous waste management program development and implemen-
tation.
This assignment of primary responsibility for provision of technical assistance to the
regions has become increasingly significant, as unique regional. State, and local differences
and needs are encountered. EPA realizes that the regions are more familiar with the
specific waste management problems of its jurisdiction and can better integrate the Panels
program with the development of RCRA's regulatory programs.
1980 Explanation of Changes from Budget Estimate
The net decrease of 52,300 results from several actions. An increase of $20,400
results from the cost of the October 1979 pay raise and is included in a proposed supple-
mental appropriation. A congressional reduction of $2 [pillion to Agency travel costs
resulted in a decrease of $3,300. An overall reprogramming throughout the agency to
provide sufficient salary funds to cover authorized workyears resulted in an increase of
$2,700 to this activity.
Regional reprogrammings within the solid waste media resulted in a transfer of $20,300
to other activities; a transfer of $6,700 to the air media; and $4,900 from the water
quality media.
1981 Plan
EPA requests a total of 19 permanent workyears and $386,500 under this program for the
Salaries and Expenses appropriation. This reflects a decrease of $127,900 from the 1980
level.
The resources will enable EPA regions to continue coordinating and administering the
delivery of technical assistance through the RCRA mandated Panels program. This will
include receiving and responding to minor technical assistance inquiries, reviewing and
evaluating requests for assistance, selecting modes of assistance and developing work-
scopes. Technical assistance will continue to be provided through contractor, peer
matching and EPA regional personnel.
EPA will also use Older Americans, IPAs and other special employment categories that
do not affect the Agency's ceiling. They wi-11 participate in the management and actual pro-
vision of technical assistance in each region.
SW-47
-------
In 1979, obligations totalled $2,345,300, of which 52,448,900 was for extramural pur-
poses. EPA headquarters awarded funds to 10 regional contracts and 6 public interest groups
for peer matching services under the RCRA mandated Technical Assistance Panels program. EPA
headquarters policy was to provide direct technical assistance on all aspects of solid
waste management only when regional personnel, consultants or peer matching was either in-
sufficiently developed or unable to respond in a timely manner.
EPA developed and issued a regional projects officer's guidance document, revised a
document explaining the Panels'program to State and local officials, and issued a summary
report of 1978 Panels program activities.
1980Program
The total current estimate for this program element is 3 permanent workyears and
53,260,000 of which 5121,200 is for Salaries and Expenses and $3,138,800 is for Abatement,
Control and Compliance. By 1980, the regions will have fully developed their own exper-
tise in all areas of solid waste .management potentially needing technical assistance.
However, EPA headquarters will continue to be responsible for managing the Technical
Assistance Panels program nationally. National management will ensure consistency of
the overall program among the regions, provide a mechanism for the development and
distribution of general policy and guidance documents, and provide the regions with a
central contact point for providing input into the program.
EPA will award 10 new level-of-effort'contracts in 1980. These contracts will
provide for quicker response to client communities, will be easier to administer, and
will have lower cost per effort due to less contractor paperwork in processing requests.
Six public interest group peer matching grants will be awarded and monitored, arid the
overall Panels program will be evaluated.
1980 ExplanationofChanges from Budget Estimate
The net increase of 5292,300 results from several actions. An increase of 54,500
results from the cost of the October 1979 pay raise and is included in a proposed supple-
mental appropriation. An overall reprogramming throughout the agency to provide suffi-
cient salary funds to cover authorized workyears resulted in a decrease of 569,500 to
this activity.
A reprogramming of 5400,000 was made within the solid waste media from hazardous
waste regulations, guidelines and policies for contracts related to the development and
implementation of Office of Solid Waste's hazardous waste regulations. Also, a repro-
gramming of $42,700 was made within the solid waste media to hazardous waste regulations,
guidelines and policies to cover increased hazardous waste activities.
1981 Plan
EPA requests a total of 3 permanent workyears and $4,613,500 under this program element,
of which $119,700 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $4,493,300 is for the
Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. This reflects an increase of $1,353,500
over the 1980 level.
In 1981, national management of the Technical Assistance Panels program will continue
to be provided. This will include negotiating, awarding and monitoring consultant contracts
and public interest group peer matching grants; conducting reporting and recordkeeping
activities; and evaluating the overall program to enable EPA to ascertain the effectiveness
and responsiveness of the various technical assistance provided.
SW-48
-------
Appropriation
Salaries and
Expenses
Abatement, Control
and Compl iance
Total
Original
Estimate
1981
(dollars
$1,737
16,570
18.307
Revised
Estimate President's
1981 Reduction
in thousands)
$1,733 - -$4
16,570
18.303 ~4
-------
Page Intentionally Blank
-------
Uncontrolled Hazardous Waste Sites
Actual
1979
Budget
Estimate
1980
Current
Estimate
1980
Estimate
1-981
(dollars in thousands!
Appropriation
Salaries and
Expenses
Abatement, Control
and Compliance
Total........
Permanent Positions.
Full-time Equivalency
Budget Request
Increase +
Decrease -
1981 vs. 1980
+$1,178
+33
+1,211
+2
+2
The Agency requests 518,307,000 and 19 permanent workyears for this .sub-activity in
1981, an increase of $1,211,400. Included in this request are $1,736,500 for the Salaries
and Expenses appropriation and 516,570,000 for the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation. A portion of the increase is to cover purchase of special equipment for
emergency response and investigative work by regional offices. This special equipment
is necessary because the highly toxic nature of the wastes encountered requires specialized
field handling and protective equipment such as an activated carbon treatment trailer and
mobile stream diversion systems. This subactivity, when combined with the resources requested
under the "Hazardous Waste Enforcement" subactivity, define the total Agency resources
directly committed to the uncontrolled hazardous waste sites problem.
Program Description
The uncontrolled hazardous waste site program is an interim program to address the
worst known problems associated with uncontrolled hazardous waste sites. The interim
strategy encompasses site discovery actions, investigations to determine the potentially
most serious sites, emergency assistance and containment of those sites where eligible
under Section 311 of the Clean Water Act of 1977 or through enforcement actions. This
interim approach will only bridge the gap until "Superfund" legislation is enacted and is
not intended to be a major program of cleanup or containment in advance of funds and
authorities available under the proposed new legislation.
The primary objective of the program is to eliminate threats to public health and
welfare and ecologically sensitive areas from uncontrolled hazardous waste sites. Rough
preliminary estimates reveal that there may be 30,000 to 50,000 sites containing hazardous
wastes, of which 1,200-2,000 may present potentially significant problems. To date, EPA
and the States have merely "scratched the surface" of the hazardous waste site problem.
Only a small number of these sites have been inventoried and the extent of risks posed
by them is in most cases still unknown. Current authority limits remedial measures to
spill response actions and restricts enforcement action to those sites which pose an
"imminent and substantial" danger to public health and the environment. Because of this
limited authority, actual and potential damage to public health from these sites has gone
unabated in the past. Prior to the presently developing interim strategy, Federal action
against the dangers of uncontrolled hazardous waste sites was largely a response to chance
discovery of such a site and/or the development of an emergency situation that threatened
or actually exposed people to harm or injury.
SW-49
-------
formed primarily by contract personnel); (2) to assess the degree of hazard at sites; and *
(3-) to provide all possible support to EPA enforcement officials in developing and prosecuting
cases against culpable persons.
1980 Program
In 1980, the Agency has allocated a total of $17,095,100 and 17 permanent workyears
to this program, of which $558,100 is for Salaries and Expenses and $16,537,000 is for
extramural purposes under the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. Additional
resources for this program are provided by the Office of Enforcement and the Office of
Research and Development.
The uncontrolled hazardous waste site program was developed in late 1979 as a result
of an EPA task force study on an "Agencywide Hazardous Waste Site Enforcement and Response
System". The interim plan resulting from this study was presented as a 1980 budget amend-
ment to Congress for $20 million and was appropriated by Congress at the end of the fiscal
year. During 1979, a substantial number of serious health threats from past practices of
indiscriminate disposal of highly toxic hazardous wastes were discovered. The effects of
the uncontrolled waste disposal sites ranged from contamination of surface and ground
waters, including drinking water supplies, to fish and wildlife kills, vegetation destruc-
tion, threats to public safety because of fires or explosions, and direct exposure and
injury as happened at Love Canal, EPA's response is primarily through enforcement actions
using the emergency authority of Section 311 until passage of "superfund."
During 1980, the uncontrolled hazardous waste site program w.ill begin to implement
the interim strategy as delineated in the June 27, 1979, and November 27, 1979, memoranda
from EPA's Deputy Administrator. This strategy is based on the policies established during
1979 and includes on site identification and discovery, field investigations, emergency
response, and enforcement actions.
The 1980 program relies extensively on contractor support included under this sub-
activity to provide dedicated field investigative personnel to the regions, the National
Enforcement Investigation Center (NEIC), and the Environmental Response Team (ERT), and to
perform site identification, investigation and enforcement case preparation. The contrac-
tor will also provide other non-dedicated services such as drilling sample wells, retaining
expert consultants such as epidemiologists, and procuring engineering services to determine
remedial measures. The $16.5 million in contracts will include a $7-$8 million field in-
vestigation contract, which should be awarded by February 1980, and a $8-S9 million series
of chemical analysis contracts for analyzing samples obtained during the site investigations.
An additional contract will be awarded to manage and control the shipment of samples to and
from the regional offices and the laboratories. It is projected that the program will con-
duct, throuah the national contract, preliminary investigations on 500 sites, full investiga-
tions on 70 sites and support for enforcement-cases against 35 sites. It is estimated that
?^SS8=lnf?lfs wil1 be ana1yzed for organics,inorganics and heavy metals by the contracted
I oDO.i QtOrI SS """
The overall "Hazardous Waste Site Management Information System" will be implemented in
1980, as defined in the November 9, 1979, memorandum of the EPA Deputy Administrator. The
system is designed to provide a consistent framework for regional decision making by deve-
loping and documenting the Information available on each site from the point of initial
identification through the investigation, cleanup and enforcement stages. The system will
be used both as a management tool and a source for policy makers. Top priority in 1980 is
SW-50
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1980 Explanation of Changes From Budget Estimates
The net decrease of 2837,500 results from several actions. An increase of $20,200
results from the cost of the October 1979 pay raise and is included in a proposed supple-
mental appropriation. A congressional reduction of $2 minion each to Agency travel
costs and supplies and expenses resulted in a decrease of $23,100 and $800, respectively.
An overall reprogramming throughout the Agency to provide sufficient salary funds to
cover authorized workyears resulted in a decrease of $515,100 to this activity. A trans-
fer of $478,000 was made within the solid waste media to hazardous waste monitoring and
technical support for the hazardous waste sites admendment and 5121,000 was transferred to
management and support for support costs associated with the hazardous waste amendment; for
budgetary purposes, these resources were requested within this activity. A reprogramming
of $208,500 was made within the solid waste media from hazardous waste management regulatory
strategies implementation ($141,100) and from hazardous waste regulations, guidelines and
policies ($67,400) for response to uncontrolled hazardous waste sites. A reprogramming
from other media was implemented in order to support hazardous-waste site responsibilities,
$54,700 from the water quality media; 5171,1-00 from the drinking water media.
1981 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $18,306,500 and 19 permanent workyears in 1981 for
this program, of which $1,736,500 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and
516,570,000 for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. Additional resources
for this program are provided by the Office of Enforcement and the Office of Research and
Development.
The program plans to continue to develop, implement and maintain the interim
strategy for response to hazardous waste sites in 1981, as established in policy memoranda
during 1980. Pending enactment of "superfund" legislation, most corrective actions at
uncontrolled hazardous waste sites will be limited to short term remedial action using
available Section 311(k) funds. As more sites are identified, increasing emphasis will
be placed on the priority system in order to determine which sites to investigate with
the limited available resources. Particular emphasis will also be given to integrating
the Section 311, enforcement and investigation program efforts in order to make maximum
use of expertise and available resources.
The investigation and sample analysis contracts should be fully in place by 1981
to augment and support regional resources efforts. Both contracts will continue to be
funded in 1981 at about the same level ($16,570,000 total} as in 1980. In 1981, it is
projected that 500 preliminary site investigations, 70 full investigations, and support
for 35 enforcement cases will be completed. The number of samples to be analyzed will
reach approximately 5,000 during the year.
SW-51
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Hazardous Waste Enforcement
Actual
1979
Budget
Estimate
1980
Current
Estimate
1980
Estimate
1981
(dollars in thousands)
Appropriation
Hazardous Waste
Enforcement:
Salaries and Expenses. $928 $2,174
Abatement, Control
and Compliance . 587
Uncontrolled Hazardous
Waste Site Enforcement:
Salaries and Expenses. ... 2,000
Abatement, Control
and Compliance...... ... ...
Total:
Salaries and Expenses. 928 4,174
Abatement, Control
and Compliance...... 587 ._._._
Grand Total... 1,515 4,174
Permanent Positions
Hazardous Waste
Enforcement 26 46
Uncontrolled Hazardous
Waste Site Enforcement. ... 53
Total 26 99
Full-time Equivalency
Hazardous Haste
Enforcement 31 52
Uncontrolled Hazardous
Waste Site Enforcement. ___^^ 53
Total 31 105
Budget Request
$1,516
783
2,03]
$3,161
632
1,925
3,547
783
5,086
632
4,230
41
61
5,718
83
53
102
49
61
136
98
53
110
151
Increase +
Decrease -
1981 vs. 1980
+$1,645
-151
-106
+1,539
-151
+1,388
+42
-8
+34
+49
+41
The Agency requests a total of $5,718,300 for 1981, an increase of $1,388,400 over
1980. Included in this total is $5,086,100 for Salaries and Expenses and $632,200 for
Abatement, Control and Compliance, with an increase of $1,538,800 and a decrease of
$150,400, respectively. The request of 136 permanent workyears for 1981 represents an
increase of 34 over the workyears available to this program in the previous year.
SW-52
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SOLID WASTE
Hazardous Waste Enforcement
Appropriation
Hazardous Waste
Enforcement:
Salaries and Expenses.
Abatement, Control
and Compliance.......
Uncontrolled Hazardous
Waste Site Enforcement:
Salaries and Expenses.
batement, Control
and Compliance ,,
Total:
Salaries and Expenses.
Abatement, Control
and Compliance......
Original Revised
Estimate Estimate President's
1981 1981 Reduction
Grand Total
$3,161
632
1 ,925
*
5,086
632
5,718
(dollars in thousands)
$3,144
632
1/915
* *
5,059
632
5,691
-$17
» *
-10
* *
-27
* .*
-27
-------
Page Intentionally Blank
-------
LJ I'UIilU I MQ UC I C"MU I O 4* I WI13 ^ U Wl/ti w i u f (fu^ui^wu^ n u«i w w^ i i **« wi>*-> »» v < i * « * -3-.. ». . ^,. ^ .. _
point of final disposal.
The hazardous waste enforcement program is at this time organized into two major,
separate components: (1) the hazardous waste enforcement program and (.2) the uncontrolled
hazardous waste site enforcement program. In July of 1979, EPA determined that the
clean-up by responsible parties of hazardous waste dumpsites threatening public health
would be given "highest Agency priority" and established an agency-wide Hazardous Waste
Enforcement and Emergency Response System. Consequently, a "National Hazardous Waste
Enforcement Task Force" was established to coordinate and manage the imminent hazard
cases initiated under Section 7003 of RCRA, Section 1431 of the Safe Drinking Water
Act, Section 504 of the Clean Water Act, and the Toxic Substances Control Act. Since
its inception, the Task Force has been active in evaluating potential hazards at
sites known to contain hazardous waste and in assisting in legal action and emergency
Federal actions to contain the spread of contaminants where existing local authority
and funding is insufficient. The Task Force was established as a separate component to
expedite handling of uncontrolled hazardous waste site cases in conjunction with a newly-
formed Hazardous Waste Section in the Department of Justice. (Task Force functions and
activities are discussed under the Uncontrolled Hazardous Waste Site Enforcement
justification.
The hazardous waste enforcement program is responsible for development of an
overall enforcement strategy to implement a monitoring program designed to ensure
compliance with RCRA Subtitle C regulations. The regulations will require generators
and transporters of hazardous waste to comply with certain procedural standards, such
as recordkeeping, reporting, and proper containerization, and will also require that all
transported hazardous wastes be accompanied by a manifest document and that such wastes
be taken only to permitted hazardous waste management facilities. Hazardous waste
management facilities will be required to obtain a permit from EPA or an authorized
State. Procedures for routine inspection and sampling of facilities which generate,
transport, treat, store, or dispose of hazardous wastes will be developed, and guidelines
will be promulgated establishing standards of evidence needed to support enforcement
actions in cases of manifest system or permit violations. This unit will also be
responsible for promulgatng rules of practice governing the issuance of compliance
orders and hearings conducted to assess administrative penalities or suspend or revoke
permits.
HAZARDOUS HASTE ENFORCEMENT
1979 Accomplishments
Obligations in 1979 totaled $1,514,700, of which contract funds totalling $587,100
were expended in 1979 to support development of the overall enforcement strategy and to
assist the Office of Solid Waste in developing an ADP system to meet anticipated program
needs- Funds were also used to develop a RCRA penalty policy for use in administrative,
civil, or criminal proceedings.
Program activities in 1979 focused on efforts to formulate a comprehensive
enforcement strategy for the implementation of a hazanlous waste enforcement program in
the later part of 1980 or the beginning of 1981. Included in this effort was the preparation
of a draft document entitled "Enforcement Priorities Model," designed to provide national
guidelines for establishing and operating enforcement programs and for addressing suspected
SW-53
-------
"General Inspections Manual" to be used to inspect permitted sites. The purpose of the
manual is to provide the necessary administrative guidance needed to properly conduct
inspections of hazardous waste facilities. In addition, hazardous waste enforcement
personnel were involved in developing amendments to RCRA which would eliminate certain
internal inconsistencies and strengthen the regulatory and enforcement mechanisms of
the Act. Prior to establishment of the Task Force in June of 1979, and as part of the
Agency's effort to assess the imminent and substantial hazard presented by designated
sites, staff resources were also devoted to investigation of uncontrolled sites and
preparation of enforcement cases.
1980 Program
In 1980, the Agency has' allocated a total of $2,298,500 to this program, of which
$1,515,900 is for Salaries and Expenses and $782,600 for the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation. Permanent workyears allocated in 1980 total 41, an increase
of 15 over the 1979 program level.
The highest priority for the 1980 hazardous waste enforcement program will be
assisting the Office of Solid Waste in the development and completion of final RCRA
regulations. In 1980, regional staff also will finalize plans to conduct hazardous
waste enforcement programs in States most likely to receive interim or final authorization
during 1981. The headquarters, in preparation for 1981, will design ADP systems to
maintain and monitor manifest, inspection, and enforcement information. The regions
will participate in headquarters sponsored training sessions to establish an adequate
level of regional expertise on inspection procedures and enforcement case preparation.
EPA will develop criteria for use in 1981 to assess and approve enforcement portions of
applications from 37 states seeking interim or final authorization. Criteria will also
be developed for use in evaluating the adequacy of authorized state programs in 1981
and subsequent years.
Contract funds available in 1980 total 5783,500 and will be used to support ADP
system development and operation, and additional assistance in completion of the overall
RCRA implementation strategy.
1980 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The net increase of $124,300 results from several actions. An increase of $51,600
results from the cost of the October 1979 pay raise and is included in a proposed
supplemental appropriation. A congressional reduction of $2 million each to Agency
travel costs and supplies and expenses "resulted in a decrease of $5,900 and $20,900,
respectively. An overall reprogramming throughout the Agency to provide sufficient
salary funds to cover authorized workyears resulted in an increase of $230,100 to this
activity.
A transfer of $7,000 was made from the water quality media to support travel costs.
A transfer of $50,000 was made to management and support to the Office of Enforcement
program management to support work witH the Special Assistant for Litigation management
associated with imminent hazards under RCRA. A reprogramming of $68,900 was made
within this media to uncontrolled hazardous waste sites in support of those activities.
SW-54
-------
The Agency requests a total of $3,793,100 for this program, of which $3,160,900 is
for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $632,200 for the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation, an increase of $1,645,000 and a decrease of $150,400
respectively. A total of 83 permanent workyears will be available to the program in
1981, an increase of 42 over the 1980 level.
The 1981 program will consist of the following activities. Regions will establish
and conduct compliance monitoring and enforcement programs for all States not granted
interim or final authorization. As the authorized States begin implementing their
programs, EPA will provide legal and technical assistance, as requested, and evaluate
the adequacy of the state enforcement programs. Regions will be responsible for
maintaining management information systems in order to manage notification, manifest
system, compliance monitoring, and inspection activities in unauthorized States.
Contract funds totaling $632,200 will support ADP system design improvements, the
updating or expanding of existing training manuals covering compliance inspection and
case development procedures, qualitative evaluation of State hazardous waste management
plans, the public outreach program, and development and implementation of consolidated
inspection procedures.
UNCONTROLLED HAZARDOUS WASTE SITE ENFORCEMENT
T979 Accomplishments
In July 1979, the Hazardous Waste Enforcement Task Force was established to take
enforcement actions against uncontrolled hazardous waste sites posing the most immediate
threats to health and the environment. The authority to remedy hazardous waste sites
and spills that present an "imminent and substantial" hazard is included in the emergency
provisions of several acts, including Section 7003 of RCRA, Section 1431 of the Safe
Drinking Water Act, TSCA, and Section 504 of the Clean Water Act.
In August of 1979 the Task Force began developing a Hazardous Waste Site Tracking
System. This computerized system, which became operational in January 1980, tracks the
status of potential hazardous waste sites from initial identification through the site
investigation, remedial, and enforcement stages. As of November 30, 1979^ 3,913
potentially hazardous sites had been identified and entered into the system. The system
provides Agency management with statistical summaries on accomplishments, milestones
and the status of enforcement actions against individual sites.
1980 Program
The Agency has allocated a total of $2,031,400 to this program for 1980 all of
which is for Salaries and Expenses. A total of 61 permanent workyears have been
allocated for 1980, an increase of 8 over the 1979 program level.
During 1980, the uncontrolled hazardous waste site enforcement program will continue
to place high priority on enforcement actions concerning uncontrolled waste sites ttiat
pose an imminent threat to public health and safety and to the environment.
SR-55
-------
The Agency will continue to bring enforcement actions against uncontrolled hazardous
waste sites using available authorities from the Resource Conservation and Recovery
Act, the Safe Drinking Water Act, the Clean Hater Act, and the Toxic Substances Control
Act.
Approximately 40 cases will be initiated during 1980 against sites that pose the
greatest imminent hazard to health and the environment. The cases will require the
responsible parties to either stop activities and/or undertake costly cleanup actions
at their own expense. The Agency will conduct hundreds of preliminary assessments and
site inspections to develop these cases and determine the need for remedial actions.
Training sessions for Agency and State personnel on topics such as site investigations,
use of the safety manual, chain of custody and document control will continue.
Enforcement will continue to work closely with Department of Justice, regional, and State
enforcement personnel to develop and negotiate regionally and nationally managed
enforcement cases.
1980 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The net increase of $31,400 results from several actions. An increase of $65,300
results from the cost of the October T979 pay raise and is included in a proposed
supplemental appropriation. A congressional reduction of $2 million each to Agency
travel costs and supplies and expenses resulted in a decrease of $15,200 and $13,200,
respectively. An overall reprogramming throughout the Agency to provide sufficient
salary funds to cover authorized workyears resulted in a decrease of $400 to this activity.
A transfer of $2,500 was made within the solid waste media to hazardous waste
management regulatory strategy implementation to support the continued cooperative
education program. A transfer of $57,000 was made from the water quality media and
$30,000 from the pesticides media to reflect the transfer of 50 percent of the oil
spill enforcement capability since these activities are closely related. This
reprrfgramming gives formal recognition to otherwise hidden responsibilities which draw
on other abatement and control and enforcement resources; in this case some pesticides
and water enforcement capability is being diverted to initiate enforcement actions
where hazardous waste disposal presents an imminent danger to public health and welfare.
A transfer of $160,000 was made to the management and support media of resources received
under hazardous waste amendment to regional and nationwide support costs; for budgetary
purposes these funds were requested in this element. A transfer of $68,900 was made
within the solid waste media from hazardous waste enforcement and $1,500 from air
stationary source enforcement to support projected costs based on 1979 expenditures.
1981 Plan
In 1981, the Agency requests an appropriation of $1,925,000, all of which is for
the Salaries and Expenses appropriation. This is a decrease of $106,200 from 1980*
The request for 53 permanent workyears represents a decrease of eight from 1980.
SW-56
-------
, . . _ - _« « > ...,. r . , - , ., . -.
percentage of Task Force time will be devoted to litigation support activities as
previously field cases come to trial. The program will also concentrate on the
identification of additional uncontrolled sites and take appropriate enforcement action.
Enforcement, working with the regions, will investigate and assess hazardous waste sites.
Finally, headquarters will continue to provide technical and legal support to the States
to augment their hazardous waste enforcement efforts.
Contract support available through the uncontrolled hazardous waste site element
of the Office of Water and Waste Management will be used to supplement in-house site
investigation and sample analysis resources.
SW-57
-------
Hazardous Waste Permit Issuance
Budget Current Increase +
Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease -
1979 1980 1980 1981 1981 vs. 1980
(dollars in thousands)
Appropriation
Salaries and Expenses... ... ... ... $4,090 +$4,090
Abatement, Control and
Compliance............. ... ... ... £5 +25
Total. ,.. ... 4,115 ' ,+4,115
Permanent Positions..... ... ... ... 121 +121
Full-time Equivalency... ... ... ... 175 +175
Budget Request
The Agency requests a total of $4,114,300 for hazardous waste permitting in 1981.
This is the first year the program will be funded. The request includes $4,039,600 for
Salaries and Expenses and $24,700 for Abatement, Control and Compliance. All of the
121 permanent workyears requested are an increase from T980.
Program Description
The hazardous waste permit program is part of the comprehensive effort required by
the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) to manage hazardous waste. The Act
prohibits treatment, storage or disposal of hazardous waste except in accordance with
an EPA or approved State-issued permit. RCRA permits are a mechanism for controlling
hazardous waste by imposing performance standards on treatment, storage, and disposal
facilities. These standards, set by the hazardous waste management program, will assure
that hazardous waste is managed according to environmentally acceptable practices. EPA
estimates there are a total of 30,000 sites that will require permits, 7500 of which
will be issued by EPA. The remaining 22,500 permits will be issued by States with
approved RCRA programs.
Development of adequate State hazardous waste permit programs is another significant
aspect of the permits issuance program. RCRA places great emphasis on approving state
programs allowing them to issue permits with either temporary "interim authorization"
or full authorization if they meet RCRA's requirements. EPA's role in the State
authorization process is twofold. First, EPA will support State efforts to develop
adequate State permit programs by providing them with technical, legal, and adminstrative
assistance. Secondly, EPA will oversee approved programs to assure that State permits
are issued in conformance with national1program policies. EPA's success in authorizing
State programs will affect the volume of permitting done by the Agency.
As part of its continuing effort to improve the regulatory process, EPA is
consolidating permit issuance procedures for five permit programs. Coordination and
consolidation of the permitting process will benefit both the public and the Agency by
reducing delay and simplifying permitting procedures.
SW-58
-------
SOLID WASTE
Hazardous Waste Permit Issuance
Original Revised
Estimate Estimate President's
1981 1981 Reduction
(dollars in thousands)
Appropriation
Salaries and Expenses... $4,090 $4,063 -27
Abatement, Control and
Compliance........... 25 25 ...
Total 4,115 4,088 -27
-------
Page Intentionally Blank
-------
i ne reyuiauory rrttinewyrs. TUT uie iia^aruuub wasue pernin,i. my pruyraiu was
significantly in 1979 with proposal of the consolidated permit regulations. Included
in this proposal are both permitting and standards for State program approval authorized
by Sections 3005 and 3006 of RCRA.
Work also moved forward in 1979 on development of a permitting strategy which will
provide national guidance for the hazardous waste permit program.
1980 Program
The first priority for the 1980 hazardous waste permit program is to promulgate
final consolidated permit regulations and application forms. This will enable EPA to
begin approval of state permitting State programs. Promulgation of these regulation
will provide the framework for the hazardous waste permit program.
Permit resources in 1980 are carried under the hazardous waste enforcement program.
They will be devoted to the review of State hazardous waste permit programs to determine
if they qualify for interim authorization under Section 3006 of RCRA, and to provide
national guidance and coordination of permit issuance procedures.
1981 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $4,114,300 for this program, of which $4,089,600 is
for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $24,700 is for the Abatement, Control
and Compliance appropriation. All of the 121 permanent workyears requested are an
increase from 1980,
In 1981, EPA will begin implementation of a 6-year program to permit an estimated
7,500 hazardous waste management facilities. The major component of this program will
be permit issuance to facilities that treat, store, or dispose of hazardous waste. EPA
will begin issuing permits to both off- and on-site hazardous waste management facilities
in 1981, in accordance with guidance provided by EPA's hazardous waste permitting strategy.
Challenges to permit terms and conditions or permit denials are also expected to require
EPA efforts. This is necessary to provide fully effective permits and clear the way
for implementing the hazardous waste control provisions and enforcement action.
In 1981, approximately 37 States are expected to receive interim authorization to
begin issuing an estimated 22,500 hazardous waste permits. EPA intends to provide
States with legal, technical, and administrative assistance to enable them to develop
permit programs that qualify for full authorization.
EPA is requesting $24,700 in contract support to provide technical assistance for
hearings on RCRA permit terms and conditions.
SW-59
-------
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-------
Pesticides
-------
Page Intentionally Blank
-------
APPROPRIATION
Salaries and Expenses
Research and Development
Abatement, Conttrol and
Compl i ance ......
Total
PROGRAM HIGHLIGHTS
Health and Ecological Effects:
Salaries and Expenses... .,
Research and Development .,
Industrial Processes:
Salaries and Expenses.,.......,
.esearch and Development.......
Monitoring and Technical Support:
Salaries and Expenses .,
Research and Development.......
Total:
Salaries and Expenses.....
Research and Development.......
Total, Research and Development
Program ,
Registration and Tolerances:
Salaries and Expenses .,
Abatement, Control and
Compliance »
Standards Setting and RPAR:
Salaries and Expenses ,
Abatement, Control and
Compl i ance ,
Original Revised
Estimate Estimate President's
1981 1981 Reduction
(do!1ars in thousands!
$30,928
3,780
39,292
74,000
5,021
949
117
2,783
517
48
5,655
3,780
9,435
10,593
1,148
10,070
27,1T2
$30,739
3,780
39,292
73,811
4,993
949
117
2,783
514
48
5,624
3,780
9,404
10,527
1,148
10,007
27,112
-$189
-189
-28
* *
-3
-31
-31
-66
-*
-63
-------
Page Intentionally Blank
-------
Original Revised
Estimate Estimate President's
1981 1981 Reduction
~[dollars in thousands')
Federal and State Program
Support:
Salaries and Expenses 420 417 -3
Abatement, Control and
Compl i ance ... ... ...
Total:
Salaries and Expenses.. 21,083 20,951 -132
Abatement, Control and
Compl i ance. 28,260 28,260 ...
Total, Abatement and Control
Program 49,343 49,211 -132
Pesticides Enforcement:
Salaries and Expenses.......... 4,190 4,164 -26
Abatement, Control and
Compliance.,. 11,032 11.032
tal, Enforcement Program. 15,222 15,196 -26
-------
\
N.
-------
APPROPRIATION
Salaries and Expenses....
Research and Development.
Abatement, Control and
Compl i ance
Total
Permanent Workyears...
Full-time Equivalency.
Outlays...
Authorization levels..
PROGRAM HIGHLIGHTS
Health and Ecological Effects:
Salaries and Expenses........
Research and Development.....
Industrial Processes:
Salaries and Expenses..........
Research and Development
Monitoring and Technical Support:
Salaries and Expenses
Research and Development.......
Total:
Salaries and Expenses
Research and Development......
Total, Research and Development
Program.......................
Registration and Tolerances:
Salaries and Expenses.........
Abatement, Control and
Compl i ance
Standards Setting and RPAR:
Salaries and Expensesi...
Abatement, Control and
Compli a nee
Federal and State Program
Support:
Salaries and Expenses...
Abatement, Control and
Compli ance.
Budget Current Increase +
Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease -
1979 1980 1980 1981 1981 vs. 1980 Page
$32,369
7,401
30,469
70,239
936
1,044
58,210
81 ,998
(dollars
$24,657
3,358
34,235
62,250
979
1,117
58,600
*
in thousands)
$33,721
5,922
28,513
68,156
985
1,128
57 ,000
*
$30,928
3,780
39,292
74,000
914
1,034
63,000
-$2,793
-2,142
+10,779
+5,844
-71
-94
+6 ,000
Authorization pending.
4,904
3,225
4,6.91
407
85
5,311
7,401
12,712
7,848
3,039
13,336
15,062
1,802
3,514
6,010
2,288
900
270
170
6,280
3,358
9,638
6,788
5,402
6,455
18,105
1,728
1,978
6,520
2,014
26
3,860
500
48
7,046
5,922
12,968
11,212
296
10,591
15,522
1,652
3,780
5,021
949
117
2,783
517
48
5,655
3,780
9,435
10,593
1,148
10,070
27,112
420
* *
-1,499
-1,065
+91
-1 ,077
+17
*
-1 ,391
-2,142
-3 ,533
-619
+852
-521
+11,590
-1 ,232
-3,780
P-12
P-23
P-28
P-31
P-38
P-44
-------
Total, Abatement and Control
Pesticides Enforcement:
Abatement, Control and
Compl i ance
Total, Enforcement Program,.-,..
Permanent Positions
Health and Ecological Effects
Industrial Processes.........
Monitoring and Technical
Total, Research and Development
Registration and Tolerances....
Standards Setting and RPAR
Federal and State Program
Support ,
Total , Abatement and Control
Program. ......................
Pesticides Enforcement, Total
-Enforcement -Program.,, . ... «,,.. ._
Full-time Equivalency
Health and Ecological Effects..
Industrial Processes. ..........
Monitoring and Technical
Total, Research and Development
Registration and Tolerances...,
Standards Setting and RPAR,..,.
Federal and State Program
Total , Abatement and Control
Pesticides Enforcement, Total
4,072
8,854
12,926
128
9
137
314
348
48
710
167
10
177
314
356
58
728
139
3 ,406
8,750
12,156
124
9
133
361
335
39
735
172
9
181
396
364
52
812
124
3,220
8,915
12,135
128
12
140
341
331
64
736
- Ill
185
13
198
381
356
71
808
122
4 190
11.032
15,222
80
23
103
341
316
17
674
- -137
119
24
143
381
336
20
737
154
+970
+2,117
+3,087
-48
+11
-37
« *
-15
-47
-62
_ +26
-66
+11
-5.5
* * *
-20
-51
-71
+32
P-47
P-12
P-23
P-28
P-31
P-38
P-44
" P-47;
P-12
P-23
P-28
P-31
P-38
P-44
P-47
P=2
-------
These products contribute to major societal benefits such as increased agricultural
productivity, lower domestic food prices, esthetic amenities for American consumers,
more favorable balance of payments due to increased exports of agricultural products,
and control of human disease vectors. On the other hand, pesticides, designed to be
injurious to living organisms and deliberately introduced into the environment for
this purpose, have the potential of causing unacceptable harm to human health and the
environment. Since most of these products are used on human or animal food crops
wherein human exposure is unavoidable, or in other situations with the potential for
human exposure, their potential for causing unacceptable harm is heightened.
The objective of the pesticide program is to protect the public health and the
environment from unreasonable pesticide risks while permitting the use of necessary
pest control technologies. This objective is pursued through four principal means:
(1) review of existing and new pesticide products, (2) use management, (3) enforcement,
and (4) research and development.
Review of Existing and New Products
New pesticide products are reviewed and registered upon a finding that the
product will not pose unreasonable risks to humans or the environment, taking into
consideration the economic, special, and environmental costs and benefits stemming
from use of the pesticide. Risk is often quantified in terms of the number of or
probability of certain health effects in a given population, while benefits are most
often stated in dollar valuations of such effects as increased crop yields, lower
food costs, reduced chance of disease or the cost savings with respect to the use of
alternative control measures. Prior to any registration the benefits of a particular
pesticide must be demonstrated to exceed the risk. The review and reregistrati on of
all federally and State-registered products now on the market is required by the 1972
Amendments to the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA). Most
existing-products-were originally registered-before the-chronic effects (e.g.-cancer,
birth defects, gene mutations, etc.) of exposure to toxic chemicals were well
understood. Their reregistrati on will thus require more thorough and consequently
more resource intensive review of all test data for both acute and chronic effects
and in many cases, the collection of the basic data itself.
The Federal Pesticide Act of 1978, which amended the FIFRA, endorsed the regulatory
reforms requested by EPA that would streamline the review process and allow the agency
to increase and improve its regulatory decision making options. Major changes approved
in the review and registration approach include generic pesticide registration,
conditional registration, and the elimination of certain legal obstacles that were
severely hindering the registration process and blocking the entry of new products to
the market.
In the past, registration entailed an examination of risk for each product, one
at a time. However, generic registration of pesticides entails a single, comprehensive
evaluation of risks and benefits of the active ingredient chemicals common to numerous
products, based on all data relevant to the registration decision. For every pesticide
chemical and its formulations, performancestandards and safety criteria will be set,
to which registrants must adhere, in order to register and reregister products. In
addition, standards for registration will state tolerable levels of exposure for
fool, consumers, field workers, applicators, and other persons and o-gam'sms
unintentionally exposed to pesticides.
-------
searching and evaluation, but they are also intended to provide expertise in areas
where adequate numbers of trained and experienced people are simply unavailable, such
as in toxicology. In all cases, the Agency will provide stringent quality control
oversight on all extramural activities. In no case will contractors be called upon
to make regulatory decisions or recommendations.
The generic approach was implemented because of the opportunity it presents for
increased economy and efficency in the pesticides registration process. This approach
(The Registration Standards Program) provides an opportunity to broaden and validate
the data base the Agency uses in decision making to systematically review earlier
submitted data and decisions, to encourage and permit fuller public participation in
the regulatory process, and to document the rationale employed at each step in the
process. Continuing will be efforts to: eliminate inconsistency in label directions
and warnings for similar products, assure that pesticide products previously registered
for intrastate use meet Federal safety standards, reassess tolerances, and restrict
use of those products that are significantly hazardous.
The program will most directly impact the public health and the quality of the
environment through the imposition of a variety of regulatory restrictions. EPA's
regulatory options range from cancellation of uses to unconditional registration.
Where unreasonable adverse effects are identified, the Agency may initiate rebuttable
presumption against registration (RPAR) proceedings, in which suspect chemicals are
subjected to focused risk/benefit assessment and alternative chemicals are considered,
so as not to adversely impact agricultural productivity or pest control ability. In
cases where a lesser degree of hazard may exist, the Agency may consider such risk
reducing measures as: precautionary labeling, childproof packaging restriction to
use by certified applicators, and mandated use of protective clothing.
_Other key elements of the program to review pesticide products include the followir
Registration, which enables new products to enter the market. Under this program,
new pesticide products are registered, and current registrations are amended for new
uses and/or new formulations. Registration (pre-market clearance) of pesticides is a
comprehensive process designed to optimize the safe and effective use of pesticides.
Under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA), all pesticides
legally marketed in the United States must be registered by the Agency.
Amendments to the FIFRA have authorized a program of generic pesticides
registration. In the past, registration entailed an examination of risk of each
product one at a time. However, generic registration of pesticide entails a single
comprehensive evaluation of risks and benefits of the technical material common to
numerous products based on all data relevant to the registration decision. The new
system will demand less time and money both from EPA and the registrant.
Development of generic pesticide-standards will take time and until such standards
are developed and the complete new reregistrati on program is put in place, Congress
has authorized a program for EPA to grant conditional registrations. Conditional
registration will allow EPA to process applications of new products which are similar
to ones already registered, and thus permit the new products to enter the market on
an equal footing with others already registered and in turn provide consumers with a
wider range of comparable products. Ultimately, all products will be reviewed
comprehensively when reregistered under generic pesticide registration standard.
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conditional registration of new chemicals if the public interest would be served by
a registration, and if risks during the period required to complete and submit
additional studies are not unreasonable.
Central to the conditional registration program is incremental risk assessment.
The law requires the Agency to focus its attention only on the increased risks
(incremental risks) posed by the registration of "old" pesticides and new uses of
"old" pesticides. Specifically, conditional registration of both identical and
substantially similar products and uses and new uses is authorized only if the new
product or use would not significantly increase the risk of unreasonable adverse
effects on the environment.
In the future, conditional registration will be useful for allowing time to
meet new data requirements or, in some special cases, for permitting early registration
of brand new chemicals.
Litigation challenging both the constitutionality of the new amendments and also
the Agency's authority to consider all pertinent data in making decisions on
the registerability of pesticide products has been initiated by 17 pesticide
manufacturers; unless resolved in the Agency's favor, it could have the effect of
halting the conditional registration program and, utimately, standards development as
well.
Speci al Rechstrati on. which encompasses: (a) the issuance of experimental use
permits under Section 5 of the FIFRA to generate data for registration, (b) establishment
of temporary tolerances to cover safe levels of pesticide residues in food and feed
from pesticide use for experimental purposes, (c) granting of emergency exemptions
under Section 18 of the FIFRA to permit the temporary use of unregistered pesticides,
(d) issuance of Section 24(c) special local need registrations, largely handled by
the States with Federal oversight, and (e) issuance of minor use registrations through
liaison with public interestjuser-oriented groups. _
Congress has provided the authority to issue Experimental Use Permits (EUP's) to
allow large scale experimentation necessary for the development of data for new
pesticides or new uses of currently registered pesticides. These data are necessary
to allow the Agency to evaluate the potential hazards to man and the environment when
application is made for registration of the new chemical. Because of the importance
of biologicals and third-generation pesticides to integrated pest management programs,
special efforts will be made to process EUP applications for these pesticides so that
data gathered may be used to allow them to enter the registration system rapidly.
These efforts are particularly important if the proposed use is on food or feed
crop, since testing under an EUP usually involves thousands of acres of valuable food
or feed crops. In such cases, destruction of the crop is not economically feasible
or desirable; thus the Agency must establish temporary tolerances for residues of the
pesticide which may remain on the food or feed commodity, thereby allowing for safe
marketing and consumption of the commodity. Sufficient data must be submitted to allow
the Agency to determine that the residue levels of the pesticide which result from
its use are adequate to protect the welfare of the consumer.
The issuance of an EUP and the establishment of a temporary tolerance require a
technical or scientific determination of the.Agency, on a case-by-case basis, that
the human and environmental risks and the benefits to be derived from the issuance of
the EUP and temporary tolerance are within the goals and objectives of the Agency, as
mandated by law.
FIFRA allows the Agency to issue emergency exemptions authorizing the use of
unregistered pesticides or uses when it has been determined that such pesticides are
to allpviate the emaraencv. without undue risk to man and the environment.
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regulations, including the right to disapprove registrations issued contrary to
Congress1 intent. These usually involve food and feed uses for which tolerances have
not been established, or uses of pesticides which have been suspended or cancelled by
the Agency.
State also have special needs to issue experimental use permits on occasion.
Such permits are usually needed to allow an interested pesticide producer to conduct
the experimentation that will be needed to support a later State registration for a
particular purpose. Congress has provided that States may issue such experimental
use permits, subject to EPA overview, in the sane manner as for the state registrations.
Special registration provides data for the registration of pesticides, flexibility
in responding to emergency situations, and offers support to State and local governments
in registering pesticides for local use only.
Tolerances. Under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, as amended, (FFDCA),
the Agency establishes tolerance levels and exemptions from the requirement of a
tolerance for pesticide residues in or on raw agricultural commodities and processed
foods. These tolerance levels protect the public health while giving appropriate
consideration to the necessity for the production of an adequate, wholesome, and
economical food supply.
Determination of tolerances involves careful review and evaluation of residue
chemistry and toxicology data to ensure that maximum residue levels likely to be
found in foods are safe for human consumption. Included in this consideration is the
cumulative affect of the same pesticide chemical and other related substances with
the same physiological activity. Analytical methods are tested to ensure that adequate
enforcement of the established tolerance can be achieved.
EPA will implement more flexible minor use tolerance date review procedures
involving data requirements and scientific decision making. This will parallel
conditional registration and other newly authorized registration remedies to EPA's
pesticide registration program.
Use Management
Pesticides are classified, based upon their potential harm through misuse, for either
general or restricted use. Restricted use pesticides may be applied only by certified
applicators. This method of regulation provides a major tool in risk reduction for
use of an essential pesticide which might otherwise be cancelled. In 1981, responsibility
and resources for the certification and training of applicators of restricted use
pesticides will be transferred to the enforcement program under the Office of
Enforcement to operate Federal certification and training programs in Colorado and
Nebraska, to provide grants in support of state certification programs and to fund
applicator training conducted by the Department of Agriculture Extension Service.
The use management program will provide technical assistance to upgrade training
materials to the 12th grade level; assist the States by providing assistance with
regard to pesticide spills, kills and fires; conduct limited evaluation activities;
and handle pesticide inquires from farmers, registrants and the public.
Enforcement
The pesticides enforcement program is designed to support the objectives of
regulating pesticide supply and use. The program emphasizes increased State involvement
through Federal/State cooperative enforcement grants. Through such grants, the States
are able to support comprehensive enforcement programs and bring local expertise into
the national regulatory effort. In 1981, EPA will continue its efforts to involve
most or all of the States and Territories in ttiis program. Enforcement activities,
-------
provide grants in support or state certiTication programs ano to runa applicator
training conducted by the Department of Agriculture Extension Service. This transfer
is intended to strengthen the environmental benefits of the program, provide a
programmatic linkage between the certification and training program and the state
enforcement programs, and re-emphasize the priority of implementing certification and
training programs in Colorado and Nebraska along with increased enforcement in these
same States. Training materials will be upgraded to the 12th grade level and will
emphasize the risks associated with pesticides.
Research and Development
The research and development program supports the Agency's pesticides regulatory
activities through the development of data required to support administrative reviews
and litigation. Such data are required on the major classes of pesticides now
registered by EPA and in common use as well as on chemicals considered as possible
substitues for cancelled pesticides. The program places emphasis on three basic
elements necessary to evaluate overall human health and environmental hazards from
pesticides: (1) identification of population at risk, (2) assessment of individual
exposure, and (3) determination of adverse effects. Exposure assessment research
will improve and develop protocols to determine occupational exposure to pesticides
through their use, determine potential exposure of the general population to pesticides
in air, freshwater, coastal waters, soil, sediment, plants, and fish and other animals,
and determine the exposure of nontarget fish and wildlife. In addition, research is
carried out to obtain data which will permit safety evaluations of the "new generation"
pest control agents, such as insect viruses, sterility agents, and insect hormones,
and to develp alternative means of pest management which can economically and acceptably
reduce the quantity of pesticides introduced into the environment.
Research and Development activities provide scientific data to support the
pesticide program by means of the Health Effects, Ecological Effects and Exposure
Assessment programs. In addition, R&D will develop biological methods for controlling
pests, to be used as alternatives to or inteqrated with chemical pesticides for
management of agricultural amhurban pests (Intearated Pest Manaqement), and provide
Quality Assurance methods for ensuring high quality testing and other protocols
required for risk assessment.
Registered uses of pesticides determine the population group at risk. As
increased amounts of exposure assessment data become available, it will be possible
to make accurate and meaningful identifications of overall populations at risk.
Registrants have provided much data on adverse effects and, although there is a
continuing need for health and ecological effects data, particularly on new compounds,
highest priority will be placed on exposure assessment due to the lack of available
data on this topic. Exposure assessment research will be geared to the development
of protocols to determine exposure to pesticides through use, population exposure
through all media, and exposure of non-target organisms.
The Quality assurance program develops methods for analyzing and monitoring
pesticides and their residues. Both internal quality control and external quality
assurance will be applied to every protocol. Additional efforts will be made to
ensure that in-house and extramural pesticide laboratories are routinely involved in
quality assurance programs for chemical analysis.
Finally, the Integrated Pest Managementprogram will develop systems for use with
chemical pesticides to provide a necessary alternative for the pesticide registration
process. Expanded emphasis will be directed to major ecosystems (corn, cotton, soybeans,
alfalfa, and apples) and urban pests.
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1980 Pesticides Program ,, $68,156
Salaries and Expenses -2,793
The net reduction results from a decrease to
health and ecological effects ($1.5 million);
registrations and tolerances ($.6 million)
standards setting and RPAR ($.5 million);
pesticides use management ($.2 million).
Research and Development. -2,142
The net decrease results from reductions to
health and ecological effects ($1 million)
and industrial processes ($1.1 million).
Abatementi Control and Compliance +10,779
The net increase is for the standards setting
and RPAR (+$11.6 million) as offset by a
reduction in pesticide enforcement grants
(-$.8 million).
1981 Pesticides Program 74,000
SUMMARY OF BUDGET ESTIMATE
_ .1. Summary of Budget Estimate _ ..__., _
An appropriation of $73,999,700 is requested for 1981. This request by
appropriation account, is as follows:
Salaries and Expenses.... , $30,927,300
Research and Development $3,780,200
Abatement, Control and Compliance $39,292,200
This represents an Increase of $5,843,500 from the 1980 level. Increased
funding in the amount of $11,069,200 for standards setting and RPAR will provide for
the continued development of pesticide registration standards which are crucial to
improve the efficiency of future pesticides registration and reregistrati on activities;
for the continuation of rebuttable presumption against registration (RPAR) actions
which are necessary to properly assess the risks and benefits of compounds and to
implement restrictions on compounds suspected of causing unreasonable adverse health
effects; for the lab audit program to ensure the validity of data presented by
registrants in support of past, current and future registrations; and to implement
agreements made with Si 1 vex registrants subsequent to the Administrator's emergency
suspension of the product's major uses.
The registration and tolerances activity is being increased by $223,800 to
provide increased support for the conditional registration process. The pesticides
enforcement grant program is being reduced by$83Q,000. The pesticides use management
activity is being decreased, primarily to reflect a transfer of certification and
training resources to the pesticides enforcement activity.
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primarily to shift resources to toxic substances health activities where common needs
exist for such things as certain analytical testing methodologies, equipment, and
toxicological testing methodologies; and to reflect a redirection of activities to
engage in pesticide exposure assessment research that will determine the concentrations
of pesticides to which organisms and populations are exposed. A new program, exposure
assessment, is funded by an increase of $787,500 and will be utilized to develop
methodologies for exposure assessment and to conduct exposure analyses on 20 Office
of Pesticides Program .designated pesticides in fresh water, marine, and terrestrial
environments.
The industrial processes activity is being decreased by $986,000 due to co-
funding of a project with USDA-Science and Education Administration.
2. Changes from Original 1980 Budget Estimate
Changes from the Budget are as follows:
(in thouands of dollars)
Original 1980 estimate $62,250
Congressional increases/decreases:
Travel -133
ADP -11
Supplies and Expenses , -12
Integrated pesticides management
multicrop experiment...... +2,500
Mosquito control research.. 500
Pesticides applicator training.-.........,- - - +1,750
Reprogramming for salary costs..... +62
Proposed pay raise supplemental +1,216
Miscellaneous reprogramming ,. +34_
Current estimate 1980 68,156
The Congress reduced Agency travel costs and supplies and expenses by $2 million
each. This resulted in a decrease of $133,000 and $12,000, respectively. A
congressional reduction of $1 million to ADP costs created a decrease of $11,000 to
this media. The Congress increased the pesticides media for an IPM multicrop
expenmentj $2.5 million; for mosquito control research, $500,000; and for pesticides
applicator training, $1,750,000. ;
An overall reprogramming throughout the Agency to provide sufficient salary
funds to cover authorized workyears resulted in an increase of $62,000 for this media.
The proposed pay raise supplemental to partially fund the October 1979 pay raise will
increase the pesticides media by $1,216,000.
Miscellaneous reprogrammings resulted in transfers to the air media, $51,100; to
the solid waste media, $30,000; to management and support, $105,000; from water
quality, $100,400; from the drinking water media, $42,200; from the noise media,
$6,000; from radiation, $6,700; from the toxic substances media, $16,700; and from
the interdisciplinary media, $50,000.
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Estimate
1980
Estimate
1981
(in thousands of dollars)
Prior year obiigations.
Effect of congressional changes
Effect of pay raise supplemental
Change in amount of carryover funds available
Program changes.....
Effect of reprogrammings.....................
Change in rate of obligations.......
Total estimated obligations.......
(From new obligation authority),
(From prior year funds). ..,
$70,240
+2,768
+1,216
-3,065
-4,000
+96
67,255
(66,000)
(1,255)
$67,255
+901
+5,000
73,156
(71,000)
(2,156)
EXPLANATION OF INCREASES AND DECREASES TO OBLIGATIONS
The congressional changes referred to in the previous section are estimated to
increase obligations by $2,768,000. The partial funding of the October 1979 pay
raise through a proposed supplemental is expected to increase obligations by $1,216,000.
The amount of carryover funds estimated to be obligated in 1980 is $1,255,000, a
decrease of $3,065,000 from the 1979 level. In 1981, it is estimated that $2,156,000
will be obligated from carryover funds, an increase of $901,000 Over the 1980 level.
The program change in 1980 was previously estimated to result in a decrease of
$4 million. In 1981, the program increase is expected to increase obligations by $5 mi
P-10
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PROGRAM LEVELS
Budget Current Increase*
Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease -
1979 1980 1980 1981 1981 vs. 1980
Registration Standards
Registration Standards
completed ........ 1* 47 10-20 20-40 + 10-20
RPAR Decisions:
Final RPAR Decisions 15 20 15 15
Lab Audits 33 70 25-35 25-35
Registration
New Chemical Registrations... 17 32 15-22 15-22
Old Chemical Applications 1,45? 3,340 5,330 5,330
Amendments and Supplemental
Applications......... 22,978 29,600 22,240 22,240
Registrations 1,440 0-500 3,000-10,000 +3,000-9,500
Special Registration
Emergency Exemptions 285 250 350 350
Experimental Use Permits 176 240 240 240
24 (c) State Registrations... 1,086 1,500 1,200 1,200
Tolerances:
Tolerance Petitions 137 135 160 160
Amendments 110 125 150 150 -<
Inert Ingredient Requests.... 9 60 40 40
Enforcement:
Establishment Inspections..,. 3,910 1,860 4,105 4,300 +195
Use/Reentry and Experimental
Use Observations..... 7,588 3,795 7,970 8,350 +380
Marketplace Investigations. 9,635 ; 4,660 .10,100 10,600 +500
Import Investigations 215 190 200 200
* Completion of prototype
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PESTICIDES
Health and Ecological Effects
Appropriation
Health Effects:
Salaries and Expenses...
Research and Development
Ecological Effects:
Salaries and Expenses...
Research and Development
Exposure Assessment:
Salaries and Expenses...
Research and Development
Total:
Salaries and Expenses...
Research and Development
Grand Total,
Permanent Positions
Health Effects...
Ecological Effects....
Exposure Assessment
Total
Full-time Equivalency
Health Effects .......
Ecological Effects....
Exposure Assessment...
Actual
1979
$2,912
2,617
1,992
609
Total,
4,904
3,226
8,130
80
48
128
104
63
167
Budget
Estimate
1980
(dollars
$4,035
1,703
1,975
585
»
* *
6,010
2.288
8,298
72
52
* * .
124
100
72
Current
Estimate Estimate
1980 1981
in thousandi]
$4,135
1,712
2,386
301
* * *
t *
6,521
2,013
8,534
71
57
» «
128
99
86
*
$2,439
321
2,178
244
404
384
5,021
949
5 ,970
31
49
1!
91
43
75
11
Increase +
Decrease -
1981 vs 1980
-$1,696
-1,391
-208
-57
+404
+384
-1,500
-1,064
-2,564
-40
-8
_+ll_
-37
-56
-11
+11
172
185
129
-56
Budget Request
In 1981, the Agency requests $5,970,400 and 91 permanent workyears for this program,
of which $5,021,200 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $949,200 for
extramural purposes under the Research and Development appropriation. This represents a
net decrease of $2,563,500 and 37 permanent workyears; decreases of $1,499,100 and
$1,064,400, respectively. Included in this net decrease are several actions: a decrease
of $3,086,900 and 40 permanent workyears in the health effects area and a decrease of
$264,100 and eight permanent workyears in the ecological effects program. There is an
increase of $787,500 and 11 permanent workyears for exposure assessment, a new program
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PESTICIDES
Health and Ecological Effects
Original Revised
Estimate Estimate President's
1981 1981 Reduction
(dollars in thousands)
Health Effects:
Salariese and Expenses...
Research and Development
Ecological Effects:
Salaries and Expenses...,
Research and Development
'posure Assesment:
Salaries and Expenses....
Research and Development.
Total:
Salaries and Expenses....
Research and Development.
Grand Total
$ 2,439
321
2,178
244
404
384
5,021
949
5,970
$ 2,437
321
2,165
244
391
384
4,993
949
5,942
-$2
-13
-13
-28
-28
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Page Intentionally Blank
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which will provide specialized information on exposure estimation and testing methodologies
on pesticides for risk assessment under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide
Act (FIFRA).
Program Description
The pesticide health effects research program addresses three major areas: 1) the
assessment of human exposure methodologies and the development of suitable human exposure
protocols which can be applied by industry; 2) the assessment and generation of data
to predict and document the public health impact of biological pest control agents
(biorationals); and 3) the continued evaluation of cardnogenicity and other toxic
effects of pesticides through screening tests and animal toxicology studies.
The pesticdes ecological effects program conducts research to determine cumulative
ecological inpacts of pesticides on target and non-target organisms, and, through this
role, supplies technical support to the registration/rereg1stration processes. The
program also evaluates the impact of pesticides being considered as substitutes for
pesticides whose registrations are not being renewed; develops and validates new
toxicological and analytical methods; and provides technical support to the Office of
Pesticides Programs (OPP), the enforcement program, and the regional offices to aid in
administrative decision-making under FIFRA.
The ecological effects research program has two components: (1) the study of the
ecological effects of pesticides in general; and (2) the determination of the ecological
effects of specific candidate substitute pesticide chemicals. The general ecological
effects portion of the program deals with the determination of fate, transport, and the
effects of pesticides and substitute chemicals in estuarine, marine, freshwater and
terrestrial habitats. The substitute chemical portion of the program deals with the
determination of the adequacy, suitability, and availability of substitute pesticides
.or chemicals to act as replacements for pesticides determined to be unsuitable by the
Agency. This program is instrumental in the development of testing protocols and the
determination of pesticide transport and fate within ecosystems and relating this
information to hazard assessments for regulatory purposes.
The pesticides exposure assessment program includes the formulation of cost-
effective, standardized protocols for generating exposure concentration estimates and
improved techniques for assessing the resultant human exposure to pesticides in air,
water (fresh water and marine), soil, and in sediments. This will be accomplished by
studies of (1) the transport, transformation, and concentration of 20 pesticides
(selected by OPP) in air, freshwaters, estuaries, and coastal waters; (2) the
bioaccumulation of these pesticides by biota; and (3) their leaching from soils.
HEALTH EFFECTS
1979 Accomplishments
In 1979, the program obligations totaled $5,528,800, of which $2,912,400 was
expended for salaries and expenses and $2,616,400 for extramural activities. Accomplish-
ments under this program include:
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Studies to determine skin and respiratory exposures during home and garden use
of diazinon, endosulfan, and carbaryl were carried out to establish a data base
for product labeling. A comparison study of diazinon exposures from different
application procedures indicated exposure from garden hose sprayers was greater
than from a hand pressure sprayer with approximately 90S of the exposure to
the skin and less than 10% being respiratory for both application methods.
Cooperative studies with Washington State University were carried out to evaluate
hazards for agricultrual workers who re-enter apple orchards containing phosalone
and phosmet residue. The results will be used to determine if the treatment-re-
entry time interval is adequate.
Guthion (an organophpsphate insecticide) was studied for possible teratogenic
effect in rats and mice. Although guthion produced toxic effects on the fetus
when given to the pregnant female at high doses, it was not possible to show
embryo toxicity at doses below the maternal toxic level. It was concluded that
guthion does not present a teratogenic hazard under normal use conditions.
The metabolism of decamethrin (a synthetic pyrethroid) was studied in both plants
and animals. No toxic metabolites were found. This information will aid in
the comparison of toxicities of natural and synthetic pyrethroids.
The toxicity of the herbicide, dinoseb, was studied in the rat. The compound
produced testicular pathology and inhibited sperm production at high dosage
levels. The significance of this information to exposed workers will be further
explored,
Pharmacokinetic studies with two insecticides heptachlor and EPN (an organophos-
phate insecticide), were completed in the rat. Both compounds produce metabolites
which produce a significant toxic hazard. An understanding of the pharmacokinetics
is basic to the overall understanding of the safe use of the compounds.
Teratology studies were carried out on endrin (a chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticide)
in hamsters and mice. Studies were also carried out in rat and mice on maneb
(a fungicide) and two substances resulting from the bodies metabolizing maneb
and dacamethain. These studies were necessary to close gaps in the existing data
on these pesticides.
Studies on the neurotoxic effects of EPN (an organophosphate insecticide) and
two cotton defoliants (DEF and merphos) were made on chickens to define the mini-
mally toxic subchronic dietary dose and to elucidate the potential skin absorption.
The results of the studies will aid in the hazard evaluation of the test compounds.
Twenty-five (25) pesticide compounds were screened for mutagenic effects using gene
nutation and DNA damage in bacteria and yeast as indicators. The work was
performed as part of a larger effort to develop and validate'new screening tests
for mutagenic effects.
-------
- The usefulness of isozymes of lactate dehydrogenase and creatinine phosphokinase
as indicators of potential teratogenic effects of chemicals was evaluated.
Both parameters show promise as predictors of teratogenie effects. This work will
be continued in 1980.
- Toxicity tests for use in predicting human health hazard of NPV (Nuclear Poly-
hedisis Virus)
-------
- Improve, refine, develop, validate and apply the application of analytical
chemical methods and good laboratory practices for detecting and measuring
pesticides which may have adverse health effects.
- Provide technical assistance and rapid response capability in the area of
pesticide toxicology to other EPA offices.
- Continue work initiated in 1979 to determine the feasibility of extrapolating
human pesticide exposure data between compounds and between different exposure
situations to aid in the development of regulatory testing requirements.
- Continue the on-going laboratory effort to refine, develop, and validate animal
and cell culture methods for assessing the potentially mutagenic and carcinogenic
effects of pesticides.
- Increase the scope of analytical chemical methods by evaluating more pesticides
in a broad variety of human tissues and environmental media. Emphasis will be
placed on the detection of metabolites in human and animal tissues, excreta,
air and other environmental media. Analytical methods needed in exposure
measurement procedures will be given priority.
1980 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The net increase of $109,400 results from several actions. An increase of $118,400
results from the cost of the October 1979 pay raise and is included in a proposed supple-
mental appropriation. A congressional reduction of $2 million each to Agency travel
costs and supplies and expenses resulted in a decrease of $5,200 and $100, respectively.
An overall reprogramming throughout the Agency to provide sufficient salary funds to
cover authorized workyears resulted in a decrease of $53,700 to this activity.
A reprogramming of $50,000 was made from the interdisciplinary media, anticipatory
research, to cover personnel reassignments of individuals with special capabilities as
a result of the abolishment of the Criteria Development and Special Studies Division.
1981 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $2,760,500 and 31 permanent workyears for this
program, of which $2,439,200 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $321,300
for extramural purposes under the Research and Development appropriation. This represents
a decrease of $3,086,900 and 40 positions. The decrease reflects: the desire to strengthen
exposure assessment activities outside the health research area, the shifting of resources
to toxic substances health activities whfere common needs exist for such things as certain
analytical testing methodologies, equipment, and toxicological testing methodologies, and
lessening of RPAR activity. Some redirection occurred to augment other agency priority
needs.
Specific activities planned for 1981:
- Conduct acute, subchronic and chronic toxicity studies for prediction of human
health hazards in order to verify and increase our understanding of the results
of industry sponsored studies.
-------
- Develop In vitro and in vivo screening models for neurotoxic and behavioral
effects.
- Identify reproduction dysfunction indicators which are reflective of pesticide
toxicity.
- Continuing review of clinical pathology and toxicology of poisoning cases.
- Conduct toxicological evaluation generic chemicals as requested by the OPP.
- Develop methods for identification and detection baculoviruses.
- Conduct toxicological evaluation of selected biological agents.
- Determine phartnacokinetics of selected pesticides.
- Provide technical assistance to the OPP to include rapid responses to requests
for hazard and risk assessment.
ECOLOGICAL EFFECTS
1979 Accomplishments
In 1979, this program obligated $2,601,300, of which $1,992,100 was for inhouse
expenses and $609,200 for extramural expenses. During 1979 the program:
- Developed techniques for determining the aquatic hazards of encapsulated or slow
release pesticides as compared to standard technical grade pesticide materials.
Generated toxicity data and collected information to determine how long effective
concentrations of two insecticides, methyl-parathi on and Dursban, persist in the
environment.
- Conducted fresh water micro-ecosystem studies in which the sensitivity of
aquatic communities was compared to the sensitivity of single species in standard
toxicity tests. Several important differences were observed that cannot be de-
tected in single species tests.
- Obtained acute and chronic aquatic toxicity data for several pesticide compounds
of imminent concern to the Office of Pesticide Programs.
- Issued results of a terrestrial microcosm studies indicating that ninety percent
of the radioactive material was accounted for. Broken down,it was found that 55
percent was in soil,30 percent in plants^and 5 percent in other components of
the system. Such partitioning values are important in determining the amounts
of pesticides degraded or which may enter other environmental food chains or
habitats. Rodent test animals contained sixty times more material per unit
mass than soil. The results relate well to chemical behavior in the natural
environment.
P-17
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Conducted studies and published "Soil Core Microcosms - -A Potential Screening
Tool.11 This effort was to evaluate the suitability of soil core techniques to
examine organic chemical materials (e.g. Hexachlorobenzene, 2,4,5 - T, methyl-
parathion and Dieldrin). Results show that the majority of these chemicals remain
in the top 2 centimeters of soil and that 2,4,5, - T had no effect on soil
nutrient losses. The other pesticide chemicals showed slight effects at low
treatment levels.
Studied the disposition of four fungicides (pentachloronitrobenzene, pentachlorophenol,
hexachlorobenzene and captan) in terrestrial microcosm chambers and compared the
results to the reference compound Dieldrin. Results were published in a report
titled "Fate of Selected Fungicides in a terrestrial Laboratory Ecosystem."
Captan and PCP degraded rapidly in soils and plants. The majority of all the
test materials was found in soil except for captan which volatilized. With the
exception of HCB and Dieldrin, little ecological magnification occurred.
Tested pesticides for toxicity to marine organisms including several insecticides
Pydrin, Permethrin, Bolero, Fentrifanil, Larvin, Dursban, and Bux. Pydrin and
Permethrin were found to be highly toxic to most estuarine biota. Pydrin,
Permethrin and Dursban were tested for persistence in estuarine sediments and
water and results compared with other pesticides' persistence values.
Conducted chronic tests using Mysid shrimp which show that the insecticide,
endosulfan, reduced both survival and reproduction rates.
Tested macrobenthic animal communities against the pesticide Trithion. Trithion
had no significant effect on the total number of individuals and species inhabit-
ing sand. Trithion was bioaccumulated in the clam and thus could enter the human
food chain.
Measured the toxicity, bi concentration and presistence of the pesticides
acephate, methyl parathion, phorate, aldecarb, carbophenothion, and ethoprop
in bioassays (acute and chronic tests) using various marine species.
Conducted studies which show that chlorination by-products in seawater may be
accumulated in oysters and may pose a treat to humans.
Completed acute static 96 hour tests of creosote on fish and shrimp which
revealed that a number of sublethal effects were possible.
Investigated pentachlorophenol, a biocide, and found that it is biodegradable
but may require a combination of organisms acting in concert in order to carry
out the degradation process.
Conducted studies dealing with the adsorption/clesorption equilibria of Kepone
in sediments which show that partition coefficients are dependent upon sediment
concentration. This effect is similar in occurrence to other organic chemicals,
heavy metals and radioactive substances adsorbing to clays, soils and sediments.
P-18
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1980 Program
In 1980, the Agency has allocated a total of $2,686,500 to this program, of which
$2,385,500 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $301,000 is for extramural
purposes under the Research and Development appropriation.
The 1980 research program will continue studying particular compounds of interest
to the Agency's regulatory and enforcement offices. Emphasis is being given to the
development, standardization, and validation of methods to be used in assessing the
environmental exposure and effects of pesticides. These tests include acute, chronic,
bioaccumulation, community, behavioral and mtcrobial effects methodologies. The develop-
ment of terrestrial, marine and freshwater test systems and microcosms is continuing.
Specific protocols for pesticide types are being developed and procedures validated
through intra-laboratory comparative testing. New methods are being developed to
determine the environmental effects of newly developed but characteristically different
pesticides. Emphasis is also being directed toward the measurement of the effects of
pesticide exposure to aquatic and terrestrial organisms, populations and ecosystems. A
data base for important pesticides will be developed for use by the OPP in establishing
generic standards for pesticides, RPAR procedures, etc. Specific protocols for effects
assessment are being developed.
Major efforts are also being made toward the measurement of the concentration,
duration, and timing of environmental exposure to pesticides. Results from this research
will be integrated with the effects information into & hazard assessment for each
conpound or class of compounds.
The following are some of the specific activities planned for 1980:
- Develop a protocol for assessing hazards to non-target fish and wildlife from
applications of pesticides on farmlands, forests, lawns, and other sites and
insure that the protocol can be transformed to data requirements for industry.
- Test RPAR pesticides and suggested RPAR alternatives (representing families of
pesticides) to determine "no effect" levels on terrestrial and aquatic indicator
plants and animals, as well as expand RPAR and alternates tested to include "no
effect" levels on communities and in microcosms. Pesticides will be selected in
cooperation with the OPP either by using the RPAR process or by assessing available
data and proposing research to fill identified gaps.
- Develop a protocol to determine transport, fate, and transformation related to
effects assessments in the terrestrial, freshwater, and marine environments.
- Continue the development of fate and transport protocols.
- Review data and identify knowledge gaps for hazard assessments. Conduct labora-
tory tests on ecological effects of additional RPAR compounds. Provide synthesis
of fate and effects data into hazard assessment model.
- Expand development of protocol work on experimental environments or microcosms and
microbial effects.
- Expand quick screening tests for mutagenicity, teratogenicity, carcinogenicity in
aquatic organisms caused by specific pesticides.
-------
- Study the effects of alternate methods of pest control (viruses) on aquatic
arthropods.
1980 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The net increase of $126,500 results from several actions. An increase of $89,800
results from the cost of the October 1979 pay raise and is included in a proposed supple-
mental appropriation. A congressional reduction of $2 million to Agency travel costs
resulted in a decrease of $3,000. An overall reprogramming throughout the Agency to
provide sufficient salary funds to cover authorized workyears resulted in a decrease of
$46,100 to this activity.
A reprogramming of $93,800 was made from between media within the Office of Research
and Development, as a result of the reorganization of the programmatic functions of the
Corvallis and Las Vegas labs after 1979 RIF.
A reprogramming of $38,000 was made from the water quality media from freshwater
ecological effects to reflect the reassignment of an employee as a result of the overall
cut in positions at the Duluth lab. A reprogramming of $41,000 was made to the management
support media to lab support for lab maintenance costs due in part to the increasing
costs of energy. A reprogramming of $5,000 was made to the toxic substances media for
toxic substances transport and fate to help cover the cost of a symposium on the state
of the art of the use of lab rate data in predicting environmental fate of new chemicals.
1981 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $2,422,400 and 49 permanent workyears for this
program, of which $2,178,100 is for.the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $244,300
is for the Research and Development appropriation. The net decrease of $264,100 and
eight permanent workyears reflects a redirection of activities to engage in pesticide
exposure assessment research that will determine the concentrations of pesticides to
which organisms and populations are exposed. This will allow a more complete analysis
of risk/hazard potentials.
The 1981 research program is d'rected toward commonly used pesticides and their
metabolites, new generation pesticides, and substitute or alternative pesticides which
are, or may be used, In various environments. Studies will focus on a variety of
trophic levels and investigations will range from effects assessment on the simplest
planktonic organisms to complex aquatic and terrestrial ecosystem interactions.
Toxicology studies will be carried out to obtain dose/response functions for s'arying
durations of exposure in samples of single species.
Studies will be conducted regarding the potential pesticide effects on species pop-
ulations and on population/community structures. At the most complex level, determinations
will be made on how pesticides can affect entire ecosystems, i.e., how pollutant stress
can alter the structure and dynamic functional interrelationships among the ecosystem's
many components.
-------
Activities will continue the development, refinement and utilization of experimental
methods and techniques to study and evaluate pesticide impact on biotic and abiotic
components in estuarine, marine, freshwater and terrestrial habitats. This includes
rapid screening tests, bioassays and analytical capabilities as well as complex micro-
cosms. These testing systems allow experimentation under controlled conditions and
form a basis for developing testing protocols which will be used in future laboratory
evaluations by both public and private sector investigators.
Other projects will include tests on the lethal and sublethal effects of pesticides
on organism growth and development. Investigations will determine the life stages of
representative organisms which are most sensitive to various compounds and/or their de-
gradation products as well as the effects of pesticides on reproduction, viability of
succeeding generations and potential behavioral effects. Validation of laboratory studies
will be carried out via field conformation efforts and where applicable risk/hazard
assessments will be documented.
Specifically, this research program will:
- Test chemicals undergoing the RPAR review process, as well as RPAR-alternate,
generic standards and other specific pesticides with appropriate aquatic and
terrestrial organisms as requested by the QPP. For each chemical tested this
includes (1) assistance in determining gaps in scientific knowledge, selection
of test organisms and specific life cycle tests, (2) conducting bioassays on
approximately 20 compounds, (3) interpreting and assessing bioassay and chemical
residue data in relation to hazard assessment and (4) serving as an expert wit-
ness as required.
- Continue to evaluate existing aquatic and terrestrial test methods to insure the
Agency maintains state-of-the-art status in the testing program to determine re-
lationships between short-term and chronic tests as well as relationships between
freshwater and marine species. Alternate test species for existing aquatic tests
will also be developed.
- Develop tests and supportive data to permit maximum extrapolation from laboratory
tests to the environment at a minimum cost. Develop methods necessary to conduct
acute and chronic avian toxicity tests.
- Generate data on effects of specified compounds on fish and wildlife. Approximately
five chemicals will be tested. In addition, 12 chemicals of choice will be used
in avian toxicity tests.
- Participate in development and refinement of "good laboratory practices."
- Provide analytical chemical support concerning effects assessment and methods
development.
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EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT
1981 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $787,500 and 11 permanent workyears for this program,
of which $403,900 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $383,600 for
extramural purposes under the Research and Development appropriation. This is a new
program prepared to meet a high priority need of the Office of Pesticides Program (QPP).
The resources will be utilized to develop methodologies for exposure assessment and to
conduct exposure analyses on 20-OPP designated pesticides in fresh water, marine, and
terrestrial environments. Work will also be carried out to provide some improved and
standardized protocols for studies of the fate of pesticides for possible inclusion in
the pesticide registration guidelines.
The program will be concerned with:
- The transport and tranformation of pesticides in marine and terrestrial
environments: Data on the concentration of eight pesticides and their degradation
or metabolic products in these environments will be generated. From these
date, laboratory methods will be developed for estimating potential exposure to
pesticides and improved protocols for testing the transport and transformation,
including bioaccumulation of pesticides in the marine eyironment. The improved
protocols may be incorporated into the pesticide registration guidelines.
- The concentration of pesticides in areas where they are applied and In surrounding
sediments, soils, plants, and animals: The volatilization, photolysis, hydrolysis,
and microfaial degradation of the 20 pesticides selected by OPP will be studied.
The results will be used to develop improved protocols for conducting such studie:
and serve as basic information for the OPP risk analyses.
- The establishment of a Pesticide Environmental Exposure Assessement Team (PEEAT):
PEEAT will involve several EPA laboratories and is intended to provide highly
specialized technical assistance to OPP on estimates of potential human exposure to
pesticides in air, freshwater (surface and ground), coastal waters, soil, sediment,
plants and fish and other animals.
P-22
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PESTICIDES
Industrial Processes
Original Revised
Estimate Estimate President's
1981 1981 Reduction
(dollars in thousands)
Appropriation
Integrated Pest
Management:
Salaries and
Expenses $ 117 $ 117
Research and
Development 2,783 2,783
rand Total 2,900 2,900
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PESTICIDES
Industrial Processes
Budget Current Increase +
Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease -
1979 198D 1980 1981 1981 vs. 1980
(dollars in thousands)
Appropriation
Integrated Pest
Management:
Salaries and
Expenses
Research and
Development $4,091
Grand Total 4,091
Permanent Positions
Integrated Pest
Management...,....,
Full-time Equivalency
Integrated Pest
Management
Budget Request
The Agency requests a total of $2,900,000 for 1981, a decrease of $986,000 from 1980.
Included in this total is $117,000 for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and
$2,783,000 for extramural purposes under the Research and Development appropriation, with
an increase of $91,000 and a decrease of $1,077,000, respectively. There is a net decrease
of $986,000 from 1980 to 1981. However, due to the $1,000,000 cut in the 1981 program and
the co-funding of the "15 University IPM Consortium" project with USDA-Science and Education
Administration, there is an increase of $514,000 in available funds. This increase will
assure that IPM mosquito control strategies are integrated into holistic rice production
IPM pest control programs.
Program Description
The integrated pest management research program is authorized under Section 20 of the
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticlde Act (FIFRA). The objective of this program
is to reduce dependence upon chemical pesticides by providing economically acceptable
alternative pest controls for agricultural and urban pests. Such alternatives would be
equal in efficacy to current methods and be able to be implemented with reasonable ease.
The program is designed to couple ecological and biological information with economically
acceptable practices to keep insect or plant pest populations at levels that do not cause
economic hardship to the producer or urban dweller.
This program supports the Agency's policy to minimize the exposure of chemical
pesticides to humans and the environment. The principal objective is the development of
alternative control strategies that utilize a holistic or total systems approach, Research
is conducted to enlarge the basic knowledge of major managed ecosystems. This knowledge is
then used for the development of ecologically-oriented past management systems for
-------
b.iwu?» V.HCJ- cut: lebs energy dependent, optimize economic returns to producers and society,
and minimize adverse effects on the environment.
Large acreage crops with heavy pesticide usage currently receive the major attention.
This research program is developing Integrated Pest Management (IPM) control strategies
for cotton, alfalfa, apples, soybeans, corn, and the control of mosquitos in rice produc-
tion systems through three multi-university research consortium projects. Each consortium
project is being closely coordinated and integrated with related IPM research and exten-
sion activities within the USDA Science and Education Administration (SEA).
The strategy of research is similar for all crops. Major insect weed and disease
pest are identified for intensive study. For each crop, insect population dynamics, and
biological and ecological influences, are carefully determined and their interactions with
the plant community are identified. The effects is natural field control mechanisms such
as predators, temperature, moisture, diseases, and similar controls are identified and
studied. The research information is incorporated into mathematical models so that con-
trol tactics and control strategies may be developed for a range of situations in each
crop system.
Close working relationships are maintained by the EPA program staff with the
researchers and in turn with the agricultural experiment stations, extension service agents,
farmers, and other pesticide applicators who ultimately implement the research findings.
Integrated pest management strategies have been successfully demonstrated in a number of
field studies arising from EPA sponsored research.
The distribution of research findings and technology transfer are necessary steps
in the research program. In addition to publication in the scientific and popular liter-
ature, seminars and workshops are sponsored to meet these needs. In a pilot program in
one State, farmers may phone their county extension service agents to obtain computer
based, up-to-date recommendations for pest control for their specific location.
The use of pesticides within and around homes and urban work places is of continuing
concern especially when people,..unaware of the danger, are in close proximity to poten-
tially hazardous pesticide compounds. To combat this, an urban IPM program has been
structured to investigate alternative controls for pests found in and around urban
structures. Improved sanitation coupled with trapping and the use of predator insects is
the present emphasis of the program. Information is also being gathered on pesticide use
practices and social attitudes regarding pests and pest management in urban situations.
Research activities are closely coordinated with the technology transfer activities to
assure that the latest results are available. The short-term strategy is to support the
transfer of readily available technology and to identify research needs. Identified
needs will be prioritized and investigations started to provide data needed to develop
comprehensive urban IPM strategies.
INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT ,.
1979 Accomplishments
In 1979, the program utilized $4,091,300 of which $400 was for inhpuse expenses and
$4,090,900 was for extramural expenses.
P-24
-------
The second year of a 4-year study on, "IPM Systems For Corn Soil Insects"
was completed. Research showed that black cutworm pheromone trap catches will be
useful as an early warning system by being able to predict when the cutworms reach the
life stage that causes damage to the corn plant. Significant progress is also being made
on determining the black cutworm economic damage thresholds.
New techniques being investigated for controlling corn rootworms include new
chemicals, preventative planting time treatments vs. curative cultivation time
insecticides, and the influence of tillage operations and crop residues on the
effectivenss of insecticides.
A new wireworm sequential sampling approach was developed that will allow growers,
pest management personnel, and researchers the flexibility of selecting risk levels
for making decisions regarding planting time applications of insecticides for the
reduction of crop damage. Additional research will validate the sequential sampling
approach during the last two years of the study.
A farm level decision model is being developed that addresses the questions
that growers face regarding the control of cutworms and rootworms. Data collection on
corn yields, pest control practices, weather factors cultural practices and infestation
levels is underway and will be used to validate the models.
Control methods for the "imported" fire ant utilizing chemical, physical, and
biological control techniques were developed and evaluated in a three-year study
completed in 1979. Mound knockdown plus spot treatment procedures offer promise
for mechanized fire ant control.
A strategy of insect control was developed which utilized a defined mixture of
pheremone components for a complex of closely-related apple pests. This strategy should
be applicable in pest management programs now underway in New YorK apple orchards.
The EPA provided direct financial support for the -9th International Congress of
Plant Protection and for a 2-day working conference on Pest Control Strategies for the
Future.
Two congressional ly mandated IPM research projects were initiated in 1979. The
"15-University IPM Consortium" project will develop IPM strategies for cotton, alfalfa,
apples and soybeans. This project was initially funded in 1978 for the purpose of
developing the final 5-year research program and to begin research studies. A
communications and coordination mechanism was developed to assure close working
relationships between EPA, USDA-SEA, and the "15-University IPM Consortium." Work
continued during this transition year to develop control techniques for the four
crops (cotton, alfalfa, apples and soybeans).
The "Mosquito-Riceland IPM Consortium" project was initiated in 1979. This 5-year
project will develop strategies optimizing nonchemical approaches to managing mosquito
populations in freshwater irrigated cropping systems using the riceland agroecosystetn as
a model. This project is also being closely coordinated with USDA-SEA.
P-25
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In 1980, the Agency has allocated a total of $3,886,000 to this program, of which
$26,000 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and 13,860,000 is for extramural
purposes under the Research and Development appropriation. This level of funding
will permit the continuation of the three large consortium projects.
The second year of the "15-University IPM Consortium" project is being funded to
develop alternative nonchemical methods of pest control; methods for using chemical
pesticides in a more selective, judicious, economical and environmentally compatible
manner; computerized Integrative models for optimizing crop management and pest control
practices; economic analysis of each new crop-pest management program; identification
and characterization of new agents for pest control; basic studies on pest population
dynamics, interactions of pests with hosts and natural enemies, dispersion and migration,
dormancy, behavior, and biotic and abiotic factors affecting survival and rates of
increase; training of pest management specialists and decision-makers; IPM demonstration
areas in cooperation with extension personnel to illustrate the practicality and economic
benefits of IPM to farmers; and optimal crop-pest management systems.
The second year of funding for the "Mosquito-Rice!and IPM Consortium" project will
aid in developing alternative nonchemical methods of riceland mosquito control; methods
for using chemical pesticides in a more judicious, economical, and environmentally com-
patible manner; efficacy and safety tests on new pesticides being proposed for mosquito
control; nonchemical approaches for riceland mosquito control; survey and prediction
technology; computerized integrative models for forecasting mosquito outbreaks and for
optimizing the effectiveness of mosquito control strategies; economic analysis of mosquito
management strategies; training of pest management specialists and decision-makers; and
training of farmers and the general public will be accomplished by using workshops and
demonstration areas being used in conjunction with extension personnel to illustrate the
efficiency of the IPM approach to mosquito management in the riceland ecosystem. The
importance of controlling riceland mosquitos lies in both the direct effects on the
healthy well-being and human and 1 vestock populations resulting from the pestiferous
biting and their indirect role as vectors for disease causing agents of man and his
domestic animals.
The final year of "IPM Systems for Corn Soil Insects" is being funded. New IPM
control tactics are being demonstrated for the bieck cutworm, corn rootwprm, and wire-
worms. Decision making models coupled with economic studies will be available for
growers to use. During 1980, this project will be coordinated with the new USDA-SEA
regional IPM program that have identified the corn crop production system as a high
priority. Future research in this area will be expanded in cooperation with USDA to
develop total IPM systems for all pests (weed, insects, diseases) of corn.
The second year of a 3-year project on the biological control of aphids in urban
shade trees is being funded, EPA is developing a comprehensive urban IPM research and
demonstration program for major urban pests, including structural pests, lawn and garden
pests and parks, trees and other right-a-way pests. This project is also being closely
integrated with the new USDA-SEA regional IPM programs that have identified urban IPM as
a high priority.
P-26
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The net increase of $2,986,000 results from several actions. A congressional
increase was made for the integrated pest management multicrop experiment, $2,500,000,
and mosquito control research, $500,000.
A reprogramming of $14,000 was made to management and support to lab support for
lab maintenance costs due in part to increasing costs of energy.
1981 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $2,900,000 for this program, of which $117,000 is
for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $2,783,000 is for the Research and
Development appropriation. The net decrease of $986,000 does not present a cut in the
actual research to be performed, since the "15-University IPM Consortium" will be jointly
funded by EPA and USDA-SEA; both agencies have requested $1,500,000 for funding the third
year, which is estimated to cost $3,000,000 total.
During 1981, EPA and USDA-SEA will continue the joint communications and coordination
mechanism implemented in 1980 which will assure that EPA research and implementation
programs are fully integrated with SEA's IPM research, extension and education program.
The "15-University IPM Consortium" project will utilize a joint EPA-USDA technical
guidance and oversight review team to assure that this project is fully integrated with
the USDA-SEA regional IPM programs which are being developed.
The third year of the "Mosquito-Rice!and IPM Consortium" will be funded. Joint
project management and review will be continued to assure that IPM mosquito control
strategies are integrated into holistic rice production IPM pest control programs.
An expanded urban IPM research program on urban pests, including technical assis-
tance and demonstrations will be supported. An extension and education plan based on the
results will be developed in cooperation with USDA-SEA.
Documentation of the environmental benefits and reduced human exposure of pesticides
from implementing IPA crop ecosystem strategies is a high priority. In cooperation with
USDA, multi-crop multi-pest regional 1PM demonstrations will be conducted. These studies
will demonstrate the benefits to producers and users of IPM strategies. Economic studies
coupled with predictive models will assist producers in making pest control decisions.
The remainder of the IPM program will provide support for (1) special pest problems
like the fire ant; (2) planning and support of USDA-SEA regional IPM programs; (3) tech-
nology transfer activities; and (4) in-house program support.
P-27
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Monitoring and Technical Support
Actual
1979
Budget
Estimate
1980
Current
Estimate
1980
Estimate
1981
Increase +
Decrease -
1981 vs. 1980
Appropriation
Quality Assurance:
Salaries and
Expense.. ,
Research and
Development......
Grand Total,
Permanent Positions
Qua!i ty Assurance....
Full-time Equivalency
Qua!i ty Assurance..
Budget Request
407
85
492
9
10
(dollars in thousand?]"
500
48
9
9
548
12
13
517
48
565
12
13
+17
+17
The Agency requests a total of $565,400 and 12 permanent workyears for 1981, an
increase of $16,900 from 1980. Included in this-total is $517,400 under the Salaries
and Expenses appropriation and $48,000 for extramural purposes under the Research and
Development appropriation with an increase of $16,900 for Salaries and Expenses. The
program will continue at the 1980 level of effort. >
Program Description
The objectives of the pesticides quality assurance program are to provide standarized
analytical measurement systems of verified performance characteristics which are capable
of generating accurate aid intercomparable data of known quality, and to provide quality
control materials which assure that these measurement systems continue to provide data
of known quality. These controls are necessary so as to allow regulatory decisions to
be made which cannot be successfully challenged based on quality of the data expressed in
terms of precision and accuracy, and to assure that data used by EPA are produced above
this minimal level of quality.
A repository of pesticide chemicals of known purity is maintained to supply the
analytical community with suitable reference and calibration materials. Pesticide
chemicals incorporated into a variety of environmental materials (biological tissues,
soil, or water) also serve as reference samples for maintaining the satisfactory
performance of measurement systems. Analytical supplies, rigorously examined for com-
pliance with quality control specifications, are furnished to help the national mentoring
network develop comparable data on human and environmental pesticide residues.
P-28
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PESTICIDES
Monitoring and Technical Support
Original Revised
Estimate Estimate President's
1981 1981 Reduction
(dollars in thousands)
Appropriation
Quality Assurance:
Salaries and
Expenses
Research and
Development
$ 517
48
$ 514
48
-$3
Grand Total,
555
562
""* O
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1979 Accomplishments
During 1979, obligations totaled $491,500. Included in this total is $406,700 for
salaries and expenses and 584,800 for extramural purposes. Specific accomplishments
include the following:
- Distributed pesticide reference materials to over 1,000 laboratories. Over
20,000 samples were furnished from the more than 500 compounds currently stocked.
- Conducted a 12-laboratory collaborative study of an improved method for determina-
tion of hexachlorbenzene and mirex residues in adipose tissue.
- Expanded the ongoing program of determining the stability of pesticide standard
solutions to include carbamates and triazines.
- Maintained quality control of critical analytical supplies for the national net-
work through rigorous acceptance testing program.
- Provided continual repair and calibration service support to epidemiology study
laboratories, EPA Regional laboratories, and the Health Effects Research Laboratory
at Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. Conducted on-site visits to two
participating laboratories. Approximately 854 instruments were serviced and 13 gas
chromatograph units were rebuilt.
- Established in-house certification and chemical characterization for pesticide
reference standards.
1980 Program
In 1980, the Agency has allocated a total of $548,500 to this program, of which $500,500
is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $48,000 is for extramural purposes in the
Research and Development appropriation. Specific outputs include:
- Upgrade quality of pesticide calibration material respository through in-house
certification of purity for at least 200 compounds.
* Provide pesticide reference materials to support legal measurements made by FDA
and EPA.
- Complete method performance evaluation for analytical procedure for alky!
phosphate in urine.
- Continue quality assurance support of human health and epidemi©logical
monitoring programs.
- Develop standardized protocols for biological testing of pesticides and quality
control guidelines for use in biological testing laboratories.
- Develop special pesticide reference materials for toxaphene in milk, soil, and
urine.
- Institute an annual meeting of pesticide residue chemists to exchange information
on new techniques and analytical pitfalls dicovered through the performance evalu-
ation.
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1980 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate ?
The net decrease of $108,500 results from several actions. An increase of $16,300
results from the cost ;of the October 1979 pay raise srJ is included^in a proposed supple-
mental appropriation. A congressional reduction of $2 million to Agency travel costs
resulted in a decrease of $400. An overall reprogramming throughout the Agency to provide
sufficient salary funds to cover authorized workyears resulted in a decrease of $7,400 to
this activity.
A reprogratnming of $100,000 was made from pesticides registration standards to
reflect a transfer of staff as a result of the reorganization of the programmatic func-
tions of the Corvallis and Las Vegas labs after a 1979 RIF.
1981 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $565,400 and 12 permanent workyears for this program,
of which $il7,4QO are in the Salaries end Expenses appropriation and $48,000 are for
extramural purposes in the Research and Development appropriation. The increase of
$16,900 reflects increased administrative costs. In 1981 the program will:
- Maintain the repository of pesticide calibration materials and improve the quality
of the repository to support the legal measurement requirements of the Food and
Drug Administration and Environmental Protection Agency.
- Provide the Office of Pesticide Programs epidemiology monitoring laboratories
with standardized analytical support materials such as Gas Chromatography column
packing, florisil, etc.
- Maintain electronics calibration and repair service.
- Develop certified pesticide calibration materials.
- Assist the Office of Pesticide Programs epidemiology monitoring laboratories in
estimating the quality of their performance.
- Expand support to the Office of Pesticide Programs epidemiology monitoring
laboratories by providing performance evaluations of analytical systems through
"unknowns" analysis.
- Perform an on-site inspection to evaluate the adequacy of instrumentation and
capabilities of the Office of Pesticide Programs epidemiology laboratories'
monitoring activities.
- Expand the scope of available analytical tools and calibration materials to
address high priority pesticides.
- Add pesticide metabolites and environmental breakdown products to the pesticide
reposi tory.
P-30
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Registration and Tolerances
Original
Estimate
1981
Revi sed
Estimate
1981
President's
Reduction
^dollars in thousands)"
Appropriation
Registration:
Salaries and Expenses.*. $ 6,876
Abatement, Control and
Compl i ance.... 709
Special Registration:
Salaries and Expenses.....,...*.. 1,869
Abatement, Control and
Compl i ance 273
Tolerances:
Salaries and Expenses 1,848
Abatement, Control and
Compl i ance 166
iota!:
Salaries and Expenses..... 10,593
Abatement, Control and
Compl i ance 1,143
Grand Total 11,741
$ 6,833
709
1,857
273
1,837
166
10,527
1,148
-$43
-12
-11
-66
11,675
-66
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PESTICIDES
Registration and Tolerances
Appropriation
Registration: .
Salaries and Expenses..
Abatement, Control and
Special Registration:
Salaries and Expenses..
Abatement, Control and
Tolerances:
Salaries and Expenses..
Abatement, Control and
Compliance
Total:
Salaries and Expenses..
Abatement, Control and
Permanent Positions
Special Registration...,
Total
Full-time Equivalency
Special Registration....
Tolerances..,.........*.
Total
Actual
1979
$4,179
2,653
2,100
277
1 ,569
109
7,848
3,039
10,887
156
84
74
314
152
82-
70
314
Budget
Estimate
1980
(dollars
$4,419
3,831
1,241
380
1,128
1,191
6,788
5,402
12,190
235
66
60
361
245
84
67
396
Current
Estimate Estimate
1980 1981
in thousands)
$7,391
103
2,001
27
1,820
166
11,212
296
11 ,508
222
62
57
341
246
68
67
381
$6,876
709
1,869
273
1,848
166
10,593
1,148
11,741
222
62
57
341
245
69
67
381
Increase +
Decrease -
1981 vs. 1980
-$514
+606
-132
+246
+28
» *
-6i s
+852
+233
*
*
» *
-1
+1
* * *
-------
The Agency requests a total of $11,740,900 for 1981, an increase of $233,800
over the current 1980 estimate, included in this total is $10,592,600 for Salaries
and Expenses and $1,148,300 for Abatement, Control and Compliance, with a decrease of
$618,400 and an increase of $852,200, respectively.
Program Description
The focus of this program is on the registration and special registration of
pesticides and on the establishment of residue tolerances for each registered product.
Since 1947, the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) has
been the primary vehicle for regulating pesticides. Until 1972, the law was focused
on the proper labeling of pesticide products shipped in interstate commerce. In 1972,
however, P.L. 92-516 strengthened the law considerably, changing it from a labeling
law to a comprehensive regulatory statute. The 1972 Amendments reflected the public
concern about potential adverse health impacts of pesticides only then becoming
apparent, the need to adequately assess the "reasonableness" of the risks posed by
these products and to permit continued sale and use of those products found not to
pose unreasonable risks* P.L. 92-516 charged EPA with the responsiblity not only for
requiring adequate premarket data review of new products, but also for reexaminig
previously registered products, and reregistering those which continue to meet today's
safety standards.
The Agency encountered numerous obstacles in attempting to carry out the
registration responsibilities imposed by the 1972 law. Registration came to a near
standstill due to ongoing litigation over use of one company's data by another, and
because for many products data sufficient to meet today's data requirements had not
yet been generated. At the same time, however, the law allowed earlier-registered
products, identical to those for which registration is now sought, to remain on the *
market pending reregistration, giving rise to a "double standard" among manufacturers
of like products. The 1978 Amendments to the FIFRA recognized the inequities of the
previous system, and permitted some far-reaching changes in the registration program
which have simplified the regulation of pesticides in this country.
The new law incorporated several important amendments which build upon the
major areas covered by previous laws, including registration of pesticides to prevent
unreasonable hazards to humans or the environment. Registration (premarket clearance)
of pesticides is a comprehensive process designed to help ensure the safe and effective
use of pesticides. Under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act
(FIFRA), all pesticides legally marketed in the United States must be registered by
the Agency.
Under the new law, the EPA is authorized to develop generic pesticide standards
for each pesticide active ingredient encompassing all of its approvable formulations
and uses. In the past, registration entailed an examination of the risk of each
product, one at a time. However, generic registration of pesticides entails a single,
comprehensive evaluation of risks and benefits of the technical material common to
numerous products based on all data relevant to the registration decision. The new
system will demand less time and money both from EPA and the registrant.
Development of pesticide generic standards will take time and until such
standards are developed and the complete new reregistrati on program is put in place,
Congress has authorized a program for EPA to grant conditional registrations.
Conditional registration will allow EPA to process applications for registration of
new products which are like ones already registered without additional data, and thus
permit the new products to enter the market on an equal footing with others already
registered and in turn provide consumers with a wider range of comparable products.
Utimately, all products will be reviewed comprehensively when reregistered under generic
-------
New uses of "old" chemicals and new chemicals will also be eligible for
conditional registration if EPA determines that enough information is available to
evaluate unique hazards that may be posed by the new uses. The Agency is also
authorized to issue conditional registration of new chemicals if the public interest
would be served by a registration, and if risks during the period required to complete
and submit additional studies are not unreasonable.
In the future, conditional registration will be useful for allowing time to
meet new data requirements or in some special cases, for permitting early registration
of brand new chemicals.
The registration process will focus on new chemicals, new products containing
previously registered pesticides, new uses and use restrictions, new formulations,
labeling changes, supplemental registrations and reregistrations. Priority will be
given to environmentally protective pesticides and innovative technologies.
The special registration of pesticides encompasses: (a) the issuance of
experimental use permits under Section 5 of FIFiA to generate data for registration,
(b) establishment of temporary tolerances to cover safe levels of pesticide residues
in food and feed from pesticide use for experimental purposes, (c) granting of
emergency exemptions under Section 18 of FIFRA to permit the temporary use of unregistered
pesticides, (d) issuance of Section 24(c) special local need registrations, largely
handled by the States with Federal oversight, and (e) issuance of minor use registrations
through liaison with public interest user-oriented groups. Special registration
provides data for the registration of pesticides, flexibility in responding to
emergency situations, and offers support to State and local governments in registering
pesticides for local use only.
Under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, as amended, (FFDCA), the Agency
establishes tolerance levels and exemptions from the requirement of a tolerance for
pesticide residues in or on raw agricultural commodities and processed foods. These
tolerance levels protect the public health while giving appropriate consideration to
the necessity for the production of an adequate, wholesome, and economical food supply.
Determination of tolerances involves careful review and evaluation of residue
chemistry and toxicology data to ensure the maximum residue levels likely to be found
in foods are safe for human consumption. Included in this consideration is the
cumulative effect of the same pesticide chemical and other related substances with
the same physiological activity. Analytical methods are tested to ensure that the
adequate enforcement of the established tolerance can be achieved.
EPA will implement more flexible minor use tolerance data review procedures
involving data requirements and scientific decision making. This will parallel
conditional registration and other newly authorized registration remedies to EPA's
pesticide registration program.
Current operations give high priority to tolerance petitions, innovative
pesticide chemicals and biologically integrated alternatives for pest control. Both
of these Integrated Pest Management (IPM) techniques reduce the amount of conventional
pesticide chemicals applied and significantly reduce environmental and human risk.
In addition, fee requirements for petitions, for tolerances of such products are
adjusted or waived. Tolerance petitions are the only pesticide actions for which
fees are charged.
REGISTRATION
1979 Accompli shments
-------
ftccompnsnments in \y/y rocusea on implementation of the iy/B Amendements to
the FIFRA designed to streamline the regulatory process, reduce the burdens on
industry, and insure public accessibility to basic health and safety studies while
closely guarding industry's property rights and rewarding innovation. In response to
these amendments, the Agency promulgated regulations governing conditional registration,
waivers of efficacy requirements, compensation for the use of data and registrant's
responsibilities for data submission. Over 200 conditional registrations for products
similar to already registered products were issued. Four brand new chemicals were
granted conditional registration to combat cotton pests. In addition, 12 conditional
registrations for new chemicals were granted. Over 24,000 registration actions (old
chemical applications, new chemical applications, amendments and supplemental
applications, etc.) were processed in 1979.
1980 Program
In 1980, the Agency has allocated a total of $7,493,300 to this program, of
which $7,390,300 is for Salaries and Expenses and $103,000 is for extramural purposes
under the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
In 1980, the Agency will process applications for new chemicals on a priority
basis while giving special attention to new chemicals that offer an extra measure of
protection to the environment. Tasks to be completed during 1980 are the processing
of: applications for the registration of products that contain new chemicals both for
food uses and non-food uses, 70; applications for the registration of new products
that contain old chemicals, but are identical or substantially similar to those
that are currently registered, 5,300; applications to amend current pesticide product
labels to add uses (food and non-food), 440; applications for administrative amendments
and supplemental registrations, more than 20,000; and minor amendments, 1,800.
Additional tasks include the follow-up on submission and review of data as conditions
for the conditional registration of products and the review of adverse effects data
submitted under Section 6{a}(2) of the FIFRA.
A plan for the upgrading of labeling on currently registered products will be
completed and implemented. Promulgation of the regulations and guidelines for
biologicals, will be completed. Environmentally protective pesticide products and
other items with review priority will be processed more rapidly.
In 1980, development of an automated system will be initated to permit tracking
of applications in the registration process flow. A series of simplified instructions
to help registrants apply for registration is being prepared, in order to reduce the
number of applications returned to registrants for additional information, before the
Agency can either register or deny an application. In addition, during 1980, most
sections of the proposed Registration Guidelines will be revised and written into the
final form.
1980 Explanation of Changes from Budget Estimates
The net decrease of $756,100 results from several actions. An increase of
$263,500 results from the cost of the October 1979 pay raise and is included in a
proposed supplemental appropriation. A congressional reduction of $1 million to ADP
costs resulted in a decrease of $11,100.
A reprogramming of $1,008,500 was made to pesticide RPAR review to realign the
program contract support for the internal analytical methodology.
P-34
-------
1981 Plan
The Agency requested a toal of $7,584,900 for this program, of which $6,875,700
Is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $709,200 for Abatement, Control
and Compliance.
In 1981, conditional registration of pesticide products containing currently
registered active ingredients will be used extensively until pesticide generic
standards are developed. The program will also highlight the registration of
environmentally protective pesticides for which complete hazard data are available.
The Agency expects to process 96 new chemical applications (48 food and 48 non-
food) through scientific and regulatory reviews to assess the potential hazards
associated with the use of new products. Expeditious processing will be provided for
environmentally protective pesticides.
Applications involving old chemicals will be processed for conditional registration
of products. Conditional registration activities will be undertaken for 100 products
involving a significant variation in formulation and for 5,200 products involving
formulations similar to already registered products.
Applications to amend registration will focus on a number of areas. New food
and non-food use applications will total 220 and 220 respectively. The Agency will
process 1,800 applications for minor changes, and 4,000 adnrinstrative amendments. An
estimated 200 products will be the subject of conditional registration follow-up
actions to ensure full compliance with all conditions placed on conditionally registered
products. Data reviews, under Section 6(a)(2) of FIFRA, will be undertaken for 25
data submissions to determine if any unacceptable adverse affects are expected from
legal uses of registered pesticides. Supplemental registration applications are
expected to total 16,000 and will be processed within six weeks of receipt.
Other accomplishments under these programs will include the development of 40 re-
registration call-in packages based on generic standards. Continuing efforts will
include direct dissemination of information to the farm worker and other representative
groups at the Federal, State and local levels, and improved product labeling and
monitoring techniques. A management information system will be developed which will
permit the consolidation of specialized farm worker, pesticide use, and industry data
into a pesticide data base. Suitable guidelines will be developed for evaluating the
potential hazards of new pesticides to agricultural workers, along with guidelines
establishing suitable reentry intervals for farm workers for treated fields. An
attempt will be made to finalize scientific, technical and other data necessary for
assessment of farm worker risk and to assess the most effective methods to minimize
this risk.
SPECIAL REGISTRATION ;
1979 Accomplishments
In 1979, resources spent on the special registration process totaled $2,376,800,
which included $2,099,500 for Salaries and Expenses and $277,300 for Abatement,
Control and Compliance activities.
As in the case of registration, the Agency moved to implement key provisions of
the 1978 Amendments to the FIFRA, particularly relating to the authority of States to
issue product registration for special local needs. In light of these statutory
changes, the Agency published a statement reflecting its thinking on minor use
pesticide registration and tolerances. The Congress has clarified that EPA is to make
minor use pesticide registration data requirements "commensurate with anticipated
*>Ytpnt rvf ucc - nattpi-n nf ncc - anri 1-ho loucl anrf rieni-cc nf nntoirMal oxnnciiro rvf irwn
-------
In 1980, the Agency has allocated a total of $2,027,800 to this program, of
which $2,000,700 is for Salaries and Expenses and $27,100 is extramural purposes
under the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
The Agency will continue the special registration program by (a) issuing
experimental use permits to support registration requirements, (b) establishing
temporary tolerances to cover safe levels of pesticide residues, (c) granting emergency
exemptions to allow the use of unregistered pesticides and (d) providing guidance and
directions to States which issue pesticide registrations and experimental use permits
to meet local needs. The Agency expects to process 240 experimental use permits, 55
temporary tolerance petitions, and 350 emergency exemptions, and will review 1,200
State registrations. Agency oversight and guidance will be provided for an estimated
100 State issued experimental use permits.
1980 Explanation of Changes from Budget Estimate
The net increase of $406,600 results from several actions. An increase of
$76,100 results from the cost of the October 1979 pay raise and is included in a
proposed supplemental appropriation. An overall reprogramming throughout the Agency
to provide sufficient salary funds to cover authorized workyears resulted in a increase
of $7,300 to this activity.
A reprogramming of $323,200 was made from pesticide tolerances for improvement
in internal analytical methodology which identified base program contract support.
1981 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $2,142,400 for this program, of which $1,869,300
is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation, and $273,100 is for the Abatement,
Control and Compliance appropriation.
During 1981, the special registration program will evaluate in terms of risks
and benefits, an expected 350 Section 18 emergency exemption requests to allow
pesticides to be used to control unexpected agricultural or public health pest
outbreaks, and to either grant or deny such requests as expeditiously as possible.
Approximately 240 applications for experimental use permits will be evaluated each
within the statutory limit of 120 days. This will allow pesticide research and
development to continue for new pesticides and for new uses of currently registered
pesticides. Biologicals and third-generation pesticides will be given special
attention; an attempt will be made to process these within 100 days. An estimated 55
petitions for temporary tolerances, and 80 resubmissions supporting experimental use
permits, will be evaluated. The Agency will review an estimated 1,200 Section 24{c)
State registrations which provide for the use of a pesticide in a special local need
situation within a given State, and 100 Section 5(f) State experimental use permits
to allow continuing research and development of pesticides to meet special local needs.
TOLERANCES
1979 Accomplishments
In 1979, resources spent for the tolerance setting process totaled $1,677,700,
which included $1,568,700 for Salaries and Expenses and $109,000 for Abatement,
Control and Compliance activities.
Accomplishments during 1979 include the processing of 137 petitions, 110
amendments, and nine inert ingredient requests to establish-residue levels. An
estimated 400 telephone an 260 written requests for tolerance information were
processed, with a written response time averaging less than two weeks.
-------
1980 Program
In 1980, the Agency has allocated a total of $1,986,000 to this program, of
which $1,820,000 is for Salaries and Expenses, and $166,000 is for extramural purposes
under the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
These resources will permit the Agency to review all incoming tolerance actions
to establish residue levels that will protect human health, and provide written
replies (acknowledgements) to tolerance petitions within two weeks. The Subcommittee
on Oversight and Investigations, Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce, U.S.
House of Representatives, and EPA's Science Advisory Board have made recommendations
concerning the tolerance-setting process. In response to these recommendations,
the Agency is now actively developing proposed program changes. Once these are agreed
upon, additional resources may be required. An estimated 160 new petitions, 150
amendments, and 40 inert ingredient requests will be processed. This processing
includes administrative handling, coordination and data review, scientific review of
data, regulatory decision making, and preparation of Federal Register notices.
Replies will be made to 300 written and 450 telephone requests, including both specific
congressional inquiries and general correspondence. Replies to written inquiries
will average two weeks turnaround time.
1980 Explanation of Changes From Budget Estimates
The net decrease of $333,000 results from several actions. An increase of
$71,200 results from the cost of the October 1979 pay raise and is included in a
proposed supplemental appropriation. A reprogramming of $404,200 was made to pesticide
special registrations ($323,200) and to pesticide RPAR reviews ($81,000) to realign
the program contract support for the internal analytical methodology.
1981 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $2,013,600 for this program, of which $1,847,600
is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $166,000 for Abatement, Control
and Compliance.
These resources will enable the Agency to carefully evaluate chemistry and
metabolism data for 160 petitions and 150 amendments to determine the nature and
level of pesticide residues expected to remain in or on food crops when used according
to the proposed label directions. Toxicology data for 160 petitions and 150 amendments
will be evaluated to determine if foods containing these residue levels are safe for
human consumption. These evaluations will also take into account the cumulative
effect of the tolerances already established for the pesticide chemical and other
pesticide chemicals with related pharmacological activity. Specific analytical
methods will be evaluated to determine their suitability for enforcement of proposed
tolerances. The Agency expects to publish in the Federal Register seventy notices
establishing tolerances.
-------
Standards Setting and RPAR
Appropriation
Registration Standards:
Salaries and Expenses..
Abatement, Control and
Compliance...
RPAR Reviews:
Salaries and Expenses..
Abatement, Control and
Compllance.
EIS Preparation:
Salaries and Expenses,.
Total:
Salaries and Expenses..
Abatement, Control and
Compllance.
Grand Total..............
Permanent Positions
Registration Standards.
RPAR Reviews
EIS Preparation
Total,
Full-Tlme Equivalency
Registration Standards.
RPAR Reviews...
£IS Preparation...
Actual
1979
$8,068
6,844
5,114
8,218
154
13,336
1^062
28,398
158
188
2
348
194
157
5
Budget
Estimate
1980
(dollars
$3,861
8,591
2,531
9,514
63
6,455
18,105
24,560
197
135
3
335
203
158
3
Current
Estimate Estimate
1980 1981
in thousandsj
$5,958
6,561
4,551
8,961
82
10,591
15^522
26,113
183
145
3
331
200
153
3
$5,592
11,846
4,394
15,266
84
10,070
2L.112
37,182
168
145
3
316
181
152
3
Increase +
Decrease -
1981 vs. 1980
-$366
+5,285
-157
+6,305
+2
-521
+11,590
+11,069
-15
* *
-15
-19
-1
» »
Total,
356
Budget Request
364
356
336
-20
The Agency requests a total of $37,182,200 for 1981, an increase of $11,069,200
from 1980. Included in this total is $10,069,900 for Salaries and Expenses and
$27,112,300 for Abatement, Control and Compliance, a decrease of $521,900 and an increase
of $11,591,100, respectively. This level of funding will provide for the continued
development of pesticide registration standards, which are crucial to improve the
efficiency of future pesticide registration and reregistration activities. The budget
will also permit the continuation of rebuttable presumption against registration (RPAR)
actions which are necessary to properly assess the risks and benefits of compounds and
to implement restrictions on compounds suspected of causing unreasonable adverse health
effects. The RPAR investigative process will be made a part of the registration standards
-------
Standards Setting and PRAR
Original Revised
Estimate Estimate President's
1981 1981 Reduction
[Hollars in thousands)
Appropriation
Registration Standards:
Salaries and Expenses 5 5,592
Abatement, Control and
Compl i ance 11,846
RPAR Reviews:
Salaries and Expenses...... 4,394
Abatement, Control and
Compli ance. 15» 266
EIS Preparation:
Salaries and Expenses .... §5_
'tal:
salaries and Expenses 10,070
Abatement, Control and
Compl i ance. 27,1} 2
Grand Total ., 37,182
$ 5,557
11,846
4,366
15,266
84
10,007
27,112
-$35
-28
-63
37,119
-63
-------
Page Intentionally Blank
-------
setting system in 1981. By then, any newly suspect chemicals will enter the standards
process and will be subjected to RPAR review when unreasonable adverse effects are
identified. The laboratory audit program will be continued to ensure the validity of
data presented by registrants in support-of past, current and future registrations.
Funding is also requested to implement agreements made with Silvex registrants subsequent
to the Administrator's emergency suspension of the product's major uses. These agreements
provide that the Agency must accept for disposal all Silvex products registered by the
registrants which are voluntarily cancelled by them and delivered to disposal facilities
designated by EPA.
Program Description
In order to use resources efficiently, the Agency developed a new approach to
reregistrati on which was ratified by Congressdeveloping registration standards for
each of the active ingredient chemicals currently used in pesticide products. This
approach, however, is currently the subject of litigation which could cause redirection
or major changes in the program. The uncertainties caused by this litigation and its
possible impacts are described later in this section. EPA will concentrate its efforts
on the approximately 500 chemicals currently used as active ingredients, which will
permit decisions on the reregistration of all existing products. Many of the approximately
1,400 chemicals originally identified as discrete active ingredients are not in production
or have chemical forms that allow them to be judged as a family rather than one by one.
The development of a registration standard is divided into five phases: (1) data
gathering and preparation, (2) scientific review, (3) identification and analysis of
regulatory options, (4) regulatory standard drafting and distribution, and (5) integration
of comments and preparation of the revised standard. Several mixture and formulation
standards will probably be developed for each chemical standard produced. Pesticide
residue tolerances, already established under authority of the Federal Food, Drug and
Cosmetic Act, will also be reviewed and respecified for each of the food or animal
crops to whtch the chemical is applied. (The establishment of new residue tolerances
is funded under the registration and tolerances subactivity). Finally, all pesticide
products that use the chemical as an active ingredient and meet the specifications of
the standard will be reregistered. (Reregistration, as distinguished from standards
production, is funded under the registration and tolerances subactivity, as are resources
for new product registrations and amendments to existing registrations). Incorporating
this standard setting approach into the Agency's entire pesticides abatement, control,
and compliance program will facilitate registration and reregistration actions.
Due in part to the uncertainties caused by litigation challenging the constitutionality
of basic FIFRA data use and disclosure provisions, the Agency may not be able to actually
produce the number of published standards planned for 1980 and 1981. While EPA believes
that the legal underpinnings of the program are fundamentally sound, the delays and
Agency effort associated with pending challenges are likely to affect output in the
form of actual published standards. In the event, however, that litigation or other
exogenous events prevent or significantly delay final publication of standards, the
Agency will nonetheless continue the process of systematically reviewing the data base
upon which registration of current pesticides is based. In short, the actual number of
completions for both 1980 and 1981 may vary dependent upon events largely outside EPA's
control. If the court rulings are not favorable to EPA, the Agency will return to the
Authorization and Appropriations Committees for guidance.
-------
chemicals requires a risk/benefit determination after an in-depth review OT potential
hazards on a use by use basis. Public hearings are conducted, if necessary, to reach
final determinations. The RPAR process includes analysis of the exposure of humans and
the environment to the pesticide, including environmental impact analysis; analysis for
oncogenicity, mutagenicity and teratogenicity risk; review of the benefits of the
pesticide's uses; review of the possible substitutes for the chemicals; and assessment
of the possible regulatory options. In 1981, the registration standards system will
include the RPAR program, assuming that current litigation does not preclude the
development of standards. The RPAR and registration standards systems are similar in
their need to review all available data, and similar in outputs; therefore it is
reasonable to combine the two in order to maximize effectiveness and efficiency.
The Agency will continue to conduct systematic audits of laboratories and the quality
of laboratory studies to evaluate their impact on decision making. This is being done
because of indications that there are defects in basic studies used to support pesticide
registrations. These lab data validations are important to the registration, RPAR, and
tolerance setting processes since reliable data is needed to proceed with actions to
identify and restrict or remove hazardous pesticides from use, as well as to establish
pesticide standards for streamlined registration and reregistration,
On February 28, 1979, the Administrator issued an emergency suspension, the first
in the Agency's history, for major uses of the pesticides 2,4,5-T and Silvex. This
action was taken due to the apparent correlation between human miscarriage and uses of
these products, as well as extensive animal data. Subsequent to this and as mandated
in the FIFRA, agreements were made with Silvex registrants that the Agency must accept
for disposal all Silvex products registered by the registrants which are voluntarily
cancelled by them and delivered to disposal facilities designated by EPA. Specific
disposal activities include contracting for performance testing of disposal techniques,
development of Environmental Impact Statements to cover shipment and disposal operations,
cleansing and disposal of Silvex containers, securing required governmental permits,
coordinating and supervising shipping and disposal operations and contracting with
facility operators for actual disposal.
REGISTRATION STANDARDS
1979 Accomplishments
In 1979, a total of $14,911,700 was spent, including $6,843,600 for information
services, scientific data review, and other contracts. These resources were used to
gather and prepare data, to develop one registration standard as an example of the type
of standards that will be produced, to gather pesticide use and usage information, to
perform economic impact analyses of various regulatory recommendations, to support
toxicology and chemistry data evaluations* and to evaluate health effects. The
registration standard system was initiated and the initial phases were tested in 1979.
Standard setting activities focused on; identification and resolution of major policy
issues, development of detailed internal procedures to complete the data gathering and
data evaluation phases of the registration standards process, and identification of
procedures to facilitate the integration of the RPAR process into the standards setting
process. The data gathering phase was initiated for 28 active ingredients, and was
completed for 16.
-------
1980 Program
In 1980, the Agency has allocated a total $12,518,700 to this program, of which
$5,958,400 is for Salaries and Expenses and $6,560,300 is for extramural purposes under
the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. The extramural resources are for
information service and scientific data review contracts to support the development of
registration standards.
During 1980, the system will start in earnest and the emphasis will shift from a
development mode to a production mode. Using a chemical prioritizing system, work is
expected to be initiated on an additional 25-40 standards, and between 10 and 20
registration standards are expected to be completed.
1980 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimates
The net increase of $66,700 results from several actions. An increase of $224,400
results from the cost of the October 1979 pay raise and is included in a proposed
supplemental appropriation. A congressional reduction of $2 million to Agency travel
costs resulted in a decrease of $40,000.
A reprogranming of $100,000 was made to the Office of Research and Development
within the pesticides media to implement a transfer of staff at the CorvaTlis lab. A
reprogramming of $17,700 was made to pesticide RPAR reviews for improvement in internal
analytical methodology which identified base program contract support.
1981 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $17,438,500 for this program, of which $5,592,100
is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $11,846,400 for the Abatement,
Control and Compliance appropriation for information services and scientific data review
contracts.
These resources are expected to permit the completion of 20-40 standards started
in 1979 and 1980 and the initiation of an additional 25-40 standards in 1981. Extensive
extramural resources will be used to gather, evaluate, and analyze scientific data.
However, the Agency may not be able to complete the planned number of standards due to
the uncertainties caused by litigation attacking the constitutionality of basic FIFRA
data use and disclosure provisions. In the event that litigation prevents or significantly
delays completion of the standards, EPA will nonetheless continue the process of
systematically reviewing the data base upon which registration of current pesticides is
based. If the court rulings are not favorable to EPA, the Agency will return to the
Authorization and Appropriations Conmittees for guidance.
The registration standard setting program will incorporate the RPAR investigative
process in 1981 unless exogenous factors, such as litigation, inhibit the integration.
The two systems are similar in their need to review all available data, and similar in
outputs; therefore, it is reasonable to combine the two in order to maximize effectiveness
and efficiency. The absorption is primarily a matter of integrating current RPAR
procedures into the parallel registration standards development process and defining
the exact RPAR-related outputs which the Agency will develop as part of the standards process.
-------
REBUTTABLE PRESUMPTION AGAINST REGISTRATION (RPAR) AND EIS PREPARATION
1979 Accompl i shtnents
A total of $13,486,600 was spent for this program, including EIS preparation;
$8,218,300 was spent for contracts for information services, site/pest information, use
analyses, scientific exposure/hazard assessments and risk/benefit information.
In 1979, the Agency reached substantive decisions on 15 chemicals including
chlorobenzilate, BAAM, Endrin, and Benomyl, although the administrative and appellate
proceedings could run on for some years. A special effort was initiated to review the
RPAR process and develop new procedures and management structures to improve its
efficiency and effectiveness. Major contracts for scarce risk and benefit analytical
expertise were put in place in 1979. The contractors, both private and public
organizations, supplemented the Agency's limited in-house specialists, e.g. lexicologists,
entomologists, etc. Support for three hearings which resulted from RPAR decisions was
provided.
Thirty-three (33) lab audits were performed and 190 audits were conducted on
registrant validations of possibly faulty lab data. The lab audit process identified
several new suspect chemicals and four labs which had significant problems. The results
of the lab audit program were fed back into the RPAR and registration processes with a
view toward identifying data gaps and the need for revised decisions.
After emergency suspension of Si!vex in 1979, agreements were reached with major
registrants of Si 1 vex in Which they agreed to request voluntary cancellation of their
products and EPA agreed to arrange for disposal. The Agency initiated actions to
investigate and determine the legal requirements for and quantities, location, and
nature of the products to be disposed. The Agency also suspended major uses of the
pesticide 2,4,5-T in 1979 and will continue to review this chemical through the RPAR
process in 1980.
1980 Program
In 1980, the Agency allocated a total of $13,594,300 to this program, including
EIS preparation, of which $4,633,400 is for Salaries and Expenses and $8,960,900 is for
extramural purposes under the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. The
extramural resources are for information services, site/pest information, use analyses,
scientific exposure/hazard assessments and risk/benefit information.
Substantive decisions are projected on up to 15 chemicals and 10-15 chemicals are
expected to begin review under the RPAR process. In late 1980, the emphasis will
gradually shift towards the later phases of RPAR action as the process is merged with
the registration standards system. Support will be provided for 2 to 4 hearings
resulting from RPAR decisions. Major contractual efforts will continue, and new
procedures and management structures will be developed as the result of reviews of the
RPAR process initiated in 1979. During 1980, a shift will occur toward the development
of ecological effects laboratory audit procedures and 25-35 laboratory audits are
projected. Agency activities initiated in 1979 concerning Silvex disposal will continue.
-------
1980 Explanation of Changes from Budget Estimate
The net increase of $1,486,300 results from several actions. An increase of
$172,300 results from the cost of the October 1979 pay raise and is included in a
proposed supplemental appropriation. An overall reprograraning throughout the Agency to
provide sufficient salary funds to cover authorized workyears resulted in an increase
of $3,600 to this activity.
A reprogramming within the Office of Pesticide Programs was made from pesticide
registration standards ($17,700); pesticide registrations ($1,008,500); pesticide
tolerances ($81,000); and pesticide use management ($203,200), for improved internal
analytical methodology which identifies base program contract support.
1981 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $19,743,700 for this program, including EIS
preparation, of which $4,477,800 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and
$15,265,900 for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation for contracts for
information services, use analyses, scientific exposure/hazard assessment and risk/benefit
and site/pest information. Increased extramural resources will be devoted to small
mission contracts to provide additional exposure analysis, benefit analysis, and other
analysis associated with risk/benefit assessments of suspect chemicals or groups of
suspect chemicals.
At this level of resources, substantive decisions are expected on approximately 15
chemicals and 5-10 chemicals may be identified for review under the RPAR process as
spin-offs from the registration standard reviews. In 1981, the RPAR investigations
will be integrated with the registration standard development system unless exogenous
factors, such as litigation concerning the standards system, hinders Agency plans.
Chemicals will usually be initiated into RPAR review only when the preliminary registration
standards review reveals evidence of possible unreasonable adverse effects. The process
will continue to rely heavily on contractors in 1981 to supplement Agency resources.
Technical support is expected to be provided to 5-9 hearings resulting from RPAR
decisions. In 1981, the laboratory audit program will shift emphasis from health
effects to include studies on ecological effects and chemical fate. In 1981, approximately
25-35 laboratory audits will be performed; other audit activities will include evaluating
reports of registrants (whose pesticide products are supported by studies done by
laboratories whose practices are suspect) and reassessing past regulatory decisions,
such as tolerances, which were based on a pivotal study found to be invalid through the
audit program.
In 1981, $4,000,000 is requested which will allow continuation of Silvex disposal
operations begun in earlier years as these products continue to be collected from
distributors and retailers by registrants. The specific disposal activities will
include contracting for performance testing of disposal techniques in order to obtain
disposal permits and clearances; contracting for development of Environmental Impact
Statements to cover shipping and disposal operations; contracting with disposal facility
operators to dispose of Silvex pesticides; contracting for cleansing and disposing of
Silvex pesticide containers; securing necessary federal, state, and local permits; and
coordinating and supervising shipment and actual disposal operations. The Agency may
also have to accept 2,4,5-T products as well as the rest of Silvex if cancellation
proceedings are completed and the final decision is to cancel some or all of the
originally suspended uses.
-------
PESTICIDES
Federal and State Program Support
Actual
1979
Appropriation
Pesticide Use Management:
Salaries and Expenses.. $1,802
Abatement, Control and
Compl i ance 3,514
Budget
Estimate
1980
Current
Estimate
1980
Estimate
1981
Increase +
Decrease -
1981 vs. 1980
(dollars in thousands)
$1 ,802
3,514
$1 ,728
1 ,978
$1 ,652
3,780
$420
* »
-$1 ,232
-3,780
Total..
Permanent Positions.
Full-time Equivalency....
Budget Request
5,316
48
58
3,706
39
52
5,432
64
71
420
17
20
-5,012
-47
-51
The Agency requests a total of $420,000 for 1981, a decrease of $5,012,200 from
1980. The full request is for Salaries and Expenses and no funds for Abatement, Control,
and Compliance. This is a decrease of $1,231,800 and $3,780,400, respectively.
Program Description
EPA is committed to ensuring that State and local governments assume a large
responsibility for pesticide control programs. The Agency has been working with States
in the implementation of cooperative Federal/State programs, in particular those
involving the certification and training of applicators to apply restricted use
pesticides. EPA believes that this will not only result in better control of pesticides
and fewer accidents, but will also be more cost effective and responsive to local needs.
The States are now extensively implementing these programs. EPA is also working with
other Federal agencies and Indian tribes that apply significant amounts of pesticides
in the development of their programs for training and certification. In order to insure
necessary continuity, EPA will continue to assist the States, Federal agencies and
Indian tribes in upgrading existing programs and will support Federal certification
programs in Colorado and Nebraska where the States have not assumed responsibility. In
1981, these responsibilities will be undertaken by the enforcement program.
The Agency also provides information to the public and industry on activities
associated with pesticide registration and conducts activities directed at educating
the public on safe use practices. In accord with Section 4(c) of FIFRA, instructional
materials on pest management practices, especially integrated pest management (IPM)
techniques, are being distributed to the public.
-------
Federal and State Program Support
Appropriation
Pesticide Use Management:
Salaries and Expenses..
Abatement, Control and
Compliance
Original
Estimate
1981
Revised
Estimate
1981
President's
Reduction
$420
(dollars in thousands)
$417
-$3
Total
420
417
- 3
-------
Page Intentionally Blank
-------
1979 Accompl i shtnents
In 1979, $5,315,900 was spent for pesticide use management activities of which
$3,514,100 was for Abatement, Control and Compliance. Of this amount $930,000 was
transferred to the Department of Agriculture Extension Service for the applicator
training program. EPA has approved 47 State Certification plans which have been fully
implemented. Federal certification plans have been implemented in Colorado and Nebraska
and one Federal certification plan (DOD), was approved. Fifty-four (54) State training
plans have been funded through USDA and are now operating. Indian certification policy
has been developed and approved. A grant to the Association of American Pesticide
Control Officials (AAPCO) to maintain the State FIFRA Issues Research and Evaluation
Group (SFIREG) has enabled the Agency to evaluate alternatives to Federal funding
assistance to the States' certification and training programs. Under a contract with
the General Services Administration, all EPA pesticide mailing lists were consolidated
and computerized. This has resulted in the development of 28 mailing lists containing
almost 7,000 addresses.
In addition to supporting the nationwide certification and training of applicators,
regional pesticide branches provided assistance to pesticide manufacturers, formulators,
and distributors on all aspects of registration requirements; assisted states in the
development of, and evaluated, emergency use exemptions and local use registrations;
supported public health and safety needs by providing assistance with pesticide spills
and fires, farm worker safety programs, poison control centers, hospitals and worker
clinics; conducted pesticide accident investigations, which resulted in improved data
on pesticide accidents and misuse and which will in turn be used to support registration
decisions and label changes; provided technical assistance to their counterparts in the
water programs to improve pesticide use practices around water; represented and
disseminated information regarding the full range of Agency policies and programs to
all affected governmental and private entities; and responded to congressional, public,
press, and FOI requests for information..
These activities have had several major positive impacts. The certification and
training program, by reaching over 1.5 million applicators, has lessened the incidence
of accidental pesticide misuse. The presence of the pesticide classification/applicator
certification program as a viable, relied-upon alternative to pesticide cancellation
has protected agricultural production costs from further upward pressure. Finally, the
information outreach program has broadened State and public understanding of pesticide
issues, and has thereby facilitated implementation of the FIFRA.
1980 Program
In 1980, the Agency has allocated a total of $5,432,200 to this program, of which
$1,651,800 is for Salaries and Expenses and $3,780,400 is for extramural purposes under
the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. Federal funding will be provided
to the States for support of certification and training programs. The Federal share
for this support may be up to 50 percent of program costs. A contract has been let for
the evaluation of training in six States and will provide the basis for upgrading all programs.
Regional program activities have a high degree of continuity. No new initiatives
are anticipated for 1980. The program will continue activities started in prior years.
-------
The net increase of $1,726,200 results from several actions. An increase of
$61,000 results from the cost of the October 1979 pay raise and is included in a proposed
supplemental appropriation. A congressional reduction of $2 million each to Agency
travel costs and supplies and expenses resulted in a decrease of 58,700 and $10,000
respectively. The Congress also provided an increase of $1,750,000 for pesticides
applicator training. An overall reprogramming throughout the Agency to provide sufficient
salary funds to cover authorized workyears resulted in an increase of $85,800 to this
activity.
Regional reprogrammings in order to support projections of costs based on 1979
expenditures resulted in transfers from pesticides enforcement ($25,600); from radiation
program implementation ($6,700); from drinking water underground injection control
program ($22,400); to ambient air quality monitoring ($7,300); from pesticides special
registrations ($19,800); to water quality municipal waste treatment facility construction
($88,600); from noise program implementation ($6,000); from toxics management ($21,700);
to pesticides RPAR reviews ($203,200); and from water quality HEPA compliance/municipal
waste treatment facility construction ($45,000).
1981 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $420,000 for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation.
This request reflects a major reprogramming of pesticide use management activities
in which certification and training resources will be transferred to the enforcement
program. This transfer will include $3,000,000 requested to operate Federal certification
and training programs in Colorado and Nebraska, to provide grants in support of State
certification programs, and to fund applicator training conducted by the Department of
Agriculture Extension Service. This transfer is intended to strengthen the environmental
benefits of the program, provide a programmatic linkage between the certification and
training program and the State enforcement programs, and reemphasize the priority of
implementing certification and training programs in Colorado and Nebraska along with
increased enforcement in these same States. Resources remaining in pesticide use
management will: maintain liaison with the Office of Enforcement on upgrading training
materials to the 12th grade level; ensure dissemination of current knowledge on restricted
use classification; provide assistance to the States on pesticide spills, kills, and
fires; process pesticide inquiries; and conduct limited evaluation studies.
P-46
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PESTICIDES
Pesticides Enforcement
Appropriation
Pesticides Enforcement:
Salaries and Expenses..
Abatement, Control and
Compliance.......
Pesticides Enforcement
Grant Support:
Salaries and Expenses.,
Pesticides Enforcement
Grants:
Abatement, Control,
and Compliance
Pesticides Certification
and Training Grants:
Abatement, Control
and Compliance..
Total:
Salaries and Expenses..
Abatement, Control,
and Compliance...
Grant Total.
Original
Estimate
1981
Revised
Estimate
1981
President's
Reduction
(dollars in thousands)
$ 3,753
112
437
7,920
3,000
4,190
11,032
15,222
$ 3,730
112
434
7,920
3,000
4,164
11,032
15,196
-$23
-3
-26
-26
-------
Page Intentionally Blank
-------
PESTICIDES
Pesticides Enforcement
Appropriation
Actual
1979
Pesticides Enforcement:
Salaries and Expenses $3,598
Abatement, Control
and Compliance 57
Pesticides Enforcement
Grants Support:
Salaries and Expenses 474
Pesticides Enforcement
Grants:
Abatement, Control,
and Compliance 8,797
Pesticides Certification
and Training Grants:
Abatement, Control
and Compliance
Total:
Salaries and Expenses 4,072
Abatement Control,
and Compliance 8,854
Grand Total 12,926
Permanent Positions
Pesticides Enforcement...... 11.0
Pesticides Enforcement
Grants Support 6
Grand Total 116
Full-time Equivalency
Pesticides Enforcement 127
Pesticides Enforcement
Grants Support L2
Grand Total 139
Budget
Estimate
1980
Current
Estimate
1980
Estimate
1981
$3,406
8,75.0
3,406
8,750
12,156
116
116
124
(dollars in thousands)
$2,765
165
455
8,750
124
3,220
8.915
12,135
97
14
111
105
17_
122
$3,753
112
437
7,920
3,000
121
16
137
137
17
154
Increase +
Decrease -
1981 vs. 1980
+S 988
- 53
- 18
- 830
+3,000
+ 24
+ 2
+ 26
+ 32
+ 32
P-47
-------
enforcement program. Included in this total is 54,189,200 for the Salaries and Expense- ^ =
appropriation and $11,031,600 for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation -\ "
with increases of 5969,000 and $2,116,300, respectively. The total request reflects an
increase of 26 permanent workyears and $3,085,300, resulting from the transfer of the
applicator certification and training program to the Office of Enforcement from the
Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances, involving an increase of $3,987,000 and 26
permanent workyears, offset in part by a decrease of $830,000 for pesticides cooperative
enforcement grants.
Program Description
The EPA pesticides enforcement program, covering approximately 8,000 firms involved
in the production of pesticides sold and distributed in the United States and millions
of persons using those pesticides, is administered pursuant to the Federal Insecticide,
Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act, as amended. The first priority of the program is initiating
enforcement actions in energency situations involving substantial threats to public health
and safety. The program also emphasizes compliance on the part of the pesticide industry
with registration, classification, and labeling requirements, and compliance by users and
applicators of pesticides in observing proper label directions for use. As a result of
Federal/State enforcement agreements, the program is conducted largely by cooperating
State agencies. Included in the overall program are: observation of pesticide applications;
sampling and label checks of pesticides at production sites and in the marketplace;
registration of pesticide-producing establishments; and initiation of enforcement actions
including civil penalties, criminal prosecutions, seizures, stop sales, and injunctive
actions. In addition, the pesticides enforcement program in FY 1981 will include the
administration and oversight of the applicator certification and training program. This
resonsibility includes the finding of State certification and training programs, EPA
oversight of such programs, administration and enforcement of Federal certification and
programs in Colorado and Nebraska, and administration of certification and training
programs among Indian tribes. (
EPA is committed to ensuring that State governments participate to the maximum
extent in the national pesticides enforcement program. The Agency has worked with the
States in the implementation of cooperative Federal/State programs, particularly in
establishing cooperative enforcement grants and applicator certification and training
programs. With State participation, the breadth and effectiveness of the enforcement
program have been greatly enhanced, the control over the use of pesticides has improved,
and increased responsiveness to local needs has been realized.
1979 Accomplishments
Total obligations for this program in 1979 were $12,925,800, of which $4,072,100 was
for salaries and expenses and $8,853,700 was for extramural purposes. The extramural
funds included $105,200 for contracts (including an evaluation of the effectiveness of the
State grant program, training for laboratory inspection program, and ADP support), and
$8,797,000 for support of cooperative enforcement grants with 43 States and Territories.
P-48
-------
During 1979, the program accomplished the following: 977 inspections of
pesticide-producing establishments; 396 use and reentry inspections; 215 inspections
at ports of entry; and 1320 marketplace inspections. As a result of these efforts,
the Agency issued: 228 civil actions for product/producer/use violations; 588 Section 9
notices of warning for product/producer violations; and 184 stop sale, use, or removal
orders. The Agency also participated in four investigations of incidents of alleged
falsification of data submitted in support of product registration, and published Notices
of Judgment, detailing the legal disposition of those civil and criminal actions instituted
under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act, as amended.
1930 Program
The 1980 planned resource level for this program is 111 permanent workyears and
$12,135,500, of which $3,220,200 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and
$8,915,300 is for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. Contract funds
in the amount of $170,800 will be used for specialized training for pesticides enforce-
ment personnel in the laboratory inspection program and for ADP support. A total of
$8,750,000 will be used to fund cooperative enforcement grants.
The 1980 pesticides enforcement program will have as its first priority, at both
headquarters and in the regions, the initiation of enforcement actions in emergencies
involving substantial threats to public health and safety. Other programwide respon-
sibilities include emphasis upon enforcement of pesticide use and application, improve-
ment of enforcement methods through greater cooperation with States, and development
of cases of national or regional significance. Other important activities, including
establishment of cooperative enforcement grants with States, will be continued. The
grants will provide for participation by approximately 56 States and Territories in
all areas of pesticides enforcement. As in previous years, the pesticides enforcement
program will be directed toward the general objectives of ensuring user compliance
with label directions for use, and ensuring adherence to the product requirements of
the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA).
Federal pesticides enforcement activities will focus on those States not par-
ticipating in the grant program and those States having programs which do not
adequately address EPA's enforcement concerns within resource limits. EPA user compliance
activities will include 396 use, re-entry, and experimental use inspections. Product and
producer compliance activities conducted by EPA will include 928 establishment inspections,
1254 marketplace inspections, and 200 inspections at ports of entry. Additional uses
establishment, and marketplace inspections will be conducted by State agencies under
the terms of cooperative enforcement grants.
1980 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The net decrease of $21,000 results from several actions. An increase of
$122,500 results from the cost of the October 1979 pay raise and is included in a
proposed supplemental appropriation. A congressional reduction of $2 mill ion each
to Agency travel costs and supplies and expenses resulted in a decrease of $75,900
and $2,400, respectively. An overall reprogramming throughout the Agency to provide
sufficient salary funds to cover authorized workyears resulted in an increase of
$72,000 to this activity.
P-49
-------
on piner dDai-eineni. ana control ana eriTun-eiiiein. rciuurucs, in LUIS L.OSC aymc pcaiiviu^^
and water enforcement capability is being diverted to initiate enforcement actions wher
hazardous waste disposal presents and imminent danger to public health and welfare.
Reprograimning in order to support costs on the basis of 1979 actual expenditures
resulted in regional transfers to air statioary source enforcement ($27,300); to
pesticides use management ($25,600); to air stationary source enforcement ($16,500);
from water quality enforcement ($5,100); and from water quality permit issuance ($7,100),
A reprogramming of $50,000 was made to the media for litigation management support
and establishment of a special investigations unit in the immediate office of the
Assistant Administrator for enforcement.
1981 Plan
In 1981, plans are to include the participation of all or nearly all States and
Territories in the enforcement grant program. State activities will include use, reentry,
and experimental use inspections, establishment inspections and marketplace inspections.
As a consequence of this enhanced State role in the overall program, the Federal role will
continue to be that of program management, oversight, and training. In States without
grants, and in States having programs which do not adequately address certain enforcement
concerns, Federal enforcement activities will continue within resource limits. In aJaitic.
the enforcement program will include the funding of State appl lcator_eertificationi a_nd
training programs, oversight of such State oroararas, administration and enforcement of
Federal applicator certification and training programs in Colorado and Nebraska, and
administration of certification and training programs among Indian Tribes.
The 1981 request for this activity is $15,220,800 and 137 positions; these figure*
represent an increase of $3,085,300 and 26 positions: Included in this total is
$4,189,200 for salaries and expenses and $11,031,600 for abatement, control, and
compliance. Of the total budget, $7,920,000 is available for the support of 56 cooperative
enforcement grants with States and Territories. An additional $3,000,000 in grant funds
will be available to support the administration, enforcement, and oversight of applicator
certification and training programs. Contract funds will total $106,600 and will be used
for ADP support and specialized training for pesticides enforcement personnel in
performing laboratory data inspections and subsequent enforcement case development.
In 1981, the pesticides enforcement program has as its first priority the initiation
of enforcement actions in emergencies involving substantial threats to public health
and safety. Emphasis will also be placed upon enforcement of pesticide use and application,
upon improvement of enforcement methods through greater cooperation with States, and
upon the development of cases of national or regional significance.
P-50
-------
Radiation
-------
Page Intentionally Blank
-------
Appropriation
Salaries and Expenses .,
Research and Development....
Abatement, Control and
Compli ance
Total. -.,
PROGRAM HIGHLIGHTS
Health and Ecological Effects:
Salaries and Expenses
Research and Development.......
Monitoring and Technical Support:
Salaries and Expenses
"otal:
Salaries and Expenses,
Research and Development.......
Total, Research and
Development Program............
Radiation Criteria
Standard and Guidelines:
Salaries and Expenses...
Abatement, Control
and Compl i ance
Environmental Impact Assessment:
Salaries and Expenses..........
Abatement, Control
and Compliance.
Radiation Program Implementation:
Salaries and Expenses..........
Abatement, Control and
Compli ance
Total:
Salaries and Expenses.. ,,
Abatement, Control and
Compliance.....
0 ri gi nal
Estimate
1981
Revised
Estimate
1981
President's
Reduction
(dollars in thousands)
$8,552
1,433
7,797
17,782
1,557
1,433
191
1,748
1,433
3,181
2,342
4,735
3,861
3,062
601
6,804
7,797
$8,504
1,433
7,797
17,734
1,550
1,433
190
1,740
1,433
3,173
2,328
4,735
3,839
3,062
597
6,764
7,797
-$48
-48
-7
-1
-8
-8
-14
-22
-4
-40
-------
Page Intentionally Blank
-------
RADIATION
Appropriation
Salaries and E xpens es . . «
Research and Development
Abatement, Control,
and Coropl iance. .......
Total
Permanent Positions.....
Full-time Equivalency...
Authorization Levels....
PROGRAM HIGHLIGHTS
Health and Ecological
Effects:
Salaries and Expenses
Research and
Devel oproent» .......
Monitoring and Technical
Support:
Salaries and Expenses
Total :
Salaries and Expenses
Research and
Devel opment
Total, Research and
Devel opment Program. . . .
Radiation Criteria
Standard and Guidelines
Salaries and Expenses
Abatement, Control
Actual
1979
Budget Current
Estimate Estimate Estimate
1980 1980 1981
Increase +
Decrease -
1981 vs. 1980
(dollars in thousands}
$6,923 $7,919 $8,936 $8,552 -$384
738 1,572 840 1,433 +593
1,796 7,710 7,486 7,797 +311
9,457 17,201 17,262 17,782 +520
198 208 215 215
218 253 252 248 -4
8,589 13,000 14,400 15,100 +700
2,500 * * *
*Authorization for the Environmental Research, Development,
and Demonstration Authorization Act is pending. Remaining
funds are authorized by virtue of the Appropriation Act.
$1,107 $1,358 $2,110 $1,557 -$553
738 1 ,572 840 1 ,43 3 +593
182 191 +9
1 ,107
738
1-.845
1,762
1 .078
1,358
1,572
2,930
2,350
4.600
2,292
840
3,132
2,186
4.576
1,748
1 ,433
3,181
2,342
4.735
-554
+593
+49
+156
+159
Pane
R-9
R-13
R-15
-------
Actual
1979
PROGRAM HIGHLIGHTS
Budget
Estimate
1980
Current
Estimate
1980
Estimate
1981
(dollars In thousands)
Environmental Impact
Assessment:
Salaries and Expenses. 3,159 3,312
Abatement, Control
and Compliance...... 697 3,000
Radiation Program
Implementation:
Salaries and Expenses. 895 899
Abatement, Control
and Compliance...... __2] 110
Total:
Salaries and Expenses. 5,816 6,561
Abatement, Control
and Coup!iance 1,796 7,710
Total, Abatement and
Control Program. ... 7,612 14,271
Permanent Positions
Health and Ecological
Effects 24 29
Monitoring and
Techhical Support.. ... ...
Total, Research and &J
Development Program .. 24 29
Radiation Criteria,
Standards, and Guidelines 49 66
Environmental Impact
Assessment 100 96
Radiation Program
Implementation..,. 25 17
Total, Abatement and
Control Program........ 174 179
3,848
2,910
610
3,861
3,062
601
6,644
7,486
6,804
7.797
14,130
28
5
14,601
28
5
33
33
60
106
16
60
106
16
182
182
Increase +
Decrease -
1981 vs. 1980
+13
+152
-9
+160
+311
+471
j/ These figures do not include reimbursable positions
associated with the off-site monitoring program. The
ORD reimbursable program is the results of a long
standing agreement between EPA and the Department of
Energy (DOE) to provide monitoring services to the DOE
in response to specific DOE requirements and programs at
and around the Nevada Test Site.
Paoe
R-17
R-21
R-r
R-13
R-15
R-17
R-21
-------
c v, ,. C i
Full-time Equivalency
Health and Ecological
" Effects., .....
Actual
1979
31
Budget
Estimate
1980
Current
Estimate
1980
Estimate
1981
Increase +
Decrease -
1981 vs. 1980
(dollars in thousands!
* ' '
Page
36
34
34
.Monitoring and Technical
Support..... ........ ,.
R-9
R-13
Total , Research and a/
Development Program .
Radiation Criteria,
Standards, and Guidlines
Environmental Impact
Assessments...
Radiation Program
Imp! ementati on. . ----
Total , Abatement and
Control Program
3
36
39
39
55
103
29
77
114
26
75
120
18
73
118
18
-2
-2
* « *
R-15
R-17
187
217
213
209
-4
These figures do not include reimbursable positions
associated with the off-site monitoring program. The
ORD reimbursable program is the result of a long
standing agreement between EPA and the Department of
Energy (DOE) to provide monitoring services to the DOE
in response to specific DOE requirements and programs
at and around the Nevada Test Site.
OVERVIEW AND STRATEGY
Exposure to ionizing radiation results from naturally occurring sources, medical
and industrial applications of x-rays and radioactive materials, and from various
aspects of nuclear power development. EPA accepts as a prudent public health assumption
the concept that any radiation exposure results in some adverse health effects. While
some public exposure to radiation is inevitable, no avoidable risk attributable to exposure
to radiation should occur to individuals or to the environment without offsetting benefits.
Exposure to man-made non-ionizing radiation (NIR) at radio and microwave frequencies,
which was negligible prior to World War II, has increased with both the number and power
of NIR sources. This trend is expected to continue, and EPA is evaluating and acting
on the associated risks.
EPA's mandate to protect the public health and environment from adverse effects of
radiation exposure derives from (1) the Federal guidance authority transferred under the
Atomic Energy Act by Reorganization Plan #3 of 1970, (2) the Clean Air Act Amendments
of T977 which provide authority to regulate radioactive air pollutants through the
standard setting authorities of the Act, (3) the Resource Conservation and Recovery
Act (RCRA) and the Uranium Mill Tailings Radiation Control Act (UMTRCA) which charges
EPA with providing standards for protection from waste materials with radioactive
content, and (4) other authorities contained in the Federal Water Pollution Control
Act, the Marine Protection Research and Sanctuaries Act, the Safe Drinking Water Act,
the Public Health Service Act, and the National Environmental -Pol icy Act.
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These legislative authorities generally prescribe an environmental assessment,
technology assessment, and standard setting role for EPA. In some cases enforcement
responsibilities are given to other agencies, notably the Nuclear Regulatory Commission.
In these instances EPA performs some oversight functions to insure that established
standards and guidance are followed.
Within the framework of the applicable legislation, the Radiation program strategy
is to:
<- Maintain a capability for environmental and technology assessment
to quantify the nature of existing and emerging radiation problems
and the potential impact of advanced technology still in the
planning stages;
- Concentrate the application of assessment and regulatory
capabilities in those areas which promise the greatest reduction
in potential adverse health effects and environmental impacts
from radiation;
- Respond to issues of serious public concern, utilizing EPA's
expertise to evaluate these concerns and, if necessary, point
out the need to control those situations where the corrective
actions required are the responsibility of other Agencies;
- Emphasize EPA's regulatory mission to establish standards for
air emissions of radionuclides, for radiation in specific
environmental pathways; and where federal guidelines are used,
place emphasis on meaningful interagency participation in both
the development and the application of the guidelines;
- Assist in the development and testing of State, local, and
Federal plans to respond to emergency situations'involving
nuclear events or large, unexpected releases of radioactivity;
- Employ the extensive research capabilities of the other Federal
agencies whenever possible, and augment or complement the
existing research when a special need exists or where there is
a lack of other Federal effort.
Within this general strategy, activities mandated by the Clean Air Act of 1977 and
those associated with radioactive waste management are accorded the highest priority in
1980 and 1981. The emphasis on the Clean Air Act activities is consistent with general
public concern over radiation and the existence of a significant number of poorly
defined and uncontrolled sources which may be emitting radioactive air pollutants. The
role in the control of radioactive waste disposal which will result in environmentally
sound solutions to radioactive waste disposal problems is highlighted by the report of
the Interagency Review Group on Nuclear Waste Management (IRG). This report set forth
schedules to be met by all Federal agencies to meet Federal Government commitments to
energy development alternatives.
As a result of investigations of the Interagency Task Force on the Health Effects
of Ionizing Radiation, in October 1979, the President approved the establishment of a
Radiation Policy Council under the chairmanship of the Administrator of EPA. The
Council will provide advice to EPA on concerns relating to regulation and interagency
coordination beginning in 1980.
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of health effects of chronic low level human exposure to non-ionizing radiation. Such
research fills a gap in Federal research on radiation and is a prelude to the establishment
of any required Federal guidance for acceptable environmental levels of such radiation.
Following the Three Mile Island incident, EPA reexamined its policies and procedures
with respect to accidental releases of radiohuclides from nuclear accidents. EPA's
role in the coordination of monitoring has been clarified and strengthened. The Agency's
ability to physically respond to radiation emergencies will be further strengthened in
1980 and 1981. In 1980, the regional radiation program staffs will stress the development
of State emergency response plans. As soon as possible in 1980 and 1981 emphasis will
be placed on the testing of such plans.
Purpose, Research and Development Program
The establishment of protective guidelines for permissible levels of radiation in
the environment is an EPA responsibility. Reorganization Plan No. 3 of 1970 transferred
all functions of the Federal Radiation Council to EPA. The reorganization also
transferred to the Administrator the authority, under provisions of the Public Health
Service Act, as amended in 1980, to conduct research as necessary to provide scientific
data needed for the formulation of standards. EPA is conducting research on the
potential health effects associated with those frequencies of non-ionizing radiation
most commonly found in the general environment.
Purpose, Abatement and Control Program
The radiation program's abatement and control activities concentrate primarily on
the establishment of specific criteria and standards for environmental radiation
protection programs. Complementing the criteria and standards setting effort, EPA
conducts programs of surveillance and monitoring to determine levels of environmental
radiation; reviews federally supported or licensed projects which may be sources of
environmental radiation; and provides technical assistance to other governmental agencies.
The principal objective of the radiation abatement and control program is to
eliminate unnecessary potential health effects by minimizing exposure to radiation
sources. This goal will be attained through environmental monitoring, risk assessments
and, when necessary, by establishing standards, criteria and guidance to minimize risk
in a cost-effective manner.
The abatement and control activities are grouped under the following subactivities:
Radiation Criteria, Standards, and Guidelines
This subactivity includes activities and outputs related to the
development of environmental standards and Federal radiation guidelines
for protection of the public health and environment from radiation
exposures from nuclear energy applications, naturally-occurring
radioactive materials, medical and occupational radiation, and non-
ionizing radiation. Development of these standards and guidelines
involves evaluation of health effects data, radiation measurements,
technological and non-technological control measures, and the economics
of control measures.
-------
This subactivity includes activities and outputs related to
(1) developing the support information and documentation necessary
for the preparation of standards and guidelines; (2) ensuring that
environmental radiation considerations are properly treated in major
Federal decisions through the MEPA process, (3) responding to
unplanned contaminating events, and (4) assisting other Federal
agencies and States on specific environmental problems and radiation
control actions.
Specific activities include reviewing other agencies' environmental
impact statements, monitoring for radiation in the environment
including laboratory analysis of the resulting samples, evaluating new
and emerging technologies, developing methods for determining
environmental pathways and identifying and locating specific sources
emitting radioactive materials into air or water.
Radiation Program Implementation
This subactivity includes activities and outputs related to
providing regional support to States in the implementation of their
radiation control programs. It also includes the review of environmental
impact statements for existing technologies and assistance to States
and other Federal agencies on specific environmental problems and
radiation control actions.
SUMMARY OF INCREASES AND DECREASES
(i n thousands of do!1 ars)
1980 Radiation Program , $17,262
Salaries and Expenses...... , -384
The net decrease results primarily from
a shift to extramural funds in the health
effects activity, offset by an increase
for equipment purchases.
Research and Devel oproent, +533
The increase results from a shift of funds
from Salaries and Expenses for the health
effects activity.
Abatement, Control and Compliance +311
The net increase will provide contract
support for field measurements needed in
support of the regulatory program. _, .
1981 Radiation Program 17,782
R-6
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SUMMARY OF BUDGET ESTIMATES
1. Summary of Budget Request
A total of $17,782,200 is requested In 1981. This request, by appropriation
account, is as follows:
Salaries and Expenses $8,551,500
Research and Devel opment , , 1,797,400
Abatement, Control and Compliance 1,433,300
This represents an increase of $520,400 over the 1980 level. The increase for the
environmental impact assessment activity will provide contract support for field
measurements needed in support of the regulatory program. The radiation criteria
standards, and guidelines activity includes an increase for equipment purchases and
additional contract support to standards setting.
2. Changes from Original 1980 Budget Estimate
Changes from the budget are as follows:
(in thousands of dollars)
Original 1980 estimate $17,201
Congressional decreases:
Travel.... -9
ADP, Supplies and Expenses... -1
Reprogramming for authorized workyears. ' -319
Proposed pay raise supplemental +296
Hi seel 1 aneous reprogrammi ngs +94
Current 1980 estimate 17,262
Congressional changes to the radiation media include a reduction of $9,000 to
travel costs, $100 to ADP costs, and $400 to supplies and expenses.
An overall reprogramming throughout the Agency to provide sufficient salary funds
to cover authorized workyears resulted in a decrease of $319,000 to this media. The
proposed supplemental for partial funding of the October 1979 pay raise will increase
the radiation media by $296,000.
Miscellaneous reprogrammings were made from the air media, $16,000; from water
quality, $77,600; from noise, $6,000; to the pesticides media, $6,700; and $100 to the
management and support media.
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Current
Estimate Estimate
1980 _ 1981
(In thousands of dollars)
Prior year obligations $9,456 $17,780
Congressional changes , -10
Proposed pay raise supplemental............. +296
Reprogrammings .... -225
Change in amount of carryover funds
available. +358 -518
Program increase +6,000 +300
Change in rate of obligation . +1,905 ...
Total estimated obligations 17,780 17,562
(From new obligation authority) (16,693) (16,993)
(From prior year funds) (1,087) (569)
EXPLANATION OF INCREASES AND DECREASES TO OBLIGATIONS
The items discussed in the previous section congressional changes, pay raise
supplemental, and reprogrammings result in a net increase of $61,000 to obligations.
The amount of carryover funds to be obligated in 1980 is $1,087,000, an increase
of $358,000 over the 1979 level. In 1981, it is estimated that $569,000 of carryover
funds will be obligated, a decrease of $518,000 from the 1980 level.
The increase in budget authority in 198D was previously estimated to increase
obligations by $6 million; in 1981, the program increase is expected to increase
obligations by $300,000.
R-8
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RADIATION x
Health and Ecological Effects
Original Revised
Estimate Estimate President's
1981 1981 Reduction
[Hollars in thousands"!" "
Appropriation
Health Effects:
Salaries and Expenses ... $1,557 $1,550 -$7
Research and Development... 1,433 1,433
Grand Total 2,990 2,983 -7
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Page Intentionally Blank
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Health and Ecological Effects
Appropriation
Health Effects:
Salaries and Expenses.,
Research and
Development ,
Grand Total..........
Permanent Positions
Health Effects
Ful1-time Equi valency
Health Effects
Actual
1979
24
31
Budget
Estimate
1980
Current
Estimate
1980
Estimate
1981
29
36
Tool 1ars in thousands)
$2,110
840
2,950
28
34
28
34
Increase +
Decrease -
1981 vs. 1980
Budget Request
The Agency requests $2,990,200 and 28 permanent for the radiation health effects program,
which $1,556,900 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $1,433,300 is for the
Research and Development appropriation; a decrease of $553,100 and an increase of $593,300,
respectively. There is a net increase of $40,200; program activities will not change from
the current level.
Program Description
In recent years, there has been increasing public interest in the potential health
effects that may be associated with non-ionizing radiation (NIR). To address such concerns,
EPA is conducting a health effects research program which now accounts for approximately
25 percent of Federal research on non-ionizing radiation and is the largest intramural
effort in this field in the United States. Present research focuses on radiofrequency and
microwave radiation in the range of 300 to 300,000 megahertz. Such frequencies are most
prevalent in the environment and are emitted from a variety of sources such as radar
systems, microwave ovens, radios, televisions, and other communication devices.
The health effects program is designed to provide EPA and other concerned agencies with
an understanding of the biological consequences of exposure to non-ironizing radiation.
This is accomplished with several research approaches. Biological effects studies in
animals are increasingly focused on chronic exposures to low-level radiation, that is,
conditions analogous to the exposure circumstances for humans in the general environment.
The primary research objectives are to determine if reproducible biological effects exist
and then to establish dose-response models. Critical points to be evaluated include
behavioral, immunologic, hematologie, physiologic, reproductive, genetic, and teratologic
factors. As a necessary tool for effects research, efforts are also directed towards
improving dosimetric methods and exposure systems.
Research in this program is also directed'at improving our understanding of how non-
ionizing radiation reacts biophysicelly on living systems. Such studies aim to identify
which frequencies present the greatest potential for adverse effects by examining the
relationship between frequency and energy deposition in tissue.^ Other studies focus on the
-------
A minor component of the non-ionizing health effects program utilizes epidemiological
research approaches. While the bulk of the effort uses animal models, epidemiology studies
are being phased into the program to complement the laboratory animal investigations.
Data developed in this program will be utilized in the development of environmental
radiofrequency guidance. EPA's Office of Radiation Programs has announced its intention
to develop interim guidance in 1981 and efforts undertaken through the research program will
be critical to this action. This research program also provides technical assistance to
Regional radiation offices regarding sources of public health concern.
1979 Accomplishments
In 1979, the radiation research and development program resources were $1,844,500;
of this amount, $1,106,80.0 was spent on salaries and expenses and $737,700 on extramural
research and development activities. During 1979 the program:
- Completed a major multidisciplinary evaluation of the effects of 100 megahertz
(FM radio) on rats exposed throughout pregnancy and, for offspring, until 90
days postnatally. This is the first experimental work of 100 megahertz, a fre-
quency which is an important contributor to total ambient levels of radiofrequency
radiation and is close to frequencies at which maximum absorption of energy occurs
in human tissue. The rate of energy absorption in the test animals was equivalent
to that experienced by humans exposed to half of the occupational guideline level.
No statistically significant differences between controls and exposed animals were
found with regard to behavioral, immunological, hematological, teratological, and
reproductive endpoints. Enzymatic changes in the brains of some animals were
observed however, and are under further examination.
- Demonstrated a statistically significant rise in antibody levels following acute
exposure (two hours per day for five days) of mice to a -pulsed frequency (nine
gigahertz-radar) at a power density of ten milliwatts per square centimeter.
Subsequent challenge of the exposed animals to virulent pneumococcal bacteria
did not, however, produce any differences in mortality or infection resistance
between controls and experimental animals under this exposure regimen,
- Completed a pilot study intended to examine the feasibility of using persons em-
ployed at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology's Radiation Laboratory during
World War II as a cohort in which to examine the long-term effects of radar expo-
sure. A subset of the population was deemed suitable for epidemiological follow-
up.
- Developed and tested a microwave spectrometer capable of sweeping frequencies
ranging from 250 to 8000 megahertz (comprising high VHP, UHF, microwave oven
and some radar frequencies) in' order to determine the energy absorption spectrum
of biological samples and systems.
- Constructed a circularly polarized waveguide (exposure) system for use in animal
studies on health effects at 970 megahertz. The system is designed to allow
continuous (24 hour) irradiation of a test animal. Development of such a capa-
bility is important for two reasons. First, this frequency was recently allocated
by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) for land mobile communications and,
hence, is a potentially important source for human exposure. Second, 970 mega-
hertz is close to the maximum energy absorption in rat tissue. The system, thus,
has a high utility for experimentation with these species.
-------
In 1980, the Agency has allocated $2,950,000 to this program of which $2,110,000 is for
the Salaries and Expense appropriation and $840,000 for extramural purposes under the Research
and Development appropriation.
The activities underway in 1980 represent new directions and important expansions of
previous types of investigative approaches. Frequencies typical of those contributing the
most to ambient levels of radiofrequency radiation are the subject of experimental research.
Development of a new exposure system will allow the first investigations on 970 megahertz to
begin this year. Chronic, lifetime studies of animals exposed to power densities lower than
5 milliwatts per square centimeter are emphasized* Application of varied exposure and exper-
imental regimens will allow development of dose-response and time-dependency data.
Investigations with laboratory animals are continuing to evaluate the effects of varied
frequencies and power densities on important biological parameters relative to behavior,
physiology, hematology, teratology, and reproduction. Increased antibody response after
acute exposure to a radar frequency is being evaluated further under varied exposure times
and conditions to determine if the response is time dependent, a variable critical to
standard setting. Squirrel monkey infant mortality following in utero exposure to 2450
megahertz (microwave oven frequency) is under investigation. The behavioral response of
primates to the stresses posed by non-ionizing radiation at various levels is being examined
to supplement similar research on rodent species. An important area of inquiry centers on
the evaluation of physiological and behavioral responses of animals to microwaveinduced
thermal stress. The objective is to determine if thermosensitive structures may be stimula-
ed by absorbed microwave energy to trigger changes in effecter responses that regulate body
temperature.
The first epidemiological studies in this program are underway. Selected cancer inci-
dence and mortality rates from the Portland, Oregon area are being enumerated and compared
to available radio emission data as well as to other important etiological factors.
Scientists involved in radar research and development during World War II will be traced
to ascertain their overall and specific mortality and disease history. Prior to embarking
on a more ambitious epidemiological program on non-ionizing radiation effects, a study is
being undertaken to identify populations suitable for follow-up according to such evaluative
criteria as sample size, population composition, follow-up feasibility, aria the potential
for accurate and precise exposure assessment.
Resources are being devoted to improving the Agency's capability for assessing radio-
frequency exposure on the general population. Specifically, this program is providing
pulsed mode measurement equipment for use in the Agency's environmental monitoring program.
This capability will permit better, more complete estimates of ambient levels. In conjunc-
tion with the Office of Radiation Programs, regional radiation representatives will be
provided, if necessary, with the appropriate monitoring equipment and training, for identi-
fying sources and frequencies of potential public health impact and concern.
The identification of biologically important frequency ranges is continuing and
represents a major, long-term commitment to clarifying the mechanisms of non-ionizing
radiation acting on living systems. For example, a study is being conducted on the causes
and significance of increased calcium release from brain tissues in relation to different
power densities and frequencies. Calcium is important for the normal functioning central
nervous system. Further, it is now known that non-ionizing radiation is not absorbed
uniformly, but, can be distributed in patterns of concentrated energy termed "hot spots".
The consequences of such "hot spots" to critical tissues is being examined in studies on
energy production and metabolism in the brain, including interactions with neuronal mem-
branes. Other research will concentrate on suggested radiation related alterations in
the blood barrier where the potential exists for the entry of agents into delicate brain
tissues. Frequency specificity and wave mode will be compared since pulsed mode radiation
(e.g., radars) may be more effective in altering barrier permeability than continuous wave
radiation.
-------
resu i us iruiii uiie tust in trie utuuuKr \y/y \>e.y raise tmu is in.iuueu in a (jrupuseu suup ic**-is*-
mental appropriation. A congressional reduction of $2 million to Agency travel costs
and $1 million ADP costs and resulted in a decrease of $1,600 and $100, respectively.
An overall reprogramming throughout the agency to provide sufficient salary funds to
cover authorized workyears resulted in a decrease of SIS,000 to the activity.
1981 PTan
The Agency requests a total of $2,990,200 and 28 permanent workyears for this program,
of which $1,556,900 is for the Salaries and Expense appropriation and $1,433,300 is for
extramural purposes under the Research and Development appropriation.
Many activities started in 1980 will'&e continued in 19.31. The current emphasis is
on chronic effects of low-level radiation which requires long-term exposure conditions.
In most cases, investigations on exposed animals will employ dose rates equivalent to
those associated with human exposure to power densities equal to or less than 5 milliwatts
per square centimeter. The effects of pulsed versus continuous wave (CW) radiation will
continue to be an area of concentration, especially for immunological, behavioral, and
neurophysiological research.
Immunological studies will evaluate the functional, structural, and biochemical
integrity of components of the blood and of the immune system of animals exposed to various
frequencies and power levels. Neurochemical and neuropathological responses will be
investigated, including the continued assessment of potential blood brain barrier altera-
tions. Behavioral studies emphasizing threshold sensitivity for heat stress, will be
undertaken for primates exposed to a power density dose series. The study of the effects
of intrauterine and postnatal exposures on infant mortality in .squirrel monkeys will
continue. The potential for dominant lethal/mutagenic effects in chronically exposed
rats will be examined. Thermal physiology studies will continue to evaluate the physio
logical and neuroendocrine parameters which may be affected by microwave induced heat
stress.
The epidemiological study of World War II radar researchers will.continue. Increased
emphasis will be placed on refining population exposure estimates through the develop-
ment and improvement of methods to account for multiple confounding variables. Such
methodology should improve from general population exposure surveys as well as improve
exposure data for epidemiological studies.
Dosimetric research will continue to provide basic support for health effects re-
search but will also work toward refining thermographic measurement techniques. Efforts
will continue to validate experimentally both computerized predictive models of body heat
flow and computer-generated analyses of data from infrared thermography. A larger, multi-
animal exposure facility suitable for lifetime, long-term studies will be developed.
Efforts will continue to define which specific frequencies Of non-ionizing radiation are
absorbed in biological systems. Resonant frequency/system interactions of biopolymers,
subcellular organelles, and cellular systems will be sought. Isolated brain tissues and
nerve cell membranes exposed in a dose-response series to both pulsed and CW radiation
will be assessed in terms of effects on action potential, nerve conduction velocity, and
impulse firing rates. The effects.of non-ionizing radiation on biochemicals important to
the metabolic processes of the brain will also continue to be studied.
R-12
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RADIATION
Monitoring and Technical Support
Original Revised
Estimate Estimate President's
1981 1981 Reduction
(dollars in thousands!
Appropriation
Quality Assurance
Ionizing Radiation:
Salaries and Expenses. $191 $190 -$1
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Page Intentionally Blank
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RADIATION
Monitoring and Technical Support
Budget Current Increase +
Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease -
Appropriation 1979 1980 1980 1981 1981 vs. 1980
{"dollars in thousand?]
Quality Assurance
Ionizing Radiation:
Salaries and Expenses ... ... $182 $191 +$9
Permanent Positions
Quality Assurance
Ionizing Radiation ... ... 5 5
Full-time Equivalency
Ionizing Radiation..
Budget Request
The Agency requests a total of $191,100 and 5 permanent workyears for 1981 for the
Salaries and Expenses appropriation. Program activities will continue at the 1980 level.
Program Description
This program was established in 1980 to document and improve the precision, accuracy
and intercomparability of radiation measurements; to provide calibration facilities, exper-
tise, equipment, guidelines, training, and performance evaluations needed by the program
offices and states; and to supply quality control samples and reference materials contain-
ing radionuclides.
1979 Accomplishments
The program did not exist in 1979.
1980 Program
In 1980, the Agency has allocated a total of $182,200 to this program, within the
Salaries and Expenses appropriation. Major activities include;
- Execution of 20 laboratory intercomparison studies with State, Federal, university
and private nuclear laboratories.
- Testing and evaluation of two methods for radioactive pollutants.
- Maintenance of a centralized source of expertise in the area of radiation quality
assurance, radiochemistry, and instrumentation,
1980 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The net increase of $182,200 results from several actions. An increase of $7,200
results from the cost of the October 1979 pay raise and is included in a proposed supple-
mental appropriation. A congressional reduction of $2 mill ion-to Agency travel costs re-
sulted in a decrease of $300. An overall reprogramming throughout the agency to provide
sufficient salary funds to cover authorized workyears resulted in a decrease of $4,700
-------
reflect the support of a new program dealing with ionizing radiation quality assurance. "
1981 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $191,100 and 5 permanent workyears for 1981, Of
which the entire amount is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation. During 1981 the
program will:
- Conduct 20 routine laboratory intercomparison studies with State, Federal,
university and private nuclear laboratories.
- Test and evaluate one measurement method for a radioactive pollutant.
- Provide a centralized source of expertise in the area of quality assurance
for radiation, radio-chemistry and instrumentation.
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RADIATION
Radiation Criteria, Standards, and Guidelines
Original Revised
Estimate Estimate President's
1981 1981 Reduction
(dollars in thousands!"
Appropriation
Environmental Standards
and Guidelines:
Salaries and Expenses, $2,342 $2,328 -$14
Abatement, Control and
Compliance. 4,735 4,735
Total 7,077 7,063 -14
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Page Intentionally Blank
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RADIATION
Radiation Criteria, Standards, and Guidelines
Actual
1979
Budget
Estimate
1980
Current
Estimate
1980
Estimate
1981
Increase +
Decrease -
1981 vs. 1980
(dollars in thousands)
Appropriation
Environmental Standards
and Guidelines:
Salaries and
Expenses $1,762
Abatement, Control
and Compliance...
Total,
Permanent Positions
Environmental Standards
and Guidelines
Full-time Equivalency
Environmental Standards
and Guidelines........
$1 ,762
1,078
2,840
$2,350
4,600
6,950
$2,186
4,576
6,762
$2,342
4,735
7,077
+$156
+159
+315
49
55
66
77
60
75
60
73
-2
Budget Request
The Agency requests a total of $7,076,600 and 60 permanent workyears for 1981, an
increase of $314,600, Included in this total is $2,341,500 for Salaries and Expenses
and $4,735,100 for Abatement, Control and Compliance, with increases of $155,900 and
$158,700 respectively. A decrease in total workyears results from a reduction of two
other-than-permanent-full time workyears and results in a slight reduction in salaries
and expenses. However, an increase in equipment purchases will result in a net increase
in the salaries and expenses accounts. The additional increase in compliance will
provide additional contract support to standards setting.
Program Description
Environmental standards and guidelines are developed and promulgated under this
subactivity. These standards and guidelines protect the public health and the environment
by minimizing risk from radiation exposures from nuclear energy applications, naturally
occurring radioactive materials, medical and occupational radiation exposure and
nonionizing radiation.
ENVIRONMENT STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES
1979 Accomplishments
Fiscal year 1979 resources included approximately $1,077,900 in contract support.
In 1979, guidance on the risks of radon exposure from phosphate mined land was completed
for the State of Florida. Federal guidance for the clean-up of plutonium contaminated lands
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nonionizing radiation, and a protection action guide for accidental airborne releases. \
1980 Program
In 1980, the Agency has allocated a total of 56,762,000 and 75.0 full time
equivalents to this program, of which $2,185,600 is for salaries and expenses and
$4,576,400 is for extramural purposes under the Abatement, Control, and Compliance
appropriation. 1980 program efforts will focus on three regulatory areas: radioactive
waste disposal, Federal Guidance, and control of airborne radionuclides under the Clean
Air Act. Planned radioactive waste activities includes final action on criteria for
the disposal of radioactive waste and standards for the management of uraniuia mill
tailings from inactive sites. A standard for disposal of high level radioactive wastes
and uranium mill tailing standard for active sites, will be proposed. Additional
actions under development include siting criteria for ocean disposal of low Level
radioactive wastes, packaging criteria for low level waste, a land disposal standard
for low level waste, a decommissioning standard for nuclear facilities and three disposal
standards under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) (uranium mine wastes,
phosphate mine and processing waste and zirconium processing wastes).
Planned Federal Guidance activities for 1980 include the proposal of guidance on
general occupational exposure. Actions under development include a protection action
guide (PAG) for accidental airborne release, a PAG for exposure via food pathways,
and guidance for general exposure to nonionizing radiation in the radio frequency.
Occupation Guidance for special groups of workers is also being pursued. Pursuant to
the authority of the Clean Air Act, regulatory development is being concentrated on the
radionuclide hazards of mineral extraction processes and on large scale coal combustion.
It is anticipated that this effort will lead to the proposal of at least one standard
during 1980.
1980 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate ; /
The net decrease of 3187,600 results from several actions. An increase of $90,100
results from the cost of the October 1979 pay raise and is included in a proposed
supplemental appropriation. A congressional reduction of $2 million to Agency travel
costs resulted in a decrease of $1,600. An overall reprogramming throughout the Agency
to provide sufficient salary funds to cover authorized workyears resulted in a decrease
of $239,100 to this activity,
A reprogranroing of $37,000 was made to the Air media to air emission testing,
analysis and data support/preproduction compliance to support the fuel economy program.
1981 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $7,076,600 and 60 permanent workyears for this
program of which $2,341,500 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $4,735,100
for Abatement, Control and Compliance.1 198] program efforts will continue to focus on
radioactive waste disposal, Federal Guidance, and the control of airborne radionuclides
under the Clean Air Act. Planned radioactive waste activities will include final action
on a standard for disposal of high level radioactive wastes. Proposals will include: siting
criteria for ocean disposal of low level radioactive waste, standards for decommissioning
of nuclear facilities, and RCRA standards for disposal of zirconium processing wastes,
uranium mine wastes and phosphate mining and processing wastes. Work will continue on
standards for land disposal of low level radioactive waste and low level waste packaging
criteria. 1981 Federal Guidance activities will include final actions on general
occupation exposures and Protection Action Guides for accidental airborne release.
Proposals will include a protection action guide for food pathways, guidance for nonionizing
radiation and an occupation guide for special classes of workers. Clean Air Act radionuclide
activities will continue to concentrate on resource extraction and larger scale coal
combustion, although some work will begin on standards addressing other sources. It is \
-------
RADIATION
Environmental Impact Assessment
Appropriation
Monitoring and Analysis:
Salaries and Expenses..
Abatement, Control and
Compliance... ..
Technology Assessment:
Salaries and Expenses..
Abatement, Control and
Compli ance
Total:
Salaries and Expenses..
Abatement, Control
and Compliance
Grand Total
Original
Estimate
1981
Ravi sad
Estimate
1981
President's
Reduction
^dollars in thousands)
$2,496
1,900
1,365
1,162
3,861
3,062
$2,482
1,900
1,357
1,162
3,839
3,062
-$14
-22
6,923
6,901
-22
-------
Page Intentionally Blank
-------
RADIATION
Enviroranental Impact Assessment
Actual
Appropriation 1979
Monitoring and Analysis:
Salaries and Expenses,.
Abatement, Control
and Compliance
Technology Assessment:
Salaries and Expenses..
Abatement, Control
and Compliance
Total :
Salaries and Expenses..
Abatement, Control
and Compliance
Grand Total
Permanent Positions
Monitoring and
Analysis
Technology Assess-
ment
Total
Full-time Equivalency
Monitoring and
Analysis
Technology Assess-
ment
Total....
$1,816
351
1,343
346
3,159
697
3,856
59
41
100
61
42
103
Budget
Estimate
1980
(do!
$1,972
1,400
1,340
1 ,600
3,312
3,000
6,312
58
38
96
67
47
114
Current
Estimate
1980
Estimate
1981
lars in thousands)
$2,431 $2,496
1,375 1,900
1,417 1,365
1,535 1,162
3,848
2,910
5,758
67
39
106
72
48
120
3,861
3,062
6,923
67
39
106
71
47
118
Increase +
Decrease -
1981 vs 1980
+S65
+525
-52
-373
+13
+152
+165
-1
-1
-2
Budget Request !
The Agency requests a total of $6,923,100 and 106 permanent workyears for 1981, an
increase of $165,800. Included in this total is $3,860,800 for Salaries and Expenses
and $3,062,300 for Abatement, Control and Compliance, with increases of $13,100 and
$152,700, respectively. A decrease in total workyears results from a reduction of two
other-than-permanent-full-time workyears. This reduction, along with efforts to adjust
the skill mix between monitoring and analysis and technology assesment, will result in
a net increase of only $13,000 in salaries and expenses. The increase requested for
abatement control and compliance will provide contract support for field measurements
needed in support of the regulatory program.
Program Description
-------
fionn.pnng ano.Hnaiysvs
This program encompasses activities related to identifying and analyzing radiation
problems for potential coverage by standards and guidelines, supporting technical review
of EIS's, assessing the radiological quality of the environment, and executing EPA radio-
logical emergency response responsibilities. It also includes environmental monitoring,
laboratory analysis of environmental samples, development of monitoring and analytical
procedures, special monitoring studies, the evaluation of data and subsquent preparation
of reports.
Technology Assessment
This program includes activities related to: (1) providing engineering assessment
of the impact of developing radiation technology on environmental radiation levels;
(2) providing sound technological bases for EIS review, (3) providing data and informa-
tion for setting technologically feasible standards and guidelines; (4) reviewing generic
and programmatic environmental impact statements; and (5) exercising EPA responsibilities
in assessing Federal facilities radiation control activities.
MONITORING AND ANALYSIS
1979 Accomplishments
In 1979, obligations totalled $1,689,000, of which*$351,100 was for contract support.
Field studies and evaluations were conducted to provide exposure information on a variety
of airborne radionuclide sources which might be regulated under the Clean Air Act.
Specific sources studied include coel fired electric generating plants, uranium fuel cycle
facilities and radiopharmaceutical manufacturers. Monitoring and analytical support was
also provided to the mill tailings effort and the Florida Phosphate Guidance. A pilot
study was initiated to identify radon levels in public drinking water. The operation
of the Environmental Radiation Ambient Monitoring System (ERAMS) was continued, the
national radium repository was maintained and additional radium sources were collected.
One major unplanned activity in 1979 was participation in the Federal response to Three
Mile Island. This involvement included the deployment of field personnel, the provision
of laboratory and analytical service and the calculation of dose estimates used by
Federal and State officials.
1980 Program
In 1980, the Agency has allocated a total of $3,805,900 and 57 permanent workyears
to this program, of which $2,430,900 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation
and $1,375,000 is for extramural purposes under the Abatement, Control and Compliance
Appropriation. During 1980, monitoring and analytic support to the Clean Air Act is
being continued with particular emphasis placed on large scale coal combustion and on
resource extraction and processing facilities. 1980 will see a major expansion of
efforts to determine the nature and magnitude of the health risk associated with indoor
radon exposure. The radon in drinking water pilot study will be completed with a total
of 19 States surveyed and an average of 35 water supplies sampled per state. EPA's
radiological emergency response capability will be expanded through the acquisition of
additional monitoring equipment. Operation of the EPA Environmental Radiation Ambient
Monitoring system will continue. The radium repository wil-l be maintained and additional
sources collected. A.limited,amount^of lappratpry_arid_anajytical_su£port will be
provided._to.States with_spec.iallraTioTogicai problems. '
R-18
-------
The net increase-of $433,300 results from several actions. An increase of $80,500
results from the cost of October 1979 pay raise and is included in a proposal supplemental
appropriation. A congressional reduction of $2 million to Agency travel costs resulted in
a decrease of $1,500. An overall reprogramming throughout the agency to provide sufficient
salary funds to cover authorized workyears resulted in a decrease of $36,900 to this acti-
vity.
A reporgramming of $409,700 was made within this media from radiation state program
support to eliminate the vague distinction between work which is initiated by EPA in
identifying actual or potential environment hazards and provide continuing assessments of
risks associated with exposures to radiation from work performed in response to requests
from Federal agencies, regional offices, States or localities.
A reprogramming of $18,500 was made to the air media to air emission testing, analysis
and data support/preproduction compliance to support the fuel economy program.
1981 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $4,395,800 and 67 permanent workyears for this program,
of which $2,495,800 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $1,900,000 for Abate-
ment, Control and Compliance. Support to regulatory efforts will continue to be a major
role for this program element with support to the Clean Air Act Regulations taking the
lead. The investigation of emissions from large scale coal combustion and resource extrac-
tion facility will be continued, and some work covering other Clean Air Act sources
initiated.
The indoor radon investigation initiated in 1980 will also be continued and a measure-
ment program for radon in drinking water, growing out of the 1980 pilot study, will be
conducted. Continued emphasis will be placed upon technical support to the regions and
States in the development, review and testing of radiological emergency response plans'.
The Environmental Radiation Ambient Monitoring system will be expanded by bringing all 65
air sampling stations into full time operation. The radium repository will continue to
be maintained and new sources collected.
TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT
1979 Accomplishements
1979 obligations of $1,689,000 included $346,400"in contract support. Studies were
continued on control technologies available to manage radioactive sources under the pro-
visions of the Clean Sir Act. Assessments of problems associated with shallow land and
ocean disposal of low level waste were continued and the major technology assessment needed
for the high level waste standards was completed. Other 1979 activities included EIA
Review,
1980 Program
Un 1980, the Agency has allocated a total of $2,951,400 and 39 permanent workyears to
this program, of which $1,416,800 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and
$1,534,600 is for extramural purposes under the Abatement, Control and Compliance appro-
priation. The major 1980 activity for this program element is the assessment of control
technology needs for the development of Clean Air Act and radioactive waste standards.
Clean Air Act efforts will focus primarily on coal combustion and resource extration.
Activities in support of waste standards will address low level land and ocean disposal,
waste packaging, and transuranic waste disposal. EIS review will continue at a reduced
level.
-------
1980 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The net increase of $11,400 results from several actions. An increase of $53,900
results from the cost of the October 1979 pay raise and is included in a proposed supple-
mental appropriation. A congressional reduction of $2 million to Agency travel costs
resulted in a decrease of $1,500. An overall reprogramming throughout the agency to
provide sufficient salary funds to cover authorized workyears resulted in decrease of
$22,500 to this activity.
A reprogramning of $18,500 was made to the air media to emission testings analysis
and data support to support the fuel economy program.
1981 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $2,527,300 and 39 permanent workyears for this pro-
gram, of which $1,365,000 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $1,162,300
for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. In 1981, the focus of the
Clean Air Act regulatory efforts will broaden to a wider variety of sources. Many of
these sources will require the determination of the best available control technology
for a variety of radionuclides. The analyses of control technologies for these sources
will constitute the major activity of this program element in 1981. The review of EIS's
will continue at the 1980 level.
R-20
-------
RADIATION
Radiation Program Implementation
Original Revised
Estimate Estimate President's
1981 1981 Reduction
[dollars in thousand!"]
Radiation
State Program Support:
Salaries and Expenses..
Abatement, Control and
Compliance................
Regional Program
Implementation:
Salaries and Expenses. $601 $597 -$4
Abatement, Control and
Compl i ance __!_: ...
tal:
Salaries and Expenses. 601 597 -4
Abatement» Control
and Compliance... ... ... ...
Grand Total 601 597 -4
-------
Page Intentionally Blank
-------
KAUiAliUIN
Radiation Program Implementation
Radiation
State Program Support:
Salaries and Expenses..
Abatement, Control and
Compliance....
Regional Program
Implementation:
Salaries and Expenses..
Abatement, Control and
Compliance
Total:
Salaries and Expenses..
Abatement, Control and
Compliance
Grand Total.
Permanent Positions
State Program Support.
Radiation Program
Implementation.......
Total
Full-time Eouivaiency
State Program Support.
Radiation Program
Imp!ementati on
Total
Budget
Actual Estimate
1979 1980
$342
553
21
916
25
Current
Estimate
1980
Estimate
1981
Increase +
Decrease -
1981 vs. 1980
(dollars in thousands)
$310
100
589
10
1,009
17
$610
$601
-59
895
21
899
110
610
* »
601
* *
-9
* *
610
601
-9
10
15
5
12
* » .
16
.*
16
# * *
*
16
16
11
18
29
8
18
26
18
18
* *-*
18
18
*
* »
. . »
Budget Request
The Agency requests a total of $601,200 and 16 permanent workyears for 1981
A decrease of $9,100. The full request is within the Salaries and Expenses appropriation.
The decrease in funds reflects a reduction in regional travel.
Regional Program Implementation
This subactivity includes activities related to EPA's regional offices including:
reviewing routine environmental impact statements (e.g., for light-water reactors and
uranium mining and milling); providing the public with technical information; providing
direct assistance to State and local governments with special radiation problems of a
short term nature; and the reviewing and testing of State emergency response plans.
-------
1979 Accompl i shments
In 1979, obligations totalled $573,700, with no contract support. Accomplishments
included the review of draft and final EIS's by the regional offices; technical
assistance to States on emergency response plans, and providing radiological information
to the public. Other regional activities included assistance to the water program on
radionuclides in drinking water and investigations of special radiation problems,
such as abandoned waste dumps and tailings from radium processing.
1980 Program
In 1980, the Agency has allocated a total of $610,300 and 16 permanent workyears
to this program, all for Salaries and Expenses.
The major emphasis for the 1980 regional program is technical assistance to
States in the area of emergency response planning. EPA will help States in the
development of plans and will formally review these plans along with the NRC and other
Federal agencies. In 1980, regional programs will continue to review EIS's and
conduct other activities but at a reduced rate to allow for the expanded emergency
preparedness program.
1980 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The net increase of $11,000 results from several actions. An increase of $24,600
results from the cost of the October 1979 pay raise and is included in a proposed
supplemental appropriation. A congressional reduction of $2 million each to Agency travel
costs supplies and expenses resulted in a decrease of $2,600 and $400, respectively.
An overall reprogramming throughout the Agency to provide sufficient salary funds to
cover authorized wprkyears resulted in an increase of $2,600 to this activity.
Regional reprogrammings were made between media to support projected costs based
on 1979 actual expenditures to pesticides use management ($6,700); from noise regional
program implementation ($6,000); from NEPA compliance/municipal waste facility
construction ($7,200); to environmental emergency response and prevention ($19,600);
and to personnel management ($100).
1981 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $601,200 and 16 permanent workyears for this
program, all of which is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation. In 1981, the
emphasis will remain on radiological emergencies response plans. However, with more
plans completed and approved the testing of these plans will receive greater attention,
since testing of plans on a regular basis provides the best chance for their successful
execution in time of emergency. Other activities in 1981 will include assisting in
the implementation of standards undef the Uranium Mill Tailing Radiation Control Act
and Federal Guidance for the clean-up of plutonium contaminated lands. In addition,
the review of EIS's and Section 309,actions, assistance to the drinking water and
solid waste program, and technical assistance to States will continue as in 1980.
State Program Support
1979 obligations totalled $341,700; in.1980 this program was merged with the
radiation monitoring and analysis activity.
1980 Explanation of Change fromJSudget Estimate
The decrease of $409,700 resulted in a reprogramming within the radiation media
to monitoring and analysis to eliminate the vague distinctions between work which is
-------
Noise
-------
Page Intentionally Blank
-------
NOISE
Appropriation
Salaries and Expenses.....
Abatement, Control and Compl1ance.......
Total
PROGRAM HIGHLIGHTS
Environmental Noise Strategies
and Standards:
Salaries and Expenses
Abatement, Control and Compliance ...
Noise Program Strategies Implementation:
Salaries and Expenses.................
Abatement, Control and Compliance.....
Total:
Salaries and Expenses.. ,
Abatement, Control and Compliance
Total, Abatement and Control Program....
Noise Enforcement:
Salaries and Expenses, ,
Abatement, Control and Compliance.....
Total, Enforcement Program
Original
Estimate
1981
Revised
Estimate
1981
President's
Reduction
(dollars in thousands^
$4,575
8,352
12,927
1,900
4,353
1,959
3,774
3,859
8,127
11,986
716
225
$4,548
8,352
12,900
1,890
4,353
1,946
3,774
3,836
3,127
11,963
712
225
-$27
-27
-10
-13
-23
-23
-4
941
937
-4
-------
Page Intentionally Blank
-------
NOISE
Budget
Current
Increase +
Approprl ati on
Salaries and Expenses...
Abatement, Control and
Total ..,
Perma nent Workyears .....
Full-time Equivalency...
Authorization Levels.,..
*Authorization pend
PROGRAM HIGHLIGHTS
Environmental Noise
Stategies and Standards
Salaries and Expenses.
Abatement, Control
Noise Program Strategies
Imp! efnentati on:
Salaries and Expenses.
Abatement, Control
and Compliance
Total :
Salaries and Expenses.
Abatement, Control
and Compliance......
Total , Abatement and
Noise Enforcement:
Salaries and Expenses.
Abatement, Control
Total, Enforcement
Proqram..
Actual
1979
$4,055
6,712
10,767
90
130
9,293
19,000
ing.
'. 1.572
. 3,892 "
. 1,803
. 2,540
. 3,375
. 6,432
. 9,807
. 680
. 280
. 960
Estimate
1980
(dollars
$12,778
175
12,953
97
178
10,320
*
6,162
5,612
175
11,774
175
ir,949
1 ,004
* »
1 ,004
Estimate Estimate
1980 1981
in thousands!
$4,923
8,151
13,074
105
175
10,900
*
1 ,817
4,276
2,188
3,573
4,005
7,849
11,854
918
302
1.220
$4,575
8,352
12,927
99
153
11,000
*
1,900
4,353
1,959
3,774
3,859
8.127
11,986
716
225
941
Decrease -
1981 vs. 1980
-$348
+201
-147
-6
-22
+100
+83
+11.
-229
+201
-146
+278
+132
-202
-77
-279
Paj
N-8
N-12
N-1D
-------
Actual
1979
Budget
Estimate
1980
Current
Estimate
1980
Estimate
1981
Increase +
Decrease -
1981 vs. 1980
(dollars in thousands)
Page
Permanent Positions
Environmental Noise
Strategies and
Standards........
Noise Program Strategies
Implementation
Total, Abatement and
Control Program.
36
41
35
39
37
47
37
43
-4
N-8
N-12
Noise Enforcement, Total
Enforcement Program...
Full-time Equivalency
Environmental Noise
Strategies and
Standards.
Noise Program Strategies
Imp!ementati on........
Total, Abatement and
Control Program
77
19
74
23
84
21
80
19
-4
-2
N-19
47
58
52
87
52
84
52
66
-18
Noise Enforcement, Total
Enforcement Program...,
OVERVIEW AND STRATEGY
105
25
139
39
136
39
118
35
-18
-4
N-8
N-12
.-19
Consistent with the policy set forth in the Noise Control Act of 1972, as amended by
the Quiet Communities Act of 1978, the overall objective of the noise program is to
achieve an environment free from noise which jeopardizes public health or welfare. The
1978 Act provides the opportunity for a more effective and efficient approach to the
noise abatement problem than was offered by the 1972 Act alone. In particular, assistance
to State and local governments has been strengthened. In addition, the 1978 Act provides
for the design and management of a noise health effects program.
Under the authorities of the legislation, EPA is required to regulate the noise
emissions from newly manufactured products identified as major sources of noise {other
than aircraft). Emission standards must also be set for in-use equipment of interstate
motor carriers and in-use equipment and facilities of interstate rail carriers (i«e-»
on equipment presently in-use). Noisy products and products sold to control noise may
be regulated to require labeling and thus aid consumers in product selection. EPA also
must provide both financial and technical assistance to State and local governments in
developing programs for noise control.
EPA also has the responsibility to coordinate Federal noise related research and
control activities. Furthermore, the legislation allows EPA to designate products with
low noise emissions for preferential Federal purchase, thus bringing added marketplace
pressure to bear on the development of quieter equipment.
-------
The noise program has placed emphasis on control by regulations of noise from
surface transportation and construction types of equipment. Six promulgations of
regulations on these types of equipment are to be made in 1980 {four relate to court
ordered revisions of the Interstate Rail Carrier regulation). The regulation development
work planned for 1981 is almost exclusively on these types of equipment.
Effective State and local noise control programs are essential if the Nation is to
reduce noise to levels commensurate with the protection of public health and welfare.
Consequently, EPA conducts a program of technical and financial assistance to both
State and local governments. This program serves to complement the
Federal noise regulatory development program which relates primarily to newly manufactured
rather than in-use products.
In both 1980 and 1931, EPA is emphasizing assistance to those State agencies which
in turn will provide extended technical assistance to communities within their
jurisdictions. Ten university-based technical assistance centers also will assist
communities, as will the Each Community Helps Others (ECHO) program. The ECHO program
uses local agency volunteer noise experts to assist other communities with EPA paying
out-of-pocket expenses but not salaries.
Through these various types of assistance it is expected that there will be a
substantial increase in the number of jurisdictions having active programs over the
next 5 to 10 years. Such programs should emphasize abatement of area noise problems
from vehicles, from stationary sources (fence line standards), and construction site
noise. Noise abatement planning (zoning and land use planning) and public information
are additional key functions.
Fiscal year 1979 saw a renewed emphasis placed on the coordination of Federal
noise control efforts with joint demonstrations of abatement techniques and attention
to the linking of Federal programs which can assist in obtaining urban noise control.
These efforts are continuing in 1980 and 1981. Investigations of the health effects of
noise (with emphasis on the non-auditory effects) are being expanded in 1980 and will
be maintained during 1981. Both the Federal coordination and health effects investigations
will assist future decision making by State and local officials as well as future EPA
regulatory efforts.
The EPA noise enforcement program is responsible for Federal enforcement under the
Noise Control Act of 1972, Section 6, new product noise standards and Section 8,
informational labeling requirements applicable to new products. The main emphasis of
the program in 1980 and 1981 will be the continued enforcement of the new product
regulations through production verification and selective enforcement audits. Enforcement
activities will also include continued development of enforcement strategies and
regulations for other Section 6 and Section 8 products and a minimal level of guidance
and assistance to State/local noise enforcement programs.
Purpose of Abatement and Control Program
The basic objective of the noise abatement and control program is to promote an
environment for all Americans free from noise that jeopardizes their health and welfare.
This objective is pursued through four major program thrusts as detailed in the Noise
Control Act of 1972, and amended by the Quiet Communities Act of 1978. First, emission
standards and/or labeling regulations are promulgated on selected products; second,
State and local noise control efforts are strengthened through the provision of technical
assistance and limited financial assistance through cooperative agreements; third,
Federal activities relating to noise research and abatement and control are coordinated;
and fourth, investigations on noise effects and abatement and control technology are
continued.
-------
noise ana ine suasequem, ueveiupnieni ui emisiiun r-eyuianuns t ur uemjr manuioi.i.uicu
products. These standards are intended to protect the public health and welfare through
the application of the best available noise control technology, taking into account the
cost of compliance. Regulations requiring the labeling of products by manufacturers
will be established for some products which emit noise capable of adversely affecting
the public health and welfare. Labeling will also be required for products which are sold
on the basis of their effectiveness in reducing noise.
Technical assistance as well as limited financial assistance is provided to other
Federal agencies and to State and local governments for the development and implementation
of noise control programs. Assistance is given to State and local communities to
establish in-use enforcement programs for noise sources.
Technical assistance is provided in the form of direct guidance to State and local
agencies on how to carry out environmental assessment in order to define noise problems
and to other Federal agencies whose programs and activities have noise control
implications. Noise abatement and control is characterized under the following
s inactivities:
Noise Strategies and Standards
This subactivity includes: (1) the establishment of noise emission
standards for newly manufactured products; (2) the establishment of noise
labeling requirements for newly manufactured consumer products; (3) the
establishment of regulations requiring labeling for noise protection and
control devices; (4) investigations into the human health and welfare
effect of noise; (5) coordination of Federal research on noise; and
(6) the demonstration of control technologies that are in direct support
of regulations.
Noise Program Strategies Implementation
This subactivity includes activities related to the implementation
of regulatory requirements for which the Federal government has primary
responsibility (i.e., the control of noise emissions at Federal facilities
and review of EIS's for their noise impact), and the overall coordination
of all Federal programs for noise abatement and control. Also included is
technical and financial assistance in the development and improvement of
State and local noise control programs, including but not limited to
consultation with States and localities on specific noise abatement
problems, and the provision of financial assistance through cooperative
agreements for noise control program initiation, transportation and
stationary source planning, and noise control demonstrations.
N-4
-------
SUMMARY OF INCREASES AND DECREASES
(in thousands of dollars)
1980 Noise Program $13,074
Salaries and Expenses -348
This decrease relates primarily
to the reduction of 22 workyears.
Abatement, Control and Compliance.... +201
This increase will provide
increased support to State
programs under the noise control
implementation and evaluation
activity,
1981 Noise Program 12,927
SUMMARY OF BUDGET ESTIMATES
1. Summary of Budget Request
An appropriation of $12,927,000 is requested for 1981. This request, by
appropriation account, is as follows:
Salaries and Expenses $4,575,800
Abatement, Control and
Compliance 8,351,200
This request represents a decrease of $148,200, reflecting a decrease of $348,500
related to the reduction of 22 workyears. An increase of $200,700 in extramural funds
for the noise control implementation and evaluation activity will support continuing
attention to State and local program development with emphasis on State programs which
will provide assistance to local communities, and to the provision of technical support
through the Technical Assistance Centers, ECHO programs, and demonstration programs.
The environmental noise strategies and standards activity is increased by $76,600 and
the noise enforcement activity is decreased by $77,000, each reflecting a change in
extramural support.
2. Changes from Original 1980 Budget Estimate
Changes from the budget are as follows:
(In thousands of dollars)
Original 1980 estimate $12,953
Congressional decrease to
travel -24
Proposed pay raise supplemental +184
Reprogramming for authorized
workyears +58
Miscellaneous reprogrammings... . -97
Current 1980 estimate ........ 13,074
-------
reduction of"$24,000 to the noise media.
The proposed supplemental for partial funding of the October T979 pay raise will
increase this media by $184,000. An overall reprogramming throughout the Agency to
provide sufficient salary funds to cover authorized workyears resulted in an increase
of $58,000 to the noise media.
Miscellaneous reprogrammings were made primarily to cover projected costs based on
1979 expenditures: to the air media, $130,400; to the pesticides media, $6,000; to
water quality, $5,300; to drinking water, $1,300; to radiation, $6,000; from solid waste,
$18,200; and from management and support, $34,600.
ANALYSIS OF INCREASES AND DECREASES TO OBLIGATIONS
Current
Estimate Estimate
1980 1981
(in thousands of dollars)
Prior year obiigations
Congressional change. ...
Proposed pay raise supplemental........
Reprogramming for authorized workyears.
Mi seellaneous reprogrammings
Change in amount of carryover funds
available
Program change
Change in rate of obligation..
$10,768
-24
+184
+58
-97
+28
+1,900
+465
.$13,283
-209
-147
-160
Total estimated obligations
fFrom new obligation authority).
(From prior year funds).........
13,283
(13,074
(209)
12,767
02,767)
(...)
EXPLANATION OF INCREASES AND DECREASES TO OBLIGATIONS
The changes discussed in the previous paragraph congressional, pay raise
supplemental, authorized workyears, and reprogrammings account for a net increase of
$121,000.
The amount of carryover funds to be obligated in 1980 is $209,000, an increase of
$28,000 over the 1979 level. In 1981, it is estimated that there will be no carryover
funds, resulting in a decrease of $209,000 from the 1980 level.
The program change in 1980 was previously estimated to increase obligations by
$1.9 million; the decrease of budget authority in 1981 will result in a reduction of
$147,000 to obligations.
The rate of obligation was slightly slower-than anticipated in 1979; therefore an
increase of $465,000 is projected. The 1981 rate will then level off with a decrease
of $160,000.
N-6
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NOISE
Actual
1979
PROGRAM LEVELS
Review production 1065
verification reports
Monitor production 8
verification tests
Monitor Selective 11
Enforcement Audit
tests
Conduct production ...
verification tests
Conduct Selective
Enforcement Audit
tests
Inspect manufacturer's 18
records
Provide Enforcement . ...
Guidance re: State/
local Enforcement
procedures
Develop State/local 1
Enforcement procedures
Conduct site comparison 6
tests
Number of S/L noise 30
Budget
Estimate
1980
880
27
20
8
2
39
2
2
10
5
Current
Estimate
- 1980
880
27
20
8
2
39
2
2
10
30
Estimate
1981
1244
62
37
12
3
122
3
4
19
12
Increase +
Decrease -
1981 vs. 1980
+364
435
+17
+4
+1
+83
+1
+2
+9
-18
programs that were
assi sted
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NOISE
Environmental Noise Strategies and Standards
Appropriation
Actual
1979
Budget
Estimate
1980
Current
Estimate
1980
Estimate
1981
{dollars in thousands)
Noi.se Standards Develop-
ment:
Salaries and Expenses.. $882 $3,564
Abatement, Control
and Compliance 2,620
Noise Control Technology
Assessment and Criteria
Development:
Salaries and Expenses 690 2,598
Abatement, Control
and Compliance 1,272
Total:
Salaries and Expenses.. 1,572 6,162
Abatement, Control
and Compliance 3,892 ...
Grand Total 5,464 6,162
Permanent Positions
Noise Standards Develop-
ment 18 21
Noise Control Technology
Assessment and Criteria
Development. T8 14.
Total 36 35
Full-time Equivalency
Noise Standards Develop-
ment 25 28
Noise Control Technology
Assessment and Criteria
Devel opment. 22 24
Total. 47 52
$1,014
2,561
803
1,715
22
_Li
37
24
28
wm**._
52
$1,233
2,382
667
1,971
22
15
37
24
28
«_.
52
Increase +
Decrease -
1981 vs. 1980
+$219
- 179
- 136
+ 256
+ 83
+ 77
+ 160
Budget Request
The agency requests-a total of $6,252,300 and 37 permanent workyears for 1981, an
increase of $159,100 from 1980. Included in this total is $1,900,100 for the Salaries and
Expenses appropriation and $4,352,200 for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation,
with increases of $82,500 and $76,600 respectively. This program is mandated by the Noise
Control Act of 1972, as amended by the Quiet Coitmunities Act of 1978, and will provide im-
proved criteria for regulations development as well as overall sunnort for State and
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NOISE
Environmental Noise Strategies and Standards
Appropriation
Noise Standards Development:
Salaries and Expenses...
Abatement, Control and Compliance...
Noise Control Technology Assessment
and Criteria Development:
Salaries and Expenses
Abatement, Control and Compliance.
Total:
Salaries and Expenses.......
Abatement, Control and Compliance...
rand Total
Original
Estimate
1981
Revised
Estimate
1981
President's
Reduction
(dollars in thousands,
$1,233
2,382
6,253
$1,227
2,382
6,243
-$6
667
1,971
1,900
4,353
663
1,971
1,890
4,353
-4
-10
' *
-10
-------
Page Intentionally Blank
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Program Description
This program focuses on the development and promulgation of emission and labeling
regulations that will reduce harmful noise emissions from new products. These regulations
are developed through the gathering and analysis of data on noise and its health effects to
determine exposure criteria and levels of noise reduction required for abatement options and
for specific regulatory actions. Evaluations of private and public sector technology develop-
ment are performed to determine best available technology, and assessments of economic, envir-
onmental and health data are made to ascertain the costs and benefits of regulation. This
program also includes conduct of a noise health and welfare effects investigation program.
Noise Standards Development
The objective of noise product regulation is to effectively regulate products which are
major contributors to environmental noise exposure. Such regulation is necessary to the
achievement of overall environmental noise control goals of reducing environmental levels below
Ldn 75 dB as soon as possible and ultimately below Ldn 65 dB.
Sections 6 and 8 of the Noise Control Act require the Environmental Protection Agency
to develop and promulgate regulations for control of noise from products which are major noise
sources through the use of noise emission limitations and/or noise labeling requirements
for newly manufactured products. The analysis leading to and supporting these regulations
includes the preliminary investigation of potential products for regulation, economic and
technological feasibility and the evaluation of health, welfare, and other benefits derived
from specific product regulation. Other activities include the preparation of necessary
background and supporting material, such as EIS's and economic assessments, for the pro-
mulgation of standards.
Noise Control Technology Assessment and Criteria Development
The objective of this activity is to provide support to EPA for noise product regula-
tion and State and local control efforts through investigations and documentation of noise
health effects and availability of noise control technology. This also includes overall
strategy development for national noise control efforts.
Specific activities include the development of health and welfare criteria for the :
assessment of general exposure to noise; the assessment of the environmental, economic,
social and health impacts of noise abatement options; and the assessment of advanced and/
or future noise control technology for the development and evaluation of noise abatement
options, including coordination and evaluation of noise research and development conducted
by other Federal agencies. Other activities encompass the development of an overall noise
control strategy and subsequent substrategies, and the continuation of the noise health
effects program.
NOISE STANDARDS DEVELOPMENT -
1979 Accomplishments
1979 resources included approximately $2,620,400 in contract support. These funds
were used fpr the development of noise emission and labeling regulations and for studies
for products which may require future regulation or labeling. Major accomplishments for
1979 included: promulgation of two labeling actions (general provisions and Hearing
Protectors); an emission regulation for truck-mounted solid waste compactors; and proposal
of the court-ordered Interstate Rail Carrier revision. In addition, developmental work
was carried out which will lead to the promulgation of emission regulations for railroad
facilities (4 source standards in 1980 and a property line standard in 1981),, buses, motor-
cycles, and low noise emission products. Work was continued on noise sowce studies on
guided mass transit, portable air compressors, chain saws, mufflers, construction equip-
_u._4- -.-J _«4.K_uK.4.> /TW ,. ,4...ji^, ,.,; n u ___,n1<,4._j .! inon\
-------
In 1980, the Agency has allocated a total of $3,575,400 and 22 permanent workyears to s*
this program, of which $1,014,300 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $2,561,100
is for extramural purposes under the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
The 1980 program provides for the promulgation of emission regulations for motorcycles
and buses. Other regulatory activities include promulgation of the court-ordered Interstate
Rail Carrier revision (4 source standards); promulgation of a regulation for Low Noise Emission
products; initiation of work on revision of medium/heavy duty truck and Interstate Motor
Carrier regulations, light duty vehicles (tentatively a labeling action), and tires (label-
ing); and continuation of candidate selection studies for household and consumer products.
In addition, six noise source studies begun in previous years are being completed.
1980 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The net increase of $11,400 results from several actions. An increase of $30,800
results from the cost of the October 1979 pay raise and is included in a proposed supple-
mental appropriation. A congressional reduction of $2 million to Agency travel costs
resulted in a decrease of $1,900. An overall reprogramming throughout the agency to pro-
vide sufficient salary funds to cover authorized workyears resulted in a decrease of
$17,500 to this activity.
1981 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $3,614,600 and 22 permanent workyears for this program,
of which $1,232,900 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $2,381,700 is for
the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. During 1981, regulatory activities
will include promulgation of a property line standard for the court-ordered Interstate
Rail Carrier revision, and the proposal of a labeling regulation for a yet to be selected
consumer product. Work will continue on development of final regulation for Wheel and ,
Crawler Tractors. Work will also continue on a proposal of revision of the medium/heavy J
duty truck and Interstate Motor Carrier regulations, as well as developmental work for a
proposal of labeling regulations for light duty vehicles and tires. The candidate selection
studies for product labeling will also be continued.
NOISE CONTROL TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT AND CRITERIA DEVELOPMENT
1979 Accomplishments
1S79 resources included approximately $1,271,800 in contract support. These funds v/erc
used for technology research demonstrations, development of information on healtn and welfare
effects of noise (both auditory and non-auditory) and development of noise abatement
substrategies.
Major accomplishments in 1979 included a report on the University of Miami study which
related noise to a 30 percent increase in blood pressure of the primates under study.
Other health effects activities included an MIT workshop on noise cardiovascular effects
and the completion of four reports designed to improve the understanding of the effects of
noise.
Also during 1979, health and welfare assessments were carried out for regulatory actions
under development, and a simplified version of the "levels" document was completed. This
document will be used by State and local governments and others who lack specific noise
expertise in the health effects of noise.
Technology research projects were continued on quiet trucks (the first three trucks
are undergoing noise reduction modification, with operational testing to begin in 1980)
and on internal combustion engines and tires.
-------
During 1979, five joint technology demonstrations with other government agencies were
begun or were in process. These included quiet propeller, construction site, highway con-
struction, shipyard machinery and electric generating plant projects.
1980 Program
In 1980, the Agency has allocated a total of $2,517,800 and 15 permanent workyears to
this program, of which $803,300 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and 51,714,500
is for extramural purposes under the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
During 1980, work is continuing on the quiet truck, internal combustion engine and tires
technology demonstration studies. Technology demonstrations on general construction site and
quiet propellers is being completed; three others ongoing in 1979 are continuing. Also, during
1980, the technology assessment will begin on advanced design engines and cooling systems.
In addition, a multiyear technology plan and technology assessment of government/industry
construction equipment is being completed. The noise health effects program is continuing, with
seven research reports expected to be completed. These reports will (1) improve methodology for
assessing health and welfare impact of noise, (2) improve the definition of noise, (3) provide
support for regulations development and reports to Congress; and (4) overall support for State
and local programs.
Eight auditory/non-auditory health effects studies are in process with three completions
anticipated. This includes completion of the 3rd year report of the University of Miami Primate
Study. In addition, three national assessments of noise impacts are underway, with two completions
expected. On-going support is being provided to other Federal agencies in establishing health and
welfare impacts of noise. In addition, an updated report on Federal research in noise effects is
being issued,
1980 Explanation gf_Cnajio.e from Budget^ Estimate
The net decrease of $79,800 results from several actions. An increase of $33,000 results from
the cost of the October 1979 pay raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation. A
congressional reduction of $2 million to Agency travel costs resulted in a decrease of $1,400.
An overall reprogramming throughout the agency to provide sufficient salary funds to cover authorized
workyears resulted in a decrease of $111,400 to this activity.
1981 Plan
The Agency .requests a total of $2,637,700 and 15 permanent workyears for this program, of which
$667,200 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $1,970,500 is for the Abatement, Control
and Compliance appropriation.
The quiet engine demonstration, heavy and medium truck demonstration, quiet tire demonstration,
and a quiet cooling system demonstration will continue based on methods to quiet engines on vehicles
as determined in the technology assessments. The following interagency demonstrations to determine
techniques and technologies for abating noise will be completed: industrial machinery (with Navy);
electric generating power plant noise (with TVA); and highway construction site (with FHWA).
The noise health effects research program for 1981 includes the completion of five studies on
auditory and non-auditory health effects. The non-auditory effects of noise are not well understood
(including the contribution to heart disease) and may have serious public health implications. The
University of Miami primate study on the cardiovascular effects of noise will be completed and a
retrospective epidemiological analysis will be initiated in 1981. Other animal studies will begin
to examine cardiovascular dynamics and biomedical changes. A major sleep study will be started
primarily to examine the health consequences due to noise disrupted sleep. Also, community survey
data will be acquired to more accurately relate human response to construction site noise.
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NOISE
Noise Program Strategies Implementation
ApproprJaton
Actual
1979
Budget
Estimate
1980
Current
Estimate
1980
Estimate
1981
(dollars in thousands;
Noise Control Implementation
and Evaluation:
Salaries and Expenses. . $993 $4,392
Abatement, Control and
Compliance 2,083
Federal Agency Coordination:
Salaries and Expenses..... 297 672
Abatement, Control and
Compliance. 379
Noise Regional Program
Implementation:
Salaries and Expenses...... 513 548
Abatement, Control and
Compliance 78 175
Total:
Salaries and Expenses 1,803 5,612
Abatement, Control and
Compliance 2,540 175
Grand Total...* 4,343 5,787
Permanent Positions
Noise Control Implementation
and Evaluation 20 16
Federal Agency Coordination., 8 9
Noise Regional Program
Implementation.... 13 14
Total.................. , '41 39
Full-time Equivalency
Noise Control Implementation
and Evaluation 31 52
Federal Agency Coordination.. 9 12
Noise Regional Program
Implementation.............. 18 23
Total......... 58 87
$1,262
3,120
277
400
649
53
2,188
3,573
5,761
25
8
14
47
53
8
23
$1,032
3,321
289
400
638
53
1,959
3.774
5,733
22
8
13
43
37
8
21
Increase *
Decrease -
1981 vs. 1980
-$230
+201
+12
-11
* * *
-229
+201
-28
-3
-1
-4
-16
* * *
-2
84
66
-18
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NOISE
Noise Program Strategies Implementation
Appropriation
Noise Control Implementation and
Evaluation:
Salaries and Expenses......
Abatement, Control and Compliance...
Federal Agency Coordination:
Salaries and Expenses
Abatement, Control and Compliance....
Noise Regional Program Implementation
Salaries and Expenses
Abatement, Control and Compliance....
Total:
Sal an" es and Expenses,... ,
Abatement, Control and Compliance...,
Grand Total
Original
Estimate
1981
Revised
Estimate
1981
President's
Reduction
(dollars in thousands]
$1,032
3,321
289
400
638
53
1,959
3,774
$1,025
3,321
287
400
634
53
1,946
3,774
-$7
-2
-4
-13
5,733
5,720
-13
-------
Page Intentionally Blank
-------
pudges
The Agency requests a total of $5,733,500 and 43 permanent workyears for 1981,
a decrease of $28,300 and 4 permanent workyears from 1980. Included in this total is
$1,959,600 for Salaries and Expenses and $3,773,900 for Abatement, Control and
Compliance with a decrease of $229,000 and an increase of $200,700, respectively
The net decrease results from a decrease in salaries and expenses attributable to a
reduction of 16 workyears and a partially compensating increase in abatement, control
and compliance resources. The program addresses the mandate of the Quiet Communities
Act of 1978 and will encourage State and local governments to develop or improve
their noise control programs.
Program Description
This program provides technical and financial assistance to States and localities
in the development and implementation of noise control programs. Effective State and
local noise control programs are essential if the Nation is to reduce noise to levels
commensurate with the protection of public health and welfare. In recognition of
this need, the Noise Control Act, as amended by the Quiet Communities Act, calls for
EPA to conduct technical and financial assistance programs to State and local governments.
The objective of the assistance program is to substantially increase the number of
communities having effective noise control programs with special emphasis on lessening
the impact of noise from motor vehicles (motorcycles, trucks, autos). Assistance is
also provided in the areas of stationary source control (fence line standards),
construction site noise control, noise abatement planning (zoning, land use planning,
airport planning), and public information.
This program also includes the implementation of regulatory requirements for
which the Federal Government has primary responsibility (i.e., the control of noise
emissions at Federal facilities and review of EIS's for noise implications, and the
overall coordination of all Federal programs for noise abatement and control. The
objective of this program is to bring the major noise authorities of other Federal
agencies to bear on the noise problem in a total national effort. Included are such
agencies as the Federal Highway Administration, the Federal Aviation Administration,
the Urban Mass Transit Administration, the Department of Housing and Urban Development,
and the Department of Defense.
Noise Control Implementation and Evaluation
The Noise Control Act, as amended by the Quiet Communities Act of 1978, directs
the Environmental Protection Agency to deliver assistance to States and localities in
order to encourage the development of effective noise control, including encouragement
of State and local actions to complement EPA's noise emission regulations. One of
the objectives of this program is to have in place, by 1985, at least 400 active
local noise control programs covering 72 million people and 40 active State programs.
The local programs may cover one or :all of the noise program components identified
above depending on local need. The goal of 400 operational noise programs is targeted
to cities with populations over 25,000 since noise problems tend to be greater in
more highly populated areas. However, smaller cities that are part of larger urban
aggregations are also included in some instances since they share "urban" characteristics.
In addition, some smaller communities may have particular problems which will require
regulatory actions and EPA assistance. EPA has an additional goal of insuring that
300 of these programs have components to control motor vehicles noise. Effective
State and local programs are needed to complement EPA regulations for major sources
of noise. This will include State and local enforcement of in-use controls which
supplement EPA's manufacturing controls, and assistance in enforcement of the Federal
ant i -tampering provision.
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programs for State and local use. Special emphasis is placed on helping States
initiate programs to assist local communities start noise control programs and to
strengthen existing local programs. Other EPA assistance includes the Each Community
Helps Others (ECHO) program, development of State and local program "tools", e.g.,
model laws and codes, administration of the noise control demonstration and assistance
program, and technical assistance centers located at ten universities.
Federal Agency Coordination
The activities of this program are directed toward assuring that Federal Government
responsibilities for noise control are met. Such activities include assisting other
Federal agencies to consider and include where appropriate, noise abatement and
control practices in their programs and comply with Federal, State, interstate, and
local requirements; coordinating noise control programs carried out by Federal
agencies; monitoring the progress of other Federal facilities' noise abatement
activities; and reviewing Federal environmental impact statement insofar as their
noise impacts are concerned. Particular attention is given to carrying out the
President's Urban Noise Initiative.
In the aviation area, the EPA will continue to review Federal Aviation Agency
actions and make further recommendations concerning aviation noise. This includes
tracking FAA follow-up to regulations previously reeontnended by EPA. Special emphasis
will be placed on more stringent standards for new design aircraft and on airport
planning and compatible land use.
Noise Regional Implementation
The regional offices occupy a key role in the development of effective State and
local programs.
Specifically, regional offices provide the focal point for interaction with
State and local governments, and the development of State and local government
capabilities to implement noise abatement activities. As such, they provide general
technical support, as well as regional coordination and support of national public
awareness programs, demonstration projects and regulations development. In addition,
the regions will have a larger role in administering the financial assistance program
for State and local noise control.
NOISE CONTROL IMPLEMENTATION AND EVALUATION
1979 Accompli shments
1979 resources included $2,083,400 in extramural support. These funds were used
for the development and delivery of both technical and financial assistance (cooperative
agreements) to State and localities'and for demonstration projects with other Federal
agencies.
During 1979, EPA continued to deliver technical assistance to State and localities
in developing noise control programs. Delivery mechanisms included the ECHO program
(a volunteer program where local noise control experts assist other communities one
or two days a month with EPA paying out of pocket expenses); State assignees, temporary
government employees serving in State governments to assist in the development of noise
control programs; LISTEN-a computer program service which processes attitudinal/physical
survey data for States and localities; Senior Environmental Employee Program; and
community noise counselors. Other activities included the continuation of the Quiet
Communities Program (QCP). In Allentown, Pa.» the first QCP, an ordinance was passed
and is currently being enforced. Also, during 1979, two new QCP's were started in
Spokane, Washington; and Kansas City, Missouri. The QCP program is a research experiment
and is desianed to develop and demonstrate the best available techniques for noise
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HOC I L lUrid I en ur US IllUlUUeu UIC UCVCIVpllICIIl. Oiiu imp l ctuciikoi' I wii wi yv-m-iui puuiiv
information and education programs concerning noise abatement and control, as well as
support of airport noise abatement planning programs in communities. The Philadelphia
airport study was begun (a joint EPA/FAA airport study required by Section 8 of the
Quiet Communities Act of 1978).
A major accomplishment during 1979 was the development of an implementation plan
for the award of several types of grants: State and local start-up, transportion
planning, demonstration and Technical Assistance Centers, as mandated by the Quiet
Communities Act of 1978. In implementation of this plan, during 1979, 38 cooperative
agreements were awarded (including State ECHO) to States and localities and 10 to
universities (for the establishment of Technical Assistance Centers).
It is anticipated that these cooperative agreements will greatly enhance EPA's
ability to meet its goal of at least 400 active local programs covering 72 million
people and 40 active State noise control programs in place by 1985.
1980 Program
In 1980, the Agency has allocated a total of $4,382,700 and 25 permanent workyears
to this program, of which $1,262,400 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation
and $3,120,300 is for extramural purposes under the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation.
In 1980 the cooperative agreement program begun in 1979 is continuing with
funding generally comparable to that available in 1979. This program includes
financial assistance to States and localities for program starts; urban demonstrations
as addressed in the President's Urban Noise Initiatives Program, surface transportaion
noise control demonstrations; and support for the Regional Noise Technical Assistance
Centers. Assistance to airports for noise control planning will continue and the
study of the Philadelphia International Airport, as mandated by the Quiet Communities
Act, will be completed.
In 1980, the EPA-run ECHO program is being maintained, and States are being
assisted in initiating ECHO programs of their own. The QCP program will be continued
in Spokane and Kansas City and a reassessment of Allentown (the first QCP city) will
be undertaken.
Also, a manual on vehicles noise enforcement will be started. Projects to
mitigate aviation noise through assistance to airports in noise control planning and
operations will be carried out.
Also, in 1980, the Senior Environmental Employee program, LISTEN, the State
assignee program, and the noise counselor program will continue. In addition, general
public information and education programs will be developed, and training of State
and local noise control officers wifl be carried out.
The monitoring phase of the National Noise Assessment, a requirement of the
Quiet Communities Act of 1978, will begin.
1980 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The net decrease of $9,100 results from several actions. An increase of $52,700
results from the cost of the October 1979 pay raise and is included in a proposed
supplemental appropriation. A congressional reduction of $2 million to Agency travel
costs resulted in a decrease of $1,400. An overall reprogramming throughout the
Agency to provide sufficient salary funds to cover authorized workyears resulted in a
decrease of $21,400 to this activity.
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ana data support preproauction compliance to support tne rues economy program. A
reprogramming of $35,000 was made from the Management and Support media to reflect the
transfer of an employee from the Management Information and Data Systems Division.
1981 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $4,353,100 and 22 permanent workyears for this
program, of which $1,032,100 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and
$3,321,000 for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
In 1981, continuing attention will be given to State and local program development
with emphasis on State programs which will provide assistance to local communities,
and to the provision of technical support through the Technical Assistance Centers,
ECHO programs, and demonstration programs. Sixteen (16) States are expected to have
assumed responsibility for running the ECHO Program by the end of the fiscal year.
Demonstrations will focus on (1) testing control techniques in the area of motor
vehicle, highway noise, and construction site noise for use by States and localities
in noise program development; and (2) urban initiative demonstrations, (e.g., neighborhood
self help program and soundproofing and weatherization program). The financial
assistance program to States, localities and Technical Assistance Centers will be
funded at a level comparable to 1980.
The QCP Program in Spokane and Kansas City, Senior Environmental Employee program,
community noise counselors, and LISTEN (computer program) will also continue. 1981
will also see the development of general public information and education programs
and training of State and local noise control officials. A manual on vehicle noise
enforcement, begun in 1980, will be completed. Airport noise abatement projects will
be continued.
The National Noise Assessment begun in 1980 will continue. This assessment, a
requirement of the Quiet Communities Act of 1978, is critical to establish a noise
baseline against which to measure the problem in the future. It will also provide
input into the definition of the extent of control needed through EPA regulations and
State and local efforts.
FEDERAL AGENCY COORDINATION
1979 Accomplishments
1979 resources included $378,700 in contract support. These funds were used to
support interagency agreements with other Federal agencies. The purpose of this
activity is to carry out noise control demonstration and test techniques, and
incorporate the results of these demonstrations into the appropriate program of
Federal agencies. Another benefit of this activity is that EPA funds are enhanced
by contributions from other participating agencies. During 1979, this type of activity
included the following demonstrations: off-road vehicles; highway noise mitigation;
Bus Retrofit; Bus Transit Mall planning and design (planning and design phase completed);
hearing conservation (model hearing conservation program).
1980 Program
In 1980, the Agency has allocated a total of $677,400 and 8 permanent workyears to
this program, of which $277,400 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and
$400,000 is for extramural purposes under the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation. These resources will be used to continue and complete funding for
interagency agreements begun in earlier years to carry out noise abatement demonstrations.
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construction through other Federal agencies will be carried out. These are: off-road
vehicles; highway noise mitigation; Bus Transit Mall planning and design; Bus
retrofit; and hearing conservation. Reports are being issued in 1980 on off-road
vehicles, and Bus Transit Hall planning and design. These reports describe the control
techniques and results obtained. The EPA and the agencies involved will work together
to insure that successful techniques will be applied elsewhere in the Federal and
private sectors as a results of this documentation. EPA also intends to integrate
these demonstration efforts into its interagency urban noise control program which
was begun in 1979. The EPA has set up an interagency task force to insure that noise
control is an integral part of the Administration's urban initiative. Also, in 1980,
EPA will develop data on noise of road surface materials (tire/road interaction) with
Federal Highway Administration.
EPA will also continue to review FAA activities concerning aviation noise abatement.
1980 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The net increase of $5,400 results from several actions. An increase of $11,100
results from the cost of the October 1979 pay raise and is included in a proposed
supplemental appropriation. A congressional reduction of $2 million to Agency travel
costs resulted in a decrease of $700. An overall reprogramming throughout the Agency
to provide sufficient salary funds to cover authorized workyears resulted in a decrease
of $5,000 to this activity.
1981 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $589,100 and 8 permanent workyears for this
program, of which $289,100 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $400,000
for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. In 1981, special emphasis
will be placed on the development of information and potential recommendation to the
FAA of more stringent standards for new design aircraft and on airport planning and
compatible land use. Also, updated reports from the Interagency noise R&D panels
will be published: Surface Transportation, Machinery and Construction Equipment,
Aviation, and a listing of current government research. A variety of technology
demonstrations will be underway including a quiet house demonstration, Transit Mall
Planning and design, highway noise, tire/road interaction study, and reports on
diagnostic inspection programs and joint-use airports.
NOISE REGIONAL PROGRAM IMPLEMENTATION
1979 Accomplishments
In 1979, a total of $591,400 was obligated, of which $78,000 was for extramural
purposes. Regional accomplishments in 1979 included major involvement in the
implementation of the various cooperative agreements with State and local governments
end the establishment of Technical Assistance Centers. Also, in 1979, the regions
provided oversight of the Quiet Communities Program (one in Allentown, Pa., and two
additional ones added in 1979 - Spokane, Washington, and Kansas City, Missouri).
Other activities carried out included the review of EIS's, the holding of noise
abatement workshops for State and local officials, equipment loans, the providing of
direct technical assistance to local communities and public education on noise
abatement and control." Regional review of Federal facilities, to assure compliance
with noise regulations was also provided. In addition, the regions acted as project
managers for the ECHO and State assignee programs in their specific regions.
198D Program
In 1980, the Agency has allocated a total of $701,700 and 14 permanent workyears
-------
with key State and local agencies. The regions will also continue to administer the
technical assistance program to State and local governments with emphasis on the
development of the Technical Assistance Centers and State-run ECHO programs so that
these programs can serve as the technical assistance delivery mechanism to States and
localities. They will also continue to manage QCP experiments in two communities
(Spokane and Kansas City), continue to manage the ECHO program, and will assist some
States in taking over the EPA ECHO program In their states. The equipment loan
program and EIS reviews will be continued as will noise control workshops and on-site
visits.
1980 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The net decrease of $21,500 results from several actions. An increase of $22,400
results from the cost of the October 1979 pay raise and is included in a proposed
supplemental appropriation. A congressional reduction of $2 million to Agency travel
costs resulted in a decrease of $4,000. An overall reprogramming throughout the Agency
to provide sufficient salary funds to cover authorized workyears resulted in an
increase of $17,300 to this activity.
Reprogrammings in order to support costs projected on the basis of 1979 actual
expenditures resulted in regional transfer to water quality municipal waste treatment
construction ($5,300); to pesticides use management ($6,000); to Management and
Support personnel management ($400); to drinking water underground injection
control program ($1,300); to air quality management implementation ($56,400); to
radiation program implementation ($6,000); and from solid waste hazardous waste
management regulatory stratospheric implementation ($18,200).
1981 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $691,300 and 13 permanent workyears for this
program, of which $638,400 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $52,900
is for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
1981 will see a continuation of 1980 activities, with emphasis on the development
and strengthening of the Technical Assistance Centers and a projected 16 State-run
ECHO programs so that these programs can more rapidly serve as the mechanisms for
providing technical assistance.
The regions will also be responsible for administering the cooperative agreement
program. They will manage the QCP program (2 cities), review EIS's, run the equipment
loan program and conduct noise control workshops.
-------
NOISE
Noise Enforcement
Appropriation
Salaries and Expenses
Abatement, Control and Compliance...
Original
Estimate
1981
Revised
Estimate
1981
President's
Reduction
^dollars in thousands)
$716 $712
225 225
-$4
Total
941
937
-4
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Page Intentionally Blank
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NOISE
Noise Enforcement
Budget Current Increase +
Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease -
1975 1980 1980 1981 1981 vs. 1980
(dollars in thousand's!
Appropriation
Salaries and
Expenses $680 $1,004 $918 $716 -S202
Abatement, Control
and Compliance... 280 ... 302 225 -77
Total........ 960 1,004 1,220 941 -279
Permanent Positions 19 23 21 19 -2
Full-time Equivalency 25 39 39 35 -4
Budget Request
The Agency requests a total of $941,200 for 1981, a decrease of $279,000 from 1980.
Included in this total is $716,100 and 19 permanent workyears for Salaries and Expenses and
$225,100 for Abatement, Control and Compliance, with a decrease of $202,000 and $77,000,
respectively.
Program Description
The long-range goals and major objectives of the noise enforcement program are to
assure that manufacturers distribute products in commerce that comply with Sections 6 and
8 (new product noise emission standards and information labeling requirements respectively)
of the Noise Control Act of 1972. Additionally, assistance is given to State/local govern-
ments in the development of effective noise enforcement program. The program works to
integrate Federal, State, and local noise enforcement activities into a coordinated national
program to reduce levels of environmental noise and to ensure in-use compliance of regulated
products subject to an applicable standard under Section 6 or 3 of the Act.
1979 Accomplishments
The 1979 resources included $279,500 for contracts which were used to conduct surveil-
lance testing of in-use regulated portable air compressors and trucks; technical support for
the manufacture, distribution, and operation of both compressors and trucks $ and for State
and local enforcement guidance.
In 1979, the primary emphasis of the noise enforcement program was enforcement of the
standards for portable air compressors and medium and heavy-duty trucks. Records of 18
major truck and compressor manufacturers were inspected. Enforcement actions were initiated
against two manufacturers for producing portable air compressors that did not comply with
the noise emission standards.
Enforcement activities that were conducted in 1979 included the review of 1,065 produc-
tion verification reports, the monitoring of eight production verification tests and 11
selective enforcement audits, the conducting of six test site comparison studies, and the
conducting of 1,056 surveillance tests. Enforcement assistance and guidance was provided to
30 state and local noise enforcement programs and one State/local enforcement procedures pack-
age was developed. Enforcement sections of the general labeling provisions and of the labeling
-------
requirement for hearing protectors were promulgated in 1979. In addition, six technia *'
studies and six special investigations were conducted.
FY 1980 Plan
In 1980, the Agency has allocated a total of $1,220,200 to this program, of which
$918,100 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $302,100 is for extramural
purposes under the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. Extramural funds
will be used to support the State/local noise enforcement effort; evaluate and summarize
production verification reports; acquire products for investigative testing; provide for
engineering and technical support services; continue surveillance testing of in-use regu<-
lated compressors and trucks; and initiate surveillance testing of hearing protectors.
Current operations of the noise enforcement program include continued enforcement of
Section 6 new product noise emission standards for portable air compressors and medium
and heavy duty trucks; initiate enforcement of Section 8 labeling requirements for hearing
protectors; continued assistance and guidance to State and local noise enforcement programs;
and continued development of enforcement strategies for additional Section 6 standards and
Section 8 labeling requirements.
Planned noise enforcement activities include: review of 880 production verification
reports; monitor and conduct 27 production verification and 20 selective enforcement
audit tests; inspection of 39 compressor and truck manufacturers' records and facilities;
develop a guidance manual for State/local prosecutors for use in enforcement of noise
control ordinances; provide assistance to 30 State/local noise enforcement programs; con-
duct 1,000 surveillance tests; conduct 10 site comparison tests; and conduct nine special
investigations and seven technical studies.
1980 Explanation of Changes from Budget Estimate
The net increase of $216,400 results from several actions. An increase of $34,90C/
results from the cost of the October 1979 pay raise and is included in a proposed supple-
mental appropriation. A congressional reduction of $2 million to Agency travel costs
resulted in a decrease of $14,800. An overall reprogramming throughout the agency to
provide sufficient salary funds to cover authorized workyears resulted in an increase of
$196,300 to this activity.
1981 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $941,200 for this program, of which $716,100 is for the
Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $225,100 for the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation. Extramural funds will be used to provide assistance and guidance to State
and local noise enforcement programs. Additionally, funds will be used to continue the
surveillance testing of in-use compressors and trucks and will be initiated for buses.
These resources will allow the Agency to review 1,244 manufacturers' noise production
verification reports, to monitor and conduct 74 production verification tests and 37
selective enforcement audits, and to conduct 122 investigations of manufacturers' records
to insure that only complying products are distributed in commerce. A program to ensure
compliance with the Section 8 labeling requirements for hearing protectors is continued.
Also, as necessary, EPA will conduct investigations of alleged noncompliance, prepare admin-
istrative hearings. EPA will correlate manufacturers' noise testing facilities with its
facility located at Sandusky, Ohio. The development of enforcement strategies and attendant
regulations will continue in accordance with the schedule of controlled products developed
by the Office of Noise Abatement and Control.
-------
Assistance and guidance to State and local noise enforcement programs will be
provided in two ways: (1) to individual programs that request assistance and guidance on
specific issues and problems, and (2) by the development of training and guidance for
State and local noise enforcement. Additionally, guidance on field enforcement of the
Federal labeling requirements will be prepared and distributed to State and local noise
enforcement programs to ensure that the national Federal labeling program is successful
in providing consumers with the noise-generating or noise reducing properties of the
products labeled under the Noise Control Act.
During 1981, the major activities of the noise enforcement program will be to:
- Review 1244 production verification reports;
- Monitor 62 production verification tests;
- Conduct 12 production verification tests;
- Monitor 37 selective enforcement audits;
- Conduct 3 selective enforcement audits;
- Conduct 122 inspections of manufacturers' records;
- Conduct 19 site comparison tests;
- Develop 4 State/local enforcement procedures;
- Provide 3 State/local enforcement guidance packages;
- Assist 12 State/local noise enforcement programs;
- Conduct 8 special investigations;
- Prepare 8 technical studies;
- Review 210 labeling verification reports;
- Monitor 10 labeling verification tests; and
- Monitor 6 compliance audit tests.
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Interdisciplinary
-------
Page Intentionally Blank
-------
INTERDISCIPLINARY
Appropriation
Salaries, and Expenses..................
Research -and Oevel opment.. ^.... .'......,
Abatement, Control and Compl ranee..
Total, ,
PROGRAM HIGHLIGHTS *,
Health, and. Ecological Effects:
Salaries and Expenses..................
Research and Development
ticipatory Research:
Salaries and Expenses...
Research and Development ,.....,
Monitoring and Technical Support: '
Salaries and Expenses.....
Research and Development......
Total: :
Salaries and Expenses...
Research and Development ,
Total, Research and
Development Program
Environmental Impact Statements:
Salaries and Expenses
Abatement,. Control and Compliance..
Energy Review and Permitting:
Salaries and Expenses...
Abatement, Control and Compl iance..
"otal:
Salaries and Expenses
Original Revised !
Estimate,. ; Estimate President's
1981 . '. 1981 Reduction
[Hoi-Tars in thousands"}
$11,875
13,8-16'
1,550
$27,241
3,118
2,114-
3,433
11,312
2,478
390
9,029
13,816
22,844
2,152
1,400
694
150
$11,812
13,816
1,550
$27,178
3,101
2,114
3,417
11,312
2,467
390
8,985
13,816
22,80Q
2,138
1,400
689
150
-$63
-63
-17
-16
-11
-44
-44
_ c
Q T7
-------
Page Intentionally Blank
-------
INTERDISCIPLINARY
Qri gi nal
Estimate
1981
Appropriation
Salaries and Expenses,
Research and Development.
Abatement, Control and Compiance .....
Total ............... . ...... ,\. . ,
\
PROGRAM HIGHLIGHTS H
-- - - - - \
Health and Ecological Effects:
Salaries and Expenses ....... ....... 1\
Research and Development............
iticipatory Research:
Salaries and Expenses.. .............
Research and Devel opment ..... .......
Monitoring and Technical Support:
Salaries and Expenses ...... .........
Research and Development ..... .......
Total :
Salaries and Expenses ............ ...
Research and Development............
Total , Research and
Devel opment Program ...... . ......
Environmental Impact Statements:
Salaries and Expenses ...... .........
Abatement, Control and Compliance...
Energy Review and Permitting:
Salaries and Expenses ...............
Abatement, Control and Compliance...
Revised
Estimate President's
1981 Reduction
(dollars in thousands)
$11,875
13,816
1,550
$27,241
3,118
2,114
3,433
\ 11,312
X-478
\390
9,Q29\
13,816 %
22,845
2,152
1,400
694
150
$11,812
13,816
1,550
$27,178
3,101
2,114
3,417
11,312
2,467
390
8,985
13,816
22,801
^2,138
1V400
689 \
150
-$63
-63
-17
-16
-11
-44
-44
-14
-5
Fvnoncoc .
-------
Page Intentionally Blank
-------
INTERDISCIPLINARY
Appropriation
Budget Current Increase +
Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease -
1979 1930 1980 1981 1981 vs. 1980 Paoe
(dollars in thousands)
Salaries and Expenses
Research and Development...
Abatement, Control and
Compliance
Total
Permanent Workyears
Full-time Equivalency
Out! ays
Authorization Levels
$9,
-*r * y
12,
3?
$25,
wte w 9
20,
bV )
46.
*. Authorizations are contained
Control Act, Clean Air Act,
Sol
Rodenticide Act, Safe Drinking
Appropriation Act, In 1980
and Development activities.
PROGRAM HIGHLIGHTS
Health and Ecological
Effects:
Salaries and Expenses...
Research and Development
Anticipatory Research:
Salaries and Expenses...
Research and Development
Monitoring and Technical
Support:
Salaries and Expenses...
Research and Development
Total :
Salaries and Expenses...
Research and Development
Total , Research and
Development Program
Environmental Impact
Statements:
Salaries and Expenses...
Abatement, Control
and Compliance
and
1,
5,
3,
6,
2,
1,
247
812
186
245
219
279
124
285
within
$16
9
1
,763
9 r w v
,939
,400
$28 -in?
44
3 * ~
266
383
,200
*
$13
11
1
$26
22
,957
>****
,012
,372
,341
w **~
260
366
,000
*
amounts authorized for
id Waste Disposal
Water
1981,
739
295
143
014
032
503
6,914
12,812
19,
726
2,332
3,186
Act,
as well
Act,
as
Federal
certain
authorizations have been
3
1
9
7
1
14
9
24
2
1
,370
,729
,425
,458
,815
752
,610
,939
,549
,153
.400
3
1
5
9
2
11
11
22
2
1
,654
,462
,189
,550
,858
> «
,701
,012
,713
,256
.372
$11
13
1
$27
23
the
,875
) i-tr *s
,816
,550
,241
J fc.~T f
250
353
,200
j fc****
*
Federal
Insecticide
portions by
-$2,002
+2,804
+178
+$900
-10
-13
+1 ,200
Water Pollution
, Fungicide, and
virtue of the
proposed for the Research
3
2
3
11
2
9
13
22
2
1
,118
,114
,433
,312
,478
390
,029
,816
,844
,152
.400
-536
+652
-1 ,756
+1 ,762
-380
+390
-2,672
+2,804
+131
-104
+28
1-7
1-11
1-20
1-25
-------
Appropriation
Total, Abatement and
Control Program
Actual
1979
Energy Review and
Permitting:
Salaries and Expenses...
Abatement, Control
and Cpmpliance ...
Total:
Salaries and Expenses... 2,332
Abatement, Control
and Compli ance... 3,186
Total, Abatement and
Control Program 5,518
Permanent Positions
Health and Ecolocncal
Effects "... 36
Anticipatory Research 69
Monitoring and Technical
Support, 40
Total, Research and
Development 145
Environmental Impact
Statements..... 72
Energy Review and
Permitting . ...
Total, Abatement and
Control Program 72
Full-time Equivalency
Health and Ecolooical
Effects 46
Anticipatory Research. 89
Monitoring and Technical
Support.... . 59
Total, Research and
Development 194
Environmental Impact
Statesments 85
Energy Review and
Permitti ng , ...
Budget Current increase +
Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease -
1980 1980 1981 1981 vs. 1980 Page
(dollars in thousands)
694
150
2,153
1.400
3,553
59
85
24
168
76
76
120
118
58
296
87
2,256
1.372
3,628
66
78
38
182
77
77
106
114
63
283
82
2,846
1.550
4,396
66
58
36
160
77
13
90
106
81
61
248
79
26
+694
+150
+590
+178
+768
-20
-2
-22
+13
+13
-33
-2
-35
-3
+26
1-30
1-7
I-H
1-20
1-25
1-30
1-7
i-n
1-20
1-25
I-3D
85
87
82
105
+23
-------
OVERVIEW AND STRATEGY
Many environmental problems can be approached directly through specific media programs,
but effective management sometimes requires cutting across the usual media lines. Often
the problem, skill, or technique involved is not readily assignable to a specific media,
and an interdisciplinary approach is required. This interdisciplinary approach is con-
sistent with the original concerns of the Agency: the need for an integrated organization
to regulate pollution in all media and to assure that control measures applied to one
media do not adversely impact other media. EPA employs this intermedia approach is several
research and development programs where the problems, tools, and results are multidiscipli-
nary in nature and must be coalesced into an integrated program. This concept is also
applied to those areas of the environmental impact statement program where the identifica-
tion of cross-cutting impacts is important. The workforce development program has been
included due to its role in promoting the development of a national multidisciplinary
environmental workforce. Similarly, a program of energy review and permitting has been
included due to the need for a flexible muTtidisciplinary approach in assuring that the
rapid development of new energy facilities is accomplished in an environmentally sound
manner.
Research and Development
Anticipatory Research -- This program was first identified as a separate effort in
1978 to (1) identify and characterize emerging environmental problems before crises arise,
(2) provide a commitment of support to important long-term studies which may require
several years to complete, and {3) support the development of new knowledge about funda-
mental environmental principles and concepts. The results of these programs are intended
to provide the scientific foundation for future applied work and to provide the scientific
information necessary for future regulatory actions. The program has been divided into
three functional components: (1) Innovative Researchto provide opportunities for
scientists with unique ideas, (2) Center Support Researchto manage and provide long-
term support for basic studies in key mission research areas (e.g., epidemiology, inter-
media transport studies, and ground water research), and (3) Special Programsto investi-
gate emerging interdisciplinary problems. Included in this third activity are programs
dealing with acid rain, carcinogens, environmental benefits, biological monitoring and
integrated assessment of emerging or latent environmental problems.
Scientific Assessment This program can be functionally divided into two major
components: comprehensive criteria development/effects assessment and special health
risk analysis. Under the health risk component are the reproductive, carcinogenic,
and exposure activities. The reproductive assessment activity was initiated to develop
and refine methodology for the evaluation of mutagenic risk, which is an emerging health
effect of increasing concern to the Agency. The mutagenic emphasis is part of a com-
prehensive plan to strengther the Agency's assessment capability in reproductive effects.
The exposure assessment activity, likewise, develops and refines methodology and guide-
lines for conducting exposure analyses;'exposure data is often a key factor influencing
the outcome of the Agency's risk assessments and selection of subsequent regulatory
options. The responsibility for developing Agencywide guidelines for health risk
analysis has been placed in this program to assure that consistent approaches are
developed for assessing pollutant impacts across all media and pollutants.
The criteria development/effects assessment program integrates experimental results,
across all media lines, to produce comprehensive evaluations of pollutants' effects on
human health. This information represents the end-point of the R&D process and is used as
scientific criteria for the Agency's regulatory decision making. This program represents
a significant commitment by the Agency to assure that research results are used in a timely
fashion within the regulatory development process.
-------
activity is to provide central quality control to assure that the products of ORD's
research are documented, packaged and disseminated in a cost-effective manner to environ-
mental officials and others who need the information both within and outside of EPA. The
technical information program also provides ORD with the information systems necessary to
effectively plan and manage EPA's research program. These systems provide ORD and EPA
management with timely and accurate data on the status of ORD's 3,000 - plus active
research projects.
Environmental Workforce Development Program This program provides agency-wide coordi-
nation and review of environmental workforce activities. It assure?- the development of a
stable workforce of trained personnel to perform environmental management and protection
functions, and uses EPA resources in conjunction with training programs of other Federal
agencies,
Environmental Impact Statements -- The National Environmental Policy Act. 1969 require?
Federal agencies to prepare environmental impact statement (EISs) on major actions signifi-
cantly affecting the quality of the human environment. This EIS requirement applies to new
source discharge permits issued by EPA. Section 309 of the Clean Air Act requires that
EPA review proposed actions of other Federal agencies to assure that they do not adversely
affect the quality of the environment.
Energy Review and Permitting The Agency has developed this program to support the
President's plan for accelerated energy development. The intent of this program is to
ensure that the development of new energy facilities proceeds without unnecessary delay
and without damage to the environment. Most new energy facilities will require EPA issued
permits or an environmental review from EPA. The Agency is committed to processing applica-
tions from critical energy facilities as expeditiously as possible. The already increasing
number of new energy facilities, along with the compressed time schedules imposed by the
Energy Mobilization Board, will require increased effort from EPA's regional offices for
environmental impact statement preparation and review, permitting, and related modelling
and monitoring. Because of the many uncertainties connected with the energy development
program, it is impossible tc predict which offices in which regions will best be able to
use these resources. For this reason, the Agency has grouped these activities together
in the interdisciplinary media,
SUMMARY OF INCREASES AND DECREASES (in thousands of dollars)
1980 Interdisci pi i nary Program $26,341
Salaries and Expenses -2,082
This net decrease reflects a shift of funds for
extramural purposes from scientific assessments,
technical information, and anticipatory research,
within the Research and Development program. An
increase is provided for the energy review and
permitting program.
Research and Development +2,804
The net increase in extramural funds is primarily
due to the transfers from salaries and expenses
as reflected above.
-------
[in thousands of dollars)
Abatement, Control
and Compliance..., , , +178
The increase is for extramural funding related
to the energy review and permitting program,
with a slight increase requested for NEPA
corapliance/EIS preparation. __
1981 Interdisciplinary Program 27,241
SUMMARY OF BUDGET ESTIMATE
1. Summary of Budget Request
An appropriation of $27,240,600 is requested for 1981. This request, by appro-
priation, is as follows:
Salaries and Expenses $11,874,400
Research and Development ,. 13,816,200
Abatement, Control and Compliance.. 1,550,000
This represents an increase of $899,800 over the 1980 interdisciplinary program. An
increese of $844,200 is requested for the energy review and permitting program in order to
provide additional resources to the Agency's regional offices to be used for the preparation
and review of environmental impact statements and the issuance of permits for new energy
facilities. The regions will also use these resources for related monitoring and modelling
activities. A net increase of $55,600 results from minimal changes to each of subactivities
within this media: monitoring and technical support (+$9,900); anticipatory research (+$5,800);
health and ecological effects (+$115,600); and EIS statements (-$75,700).
2. Changes from Original 1980 Budget Estimate
Changes from the budget are as follows:
(in thousands of dollars)
Original 1980 estimate $53,102
Congressional changes:
Travel -28
ADP -6
Supplies and expenses -2
Anticipatory research ,... -2S000
Integrated environmental assistance... -25,000
Reprogramming for authorized workyears.. -227
Miscellaneous reprogrammings....... , +104
Proposed pay rai se suppl emental +398
Current 1980 estimate ... 26,341
The Congress made several reductions which resulted in decreases to this media:
a reduction of $2 million each to travel and to supplies and expenses resulted in a
decrease of $28,000 and $2,000, respectively. A reduction of-$1 million to ADP costs
decreased this media by $6,000. The anticipatory research program was reduced by $2
million. The integrated environmental assistance program was not funded, with a decrease
-------
to cover authorized workyears resulted in a decrease of $227,000 to this media. The pro- ; *
posed supplemental to partially fund the October 1979 pay raise increases the intermedia
by $398,000.
Miscellaneous reprogrammings were made to the Pesticides media ($50,000); to the
toxic substances media ($5,600); from the drinking water media ($5,600); to the water quality
media ($20,700); to the air media ($87,400); and from the management and support media ($261,200),
ANALYSIS OF INCREASES AND DECREASES TO OBLIGATIONS
Current
Estimate Estimate
1980 1981
(in thousands of dollars)
Prior year obligations $25,244 $26,601
Congressional changes.. -404
Effect of reprogrammings.. -123
Pay raise supplemental , +398
Change in amount of carryover funds
available -1,514 -260
Program increase +3,000 +900
Total estimated obligations 26,601 27,241
(From new obligation authority) (26,341) (27,241)
(From prior year funds) (260)
EXPLANATION OF INCREASES AND DECREASES TO OBLIGATIONS
The congressional changes discussed in the previous section, with the exception of
integrated environmental assistance grants, result in a decrease of $404,000 to obligations.
Since the integrated grant program was new, there would be no adjustment to make to prior
year obligations. The reprogrammings and pay raise supplemental result in a change in
obligations of -$123,000 and +$398,000, respectively.
The amount of carryover funds to be obligated in 1980 is $260,000, a decrease of
$1,514,000 from the 1979 level. In 1981, no obligations are estimated in carryover
funds, e decrease of $260,000 from the 1980 level.
The increase is budget authority in 1980 was previously estimated at $3 million; in
1981, it is estimated that the program change will increase obligations by $900,000.
-------
INTERDISCIPLINARY
Health and Ecological Effects
Appropriation
Scientific Assessment:
Salaries and Expenses...,
Research and Development,
Original
Estimate
1981
Revised
Estimate
1981
President's
Reduction
(dollars in thousands)
$3,118
2,114
$3,101
2,114
-$17
Total
5,232
5,215
-17
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INTERDISCIPLINARY
Health and Ecological Effects
Actual
1979
Budget
Estimate
1980
Current
Estimate
1980
Estimate
1981
{dollars in thousands)
Increase +
Decrease -
1981 vs. 1980
Appropriation
Scientific Assessment:
Salaries and Expenses.
Research and
Development..........
$1 ,739
5,295
$3,370
1,729
$3,654
1 ,462
$3,118
2,114
-5536
+652
Total.
Permanent Positions
Scientific Assessment*,
Full-time Equivalency
Scientific Assessment.,
Budget Request
7,034
36
46
5,099
59
120
5,116
66
106
5,232
66
106
+116
The 1981 budget request for the scientific assessment program is $5,231,600 and 66
permanent workyears. Included in this total is $3,117,400 for the Salaries and Expenses
appropriation and $2,114,200 for extramural purposes under the Research and Development
appropriation; a decrease of $536,400 and an increase of $652,000 respectively. This
request represents a net increase of $115,600 which will be used to expand reproductive
effects assessment efforts.
Program Description
The scientific assessment program provides the Agency's regulatory programs with a
centralized capability for evaluating information on health and ecological effects from
exposure to pollutants and estimating the level of health risk involved. The program
reviews, upon request, known information about pollutant effects, interpreting this
information and producing scientific data summaries for subsequent risk assessment or
other regulatory decision making. The hazard assessment portion of the program will be
responsible for maintaining consistency and quality among the risk assessments prepared
throughout the Agency, The program establishes, as needed, agencywide guidelines for
health and risk analysis. The program will also conduct risk assessments and prepare
health and environmental effect criteria documents for Agency regulatory activities in
addition to reviewing completed assessments from other offices within EPA for conformance
to Agency guidelines. Typical outputs from the scientific assessment program include:
reviews, guidelines, health criteria documents, aquatic effects criteria documents,
health assessments, reports on special health/exposure situations and both preliminary
and full risk assessments dealing with the carcinogenic potential, as well as mutagenic
toxicity,
1979 Accomplishments
During 1979, obligations totaled $7,033,700. This included $1,739,000 for in-
house expenses and $5,294,700 for extramural expenses.
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In April of 1979, the Agency established the Office of Health and Environmental
Assessment (OHEA) to expand its health-related scientific assessment capability. OHEA
combined the previously existing Criteria and Effects Assessment Program for Air Quality
and the Carcinogen Assessment Group (CA6) with new programs in criteria and effects
assessment for water quality, reproductive effects risk assessment and exposure
assessment.
The Carcinogen Assessment Group conducted risk assessments on potential carcinogens
for the major Agency regulatory offices. Included were assessments for 2,4,5-
Triclorophenol, cresols, lindane, etc. The risk assessments for 2,4,5-T and lindane
led respectively, to an emergency suspension and limited usage restrictions. The Group
has also reviewed assessments for other Agency program offices and acted in a health
policy advisory capacity to the Agency.
The Reproductive Effects Assessment Group drafted and circulated within EPA an
initial set of guidelines and procedures for conducting risk analysis of mutagenic
toxicity. After review and possible revision these guidelines will be adopted for
agencywide usage.
An agencywide work group was convened to assist in the development of guidelines
and methodologies for exposure assessment to coincide with the establishment of the
Exposure Assessment Group. The development of these guidelines for agencywide use
serves as a quality control mechanism for the Agency and will enhance uniformity and
consistency in the application of scientific information for exposure analysis.
The Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office which supports the Agency's air
regulatory program issued an air quality criteria document on carbon monoxide. This
report is required under Section 109 of the Clean Air Act.
The Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office supporting the water and hazardous
materials regulatory program issued draft water quality criteria for the 65 NRDC consent
decree water pollutants. The office also started the evaluation of public comments on
these criteria.
1980 Program
In 1980, the Agency has allocated a total of $5,116,000 to this program, of which
$3,653,800 is for salaries and expenses and $1,462,200 is for extramural purposes.
The Carcinogen Assessment Sroup will provide assistance to virtually every regulatory
office within the Agency. It will perform a combination review or new risk analysis
for the pesticides program for 18 potential carcinogens and testify at the Science
Advisory Panel public hearings on those pesticides reviewed. The Group will provide
the air program with 45 preliminary risk assessments and eight full summary risk assessments
and will review five oncogenic risk evaluations for the maximum contaminant level program
in the drinking water program. The Carcinogen Assessment Group will also review for
the Toxic Substances Office three premamrfacturing risk assessments and two assessments for
existing chemicals. Two special assessments will be developed to address pressing
carcinogenic issues for the regions and/or Office of General Counsel, The specific
pollutants to be evaluated will be provided by the program offices to address their
most pressing needs.
The Reproductive Effects Assessment Group will finalize the develoment of Agency
guidelines and procedures for conducting risk analyses of mutagenic toxicity which was
initiated in 1979 and will also review 8 mutagenicity evaluations prepared by regulatory
offices within the Agency.
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conducting exposure analyses as well as review up to three exposure situations which have
been proposed by the regulatory offices.
The Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office (air) will complete two air
criterion reports on sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides, eight health assessments documents
on arsenic, asbestos, methylene chloride, fluorocarbon 113, trichloroethylene, methyl
chloroform, acrylonitrile and vinylidene chloride, and one special report on acid rain.
The Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office (water) will complete the final
criteria documents for the 65 water pollutants which were in public comment phase in
1979. They will also prepare 113 summary health effects reports in support of the
unexpected needs of the Agency's solid waste program. Health summaries will also be
prepared for 11 301g pollutants to address Agency enforcement needs in developing
scientific criteria for waste permit waivers. Activity will be initiated to develop
water quality criteria for eight new pollutants.
1980 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The net increase of $17,000 results from several actions. An increase of $100,500
results from the cost of the October 1979 pay raise and is included in a proposed
supplemental appropriation. A congressional reduction of $2 million to Agency travel
costs and resulted in a decrease of $7,100, An overall reprogramming throughout the
Agency to provide sufficient salary funds to cover authorized workyears resulted in a
decrease of $76,400 to this activity.
1981 Plan
, The Agency requests a total of $5,231,600 and 66 permanent workyears for development
of scientific criteria and the assessment of health effects. Approximately $2,114,200
is for extramural purposes and $3,117,400 for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation.
These figures represent an increase of $652,000 and a decrease of $536,400, respectively.
The net increase of $115,600 will be used to provide additional funds for the expansion
of reproductive effects assessment acitivities.
The Carcinogen Assessment Group will operate at a level similar to 1980 with a
moderate shift in emphasis from performing risk assessments to the review and oversight
of assessments performed elsewhere in the Agency. At the request of the pesticides
program, the Group will perform a combination review or new risk analysis for eight potential
carcinogens, perform pre-Rebuttable Presumption Against Registration (pre-RPAR) and
rebuttal reviews for five potential carcinogens, and prepare pathological slide reviews
for three. The Group will provide the air program with 45 Type I assessments for eight
potential carcinogens, develop summary risk assessments for eight water pollutants identified
by the water office, and review five oncogenic risk evaluations for the maximum contaminant
level drinking water program. Three premanufacturing risk assessments
and two assessments for existing chemicals will be reviewed for the toxic substances
office. Two special assessments will be developed for the Regions and/or Office of
General Counsel.
The Reproductive Effects Assessment Group will continue to develop and refine
methodology and policy for the evaluation of mutagenic risk, initially drafted in the
latter part of 1979. The Group will perform eight mutagenicity evaluations: three for
pesticide programs, three for air programs, and two for the water quality criteria
program. The Group will also initiate the development of guidelines for teratogenicity.
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The Exposure Assessment Group win develop second generation methodology and guideline.
for conducting exposure analyses. Since the use of exposure data is often a key factor
in influencing the outcome of the Agency's risk assessments and subsequent regulatory
decisions, the first programmatic goal is to achieve a uniform approach to exposure
analysis through the development of agencywide guidelines. In addition to developing
these guidelines and providing technical consultation to the program offices, the
Exposure Assessment Group will review two to three exposure situations which have been
prepared by the regulatory offices.
The Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office (air) will operate at a level
similar to that of 1980, completing two health assessments and three hazardous pollutant
assessments begun in 1980. Work will be initiated on five new hazardous pollutant
assessments, two new criteria reports, and two special reports on background issues
concerning air quality problems.
The Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office (water) will complete the revision
of eight water quality criteria documents begun in 1980 and begin development of water
quality criteria for eight new pollutants. These documents will include assessments of
both human health effects and aquatic effects. The office also expects to prepare
health summaries to support program needs in the hazardous materials program.
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INTERDISCIPLINARY
Anticipatory Research
Original Revised
Estimate Estimate President's
1981 1981 Reduction
(dollars in thousands!
Appropriation
Salaries and Expenses $3,433 $3,417 -$16
Research and Development.............. 11,312 11,312 ...
Total., 14,745 14,729 -16
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INTERDISCIPLINARY
Anticipatory Research
Budget Current Increase +
Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease -
1979 1980 1980 1981 1981 vs. 1980
(dollars in thousands!
Appropri ati on
Salaries and Expenses... 53,143 $9,425 $5,189 $3,433 -$1,756
Research and
Development 6.014 7.458 9.550 11.312 +1.762
Total ,....,,..,.. 9,157 16,883 14,739 14,745 +6
Permanent Positions....'. 69 85 78 58 -20
Full-time Equivalency... 89 118 114 81 -33
Budget Request
The Agency requests a total of $14,745,200 and 58 permanent workyears for 1981, an
increase of $5,800 and a decrease of 20 permanent workyears from 1980, Included in
this total is $3,433,200 for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $11,312,000
for extramural purposes under the Research and. Development appropriation, with a decrease
of $1,756,100, and a $1,761,900 increase respectively. The decrease in the Salaries
and Expenses appropriation reflects the transfer of 20 permanent workyears from
anticipatory research to other Agency programs. As a result, some freshwater fate
studies,marine science and cancer research will be conducted extramural!y; this change
is reflected by the increase in the Research and Development appropriation.
Program Description
The National Academy of Sciences and the Office of Technology Assessment have
previously expressed concern over the lack of long-term fundamental and anticipatory
research in EPA. In addition, Public Law 95-155, Section 6(b) of the Research and
Development Act of 1978 contains a congressional request for EPA to examine alternative
approaches for conducting long-term environmental research, recognizing the need to
insulate such activities from the Agency's day-to-day regulatory pressures. The
anticipatory research program was initiated as the key mechanism by which the Agency
addresses these concerns and takes action. The program is designed to give EPA an
opportunity both to get ahead of problems and to improve the basic quality of environmental
science. To achieve these ends, the program was organized in 1979 into three components
with the following purposes:
The Center Support Research Program provides long-term support for
exploratory research in key areas in regard to EPA's mission. Centers and their programs
will have a multimedia orientation to supplement EPA's research capability, and will
serve as a resource tp all EPA laboratories whose activities are related to the Center
objectives. The intent of EPA in employing the Center mechanism is to integrate and
build upon the expertise and resources of existing institutions. Support for only
moderate increases in staff facilities and equipment is provided.
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ranye nujjauii ut appiit.auiiiL.jr, i.n.is vumpwuciik ui «.nc \>\ uyi am i «wi i i wu*-*-- ~-- r
planning approach for identifying fundamental and long-term research needs as related
to EPA's overall mission.
The Strategic Assessment and Special Studies provides research and
development planning information on future environmental trends and problems. Activities
include: (1) Producing an annual Environmental Outlook report intended to provide a
comprehensive overview of the environmental future; (2) Conducting small-scale mini-
assessments of future environmental concerns to determine whether they are likely to
become problems in the future; and (3) Developing a system of environmental indicators
and indices for detecting and measuring changes in environmental quality and establishing
outreach mechanisms for tapping both expert knowledge and public perceptions.
In addition, special studies are conducted (a) on problems that have been identified,
but which require further exploratory research and (b) in order to produce information
on the environmental futures of a particular region, industry, economic sector, or
resource. Current activities of this component are aimed at: (1) understanding the
contribution of environmental carcinogens in all media to the incidence of cancer in
the general population; (2) conducting a national assessment of the problems associated
with acid rain; (3) developing methodologies for assessing environmental benefits of
pollution control activities; and (4) exploring the utility of bioindicators as a
forecasting tool in the monitoring of pollution trends.
1979 Accomplishments
During 1979, obligations totaled $9,156,800. Included in this total are $3,142,700
for salaries and expenses and $6,014,100 for extramural research activities. Specific
accomplishments include the following:
Center Support Research ProgramThree institutional centers were established to
conduct long-term exploratory research. Their activities are detailed below:
- Epidemiology Research Center - Located at the University of Pittsburgh,
the center is responsible for fundamental research to develop new
methodologies and improved statistical techniques. The Center also
explores potential correlations between environmental pollutants and
diseases such as cancer, emphysema, and hypertension. The center is
intended to enhance EPA's capability to analyze the increasingly
complex data and long-term problems of pollution impacts on man.
- Advanced Control Technology Research Center - Located at the University
of Illinois, Urbana, this Center will focus on developing an understanding
of the basic chemical, biological, and physical processes which limit our
ability to improve our treatment techniques. This center provides stable
support for the long-term exploratory research necessary to produce basic
knowledge to improve the effectiveness of future treatment technologies.
- Groundwater Research Center - This center was established at a consortium
of universities: the University of Oklahoma State University, and Rice
University. This center will support fundamental and long-term research
on ground water characteristics in soils and subsoils profiles. The center
works in conjunction with EPA's Robert S, Kerr Environmental Research
Laboratory to examine the Garber-WeTlington aquifer in Oklahoma,
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Innovative Research Program -- The Inhouse innovative research program was initiated
in 1979. The program allowed for the funding of six unique, exploratory research
projects including a study to measure the mobilization of soil components by acid
precipitation and an effort to develop a new infrared spectroscopic method for analysis
of trace hazardous air pollutants. Participation in the highly competitive project
selection process included eleven of the Agency's research laboratories.
Strategic Assessment and Special Studies Prepared the Environmental Outlook
forecast and assessment of the environmental outlook from ttie present to the year 2000.
The Environmental Outlook was used to support preparation of the Research Outlook 1980
report. In addition, special studies were conducted in the following areas:
Acid Rain: The anticipatory research acid rain program served as an
integral component of the President's acid rain program. During 1979,
the program:
- Expanded studies of the environmental effects of acid rain on aquatic
and terrestrial ecosystems in the northeast United States; the effects
of acid rain on the growth yield and quality of 21 economically
important crops were studied under both laboratory and field conditions.
* Initiated an exploratory study of the impact of acid rain on the lakes
of the Boundary Water Canoe Area.
- Established management system of storage and retrieval of acid deposition
data for all Federal monitoring networks.
- Completed analysis of available EPA/National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration/World Meterological Organization monitoring data which
have contributed to recently initiated efforts to assess the global
impacts of acid rain.
- Applied Euromap transport model to the study of sulfate deposition in
the eastern United States and Canada.
Biomonitoring: Mussel Watch, a program to monitor chemical residues in the
biota of the Nation's coastal waters:
- Completed data collection for two additional years; analysis of the data
will be completed in early 1980.
- Completed facilities for storing environmental specimens at the National
Bureau of Standards for a pilot specimen banking research effort.
Cancer:
- Developed a county level data base containing air quality information
cancer mortality and morbidity rates, socio-economic, demographic,
meterologic, and migration information for the continental United States,
for the analysis of the associations between cancer incidence and
environmental quality.
- Completed a study which compares the cancer mortality rates in counties
where production of certain organic chemicals occurs with the rates
found in counties where such production does not exist.
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in furthering our understanding of the relationship between cancer
incidence in'the general population and exposures to environmental
carcinogens.
- Developed methods for utilizing certain species of fish to monitor,
biologically, the presence of carcinogens in the marine environment by
actual observation of cellular proliferation disorders 1n these species.
Environmental Benefits;
- Produced an interim report on the national health benefits of reduced
air pollution and the overall benefits of such reductions in the Los
Angeles Basin. This report suggests (1) that the health quantifiable
benefits resulting from cleaning up air pollution particles are greater
than the costs of controlling all air pollutants from stationary sources,
(2) that the likely economic benefits of air quality improvements are
much greater than previously thought, (3) that many such economic
benefits previously thought non-measureable can be measured, and (4) that
aesthetic benefits, such as improved visibility, and reduced illness
dominate other air pollution economic control benefits as opposed to previous
emphasis on reduced mortality.
1980 Program
In 1980, the Agency has allocated a total of $14,738,400 to this program, of which
$5,189,300 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $9,550,100 for extramural
purposes under the Research and Development appropriation.
Center Support Program: In 1980 four additional Centers will be established in
the following areas:
- Ultimate Waste Elimination Research Center - Present control -methods result
in generation of solid or liquid wastes which are disposed of by land
application, burial, or well injection. These practices provide only
temporary storage with great potential for future contamination of air and
water. This center will focus on process changes leading to clean technologies
and innovative recycle-reuse methods.
- Intermedia Transport Research Center - This center will focus on defining
the chemical and physical processes which govern the exchange of pollutants
at the air-land and air-water interfaces. Emphasis will be on the movement
of toxic chemicals and trace elements which are little understood, and on
determining how temperature, humidity, vegetation growth, and other factors
influence the pollutant deposition processes; and on determining whether
chemicals purposefully placed on the land by man are entrained into the
atmosphere.
- Ecosystems Research Center - Decisions on protecting the environment have
have been based largely upon data from individual biological species or
individual physical/chemical processes. Usually, little or no pertinent
information has been available from the level of the biological community
or ecosystem. Among the key questions to be addressed are: (a) Are there
systems level functions which are critical to the maintenance of desirable
ecosystems or communities? (b) Can an ecosystem's "condition" be usefully
estimated by describing only its physical and chemical characteristics?
(c) Are there inherently stable or unstable states for ecosystems relating
to their value for man?
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measurement and assessment of the health of marine ecosystems and the
significant sources, pathways and processes which influence exposure
of man or marine ecosystems to toxic substances. Two of the key
questions which the center will address are: (1) How can we effectively
measure and assess the state of health of marine ecosystems that we
believe are under stress? (2) What are the significant sources, pathways
and processes influencing exposure of man or marine ecosystems to toxic
substances?
Innovative Research The 1980 program will initiate four unique research projects
including an effort to develop an innovative means for complete reuse of the paper
industry process water, and a study of the physical-chemical properties of estuaries
which affect the distribution of suspended matter. Proposals have been received from
ten of the Agency's research laboratories for consideration in the highly competitive
selection process. In 1980, the program will:
- Continue the development and testing of microcosms for the freshwater
and marine environments. New efforts will be initiated to test the
utility of deployable sensors for freshwater and marine environmental
monitoring.
- Initiate the extramural component of the innovative program. Several
areas of research have been selected as themes for this first year's
effort, including efforts to explore the effects of pollution on
terrestrial wildlife, studies of the impact of pollution on the aged,
and investigation of the potential environmental risk of the rapidly
developing biotechnology industry. A workshop of key experts will be
sponsored in 1980 to develop the research agenda necessary to begin
. elucidating the environmental hazards posed by potential applications
of applied genetic technology.
Strategic Assessment andSpecial Studies: In 1980, the program will:
- Complete a survey of the current state-of-the-art for environmental
forecasting. This survey will provide a framework for improvement
of such capabilities.
- Complete a major review and revision of current environmental data
and assessment tools to improve environmental outlook reports.
- Conduct 10-12 mini-assessments of selected future environmental
concerns such as biotechnologies, latent problems (i.e., hidden
problems such as Love Canal), natural hazards, and materials
substitution to determine if further research is warranted;
- Complete projects initiated in 1979 by the National Academy of
Sciences and Citizens Futures Groups in Iowa and Illinois to provide
EPA expert advice and citizen perceptions about future environmental
problems.
- Complete an integrated environmental assessment of Regions IV and VI.
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be published. Other 1980 activities include:
- Available methods for analyzing dry deposition will be compared,
protocols for strict quality assurance will be developed for the
networks involved with the historical water supply study, and studies
of deposition will be expanded to other parts of the country;
- The Euromap transport model will be expanded to examine new energy
scenarios with emphasis placed on nitric acid.
- Maps of sensitive areas will be expanded and improved, the Boundary
Waters Canoe Area Study to include the Wisconsin area, the scope of
acid rain upon the drinking water systems and impacts of nitric
acid on important crops.
Biomonitoring:
- The Mussel Watch Program will monitor a limited number of geographical
sites identified as being "hotspot areas", to fully characterize
seasonal monthly variations. In addition, pilot biomonitoring efforts
will be initiated on a limited geographical basis for both the fresh-
water and the terrestrial media.
Cancer:
- An extensive integrated exposure assessment study will be conducted
within a geographic area known to exhibit a high incidence of cancer
mortality. This stage of the cancer field program will be aimed at
determining and defining the existence of potential exposure gradients
to environmental carcinogens within the area. A second field effort
will be continued in the Houston area and will study cancer incidence
and the possible associations with the area's chronic air pollution
problem.
Dry Scrubbers:
- A complete 30-day evaluation of coal-limestone pellets will be undertaken.
The pellets could substantially reduce the environmental control costs
associated with industrial coal usage. The spray dryer sulphur dioxide
control process, at pilot and full scale, will be evaluated. This process
offers a near term technology to lower the sulphur dioxide control technology
costs. Finally, small scale testing of simultaneous dry sulfur dioxide and
nitrogen oxides control based upon simultaneous coal-limestone combustion
will be initiated.
Environmental Benefits:
- Publication of the final results of a 3-year study of air pollution
benefits is planned. This study will include a comparison of the
economic costs and benefits of air pollution control in the Los Angeles
Basin and the results of further research using a microepidemiological
approach, to determine the economic benefits of reducing illness due
to air pollution.
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- Major reports are expected on the economic benefits of water pollution
control, improved visibility in the Western National Parks, and on
improved air quality in San Francisco.
1980 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The net decrease of $2,143,600 results from several actions. An increase of
$145,500 results from the cost of the October 1979 pay raise and is included in a
proposed supplemental appropriation. A congressional reduction of $2 million each to
Agency travel costs, $1 million ADP costs and anticipatory research resulted in a
decrease of $5,500; $6,300 and $2 million, respectively. An overall reprogramming
throughout the Agency to provide sufficient salary funds to cover authorized workyears
resulted in a decrease of $197,300 to this activity.
A transfer of $50,000 was made to the pesticides media and $30,000 to the toxic
substances media to cover personnel reassignments of individuals with special capabilities
as a result of the abolishment of the Criteria Development and Special Studies Division.
1981 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $14,745,200 and 58 permanent workyears for this
program, of which $3,433,200 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and
$11,312,000 for extramural purposes under the Research and Development appropriation.
The net increase of $5,800 reflects the transfer of 20 permanent workyears to other programs
and the shift of their related dollars to the extramural component of the anticipatory
program. Expected activities in 1981 include:
Research Center Support Program
- The program will continue to support the seven research centers
established in 1979 and 1980. No new centers are planned.
Research will stress stable exploratory projects and the mutually
beneficial exchange of EPA and academic, scientific and technical
personnel.
- The Groundwater Center will shift its research activities from a
regional emphasis, i.e. the Garber-Wellington Aquifer in Oklahoma,
to the generic concerns for groundwater resources across the
country.
- The Epidemiology Center will initiate long-term cohort studies of
chronic disease development and the Advance Control Technology
Center will be applying fundamental knowledge gained in the
laboratory to the more difficult and persistent pollution control
problems, such as removal of low molecular weight organic toxicants
from drinking water.
- The Waste Elimination Research Center will begin scaled-up
demonstrations of exploratory production, recycle, and reuse
process.
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- The Intermedia Transport Research Center will continue efforts initiated in
1980 to further understand air/land and air/water interface interactions.
- The Integrated Ecosystem Research Center will be field testing exploratory.
s impl i f i ed ecosystems model s.
Innovative Research Program
- In-house and extramural efforts will be expanded to support unique ideas
for addressing long-term problems. This program is designed to take
advantage of the vast number of talented researchers, both within the
Agency and in the academic community. Results of previous projects and
workshops conducted in 1980 to define exploratory research areas will
be employed to determine specific projects to be undertaken. Current
interests for exploratory projects are: (1) spearheading efforts to
identify and quantify behavioral toxic effects; (2) assessing the
effect of toxic chemicals on our Nation's soils; and (3) investigating
the potential environmental problems of disposing of the sulfur
extracted by coal cleaning processes and coal-burning scrubbers.
Strategic Assessment and Special Studies:
- Efforts to develop a system of environmental indicators and indices for
projecting and evaluating future environmental changes will be continued.
- An Environmental Outlook 1981 report to provide information on the
environmental future will be produced.
- Mini-assessment problem identification.. and definition reports will be
produced.
- Mini-assessments of toxics identified by the environmental outlook
activity will be initiated.
- Outreach activities for obtaining expert opinions and citizens
perceptions about future environmental problems will be continued.
In addition, special studies will continue in:
Acid Rain
- The 1981 program will place emphasis on the effects of both the nitric
and sulfuric components of acid rain on important crops.
- The northeastern section of the United States will be subjected to
extensive study as a highly sensitive and impacted area. Here,
studies will investigate the effects of acid rain on this region's
aquatic, forest, and agricultural ecosystems.
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- A fourth nationwide collection and analysis effort will be conducted
in the Mussel Watch Program. This fourth collection effort will be
aimed at discovering any trends in the marine concentrations of
compounds found during quantitative analysis. The pilot freshwater
and terrestrial biomonitoring efforts will be extended to nationwide
coverage, thus providing a means for "hotspots" identification in
these media.
Cancer
- The cancer field program will enter a phase in which studies will be
conducted to assess the exposure of individuals in a community to
environmental carcinogens. This objective will be achieved by the
use of personal atmospheric monitors, household tap water monitoring,
personal activities modeling, body burdens analyses and other
exploratory individual exposure assessment techniques. A comprehensive
epidemiology case study will also be conducted in the area; due to the
latency in the expression of the cancerous disease state, a retrospective
exposure model will be employed to assess historical exposures of the
population to carcinogens. Existing methods to monitor subtle health
and biological changes resulting from environmental carcinogens will
also be field tested.
Dry Scrubbers
- The spray dryer sulfur dioxide control program will conduct a test
using high sulfur coals. This technology could be a low-cost
alternative to conventional wet flue gas desulfurization processes.
Environmental Benefits
- The program will continue to emphasize the development and demonstration
of new methodologies and data for determining the economic benefits of
controlling air and water pollution. These methodologies and data will
be used for both benefit-cost analysis of individual EPA regulatory
decisions and comparisons of relative program level benefits. Particular
emphasis will be placed on better methodologies and data for recreational
and option value benefits for water pollution control.
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Appropriation
INTERDISCIPLINARY
Monitoring and Technical Support
Budget Current
Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate
1979 1980 1980 1931
(dollars in thousand's")
Technical Information:
Salaries and Expenses $1,766 $1,815
Research and
Development 1,501 752
Environmental Work
Force and Development:
Salaries and Expenses 267
Research and
Development 2 ...
Total :
Salaries and Expenses., 2,033 1,815
Research and
Development 1,503 752
Grand Total 3,53-6 2,567
Permanent Positions
Technical information... 32 24
Environmental Work
Force and Development.. 8_ _._._._
Total..,, 40 24
Full-time Equivalency
Technical Information... 50 59
Environmental Work
Force and Development.. J9 ...
Total 59 59
$2,590 $2,266
390
268
2,858
2,858
30
_8_
38
54
_9
63
212
2,478
390
2,868
30
6
36
54
J_
61
Increase +
Decrease -
1981 vs. 1980
-324
4390
-55
-3SO
+390
+10
-2
-2
-2
-2
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INTERDISCIPLINARY
Monitoring and Technical Support
Appropriation
Technical Information:
Salaries and Expenses,...
Research and Development,
Environmental Work Force
and Development:
Salaries and Expenses*...
Research and Development.
Total:
Salaries and Expenses....
Research and Development.
"rand Total
Original
Estimate
1981
Revised
Estimate
1981
President's
Reduction
[Hollars in thousand?]
$2,266
390
212
$2,256
390
211
-$10
-1
2,478
390
2,467
390
-11
2,868
2,857
-11
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Page Intentionally Blank
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Budget Request
The Agency requests a total of $2,867,300 and 36 permanent workyears for 1981, of
which $2,477,300 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $390,000 for extramural
purposes under the Research and Development appropriation. This is a decrease of $380,100
and a increase of $390,000, respectively. Included in the net increase of $9,900 is a
decrease of 555,700 and 2 permanent workyears that will reduce activities in the environ-
mental workforce program.
Program Description
The monitoring and technical support program is comprised of two components: the
technical infomation program and the national workforce development program.
The technical information/technology transfer program provides the means by which
information developed by EPA's research efforts is made available, in usable form, to
those who need it both within the Agency and throughout the,public and private sectors.
This program manages and provides quality control over the publication and distribution
of scientific, technical and executive summary documents. This program also provides a
central source of information on EPA's research, :and responds to information requests.
Specialized publications and symposia are produced, at the request of the EPA Regions
and program offices, and targeted at those audiences which must have this information in
order to implement environmental regulations. The program also supports the congression-
ally-mandated Small Wastewater Flows Information Clearinghouse and the annual EPA Research
Outlook (5-year plan) and Research Highlights reports. Finally, this program provides
the management information systems and data control functions necessary to track EPA's
2,500 active research projects.
The national workforce development program provides/agencywide coordination and
management overview of the Agency's environmental workforce development policies, program
and activities with other Federal agencies (Department of Labor, Department of Education,
National Science Foundation and the Tennessee Valley Authority). Training and educational
assistance programs have been developed to aid State and local environmental agencies in
meeting their workforce needs.
TECHNICAL INFORMATION
1979 Accomplishments
During 1979, obligations totaled $3,267,200. Included in this total was $1,765,700
for salaries and expenses and $1,501,500 for extramural activities. Specific accomp-
lishments include the following.
In 1979, in response to Section 1040 of the Clean Water Act Amendments of 1977, a
major new research grant was awarded to-.create and support the Small Wastewater Flows
Information Clearinghouse. The Clearinghouse provides information on pollution control
alternatives for rural areas. In addition, a system was established to collect, provide
quality control for, and allow the automated retrieval of, detailed information on EPA's
thousands of active research projects. This system, together with links between it and
the EPA's other systems and links with EPA's 15 field laboratories, is building bridges
between ORD's various operating units and assuring the timely and accurate flow of
information. During 1979, this system has significantly improved the Agency's ability
to respond to the rapidly changing information'needs of the regulatory process.
-------
tions and manuals for its user community. More than 100,000 publication requests were
fulfilled. Centralized tracking was imposed to control all conference and symposia
funded by the Office of Research and Development. The Research Highlights, Research
Outlook, Program Guide and Publications Bibliography were also produced, along with a
manual on sludge control. Symposia on innovative/alternative municipal wastewater
treatment and on industrial waste water pretreatment were conducted.
1980 Program
In 1980, the Agency has allocated a total of 52,589,400 to this program, all of
which is for Salaries and Expenses.
In 1980, a major change will be implemented in the way EPA research information is
managed. Under the new policy, the technical information program will function as a
centralized technical communications service organization. Most of the products of EPA's
research - from journal articles to executive summaries - will be available through one
location. Quality control over, and distribution of, research information will be
functions of the technical information program. Host of the specialized communications
packages to be produced will be done at the request of, and funded by, EPA regulatory
program offices, the Regions, and other user groups. A centralized capability will be
maintained to assure the quality and cost-effectiveness of the design manuals, symposia,
summary reports and other technology transfer activities used to communicate the latest
technological information to State and local officials, environmental managers and the
design/engineering community.
In addition to fulfilling such congressionally-mandated requirements as the Small
Wastewater Flows Information Clearinghouse, the EPA Research Outlook (5-year plan) and
Research Highlights, the Technical Information Program will produce a publications
bibliography, a program guide, and several other reports and Research Summaries which will
provide information on a wide range of EPA research activities in a succinct and useful
format. Most of these activities will be supported by the Research Committees and program
offices.
The ability of EPA to provide timely information on the status of its 2,500 active
research projects will be further improved through closer linkages between the project
tracking system and EPA's 15 research laboratories nationwide. An experiment will deter-
mine the feasibility of automated direct input of updated information into this system.
19BO Explanation^ofChange from Budget Estimate
The net increase of $22,400 results from several actions. An increase of $51,100
results from the cost of the October 1979 pay raise and is included in a proposed
supplemental appropriation. A congressional reduction of $2 million to Agency travel
costs resulted in a decrease of $5,500. An overall reprogramming throughout the Agency
to provide sufficient salary funds to coyer authorized workyears resulted in a decrease
of $23,200 to this activity.
1981 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $2,655,000 and 30 permanent workyears for this
program, of which $2,265,000 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and S390,QQO
is for extramural activities under the Research and Development appropriation.
-------
reimbursed by the client offices for any extramural costs incurred. The technical
information program assures the quality of, access to, and control over the research
information produced by EPA.
The technical information program will continue to support the congressionally-
mandated Small Wastewater Flows Information Clearinghouse and the EPA Research Outlook
(5-year plan), Research Highlights, Program Guide and other overview documents* The
program will build upon 1980 experience and complete efforts to link all of EPA's research
facilities into a central research project status reporting system. Such a linkage will
mark the final step in creating a mature project tracking system - an effort initiated in
1977. The system tracks resource status and program progress for EPA management and the
ORD Research Committees.
ENVIRONMENTAL WORK FORCE DEVELOPMENT
1979 Accomplishments
During 1979, obligations totaled $268,200. Included in this total was $266,600 for
salaries and expenses and $1,600 for extramural purposes. Specific accomplishments
include the following:
- Completion of the National Environmental/Energy Workforce Assessment.
- Negotiation and implementation of seven interagency agreements designed to
support employment and training programs for Senior Americans; Indians;
disadvantaged and unemployed individuals.
- Chairing and providing staff support for the EPA Environmental Workforce
Coordinating Committee.
1980 Program
In 1980, the Agency has allocated a total of $268,000 to this program, all for salaries
and expenses. Specific outputs will include:
- Expansion of the Senior Environmental Employment Corps to 25 States.
- Completion of the Environmental State Agency Resource Guidebook.
- Establishment of a multiprogram center for environmental learning at a university.
- Completion of a community waste water treatment demonstration training project.
- Development of a program of Research Apprenticeships for Minority High School
students.
1980 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The net increase of $268,000 results from several actions. An increase of
S10.70C results from the cost of the October 1979 pay raise and is included in a
proposed supplemental appropriation. A congressional reduction of $2 million to Agency
travel costs resulted in a decrease of $700. An overall reprogramming throughout
the Agency to provide sufficient salary funds to cover authorized workyears resulted
in an increase of $4,700 to this activity.
A reprogramming of $262,700 was made due to the reorganization of the Environmental
Workforce Coordination .
-------
me Agency requests a 10151 OT *ij.t,ouu anu stx permanent wuiF.,xeai s, 011 uuuci <-n«
Salaries and Expenses appropriation. This represents a decrease of $5S,7QQ and two
permanent workyears as a result of decreased emphasis on the assessment of Agency needs
in certification for environmental occupations in radiation, hazardous waste management,
noise and integrated pest management.
Major activities and outputs in 1981 will include:
- Providing Agency overview and a report on environmental workforce develop-
ment activities.
- Providing staff support to the Assistant Administrator for Research and
Development on environmental workforce issues and activities.
- Maintaining liaison with other Federal agencies on environmental training
activities.
- Developing standardized methods to project future environmental workforce
needs.
- Providing technical guidance to program and regional offices on external
workforce resources, e.g., Senior Environmental Employment Corps.
- Conducting a national conference on Senior Environmental Employment Corps.
- Concluding interagency agreements with selected Federal agencies for
training environmental workers.
-------
INTERDISCIPLINARY
Environmental Impact Statements
Original Revised
Estimate Estimate President's
1981 1981 Reduction
(dollars in thousands)
Appropriation
EIS Review (Air):
Salaries and Expenses $504 $501 -$3
EIS Review (Water)
Salaries and Expenses..., ,. 1,330 1,321 -9
New Source EIS Preparation:
Salaries and Expenses 318 316 2
Abatement, Control and
Compliance 1,400 1,400 ._._._
Total:
Salaries and Expenses, 2,152 2,138 -14
Abatement, Control and
Compliance 1,400 1,400 ._._._
Grand Total 3,552 3,538 -14
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Appropriation
EIS Review (Air):
Salaries and Expenses...
Actual
1979
EIS Review (Water):
Salaries and Expenses...
Budget
Estimate
1980
Current
Estimate
1980
Estimate
1981
(dollars in thousandsT
$615 $453
1,301 1,364
New Source EIS Preparation:
Salaries and Expenses... 416 336
Abatement, Control and
Compliance..... 3,186 1,400
Total:
Salaries and Expenses... 2,332 2,153
Abatement, Control and
Compliance 3,186 1,400
Grand Total 5,518 3,553
Permanent Positions
EIS Review (Air)... 18 17
EIS Review (Water).. 41 47
New Source EIS,Preparation 13 12_
Total 72 76
Full-time Equivalency
EIS Review (Air).,.,. 21 22
EIS Review (Water). 49 53
New Source EIS Preparation 15 12
Total 85 87
Budget Request
$475
1,430
351
1.372
$504
1,330
318
1.400
2,256
1.372
2,152
1.400
3,628
18
47
12
3,552
18
47
12
77
1.8
52
12
77
19
48
12
82
79
Increase +
Decrease -
1981 vs. 1980
+$29
-100
-33
+28
-104
-+28
-76
+1
-4
-3
The Agency requests a total of $3,552,300 for 1981, a decrease of $75,700 from 1980.
Included in this total is $2,152,300 for Salaries and Expenses and $1,400,000 for Abatement,
Control and Compliance, representing a decrease of $104,100 and an increase of $28,400
respectively, from 1980. During 1981, program activities will focus on the review of other
Federal agency environmental impact statements (EISs), regulations and other proposed actions,
and the preparation of new source EISs and findings of nonsignificant impact.
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program uescnptiun ^:S».
Section 309 of the Clean Air Act requires the Agency to review and comment in
writing on the environmental impact of any matter contained in any legislation,
proposed regulation, or EIS of other Federal agencies. The review activity of EPA
consists of reviews of other Federal agency EISs and actions, pre-EJS liaison, draft
EIS review, draft EIS follow-up, final EISs review, final EIS follow-up, technical
assistance, and referrals to the Council on Environmental Quality.
The National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) requires that all agencies of the
Federal Government prepare detailed ElSs.on proposals for legislation and other major
Federal actions significantly affecting the quality of the human environment. The
new source NEPA compliance activity at EPA includes complete environmental reviews,
preparation of either an EIS or finding of no significant impact, evaluation of
alternatives to proposed actions, and mitigation measures to prevent adverse
environmental impacts.
EIS REVIEW (AIR)
1979 Accompli shments
Increased efforts were directed toward improving the effectiveness and timeliness
of reviews. Major emphasis was placed on EPA assistance to other Federal agencies in
order to integrate effective environmental planning with basic programmatic decision-
making processes and prevent costly and avoidable error in the planning and execution
of public projects. Emphasis was also placed on predraft impact statement liaison
(scoping) as required by the new Council on Environmental Quality regulations. EIS
review guidelines for nuclear power plants and forest and coastal zone management plans
were drafted. Approximately 1,500 draft and final EISs as well as TOO proposed Feder?"
agency regulations and other proposed Federal actions, were reviewed for impacts on a
media.
1980 Program
In 1980, the Agency has allocated a total of $475,300 to this program, all of which
is for Salaries and Expenses.
No significant change in the EIS review activity from the current year is anticipated.
The major emphasis will be on scoping for early identification of significant environmental
issues. It is anticipated that approximately the same number of EISs, proposed Federal
agency regulations, and other proDOsed Federal actions will be reviewed in 1980 as in 1979.
EPA's EIS/309 review manual will be revised to conform to the new Council on Environmental
Quality's (CEQ) regulations, work will begin on revising the draft EIS review guidelines
on nuclear power plants to conform to the new CEQ regulations and Nuclear Regulatory
Commission's NEPA regulations. Work will also begin on revising EIS review guidelines for
forest and coastal zone management 'plans and preparing a staff educational program on
these guidelines.
-------
1980 Explanation of Changes from Budget Estimate
The net increase of $22,000 results from several actions. An increase of $18,900
results from the cost of the October 1979 pay raise and is included in a proposed
supplemental appropriation. A congressional reduction of $2 million to Agency travel
costs resulted in a decrease of $2,500 to this activity* An overall reprogramming
throughout the Agency to provide sufficient salary funds to cover authorized workyears
resulted in an increase of $34,000 to this activity.
Regional office reprogrammings resulted in transfers between media with a net
increase to this activity of $76,300; the media contributing to this net increase are
drinking water ($5,600); water quality ($41,700), toxic substances ($11,500), inter-
disciplinary '{$20,200), and air (-$2,700). Finally, a transfer was made within the
regions to air stationary source enforcement, $104,700, to reflect the transfer of the
Federal facilities monitoring and compliance function which is more appropriately
identified with enforcement activities.
1981 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $504,300 for this program, an increase of $29,000,
all of which is for Salaries and Expenses.
The major emphasis will continue to be the reviews and scoping. Technical
guidelines on nuclear power plants will be finalized.
EIS REVIEW (WATER)
1979 Accompli shments
Increased efforts were directed toward improving the effectiveness and timeliness
of reviews. Major emphasis was placed on EPA assistance to other Federal agencies in
order to integrate effective environmental planning with basic programmatic decision-
making processes and prevent costly and avoidable error in the planning and execution
of public projects. Emphasis was also placed on predraft .impact statement liaison
(scoping) as required by the new Council on Environmental Quality regulations. EIS
review guidelines for nuclear power plants, and forest and coastal zone management
plans were drafted. Approximately 1,500 draft and final EISs, as well as 100 proposed
Federal agency regulations and other proposed Federal actions, were reviewed for
impacts on all media.
1980 Program
In 1980, the Agency has allocated a total of $1,429,700 to this program, all of
which is for Salaries and Expenses.
No significant change in the EIS review activity from 1979 is anticipated. The
major emphasis will be on scoping for early identification of significant environmental
issues. It is anticipated that approximately the same number of EISs, proposed Federal
agency regulations, and other proposed Federal actions will be reviewed as in 1979.
EPA's E1S/309 review manual will be revised to conform to the new Council on Environmental
Quality's (CEO) regulations. Work will begin on revising the draft EIS review guidelines
on nuclear power plants to conform to the new CEQ regulations and Nuclear Regulatory
Conmission's NEPA regulations. Work will also begin on revising EIS review guidelines
for forest and coastal zone management plans and preparing a staff educational program
on these guidelines.
-------
travel costs and supplies ana expenses resulted in a decrease OT }D,OUU ana *iuu,
respectively, An overall reprogramming throught the Agency to provide sufficient
salary funds to cover authorized workyears resulted in an increase of $63,500 to this
activity.
Regional office reprogrammings resulted in transfers between media with a net
increase to this activity of $32,100; the media contributing to this net increase are
air (520,000), water quality ($20,000), toxic substances ($10,100), interdisciplinary
(-$16,500), and management and support (-$1,500). Finally* a transfer was made within
the regions to water quality enforcement to reflect the transfer of the Federal
facilities monitoring and compliance function which is more appropriately identified
with enforcement activities, $82,700.
1981 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $1,330,000 for this program, a decrease of $99,700,
all of which is for Salaries and Expenses.
The major emphasis will continue to be the reviews and scoping. Technical
guidelines on nuclear power plants will be finalized.
NEW SOURCE EIS PREPARATION
1979 Accomplishments
Almost $3.2 million of the 1979 resources was used for extramural funding. A
total of 16 EISs and environmental studies was initiated on new source water projects.
Technical guidelines on four industries were finalized and two industrial guidelines ;
were drafted. EPA's new National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) regulations
implementing the new Council on Environmental Quality's (CEQ) regulations were
proposed in the Federal Register in June 1979. Two areawide studies on coal mining
and energy-related industries were completed. Seven areawide studies on surface coal
mining were initiated to determine the need for either site specific EISs or special
National Pollutant Discharge System (NPDES) permits as outlined under the proposed
memorandum of understanding between EPA and the Department of Interior, Office of
Surface Mining.
1980 Program
In 1980, the Agency has allocated a total of $1,723,000 to this program, of
which $351,400 is for Salaries and Expenses and $1,371,600 is for extramural purposes
under the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
One or two States may assume the NPDES program; however, they are not expected
to be States with any significant new source construction activity. Technical
guidelines on six industries will be finalized and five other drafted. The memorandum
of understanding between EPA and Department of Interior, Office of Surface Mining,
determining whether site specific or areawide NPDES permits may be issued on surface
coal mining will be signed. Technical guidelines for assessing induced growth of new
source industries will be drafted. Approximately 12 EISs and environmental studies are
expected to be initiated in 1980.
-------
1980 Explanation of Changes from Budget fcsticnate
The net decrease of $13,000 results from several actions. An increase of
$13,200 results from the cost of the October 1979 pay raise and is included in
a proposed supplemental appropriation. A congressional reduction of 52 million
each to Agency travel costs and supplies and expenses resulted in a decrease of
$1,400 and $1,600, respectively. An overall reprogramming throughout the Agency
to provide sufficent workyears resulted in a decrease of $22,600 to this activity.
Regional office reprogrammings resulted in transfers between media with a
net decrease of $600 to this activity; the media contributing to this net decrease
are air (-$3,700), water quality ($300), and toxic substances ($2,800).
1981 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $1,718,000 for this program, of which $318,000
is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $1,400,000 for the Abatement,
Control and Compliance appropriation.
Approximately the same number of EISs and environmental studies are expected
to be initiated as in 1980. Technical guidelines on five industries will be
finalized. Technical guidelines for assessing induced growth of new source
industries will be finalized.
-------
Budget Current Increase +
Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease -
1979 1980 1980 1981 1981 vs. 1980
(dollars in thousands']
Appropriation
Energy Review and
Permitting:
Salaries and Expenses.. ... ... ... $694 +$694
Abatement, Control and
Compliance .... ._._. ._._. 150 +150
Grand Total ... ... ... 844 +844
Permanent Positions. ... ... ... 13 +13
Full-time Equivalency.... ... ... ... 26 +26
Budget Request
The Agency requests $844,200 and 13 permanent work-years for the new budget
subactivity of energy-related environmental review and permitting. Included in this
total are $694,200 for Salaries and Expenses and $150,000 for Abatement, Control and
Compliance.
Program Description
EPA has developed the energy review and permitting program in response to the
President's plan for accelerated energy development. The Agency's regional offices
have already reported an increase in the number of smaller energy-related facilities,
such as coal mines and power plants. Any of these new energy facilities may require
EPA Issued permits governing air emissions or effluent discharges, with accompanying
modelling and monitoring requirements. The Agency may also be required to prepare or
review an environmental impact statement for any of these new facilities.
The Agency expects the rate of energy development to further accelerate in the
next several years, as synthetic fuels are commercialized. Not only will EPA have to
process more permit applications, but it will have to comply with the accelerated
time-schedules imposed fay the Energy Mobilization Board. EPA's job will be complicated
by the fact that environmental effects of synthetic fuels are not well known.
The Agency's regional offices wi.ll use the resources in this program element for
various energy-related activities. The Agency will use some of the resources in
this program element to fund an Increase in permit issuance for PSD, NPDES, and
RCRA, and related activities such as making best available control technology
determinations and reviewing monitoring systems.
Some of the resources will be devoted to preparation and review of EISs.
In order to expedite the environmental review process, the Agency intends to participate
In the early stages of the preparation of environmental impact statements by other
agencies. EPA's cooperative role should aid in early identification and resolution
of problems that could otherwise delay permit issuance.
-------
Appropriation
INTERDISCIPLINARY
Energy Permitting and Review
Original Revised
Estimate Estimate President's
1981 1981 Reduction
[Hollars in thousands)
Energy Review and
Permitting:
Salaries and Expenses............ $694 $689 -$5
Abatement, Control and
Compliance............ ...... 150 150 ...
Grand Total..... 844 839 -5
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-------
, _
which regions will require additional resources for energy review and permitting.
Therefore, in order to provide EPA management maximum flexibility, these activities
have been grouped together in this new program element.
1978 Accomplishments
During 1979, the Agency began work on consolidating the various permitting and
environmental review requirements applicable to energy facilities. No resources were
specifically identified in this activity.
1980 Program
In 1980, the Agency will continue to examine ways in which to expedite environmental
review and permitting for energy projects. Special priority will be placed on
processing energy project permit applications. No resources are specifically identified
in this activity.
1981 Plan
In 1981, the Agency expects to handle energy project permits and environmental
reviews in accordance with the requirements of the Energy Mobilization Board. The
Agency will probably have the lead role in preparing and following up on EISs for
five critical energy facilities, and have a cooperating role in the preparation of 35
EISs. The cooperative role taken by EPA to expedite the environmental review process
is expected to account for a majority of the resources requested in this program
element. Additionally, the regional offices will provide assistance in the scoping
phase of any energy EIS to expedite issue identification and resolution.
Because of the many uncertainties connected with the accelerated energy development,
the Agency cannot specify at this time how the regions will best be able to use these
resources to expedite permit issuances. The resources in this program element may be
used for reviewing monitoring systems, making iest available technology determinations,
assessing the impact of emissions and effluents, or providing technical assistance to
State and local governments.
A major feature of EPA's permitting strategy for synthetic fuels will be the
formation of a special technical assistance team. This team will consist of experts
from relevant disciplines (e.g., engineers, modeling specialists) drawn as necessary
from any EPA office, to supplement the limited synthetic fuels expertise available in
most EPA regional offices. This specialized team is expected to increase the quality
of work performed on each project and yield economies of operation to the Agency.
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Toxic Substances
-------
Page Intentionally Blank
-------
TOXIC SUBSTANCES
Appropriation
Original
Estimate
1981
Revised
Estimate
1981
President's
Reduction
(dollars in thousands)"
Salaries and Expenses $33,570
Research and Development.. 26,216
Abatement, Control and
Compliance 46, 216
Total... $106,002
PROGRAM HIGHLIGHTS
Health and Ecological
'f facts
diaries and Expenses ....... $8,371
Research and Development 23,505
Industrial Processes:
Salaries and Expenses.. 614
Research and Development 1,158
Monitoring and Technical
Support:
Salaries and Expenses 1,694
Research and Development.... 1;553-
Total:
Salaries and Expenses 10,679
Research and Development 26,216
Total, Research and Development
Program 36,895
Toxic Substances Strategies:
Salaries and Expenses 20,180
Abatement, Control and
Compliance 43,735
Total, Abatement, and Control
~oqram 63,915
$33,40.6
26,216
46,216
$105,838
8,343
23,505
611
1,158
1,686
1,553
10,640
26,216
36,856
20,071
43,735
-$164
-164
-28
-3
-8
-39
-39
-109
63.806
-ing
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Original Revised
Estimate Estimate President's
1981 1981 Reduction
Tdollars in thousands)
Appropriation
Toxic Substances
Enforcement:
id Expenses
Control and
' » *
$2,711
2,481
$2,695
2,481
-16
Compliance,
Total, Enforcement Program 5,192 5,176 -16
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TOXIC SUBSTANCES
Appropriation
Salaries and Expenses
Research and Development.,
Abatement, Control
and Compl iance
Total
Permanent Workyears
Full-time Equivalency
Outl ays
Authorization Levels......
PROGRAM HIGHLIGHTS
Health and Ecological
Effects:
Salaries and Expenses...
Research and Development
Industrial Processes:
Salaries and Expenses...
Research and Development
Monitoring and Technical
Support:
Salaries and Expenses...
Research and Development
Total:
Salaries and Expenses...
Research and Development
Total , Research and
Development Program.....
Toxic Substances Strategies
Salaries and Expenses...
Abatement, Control
and Compl iance ....
Total , Abatement and
Control Proqram
Actual
1979
$18,376
12,848
30,307
Budget Current
Estimate Estimate
1980 1980
(dol
$33,501
24,650
45,165
$61,531 $103,316
377 723
474 769
$47,278 - $70,400
30,482 *
* Authorization pending
$2,504 $7,305
11,542 22,092
260 642
200 1,100
1,210 1,380
1,106 1S458
3,974
12,848
16,822
12,148
29,302
41,450
9,327
24,650
33,977
21 ,403
44,140
65,543
Estimate
1981
Tars in thousands)
$29,553 $33,570
19,892 26,216
45,201 46,216
$94,646
657
765
$79,200
*
$6,475
17,138
414
1,234
1,168
1,520
8,057
19,892
27,949
19,041
43,712
62.753
$106,002
743
854
$90,200
k
$8,371
23,506
614
- 1,158
1,694
1 ,553
10,679
26,216
36,895
20,180
43,735
63.915
Increase +
Decrease -
1981 vs. 1980
+$4,017
+6,324
+1,015
+$11,356
+86
+89
+$! 1 ,000
+$1 ,896
+6,367
+200
-76
+526
+33
+2,622
+6,324
+8,946
+1,139
+23
+1,162
Page
TS-9
TS-25
TS-28
TS-34
-------
Appropriation
Actual
1979
Toxic Substances
Enforcement:
salaries and Expenses... 2,254
Abatement, Control
and Compliance 1,005
Total, Enforcement Program 3,259
Permanent Positions
Health and Ecological
.Effects....... . , 45
Industri al Processes 8
Monitoring and Technical
Support................. IS
Total, Research and
Development Program 72
Toxic Substances Strategies,
Total Abatement and Control
Program..,. 313
Toxic Substances Enforcement,
Total Enforcement Program 48
Full-time Eguivalency
Health and Ecological
Effects. 58
Industrial Processes 7
Monitoring and Technical
Support. 30
Total, Research and
Bevel opment Program 95
Toxic Substances Strategies,
Total Abatement and Control
Program.., , 309
Budget Current Increase + ;
Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease - ^
1980 1980 19B1 1981 vs. 1980 Page
(dollars in thousands)
TS-46
2,771
1.025
3,796
59
12
21
92
553
78
94
14
29
Toxic Substances Enforcement,
Total Enforcement Program
70
137
550
82
2,455
1.489
3,944
65
11
22
98
486
73
85
14
29
128
555
82
2,711
2.481
118
11
26
155
502
86
137
14
33
184
575
95
+256
+992
5,192 +1,248
+53
+4
+57
+16
+13
+52
+4
+56
+20
+13
TS-9
TS-25
TS-28
TS-34
TS-46
TS-JJ
TS-25
TS-28
TS-34
TS-46
OVERVIEW AND STRATEGY
The Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) establishes a program with the objectives of
insuring that adequate data are developed with respect to the effects of chemical substances
and mixtures on health and the environment end that those chemicals which present an unrea-
sonable risk of injury to health or the environment are regulated to reduce that risk. The
Act's coverage is broad, encompassing nearly 47,000 chemicals currently in commerce, with
several hundred additional new chemicals introduced each year. About 115,000 manufacturers
and processors are subject to the Act.
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Act are those to: (a) require testing of chemicals and submission of reports of existing
information by industry .and review these and other data to determine chemical hazards; (b)
review and act on new chemical and significant new use notifications by industry and con-
trol the manufacturing, processing, distribution, use, and disposal of existing chemicals
that pose unreasonable risks to health and the environment; (c) enforce these statutory
and regulatory programs; and (d) conduct research and development to support the imple*
mentation of the law.
There was a limited organizational and conceptual base upon which to build the toxic
substances program when the law was first enacted. Consequently, the first years of
implementation have had the foundation development for program operation as a major accom-
plishment. We have established and continued staffing the organization to carry out the
program. At the same time we have arrived at the initial approaches to many basic program
functions and have taken selected actions where warranted.
Some of the major base programs put in place include a hierarchical scheme of test
standards and its use for chemical test regulations; a multi-stage assessment process
for reviewing suspect chemicals to determine potential risks; the first control regulations
on chemicals posing unreasonable risks; the premanufacture review program with the initial
regulations, forms and other supporting documents; basic data management facilities and
operations; approaches for using reporting requirements for information gathering; and
mechanisms for setting priorities for action, enforcement policies and procedures for
inspections, hearings, penalties, emergency actions, and imports; reorientation of
existing research to toxic substances; and a basic plan for toxic substances research.
Significant program accomplishments over the last year specifically include the first
proposed test standardsoncogenicity and other chronic effects as well as a standard for
good laboratory practices concerning health effects testing, and additional standards for
acute and subchronic toxicity, mutagenicity, teratogenicity, reproductive effects and
metabolism studies; assessments at various stages for approximately 45 chemicals including
two indepth assessments and one regulatory assessment for asbestos; final PCB ban regulations,
a program for voluntary'control of asbestos in school ceilings and a development plan for a
possible asbestos regulatory action; proposed rules and interim policies and procedures for
premanufacture notification, review of the first 11 new chemicals, and a discussion paper on
premanufacture testing policy; the initial TSCA chemical inventory publication; nearly 300
substantial risk notice reviews; industry assistance to 1,300 calls and 4,000 requests for
documents per month; public participation grants in three regions; and cooperative agree-
ments with five states, inspections for compliance with existing PCB and chlorofluorocarbon
regulations have been conducted and enforcement actions taken on violations. A research
program designed to meet the needs of the regulatory program has been established and is now
being implemented.
The 1980 and 1981 toxic substances programs reflect increasing program activities
and accomplishments. Many aspects of foundation-building will continue at least into
1980, but more experience and more extensive implementation will cause an
appreciable increase in associated program outputs. Output levels in program areas
begun in 1979 will continue to grow and accomplishments will expand into additional
areas such as test rules, reporting and recordkeeping requirements, and significant
new use rules.
In 1980, the Agency will make program operations more comprehensive. Because many
elements of the toxic substances program are interrelated, their implementation must be
carefully balanced and staged. In order for the overall program to continue operation
in future years, we must start now to implement certain long"lead time activities. The
time required successively to implement testing requirements, have industry develop the
data, evaluate the potential hazards, and take appropriate control action for particular
chemicals may extend over several years. In addition, the program has been operating
on an established information base carried over from previous years. This backlog of
-------
ib utmy rapiuiy «ieu up anu uiuii, ue repiedibneu. rur uiese rsaiuiii, m I^PU ,, ,
the activities continuing to receive greater emphasis are those that establish an adequat 4 :
information and assessment base upon which to take actions now and in the future under *
TSCA and other toxics-related programs. The Agency will emphasize development of rules
to obtain testing data upon which to make chemical assessments in support of regulatory
and other actions. Additionally, EPA will stress development of reporting and record-
keeping rules to obtain existing information to support these actions. Also, priority
will be placed on making the premanufacture review program fully operational, in order
to obtain and review information on new chemicals and take action on those that may be
hazardous prior to their release into the environment. The Agency will begin to increase
the emphasis on control of existing chemicals which are identified as hazardous through our
assessment process. The Agency will conduct health and environmental effects assessments,
monitoring, information management, economic impact analyses, and other activities to
support these high priority programs.
In 1981, EPA will emphasize full operation of all major program components. There will
be a balanced emphasis on regulation of new and existing chemicals based upon the information
base established in 1979 and 1980. We will continue to place hiqh priority on full
operation of the premanufacture review program. Development of additional control
actions for existing chemicals will also have high priority, and nonregulatory approaches,
such as information dissemination and informal discussion, will be used when appropriate
to effect protection from potential risks. Developing testing rules and information
requirements to obtain data to support assessment and regulation will continue. Other
support activities will be conducted as required to accomplish these high priority programs.
As the Act requires, the program will rely extensively on other programs and agencies to
take action when appropriate, and to establish coordinated approaches to problems.
The toxic substances enforcement program, operating in partnership with the Agency's
toxic substances regulatory program, seeks to protect public health and the environment
from unreasonable risks posed by chemical substances through the enforcement of the Toxic
Substances Control Act and its established regulations. More specifically, the enforce-
ment program concentrates its efforts on the enforcement of those regulatory provisions
which (1) prevent or abate public health and environmental threats from chemical con-
tamination, particularly in emergency situations; (2) assure that data used to make
regulatory judgments are accurate, comprehensive,-and timely; end (3) monitor compliance
with existing standards to determine that regulated chemicals are manufactured, handled,
and used in accordance with the law.
The enforcement program, moreover, establishes distinct but complementary roles for
both the headquarters and regional components of the program. The headquarters function
includes the responsibilities to: coordinate enforcement response to emergency situations;
provide enforcement representation in and support to the TSCA regulatory development process;
design, implement, and oversee inspection, compliance monitoring, and enforcement policies,
strategies and procedures; develop, implement, and exercise enforcement remedies upon the
detection of violations; assist and support regional personnel in case development and
prosecution, conduct inspection, and compliance won 1 toring. The regional function is'to:
carry out enforcement response in emergency situations; conduct inspection and compliance
monitoring activities in support of all established rules and regulations; and impose
appropriate enforcement remedies in all instances of violation through the initiation and
prosecution of enforcement actions. As the universe of enforceable rules and regulations
expands, the regional office role will grow in size and importance.
TS-4
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resean-n pruyram in bupyur L. ui u^>tt will i UwUb UH ueveiupiny
reliable, and cost-effective techniques to be used for predicting transport, transforma-
tion, exposure concentration and adverse deleterious effects on human health and ttie
environment resulting from exposure to toxic substances. In 1981, EPA will be accelerating
the development and validation of new and promising research techniques for screening toxic
substances. Further research will be done in predicting, measuring and determining the
significance of exposure to commercial chemicals, with the ultimate goal of preventing
or reducing adverse human health effects.
EPA research will provide techniques for evaluating the environmental hazards of toxic
substances in support of Sections 4, 5 and 10 of TSCA. This research program consists of
four major components; (V) a comprehensive program to develop methodologies for measuring
environmental parameters for transport and transformation of toxic chemicals to be used in
developing models for exposure assessment, protocols for testing and rapid screening of
toxic compounds; (2) an extensive field program to determine actual exposures and provide
an extensive data base for the validation and/or improvement of predictive models; (3) a
concentrated effort to develop microcosms/laboratory ecosystems as tools in improving our
ability to predict the movement of chemicals through the environment; and (4) a set of
targeted research efforts to determine biotic exposure to toxic chemicals in the environment.
Research will also be focused on developing advanced, cost-effective methodologies for
defining the transport, transformation and bioaccumulation of toxic chemicals in the food
chain system. These methodologies, in turn will result in testing protocols for toxic
substances and procedures for estimating toxic exposure concentrations as needed to implement
Sections 4 and 5 of TSCA. During 1981, the major focus will be on validation of models for
exposure assessment, standardization of testing protocols and development of predictive
techniques for screening toxic chemicals.
Necessary research will be conducted to develop measurement methods for identifica-
tion and quantification of trace level toxic substances in the environment. Present
measurement techniques for toxics in the environment are not adequate. Also, research
will be expanded to develop methods for measuring toxic chemicals in sediments, marine
plants and in the air. These methods are needed in measuring exposure concentration,
monitoring chemicals, designing control techniques and in enforcing regulations.
SUHMARY OF INCREASES AND DECREASES
(in thousands of dollars)
1980 Toxic Substances Program $94,646
Salaries and Expenses..., +4,017
The net increase will allow expanded development of
testing requirements and conduct of assessments;
ongoing control regulation development; enforcement
of new TSCA regulations; continuation in implementing
an integrated approach to assessing total human
exposure to and adverse health effects from toxics
substances.
Research and Development +6,324
The increase will provide for the continuation of
obtaining scientific data, evaluation, and lab work
on effects, exposure, and test methods in support
of the development of test standards and the con-
duct of risk assessments.
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Abatement. Control
and Compliance , +1,015
The increase will provide primarily for the
establishment of a pilot State cooperative
enforcement grant program.
1981 Toxi c Substances Program 106,002
SUMMARY OF BUDGET ESTIMATES
1, Summary of Budget Request
An appropriation of $106,002,400 is requested in 1981. This request, by appro-
priation account, is as follows:
Salaries and Expenses $33,571,200
Research and Development 26,215,600
Abatement, Control and Compliance.... 46,215,600
This request represents an increase of $11,356,300 over the 1980 level.
Under the Salaries and Expenses appropriation, an increase of $1.1 million
will allow expanded development of testing requirements and conduct of assessments to
provide an adequate information base needed for present and future action. An increase
of S.5 million will permit ongoing control regulation development and allow for the
program review of anciaction on new chemical notification to be fully operational. An
increase of $.3 million reflects support for the enforcement of new TSCA regulations
anticipated in 1981. An increase of $2.6 million will provide for the continuation in
implementing an integrated approach to assessing total human exposure to and adverse
health effects from toxic substances. The data will provide support to the Office of
Pesticides and Toxic Substances in developing test standards, testing rules, and con-
ducting risk assessments. An offsetting decrease of $.3 million represents a reduction
in printing costs associated with reproducing a supplemental manufacturers and a pro-
cessors inventory list rather than fully reprinting the original five volumes. An
additional decrease of $.3 million reflects a decrease in regional responsibility and
subsequent activities.
An increase of $1 million is for the establishment of a pilot State cooperative
enforcement grant program under the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
An increase of $6.3 million to the Research and Development appropriation will
provide for the continuation of obtaining scientific data, evaluation and laboratory
work en effects, exposure and test methods in support of the development of test
standards and the conduct of risk assessments. This increase will: (1) permit greater
emphasis on the development of chemical testing protocols for absorbed-dose determina-
tion methods and risk assessment methods, as well as a method for extrapolating effects
observed in animals to humans; (2) initiate a major ecological research program on
aquatic toxicology as it relates to the development of assays at the cellular and
community levels; (3) expand the development of monitoring methods for estimating
human exposure to ambient toxics present in the environment; (4) expand development
and validation of multi-media mathematical models for toxic chemicals; (5) expand
efforts to define rate parameters for transformation processes of toxic chemicals;
(6) expand development of microcosms for screening validation of models; and (7)
expand efforts to predict the concentration of toxic chemicals in the food chain
models.
-------
Changes from the budget are as follows:
(in thousands of dollars)
Original 1980 estimate $103,316
Congressional decreases:
Salary costs. -2,000
AD.P -65
Travel , -138
Supplies and expenses ., ,... -12
Health and ecological effects -5,000
Reprogramming for salary costs. -2,569
Proposed pay raise supplemental +811
Miscellaneous reprogramming..., +303
Current 1980 estimate 94,646
The Congress reduced Agency travel costs by $2 million, of which $138,000 is
applicable to the toxic substances media. ADP costs were reduced by $1 million, resulting
in a $65,000 decrease. Supplies and expenses were reduced by $2 millions of which $12,000
is within this media. A reduction of $5 million was made to the health and ecological effects
activity. Finally, salary costs projected for 1980 were reduced by the Congress by $2 million.
An overall reprogramming throughout the Agency to provide sufficient salary funds
to cover authorized workyears resulted in a decrease of $2,569,000 to the toxic substances
media.
A supplemental appropriation is proposed to partially fund costs of the October
1979 pay raise, of which $811,000 is for the toxic substances media. Miscellaneous repro-
grammings to this media resulted in a net increase of $303,000.
ANALYSIS OF IKCREASES AND DECREASES TO OBLIGATIONS
Current
Estimate Estimate
1980 1981
(in thousands of dollars)
Prior year obligations ,. $61,531 $93,398
Effect of congressional changes -4,231
Effect of pay raise supplemental +811
Effect of reprogrammings -2,266
Change in amount of carryover funds available. -4,447 +437
Program increase +42.000 +10.856
Total estimated obligations . 93,398 104,691
(From new obligation authority).. (88,379) (99,235)
(From prior year funds) , (5,019) (5,456)
EXPLANATION OF INCREASES AND DECREASES TO OBLIGATIONS
The congressional changes discussed in the previous section are expected to result
in a decrease of $4,231,000 to obligations. The proposed pay raise supplemental to
partially fund the October 1979 pay raise will increase obligations by $811,000. The
reprogrammings to fund authorized workyears will decrease obligations by $2,569,000;
miscellaneous reprogrammings will increase obligations by $303,000.
The amount of carryover funds to be obliaated in 1980 is $5,019,000, a decrease of
$4,447,000 from the 1979 level. In 1981, it is estimated that $5,456,000 of carryover
j- 1_ ^11 L . ^i_i^_.j._j __ j_i _.r enii nnn _.._.. j.i._ 1 non 1 ~,,,-.l
-------
PROGRAM LEVELS
Budget Current Increase *
Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease -
1979 1980 1980 1981 1981 vs. 1980
Test Standards Initiated,
proposed, Final..,...,., 9 37 21 27 +6
Testing Rules Proposed 933
Detailed Evaluation of
New Chemicals 1 ... 15 16 +1
Preliminary Assessments
of Existing Chemicals.. 310 375 333 - 333
Final Risk Assessments
of Existing Chemicals.. 1 10 24 +2
Control Actions on
Existing Ctiemicals
proposed 6 3 4 +1
New Chemicals Processed.. 11 400 400 400
Actions Taken on New
Chemicals...... ... 9 15 16 +1
Recordkeeping and
Reporting Rules
Proposed... ... ... 13 9 -4
Recordkeeping and
Reporting Rules
Promulgated ... 9 11 +2
Major Literature
Searches, Monitoring
and Computer Support
Contracts in Place 5 ... 7 8 +1
Regional Public
Participation Programs
Supported.............. 3 ... 3 ... -3
Inspections Under
Section 4..-...,...., .... ... 134 +134
Inspections Under
Section 5 ... 5 ... 188 +188
Inspections Under
Section 6 679 594 594 952 +358
Inspections Under
Section 8. 43 50 55 +5
Inspections Under
Section 12. ... .... ... 60 +60
Inspections Under
Section 13 ... ... ... 260 -+260
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TOXIC SUBSTANCES
Health and Ecological Effects
Appropriation
Original
Estimate
1981
Revi sed
Estimate
1981
President's
Reduction
TcTollars in thousands)"
Health Effects:
Salaries and Expenses $3,765
Research and Development 12,473
Ecological Effects:
Salaries and Expenses. 3,141
Research and Development.... 8,158
Transport and Fate:
Salaries and Expenses., 1,362
Research and Development... 1,655
" **atospheric Modification -
alth/Ecological Effects:
Salaries and Expenses. 193
Research and Development..... 1,219
Total:
Salaries and Expenses 8,371
Research and Development... 23,505
Grand Total 31,876
$3,675
12,473
3,130
8,158
1,356
1,655
192
1,219
8,343
23,505
-$10
-11
6
-1
-28
31,848
-28
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Page Intentionally Blank
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TOXIC SUBSTANCES
Health and Ecological Effects
Appropriation
Health Effects:
Salaries anci Expenses....
Research and Development.
Ecological Effects:
Salaries and Expenses....
Research and Development.
Transport and Fate:
Salaries and Expenses....
Research and Development.
Stratospheric Modification -
Health/Ecological Effects:
Salaries and Expenses....
Research and Development.
Total :
Salaries and Expenses....
Research and Development.
6 rand T otal
Permanent Positions
Heal th Effects
Stratospheric Modification,
Health Effects .
Total......
Full-time Equivalency
Health Effects....
Stratospheric Modification,
Health Effects
Stratospheric Modification,
Ecological Effects
Total
Actual
1979
$1,309
8,522
382
779
590
1,323
223
918
E.504
11,542
14,046
28
7
10
1
46
28
10
14
5
1
58
Budget
Estimate
1980
(dol
$2,879
12,146
3,179
7,223
883
1,683
364
1,040
7,305
22,092
29,397
26
20
13
» *
59
48
24
18
3
' 1
94
Current
Estimate
1980
Estimate
1981
Increase +
Decrease -
1981 vs. 1980
lars in thousands)
$3,315
9,189
2,131
5,224
879
1,464
146
1,261
6,475
17,138
23,613
24
25
13
3
65
30
28
24
3
*
85
$3,675
12,473
3,141
8,158
1,362
1,655
193
1,219
8,371
23,505
31 ,876
46
44
25
3
118
52
46
36
3
* *
137
+$356
+3,284
+1,010
+2,934
+483
+191
+47
-42
+1 ,896
+6,367
+8,263
+22
+19
+12
* *
+53
+22
+18
+12
* »
+52
-------
generation testing rules and regulations pertaining to screening techniques for health ;
and ecological effects; (2) provide analyses for transport and fate of ambient
pollutants; (3) determine the ambient presence of selected toxic substances; (4)
recommend alternative manufacturing process options for the processing and/or production
of potentially hazardous or toxic materials; (5) provide a broad spectrum of technical
expertise and specialized equipment to Agency operating programs.
Most of the 1980 research activities to support the Toxic Substances Control Act
(TSCA) will continue into the future. Increases in 1980 expanded base programs, and
provided for the Agency's Public Health Initiative (PHI), the first toxic substances
research program that assesses the environmental pathways of toxics and integrated
this data with human exposure and adverse health effects.
Budget Request
The Agency requests a total of $31,876,600 and 118 permanent workyears for 1981,
an increase of $8,263,400 and 53 permanent workyears, of which $8,371,600 is for the
Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $23,505,000 is for extramural purposes under
the Research and Development appropriation; an increase of $1,896,100 and $6,367,300,
respectively. The net change combines several significant increases. They are:
$3,640,300 and 22 permanent workyears to increase development of chemical testing
protocols to develop absorbed-dose determination methods, risk assessment methods,
and a method for extrapolating effects observed in animals to humans; $940,000 and 19
permanent workyears to initiate a major ecological research program on aquatic
toxicology as it relates to the development of assays at the cellular and community
level; $500,000 to expand work on the development of monitoring methods for estimating
human exposure to ambient toxics present in the environment; $1,000,000 to expand
efforts on multimedia mathematical models for toxic chemicals; $1,000,000 for the
development of microcosms for screening and validation of models; and $500,000 to
accelerate investigations of food chain models. Additionally, $673,300 and 12 \
permanent workyears will be utilized to expand activities pertaining to defining
rate parameters for transformation proeessess of toxic chemicals.
Program Description
The toxic substances health program will focus primarily on the development of
screening techniques and protocols to predict nervous system damage, reproductive
effects and birth defects; predictive methods for determining the extent of human
exposures to toxic substances; and evaluate methods for determining the impact of
exposure to toxic chemicals on human. The program has long-term goal of developing
new and improved techniques for rapid, reliable, and economical screening of toxic
substances. These screening techniques will provide less expensive methods to be
used by manufacturers to predict the carcinogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic, and other
deleterious effects on humans resulting from exposure to chemical substances.
Considerable emphasis will be placed on completing promising testing protocols for immediate
use while searching for life systems which may provide new and more senitive biological
indi cators.
The ecological effects program is designed to .develop cost-effective and reliable
test methods and protocols for defining adverse effects of toxic chemicals to animals
and ecosystems. A major component, initiated in 1980, developed methodologies for
defining human exposure to toxic chemicals. . The information ge.ner$ated in this program
is needed in defining exposure and adverse effects of toxic chemicals to humans and the
environment. Exposure and effects data are used in hazard risk assessment under
Sections 4 and 5 of TSCA,
-------
predicting transport and transformation of toxic chemicals in the environment. One
of the major goals of this program is to develop cost-effective test methods and
predictive models for defining exposure concentration of toxic chemicals. Transport
and fate research is especially designed to aid in implementing Section 4 and 5 of TSCA.
HEALTH EFFECTS
1979 Accomplishments
The 1979 obligations were $9,830,600, of which $1,308,900 was for salaries and
exposures and $8,521,700 was for extramural activities. Accomplishments under this
program i nclude:
- Completion of studies which demonstrated the feasibility of using a new
hemoglobin binding procedure to analyze blood for the presence and level of
toxic substances to determine the human absorbed dose of an offending chemical.
- Completion of test protocols for determining how cancer is induced and promoted
in liver cells.
- Demonstration of the SENCAR (Sensitive to Carcinoma) mouse as a sensitive
test systems for use in short-term carcinogenesis assay.
- Development of a modified mouse lymphoma bioassay system which more adequately
quantifies cellular mutational events.
- Development of a computerized system for storage of microbial mutagenesis data
which is readily available for use in risk assessment.
1980 Program
In 1980, the Agency has allocated a total of $12,508,000 to health effects
research of which $3,319,300 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and
$9,188,700 is for extramural purposes tinder the Research and Development appropriation.
The 1980 program focuses on developing specific research data needed in the
development of guidelines and standards required under the Toxic Substances Control
Act (TSCA). This focus is directed toward selecting and validating known techniques
for screening broad ranges of chemical types and large numbers of individual chemical
substances so that functional testing protocols can be developed. There is emphasis
on accelerating development of the most promising techniques from the research and
development state to practical utility and on new initiatives in research designed to
protect public health. Approximately one-third of the toxic health research program
relates to the public health initiative (PHI) which will develop new methodology in
neurotoxicology and behavioral short-term screening, evaluate human exposure through
development of tests for absorbed dose, and develop bioassay methods which will assist
in improving the understanding of human risk assessment. The first three of the
following items describe the major elements of the PHI.
- Neurotoxicology and behavioral effects programs will develop short-term
testing methods using identification of specific biological change to
screen for the effects of toxicants upon the functional and structural
integrity of the nervous system.
- Development and validation of methods, including absorbed-dose determinations,
to assess chemical exposure levels in human groups and individuals.
- Development of bioassay systems (for use in assessing human risk from chemical
ctihfl-an^nr 1 mill n».n«4X« ~-,^lA i **.*,,' ,, _»*. L,n,4,. .r»_ __ J,'-4. ,-. . _..-1 ..-*.- ~__
-------
human reproductive effects.
- Reproduction and teratology research will define screening methodology to
determine potential perinatal and early prenatal adverse responsiveness to
manufactured chemicals by offspring which occur during pregnancy and early
infancy.
- Carcinogenesis, mutagenesis and other toxicological assessment and methodology
development and validation. This will include research on fibrous amphiboles,
toxic metabolic interaction of chemicals, genotoxicity indicators, and the
SENCAR laboratory mouse for use in risk assessments.
- Risk assessment research will include use of information on biological action
and activity of chemical substances and a study of the relative importance
of uneven numbers of chromosomes in genetically mediated disease.
- Technical assistance will provide scientific support on TSCA regulatory
activities to the Office of Testing and Evaluation under the Office of
Pesticides and Toxic Substances, and other Agency organizations.
- Long-term, low dose toxicity studies performed for EPA by the National Center
for Toxicological Research. The center will assist in the development of
toxicclogical procedures applicable to chemical testing. This program includes
a rotenone Carcinogenesis bioassay, the development of the protocol for an
additive risk evaluation of four carcinogens in drinking water, an aromatic
amine evaluation program, a study using lindane as a model compound to
obtain information pertaining to species selection in conducting Carcinogenesis
bioassays, and technical support for cancellation hearings for the pesticide
Silvex.
1980 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The net decrease of $2,517,000 resultes from several actions. An increase of
$26,600 results from the cost of the October 1979 pay raise and is included in a
proposed supplemental appropriation. A congressional reduction of $2 million to
Agency travel costs and $1 million to ADP costs resulted in a decrease of $2,000 and
$2,000, respectively. The Congress also reduced toxic substances health and ecological
effect activities by $5 million, which resulted in a decrease of $2 million to this
activity. An overall reduction to salary costs resulted in a decrease of $381,000.
An overall reprogramming throughout the Agency to provide sufficient salary funds to
cover authorized workyears resulted in a decrease of $188,600 to this activity.
A transfer of $30,000 was made from the interdisciplinary media from anticipatory
research and development to cover personnel reassignment of individuals with special
capabilities as a result of the abolishment of the Criteria Development and Special
Studies Division.
TS-12
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The Agency requests a total of $16,148,300 and 46 permanent workyears for this
program, of which $3,675,300 is for Salaries and Expenses and $12,473,000 is for
extramural activities under the Research and Development appropriation, an Increase
of $356,000 and 22 permanent workyears and $3,284,300, respectively. These expanded
resources will permit still greater emphasis on development of chemical testing
protocols for absorbed-dose determination methods, risk assessment methods, as well
as a method for extrapolating effects observed in animals to human. The increase
also reflects a redirection within the Agency of certain resources (formerly carried
in the pesticides research account) relating to development of testing methodologies
which may apply to toxic substances other than pesticides. For example, the same
analytical techniques and equipment used to evaluate pesticide levels in the environment
have been recently used to evaluate levels of PCBs in the environment. The increased
concern about toxic chemical effects on the nervous system results in the need to
accelerate the development of verified neurotoxicological protocols. Recent experience
relating to increased abortion rates and children with birth defects have provided
the impetus for increased research relating to reproductive and teratological effects.
Adequate testing of chemical substances requires that a battery of different
tests be derived to assess the potential effects of a given substance on all of the
biological systems important to human health. For this reason, the program will
continue to emphasize faster, more accurate, and less expensive techniques.
This program, much of which had its origin in the 1980 Public Health Initiative,
will include the following efforts:
- The neurotoxicology program will define the effects of toxicants on the
integrity of the nervous system using a vanety of measurable biological
changes to indicate that a toxic effect t>as occured. Short-term testing
procedures will be developed, defined, and validated to provide rapid
screening procedures for complex neurobiological interactions. One benefit
of this program will be the generation of a data base sufficient to ascertain
the validity, of short-term testing procedures. This research will include
such things as evaluation of electrophysiological procedures, development of
automated analysis for nerve tissue, correlation of reproductive behavior with
reproductive development, measurement of alterations in other specific
behaviors, development of a reliable technique for determination of electrical
potentials emitted from nerves, development of techniques in the use of test
tube cell culture taking tissue derived from the nervous system for a oioassay
of neurotoxic responses, determination of effects on neuroendocrine function
and development, and evaluation of effects on sensory thresholds.
- Human exposure research will provide development and validation of human
exposure assessment methods to enable a closer, quantitative correlation between
the environmental levels and t,he effects of toxic chemicals. This research
will include development and validation of methodology for determining
presence and internal-dose of a chemical using hemoglobin alkylation,
development of DNA damage in human lymphocytes as indicators of carcinogen
exposure, and identification of populations exposured to chemical carcinogens
which could be observed to validate internal dose indicators.
- A risk assessment program will evaluate relationship and usefulness of short-term
predictive bioassay procedures to quantitatively assess hazards of human exposure
toxicants. Development of protocols for risk assessment from short and long-term
studies 1s the defined goal. Research will include determination of the
relationship between potency in short-term and long-term bioassays, calibration
of test tube human cell systems for the prediction of genetic damage in the
human, evaluation of the SENCAR mouse as a rapid quantitative carcinogensis
risk assessment method, and detection and ouantitation of chemicals in cells of
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ui LUA i-CHILI uu man. t uc assessment, ui CA|JUSUI c ui an
offspring during pregnancy and early infancy to toxicants will permit
a better understanding of adverse effects and will provide an adequate
data base upon which short-term testing procedures may be built. This
research will include determination of effects of fetal development,
assessment of perinatal toxicity in mammalian species, development of
teratology bioassays in the test tube and in laboratory animals and
studies to determine the susceptibility of spermatogenesis to environ-
mental insult.
Epidemiological research will assess the impact of manufactured chemicals
in industrial areas and other chemical use situations such as the home and
public places. Research will include investigation of reproductive dysfunction
in human populations, epidemiological studies of selected communities,
development and standardization of screening tests for use in epidemiologic
studies, and evaluation of the feasibility of cellular genetics studies of
spontaneously aborted fetuses as population monitoring systems.
Bioassay will be developed and validated to address short-term testing
procedures useful for predictive evaluations of specific biological changes,
such as mutagenesis, carcinogenesis, reproduction effects, teratogenesis
and general toxicological effects. Short-term testing of chemicals for
known and unknown biological activity will serve as a validation of the
procedures, as well as an addition to the data base. This research will
include development and validation of several cell culture systems, a
short-term assessment of cardiovascular toxicity, human cell interactions,
and an evaluation of batteries of tests for mutagenesis and presumptive
carcinogenesis. The research will also include development of improved
statistical procedures for the analysis of various microbial test systems,
methods to assess the effects of toxic substances of the immune system
including surveillance against tumor cells, and developmental research on
several new and more sensitive screening assays. This effort and the two
following account for the remaining 1981 increase.
Carcinogenesis and mutagenesis research will identify a broad range of test
tube and laboratory animal tests to address certain aspects of carcinogenic
and mutagenic transformation. These longer term carcinogenesis and
mutagenesis programs are designed primarily to provide a firm data base upon
which validated short-term bioassays can be based. This longer range and
more intensive research employs a variety of disciplines for the broad
scientific questions involved. Research will include determination of
biochemical indicators of genotoxicity, data validation using computerized
information sources and statistical systems for genetic toxicology bioassay,
development of potential screening tests for the effects of inhaled toxic
substances on enzyme and immune-complex activity, and development and
validation assays for serum components associated with altered levels of
serum lipids and lipoproteins as indicators of toxicity
General toxicology programs address a varied array of biological toxic effects
to which humans have been shown to be^sensitive. These responses to toxicants
need definition. The laboratory animal projects include a variety of routes
of administration of toxicants as well as systems upon which they may act
(e.g., immune, tissue, cardiopulmonary). An ultimate goal of these and other
studies defined below is to determine mechanisms of toxic action from which
short-term bioassay procedures may be ultimately derived and from which controls
may be addressed to limit exposure. This research will include an evaluation
of effects on host defense mechanisms through application of a study of
influence on infections, study of developmental toxicity of metabolic patterns
in major organs, evaluation of the use of clinical biochemical chemistries to
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- All toxic substance health research programs will provide technical
assistance and support to the Office of Toxic Subtances, the regional
offices, and the Office of Enforcement in proposing and evaluating
testing standards, evaluating testing data, and in developing
symposia and workshops.
- The National Center for Toxicology Research, jointly funded with the
Food and Drug Administration, will perform long-term, low-dose toxi city
studies on chemical substances of interest to the EPA and will assist
in developing methods applicable to a system of chemical screening.
Long-term studies of rotenone, lindane, aromatic amines, and the
interactive risk of two or more carcinogens in drinking water will continue.
ECOLOGICAL EFFECTS
1979 Accomplishments
During 1979, $1,161,100 was expended on the ecological effects program, which
$779,300 was for extramural activities and $381,800 for salaries and expenses.
Program accomplishments included the following:
- Round-robin validation of algal assay tests using silver, zinc and
pentachlorophenol and fish Daphnia tests for defining accute toxicity of
toxic chemicals were completed, The validation was carried out by performing
these tests in EPA and non-EPA laboratories. These tests will provide
industries with guidance for generating data to support the premarket
evaluation of data on new chemicals.
- The work on soil core microcosm for investigating fate and effects of
chemicals in soil community was completed. These microcosms will provide
data on persistence and movement of toxic chemicals in terrestrial
environments and will be used in the development of exposure assessment
models,
- A provisioricl protocol to define the effects of toxic chemicals on seed
germination and root elongation and standard testing procedures for
embryos and larvae of the Atlantic silverside, Menidia have been developed.
These tests are being used in generating data for defining potential
hazards associated with toxic chemicals to ecosystems.
1980 Program
In 1980, the Agency has allocated a total of $7,355,100 to this program, of
which $5,224,300 is for extramural activities under the Research and Development
appropriaton and $2,130,800 is for th'e Salaries and Expenses Appropriation.
The long range goal of the 1980 program is to develop improved, cost-effective
and validated methods for defining hazards associated with toxic chemicals to.
environmental species and the ecosystem. This program includes the public health
initiative which is concerned with defining methodologies for assessing exposure of
humans to toxic chemicals. Exposure methodologies are needed in order to define
exposure levels for use in risk assessment process under Sections 4 and 5 of TSCA.
This work will also aid the implementation of the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and
Rodenticide Act, Clean Water Act, Resources Conservation and Recovery Act. "
Technical assistance will be provided to the Office of-Pesticides and Toxic
Substances on complex problems associated with defining ecological effects of toxic
chemicals, critical review of Section 4 and Section 5 document of TSCA, participation
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laboratories and In four contractor laboratories. Round-robin testing of chronic and
life cycle tests will be accelerated. These tests will include: Midge chronic,
Daphnia life cycle, fathead minnow life cycle, Daphnia flow thru life cycle, life
cycle for myside shrimp, embryo/larva test with fathead minnow, chronic test with
midge tanytarsus, life cycle tests for fish, polchaetes, and crustaceous. These
tests, upon completion, will be incorporated into Section 5 of TSCA test guidelines
and will provide guidance to industries performing tests in new chemicals.
The general objective of the public health initiative-environment research
program is to develop methodologies for estimating exposure concentration of toxic
chemicals to humans and the environment. This program was initiated October 1, 1979.
The program consists of the following major components:
- Mathematical models are being developed to predict concentrations of toxic
chemicals in air, freshwater, and terrestrial environments. First generation
freshwater and air models have been developed for a few chemicals and these
models are being validated. The work on model development for terrestrials
is being initiated.
- Models are also being developed to predict the toxicity of toxic chemicals based
on the structure of the chemical. During the phase of structuring the model,
activity development, data on toxicity and physical-chemical constants are
being collected. Work is also being initiated to develop the structure-activity
concept for predicting environmental persistence (microbial degradation,
hydrolysis) of chemicals.
- Laboratory model ecosystems and microcosms are being developed to predict
transport and transformation of toxic chemicals in freshwater, marine and
terrestrial environments. The microcosms are also being used to validate
transport, fate and exposure models.
- Work is being initiated to predict the concentration of toxic chemicals in
the food chain. The specific projects include (1) survey of actual field
situations in order to determine key species or processes where toxic chemicals
have been identified in the food chain, (2) development of a bioaccumulation
model for estimating concentration of toxic chemicals in terrestrial plants,
birds and animals, and (3) determination of transport parameters for the major
aquatic food chain.
- A human exposure monitoring capability within EPA is being established to
develop and test methodologies for determining human exposure to toxic chemicals.
Plans to develop an integrated program for determining concentration of toxic
chemicals in air, water, and food chain systems have been completed. Criteria
for selecting toxic chemicals and monitoring locations have been developed and
chemicals and locations will ^be selected shortly.
1980 Explanation of Changes from Budget Estimates
The net decrease of $3,046,900 results from several actions. An increase of
$36,700 results from the cost of the October 1979 pay raise and is included in a
proposed supplemental appropriation. A congressional reduction of $2 millln to Agency
travel costs and $1 million to ADP costs resulted in a decrease of $1,000 and $2,800,
respectively. The Congress also reduced toxic substances health and ecological effect
activities by $5 million, which resulted in a decrease of $3 million to this activity.
An overall reduction of salary funds resulted in a decrease of $211,100. An overall
reprogramming throughout the Agency to provide sufficient salary funds to cover
authorized workyears resulted in a decrease of $124,200 to this activity.
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A transfer of $281,500 was made from other media within the Office of Research
and Development as a result of the reorganization of the programmatic functions of
the Corvallis and Las Vegas labs after a 1979 RIF. A transfer of $24,000 was made to
management and support to lab support for lab maintenance costs due in part to
increasing costs of energy. Finally, a reprogramming of $2,000 was made to transport
and fate within the toxic substances media to help cover the cost of a symposium on
the state of the act of the use of lab rate data in predicting environmental fate of
new chemicals.
1981 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $11,299,500 and 44 permanent workyears for this
program, of which $3,141,400 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and
$8,158,100 is for extramural activities under the Research and Development appropriation.
This is an increase of $3,944,400 and 19 permanent workyears over the current level.
Several important initiatives are planned in 1931: $944,400 and 19 permanent workyears
will initiate a major ecological research program on aquatic toxicology as it relates
to the development of essays at the cellular and community level; $500,000 will expand
ongoing work on the development of monitoring methods for estimating human exposure
to ambient toxics present in the environment; $1,000,000 will expand our efforts to
develop and to validate multimedia mathematical models for toxic chemicals; $1,000,000
will develop microcosms for screening and validation of models; and $500,000 will
expand our efforts to predict the concentration of toxic chemicals in the food chain.
The goals of the 1981 program are to develop test methods for defining toxic
effects of chemicals on organisms in the environment and ecosystem and to develop
predictive tools and evaluate models for defining exposure concentration of chemicals
which are toxic to humans and the environment. Emphasis will be placed on the
validation of test methods and models, development of multmedia models, food chain
and exposure estimation, and structure-activity concept development for screening of
toxic chemicals. The validation of models will be carried out in laboratory microcosms
and model ecosystems as well as by field measurements. This research will provide
critical methodologies for defining hazard and exposure data for use in the implementation
of Section 4 and Section 5 of TSCA. The program also includes the initiation of a
major program on aquatic toxicology with the objective of gaining a better understanding
of the effect of toxic chemicals on ecosystem species and processes. Specific research
is described as follows:
- Continued technical assistance on complex problems associated with defining
exposure and ecological effects of toxic chemicals on ecosystem organisms
and on ecosystems will be provided to OPTS.
- Round-robin validation of chronic and life cycle toxicity tests will be
completed and will be transferred to OPTS for incorporation into TSCA
Section 5 and Section 4 guidelines.
- Work on the development of exposure assessment methodology to humans under
the public health initiative will continue. Mathematical models developed in 1980
for predicting exposure concentrations in air, freshwater and terrestrial
environments will be validated. Attempts will be made to integrate such models
for the development of a multimedia model. Work will be initiated on models for
marine environments. Validation of models in laboratory microcosms and model
ecosystems Kill be carried out, Methodologies for predicting the effects of
toxic chemicals based on structure for one series of chemicals containing
different substituents will be developed for predicting acute toxicity to one
organism. Structure-activity concept predicting micfobi a! degradation and
oxidation/reduction will also continue.
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model for one class of toxic chemicals will be completed. The food chain ;
model will also assist in defining body burden. Work on bioaccumulation
model development for toxics in aquatic plants and terrestrial species
will be continued. Emphasis will be placed on defining transport, uptake
and elimination characteristics of toxics and the development of the food
chain model.
- Work on measuring ambient concentration of selected toxic chemicals in air,
water, soil-sediment and food samples at a selected location will be carried
out. Ambient exposure concentration data will be collected to assess the
human exposure problem of the toxic chemical. Exposure data will also be
analyzed in the light of socio-economic habits of the population group and
population at risk"estimates will be made. Exposure data will be utilized to
validate mathematical models developed under this program for predicting
exposure concentration of toxic chemicals.
- Work will be carried out to define criteria and tests to measure ecosystem
stress and the capability of the ecosystem to either resist or recover from
natural and/or toxic chemical effects.
- Work will be carried out on the research on the development of multiple assays.
The work will involve the development of plant assays; development of insect
bioassays; development of bioassays dependent upon toxic effects on mycorrhiza-root
symbiosis; development of bioassays relating to plant-herbivore and host-parasite
interactions; research to determine effects of toxics on predator-prey interactions;
end development of bioassays using nematodes. Ecosystem process research will
determine key species in a given ecosystem succession scheme and assess toxic
impacts on succession sequence and rates; adapt bioassays for nitrogen cycle
compounds to multivariate assays for critical terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems.
- Research will be initiated on a major program concerning aquatic toxicology.
The research will cover a wide range of aquatic species in a search for unique
sensitive end-point response to toxics other than death (e.g., swimming rate,
sensitivity to light, etc.) and will include studies on the role of natural
variation to chemical response in evaluating end-point phenomena. Toxics of
particular interest are organics and petroleum. Research will also be done on
the development of in vivo and in situ assays for cytogentic damage and to
determine and repair mechanisms at the cellular level. Research will be initiated
to develop marine microcosms and simulation models to determine community
altering effects of persistent toxic contaminants, toxic transformation
products and metabolities on commonly used food organisms. Research will
also continue to provide characterization and determination of toxic effects of
compounds giving carcinogenic responses of several concentrations of toxicants in
aquatic animals through a geographic area.
TRANSPORT AND FATE
1979 Accomplishments
During 1979, obligations were $1,913,000, of which $1,322,800 was for extramural
activities and $590,200 was for in-house costs. During the year:
- The Exposure Assessment Modeling System (EXAMS) was tested in laboratory
ecosytems for the pesticide chemical parathion. The EXAMS model is used
to estimate ambient concentration of toxic chemicals in aquatic environments.
In addition, a user's manual for this model was developed.
- Test protocols were developed for hydrolysis and adsorption of toxic chemicals.
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program
The 1980 resources for transport and fate are $2,343,400. The resources include
$1,463,900 for extramural activities under the Research and Development appropriation
and 5879,500 for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation. These resources are assigned
to develop methodologies for predicting transport, transformatipn> bioaccumulatipn
and exposure of toxic chemicals in air, water, marine, soil, sediments and biota,
The main research objective in 1980 is to develop exposure assessment models for
toxic chemicals in multimedia environments and to develop improved protocols for the
testing of toxic chemicals. The research involves the characterization of environmental
processes; measurement of rate parameters; development of quantitative expressions for
environmental process description; determination of persistence of chemicals and
identification and quantification of degradation products of toxic chemicals. The
environmental process work will be validated in laboratory model ecosystems. The
information obtained from the environmental processes work will be used in the
development of exposure assessment techniques to be used in the evaluation of the
risk which toxic chemicals may produce in humans or the environment. It is anticipated
that the above work will also lead to the development of improved testing protocols
to be used by the OPTS in the screening of toxic chemicals. Toxic substances and other
environmentally significant chemicals to be studied will include priority chemicals
identified by the Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances. Specific research in
1980 includes the following:
- Technical assistance will be provided to the Office of Pesticides and Toxic
Substances on complex problems associated with fate, testing, exposure
assessment and in the development of test rules for Section 4 and Section 5
of TSCA, This technical assistance will include preparation of support
documents for exposure analysis, critical review of Section 4 and Section 5
test rules and review of technical data on Section 5 chemicals.
- Exposure analysis modeling systems (EXAMS) will be refined and validated
and a users manual will be prepared. The refined EXAMS will be tested for
five chemicals. EXAMS will provide exposure data on toxics to be used in
risk assessment under TSCA.
- Methodologies will be developed to define environmental transport and trans-
formation processes including anaerobic degradation, sediment sorption,
leaching and photochemical processes. These methodologies will provide rate
coeffecient data to be used in exposure analysis and testing protocols for
screening of toxic chemicals.
- Improved cost-effective and standard methods for the measurement of octanol/
water partition coefficients of selected toxic chemicals will be developed.
Partition coefficient data provide information on the bioaccumulation potential
of toxic chemicals.
- Research will be conducted to develop validated reproducible actual media
test systems and protocols for determining the routes, rate and fate of toxic
chemicals in estuarine environments. Models will also be modified in order to
predict concentration of toxic chemicals in marine animals. These models will
provide exposure concentration of toxic chemicals in food chain systems.
- Research on defining the activities and persistence of toxic chemicals in air
will be conducted. These studies will provide transfer coefficients to be used in
exposure assessment models as well as in models for defining stratospheric
ozone depletion.
- Models will be developed to predict fate and behavior or toxic chemicals based
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transport and fate tests will be developed. This document will
provide guidance to industries in carrying out the testing of new '
chemicals. Test data generated using the GLP documents will enable
the Agency to assess the reliability of the data, which in turn means
that the Agency would not have to spend resources to verify data
generated by industries on new and existing toxic chemicals.
1980 Explanation of Changes from Budget Estimates
The net decrease of $222,200 results from several actions. An increase of
$17,700 results from the cost of the October 1979 pay raise and is included in a
proposed supplemental appropriation. A congressional reduction of $2 million to
Agency salary costs resulted in a decrease of $105,100. An overall reprogramming
thoughout the Agency to provide sufficient salary funds to cover authorized workyears
resulted in a decrease of $113,800 to this activity.
A transfer of $41,000 was made to the management and support media to lab support
for lab maintenance costs due in part to increasing costs of energy. A reprogramming
of $20,000 from pesticides-ecological effects ($5,000), toxic substances-ecological
effects ($2,000), toxic-substances-characterization and measurement methods development
($1,000), transport fate and effects of energy related pollutants ($6,000), and
atmospheric transportation and transformation of energy related pollutants ($6,000),
to help cover the cost of a symposium on the state of the art of the use of lab rate
data in predicting environmental fate of new chemicals.
1981 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $3,016,700 and 25 permanent workyears for this
program, of which $1,361,900 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and
$1,654,800 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development appropriation.
The increase of $673,300 and 12 permanent workyears will be used to: (1) expand efforts
to define rate parameters for transformation processes of toxic chemicals; (2) develop
improved methodologies for describing quantitatively the transport and transformation
of toxic chemicals in the environment; (3) develop advanced structure-activity concepts
for predicting bloaccumulation and toxicity of chemicals to aquatic animals;
(4) develop exposure assessment methodologies and testing protocols to be used in
defining risk and hazard associated with toxic substances; and (5) develop the exposure
assessment methodology that responds to the heed for a precise knowledge of the transport
and transformation of toxic substances.
The main research objective in 1981 is to develop standard and improved methodologies
for estimating transport and transformation of toxic chemicals in air, water soil,
sediments, and biota. The work will involve the investigation of rate parameters of
environmental processes, identification of transformation products and the development
of quantitative expressions for the description of environmental processes. This
information will be used in developing exposure assessment models for toxic chemicals
in multimedia environments. After standardization of these methodologies they will
be incorporated as protocols in the TSCA testing guidelines for Section 4 and Section
5 rules. Work will also focus on the development of improved structure-activity
concepts for predicting transport, fate and toxicity of toxic chemicals to be used in
screening premanufacturing data on new chemicals. The information developed under
this program will aid the implementation of TSCA directly and other EPA legislations
including Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act, Clean Water Act, Clean
Air Act and Resources Conservation and Recovery Act. Technical assistance to the
Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances will be provided in the preparation of
support documents for assessment and testing schemes for use i-n environmental fate
and risk evaluation of chemicals and chemical mixtures; critical reviews of technical
documents including chemical evaluation reports, Section 5 testing guidelines and
Cft^4-T rtn A + e*f+ e e-i- an/iam/4 v»nT o
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A user s manual vn 11 oe developed Tor various transport, rate ana exposure
assessment models to be used by the Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances in
evaluating data on new and existing chemicals.
Soil and sediments from locations of the U.S. will be characterized in terms of
organic contents, clay content, exchange capability, etc. The soil and sediment will
be tested for adsorption, degradation and leaching. Methods will be developed to
predict adsorption on the basis of sediment/soil characteristics.
Work on leaching of toxic chemicals in soil systems will be carried out in order
to develop protocols for possible incorporation into testing guidelines. A model
ecosystem will be developed to define movement of toxics in a soil matrix. Data will
be used to develop mathematical models for defining exposure concentration of toxic
chemicals in soils. This model will take into account the soil type, properties of
the chemicals and environmental characteristics.
Anaerobic biodegradation of toxic chemicals in aquatic environments will be
studied. Emphasis will be placed on defining quantitative expressions for evaluating
parameters for environmental transport and transformation processes of toxic chemicals.
The lifetime of various chemicals as a function of the nature of the aquatic environment
will be calculated and utilized in the development of exposure models. The methodology
will be validated for the development of standard protocols to be used in testing guidelines.
Reactivity of toxic chemicals in air will be measured for three toxic chemicals.
Reactions will include photolysis and reactions with ozone and nitrogen oxides. Rate
constants for the reactions will be measured and will be used in the development of
air exposure assessment models. Emphasis will be placed on standardizing the
methodology in order to develop cost-effective testing protocols for use in defining
persistence under TSCA.
Support documents will be developed for transport and fate tests under TSCA
Section 5 testing guidelines. These documents will include limitations on the
applicability of the test methods as a function of chemical structure, cost-effectiveness
of the test method, and defined boundary conditions. At present, support documents
are not available for transport and fate tests.
Work on the development of a good laboratory practice document for certain
transport and fate and ecological effects tests will continue. These documents will
enable the Agency to provide guidance to industries in obtaining reliable test data
on chemicals.
Work on the investigation of kinetics of environmental transport and transformation
processes will be expanded. Transport and transformation processes will include
microbial degradation, chemical water sediment exchange, chemical reduction in bottom
sediments, free radical oxidation, photolysis, plant uptake, bioaccumulation and
adsorption/desorption. Emphasis will be placed on defining quantitative expressions
for transformation processes and studying the influence of environmental factors on
rate processes. It is anticipated that these methods will lead to the development of
cost-effective tests for defining the persistence of chemicals for possible use in
food-chain models. The models will be validated in watersheds, lakes and wetlands
for the Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances designated toxic chemical.
Work will be expanded to develop advanced and quantitative structure-activity
concepts for predicting bioaccumulation and toxicity of chemicals in aquatic animals.
The work will involve the application of the Hansch approach and Free-Wilson type
structure-activity concepts for screening toxic chemicals. Parameters to be incorporated
will include toxic effects (chronic, acute, bioaccumulation)," partition coefficients,
structural characteristics and environmental processes parameters. Attempts will
also be made to test the feasibility of predicting fate and behavior of certain chemicals
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1979 Accomplishments
During 1979, obligations totaled $1,141,100. Included in this total are 5222,800
for salaries and expenses and 5918,300 for extramural research activities. Specific
accomplishments include the following:
- The National Academy of Sciences' state-of-knowledge studies on causes»
effects, and alternate controls of stratospheric ozone protection were
completed (mandated by PL 95-95). Reports are being prepared for publication.
- The Interagency Committee on Stratospheric Ozone Protection met and coordinated
Federal research on stratospheric ozone depletion and identified research
priorities. Priority areas are atmospheric science (including instrumentation),
health effects, biological effects, and ecological effects.
- Epidemiological studies being conducted throughout the U.S. by the National
Cancer Institute on the correlation of non-melanoma skin cancer, ultiviolet-B
radiation and life styles, were completed. Preliminary analysis indicates that
each one percent decrease in stratospheric ozone results in about a two percent
increase in damaging ultraviolet radiation.
- Personal dosimeters were developed for use in studies to correlate exposure to
ultraviolet radiation with skin cancer incidence.
- Continuing research provided updated data for use by the National Academy of
Sciences and other organizations engaged in making improved integrated assessments
of causes, effects, and controls of stratospheric ozone depletion.
- Computer modeling studies were initiated to determine whether ultraviolet-B
radiation increases (such as those caused by decreased stratospheric ozone)
may augment the generation of photochemical smog; thereby, affecting human health.
- Field experiments were conducted on crop yield and photorepair (an enzymatic
mechanism that repairs cell mutations) effects for sensitive crops under
varying ultiviolet-B levels. Laboratory experiments examining the effects
of ultraviolet-B on photosynthesis were continued.
- Ultraviolet-B marine and freshwater penetration studies were expanded.
The specific goal is to determine the effects of increased ultraviolet-B
penetration on plankton organisms, northern anchovy and Pacific mackeral,
as well as on shrimp and crab larvae in natural waters.
- A ultraviolet-B radiometry calbration and measurement technique was developed
1n cooperation with the National; Bureau of Standards.
1980 Program
In 1980,-the Agency has allocated a total of $1,406,700 to this program, of which
$145,900 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $1,260,800 is for extramural
purposes under the Research and Development appropriation.
TS-22
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ultraviolet-IS radiation to both melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers; improving
measures of the economic and social costs of skin cancers; and continuing to provide
updated state-of-the-art knowledge for integrated assessments of causes, effects, and
control of stratospheric ozone depletion. These are ongoing research efforts which
are planned to extend beyond 1980 and through 1981. To enhance our understanding of
the relationship between ultraviolet-B and skin cancer:
- Studies on melanoma (the more fatal type of skin cancer) will be given
increased attention.
- Personal dosimeters produced in 1979 will be used in a pilot program to
correlate exposure to ultraviolet radiation with skin cancer incidence.
- Ultraviolet-B radiation flux at epidemiological survey sites will be
measured and correlated with cloudiness* turbidity, and ozone levels
(the radiation reaching the earth's surface induces damage).
In addition:
- Initial model calculations on the connection between ultraviolet-B radiation
and photochemical smog will be made based on the previously developed computer
model.
- Sensitivity analyses of health damages will continue and economic and social
measures of skin cancer costs will be tested. The result of these analyses
and related data will be combined to make an integrated assessment of causes,
effects, and alternate controls of ozone depletion.
- The Interagency Committee on Stratospheric Ozone Protection will continue to
coordinate Federal research on ozone depletion.
- The National Academy of Sciences will publish reports entitled: "Stratospheric
Ozone Depletion by Halocarbons Chemistry and Transport" and "Protection Against
Depletion of Stratospheric Ozone by Chlorofluorocarbons."
- The second biennial report to Congress on research concerning causes and effects
of stratospheric ozone depletion will be completed.
The 1980 program will also include the following projects which focus on improving
understanding of the ecological effects of ozone depletion:
- Research to study the role and effects of ultraviolet-B radiation 1n the
photosynthesis process will be initiated.
- Research on the adaptability of plants under field conditions to enhanced
ultraviolet-B radiation will be conducted in order to understand why plants are
affected to a greater degree in control chambers than in the field.
- Ongoing studies of effects of increased ultiviolet-B radiation on plankton
organisms will be completed including an evaluation of the results and their
possible value for estimating effects on.other marine organisms.
- Final results of studies of ultraviolet-B radiation effects on shrimp and crab
larval and on northern Pacific mackerel will be available.
- Reseach in the role and effects of critical molecular targets of ultraviolet-B
radiation will be coninued. The results of this research will enhance our
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nil inwf CO
results from the cost of the October 1979 pay raise and is included in a proposed
supplemental appropriation. A congressional reduction of $2 million to Agency travel
costs resulted in a decrease of $400. An overall reprograrnmlng throughout the Agency
to provide sufficient salary funds to cover authorized workyears resulted in a decrease
of $2,600 to this activity.
1981 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $1,412,100 and 3 permanent workyears for this
program, of which $193,000 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $1,219,100
is for extramural purposed under the Research and Development Appropriation.
Much of the research conducted by this program is ongoing in nature, taking
several years to complete. For this reason, the 1981 research plan is similar to that
for 1980. However, each year the projects are carefully monitored and the exact
direction is modified. Most of the projects will produce interim results, while the
scientific community in general produces new relevant data. This input is combined
with changes made in the general thrust of the program and is used to appropriately
define the individual projects from one year to the next.
In 1981 the program will:
- Continue to develop accurate measures of the economic and social costs of
skin cancer. As this research continues the data base will improve
qualitatively and quantitatively.
- Continue to provide the most recent state-of-the-art knowledge on
causes, effects, and control of stratospheric ozone depletion to those
conducting integrated assessments and to policy and decision-making officials.
- Continue the pilot study using personal dosimeters to test the relationship
of ultraviolet-B and skin cancer.
- Continues ongoing studies on ultraviolet-B radiation flux measurements at
epidemiological survey sites; data correlation with cloudiness, turbidity,
and ozone levels, and development of a forecasting model to project skin
cancer incidence and its relationship to ultraviolet-B enhancement.
- Report initial theoretical analyses of tiie interaction of ultraviolet-B
radiation and photochemical smog and initiate smog chamber studies if the
theoretical studies so warrant.
- Continue federal research coordination by the Interagency Committee on
Stratospheric Ozone Protection.
- Continue studies of the role and effects of ultraviolet-B on photosynthesis
with the details of the study being changed based on results obtained in 1980.
- Initiate new studies of ultraviolet-B effects on key marine life forms.
The specific target populations and methodologies used in these studies will
be based in part on the results of the studies completed in 1980 on plankton
organisms, shrimp and crab larval, and mackerel.
- Complete the study on the role and effects of critical molecular targets of
ultraviolet-B radiation.
- Prepare the third biennial research report to the Congress in January 1982.
-------
TOXIC SUBSTANCES
Industrial Processes
Original Revised
Estimate Estimate President's
1981 1981 Reduction
[dollars in thousands)
Appropriation
Industrial Processes:
Salaries and Expenses $614 $611 -$3
Research and Development.......... I/158 1,158 i_±_i_
Grand Total........... 1,772 1,769 -3
-------
Page Intentionally Blank
-------
lUAli,
Industrial Processes
Budget Current Increase +
Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease -
1979 1980 1980 1981 1981 vs. 1960
(dollars in thousands)
Appropri ati on
$260
200
460
8
7
$642
1,100
1,742
12
14
$414
1,234
1 ,548
11
14
$614
1,158
1,772
11
14
+$200
-76
+124
*
* *
Industrial Processes:
Salaries and Expenses.. $260
Research and Develop-
ment
Grand Total
Permanent Positions......
Full-time Equivalency....
Budget Request
The Agency requests e total of $1,771,700 and 11 permanent workyears for 1981, an
increase of $123,900 over 1980. Included in this total is $614,200 for the Salaries
and Expenses appropriation and $1,157,500 for extramural purposes under the Research
and Development appropriation; an increase of 5200,200 and a decrease of $76,300,
respectively.
Program Description
The toxics industrial research program is being conducted to directly support the
current needs of the Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances (OPTS). Mejor objectives
of the program include: (1) providing technical assistance relating to toxic identification
and quantification for industrial processes and products; (2) evaluating process
alternatives in terms of environmental acceptability based on toxic pollutant criteria;
(3) defining the occurrence of toxic substances as impurities in commercially available
chemicals from a knowledge of process chemistry and waste composition; (4) providing
technical assistance in terms of participation in working groups, review of reports,
documents, and for the development of expert testimony as required by OPTS; (5) providing
perspectives on the occurrence and use of high priority TSCA chemicals for industrial
processes; (6) providing information on the availability of substitute chemicals to
replace chemicals for which TSCA has mandated a decrease in manufacturing, including
information on the economics of substitution; and (7) providing in-plant manufacturing
process quality control assessments.
1979 Accomplishments
The 1979 obligations for this program were $459,900, of which $259,800 was for in-
house costs and $200,100 was for extramural activities. Specific accomplishments
included the following efforts:
-------
An assessment of exposure to asbestos was conducted to develop
techniques for sealing friable sprayed-on asbestos coatings in
structures, high-vacuum removal of asbestos from building
construction sites, and training of local personnel to use
asbestos particul.ate detection methods. The destruction of PCB's
(polychlorinated biphenpls) in high-efficiency utility boilers was
tested and the preparation of protocols and guidelines for this
method of destruction was initiated. A related effort was also
started to evaluate a catalytic ultraviolet ozonation process
of PCB and trichlorobenzene destruction.
- Developed process alternatives. Surveys were conducted on chemical
manufacturing process techno!ogi es to identify pollutant sources of
generic unit processes and to begin developing a basis for comparison
of pollutant discharges of alternate processes. The Office of
Pesticides and Toxic Substances will utilize this methodology when
it is fully developed for premarked notification reviews under TSCA
Section 5 and for regulatory options assessment under Section 6.
- Identified toxic productcontaminants. As part of the generic unit
process technology assessment described above, toxic pollutants that
might become product contaminants were identified for use in TSCA
Sections 5 and 6 regulatory reviews.
- Participated in working groups/task force. The laboratories and
headquarters staff participated in the EPA Dioxin Task Force and
prepared reference manuals that define dioxin sources and destruction
methods.
- Evaluated chemical uses/sybstitutions/processes.. The generic unit
process technology and pollutant assessment work indicated above
provided data for the establishment of a predictive model which will
lead to identification of potential uses and the associated risks
and substitutes and manufacturing processes for new and existing
chemicals to be regulated by the Office of Pesticides and Toxic
Substances under TSCA Sections 5 and 6 respectively.
1980 Program
In 1980, the Agency has allocated a total of $1,647,800 to this program, of which
$414,000 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $1,233,800 is for extramural
activities under the Research and Development appropriation. In 1980, the industrial
processes toxics program will:
- Provide technical assistance to identify and assess specified toxic
pollutants resulting from industrial processes (i.e., dioxins from
chlorophenols production).
- Continue support'to the Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances for
specific problems related to asbestos and PCB's regulation.
- Continue development of the chemical manufacturing processes pollutant
prediction model. This model identifies predicated pollutants and
validates them for 12 generic (unit) manufacturing processes. This
model will be used to predict possible toxic pollutants that can be
generated by altering the manufacturing process conditions.
-------
Define alternative processing ruuies ano moon itc 1,1 yns uu
public exposure to toxic substances that result from the manufacture
of specific high volume halogenated hydrocarbons (e.g., pentachlorophenol).
The potential for environmental contamination from these halogenated
hydrocarbons is high due to the manufacturing process.
1980 Explanation of Changes from Budget Estimate
The net decrease of $94,200 results from several actions. An increase of $11,700
results from the cost of the October 1979 pay raise and is included in a proposed
supplemental appropriation. A congressional reduction of $2 million to Agency salary
costs resulted in a decrease of $104,000. An overall reprogramming throughout the
Agency to provide sufficient salary funds to cover authorized workyears resulted in e
decrease of $1,900 to this activity.
1981 Plan
The Agency requests a total of 11 permanent workyears and $1,771,700 for this
program, of which $614,200 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $1,157,500
is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development appropriation.
The 1981 program will continue to emphasize the "new chemical" manufacture pollution
predictive model. This model is based on the unit process approach and will provide
EPA with a source of industrial information concerning chemicals. For a specific
chemical the model will contain information such as the manufacturing process, distribution
and use patterns, waste disposal methods, and control options. This information,
together with a viable analytical model, will predict human risk as the chemical product
moves through commerce. In addition, the program.wil1:
- Expand toxic pollutant identification analyses to include three to
seven additional unit processes covering the feedstocks, intermediates
and product contaminants.
- Expand "new chemical" manufacture pollution predictive model to
identify: (a) anticipated processes involved in manufacture,
commercial and consumer use, transportation, and disposal;
(b) expected releases associated with the individual processes;
(c) quality and quantity of these releases; (d) recommended
control methods; and (e) risk analyses relative to feedstocks,
by-products, impurities, and degradation products.
- Expand regional technical support to include toxic chemical
spills and emergency response techniques.
TS-27
-------
Monitoring and Technical Support
Actual
1979
Budget
Estimate
1980
Current
Estimate
1980
Estimate
1981
(dollars in thousands)
Appropriation
Characterization and
Measurement Methods
Devel opment:
Salaries and
Expenses.., ... $152 $200
Research and
Development........ 445 437
Technical Support:
Salaries and
Expenses.... 1,058 1,180
Research and
Development,. 661 1,021
Total:
Salaries and
Expenses... 1,210 1,380
Research and
Development . 1.106 1.458
Grand Total . .... 2,316 2,838
Permanent Positions
Characterization and
Measurement Methods
Development.. 2 3
Technical Support....... 17 18^
Total 19 21
Full-time Equivalency
Characterization and
Measurement Methods
Development........... 10 6
Technical Support 20 23
Total 3D 29
Budget Request
$183
420
985
1,100
1,168
1.520
2,688
4
18
22
6
23
29
5381
574
1,313
979
1,694
1.553
3,247
18
26
10
23
33
Increase +
Decrease -
1981 vs. 198D
+$198
+154
+328
-121
+526
+33
+559
+4
+4
+4
+4
The Agency requests a total of $3,246,700 and 26 permanent workyears for 1981, an
increase of $558,900 and 4 permanent workyears from 1980. Included in this total is
$1,692,600 for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $1,553,100 for extramural
purposes under the Research and Development appropriation; an increase of $525,800 and
-------
TOXIC SUBSTANCES
Monitoring and Technical Support
Original
Estimate
1981
Revi sed
Estimate
1981
President's
Reduction
Tdbllars in thousands)"
Appropriation
Characterization and Measurement
Methods Development:
Salaries and Expenses....... $381
Research and Development.... 574
Technical Support:
Salaries and Expenses 1,313
Research and Development.... 979
Total:
Salaries and Expenses............. 1,694
Research and Development 1,553
»nd Total 3,247
$379
574
1,307
979
-$2
-6
1,686
1,553
-8
3,239
-8
-------
Page Intentionally Blank
-------
$33,100, respectively. Of this increase, $357,600 will support the development of a
comprehensive program for separation, identification and quantification of toxic
chemicals bound to sediments; the development of techniques for measuring exposure
levels of toxics in marine animals; and the development of methodologies to identify
and measure toxic chemicals in plants. In addition, $201,300 will be used to augment
field validation activities within the technical support program.
Program Description
The characterization and measurement methods development program is designed to
provide improved methods for collection, separation, identification and quantification
of toxic substances in the environment. The program scope includes air, water, sediment,
plants, and marine animals. The 1981 program will expand the work on characterization
of toxics in sediments and will initiate activities pertaining to characterization and
measurement of toxics in plants and marine animals. These methods are needed in carrying
out monitoring, fate, effects, and exposure measurement of toxic chemicals in the
envi ronment.
The technical support program assists the Agency's operating programs in meeting
the information mandates of the TSCA. Research is conducted to develop and validate
field collection and analytical methodologies needed to: (1) fill in gaps in the data
base on existing chemicals; (2) assist in the development of appropriate testing
protocols and environmental and exposure assessment models; and (3) develop suitable
guidelines for the validation and verification of predictive models. The program also
provides analytical methods required to enforce existing and planned TSCA regulations;
and supporting research to assure that appropriate quality assurance guidelines and
protocols are developed and implemented for all TSCA monitoring activities.
CHARACTERIZATION AND MEASUREMENT HETHODS DEVELOPMENT
1979 Accomplishments
During 1979, resources totaled $597,100. Included in this total is $151,900 for
salaries and expenses and $445,200 for extramural purposes. The accomplishments include:
- Analysis of toxic organic vapors in the Love Canal area. The results
have provided an estimate of exposure concentration of toxic chemicals
near the Niagara Falls area. Exposure data is needed for risk estimations.
- Evaluation of sampling methods for gaseous atmospheric samples. This has
led to the development of an improved automatic gas sampling system.
- Development of a technique based on ,the application of liquid chromatography/
Raman spectometry for identification of toxic chemicals in water. The
technique provides a capability to measure non-volatile organics in surface
waters. Non-volatile organics which contribute 80 percent of organic
compounds in water are difficult to analyze.
1980 Program
In 1980, the Agency has allocated a total $602,600 to this program, of which
$183,000 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $419,600 is for extramural
purposes under the Research and Development appropriation.
-------
I UCM C I i I CU UJ UilC Will WC VI * CiU I S* « UC-9 BilU i US* 1 W «^Ub/^ wu 11 W:\-J Ulfw V wttwl w,, , , , w»t..k...v>. (
significant toxic chemicals. Specific research in 198D is as follows:
- Efforts will continue to develop sampling and analysis methods for toxic
organics in air. These methods involve the use of cartridges
containing absorbent powders, separation of organic chemicals using
columns containing polymer resins and analysis by gaschromatography
mass-spectrometry. Various absorbent powders as well as various
column and detector systems are being investigated. These methods
will be used in the work to measure the exposure concentration of
toxic chemicals in air near chemical manufacturing plants.
- Efforts will continue to develop solid polymeric devices for collection
of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) from atmospheric samples. The
methodology involves the use of sorbents such as XA-D type resins. This
method is being used to define exposure concentration of PCBs in the U.S.
and be helpful in the regulation of PCBs under TSCA.
- Research is also underway to develop cost-effective detector systems
for high pressure liquid chromatography. These detector systems will
provide a rapid and inexpensive method for the analysis of new and
existing toxic chemicals and will also be used for measuring the
exposure concentration and defining the risk of toxics under
Section 4 of TSCA.
- Studies to estimate the ambient concentration of asbestos and freon as
e result of emission from automobiles are underway. These studies will
aid in defining brake drum cleaning methods (such as the wet vacuum
method) which control asbestos from worn brake linings. These studies
will also aid in defining techniques to recover freon from the air
conditioning systems of junked cars.
- Methodologies for the separation and identification of toxic chemicals
in the sediment matrix will be developed since adequate methodologies
are not presently available. The specific approach in the development
of such methods and techniques will involve sampling, extraction of toxics
from sediment, separation, identification and quantification using gas-
chromatography mass-spectrometry. Initiating this work will develop
an inhouse capability for analyzing toxics in sediments and will aid in
defining the bio-availability of toxics in aquatic environments.
- In 1980, studies are also being initiated to develop methodologies for
measuring toxic impurities of trace levels in commercial toxic substances.
Initial work will focus on measuring PCB impurities in oils. These
studies will provide methodologies to identify the occurrence of trace
level toxic impurities in chemicals used in large quantities. The
identification of such trace impurities will enable the Agency to define
and reduce potential risk associated with toxics to humans.
TS-30
-------
1980 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The net decrease of $34,900 results from several actions. An increase of $5,300
results from the cost of the October 1979 pay raise and is included in a proposed
supplemental appropriation. A congressional reduction of $2 million to Agency salary
costs resulted in a decrease of $31,800. An overall reprogramming throughout the Agency
to provide sufficient salary funds to cover authorized workyears resulted in a decrease
of 543,100 to this activity.
A transfer of $10,000 was made to management and support to lab support for lab
maintenance costs due in part to increasing costs of energy, A reprograiiming of $1,000
was made to toxic substances transport and fate to help cover the cost of a symposium
on the state of the art of the use of lab rate data in predicting environmental fate of
new chemicals. A transfer of $45,700 was made from the air media, from transport and
fate to support a transfer of personnel effected in 1979,
1981 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $955,200 and 8 permanent workyears for this program,
of which $381,100 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $574,100 for
extramural purposes under the Research and Development appropriation. With the increase
of $352,600 work will be expanded on the identification of toxics in sediments and
initiate work on the characterization of toxics in plants and marine animals.
Work will be initiated on the development of separation, characterization, and
quantification methodologies for toxics in air. Emphasis will be placed on the
application of these methodologies in the determination of concentration and movement
of toxic chemicals in air near chemical manufacturing plants. These studies will be
expanded to include gases and toxics adsorbed in particulates. Current methodologies
for analysis of toxics in particulates are inadequate. These methodologies will be
used by the'Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances and the Office of Enforcement to
measure and identify toxics in air, to generate data for model validation, to estimate
exposure concentrations of toxics in air, and in developing monitoring networks.
Cost-effective detector systems capable of analyzing wide ranges of toxic chemicals
in conjunction with high pressure liquid chromatography will be continued. Emphasis
will be placed on the standardization of the detector system for individual toxic
chemicals. The work on the separation and characterization of toxics bound to sediments
will be expanded. The effect of the nature of sediment and the chemical structure in
the development of methodology will be evaluated. Methodology will be standardized for
one class of toxic chemicals.
Work on the development of methodologies for identification of PCBs in oils will
be continued and oils identified by the Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances will be
examined for possible occurrence of PCBs. These methods will aid in the enforcement
of PCS regulations.
Methodologies for determining asbestos concentrations in the air will be developed
and will be applied in analyzing environmental samples>, Such data will be used in the
validation of exposure models and in defining the risk to humans from asbestos. These
methods will also aid in the development of technologies to control asbestos in the
environment.
Methodologies for separation, identification and quantification of toxic chemicals
in plants and marine animals will be developed. These methods will define exposure
concentration of toxics for use in the development of food chain models. Our current
understanding of food chain toxicity is inadequate and this data is critical to the
total human risk assessment of toxic chemicals.
-------
During 1979, obligations totaled $1,718,900. Included in this total is $1,057,500
for salaries and expenses and $661,400 for extramural purposes. In 1979, the program:
- Developed field sampling methodologies and prepared techniques to extend
the gas chromatograph and mass spectrometry organic screening capability.
Data on 75 to 100 compounds were collected at Houston, Beaumont, Lake
Charles, and at sites in New York and Mew Jersey.
- Concluded controlled laboratory and field studies on fate of the pollutant
aryl phosphate. This compound was found to be present beyond the fence!ine
of industrial facilities.
- Expanded Mass Spectra Search Data Bank to include toxic compounds found in
air and water.
- Characterized the environmental setting of Beaumont/Lake Charles area using
aerial photography and map overlays in support of Region VI, Office of
Enforcement, Office of Research and Development and the Industrial Pollutant
Fate Study. This data will be used to help define the boundaries of the
field study effort.
1980 Program
In 1980, the Agency has allocated a total of $2,085,200 of which $984,800 is for
the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $1,100,400 is for extramural purposes under
the Research and Development appropriation. In 1980, the program will:
- Develop and apply field sampling methodology for organic pollutants
associated with dye and pigment manufacturers and textile plants.
- Initiate an effort to develop field sampling protocols for the
validation of stream models.
- Develop biological screening techniques for Oioxin.
- Develop quality assurance sampling protocol for bulk asbestos.
- Complete design work to streamline Gas Chromatograph/Fpurier
Transform Infra Red measurement capability in order to increase
throughput and reduce costs.
1980 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The net decrease of $115,300 results from several actions. An increase of $24^900
results from the cost of the October 1979 pay raise and is included in a proposed
supplemental appropriation. A congressional reduction of $2 million each to Agency
travel costs and salary costs resulted in a decrease of $4,500 and $167,000, respectively.
An overall reprograflirning throughout the Agency to provide sufficient salary funds to
cover authorized workyears resulted in a decrease of $18,700 to this activity.
A transfer of $50,000 was made from water quality from technical support to provide
additional support to the technical support program under the toxic substances activity.
-------
1981 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $2,291,500 and 18 permanent workyears for this
program, of which $1,312,500 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and |979,000
for extramural purposes under the Research and Development appropriation. The increase
of $206,300 will be used to augment field validation activities. In 1981, the program will:
- Continue fenceline monitoring studies to develop and apply both Gas
Chromatograph and Mass Spectrometry organic screening techniques and
non-Gas Chromatograph and Mass Spectrometry techniques.
- Continue field support for model validation, including completion of
sampling protocols for validation of stream models.
- Adapt biological monitoring techniques for rapid screening of chemicals.
- Investigate non-reactive, multielement techniques to simplify routine
measurement of large numbers of samples,
* Develop quality assurance protocols in support of specific TSCA
regulations.
- Develop comprehensive sampling protocols for analyzing asbestos in
various products.
-------
Toxic Substances Strategies
Appropriation
Testing and Evaluation:
Salaries and Expenses..
Abatement, Control
and Cotnpl i ance» i > . .
Chemical Control:
Salaries and Expenses..
Abatement, Control
and Compliance.......
Information Integration:
Salaries and Expenses..
Abatement, Control
Toxi c Management:
Salaries and Expenses..
Abatement, Control
Total :
Salaries and Expenses..
Abatement, Control
Permanent Positions
Testing and Evaluation.
Chemical Control.......
Information Integration
Total
Full-time Equivalency
Testing and Evaluation.
Chemical Control.......
Information Integration
Toxics Management......
Total
Actual
1979
$3,592
13,453
2,275
4,406
5,214
11,437
1,033
40
12,114
29,336
41 ,450
117
76
87
33
313
118
64
89
38
309
Budget
Estimate
1980
Current
Estimate
1980
Estimate
1981
(dollars in thousands)
$10,387 $6,106 $7,241
26,258 23,856 23,182
5,773 4,618 5,151
6,358 6,736 6,733
4,023 7,165 6,879
11,524 13,040 13,740
1,220 1,152 909
80 80
21 ,403
44,140
65,543
243
164
103
43
553
223
149
131
47
550
19,041
43,712
62,753
178
139
128
41
486
201
156
151
47 ,
555
20,180
43,735
63,915
207
147
130
18
502
23D
164
153
28
575
Increase +
Decrease -
1981 vs. 1980
+$1,135
-674
+533
-3
-286
+700
-243
* *
+1,139
+23
+1,162
+29
+8
+2
-23
+16
+29
«+8
+2
-19
+20
TS-34
-------
Toxic Substances Strategies
Original Revised
Estimate Estimate President's
1981 1981 Reduction
Appropriation
Testing and Evaluation:
Salaries and Expenses. ......
Abatement, Control and
Compliance. .. ............
Chemical Control:
Salaries and Expenses. ......
Abatement, Control and
Information Integration:
Salaries and Expenses. ......
Abatement, Control and
^xic Management:
Abatement, Control and
Compliance.
Total :
Abatement, Control and
Compliance
Grand Total
(dollars
$7,241
23,182
5,151
6,733
6,879
13,740
909
80
20,180
43,735
63,915
in thousands)
$7,197
23,182
5 , 120
6,733
6,851
13,740
903
80
20,071
43,735
63,806
-$44
-31
*
-28
* *
-6
* *
-109
* *
-109
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Page Intentionally Blank
-------
The Agency requests a total of $63,915,800 and 502 permanent workyears for 1981,
an increase of $1,162,300 and over 16 permanent workyears for 1980. Included in this
total is $20,181,000 for Salaries and Expenses and $43,734,800 for Abatement, Control
and Compliance, with increases of $1,139,200 and $23,100, respectively. These resources
will permit expanded development of testing requirements and conduct of assessments to
provide an adequate information base for present and future action under the Toxic
Substances Control Act (TSCA) and other toxics related programs. The program for review
of and action on new chemical notifications will be fully operational. Control actions
will be taken on selected chemicals identified as posing unreasonable risks. Required
information gathering and management, monitoring, and economics support for these
activities will be provided.
Program Description
The toxic substances strategies subactivity is comprised of the testing and
evaluation, chemical control, information integration, and toxics management elements.
These elements cover the Agency's testing, assessment, new chemical review, existing
chemical control, economics, recordkeeping and reporting, data management, monitoring,
toxic substances coordination, and industry assistance responsibilities under the Toxic
Substances Control Act (TSCA).
Testing and Evaluation - The goals and objectives of the TSCA testing and evaluation
program aim to increase efficiency and scientific credibility of toxic substances
program assessments and regulations. They are: (1) develop a cost-effective testing
scheme for determining experimentally the health and environmental effects of chemicals;
related to this goal is the annual review of all test standards for revision as necessary
to maintain an up-to-date and comprehensive scheme; (2) obtain test data where required
for making evaluations of risk and to assure the quality of data; (3) develop a
scientifically sound chemical assessment system; and (4) provide assessments of risk
and exposure required to support toxic substances control actions.
A major feature of TSCA is the authority to require industry to test selected
chemicals for their possible adverse effects on health and the environment. Adequate
test data, currently unavailable for most chemicals, are a prerequisite to the evaluation
of a chemical's risk. Such evaluations are needed to define and implement appropriate
regulatory actions under TSCA and other statutes aimed at protecting health and the
envi ronment.
The testing authority of TSCA is implemented by promulgating rules specifying the
chemicals to be tested and the "test standards" that are to be followed in performing
the testing. The test standards, which TSCA requires to be reviewed and updated
annually, specify the effects to be evaluated and the nature of the tests and test
protocols to be followed in so doing. EPA will propose a structure of test standards
to be referenced in adopting test rules for specific chemicals. These standards will
first be based on existing validated test methods, and then expanded to cover other
effects such as neurotoxicity and overall ecosystem imparts. Based upon the required
annual review, these test standards will be refined and improved.
-------
Promulgation of test rules applying the relevant test standards to specific
chemicals will be done in response to the semiannual recommendations of the TSCA
Interagency Testing Committee (HC) established by Section 4(e) of TSCA, as well as for -
other chemicals whose needs for testing have been identified through the evaluation
process described below. As TSCA requires, within 12 months of receiving recommendations
from the ITC, EPA will either initiate rulemaking to require the recommended testing or
publish its reasons for not so doing.
Evaluating the hazards associated with production, use, and disposal of chemicals
to determine if such activities pose unreasonable risks is the cornerstone of the TSCA
program. Certain evaluation efforts, such as evaluating "notices of substantial risk"
submitted by industry as required by Section 8(e), evaluating citizen petitions submitted
under Section 21, and evaluating notices submitted by industry prior to the manufacture
of a new chemical as required by Section 5 are based upon outside input. Other evaluation
activities, such as systematic identification and assessment of potentially high-risk
existing or new chemicals, are initiated by EPA and are critical to the effective
application of TSCA regulatory authorities.
Chemicals of concern identified through review of substantial risk notifications
and other sources will be entered into a multistage hazard evaluation process, with a
decision being made at the end of each stage whether to continue on to the next, more
intensive stage of evaluation. Alternate decisions at a given stage include dropping
current consideration because of apparent low hazard potential, subjecting the chemical
to testing requirements to fill critical data gaps, or referring the chemical to another
program or agency having authority to deal with any apparent hazards. Chemicals having
completed all evaluation stages will have received a full evaluation-of their sources,
exposure potential, and adverse effects, as well as an investigation of their existing
regulatory controls and identification of possible control options to reduce health
and/or environmental risks associated with their production, use, and disposal. Such
evaluations will provide a basis for initiating suitable regulatory actions under TSCA
or other relevant authorities.
Chemical Control - The goal of the chemical control program is to protect
human health and the environment by controlling new and existing chemical substances
that present unreasonable risks of injury to health or the environment. This goal
will be accomplished through implementation of the premanufacturing notification,
control regulations, and imminent hazard regulatory provisions of TSCA, The major
objectives are determination of unreasonable risk based upon evaluation of chemical
substances on health, environmental, social, and economic factors; use of the least
burdensome type of control (regulatory or nonregulatory) necessary to reduce or
prevent unreasonable risk; and provision of all the economic analysis necessary to
implement TSCA.
One of the major functions of the chemical control program is to review notices
and information regarding the manufacture of new chemicals (i.e., those not listed in
the inventory of existing chemicals) and the manufacture or processing of chemicals for
significant new uses. This includes review of the notices for compliance with applicable
rules and guidelines and for "newness," action on exemption requests, review of data in
the notices and information gathered through data systems searches and reporting
requirements, determination of unreasonable risks, and taking of appropriate control
actions informally, and under TSCA or recommending referrals to other programs n'thin
EPA or other Federal, State, and local government entities. Significant new use rules
will be established which require notification to EPA of new uses of new or existing
chemicals determined to be significant based on exposure and other factors.
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unreasonable risk and to limit or control the manufacturing, processing, distribution,
use, or disposal of chemicals which pose or may pose unreasonable risks to health or
the environment. An additional function is to conduct economic studies to support
these actions as well as testing and evaluation, reporting and recordkeeping and to
prepare necessary special economic analyses.
Information Integration - The TSCA information integration program is charged with
the responsibility to provide a comprehensive program for chemical information collection,
storage and retrieval and a cohesive Federal approach to controlling unreasonable risfes
associated with chemicals. Having these capabilities, it is also charged with providing
ell information support to the risk assessment, premanufacturing notification review,
chemical control and testing programs. Information integration support activities are
crucial to promulgating timely and defensible chemical control regulations and testing
rules. These objectives are met through programs that: (1) obtain chemical information
from industry using recordkeeping and reporting rules promulgated under the authority of
Section 8 of TSCA for the use of the toxic substances program and others in assessing
and regulating chemical hazards; (2) establish and use information storage and retrieval
systems and data bases to serve the information needs of toxic substances and other
programs, while maintaining adequate control of chemical information and data to assure
the security of confidential business information; (3) analyse and manipulate available
chemical data bases to identify and order chemicals of concern to the toxic substances
program; (4) provide environmental, human, animal, and biota monitoring and exposure
data and analysis to support risk assessments, premanufacturing review, and chemical
control activities; (5) provide mechanisms and analytic support for coordinating and
integrating the toxic substances program policies and activities with those of other
EPA programs, EPA regions, State and local governments, public interest groups, other
Federal agencies, and other countries; (6) provide information to assist industry in
complying with TSCA provisions and provide feed back from industry regarding TSCA
implementation; (7) work toward developing internationally recognized testing protocols,
good laboratory practices, and harmonized approaches to regulate toxic chemicals.
Toxics Management - The goals of the regional toxics management program are to
implement selected TSCA objectives at the State and local levels, and to provide limited
integration support to the Agency's regional implementation of intermedia toxic
substances activities. The major objectives and functions to be accomplished are:
- Providing expertise to State and local governments as they implement
the Voluntary School Asbestos Program.
- Ensuring the provision of adequate, timely, and responsive information
and assistance to the public and industry within the region.
- Facilitating the use of TSCA-gathered and other chemical information
by the public. State and local government, labor and industry.
- Providing support to activities aimed at promoting efficient and
effective Federal toxic substances programs through cooperation with
other Federal agencies at the regional level.
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Accomplishments >Wi:
In 1979, the Agency expended a total of $17,044,600 for this program, of which
$3,591,700 was for Salaries and Expenses and $13,452,900 was for extramural purposes.
During 1979, EPA made significant progress in implementing the TSCA Section 4 testing
program. Two sets of health effects test standards were proposed, covering a wide
range of effects (oncogenicity, chronic toxicity, combined oncogenicity/chronic toxicity,
acute effects, subchronic effects, mutagenicity, teratogenicity, reproductive effects,
and metabolism studies) and Good Laboratory Practices. The first Section 4 test rule
was developed and will be proposed in early 1980. This rule will require toxicological
health effects testing a number of chemicals recommended by the Interagency Testing
Committee (JTC). While testing cannot be required categorically for all new chemicals
under Section 4, manufacturers must submit to EPA all test data and other available
information on a chemical before it is manufactured. In 1979, the Agency published in
the Federal Register a discussion of the pertinent issues involved in developing testing
guidelines for new chemicals and a compilation of reference test methods. Based on the
comments received, proposed testing guidelines will be issued in 1980.
Multistage assessment processes have been implemented for new chemical end existing
chemical evaluations. The premanufacture review program began in 1979, and the testing
and evaluation program performed initial risk evaluations on each of the eleven new
chemicals received. The existing chemical assessment program was fully operational.
The number of Section 8(e) Notices of Substantial Risk received up through the end of
1979 totaled 310. All notices required evaluation and follow-up, with 20-25 percent
requiring detailed follow-up. In 1979, eight chemicals reached the more detailed stages
of review, with one, asbestos, the subject of a regulatory risk assessment, and another,
nitrilotriacetic acid, the subject of a detailed risk assessment.
1980 Program
In 1980, the Agency has allocated a total of $29,962,400 to this program, of which
$6,106,600 is for Salaries and Expenses and $23,855,800 is for extramural purposes
under the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. Continuing the development
of the Section 4 testing program, we plan to propose three testing rules. The first
will be the rule which was developed in 1979 for health effects testing. The second
will require both health and environmental effects testing of chemicalss and the third
will cover environmental effects testing for chemicals covered in the first two health
effects testing rules. The Agency also plans to promulgate the first of these testing
rules in 1980. The chemicals and categories in each of these testing rules will derive
from the Interagency Testing Committee's (ITC) recommendations. We plan to promulgate
the nine test standards proposed 1n 1979 in final form based on comments and public
hearings held in October 19/9, and to propose 12 additional test standards. Most of
the latter will be environmental test standards, to be referenced in the second and
third testing rules requiring environmental testing of chemicals in addition to health
testing.
Testing and evaluation plans to provide risk assessment support to a fully
operational premanufacture review program. Anticipating 400 new chemicals, the following
assessments are planned: 392 Initial Reviews, 35 Intermediate Risk Assessments, and
approximately 15 Full Risk-Assessments in support of either Section 5{e) or Section 5',f)
actions (new chemical control actions). We plan to perform 330 preliminary evaluations
of existing chemicals, (including Section 8(e) Substantial Risk Notices) and 67 Chemical
Hazard Information Profiles (CHIPs). In 1980, 17 chemicals are projected for the
detailed review stages. Of these, four will be the subject of regulatory risk assessments,
two of which will be the subject of actual proposed regulations in 1980.
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$232,300 results from the cost of the October 197-9 pay raise and Is included in a
proposed supplemental appropriation, A congressional reduction of 52 million each to
Agency travel costs and salary costs resulted in a decrease of $39,600 and $400,000,
respectively. An overall reprogramming throughout the Agency to provide sufficient
salary funds to cover authorized workyears resulted in a decrease of $1,513,600 to this
activity.
A reprogramming of $4,961,700 was made within the toxic substances media to
information integration to correct the imbalance in resources and outputs between lead
programs in testing, new chemical review and control, and existing chemical review and
control and the support activities these programs require. These support activities
include literature searching, monitoring, data processing and retrieval, document
tracing, production and maintenance of the TSCA Inventory and industry assistance.
1981 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $30,423,600 and 207 permanent workyears for this
program, of which $7,241,500 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and
$23,182,100 for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. In 1981, the
Section 4 testing program will be close to fully operational. The Agency plans to
promulgate the second and third testing rules proposed in 1980, and to propose three
additional testing rules. These will require both health end environmental testing of
chemicals and categories recommended by the Interagency Testing Committee (ITC). The
nine test standards promulgated in 1980 will undergo annual review as mandated by TSCA;
the 12 test standards proposed in 1930 will be promulgated; and 15 additional test
standards will be proposed. This will allow for a comprehensive testing scheme aimed
at cost-effectively evaluating a chemical's health and environmental effects. The test
standards proposed in 1981 will include important health effects such as neurotoxicity
and behavioral effects for which standards were not available initially. They will
also include environmental test standards to be used in identifying the ecological
effects and environmental fate of chemicals.
In the assessment area, the Agency plans strong programs both for new chemicals
and existing chemicals. Anticipating 400 new chemicals, the plan is: 392 Initial
Reviews, 26 Intermediate Risk Assessments, and approximately 16 Full Risk Assessments
in support of Section 5(e) or Section 5(f) control actions. For existing chemicals,
330 Preliminary Evaluations (including Section 8(e) Substantial Risk Notices) and 67 Chemical
Hazard Identification Profiles (CHIPs), 17 detailed reviews, and 4 in-depth risk
assessments in support of control regulations will be conducted.
CHEMICAL CONTROL
1979 Accompli shments
In 1979, $6,681,300 was expended'for this program. Of this, $2,275,100 was expended
for salaries and expenses, and $4,406,200 for extramural purposes. The rules and forms
were proposed for the implementation of the premanufacture notification program for new
chemicals. Since this program is mandated by TSCA to be in effect 30 days after
publication of the Initial Chemical Substances Inventory (published July 1, 1979),
interim guidelines were published for operating the premanufacture notification program
until final rules and forms are promulgated. In 1979, 11 "new" chemicals were reviewed
for their potential health and environmental- effects. In addition, during 1979 the
roles of other EPA program offices' and Federal agencies' involvement in reviewing
premanufacture notices were defined.
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For existing chemicals (Section 6), the final rule banning the manufacturing,
processing, distribution, and uses of polychlorinated biphenyls was promulgated. A
technical assistance program was put in place to provide the technical information
needed by school officials to assess and control the potential hazard from sprayed
asbestos materials. The technical and economic feasibility of alternatives for the
nonaerosol uses of chlorofluorocarbons was investigated. Work was begun on a generic
labeling regulation for toxic and hazardous materials. Finally, three additional
chemical investigations (asbestos use, dioxins, and benzidene dyes) were initiated.
Economic analysis was provided to support the regulatory activities listed above,
to the rulemaking activities under Sections 8(a), 8(c), and 8{d) of TSCA, and to the
testing rules under Section 4. A study on the economic costs for options under Section
13 regarding imports was completed and a 2-year study or. the use of economic incentives
to reduce nonaerosol emissions of chlorofluorocarbons was finished.
1980 Program
In 1980, the Agency has allocated a total of 511,353,800 to this program, of which
$4,618,100 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $6,735,700 is for extramural
purposes under the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. These resources
will be used for economic analysis, the development of existing chemical control rules,
and for support of the new chemical review process.
The final rules and forms for implementing the new chemical review process will be
promulgated. Four hundred (400) chemicals are expected to be received and they will be
initially screened for hazard based on the notice data. Effects and exposure data will
be screened and selected chemicals will be subjected to further assessment. Notices
that do not comply with the rules or that have insufficient data will be subject to &
prohibition or limitation order pending development of additional information. If an
unreasonable risk is determined to exist, an injunction or administrative order banning
or controlling the chemical (approximately 15) will be issued within the notice period.
Chemicals that do not warrant immediate controls but might do so in the future (e.g.,
if exposure were to increase) will be the subject of significant new use rules.
Arrangements will be made to provide to other offices or agencies information received
in premanufacture notices that would be useful to implementing other statutes.
For existing chemicals, a generic labeling rule will be proposed in conjunction
with OSHA. Two asbestos rules will be proposed in 1980; one, on the control of asbestos
in school building and one, on asbestos use. A regulatory decision on the nonaerosol
uses of chlorofluorocarbons will be made and implemented. The requests for exemptions
to the PCB rules (mandated by TSCA) will be processed and a rule prohibiting PCBs in
food processing plants will be proposed and made final in 1980. Several chemicals or
classes of chemicals will be investigated for possible regulatory action in 1981,
including 1, 2-dichloroethane and benzene.
Economic analysis will be provided for.the premanufacture review program, the
regulatory actions on existing chemicals, for the impact of testing regulations, and
for information gathering rules under Section 8 of TSCA. Three major economic studies
will be started in 1980. They are: 0) testing laboratory availability, (2) a risk-
benefit study, and (3) a study on the overall impact of TSCA on the chemical industry.
TS-40
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The net decrease of $777,600 results from several actions. An increase of $163,700
results from the cost of the October 1979 pay raise and is included in a proposed
supplemental appropriation. A congressional reduction of $2 million each to Agency
travel costs and salary costs resulted in a decrease of $30,700 and $400,000, respectively.
An overall reprogramnring throughout the Agency to provide sufficient salary funds to
cover authorized workyears resulted in a decrease of $510,600 to this activity.
1981 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $11,884,000 and 147 permanent workyears for this
program, of which $5,151.000 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $6,733,000
for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. About 400 new chemicals are
expected to be reviewed. Data provided from the notice, as well as additional data
received from literature searches and reporting, will be used to select chemicals for
complete assessments. Of these, 16 may warrant regulatory action and other new chemicals
will be subject to significant new use rules (SNURs) or to referrals to other EPA
programs or other Agencies.
For existing chemicals, rulemaking will continue on those chemicals selected in
1980. Additional chemicals will be selected for control in conjunction with the risk
assessment process and from referrals of additional chemicals which may present an
unreasonable risk. The two asbestos rules and the labeling rule proposed in 1980 will
be promulgated in 1981. Generic chemical classes will be studied for possible regulatory
action including an investigation of solvents.
Economic analyses will be completed for existing chemicals that are being regulated.
Analyses will also be conducted on regulations under Section 5, and to support other
toxic substances program regulations, including testing guidelines and recordkeeping
and reporting. The three studies started in 1980 will be completed and published.
INFORMATION INTEGRATION
1979 Accompli shments
In 1979, the Agency expended a total of $16,650,600 for this program, of which
$5,214,000 was for salaries and expenses and $11,436,600 was for extramural purposes.
Programs established in 1978 which were maintained and enhanced included Section 8
recordkeeping and reporting, toxic substances integration, public participation, chemical
information systems and services, monitoring survey and analysis, and assistance to
industry. Program accomplishments in 1979 included:
- Publishing the Inventory of Chemicals in Commerce required by
Section 8(b) of TSCA and making it available to the public in
hard copy, computer tape, and microfiche form.
- Establishing the support services contracts to conduct materials
balances, exposure assessments and statistical design and analysis
for chemicals undergoing assessment or subject to regulatory action.
- Continuing to maintain, update and enhance the data base for the
Inventory of Chemicals in Commerce.
TS-41
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development.
- Obtaining the concurrence of 24 nations' environmental ministers
that chemical control harmonization is the top priority for the
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)
environment program.
- Developing an outstanding record of information and assistance
to industry.
- Supporting three regional pilot programs to foster public
participation and establishing a program to encourage public
involvement in TSCA rule development.,
- Funding toxic substances information programs in five states
utilizing the authority of Section 28 of TSCA.
1980 Program
In 1980, the Agency has allocated a total of $20,205,700 to this program, of which
$7,165,500 is for Salaries and Expenses and $13,040,200 is for extramural purposes
under the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. Information integration will:
- Propose 13 recordkeeping and reporting rules under the authority of
TSCA Sections 8, 12, 13 and 20 and promulgate nine rules.
- Establish a capability to analyze available chemical data bases to
identify chemicals of concern for testing, risk assessment and
regulation.
- Begin to operate three additional modules of the Chemicals in
Commerce Information System for health and safety data, pre-
manufacturing notification data, and testing data.
- Revise policies and procedures for protection of confidential
business data.
- Provide all necessary literature searching, document control and
tracking, materials balance studies and exposure assessments to
support test rule development, premanufacturing notification
review, risk assessment, and chemical control.
- Provide second year funding for three regional public participation
programs.
- Provide funding for public Involvement in development of three
proposed chemical control regulations.
- Begin to operate both the preprototype and the prototype of the
interagency Chemical Substances Information Network (CSIN).
TS-42
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authority of Section 28 of TSCA.
- Reach agreement with OECD members on consistent test methodologies
for chemicals in commerce, a common base set of data to be
generated for new chemicals, and the general principles of good
laboratory practices to assure data quality.
- Publish the Revised Inventory of Chemicals in Commerce.
1980 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The net increase of $4,659,200 results from several actions. An increase of
5158,800 results from the cost of the October 1979 pay raise and is included in a
proposed supplemental appropriation. A congressional reduction of $2 million each to
Agency travel costs and salary costs and $1 million to ADP costs resulted in a decrease
of $29,700, $200,000, and $60,000, respectively. An overall reprogramming throughout
the Agency to provide sufficient salary funds to cover authorized workyears resulted in
a decrease of $171,600 to this activity.
A reprogramming of $4,961,700 was made within the toxic substances media from
testing and evaluation to correct the imbalance in resources and outputs between lead
programs in testing, new chemical review and control, and existing chemical review and
control and the support activities these programs require. These support activities
include literature searching, monitoring, data processing and retrieval, document
tracking, production and maintenance of the TSCA Inventory and industry assistance.
1981 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $20,618,800 and 130 permanent workyears for this
program, of which $6,879,100 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and
$13,739,700 is for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. In 1981, the
program will:
- Double the number of chemical substances included in the identification
component of CSIN and add six major data bases to the system.
- Make CICIS fully operational to provide computer support to assist in
TSCA regulatory decision-making.
- Propose nine additional recordkeeping and reporting rules and promulgate
11 rules.
- Continue to analyze available chemical data bases for selecting and
ordering chemicals of concern of TSCA.
- Begin several new toxic chemical anticipatory monitoring projects.
- Continue to fully support testing, premanufacturing notification
review, risk assessment, chemical control regulation development and
recordkeeping and reporting rule development, using information
systems and services, monitoring programs and industry assistance.
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In 1979, the Agency expended a total of $-1,073,300 for this program, of which
$1,032,900 was for salaries and expenses and $40,400 was for extramural purposes. The
regions have:
- Largely completed defining and refining the appropriate processes
for integrating toxic substances activity in the regions.
- The first round of State/EPA cooperative agreement awards under
Section 28 of TSCA has been completed; toxic substances staff in
three regions are managing these agreements.
- States from nine regions applied for funding in the second round;
regional staff provided assistance to applicants.
- The regions have been engaged in a concerted effort to work with
State and local health, environmental, and education offices to
implement EPA's program to identify and correct asbestos problems
in schools.
- Regional staff represent EPA on the Interagency Regulatory Liaison
Group and participate actively in several regulatory working groups.
- All regions have established and are operating toxics information
activities.
- The regions have also established industry and public assistance
programs, including information dissemination and conducting or
participating in training sessions directed to specific rules
such as premanufacturing notification.
1980 Program
In 1980, the Agency has allocated a total of $1,231,600 to this program, of which
$1,151,600 is for Salaries and Expenses and $80,000 is for extramural purposes under
the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
- The most substantial regional efforts will be devoted to the
Voluntary School Asbestos Program, to managing the eight State/
EPA cooperative agreements awarded in 1979 and 1980, to continued
efforts to integrate inter-media regional toxic substances
programs, and to industry and public assistance programs.
- TSCA implementation efforts,will shift, from regional input to
rulemaking, to regional enforcement.
- A .major new program will educate various public and private
groups as to the availability and utility of several chemical
information data bases, and inform regional managers, through
analyses of these information sets, of heretofore unsuspected
problems -- particularly those unique to the region.
TS-44
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The net increases of $11,700 results from several actions. An increase of $45,100
results from the cost of the October 1979 pay raise and is included in a proposed
supplemental appropriation, A congressional reduction of $2 million each to Agency
travel costs and supplies and expenses resulted in a decrease of $5,800 and $300,
respectively. An overall reprogramming throughout the Agency to provide sufficient
salary funds to cover authorized workyears resulted in an increase of $3,400 to this
activity.
The regional offices reprogrammed funds in order to cover projected costs based on
1979 expenditures, from solid waste, $30,400; to water quality, $7,000; to interdisciplinary
$24,400; to management and support, $11,500; to pesticides, $21,700; and from toxic
substances enforcement, $3,500.
1981 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $989,400 and 18 permanent workyears for this program,
of which $909,400 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $80,000 is for the
Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. The 1981 regional toxics management
program will be limited to:
- Providing adequate and timely assistance to industry and the public.
- Apprising various public and private groups of the availability and
utility of chemical information in most regions through headquarters
contractual support.
- Continuing regional participation in the Voluntary School Asbestos
Program.
- Management of EPA/State, cooperative agreements will become a
headquarters responsibility.
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Budget Current Increase +
Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease -
1979 1980 1980 1981 1981 vs. 1980
(dollars in thousands) .
Appropriation
Toxic Substances Enforcement:
Salaries and Expenses $2,254 $2,771 $2,455 $2,711 +$256
Abatement, Control and
Compl iance 1,005 1,025 1.489 2.481 +992
Total 3,259 3,796 3,944 5,192 +1,248
Permanent Positions 48 78 73 86 +13
Full-time Equivalency 70 82 82 95 +13
Budget Request
A total of $5,191,600 and 86 permanent workyears is requested in 1981 for this
program. Included in this total is $2,710,800 for Salaries and Expenses, and $2,480,800
for Abatement, Control, and Compliance, with increases of $256,100 and $991,700,
respectively. These resources are to carry out the enforcement provisions of regulations
implementing the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) and to enforce the provisions of
the Act. The increase of 13 permanent workyears and $1,247,800 is necessary because of
the increased number of enforceable rules promulgated under the Act which will require
enforcement in 1981.
Program Description
The EPA toxic substances enforcement program is administered pursuant to the Toxic
Substances Control Act (TSCA). The toxic substances enforcement program is responsible
for developing the enforcement provisions of regulations implementing TSCA and for
enforcing the Act. The enforcement program assists in the development of regulations
to control specific chemical substances and mixtures and to assure the development and
submission of reliable data relating to toxic chemicals, and prepares and executes
enforcement strategies to implement these regulations.
The toxic substances enforcement program also engages in response to toxic
emergencies involving substantial threats to public health or the environment and in
taking appropriate action to abate such emergencies, through either legal or administrative
proceedings.
A major function of the toxic substances enforcement program is the inspection of
chemical manufacturing, processing, and distribution facilities whose activities are
regulated under the Act and its implementing regulations. Inspections of^such facilities
lead to prosecutions of violators discovered during the inspections. Violators may be
prosecuted either through administrative civil proceedings or by judicial proceedings
in which a court may impose a number of civil or criminal sanctions.
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TOXIC SUBSTANCES
Toxic Substances Enforcement
Original Revised
Estimate Estimate President's
1981 1981 Reduction
(dollars in thousands)
Appropriation
Toxic Substances Enforcement:
Salaries and Expenses.....* $2,711 $2,695 -$16
Research and Development.......... 2,481 2,481 ._..
Total. 5,192 5,176 -16
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Resources for this program were $3,259,400. Contracts in the amount of $1,005,100
were established for inspection support, sample chemical analysis, and revisions or
additions to inspector, attorney, and case proceedings manuals. In 1979:
- Interim enforcement strategies were completed for Section 4 (testing),
Section 5 (new chemicals), Section 8 inventory, Section 8(c), Section
8(e), and for the CFC ban and the PCB ban regulations.
- A final overall TSCA enforcement strategy was developed, as was a
final PCB marking and disposal regulation enforcement strategy.
- Assistance was provided to the Office of Toxic Substances in the
development of new regulations,
- Regulatory audiences affected by all new TSCA regulations were
identified, and inspection procedures and regional implementation
guidance for new regulations were developed.
- An interim penalty policy was completed, draft consolidation rules
of practice were prepared, and a draft PCB inspection manual was
completed.
< Assistance was provided in developing health effects standards, good
laboratory practices for health effects, draft ecological effects
test standards, and inspection procedures for ecological effects
testing under Section 4.
- Program staff also participated in the PCB exemptions hearings,
participated in the preparation of numerous imminent hazard cases
involving illegal disposal, handling, or treatment of chemical
substances, conducted inspections of CFC manufacturers, initiated
investigations and prosecuted cases under Sections 6, 8(e), and 17,
and assisted the regions in developing and prosecuting enforcement X
cases, '
- The regional staff responded to emergency incidents, Inspected PCB
and CFC establishments, conducted compliance monitoring activities
under the Section 8(d) inventory provisions, investigated instances
of noncompliance with Section 8(e) substantial risk notification,
and developed and prosecuted enforcement cases upon detection of
violations.
1980 Program
1980 resources for this program are $3,943,800 and 73 permanent workyears, of
which $2,454,700 is for Salaries and Expenses and $1,489,100 is for extramural purposes
under the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. Contract funds amounting to
$1,396,600 will be used for laboratory sample analyses, inspect!one! support, and
development and revision of enforcement strategies.
The 1980 toxic substances enforcement program will continue to have as its first
priority at both headquarters and the regional offices the initiation of enforcement
actions In emergencies Involving substantial threats to public health, safety, and the
environment. Important headquarters activities include the development of a final
penalty policy and completion of final enforcement strategies for the PCB ban and the
CFC ban regulations, Section 4 (testing), Section 5 (new chemicals), Section 8 inventory,
Section S(c), and Section 8(e). Final consolidated rules of practice and a final PCB
j-j 1 -i._ *._ i >,,.1.4..J i_ cv toon
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t> chemical control regulations inciufling PU> marking and disposal, HCK Dan, ana
ban, and 50 inspections of facilities subject to the requirements of Section 8. As
appropn'ate rules are developed and become enforceable for Section 4, Section 5, Section
12, and Section 13 additional inspections will be conducted under those sections.
Enforcement cases will be developed and prosecuted as appropriate upon the detection of
violations.
1980 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The net increase of $148,200 results from several actions. An increase of $82,400
results from the cost of the October 1979 pay raise and is included in e proposed
supplemental appropriation. A congressional reduction of $2 million each to Agency
travel costs and supplies and expenses resulted in a decrease of $24,700 and 511,100,
respectively. An overall reprogramming throughout the Agency to provide sufficient
salary funds to cover authorized workyears resulted in an increase of $116,600 to this
activity.
The regional offices reprpgrammed funds to cover projected costs based on 1579
expenditures from water quality, $4,900; to drinking water, $12,900; to management and
support, $3,500; and to toxic substances management, $3,500.
1981 Plan
A total of $5,191,600 and 86 permanent workyears is requested for this program in
1981, of which $2,710,800 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $2,480,800
for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. The overall increase of 13
permanent workyears and $1,247,800 is necessary because of the increased number of
enforceable rules promulgated under the Act requiring enforcement in 1981. Approximately
$1,426,000 is designated for contracts and will include laboratory analyses of samples,
inspectipnal support, and development and,revision of enforcement strategies. Pilot
cooperative enforcement grants account for $1 million of the increase.
In 1981, the toxic substances enforcement program again will have as its first
priority the initiation of enforcement actions in emergencies involving substantial
threats to public health, safety, or the environment. Headquarters staff will be
responsible for the management and execution of national programs to implement and
enforce Section 4 testing regulations, Section 5 new chemicals regulations, Section
6 chemical control regulations (PCBs, CFCs, and others in place by 1981, including
asbestos and generic labeling), Section 8 reporting regulations, Section 12 export
requirements, and Section 13 import requirements. Headquarters will also provide
enforcement participation in regulation development directed by the Office of Toxic
Substances, and for support to the regional offices in the development and prosecution
of enforcement cases. Under Section 4, headquarters staff will conduct 55 laboratory
audit inspections and will initiate appropriate enforcement cases, and in selected
criminal cases and appealed civil cases., headquarters staff will also participate
directly in case prosecution. The establishment and management of a national contract
for inspection and sample analysis functions will be a headquarters responsibility, as
will the audit and evaluation of the national toxic substances enforcement program.
Technical support will be provided to the regional offices in major enforcement cases.
Toxics Enforcement Policy Statements (TEPS) will be developed and published to alert
the public to major enforcement policy determinations. Finally, a program of developing
pilot cooperative enforcement grants with selected States will be developed and
implemented. Present plans envision grants with about six States, based upon the
presence of regulated chemical industries, especially those related to PCBs, and the
existence of appropriate State statutory authority. A total of $1,000,000 in 1981
resources has been designated for this purpose.
-------
of facilities subject to Section 6 chemical control regulations, including requirements
relating to PCB marking and disposal, PCB ban, CFC ban, asbestos, labeling, and other
enforceable rules as they are developed. The regions will conduct 79 good laboratory
practices (SLP) and test rules inspections for Section 4 testing regulations, 188
inspections under Section 5 new chemicals regulations, 55 inspections under Section 8
reporting requirements, 460 Section 12 export inspections, and 260 Section 13 import
inspections. In all cases, enforcement actions will be initiated as appropriate.
Regional staff will assist headquarters in the development of pilot State grants.
Voluntary compliance with statutory requirements on the part of industry will be stressed
through contracts with State enforcement personnel and affected industry representatives.
-------
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Energy
-------
Page Intentionally Blank
-------
ENERGY
Appropriation
Original
Estimate
1981
Revised
Estimate
1981
President's
Reduction
(dollars in thousands)"
Salaries and Expenses $10,722
Research and Devel opment 96,877
Total $107,599
Program Highlights
Fuel Processing, Preparation
and Advanced Combustion:
Salaries and Expenses...... 2,762
Research and Development.. 15,775
'1 Extration:
.salaries and Expenses 1,057
Research and Development 1,920
Environmental Assessment of
Conventional and Advanced
Energy System:
Salaries and Expenses 1,645
Abatement, Control and
Compliance........ 10,306
Fuel Gas Sulfur Oxide Control:
Salaries and Expenses 368
Research and Development 3,146
Nitrogen Oxide Control:
Salaries and Expenses 1,514
Research and Development 10,970
Flue Gas Particulate Control:
Salaries and Expenses 1,129
Research and Development.......... 6,911
Transport, Fate and Effects of
Energy Related Pollutants:
Salaries and Expenses,. 902
esearch and Development.......... 13,765
$10,678
96,877
$107,555
2,750
15,775
1,052
1,920
1,638
10,306
366
3,146
1,508
10,970
1,125
6,911
900
13,765
-$44
-44
-12
-5
-7
-2
-6
-4
-2
-------
Page Intentionally Blank
-------
ENERGY
Original Revised
Estimate Estimate President's
1981 | 1981 Reduction
(Hollars in thousands)
Atmospheric Transport and Transfor-
mation of Energy Related Pollutants
Salaries and Expenses............. 225
Research and Development.......... 7,395
Measurement Systems and Instrumenta-
tion Development for Energy Related
Pollutants:
Salaries and Expenses.. 974
Research and Development.......... 8,444
Health Effects of Energy Related
Pollutants:
Salaries and Expenses...... 146
asearch and Development 18,245
Total:
Salaries and Expenses............. 10,722
Research and Development 96,877
Grand Total 107,599
$224
7,395
970
8,444
145
18,245
10,678
96,877
-1
4
-1
-44
107,555
-44
-------
Page Intentionally Blank
-------
ENERGY
Appropri at i on
Salaries and
Research and
Development.
Total..........
Budget Current
Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate
1979 1980 I960 1981
(dollars in thousands)
,'... $10,142 $11,078 $11,489 $10,722
.... 102,^46 91,383 89,875 96,877
... 112.588 102.461 101.364 107.599
Increase +
Decrease -
1981 vs. 1980
-$767
+7^002
+6 .235
Permanent Positions.... 185 140 153 150 -3
Full-time Equivalency.. 271 265 259 251 -8
Outlays. 107,000 125,000 104,000 105,000 +1,000
Authorization Levels... Authorization is contained within the Federal Water Pollution
Control Act and the Clean Air Act. Authorization levels for
these Acts are shown under the water quality and air media
descriptions.
Program Highlights.
Fuel Processing,
Preparation and
Advanced Combustion:
Salaries and
Paae
Research and
Fuel Extraction:
Salaries and
Research and
Environmental Assessment
of Conventional and
Advanced Energy System:
Salaries and
Research and
Development.
$1 ,889
10,707
1,061
2,567
1,519
15.762
$2,055
11,089
1,100
1 ,933
1,688
11.706
$2,863
9,959
1 074
1,971
1,670
11.738
$2,762
15,775
1 057
1,920
1 645
10.306
-$101
+5,816
-17
-51
-25
-1.432
E-18
E-22
-------
Flue Gas Sulfur Oxide
Control:
Salaries and
Research and
Devel opment .........
Nitrogen Oxide Control:
Salaries and
Research and
Development. ........
Flue Gas Paniculate
Control:
Salaries and
Expenses. ...........
Research and
Transport, Fate and
Effects of Energy
Related Pollutants:
Salaries and
Research and
Development. ........
238
2 816
1,717
12,16?
723
8,669
1,230
14,908
329
1,560
1,518
12,297
883
7,117
1,299
13,349
ollars in
334
1 457
1,758
11 823
1 099
6,712
894
14.439
thousands)
368
3 146
1,514
10 970
1 129
6,911
902
13.765
+34
+1 689
-244
-853
+30
+199
+8
-674
E-30
E-33
E-36
E-39
Atmospheric Transport
and Transformation of
Energy Related
Pollutants: E-43
Salaries and
Expenses.. 632 375 201 225 +24
Research and
Development 8,030 7,239 6,968 7,395 +427
Measurement Systems and
Instrumentation Develop-
ment for Energy Related _ ,_
Pollutants: E~48
Salaries and
Expenses.. 1,024 1,062 972 974 +2
Research and
Development . 6,862 7,475 7,276 8,444 +1,168
-------
Actual
1979
Health Effects of Energy
Related Pollutants-
Salaries and
Research and
Development 19
Total:
Salaries and
Expenses ............ 10
Research and
Development 102
Grand Total 112
Permanent Positions
Fuel Processing,
Preparation and
Advanced Combustion....
Environmental Assessment
of Conventional and
Advanced Energy
Flue Gas Sulfur Oxide
Nitrogen Oxide Control.
Flue Gas P articulate
Transport, Fate and
Effects of Energy
Related Pollutants....
Atmospheri c Transport
and Transformation of
Energy Related
Pol 1 utants
Measurement Systems and
Instrumentation Develop-
ment for Energy Related
Poll utants
Health Effects of
Energy Related
Pollutants
Total
109
,963
,142
,446
,588
36
21
25
6
30
14
10
33
8
2
185
Estimate
1980
Estimate
1980
Estimate Decrease -
1981 1981 vs. 1980
(dollars in thousands)
769 624 146
17^618 17,532 18,245
1 1 ,078
91 ,383
102,461
47
22
20
5
23
13
3
3
3
140
11,489
89,875
101,364
48
21
24
5
22
15
3
3
10
2
153
10,722
96 ,877
107,599
48
19
24
5
20
15
4
3
10
2
150
-478
+713
-767
+7 ,002
+6 ,235
r *
-2
* » *
* *
+1
*
-3
E-53
E-13
E-18
E-22
E-30
E-33
E-36
E-39
£-43
£-48
E-53
-------
(dollars in thousands)
Full-time Equivalency
Fuel Processing,
Preparation and Advanced
Combustion 61 72 66 66 ... E-13
Fuel Extraction 36 32 35 31 -4 £-18
Environmental Assessment
of Conventional and
Advanced Energy
Systems.... 39 33 32 32 ... E-22
Flue Gas Sulfur Oxide
Control. 7777 ... E-30
Nitrogen Oxide Control,. 40 36 33 30 -3 E-33
Flue Gas Particulate
Control................ 17 22 22 22 ... E-36
Transport, Fate and
Effects of Energy
Related Pollutants 28 16 17 17 ... E-39
Atmospheri c Transport
and Transformation of
Energy Related
Pollutants 14 7 7 7 ... E-43
Measurement Systems and
Instrumentation Develop-
ment for Energy Related
Pollutants.... 25 34 ' 34 33 -1 E-*"
Health Effects of
Energy Related
Pollutants 4 6_ 6 6 ... E-53
Total 271 265 259 251 -8
OVERVIEW AND STRATEGY
For urgent economic and security reasons, the Nation has embarked upon a major
effort to reduce its dependence upon scarce fuels, particularly foreign petroleum. The
full development and utilization of our domestic energy resources are expected to pose
unprecedented problems to the preservation of air and water quality, and to the
maintenance of a healthful environment free from hazards of the solid, airborne, and
waterborne waste products of domestic energy production and utilization. Foremost
among the barriers to reducing successfully our dependence on imported fuels is the
requirement for environmental protection.
The Federal Government and private industry are today taking steps that will result
in the commitment of billions of dollars to the construction and opertion of conventional
energy and synthethic fuel production facilities, to methods of enhanced oil recovery,
to accelerated development of mining and extraction operations, to other alternative
energy options, and to innovative processes for the more efficent end use of domestic
energy supplies. The formation of the Energy Mobilization Board, steps toward a
-------
jjiiniccn, lueii wui (jui ct iwiij new cucryj' prate anu ua* puittieb, anu actions in tne
major energy Industries all compel the Federal Government to make prompt and far-reaching
decisions regarding environmental control technology and standards. These decisions
are of immediate and urgent concern to State and local governments nationwide. The
lead times for health assessment and control technology development are such that
research programs nust be implemented now if energy development is to be made compatible
with environmental protection.
Program Responsibilities
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has the statutory responsibility to protect
the environment in the course of the national program to develop and use the Nation's
domestic energy resources to lessen our reliance on imported energy sources. Research
and development programs in support of that requirement are mandated by the Clean Air
Act, the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, the Resource Conservation and Recovery
Act, and the Toxic Substances Control Act. Energy development and utilization cut
across virtually every aspect of industrial, utility, commercial, and residential
activity and thus require an exceptionally strong technical and policy basis for
effective and equitable regulatory action. The energy-related environmental activities
described in this summary form the technical foundation for actions to protect the
environment similtaneously with domestic energy development and utilization. They thus
represent the basis for Federal environmental policy, which will be implemented by all
agencies of the Federal Government.
Furthermore, EPA has the responsibility to review and coordinate the research
activities of other Federal agencies with respect to the environments as they pursue
their individual missions contributing to progress toward the national energy goals.
Program Goals
The goals of the energy research and development program are: (1) to provide,
sound data necessary for the Agency to establish effective and practical environmental
regulations and incentives in extraction, processing and utilization of energy resources,
and (2) to provide pollution control options, as soon as practicable, for those
extraction, processing and utilization practices which may cause significant health and
ecological damage.
The research program on the environmental impacts of energy supply and utilization
is integrated with the Agency's operating programs. The resources of this program are
specifically used to prepare the information that will be required for writing or
implementation at least five major regulations. This information includes:
- The engineering performance and costs of control options for SOX, NOx and
particulate matter to be used in establishing the New Source Performance
Standards for industrial boilers.
- Emission factors for some particulate matter from energy and industrial
sources. The Agency is reviewing the National Ambient Air Quality Standard
for total suspended particulate matter and may modify the standard to apply to
fine or respirable particles. Information on emission factors and control
capabilities will be prepared and issued for the development of State
Implementation Plans for the attainment of such a future standard.
-------
- Date on the costs and capabilities of technology for disposing of high
volume solid wastes, i.e., asties, and desulfurization sludges from energy
technologies, to be used in establishing performance standards for disposal
of hazardous wastes under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act.
- Data on the costs and capabilities of control measures for air or water
pollutants and solid waste. This information will be used to prepare guidance
documents for synthethic fuel and other alternative energy production
facilities. These documents will give industry and permitting officials
the information required to make decisions within the time schedules imposed
by the Energy Mobilization Board.
Several severe problem areas have been identified, Synthethic fuels from coal and
oil shale undergo cleaning, gasification, liquefaction, and other processing techniques
which can generate new pollutants whose effects are not known and must be defined. For
example, coal gasification processes are known to generate carcinogenic materials which
may be released into the environment. There are potential cumulative chronic health
and ecological effects of pollutants from new and emerging energy sources, such as advance
combustion systems and geothermal facilities. The increased use of coal and oil shale
in semi arid western areas raises serious questions about the restoration of mined lands
and the degradation of available ground and surface water resources. The expanded
interest in off-shore oil may increase the environmental problems associated with
petroleum extraction, transportation and refining.
Information on the costs and capabilities of control alternatives nust be developed.
Some of the areas in which information is lacking include: (1) the effectiveness of
mining and reclamation measures in controlling air and water pollution and restoring land
productivity, (2) the characterization of toxic materials from combustion or fuel
processing operations, (3) the behavior, persistence and fate of air and water pollutants
released from energy production, (4) understanding of cumulative regional environmental
impacts of energy development and the costs of control programs for mitigation, and
(5) the characterization of the nature, the effects on human health, and the paths
through environmental media, of hazardous wastes generated in energy production, and
usage.
Other research requirements include: better control strategies for the oxides of
nitrogen and sulfur, and better definition of their effects on the ecology of streams
and lakes and soil leaching; determining the effects due to increased domestic coal use
for synthetic fuels and combustion on visibility and productivity of strip mined land;
definition of hazards from organic carcinogens and other toxic substances in air and
water, and in solid waste (covered by Section 3004 of the Resource Conservation and
Recovery Act), together with control strategies. Improving our knowledge of the behavior
and effects of coal pollutants is necessary for rational Federal decisions on acceptable
development levels and required control measures.
The available options for controlling nitrogen oxide emissions from stationary
sources are not presently capable of halting national emissions growth. Current New
Source Performance .Standards, based upon best demonstrated control technology, have led
to coal nitrogen oxide emissions limitations that are still more than twice those for
oil, and three times those for natural gas. The research program to modify combustion
techniques, which includes the development and demonstration of new burner designs,
can reduce coal combustion emissions to levels .comparable to those from oil and gas.
This program will also support the development of new source pollution standards for
industrial boilers and for steam-electric utilities.
-------
EPA coordinates the efforts of 17 Federal organizations under the auspices of
Interagency Energy/Environment Program, Each of the participating Federal agencies has
it own chargemanagement of Federally-owned resources, management of Federal lands,
the development of new fuel sources or cycles, energy conservation, etc. This coordinated
effort develops information on the environmental effects of energy development, for use
by all of the participating agencies. The Interagency Energy/Environment Program
managed by EPA assures that all Federal programs are supported adequately by a well
tailored and coordinated environmental research program. EPA management of this
interagency program reduces duplication in separate agency research programs, and
assures comprehensive coverage of all important environment/energy questions. The
results of the multiagency research program are disseminated through a system of
publications, joint conferences and symposia supported/by EPA's Office of Environmental
Engineering and Technology. This Office also conducts* an annual review of the Department
of Energy (DOE) research and development programs under Section 31 of the Federal Non-
nuclear Research and Development Act, to insure adequate consideration of environmental
requirements.
EPA's energy research and development program is conducted with Federal laboratory
employees and through extramural grants or private contractor projects managed by EPA
research staff. The approach is to: (1) conduct environmental assessments of emerging
energy extraction, processing and utilization techniques to identify new pollutants and
to determine their potential and ecological effects; (2) develop an adequate scientific
basis for effective and practical environmental regulations; (3) provide guidance on
control technology requirements to Federal and industry groups developing new technologies;
(4) assist in the development of control technologies, especially where the Office of
Research and Development has particular expertise; and (5) assess the adequacy of
existing control technologies.
The energy research and development program is reviewed within EPA's joint research
planning and zero based budgeting procedures. The Agency has research coordinating
committees to review research activities so that they can be directed for effective
support of regulatory programs. The activities on inhalable particulates were included
in the control, transport and health effects purview of the research coordinating
committee or. Gaseous and Fine Particulates Pollutants. Research on cooling tower blow
down and discharges from ash and sludge pond was reviewed in the coordinating committee
in support of effluent guidelines. Nitrogen Oxide control was reviewed by the Oxidant
Research Committee. Finally, a new energy research committee will be formed to assure
coordination of energy related environmental research activities across all media.
Budget Request
The Agency requests a total of $107,598,600 for 1981, an increase of $6,234,200
from 1980. Of this total, $10,720,200 is for Salaries and Expenses and $96,878,400 for
Research and Development with a decrease of $768,900 and an increase of $7,000,100 ,
respectively. In addition, the Agency is requesting 150 permanent workyears, a decrease
of 3 from 1980.
-------
implications and effects of the Nation's energy development efforts. This energy/environment
research and development program involves 1? Federal agencies. A comprehensive plan to
classify program content and resources has been developed to assure that the entire range
of Federal energy/environment research and development programs is woven together into
a manageable frame work. This plan identifies research areas by the type of energy
resource, the processes in obtaining and using the energy, and the scientific disciplines
required for research on environmental impacts. The program also includes the development
of pollution options for conventional energy systems and the assessment of the
environmental problems or advantages of new energy technologies being developed by the
Department of Energy.
In addition to its activities with other agencies, EPA conducts, within its own
laboratories, a widely diversified program. The interagency program uses several
mechanisms to minimise duplication of effort by involved Federal agencies. The use of "pass
through" funding allows EPA to reimburse other Federal agencies for performing research
in areas where they have expertise, for EPA's priority programs. Reviews are conducted
and program planning documents are updated annually as basis for managing pass-through
funds. EPA management of the interagency program ensures comprehensive coverage of
environmental concerns.
The program is divided into two broad segments. The health and ecological effects
program; that is, the research activities associated with the behavior and effects of
energy related pollutants once they are in the environment. The control technology
program is designed to provide information on the types and quantities of pollutants
released by energy supply activities and to develop or stimulate the development of
control options where necessary. The control technology program consists of six
subprograms -- fuel processing, preparation and advanced combustion; fuel extraction;
environmental assessments of conventional and advanced energy systems; flue gas sulfur .
oxide control; nitrogen oxide control; and flue gas particulate control. The health
and ecological effects research program has four subprogramsthe transport, fate and
effects of pollutants on organisms and ecosystems; atmospheric transport and transformation
of energy related pollutants; measurement systems and instrumentation development; and
health effects of energy related pollutants.
The specific objectives of the program's major components are discussed below:
Fuel Processing. Preparation and Advanced Combustion This program participates
in the development of advanced technologies for fossil fuel processing by providing
environmental assessments, bench-scale research, technology assessments and guidance in
process control technology. This program works in close cooperation with the Department
of Energy process development and environmental programs to identify and quantify all
residuals from fluidized bed combustors, synthethic fuels from coal processes, oil
shale development, and coal cleaning. Comprehensive environmental assessments will be
performed for these technologies to identify potential environmental problems and
corresponding means for control. <
Fuel Extraction The energy resource extraction program deals with environmefrtal
quality problems associated with the technologies and processes for obtaining fuels;
oil or natural gas extraction; oil shale development; and coal mining. The major
purposes of the research program are: (1) to assess the existing and potential adverse
environmental impacts from active and planned oil and gas production, including storage
and transportation; (2) to develop methods, technology, and equipment to prevent,
control, and abate environmental pollutants from these operations including spill clean-
up; and (3) to document the technical/operational feasibility and the cost effectiveness
of environmental control options.
-------
.Environmental Assessment of Conventional and Advanced Energy Systems -- Research
in this program is designed to assess environmental risks, conduct bench-scale systems
and/or control technology research and identify environmentally, socially, and economically
acceptable alternatives for modified conventional energy systems, advanced energy supply
concepts, and energy conserving techniques. The programs, which will assist EPA in
selecting policies and in setting environmental standards, conducts comprehensive
environmental assessments of energy systems. These integrated technology assessments
quantify the cost/risk/benefit tradeoffs of energy systems and pollution control
alternatives. A comprehensive assessment of unregulated or regulated residuals from
conventional combustion sources is one major project of this program. Other environmental
assessments included in this program will examine: industrial energy conservation,
wastes as fuels, solar energy, energy-related solid and waterborne residuals, geothermal
energy, waste heat recovery, and advanced energy cycles.
Flue Gas Sulfur Oxide Control -- This program develops and evaluates alternative
technologies for the removal of sulfur oxide emissions from flue gas at electricity
generating plants and industrial boilers. The aim of the program is to develop technical
data on which EPA can establish emission standards for sulfur-emitting sources. Efforts
are underway to evaluate existing sulfur oxides removal installations, to assess impacts
of flue gas desulfurization (FGD) technology, and to assess the applicability of FGD
technology to industrial boilers and other sulfur oxide sources.
Nitrogen Oxide (NO*) Control ~ The purpose of this program is to develop the best
practicable technology for the control of NOX emissions from the leading categories of
stationary sources and diesel engines. Stationary source categories include utility boilers,
commercial/industrial boilers, residential heating systems, stationary engines, and
advanced combustion processes. Advanced combustion processes such as advanced coal
burner systems are being studied and fundamental engineering and analytical support
studies are also being conducted to evaluate the potential of these advanced methods
for NOX emission control and energy conservation. The research on controlled combustion
also includes fuel conditioning for sulfur oxide removal.
Flue Gas Particulate Control This program identifies and develops effective
practicable technology to control aerosol emissions. Major research efforts in the
program are: assessment and improvement of conventional systems (electrostatic
precipitators, scrubbers, or fabric filters) for abating aerosol emissions; exploration
of new and improved methods of cojitrol; and bench-scale investigation of specific
control methods for major problem sources (low sulfur coal combustion, new fuels, power
production, and selected industrial processes).
Transport, Fate and Effects of Energy Related Pollutants on Organisms and Ecosystems --
Research efforts in this program develop the ecological data on fresh water, marine,
estuarine and terrestial ecosystems to obtain reliable estimates of the risk associated
with accelerated development and utilization of domestic energy resources. In addition,
water transport and fate research will emphasize the biological accumulation of pollutants
and the transfer of pollutants and end-products through trophic levels. This work is
accomplished by the Department of Energy, Department of the Interior, National Institute
of Environmental Health Sciences, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration,
Tennessee Valley Authority, U.S. Department of Agriculture and Environmental Protection
Agency with funds made available to the Federal Interagency Energy/Environment Program.
The various participating agencies have an array of technical expertise covering many
disciplines.
-------
Additionally, it covers the physical and chemical changes that the pollutants undergo
during their transport. Emphasis in air transport research is on the conversion of
sulfur and nitrogen oxides, chiefly from coal burning power plants, to sulfates and
nitrates. Formation and transport of photochemical oxidants front various energy sources
is also emphasized.
Measurement Systems and Instrumentation Development The purpose of this activity
is to focus and coordinate the research and development on energy-related measurements
and instrumentation which are being performed by the Department of Energy, National
Aeronautics and Space Administration, National Bureau of Standards, National Institute
of Occupational Safety and Health, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and
the Environmental Protection Agency. This program develops monitoring and measurement
technology and obtains environmental data needed to support the Agency efforts in:
visibility protection; acid rain and fine particulate pollution abatement; assessment
of the danger to living coral communities represented by offshore oil and gas drilling; and,
the determination of the correlation between fixed station monitoring data and actual
human exposure to energy-related pollutants.
Health Effects of Energy-Related Pollutants -- The purpose of this activity is to
provide a coordinated effort in the energy-related health effects research undertaken
by the Department of Energy, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences,
National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, and the Environmental Protection
Agency with the funds made available to the Interagency Energy/Environment Program.
The objective of this activity is the development of energy-related health data which
will permit reliable estimates of risk to human health associated with increased
development and utilization of domestic energy resources. The health effects program
examines possible chronic toxic effects of pollutants through a coordinated program of
epidemiological, clinical and toxicological studies, and through the development and
use of rapid and sensitive bioscreening methodologies.
SUMMARY OF INCREASES AND DECREASES (in thousands of dollars)
1980 Energy Program , $101,364
Salaries and Expenses... -767
The decrease is primarily in the health
effects and nitrogen oxide control activities.
Research and Development +7,002
The increase is comprised of a major initiative
in the synthetic fuels area and an increase in
the dry scrubber sulfur oxide control
program. ; -
1981 Energy Program 107,599
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1. Summary of Budget Request
An appropriation of $107,598,600 is requested for 1981. Included in this total is
$96,878,400 for Research and Development and $10,720,200 for Salaries and Expenses,
with an increase of $7,003,100 and a decrease of $768,900, respectively. This represents
a net increase of $6,234,200 over 1980.
An increase of $5,714,900 is requested for Fuel Processing. The increased resources
will be used to provide additional support to promote the commercialization of an
environmentally acceptable synthetic fuels industry as outlined in the President's
National Energy Plan of May 7, 1979. An increase of $1,722,900 is requested in sulfur
oxide control in order to accelerate the dry sulfur oxide control program.
The other control technology programs will be decreased by a net of $2,392,600.
Of this amount, the environmental assessment of conventional and advanced energy systems
will be decreased by $1,457,200 and the evaluation of alternative mining practices and
oil spill clean-up work will be decreased by $68,200. NOv control will be decreased by
$1,096,700 and particulate matter control alternatives will be increased by $229,500.
The program for determining the health and environmental impacts of energy
development will be increased by a net of $1,189,000. Of this amount, the measurement
systems and instrumentation program will be increased by $1,169,800; studies of the
health effects of energy related pollutants will be increased by $234,500; and work on
atmospheric transport and fate of energy related pollutants will be increased by
$450,700. The non-atmospheric transport, fate, and effects of energy-related pollutants
will be decreased by $666,000.
2. Changes from Original 1980 Budget Estimate
Changes from the budget are as follows:
(in thousands of dollars)
Original 1980 estimate $102,461
Congressional reduction to travel....... -38
Proposed supplemental for-pay raise..,.. +280
Reprogramning for salary costs -1,251
Miscellaneous reprogrammings -88
Current 1980 estimate.... 101,364
The congressional reduction of $2 million to Agency travel costs resulted in a
decrease of $38,400 to the energy media,
An increase of $280,600 results from the partial funding of the October 1979 pay
raise which is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation.
An overall reprogranming throughout the Agency to provide sufficient salary funds
to cover authorized workyears resulted in a decrease of $1,250,800 to this media.
Miscellaneous reprogrammings within the Office of Research and Development resulted in
a decrease of $88,000 to the energy media.
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Estimate Estimate
1980 1981
(in thousands of dollars)
Prior year obligations.., , $112,589 $101,423
Effect of congressional changes... -38 ....
Proposed pay raise supplemental......... +280 ...
Reprogrammings........ +1,339
Change in amount of carryover funds
available -422 -59
Program decrease., -9,500 +4,904
Change in rate of obligation , -147 ...
Total estimated obligations 101,423 106,268
(From new obligation authority) (101,114) (106,018)
(From prior year funds) .... (309) (250)
EXPLANATION OF INCREASES AND DECREASES TO OBLIGATIONS
The changes discussed in the previous section on travel, pay raise supplemental,
and reprogrammings resulted in a decrease of $38,000, an increase of $280,000, and a
decrease of $1,339,000, respectively.
The amount of carryover funds to be obligated in 1980 is $309,000, a decrease of
$422,000 from the 1979 level. In 1981, it is estimated that $250,000 will be obligated
from carryover funds, a decrease of $59,000 from the 1980 level.
The decrease originally estimated due to the change in budget authority in 1980
resulted in a decrease of $9.5 million in obligations. The increase in budget authority
in 1981 results in an increase to obligations of $4.9 million.
-------
Fuel, Processing, Preparation and Advanced Combustion
Original Revised
Estimate Estimate President's
1981 1981 Reduction
'"(dollars in thousands)
Appropriation
Salaries and Expenses.. $ 2,762 $ 2,750 -$12
Research and Development 15,775 15,775 __i_i_^.
Total 18,537 18,525 - 12
-------
Page Intentionally Blank
-------
Fuel, Processing, Preparation and Advanced Combustion
Budget Current Increase +
Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease -
Appropriation 1979 1980 1980 1981 1981 vs. 1980
Tdollars in thousands)
Salaries and Expenses... $1,889 $2,055 $2,863 $.2,762
Research and
Devel opment .. 10,707
Total 12,596
Permanent Positions. 36
Full Time Equivalency. 61
Budget Request
The Agency requests a total of $18,537,300 for 1981, an increase of $5,714,900 from
1980. Included in this total is $2,762,400 for Salaries and Expenses and $15,774,900 for
Research and Development, with a decrease of $100,400 and a increase of $5,815,300,
respectively. The increase in resources will be used to provide additional support for
characterizing emissions and effluents from the production and use of synthetic fuels
and from the evaluation of pollution control technology necessary to assure the commerciali-
zation of an environmentally acceptable synthetic fuels industry.
Program Description
The President's National Energy Plan calls for the increased use of the Nation's
major energy reserves, namely coal and oil shale, in an environmentally acceptable manner.
The following three types of processes are designed to meet this objective: fluidized
bed combustion, coal cleaning, and synthetic fuel generation from coal (liquefaction and
gasification) and oil shale (liquefaction).
Fluidized Bed Combustion (FBC) has the potential for burning coal in a less costly,
cleaner and more efficent manner than conventional combustion. Coal cleaning is a control
alternative which will be potentially less costly than other sulfur dioxide control
alternatives, but has limited application depending on the sulfur content of the coal
and its end use. Chemically Active Fluidized Bed (CAFB), a combination of coal gasifica-
tion and an-site combusion of low BTU gas, allows for use of coal in an environmentally
acceptable manner in boilers previously using scarce natural gas resources. The synthetic
fuels from coal and oil shale provide scarce liquid and gaseous fuels from our more
plentiful energy resources. The National Energy Plan falls for the production of 2
million barrels per day of synthetic fuels by 1990. All of our activities are geared
toward assuring the development of these processes in an environmentally acceptable
manner.
The program includes the characterization of effluents and emissions, assessment of
related environmental impacts, and development and evaluation of necessary pollution control
technology for various fuel production processes.. The major outputs of this program are
three basic documents. They are the Standard Support Plan (SSP), the Environmental
Assessment Report (EAR), and the pollution control guidance document (PSD). The SSP
consists of a schedule of our activities in a broad technological area (e.g., synfuels
from coal) in support of standard setting, and a brief description of the technology and
of areas of environmental concern. The EAR is process specific (e«9-» Lurgi process for
high BTU coal gasification) and describes the process and its present and future develop-
-------
The users of our reports Include EPA program offices which use them for standard
setting; the EPA regional offices which use them for permitting of large synfuel facilities:
industry, who uses them for an early indication of needed control technology to avoid
costly retrofits; and other government agencies (e.g., DOE, TVA) that are developing and
commercializing synfuel facilities,
1979 Accomplishments
In 1979, obligations included $1,889,100 for salaries and expenses and $10,706,900
for extramural purposes. Significant'accomplishments include the following:
SyntheticFuels
- Completed draft of Standard Support Plan for synfuels from coal,
- Completed an Environmental Assessment Report (EAR) for the SRC (solvent refined
coal} liquefaction process,
- Completed an EAR for the Lurgi high BTU coal gasification process.
- Completed EARs for Wellman-Gal usha and Willputte-Chapman low BTU coal gasification
processes.
- Completed lysimeter study on Paraho retorted spent shale.
- Completed trace metals study of oil shale processing.
: - : ' \
- Completed overview of oil shale technology development.
- Studied revegetation of spent oil shade.
- Started-up the chemically active fluldized bed (CAFB) demonstration facility at
San Benito, Texas,
Fluidized Bed Combustion
- Evaluated fluidized bed combustion (FBC) waste disposal methods based on experimen-
tal units.
- Completed comprehensive analysis on the pressurized FBC minip!ant, with and without
sorbent regeneration.
- Evaluated FBC solid residue in accordance with proposed regulatory procedures
( tentatively found not to be hazardous).
Coal Cleaning
- Completed environmental base line testing at Homer City, Pennsylvania, coal cleaning
site.
- Developed resource and process assessment model for evaluating desulfurization
potential of U.S. coal reserves.
-------
mural purposes under the Research and Development appropriation. For 1980, the total
allocation is divided among the various sub-programs areas as follows:
Coal Cleaning $ 1,213,000
Fluidized Bed Combustion 4,268,200
Chemically Active Fluidized Bed 657,000
Biomass Conversion, , 197,000
Synthetic Fuels from Coal., 4,517,200
Synthetic Fuels from oil shale ...... 1,970,000
Total Fuel Processing , 12,822,400
During 1980, EPA will be conducting major environmental assessment and control tech-
nology evaluation efforts in coal gasification, coal liquefaction, and oil shale proces-
sing. Fluidized bed combustion, coal cleaning and chemically active fluidlzed bed pro-
cesses are also being environmentally evaluated. These efforts will provide a data base
and recommendations for the Agency's standard setting offices. Planned activities
include:
Synthetic Fuels
- Developing methods for sampling, analysis and continuous monitoring of emissions
to quantify total organics from synthetic fuel processes.
- Characterizing toxics and determining inorganic and organic compounds from coal
liquefaction and gasification technologies.
- Completing a pollution control guidance document (PCGD) for low BTU coal gasi-
fication.
- Continuing detailed characterization of Lurgi Kosovo high BTU coal gasification
facility.
- Completing an Environmental Assessment Report (EAR) for the H-coal (hydrocarbon'
coal)~1iquefaction process,
- Expanding the data base on the sulfur compound control technology for coal
gasification processes.
- Completing EAR for low BTU coal gasification process.
- Evaluating air pollution control technologies for in^situ coal gasification.
- Monitoring groundwater from in-situ nil shale processes.
- Analyzing eir and water emissions' from abandoned oil shale process sites.
- Analyzing Navaho oil shale reserves to identify trace elements.
- Completing a Standard Support Plan for oil shale.
- Conducting process evaluation and environmental assessment of chemically active
fluidized bed process.
-------
Georgetown University fluidized bed combustor (FBC) and updating the data base
for standard setting.
- Investigating the mechanism of NOx formation in FBC process.
- Completing Standard Support"for FBC.
Coal Cleaning
- Conducting testing (screening) at 5 coal cleaning plants to characterize effluents.
1980 Explanation of Changes from Budget Estimate
The net decrease of $321,600 results from several actions. An increase of $79,100
results from the cost of the October 1979 pay raise and is included in a proposed supple-
mental appropriation, a congressional reduction of $2 million to Agency travel costs
resulted in a decrease of $12,300. An overall reprogramming throughout the Sgency to
provide sufficient salary funds to cover authorized workyears resulted in a decrease of
$238,400 to this activity.
A reprogramming of $150,000 was made within the energy media to environmental
assessment of conventional and advanced energy systems to support the Office of Solid
Waste in developing regulations for power plant ash and sludge.
1981 Plan
The Agency requests a total of 48 permanent workyears and $18,537,300 for this
program, of which $2,762,400 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $15,774,90
is for the Research and Development appropriation. .This represents and increase of
$5,714,900 over 1980. The increased resources will be used to provide additional support
for characterizing emissions/effluents from, and evaluating pollution control technology
necessary to assure the commercialization of, an environmentally acceptable synthetic
fuels industry. The President's National Energy Plan of May 7, 1979, calls for an
ambitious energy strategy, including the production of 2.0 million barrels per day in
synthetic fuels in 1990. The national energy strategy requires that synthetic fuels
production be conducted in an environmentally acceptable manner.
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) will accelerate its Research and Regulatory
program to accelerate the regulatory process so as to parallel the commericalization of
this synthetic fuel industry. This Agency will complete the pollution control guidance
documents (PCGD) for synthetic fuels, such as oil shale, indirect and direct coal lique-
faction and high and low BTU coal gasification in 1981. These documents will provide
environmental guidance, including estimates of process effluent/emissions as well as
recommended pollution control technology. In accordance with our proposed regulatory
process, legally binding emission/effluent limitations will be established sometime
after 1982.
In order to meet these objectives,emission/effluent characterization studies must
be conducted and control technology must be evaluated to support EPA standard setting
offices. In order to expedite'the commercialization effort, the EPA regions must also
be supported technically to evaluate synthetic fuel facility design and review permit
application. The program plans provide for:
-------
(FBC). These PCGDs will provide pollution control guidance to developers and
environmental officials to expedite the permitting process and ensure environ-
mental officials to expedite the permitting process and ensure environmental
protection.
- Completion of Environmental Assessment Reports (EAR) for low BTU coal gasification
industrial Fluidized Bed Combustion (FBC).
- Conducting bench scale wastewater treatment studies on gasifier effluents.
- Supporting EPA regions to evaluate facility design and review applications in the
area of coal gasification and liquefaction and oil shale processing.
- Evaluation of pilot control technology of sulfur control at Occidental 011
shale site for EPA Region VIII.
- Comparision of near term synthetic fuels technologies as to cost of control,
efficiency and environmental impact.
- Continuation of indepth environmental assessment and control technology evaluation
of synthetic fuels technologies in.support of standard setting offices.
- Expansion of bioassay testing of oil shale processes.
- Development of disposal and treatment techniques for spent shale from oil shale
surface retorting.
Fluidized Bed Combustion
- Conducting long term environmental testing at Georgetown University FBC plant.
Coal Cleaning
- Conducting environmental assessment testing including long term monitoring at
Homer City, Pa., and two additional physical coal cleaning plants.
- Conducting study of the geological determinants of sulfur variability in Upper
Freeport coal seam for Homer City, Pa., coal cleaning site.
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Actual
1979
Budget
Estimate
1980
Current
Estimate
1980
Estimate
1981
Increase +
Decrease -
1981 vs. 1980
(dollars in thousands)
Appropriation
Salaries
Research
and
and
Expenses...
Devel opment
SI
2
,061
,567
$1
1
,100
,933
51
1
,074
,971
$1
1
,057
^20
-$17
-51
Total 3,628
Permanent Positions..... 21
Full-time Equivalency...
Budget Request
36
3,033
22
32
3,045
21
35
2,977
19
31
-68
-2
The Agency requests a total of $2,977,100 for 1981, a decrease of $68,200 from
1980. Included in this total is $1,056,800 for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation
and $1,920,300 for the Research and Development appropriation, with a decrease of
$16,900 and $51,300, respectively. The overall decrease of $68,200 reflects an increase
of $200,000 to support work on unconventional gas extraction and a decrease of $268,200
to reduce work on the impact on coal mining and land reclamation as well as work on oil
spill clean up.
Program Des cri pti on
The fuel extraction program operates under the authorities of the Clean Air Act,
the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, the Safe Drinking Water Act, the Resource
Conservation and Recovery Act, and the Toxic Substances Act, as well as the Surface
Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977. Research and development activities are
directed toward the abatement of all types of pollution caused by fuel extraction (oil,
gas and coal) and related transportation activities. Ttie major program areas include
environmental assessments of problems related to eastern surface mines, eastern
underground mines, treatment of mine drainage, western coal mines, oil shale, uranium,
transportation of fuels, solid waste from mining and oil spill control. Control
techniques for enhanced oil recovery are also included.
1979 Accomplishments
The 1979 obligations included $1,060,800 for salaries and expenses and $2,567,500
for extramural activities. The major emphasis of the 1979 program was placed on problems
associated with active mining, especially on newly emerging extraction efforts, while
minimum efforts on abandoned mines were continued to keep abreast of the latest
reclamation and restoration techniques. In addition, the assessment, development and
demonstration of equipment and methods to control and clean up spills of oil on land
and water continued. In 1979, we:
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Appropriation
Fuel Extration
Original Revised
Estimate Estimate President's
1981 1981 Reduction
Tdollars in thousands)
Salaries and Expenses $1,057 $1,052 -$5
Research and Development 1,920 1,920 ...
Total...... 2,977 2,972 - 5
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Page Intentionally Blank
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operations.
- Prepared a User's Manual for pre-mining planning of eastern surface
coal mining.
- Prepared a User's Design Manual for the treatment of acid mine
drainage.
- Determined the adverse environmental effects of solid wastes from
active and abandoned surface and underground mines.
- Developed a manual on environmentally acceptable techniques for
the protection, clean-up, and restoration of ocean, estuarine,
inland and marsh shorelines impacted by oil spills.
- Evaluated several oil spill control systems at EPA's Oil and
Hazardous Material Simulated Environmental Test Tank (OHMSETT).
1980 Program
In 1980, the Agency has allocated a total of $3,045,300 to this program, of which
$1,073,700 is for Salaries and Expenses and $1,971,600 is for extramural purposes under
the Research and Development appropriation.
During 1980, the fuel extraction program will continue activities in two major
groupings - mining and oil and gas production, including oil spills.
The mining activities include environmental assessments and control technology
development for mining in general, including areas such as tailings ponds, eastern
surface coal mining, eastern underground coal mining, treatment of mine drainage,
western surface coal mining and solid waste from mining.
The oil and gas production activities include environmental assessments and control
technology for oil spill control and cleanup; shoreline protection and restoration; off-
shore/on-shore oil and gas production and oil/water separation.
In 1980, we will:
- Continue efforts in environmental assessment of toxic pollutants,
problem definition and control technology development for the
extraction, and handling of energy resources, including coal, oil,
and natural gas. Work will be in support of program and agency
needs, regional needs, and special requests from local, State and
Federal agencies.
- Produce User Manuals to summarize and describe previously verified
environmental control and abatement procedures relating to coal
extraction, and handling in the United States (both surface and
underground operations).
-------
personnel, as well as their industry counterparts, will use this information
in responding to oil spills.
- Initiate new development in the area of shoreline'protection and restoration
following oil spills, Hardware and techniques will be used by Regional
personnel responsible for oil spill cleanup and will assist them in developing
decisions on the best available approaches for given spill circumstances.
- Continue assessment of available control technology in support of the
Effluent Guidelines Division to ascertain the best available technology
and develop data in support of the new source performance standards for
offshore and onshore oil and gas production facilities. Levels of treatment
will then be established based on realistic information on technology
available to the oil and gas producing industries.
- Initiate development of guidelines for the installation and operation of
oil/water separators to meet the best available technology and new source
performance standards.
- Develop equipment and techniques to contain and control oil spills under
cold climate conditions. A cold climate spill response capability
(presently nonexistent) is necessary to cope with the increasing number
of oil spills occuring under cold weather conditions.
1980 Explanation of Changes from Budget Estimates
The net increase of $12,300 results from several actions. An increase of $32,700
results from the cost of the October 1979 pay raise and is included in a proposed
supplemental appropriation. A congressional reduction of $2 million to Agency travel
costs resulted in a decrease of $4,400. An overall reprogramming throughout the Agency
to provide sufficient salary funds to cover authorized workyears resulted in a decrease
of $16,000 to this activity.
1981 Plan
The Agency requests a total of 19 permanent workyears and $2,977,100 for this
program, of which $1,056,800 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $1,920,300
for the Research and Development appropriation. This represents decreases from 1980 of
1 permanent workyear and $68,200, due to a decrease in the work on assessing the
environmental impact of coal mining and land reclamation, as well as a decrease in work
on oil spill cleanup.
The 1981 plan for the fuel extraction research program is to assess, develop, and
verify control technology for solid fuel, oil and gas extraction which will assure that
the recovery of the Nation's fuel reserves- is,conducted in an environmentally acceptable
manner. To this end, equipment, methods, and technology are assessed and developed to
prevent, control, and abate the discharge of environmental pollutants from both point
and nonpolnt sources. Pollution sources include facilities for extraction, production,
storage, and transportation of coal, oil shale, uranium, oil and gas. Both normal
operations and accidental spills are examined.
-------
shale, oil and gas, for both traditional and advanced~Vecovery
techniques. These methods involve in-situ mining and leaching,
underground retorting, and tertiary oil and gas recovery as well
as more conventional mining methods. Oil spill control and clean-
up are also included.
Report on the nature of pollutants produced during the mining,
handling, and solid waste disposal phases of the leading
conventional and in-situ processes for recovery of oil from shale.
Complete an assessment report of western coal development on
surface and groundwater contamination.
Evaluate control technology for pollutants such as acid drainage
and heavy metals released during extraction processes.
Develop additional techniques for oil spill prevention, response,
cleanup and disposal.
Report on methods to recover uranium utilizing solution mining
techniques in an environmentally acceptable manner.
Report on environmental pollution potential of enhanced (tertiary)
oil and gas recovery methods.
Initiate environmental assessments for the extraction of
unconventional gas from tar sands, Devonian shale, coal seams and
heavy oil.
-------
Appropriation
Salaries and Expenses.
Research and
Pevel opment.
Actual
1975
Estimate
1980
Estimate
1980
Estimate
1981
(dollars in thousands)
Decrease -
1981 vs. 1980
$ 1,519
15.762
17,281
24
39
$ 1,688
1TJ06
13,394
20
33
$ 1,670
11,738
13,408
24
32
$ 1,645
10,306
11,951
24
32
-$25
-1 ,432
-1,457
* * .
» »
Total....
Permanent Positions....
Full Time Equivalency..
Budget Request
The Agency requests a total of $11,950,500 for 1981, a decrease of $1,457,200 from
1980. Include in this total is $1,644,700 for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation
and $10,305,800 for extramural activities under the Research and Development appropriation
with decreases of $25,600 and $1,431,600, respectively. This reduction in resources
results from (1) a decision to eliminate biological and chemical assay testing from
environmental assessments and (2) a reduction in coal-oriented integrated technology
assessments (ITAs).
Program Description
This program includes environmental assessments of conventional combustion in
industrial and electric utility and industrial power production, as well as assessments
of energy conservation, solar energy, and geothermal energy systems. The program also
makes integrated technology assessments. The industrial and utility conventional
combustion program emphasizes the characterization and quantification of the eir, water,
and land pollution potentials, and the assessment of control techniques for criteria
and noncriteria residuals. Major efforts are being directed toward the development of
procedures for disposal of fly ash and flue gas desulfurization sludges. Integrated
technology assessments provide an analysis of the environmental, economic, and social
impacts of alternative energy supply using both local and regional scenarios. The
conservation and advanced systems studies provide assessments of the environmental and
economic impact of energy conservation and of advanced energy systems, including solar,
geothermal, and biomass systems. These environmental assessments are detailed
characterizations of the air emissions, water effluents and solid wastes released to
the environment from energy sources. These assessments anticipate the severity of
associated environmental risks, provide preliminary targets for emission limitation
goals, and assess the ability of existing control methods to attain these goals. The
program also incorporates Itmited efforts in pollution control development and evaluation.
1979 Accomplishments
In 1979, obligations totalling $17,280,700 included $1*519,100 for salaries and
expenses and $15,761,600 for extramural purposes.
E-22
-------
ENERGY
Environmental Assessment of Conventional and Advanced Energy Systems
Original Revised
Estimate Estimate President's
1981 1981 Reduction
"" (dollars in thousands)
Appropriation
Salaries and Expenses.... $ 1,645 $ 1,638 -$7
Research and Development 10,306 10,306 ._._._
Total 11,951 11,944 - 7
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Page Intentionally Blank
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During 1979:
- The impacts anticipated from increased energy development in the Western
U.S. were documented (final report).
- A new regional air quality modeling capability was applied to problems of
long-range transport of air pollutants and acid rain.
- The secondary benefits of emission control systems used to meet NSPS for
utility boilers were catalogued.
- Emission factors and health impacts data for non-criteria pollutants on
the PSD (prevention of significant deterioration) list were prepared.
- Pollutants from several resource recovery facilities were characterized,
- The waste disposal problems facing the electric utility industry were
assessed.
- The technical, economic, and viability of innovations applied at the first
solar-assisted wastewater treatment plant received preliminary evaluation.
- The ability of technology to remove hydrogen -s.u1f1.de from geothermal-powered
electricity generating facilities was demonstrated, although continued
developmental work is required.
1980 Program
In 1980, the Agency has allocated a total of $13,407,700 to this program, of
which $1,670,300 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $11,737,400 is for
extramural purposes under the Research and Development appropriation. The allocation
of 1980 funds in the Environmental Impacts of Conventional and Advanced Energy Systems
Program is as follows:
Conventional Combustion Solid
and Liquid Wastes, $ 3,450,000
Conventional Combustion Environmental
Assessment 3,400,700
Energy Conservation and Advanced Systems 2,990,000
Integrated Technology Assessment............... 3,567 ,000
Tptal $13,407,700
1980 Explanation of Changes from Budget Estimate
The net increase of $13,700 results from several actions. An increase of $43,500
results from the cost of the October 1979 pay raise and is included in a proposed
supplemental appropriation. A congressional reduction of $2 million to Agency travel
costs resulted in a decrease of $4,600. An overall reprogramming throughout the Agency
to provide sufficient salary funds to cover authorized workyears resulted in a decrease
of $425,200 to this activity.
-------
and advance combustion, $150,000; energy nitrogen oxide control, $150,000; and energy-flue
gas participate control S100.000, to provide support to the office of Solid Waste in
developing regulations for power plant ash and sludge.
1981 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $11,950,500 for this program, of which $1,644,700
is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $10,305,800 is for the Research and
Development appropriation. The allocation of 1981 funds is as follows:
Conventional Combustion Solid
and Liquid Wastes... $ 3,193,000
Conventional Combustion Environmental
Assessment............ -3,221,5.00
Energy Conservation and Advanced System 2,758,000
Integrated Technology Assessment.. 2,778,000
Total $11,950,500
Support for this program will be reduced by $1,457,200 from the 1980 level. This
largest part of this reduction is in coal-related modeling work in the Integrated
Technology Assessment program. The balance of the reduction is in characterization
studies of health and environmental impact in each of the other three program areas.
Conventional Combustion Solid and Liquid Wastes
The overall objective of this activity is the identification, characterization,
and assessment of liquid and solid effluents (including ^aste heat) from electricity
generating facilities, and the development, where appropriate, of control technology
for the environmentally acceptable disposal of these effluents. The efforts in this
activity are designed to identify potential environmental effects and to define and
reduce the costs of power plant waste disposal options.
Primary emphases in this activity are to develop the data required to promulgate
effluent guidelines required by the Federal Water Pollution Control Act and to provide
the background information required to promulgate regulations required by the Resource
Recovery and Conservation Act for the disposal of wastes generated by the utility
industry.
1979 Accomplishments
The total allocation for this area for 1979 was $3,327,700. The major accomplish-
ment during 1979 was the completion of an assessment of waste disposal problems facing
the electric utility industry. This assessment showed that the industry must be
encouraged to reduce the quantities of waste generated and that greater utilization of
these wastes is possible.
1980 Program
The total allocation for this program area for 1980 is $3,450,000. These funds
will be utilized primarily to provide direct support to EPA regulatory offices. This
support consists of:
-------
UDtaimng ana analyzing sujTiciern, UOL.O iur mic ^i.umuiyakiyn wi yuiu^i 1,,%... ~,
regulations for the storage, treatment and disposal of flue gas desulfurization
scrubber wastes from coal-fired steam electric generators.
- Performing pilot-plant evaluations of the technical and economic feasibility
zero discharge of ashes for coal-fired power plants.
1981 Plan
The total request for this program area in 1981 is $3,193,000. These funds will
be utilized to complete the acquisition of the data required to promulgate the regulations
for liquid and solid waste from coal-fired steam electric generators. This work had
been planned for completion in 1980. Due to changed and additional technical requirements,
the information needs will be met in 1981,
The information provided will be as follows:
- A characterization of fly ash alone and fly ash/sludge mixtures to determine if
different disposal techniques are required for each of the two situations.
- An examination of disposal techniques used by private industry for fly ash only
and fly ash and sludge.
- An evaluation of the effects of promising disposal techniques on groundwater
and surface waters.
- An evaluation of the costs of promising fly ash/sludge disposal techniques and
of the economic impacts of these on the utility industry.
In addition, the program will provide engineering support for the preparation of
revised effluent guidelines for the steam-electric industry.
Conventional Combustion Environmental Assessment
The objective of the program is the comprehensive assessment of the environmental,
economic, and energy impacts of multimedia emissions of pollutants from stationary
industrial, utility, residential, and commercial conventional combustion processes.
Primary emphases of the program are identifying and evaluating (1) the relationships
between various emissions and residuals from conventional combustion, (2) multi-pollutant
synergistic impacts, (3) cross-media impacts, (4) environmental impact tradeoffs as
relative emission levels of individual pollutants are adjusted by control systems, and
(5) unregulated pollutant emissions, impacts, and control methods. The program seeks
to integrate information and data from various environmental efforts (e.g., the SOx,
NQx, etc. R&D programs) into a systematic, coordinated, environmental assessment
structure. '
1979 Accomplishments
The total allocation for this program area for 1979 was $4,509,000, Major outputs
included the following:
- Preparation of five issue papers examining emissions from conventional combustion
sources: (1) hazardous emissions from distillate, fired heating units, (2)
primary sulfate emissions from coal and oil combustion, (3) emissions from
waste co-firing with fossil fuels, (4) trace metals from fossil fuel combustion,
and (5) polycyclic organic matter (POM), including dioxin, from combustion sources.
-------
WUtilL/Ua L- I VII -dH I J3 I Wfi<3 J i ill, > UU I Ity * V I W ** I 1 1_ W1 3 I -I W I VII.) i ( Witt v fc. * t * v_J w . . v . v 5 :
and emission factors and health impacts data for non-criteria pollutants on
the Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) list.
- Preparation of a report assessing secondary benefits of emission control systems
used to meet New Source Performance Standards (NSPS) for utility boilers.
- Seven reports describing field test results of combustion modification technology
to reduce emission levels.
- Preparation of a report cataloging emission rates of criteria pollutants and POM
from fireplaces and woodburning stoves (indications: possible significant
rates of CO, POM, other organics).
1980 Program
The total allocation for this program is S3,400,700. The program includes the
f ol 1 owi ng:
- Completing characterization of emissions from all conventional combustion
categories to provide a comprehensive data base for use in estimating environ-
mental impacts and in evaluating alternative controls.
- Providing bioassay results on conventional combustion residuals to identify the
presence of significant levels of potentially toxic, carcinogenic, and hazardous
pollutants,
- Supporting the Agency's study of the extent of dioxin and other POM formation
in combustion processes.
- Completing initial field studies and assay tests on hazardous organic (POMs,
etc.) emissions from distillate-fired heating units.
1981 Plan
The total allocation for this program in T981 is $3,221,500. The transition of
the program focus from data base development and special studies to one which concentrates
on analyses of high priority issues identified in earlier work or by regulatory offices
will be complete. The major emphasis of the program will be on the characterization
and environmental assesssment of high molecular weight organics (including dioxins and
other POMs) from major combustion sources (including utility boilers, industrial boilers,
and residential furnaces).
EnergyConservation and Advanced Energy System
The general objectives of this program are to.(l) assess developing environmental
issues associated with energy conservation methods and advanced energy systems and (2)
develop pollution control technologies for resource recovery, energy-conserving industrial
processes, advanced energy conversion cycles, and advanced energy systemssolar and
geothermal energy. Technologies are under development by the Department of Energy, the
Department of Housing and Urban development, and other agencies in these areas. Outputs
will support these interagency working groupsthe interagency Seothermal Coordinating
Council, the interagency Task Force on Energy -Conservation in Industry, as well as EPA
regulatory responsibilities, by assuring the environmental compatibility of techniques
and technologies in each subject energy area.
-------
The total allocation for this program area in 1979 was $4,038,000. The major
accomplishments include the following:
- Characterized emissions from fiye resource recovery facilities.
- Commenced construction of a mobile pyrolysis demonstration unit capable of
converting agricultural wastes into useful char and oil.
- Joined with DOE in an analysis of the environmental ramifications of the
Minneapolis/St. Paul district heating demonstration.
- Completed a preliminary evaluation of the technical, economic, and energy
viability of innovations applied at the first solar assisted wastewater treatment
plant.
- Continued evaluations of H25 removal technologies for geothermal-powered
electricity generating facilities.
- Continued studies of the indoor air pollution ramifications of energy-conserving
building designs.
1980 Program
The total allocation for this program area in 1980 is $2,990,000. The major
planned activities are:
- Performing tests to determine operational and environmental effects of combusting
hazardous wastes with refuse-derived fuels and/or coal in incinerators and boilers.
- Continuing studies of the Minneapolis/St. Paul cogeneration system, industrial
conservation studies, and "wastes as fuel" pollutant characterization and control
technology performance studies.
- Continuing an evaluation of techniques to seal up sprayed asbestos materials in
buildings which otherwise create a cancer risk in indoor environments; producing
instructional films and other educational materials describing sealing and/or
removing asbestos materials in buildings.
- Initiating (with DOE, industry, and EPA regulatory offices) revision of the
pollution control guidance document reviewing and updating emission characteristics
data, controls performance data, and pollution control guidance for geothermal
energy systems.
- Completing evaluation of the leading technology for removal of H2S from geothermal
streams.
- Completing evaluation of the first solar-assisted, energy-conserving wastewater
treatment plant.
- Completing assessment of the potential environmental effects of high rates of
solar energy system application on ambient 'air quality in three AQCRs.
1981 Plan
The total request for the program area in 1981 is $2,758,000. The major work
areas for this program planned in 1981 include:
-------
- Continued assessment of hazardous air pollutant emissions and of control
capabilities for municipal and hazardous waste combustion.
- Continued assessment of the relative contributions of indoor and outdoor sources
of hazardous air pollutants to indoor levels.
- Characterizing geothermal solid waste (sludges, drains, muds, etc.) and
assessing the capabilities of disposal options.
- Preparing a manual for wastewater treatment plants on how to incorporate solar
energy systems and energy conserving designs into new facilities.
Integrated Technology Assessment
The overall objective of the integrated technology assessment (ITA) program is to
identify environmentally, socially, and economically acceptable alternatives for meeting
national energy objectives, and to assist in the selection of "optimum" policies for the
attainment of associated environmental quality goals. This objective will be met by:
- Performing studies to evaluate the cost/risk/benefit trade-offs of energy
production and pollution control alternatives.
- Conducting technology assessments which evaluate alternative energy technologies
and approaches for implementing energy development, preventing environmental
damage, and securing related benefits.
- Identifying gaps in present research programs and indicating new priority
research topics which must be addressed in order to support direct Agency
responsibilities.
1979 Accomplishments
The total allocation for this program area in 1979 was $5,406,000. Accomplishments
i nclude:
- Completion of the comprehensive final report on the Technology Assessment of
Western Energy Resource Development. The study examined a wide range of
potential impact of proposed rapid energy development and explored policy
options for mitigating these impacts.
- Development of regional air quality modeling capabilities and application to
long-range air pollutant transport problems, notably in the Ohio River Basin and
across the U.S. - Canada border.
- Completion of a Congressionally-mandated review of Federal non-nuclear energy
research focusing primarily on the management process by which environmental con-
cerns rare considered in technology research decisions. A report outlining
recommended improvement in the process was proposed.
- Completion of detailed analysis of utility Mew Source Performance Standards,
designed to present the critical uncertainties which will influence utility costs,
coal choices and pollution control measures for possible to alternative standards.
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- sxumpi ci, IUH wi ICUIHIU i oyjr nsacoaiiicui, riuueiiny riujcv.1, \innr/ piujeviiuna ui
future national and regional economic activity, and environment residuals result-
ing under alternate assumptions. Projections are used as an aid in environmental
research planning, as an input to the Agency's Environmental Outlook and Research
Outlook reports.
1980 Program
The total allocation in 1980 is $3,567,000. In 1980, the Ohio River Basin Energy
Study will be completed. In addition, program plans include:
- Performing congressionally-mandated analyses of the environmental and conservation
aspects of Federal non-nuclear research programs. The 1980 analyses will focus
primarily on conservation and solar energy programs.
- Continuing refinement and application of regional air quality modeling capabili-
ties with particular attention to the impact of long range transport of air
pollutants on acid precipitation problems,
- Exercising of the Technology Assessment Modeling Project (TAMP) capabilities
and electric utility and regional air quality models to develop alternative stra-
tegies for reducing acid precipitation problems and to determine the economic
costs of such strategies.
- Assessing and beginning the development of a model capable of assisting in the
analysis of alternative regulatory strategies for promoting industrial coal use
and controlling the environmental effects of coal burning.
1981 Plan
The total request for this program is $2,778,000. The program will include:
- Performing analyses of Federal non-nuclear energy research programs and publishing
the annual Report to Congress based on the findings of the analyses.
- Completing a comparative analysis of economic competitiveness and environmental
effects of emerging pollution control te~hnologies for sulfur and nitrogen
emissions.
- Providing projections of trends in economic activity and environmental residuals
as input to the Agency's Environmental Outlook and Research Outlook Reports.
- Completing development of the ITA coal supply model linking major producing mine
units with major coal burning facilities.
- Completing analysis of alternative strategies for mitigating acid precipitation
problems and the cost associated with each strategy.
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Mue bas iuiTur uxiae uontroi
Budget Current Increase +
Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate , Decrease -
Appropriation 1979 1980 1980 1981 1981 vs. 1980
(dollars in thousands)
Salaries and Expenses...
Research and
Development..
Total...,,..
Permanent Positions.
Full-time Equivalency
Budget Request
An appropriation of $3,513,500 is requested for 1981, of which $367,500 is for the
Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $3,146,000 is fbr the Research and Development
appropriation representing an increase of $34,000 and $1,688,900, respectively, above
the 1980 level. The increased level of resources will be used to obtain long term per-
formance and economic data from commercially operated, full scale spray dryer S0£ control
systems, and to demonstrate the effectiveness of adipic acid as an additive to increase
lime/limestone flue gas desulfurization reliability.
Program Description
This program includes development of sulfur oxide pollution control technology for
electric utility and industrial power generation. Major efforts are directed toward
developing the technical and economic data base required to support EPA regulatory and
enforcement activities; towards improving FGD (flue gas desulfurization) system relia-
bility and reducing operating and capital costs; and transferring the technological
innovations to the public sector.
1979 Accpmplishments
In 1979, obligations included $237,700 for inhouse expenses and $2,816,400 for
extramural activities, totaling $3,054,100.
Accomplishments in 1979 included the following;
- Compliance testing was completed at the dual alkali FOG installation at
Louisville Gas and Electric's Cane Run No. 5 and the long term test program
was initiated.
- The Fourth International Symposium on Flue Gas Pesulfurization was held with
1,000 people in attendence.
- The evaluation of dry sulfur oxide control processes on low-sulfur coal fired
utility and industrial boilers was initiated. Final negotiations were completed
to begin the full scale demonstration of adipic acid modified limestone wet
scrubbing.
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ENERGY
Flue Gas Sulfur Oxide Control
Original Revised
Estimate Estimate President's
1981 1981 Reduction
("dollars in thousands)
Appropriation
Salaries and Expenses $ 368 $ 366 '$2
Research and Development 3,146 3,146 ...
Total $3,514 $3,512 - 2
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Page Intentionally Blank
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ill 17UU, me nucnvj unj a i > WWB ttwi u wu v,u i ». »< t ,,...
$333,500 is under the Salaries and Expenses anpropriation and $1,457,100 is for extramural
purposes under the Research and Development appropriation,
The 1980 program is intended to complete the evaluation of the dual alkali F6D
process; to continue to exploit the recent breakthroughs in dry S02 control; to maintain
the technology transfer efforts; and to coordinate the EPA's flue gas desulfurization
efforts with the Department of Energy. Specific planned accomplishments include:
- Complete the dual alkali evaluation program at Louisville Gas and Electric.
The final report will provide an evaluation of performance and economic factors
using lime and limestone as a regenerating reagent.
- Complete the full scale evaluation of performance and economics of adipic acid
modified limestone wet scrubbing. Special attention will be given to reliability
and economic impacts.
- Initiate pilot scale evaluation of two dry S02 control technologies; spray dryers
and macholite injection into the flue gas.
- Complete the review of the state of the art of dry SO? control technologies which
have the potential to lower the cost of control and reduce the energy penalty
associated with
1980 Explanation of Changes from Budget Estimates
The net decrease of $98,400 results from several actions. An increase of $8,100
results from the cost of the October 1979 pay raise and is included in a proposed
supplemental appropriation. A congressional reduction of $2 million to Agency travel
costs resulted in a decrease of $2,000. An overall re programming throughout the Agency
to provide sufficient salary funds to cover authorized workyears resulted in a decrease
of $104,500 to this activity.
1981 Plan
The Agency requests five permanent workyears and $3,513,500 for this program, of
which $367,500 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $3,146,000 is for the
Research and Development appropriation. The increase in funding of $1,722,900 will allow
for the expansion of the dry scrubber S02 control program to gather long term performance
data and engineering/economic analyses ot full scale spray dryer S02 control technology
on utility and industrial boilers. In addition to an expanded dry S02 control program,
the increased level of resources will be used to demonstrate a reliable continuous
pollutant monitoring system for F6D equipped boilers and to demonstrate the performance
of adipic acid on a non-compliance FSD system.
Specific planned accomplishments ares:
- Conduct long-term performance monitoring of a full-scale, spray dryer S02 control
system on a utility boiler burning western, low-sulfur coal. This project ouput
will provide national data for the Congressional! y mandated four year review of
the recently revised Standards of Performance for Utility Boilers.
- Conduct long-term performance monitoring of a full-scale, spray dryer SQ2 control
system on an industrial boiler burning eastern, low sulfur coal. The project
outputs would corroborate the projected economic savings which are associated
with the spray dry technology.
-------
niLIUUCi tuiivenu luitai : nnc/ iiinciLUiic WCL iuiuuucia, au i p 11, a_iu muu i-
fied limestone wet scrubbing, dual alkali wet scrubbing, and dry S0£ control
processes. This study would support the review of utility boiler regulations
scheduled for 1983.
Conduct long-term performance monitoring of a full scale demonstration of adipic
acid modified limestone wet scrubbing of a noncompliance flue gas desulfurization
system. The data would provide needed full scale testing of this economical
alternative to lime/limestone wet scrubbing to achieve compliance with the
recently revised utility boiler SOg regulations. This technology offers the
promise of a more reliable SO? control than conventional wet scrubbers.
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ENERGY
Nitrogen Oxide Control
Original Revised
Estimate Estimate President's
1981 1981 Reduction
(Hollars in thousands)
Appropriation
Salaries and Expenses............. $ 1,514 $ 1,508 -$6
Research and Development 10,970 10,970
Total...... 12,434 12,478 - 6
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Page Intentionally Blank
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ENERGY
Nitrogen Oxide Control
Actual
1979
Appropriation
Salaries and
Expenses . $1,717
Research and
Development 12,162
Total 13,879
Permanent Positions 30
Full-time Equivalency 40
Budget Request
Budget
Estimate
1980
$1,518
12.297
13,815
23
36
Current
Estimate
1980
Estimate
1981
(dollars in thousands!
$1,758 $1,514
1L.8_21_ 10.970
13,581 12,484
22 20
33 30
Increase +
Decrease -
1981 vs. 1980
-$244
_-8J3_
-1,097
-2
-3
The Agency requests a total of $12,484,200 for 1981, a decrease of $1,096,700 from 1980.
Included in this total is $1,514,000 for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation, and
$10,970,200 for the Reseach and Development appropriation, a decrease of $244,400 and a
decrease of $852,300, respectively. The reduction in resources is possible because funding
of the industrial boiler low NOx burner demonstration program has been completed,
Program Description
This program includes nitrogen oxide pollution control research and development
relating to emissions of nitrogen oxide from electric utility boilers, industrial boilers,
process furnaces, and other stationary sources. Successful conduct of such a program is
important since NOx emissions from stationary sources are projected to increase substantially
over the next two decades. This is primarily due to the projected increased combustion
of coal and the current absence of cost effective NOx control technology. The program focuses
upon two major nitrogen oxide control technologies: combustion modification and flue gas
treatment. The combustion modification program is divided into technology development and
technology application. The smaller flue gas treatment sub-program maintains an awareness
of Japanese NOx control technology development and commercial status and involves pilot
scale testing of promising concepts applicable to U.S. coals.
1979 Accomplishments
In 1979, obligations included $1,716,500 for salaries and expenses and $12,162,400
for extramural purposes for a total of $13,878,900. In 1979 the Agency:
- Selected two industrial host sites for the demonstration of the low NOx coal
burner.
- Demonstrated that NOx emission level frotn .the low NOx coal, burner are not
affected by multiple burner arrays.
-------
Boilers.
- Initiated field testing at industrial boilers which are equipped with combustion
modification technology to determine long term NOx emission levels in support of
the Standard of Performance for Industrial Boilers.
- Provided technical support to the regional construction permit programs.
- Initiated bench scale evaluation of low NOx burner design concepts for residual
oil and synthetic liquid fuels from coal and shale.
1980 Program
In 1980, the Agency has allocated a total of $13,580,900 to this program of which
$1,758,400 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $11,822,500 is for extramural
purposes under the Research and Development appropriation. The major activities planned
for 1980 are to continue the development and demonstration of the low NOx coal burner,
continue field testing of combustion modification concepts and continue the development
of energy efficient NOx control concepts for stationary internal combustion engines and
stationary gas turbines. Program activities and planned accomplishments are to:
- Install low NOx coal burners at the industrial host sites and conduct initial
performance testing. The program goal is an NOx emission rate of 0.2 pounds per
per million BTU (about 80 percent control).
- Select a host site to demonstrate the low NOx coal burner in a utility boiler
application,
- Complete the long term NOx monitoring program to establish a data base for the
Standard of Performance for Industrial Boilers.
- Complete the pilot scale evaluation of two flue gas treatment processes which
are capable of reducing NOx emissions by 90 percent.
- Continue the development of low NOx emission systems for residual oil and
synthetic liquid fuels from coal and shale.
- Initiate the demonstration of "dry" NOx control technology for stationary gas
turbines. The dry NOx control is more fuel efficient then the current state-of-
the-art "wet" NOx control.
- Initiate the evaluation of the potential for combined SOx/NOx control based upon
the addition of limestone to the coal prior to combustion in the low NOx burner.
This process could lower SOx control costs by 50 percent.
1980 Explanation of Changes from Budget Estimates
The net decrease of $234,100 results from several actions. An increase of $40,800
results from the cost of the October 1979 pay raise and is included in a proposed supple-
mental appropriation. A congressional reduction of $2 million to Agency travel costs
results in a decrease of $6,000. An overall reprogrammtng throughout the agency to provide
sufficient salary funds to cover authorized workyeers resulted in a decrease of $118,900
to this activity.
-------
ft reprogramnnng or s>i£>u,uuu was made within the energy media to energy - environmental
assessment of control and advanced energy systems to support the Office of Solid Waste in
developing regulations for power plant ash and sludge.
1981 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $12,484,200 for this program, of which $1,514,000 is
for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $10,970,200 is for the Research and
Development appropriation. This represents a total decrease of $1,096,700 from the 1980
level. The reduced level of resources is due to completion of the funding for the industrial
boiler low NOx coal burner demonstration program.
Major activities planned for 1981 are to continue the low NOx coal burner demonstra-
tion program, to develop NOx control concepts for synthetic liquid fuels, and to evaluate
NOx control technologies for stationary internal combustion engines and gas turbines. In
addition the following are planned:
- Installation and initial performance testing of the low NOx coal burner at a
utility boiler host site.
- Demonstration of the effectiveness, economics, and energy impacts of NOx control
for industrial, stoker fired boilers.
- Development of low NOx burners for heavy oil fired field stream generators which
are used in the recovery of the recently deregulated heavy oils.
- Prototype evaluation of NOx control technology for stationary internal combustion
engines.
- Development of low NOx burners for the combustion of high nitrogen synthetic
liquid fuels.
- Continuation of the development of simultaneous SOx/NOx control through lime-
stone addition to the coal fed to the low NOx coal burner. This technology
has the potential for 90 percent SOg reduction and 85 percent NOx reduction at
significant capital and annual cost savings.
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Actual
1979
$723
8.669
9,392
14
17
Budget
Estimate
1980
(do!
$883
7,117
8,000
13
22
Current
Estimate Estimate
1980 1981
lars In
$1 ,099
6.712
7,811
15
22
thousands)
$1,129
6.911
8,040
15
22
Increase
Decrease
1981 vs. 1
$30
+199
+229
+
980
Appropriation
Salaries and Expenses
Research and
Development ,... 8,669
Total...... 9,392
Permanent Positions
Full Time Equivalency..
Budget Request
The Agency requests a total of $8,040,000 for 1981, an increase of $229,500 from
1980. Included in this total is $1,128,600 for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation
and $6,911,400 for the Research and Development appropriation, with an increase of
$30,100 and $199,400, respectively. This increase in resources will be used to provide
additional support to determine inhalable particulate matter emission factors.
Program Descrlptlon
The goals of this program are to assess and develop technology for the control of
emissions of particulate matter, particularly those that affect human health and welfare.
More specifically, its objectives are to:
- Assess and improve the effectiveness of conventional particulate control tech-
nology to meet existing and proposed particulate emission regulations.
- Ensure that technology is available to permit increased use of low sulfur western
coals without exceeding existing and proposed particulate emissions standards.
- Characterize inhalable particulate emissions from stationary and fugitive sources
to support the Agency target to set an ambient standard by 1982-1983.
- Develop and evaluate improved inhalable particulate matter control technology for
stationary and fugitive emission sources.
1979 Accomplishments ;
In 1979, obligations included $723,400 for salaries and expenses and $8,668,500
for extramural purposes,for a total of $9,391,900. In 1979 the Agency:
- Initiated a field sampling program to characterize inhalable particulate matter
(IPM) emissions from industrial sources to support the standard setting effort.
- Converted the existing fine particulate emissions data bank to cover the inhal-
able particulate size range, which allowed the Agency to make the initial identi-
fication of various emission factors for stationary sources.
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ENERGY
Flue Sas Particulate Control
Original Revised
Estimate Estimate President's
1981 1981 Reduction
~(dollars in thousands)
Appropriation
Salaries and Expenses.......... $ 1,129 $ 1,125 -$4
Research and Development....... 6,911 6,911
Total 8,040 8,036 -4
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Page Intentionally Blank
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UlLIUItiny OUUlLIVCi. irilS yruviucu LIIC ui 1 ivc ui tin ui uciiicni, a usi3 i a iui
establishing an interim participate emission compliance policy.
- Established the technical feasibility of augmenting electrostatic precipitator
(ESP) performance by using a low cost precharger device.
This device is suitable for new or retrofit applications and meets the revised parti-
cipate New Source Performance Standard (NSPS) for utility boilers.
- Developed data on costs, performance and impacts of conventional particulate
control devices to support the proposed NSPS for Industrial Boilers.
- Completed an initial assessment of the potential of dust trapping devices to
control diesel exhaust particulate emissions in support of the Agency effort to
set a new standard in 1982.
- Jointly conducted a workshop on particulate control with the Republic of West
Germany, and a symposium on "Particulate Control and Measurement" with the Soviet
Union. Conducted the Third International Conference on all aspects of particulate
control, measurement, effects and standards.
- Demonstrated the feasibility of using felt filter baghouses for industrial boiler
flue gas cleaning applications.
- Completed Phase 1 evaluation of baghouse usage on a large low-sulfur coal utility
bciler. This technology is finding increased applications in low-sulfur coal
burning utilities.
- Completed a demonstration of a condensation scrubber application on an iron cupola
using 30 percent less energy than a comparable conventional scrubber.
1980 Program
In 1980, the Agency has allocated a total of $7,810,500 to this program of which
$1,098,500 fs for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $6,712,000 is for extra-
mural purposes under the Research and Development appropriation. The 1980 program will
expand efforts to characterize and develop control technology for fugitive dusts in urban
areas exceeding national and State limits for ambient particulates. Additionally, program
activities and planned accomplishments are to:
- Continue the characterization of inhalable particulate matter from priority
emission sources. This activity is part of the Agency strategy to establish
emission factors to guide States in their implementation plans to control ambient
levels of inhalable particulate matter,
- Initiate long term evaluation of_ baghouse applications on large, low-sulfur coal
utility boilers to form a basis for New Source Performance Standards revisions
in the mid-1980's.
- Complete evaluation of full scale baghouse for low sulfur coal utility boilers.
- Continue second phase of electrostatic precipitator (ESP) precharger development
and evaluation program.
- Complete the assessment of flue gas conditioning agents as a means to improve ESP
performance for low sulfur coal fly ash, and initiate non-additive means to
improve in-use ESP performance.
-------
urban fugitive dusts to provide State Implementation Plans (SIP) guides in non-
compliance areas.
- Continue transfer of participate control technology via sponsorship of conferences
and issuance of technical reports.
1980 Explanation of Change From Budget Estimates
The net decrease of $189,500 results from several actions. An increase of $25,900
results from the cost of the October 1979 pay raise and is included in a proposed supple-
mental appropriation. A congressional reduction of $2 million to Agency travel costs
resulted in a decrease of $4,000. An overall reprogramming throughout the agency to
provide sufficient salary funds to cover authorized workyears resulted in a decrease of
$111,400 to this activity.
A transfer of $100,000 was made within the energy media to environmental assessment
of conventional and advanced energy systems to support the Office of Solid Waste in de-
veloping regulations for power plant ash and sludge.
1981 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $8,040,000 for this program, of which $1,128,600 is
for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $6,911,400 is for the Research and Deve-
lopment appropriation. This represents increases of $30,100 and $199,400, respectively.
The increase in resources will be used to provide additional support to determine inhalable
particulate matter emission factors. During 1981, efforts will support the agency
regulatory program. In 1981, the program objectives are to:
- Complete the characterization of inhalable particulate matter emissions from
important sources. This information is required by the Air Program Office to
allow selection of appropriate control technology for an ambient inhalable fine
particulate standard.
- Continue evaluation of a prototype electrostatic precipitator (ESP) precharger
for enhancing particulate control of low-sulfur coal fly ash,
- Continue technology research to control the impacts of fugitive dusts on urban areas
with special emphasis on non-compliance areas.
- Initiate control technology assessments and development efforts to minimize
particulate (fugitive and dusted) emissions from the production and use of
synfuels.
- Determine capability of FGD scrubbers for particulate removal to meet the
recently promulgated New Source Performance Standard for utility boilers.
- Continue ESP research on reentrainment, turbulence and flue gas additives as
they affect equipment performance.
- Continue research on condensation aerosols and filter design fundamentals.
- Transfer technology on inhalable particulate matter control through the sponsor-
ship of workshops, international conferences and technical reports.
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ENERGY
Transport, Fate and Effects of Energy Related Pollutants
Original Revised
Estimate Estimate President's
1981 1981 Reduction
~~Tdollars in thousands)
Appropriation
Salaries and Expenses $ 902 $ 900 -$2
Research and Development 13,765 13,765
Total 14,667 14,665 - 2
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Page Intentionally Blank
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_i_ut_r\u *
Transport, Fate and Effects of Energy Related Pollutants
Actual
1979
Appropriation
Salaries and
Expenses .... $1,230
Research and
Development 14,908
Total.... 16,138
Permanent Positions 10
Full-time Equivalency 28
Budget
Estimate
1980
Current
Estimate Estimate
1980 1981
(dollars in thousands)"
Increase +
Decrease -
1981 vs. 1980
Budget Request
The Agency requests a total of $14,667,300 for 1981, a decrease of $666,000 from 1980.
Included in this total is $902,200 for Salaries and Expenses and $13,765,100 for Research and
Development, with an increase of $7,600 and a decrease of $673,600, respectively. This decrease
results from a reprogranming of the water transport and fate research program into this program
element in 1980 which is not carried forward into the 1981 program.
Program Description
The Energy Transport, Fate and Effects Program assesses the effects of present and proposed
energy-related activities on aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. The program is interagency in
structure, utilizing the scientific expertise and facilities within six Federal agencies.
Through this structure, an environmental research program of national scope has been established
to include: (1) the evaluation of the impact of offshore oil and gas extraction activities, (2)
an analysis of the transport, fate and effects of energy-related pollutants in marine and fresh-
water environments, (3) the development of techniques to mitigate adverse environmental impacts
from mining operations, (4) the assessment of the effects of atmospheric pollutants, including
acid rain, on aquatic and terrestrial systems, (5) the identification of the ecological hazards
associated with new energy technologies, and (6) the development and validation of test method-
ologies to evaluate the environmental effects of energy related chemicals.
1979 Accomplishments
In 1979, this program utilized $16,138,000, of which $1,229,900 was for salaries and
expenses and $14,908,100 was for extramural purposes. The accomplishments for 1979 include the
following:
- Contributed to the data base involving the effects of ozone and sulfur oxides on
agricultural and natural ecosystems.
- Demonstrated that: (1) the fate of halogens released into the marine environment is
different from freshwater fate, (2) biocides used in cooling waters result in halo-
genated organic compounds in marine environment, and (3) many compounds formed are
toxic.
- Completed field research involving the impact of coal-fired power plants on grassland
j -.c o-i M j.1 f__.J- Ttl -.!.... _. . , -- .- .
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- Developed procedures to characterize chemical properties of mine spoils and overburden
material in the Western United States.
- Developed rapid, reliable and cost effective methods for inventorying and characterizing
wildlife habitats.
- Determined the MATC (Maximum Allowable Toxicant Concentration) for hydrocarbons and
other energy-related discharges on components of marine and freshwater ecosystems.
- Provided to the Office of Surface Hining (DOI) and Office of Solid Waste (EPA), acute
and chronic effects data involving the effects of leachates from coal spoils on aquatic
organisms.
- Developed microcosm capabilities to simulate the chemistry and biology of New England
Coastal Areas.
- Develop field evaluation and simulation techniques to assess the impact of sulfur
dioxide on terrestrial systems.
1980 Program
In 1980, the Agency allocated a total of $15,333,300 to this program, of which $894,600
is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $14,438,700 is for extramural purposes
under the Research and Development appropriation. Program activities and planned accomplish-
ments for 1980 include:
- Initiate the assessment of the effects of Chemical discharges from offshore oil
and gas extraction and to characterize exploration on marine ecosystems. \
- Evaluation of acute and chronic effects of consent decree pollutants on organisms
in marine and freshwater environments.
- Determination of the effects of atmospheric pollutants, including acid precipitation,
on aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems.
- Further evaluation of the effects of biocides in cooling systems on aquatic environ-
ments .
~ Identification of techniques to prevent adverse environmental impacts from surface
mining operations.
- Identification of ecological effects of discharges and emissions from emerging
energy technologies such as coal gasification and liquefaction.
- Development and validation of cost-effective test methods to evaluate the effects
of energy-related chemicals.
- Development of land suitability criteria in support of the Federal coal leasing
program.
1980 Explanation of Changes from Budget Estimate
The net increase of $685,300 results from several actions. An increase of $15, results
from the cost of the October 1979 pay raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appro-
priation. A congressional reduction of $2 million to Agency travel costs resulted in a
decrease of $300,000. An overall reprogramming throughout the Agency to provide sufficient
salary funds to cover authorized workyears resulted in a decrease of $72,700 to this activit- x
-------
, . - - - -I--J- s a-.-- - .- - ,.3-.,«v - f « >- »» ' i i. i tin, ju tui j
funds to cover authorized workyears resulted in a decrease of $72,700 to this activity.
A reprogramming of $202,000 was made within the energy media from measurement systems
and instrumentation development for energy related pollutants to allow additional research
pertaining to oil shale engineering technology. A reprogramming of $570,000 was made with-
in the energy media from atmospheric transportation and transformation of energy related
pollutants ($370,000) and energy-health effects ($200,000) in order to more appropriately
reflect the aquatic transport activities. A transfer of $6,000 was made to the toxic
substances media to transport and fate to help cover the cost of a symposium on the state
of the art of the use of lab rate data in predicting environmental fate of new chemicals.
A transfer of $20,000 was made to the water quality media to marine ecological effects for
a contract to plan a research program to integrate the physical, chemical transport models
with the ecological fate models.
1981 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $14,667,300 for this program, of which $902,200 is for
the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $13,765,100 for the Research and Development
appropriation. The net decrease of $666,000 results from a reprogranming of water transport
and fate research into this program element in 1980 that will not be carried into the 1981
program. Planned activities for 1981 include the initiation and continuation of research
projects as follows:
- Characterize composition, determine biological fate, and evaluate acute chronic
effects of discharges from offshore oil and gas drilling activities.
- Determine acute and chronic effects and bioaccumulation rates of petroleum
hydrocarbons and other energy-related pollutants for marine and fresh water
environments.
- Determine the fresh water biological effects of energy-related pollutants from
conventional coal-fired power plants, new energy demonstration projects (FBC)
and associated solid waste control installations.
- Determine and assess the effects of acid precipitation on aquatic and terrestrial
ecosystems in the United States. This task will be a part of the National Acid
Rain Research Program.
- Refine and develop models for predicting the effects of air emissions from coal-
fired power plants on fish, wildlife and their habitats, with emphasis on Class I Areas.
- Initiate research to determine the impact of atmospheric emissions from new
energy technologies (pyrolysis of biomass, fluidized bed combustion, and coal
gasification) on terrestrial systems.
-- Determine the fate and chronic effects of gaseous pollutants, and both dry and
wet deposition of particulates, singly and in mixture, on important crop, grass-
land, and forest species of western and eastern regions of the United States.
- Determine the fate of trace metals (Hg, Cd, etc.) that result from coal combustion
and their chronic effects on important crop and forest species.
-------
Prepare handbooks for mine reclamation covering soil and water management and
revegetation activities in arid and semi-arid areas cf the United States.
Develop reclamation and revegetation techniques to minimize the transport of
radioactive materials from uranium mine tailings.
Identify sources, transport mechanisms, and fate of mercury and seleniura associated
with coal mining in the Northern Great Plains, and assess the contamination of
fish by these elements.
Assess the environmental impacts on surface and ground water resources that would
result from increased utilization of ground water heat pumps and the commerciali-
zation of oil shale operations.
Develop rapid, reliable, and economical test methodologies involving populations
and communities, to evaluate the ecological effects of energy-related toxic
substances on biological processes of plants-and animals.
Assess the long-term consequences of energy pollutant induced stresses on fish
populations and fishing yields.
Assess the biological impact of diverting water for energy use, with emphasis on
arid and semi-arid portions of the United States.
-------
ENERGY
Atmospheric Transport and Transformation of Energy Related Pollutants
Original Revised
Estimate Estimate President's
1981 1981 Reduction
[dollars in thousands)
Appropriation
Salaries and Expenses $ 225 $ 224 -$1
Research and Development 7,395 7,395
Total... $7,620 7,619 - 1
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Page Intentionally Blank
-------
Atmospheric Transport and Transformation of Energy Related Pollutants
Budget Current Increase +
Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease -
1979 1980 1980 1981 1981 vs. 1980
(dollars in thousands)
Appropriation
Salaries and
Expenses....
Research and
Development.
$632
JL.030
8,662
33
14
$375
7,239
7,614
3
7
$201
6 ,968
7,169
3
7
$225
7,395
7,620
3
7
+$24
4427
+451
* * *
» *
Total ..
Permanent Positions.....
Full-time Equivalency...
Budget Request
The Agency requests a total of $7,619,900 for 1981, an increase of $450,700 from
1980. Included in this total is $224,600 for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation
and $7,395,300 for the Research and Development appropriation, with increases of $23,600
and $427,100, respectively. The increase results from a reprogramming of the water
transport and fate research program into this program element in 1980.
Program Description
This program characterizes energy-related pollutants, assesses their impact on man
and the environment and develops predictive models of their transport, transformation
and dispersion in air. Emissions into the air from coal-, oil-, and gas-fired power
plants and from advanced energy technology development, such as coal liquefaction and
gasification, oil shale extraction, and geothermal energy exploitation are examined.
The transformation program then examines the interactions of these primary source-pollu-
tants with ambient air, water vapor, rain, ice, and solar irradiation.
1977 Accomplishments
In 1979, the program utilized $8,662,300, of which $632,100 was devoted to inhouse
expenses and $8,030,200 to extramural activities.
In 1979, the formerly DOE funded and managed Multistate Atmospheric Power Production
Pollution Study (MAP3S) was transferred to EPA under this program element. MAP3S goals
and approaches were redefined with the primary objective being to define the relationships
between emissions of air pollutants, their deposition, and the chemical quality of
precipitation. The tasks of this project are distributed among 3 DDE-related laboratories
Argonne (AHL), Brookhaven (BNL)* and Pacific Northwest (PNL),.with a rotating technical
-------
Completion of regional-scale trajectory models, including transport,
transformation, and wet and dry deposition. These models will be used
for long-range impact analysis.
Formilation of regional scale deposition velocity map for use in
dry deposition modeling for S0>2 and sulfate.
Developed a model for sulfate scavenging {absorption by cloud droplets)
which allows estimation of acidic deposition as a function of storm type
and precipitation rate.
It was shown that monthly average sulfate concentrations in precipitation
were remarkably constant over the eastern United States, and the pH of
rainfall was near 4.0. The concentration of nitrate in precipitation was
realtively constant over the year, with maximum relative concentration in
winter when it may contribute up to half of the acidity.
Project VISTTA (Visibility 2nd Interstate sulfur Transport and Transformation
in the Atmosphere) showed that power plant plumes in the western arid regions
could be followed to 100km distances, due to the presence of particulates.
Little secondary particulate formation occured along the plume trajectory.
Once the plume mixed with background air, however, the rate of sulfate
formation increased and the particle size increased into a range that
effectively scatters light. Thus, while $02 removal will not reduce plume
blight, it will help to control regional haze.
Both source emissions and ambient air quality were measured at the Lurgi
gasifier'at Kosovo, Yugoslavia. The plant was found to emit significant
amounts of toxic organic pollutants which may pose a health hazard. Samples
were collected continuously in May 1979 at five sites near the gasifier.
Thirty organic compounds in the following five classes have been identified to
date in the ambient Kosovo air and related to the gasifier: (1) CHO compounds
(Phenols and Furans},(2) CHS Compounds (Mercaptans and Thiophenes), (3) CHN Com-
pounds (Hyridines and Pyrroles), (4) Aromatic Compounds (Benzene to 5-ring poly-
cyclics), and (5) Aliphatic Hydrocarbons (C9-C2Q). Quantitative data analysis
is in progress and will be reported shortly.
TVA studied sulfur oxide transformation in both scrubbed and unscrubbed
plumes. Results indicated that the rate of both sulfate and nitrate
transformation were not significantly different for scrubbed and unscrubbed
plumes (1%/hr., 3-4%/hr., respectively). Both of these rates varied during
the day, the afternoon rates being double those of the morning.
-------
In 1980, the Agency has allocated a total of $7,169,200 to this program, of which
$201,000 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $6,968,200 for extramural
purposes under the Research and Development appropriation. Program activities and
planned accomplishments include:
- Further restructuring of project MAP3S to meet the redefined objectives.
The MAP3S acid deposition network of nine stations(seven of which are
presently still funded by DOE) will become an integral part of the
National Acid Deposition Network (NADN). Its major function, however,
will remain storm/event sampling in order to validate specific source/
receptor relationships by trajectory modeling,
- Complex terrain model development. A.planning workshop brought to light
that: (l)physical dispersion of air pollutants over flat topography
can be modeled reliably, (2) the traditional approach to complex
terrain modeling - a geographically dense measurement network in a
real-world complex terrain situation-foilowed by back calculation
modeling - has always failed to produce a reliable model, (.3) even the
simplest terrain situation - a conical hill on a flat plain - is not
understood. Accordingly, a back-to-basics approach to complex terrain
model development was adopted. In 1980 the physical dispersion
phenomena associated with a plume impinging on a simple hill on a flat
plain will be measured.
- The 1980 field study of Project VISTTA will obtain data on the composite
plume originating at the Four Corners Area (AZ, CO, NM, UT). Intensive
field measurements which employ ground, airborne and satellite-borne
instrumentation, will be made to obtain data on the physical and chemical
constitutents contributing to visibility impairment. The data will be used
to develop optical modules of pollutant dispersion models.
- Construction will be completed on the TVA smog chamber. The chamber will
be tested at a coal fired power plant to provide data for atmospheric
transformation studies. Then the chamber will be transported to new
energy technology sites for in-situ transformation studies of emissions
from such facilities.
- A 30<-day study using a mobile ground or aerial laboratory will be performed
at the Lurgi Coal Gasification Plant at Kosovo, Yugoslavia, to further
investigate the transport and transformation of organic aerosols and gases
emitted by the gasifier.
1980 Explanation of Changes from Budget Estimates
The net decrease of $444,800 results from several actions. An increase of $6,500
results from the cost of the October 1979 pay raise and is included in a proposed
supplemental appropriation. An overall reprogramming throughout the Agency to provide
sufficient salary funds to cover authorized workyears resulted in a decrease of $67,300
to this activity.
-------
n repruyraiimitny UT *j/u,uuu was maae witnin ins energy meaia TO "transport, rate
and effects of energy related pollutants in order to more appropriately reflect the
aquatic transport activities.
A transfer of $8,000 was made to the air media to transport and fate to support the
effort to integrate the MAP3S program within one activity.
A transfer of $6,000 was made to the toxic substances media to transport and fate
to help cover the cost of a symposium on the state-of-the-art of the use of lab rate
data in predicting environmental fate of new chemicals.
1981 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $7,619,900 for this program, of which $224,600 is
for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $7,395,300 for the Research and
Development appropriation. The net increase of $450,700 will be allocated to increase
research on energy-related pollutant transport and transformation modeling, and on
atmospheric effects, such as acid deposition and visibility impairment in Federal Class
I areas. The 1981 plan will also place an increased emphasis on environmental problems
associated with synfuels. Planned activities for 1981 include:
- A continuation of the complex terrain model development effort initiated
in 1980. This is an effort to provide the Office of Air Quality Standards
(OAQPS) with a practical, flexible, computerized model of criteria pollutant
dispersion from variable height stacks in complex terrain (mountains, valleys,
land-sea interface) for prediction of air quality impacts from existing and
new power plants.
- Modeling and field validation of pollutant dispersion on a regional scale
(0-1000 km). This is an effort to predict air quality impact from single
or aggregate power plants in an entire region of the United States, such
as the Ohio Basin, the Northeast, or the Great Lakes areas. Energy-related
air pollution effects, such as fine particulates formation, acid rain and
visibility deterioration encompass a wide area and are not localized to the
source. The mechanisms which govern the primary pollutant dispersion
on a wide scale must be understood, and the chemical transformations
which may lead to fine particulate (and thus, visibility deterioration)
and acid rain formation. Recommendations will be formulated for feasible
control strategies to alleviate or mitigate visibility impairments and
acid rain.
- The studies of plumes resulting from coal-fired power plant emissions
(Project VISTTA), initiated in 1979, will be concluded with the
determination of the governing mechanisms that may cause visibility
deterioration in the Western Class, 1 areas. The pollutant dispersion
modeling effort will focus on aerosol formation which causes visibility
impairment |haze). This effort is concentrated in the western energy
regions, currently undergoing intensive energy development.
-------
particuTates and through scavenging by clouds will be initiated. Several lab
and field studies will be conducted in academic institutions (through the new
ORD Grants Office), NQAA/Environmental Services Research Laboratory and TVA to
provide the basic physical and chemical parameters which are necessary for
model development of pollutant transport and transformation. Particular emphasis
will be put on elucidation and quantification of phenomena associated with
transport and transformation of pollutants from new energy technologies, such
as coal liquefaction ami gasification, oil shale extraction, geothermal sources,
and biomass combustion.
-------
for Energy-Related Pollutants
Actual
1979
Budget
Estimate
1980
Current
Estimate
1980
Estimate
1981
Increase +
Decrease -
1981 vs. 1980
"(dollars in thousands)
$1 ,024
6,862
$1,062
7,475
$972
7,276
$974
8,444
+$2
+1,168
Appropriation
Salaries and
Expenses.. $1,024
Research and
Development ».
Total 7,886 8,537 8,248 9,418
Permanent Positions.... 8 1 10 10
Fun-time Equivalency.. 25 34 34 33
Budget Request
+1,170
-1
An appropriation of $9,417,900 is requested for 1981, an increase of $1,169,800 over
1980. Included in this total is $973,800 for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation
and $8,444,100 for the Researchsand Development appropriation, which will be used for a
new program in exposure monitoring to determine the correlation between fixed station
air pollution monitoring data and actual human exposure to energy-related pollutants.
Program Description
Most of the reserve energy resources of this nation are located in the relatively
pristine western states. This program is directed toward identifying and quantifying
ambient pollutants associated with energy activities and toward development of pollutant
measurement capabilities. The objectives of the program are to determine actual human
exposure to energy-related pollutants and to compare this data to fixed station network
data; to establish a baseline of environmental data so that the multimedia impact on
environmental quality from anticipated energy development can be quantitatively
established; and to develop validated sampling and analytical methods and procedures to
ensure a measurement capability for pollutants from emerging energy technologies.
1979 Accomplishments
In 1979, this program utilized $7,886,100 of which $1,023,600 was for in-house
expenses and $6,862,500 was for extramural activities.
-------
ENERGY
Measurement Systems and Instrumentation Development
for Energy-Related Pollutants
Original
Estimate
1981
Revised
Estimate
1981
President's
Reduction
(dollars in thousands)
Appropriation
Salaries and Expenses...,
Research and Development,
$ ,-974
8,444
$ 970
8,444
-$4
Total
9,418
9,414
- 4
-------
Page Intentionally Blank
-------
Current standards address the major pollutants - SOX, MOX, particulates, etc. <
but results from characterization studies show that a large variety of hazardous
substances are emitted in small amounts. The monitoring equipment provided by this
program is used to identify and measure both the hazardous substances that originate
from energy-related facilities and the secondary pollutants that arise when these
primary emissions either decompose by interaction with sunlight or react with other
substances in the environment. In many cases, secondary pollutants can be more hazardous
than primary pollutants. Of course, primary hazardous pollutants can also be rendered
relatively innocuous after a very short residence time in the environment. The information
from this monitoring program will enable the EPA to establish regulations that provide
an adequate margin of safety, where the hazard posed by a pollutant so warrants, while
avoiding unnecessary or overly stringent controls. Among the 1979 accomplishments are:
- In a 30-day continuous monitoring program nearly 80 percent of ambient
sulfate and 50 percent of total suspended particulate matter in the
vicinity of an oil-fired power plant were found to be attributable to
the plant.
- A computer system for the processing of multispectral scanner imagery
(obtained by aerial photography) of coal strip mines was demonstrated.
This advanced remote sensing technology is used to assess environmental
impact.
- Potential ground water pollution sources from oil shale development
were identified and ranked; a compendium report on oil shale technology
was published; and ground water was monitored for pollution from western
coal strip mining.
- Instruments for measuring visibility-related variables were evaluated for
use in a report to Congress on visibility.
- The correlation of various visibility measurement techniques was determined
by monitoring for one year.
- Data from the EPA/National Park Service 14-station visibility-monitoring
network in Western Class 1 Areas was obtained by monitoring for one year.
Visibility apparently rises and falls simultaneously over broad areas of the
west, suggesting that the sources of visibility impairing pollution are so
remote that their pollution is dispersed uniformly over wide geographical
areas.
- The relationships between human perception and the various measurable
visibility parameters were documented.
- The five year baseline study of air quality in Western Energy Resources
Development Area was completed. Future deterioration of air quality
resulting from accelerated energy developments such as oil shale retorting
and coal gasification can be documented by comparison with this 5-year data base.
- High molecular weight and potentially carcinogenic organics in the C10-C20 range.
including alkylbenzenes, alkylnapthalenes, and anthracenes were found in plume
aerosols emitted from in-situ oil shale burn (Occidental Oil Co. near Grand
Junction, Colorado). Inorganics and organics were identified using XRF and
GC/MS techniques, respectively. Because of the reducing nature of the burn,
sulfur species were identified including f^S, mercaptans, etc.
-------
the most important reactions identified have been the Fe and Mn system, 502 +
03, and S02 + N02.
- 903 filters collected in 1975 from 42 urban sites in 33 States were analyzed
for organic and graphitic carbon. Graphitic carbon constitutes 5 to 15% of
the particulate mass, which is comparable to the amount of sulfate present.
The major source is most likely the combustion of hydrocarbon fuels.
- A method for accurate determination of gas phase sulfuric acid from stationary
sources was developed by Brookhaven National Labs with EPA funding.
- The correlation between visible plume opacity and boiler operating parameters
was determined for oil fired boilers..
- A 40-station fine particulate network in the Western Energy Research Development
Area was established.
1980 Program
In 1980, the Agency has allocated a total of $8,248,100 to this program, of which
$972,200 is for the Salaries and Expense appropriation and $7,275,900 is for extramural
purposes under the Research and Development appropriation. Program activities and
planned accomplishments for 1980 include:
- Aerial sampling to characterize the plume of an in-situ coal gasifielation plant
is being undertaken. Aerosol chemical composition will be determined by x-ray
fluorescence and gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy.
- Aerial sampling to determine the impact of aerosol sulfate/nitrate formation
from western power plants equipped with dry scrubbers is being performed.
- Studies of the effect of metal catalysts on sulfate formation rate due to
oxidation of SQ2 by QS and H2Q2 in water are being conducted. The effect of
NH3 and HN03 vapor concentrations on ammonium nitrate aerosol formation will be
determined in a laboratory study using a flow reactor.
- Secondary organic and inorganic pollutant assessment of advanced fossil fuel
technologies will be performed. A flow reactor will be used to simulate the
atmospheric transformation of emissions from oil shale, coal gasifier, and coal
liquifier processes. Sample aerosol products will be tested for bioactivity.
- Interpretation of aerial photography of the Powder River Basin coal strip mines
and oil shale site Imagery to assess rehabilitation efforts will be carried out.
- An updated procedures manual on overhead muTItispectral scanner monitoring of
western coal strip mines for environmental impact assessment will be published,
- Monitoring programs for coal strip mining and In-situ oil shale retorting is
being designed, with reports on ground water monitoring of (!) oil shale
development, (Z) active coal strip mines, (3) western reclaimed coal strip
mines,and (4) municipal pollution associated with coal strip mining.
-------
- Western regional visibility monitoring network will be expanded to 18 stations.
An analysis of the first year of data in terms of regional trends and synoptic
meteorology will be performed.
- A symposium on visibility impact, measurement, and analysis is being sponsored.
- The capability to represent measured or derived visibility data in pictorial form
using automated image processing equipment and software is being developed.
- Studies of primary sulfate and nitrate emissions to quantify the effect of
widespread switching of fuels from pulverized coal to residual oil are being
conducted,
- The capabilities of existing satellite systems are being evaluated; e.g.,
Synchronous Meteorological Satellite/Geostationary Orbiting Earth Satellite
(SMS/GOES) to identify and monitor polluted air masses.
- The applicability of various remote sensing technologies (Laser Absorption
Spectrometry {LAS), High Spectral Resolution LiDAR (HSRL), and UV Differential
Absorption LIDAR (UV-DIAL)) to near term scientific investigation of regional
air .pollution problems will be demonstrated.
- The Brookhaven Emission Characterization System (BECS) will be expanded to include
characterization of trace organic emissions.
- An assessment of the exposure of the Texas Flower Gardens coral reefs to discharges
from oil and gas drilling mud components will be made. In 1980, the dispersion and
the chemical nature of drilling mud components and degradation products will be
determined.This will be accomplished using a shipboard acoustic backscatter
system to track the discharge plumes and to guide sampling. The Texas Flower
Gardens are the most northerly known coral reefs, perched at the edge of the outer
continental shelf 100 miles from Houston.
1980 Explanation of Changes from Budget Estimates
The net decrease of $288,900 results from several actions. An increase of $24,300
results from the cost of the October 1979 pay raise and is included in a proposed
supplemental appropriation. A congressional reduction of $2 million to Agency travel
costs resulted in a decrease of $2,000. An overall reprogramming throughout the Agency
to provide sufficient salary funds to cover authorized workyears resulted in a decrease
of $94,200 to this activity.
A transfer of $15,000 was made to the water quality media to transport and fate
for a contract to plan a research program to integrate the physical, chemical transport
models with the ecological fate models. A reprogramming of $202,000 was made within
the energy media to transport, fate and effects energy related pollutants to allow
additional research pertaining to oil shale engineering technology.
-------
The Agency requests a total of $9,417,900 for this program, of which $s/3,auu is
for the Salaries and Expense appropriation and $8,444,100 is for the Research and
Development appropriation* The program contains a major new project, namely exposure
monitoring, that will be funded by the net increase of $1,169,800. This project will
determine the degree of correlation between fixed station monitoring network data
and actual human exposure to energy-related pollutants. Other major objectives for the
1981 program include:
- Detailed emissions characterization of volatile organics emitted from secondary
energy sources such as refuse combustion and synthetic fuels usage will be made.
Preliminary data indicate the presence of toxic and carcinogenic chlorinated
aromatics in emissions from certain refuse energy conversion plants.
- A comprehensive summary report on passive remote sensing (photography and
multispectral scanning) technology for assessing the environmental impact of
energy resource recovery activities will be produced.
- Field verification of ground water monitoring guidelines for western energy
resource recovery areas will be undertaken.
- A national network of regionally representative visibility monitoring stations
(approximately 15-20) per recommendation of the Subcommittee for Visibility
Research (SCVR) will be established.
- The fine particulate monitoring program will be expanded to examine organic
fraction of particulate loading in the Western Energy Resource Development Area.
- The National Data ManagementSystem for visibility-related data will be developed..
- Aerosol formation.rates in a dry scrubber plume will be determined to assess the
potential impact on visibility in the midwest, where many power plants will control
SO2 emission with dry scrubbers.
- The enhancement or inhibition of the S02 oxidation which is caused by catalytic
metal ions and dissolved oxidants will be determined.
- Organic aerosol formation in plumes from advanced energy sources will be
determined. This effort will include aerial sampling of the TOSCO in-situ oil
shale retort at Tract C-a, which is near Grand Junction, Colorado. Aerosol
samples will be collected and analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry to
determine plume organic species and their transformation rates.
- Feasibility studies for equiping future satellites with instruments sensitive
to polluted air masses will be conducted. These systems will provide invaluable
data for prediction of elevated;pollution episodes.
- Second generation High Spectral Frequency LIDAR System for atmospheric pollution
transformation studies will be fabricated.
- Exposure assessment at the Texas Flower Gardens coral reefs will be continued.
The results of this work will be combined with those of a parallel effort to
assess the effects of drilling platform discharges on coral reef biotic species.
The combined output will be an assessment of the total hazard posed by oil and gas
drill ing(in the"vicinity of this fragile and valuable coral ecosystem.
-------
ENERGY
Health Effects of Energy Related Pollutants
Original
Estimate
1981
Revised
Estimate
1981
President1s
Reduction
(dollars in thousands)"
Appropriation
Salaries and Expenses...,
Research and Development,
$ 146
18,245
$ 145
18,245
Total
18,391
18,390
- 1
-------
Page Intentionally Blank
-------
Health Effects of Energy Related Pollutants
Budget Current Increase +
Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease -
Appropriation 1979' 1980 1980 1981 1981 vs. 1980
Tdollars in thousands)
Salaries and Expenses $109 $769 $624 $146 -$478
Research and
Development 19,963 17.618 17.532 18.245 + 713
Total....... .2.0,072 18,387 18,156 18,391 +235
Permanent Positions.... 2 3 2
Full-time Equivalency.. 466
Budget Request
The Agency requests a total of $18,390,900 for 1981, an increase of $234,500 over
1980. The increased resources in 1981 will be used in the funding of a newly initiated
human health (epidemiological) study. Included in this total is $145,600 for the Salaries
and Expense Appropriation and $18,245,300 for the Research and Development Appropriation,
with a decrease of $478,500 and an increase of $713,000, respectively.
Program Description
The interagency Health Effects Research Program is dedicated to improving the ability
to estimate the long-term adverse health impacts of energy-related pollutants that can
ensue as a consequence of implementing a particular energy policy. Of major concern are
those health effects that may result from long-term, low-level exposures and that are
manifested only after a long time period, i.e., carcinogenicity, teratogenicity,
mutagencity, and dysfunctions of the cardiopulmonary, neurobehavioral, reproductive,
hepatic, hematopoietic, renal and immune systems.
The necessary data are obtained through a coordinated program of epidemiological,
clinical and toxicological studies, and through the development and use of rapid and
sensitive bioscreening methodologies. Research in these disciplines is directed through
six themes which collectively develop the data base necessary to reduce the uncertainties
in the estimates of risk to human health. The objectives of these themes, all of which
address only energy-related pollutants, are as summarized below:
- Determine the health effects of criteria and non-criteria pollutants generated
by fossil fuel combustion.
- Develop and validate bisassay screens and predictor test protocols for the
identification and characterization of hazardous energy-related pollutants.
- Determine the health hazards of drinking waters contaminated by leachates from the
solid waste generated by fossil fuel combustion.
- Ascertain the toxicity of particular {e.g., cadmium) energy-related pollutants when
exposure is concurrent with other environmental stressors.
-------
- Determine the occupational health hazards of advanced fossil fuel energy cycles:
coal gasification, coal liquefaction, oil-from-shale.
1979 Accomplishments
In 1979, the program utilized $20,071,800 of which $109,200 was for inhouse expenses
and $19,962,600 was for extramural expenses. Specific accomplishments include:
- Implementation of several assaysincluding DNA damage/repair, lymphocyte cyto-
toxicity, and rabbit alveolar macrophage in the screening of energy-related
effluents and emissions.
- Development of a series of bioassay protocols for use in evaluation of mixed
effluent streams,
- Development of a repository for energy-related materials; samples are available
to investigators conducting biological experiments designed to screen for or
assay potentially toxic materials.
- Co-sponsorship of a workshop on Health and Environmental Effects of Coal Techno-
logies.
- Completion of a number of final reports defining the toxicity of energy-related
agents.
1980 Program
In 1980, the Agency allocated a total of $18,156,400 to this program, of which $624,100
is for the Salaries and Expenses 'Appropriation and $17,532,300 is for extramural purposes
under the Research and Development appropriation. Planned activities for 1980 are to:
- Perform epidemiological studies in several areas where the general population is
exposed to elevated levels of photochemical oxidants and other air pollutants.
- Perform an epidemiological study in an area such as El Paso where short-term high-
level excursions of S02 and parti culates are observed.
- Perform a series of clinical studies with human subjects (healthy and diseased) to
determine the effects of exposures to sul fates and sulfuric acid mists, ozone,
and NQg, both singly and in various combinations.
Perform relative health risk assessments for new energy technologies
such as fluidized bed combustion, with reference to conventional coal combustion.
Develop assay procedures which complement liver "enzyme island assay" methodologies;
develop procedures to screen samples that are potentially hazardous to tissues such
as skin from the fossil fuel cycle.
Perform an epidemiological study with populations identified as exposed to waterborne
agents from-fossil fuel energy production or use.
Evaluate the utility of a variety of proposed methods for recovering and concentrating
trace quantities of waterborne energy-related pollutants in sufficiently large quan-
tities for performing short-term in vivo animal tests as well as in vitro bioassays.
-------
function of various animal models resulting from chronic inhalation exposures
to combinations of flyash, criteria pollutants (e.g., 03, SD2. NOz) and non-
criteria energy-related agents (e.g., aldehydes, sulfates, nitrates).
- Determine reproductive capacity of animals exposed to mutagenic pollutants
during gestation.
- Continue development of sensitive reliable, and accurate quantitative techniques
for the identification.of.hazardous-wastes; evaluate.the correlation of short-terra
tests with chronic health impacts; improve short-term test procedures and dosimetric
techniques for evaluation of body burdens; improve models for animal data interpre-
pretation and extrapolation.
- Determine the spectrum of responses (e.g., oncogenicity, renal toxicity, neurologi-
cal potentiation, nutrition interference) from simultaneous exposure to cadmium and
other substances.
- Perform epidemiological and industrial hygiene studies to assess the occupational
health and safety hazards associated with the disposal of hazardous waste from
energy-related industries.
- Develop a program to improve estimates of risks/health impacts to occupational
groups in advanced fossil fuel industries; emphasis is to be on skin and pulmonary
cancer, and reproductive and neurobehavioral dysfunction.
- Perform an evaluation of federally sponsored coal gasification, coal liquefaction,
and shale oil products and residuals utilizing both in vivo and in vitro bioassay
protocols.
1980 Explanation of Changes From Budget Estimate
The net decrease of $230,600 results from several actions. An increase of $4,700
results from the cost of the October T979 pay raise and is included in a proposed supple-
mental appropriation, a congressional reduction of $2 million to Agency travel costs
resulted in a decrease of $100. An overall reprogramming throughout the agency to provide
sufficient salary funds to cover authorized workyears resulted in a decrease of $2,200 to
this activity.
A reprogramming of $200,000 was made within the energy media to transport, fate and
effects of energy related pollutants in order to more appropriately reflect the aquatic
transport activities. A transfer of $33,000 was made to the Water Quality media to transport
and fate for a contract to plan a research program to integrate the physical, chemical
transport models with the ecological fate models.
1981 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $18,390,900 for this program, of which $145,600 is for
the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $18,245,300 for the Research and Development
appropriation. The net increase of $234,500 will be used in a newly initiated human health
(epidemiological) study which is the second activity described below. Planned activities
are to:
- Continue support during the second year of a 5-year epidemiological study of the
health status of populations in several locales where the air quality regulations
for ozone, S02, NOx, total suspended particulates and nonmethane hydrocarbons have
been exceeded individually and/or in combination.
- In addition to the above, initiate a 5-year epidemiological study at a new locale
-------
to several"combinations of criteria pollutants {S0£, TSP, NQ£} and non-criteria
pollutants (sulfates, nitrates).
Initiate the assessment of risks to human health arising from fugitive emissions
from operation of a coal gasification facility as compared to a conventional coal
combustion facility.
Support the second year of a series of animal model chronic exposure inhalation
toxicology studies including various combinations of criteria and non-criteria
pollutants, ultimately simulating the exposure regimen found in several epidemio-
logical studies.
Continue the assessment of risks to human health arising from inhalation of organic
coated fly ash from fluidized bed combustion, as compared to risks from fly ash
emitted from conventional coal combustion.
Assess the risks of reproductive defects in worker and general populations that may
result from environmental exposures to airborne and water-borne agents from the
complete conventional coal production and use cycle.
Improve methods for evaluation of body burdens of energy-related hazardous materials
and techniques for evaluation of doses and dose rates to the critical organs/
targets.
Develop models for energy-related agents in various human biological systems
(molecules, cells, tissues, fluids, tec.). These models will include the mechanisms
of metabolism and incorporation, and the damage and repair processes.
Develop dose-response models for acute and chronic exposures to mixtures of energ.
related agents for biological endpoints of concern [emphasis will be on teratology,
reproductive dysfunction, and neurobehavioral dysfunction). Emphasis will be on
developing models for population groups at high risk (pre-stressed).
Evaluate correlations of projected biological effects using available short-term
in vitro bioassay tests with results from in vivo chronic exposure tests for
mixtures of energy-related agents, including synfuel products and wastes. Mutation,
cancer, birth defects, sterility, and dysfunctions of lung, liver, kidney, neuro-
behavioral, gastrointestinal and immune systems.
Increase sensitivity, reliability, accuracy and range of available short-term tests
for evaluation of hazardous wastes (mixtures) from energy-related facilities.
Provide support for repository of energy-related agents which will be made available
for biological experimentation regarding bioassay test systems.
Support the second year of a toxicological study requested by Office of Pesticides and
Toxic Substances of the responses from simultaneous exposure to cadmium and other
substances.
Develop alternative methods for recovering trace quantities of energy-related
pollutants from drinking water supplies. These trace quantities will be concentra-
ted in forms and quantities sufficient for whole animal toxicology.
Initiate an analytic epidenriologic study of populations exposed to drinking waters
contaminated bu fossil fuel energy systems operation-!eachates.
Continue an assessment of the occupational safety and health implications of disposal
of hazardous waste from energy-related industries. ' \
-------
Management and
Support
-------
Page Intentionally Blank
-------
MANAGEMENT AND SUPPORT
Original Revised
Estimate Estimate President's
1981 1981 Reduction
(dollars in thousands)
PROGRAM HIGHLIGHTS
Salaries and Expenses $219,404 $214,262 -$5,142
-------
Page Intentionally Blank
-------
Budget Current Increase +
Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease -
1979 1980 1980 1981 1981 vs. 1980
(dollars in thousands)
Salaries and Expenses... 183,450 187,423 196,490 219,404 +22,914
Permanent Positions..... 2,429 2,541 2,575 2,559 -16
Full-time Equivalency... 2,980 3,327 3,332 3,303 -29
Outlays...... 147,687 178,210 145,639 186,940 +41,301
Authorized Levels....... 24,060 , * * *
*Funds were authorized under the Environmental Research, Development, and
Demonstration Authorization Act of 1979; this authorization is pending for
1980. Remaining funds are authorized by virtue of the Appropriation Act.
OVERVIEW AND STRATEGY
This media encompasses overall executive direction, management and support for EPA
programs at the headquarters and ten regional offices* It covers the program management
activities carried out by the following program offices: Office of Water and Waste
Management; Office of Air, Noise, and Radiations Office of Pesticides and Toxic
Substances; Office of Enforcement; and Office of Research and Development. These
management functions include development of program policies and strategies, planning
and monitoring, and review t)f program performance.
The agency and regional management portion of this media includes those activities
which are not directly associated with a given program. Agency and regional management
covers the salaries and related expenses of the Administrator and the Regional
Administrators, their immediate staffs and the staff offices which report directly to
them. It includes those organizations within the Agency which provide central management
and administrative services. These central management activities include program
planning and evaluation, economic analysis, budgeting and financial management, personnel,
contracts and grants management, and other activitie. required for the effective
management of Agency programs. The full cost of these program direction and managerial
activities is charged to the Salaries and Expenses appropriation.
The extent of the management and support activities is determined by the programs
they serve. As a result, the increases shown under this media are confined to high
priority needs or to mandatory increases.
SUMMARY OF INCREASES AND DECREASES
(in thousands of dollars)
1980 Management and Support Program $196,490
Mana gement +6,171
The increase is primarily for contracts to assess
the economic impact of EPA regulations on major
industries, the benefits of major EPA regulations,
the energy impact of environmental regulations and
the environmental impact of energy legislation.
MS-1
-------
This increase will primarily cover increased
building services costs, additional space costs,
a major ADP procurement conducted in accordance
with OMB Circular A-l-09, and regional support
costs.
1981 Management and Support Program 219,404
SUMMARY OF BUDGET ESTIMATES
1. Summary of Budget Request
An appropriation of $219,403,900 is requested in 1981 under the Salaries and Expenses
appropriation. This represents an increase of $22,913,500 over the 1980 management and
support media. This change reflects increases for the Office of Planning and Evaluation,
for agencywide support services, and for increased regional management activities.
2. Changes from Original 1980 Budget Estimate
Changes from the budget are as follows:
(in thousands of dollars)
Original 1980 estimate..... $187,423
Congressional reductions: '
Travel... -335
Salaries and expenses......... -408
ADP costs ,...., -738
Proposed supplemental for October 1979
pay raise +3,587
Reprogramnring to support authorized
workyears +5,078
Miscellaneous reprogramming actions....... +1,883
Current 1980 estimate 196,490
Congressional changes of $1,482,300 were made through reductions to Agency travel
costs ($2 million), salaries and expenses ($2 million), and ADP costs ($1 million).
The proposed supplemental to fund a portion of the October 1979 pay raise will increase
this media by $3,586,400.
An overall reprogramming throughout the Agency to provide sufficient salary funds
to cover "authorized*workyears resulted in an increase of $5,077,900 to management activities.
MS-2
-------
pesticides ($105,000); from toxic substances ($90JOOO); from radiation ($100);'to noise
($34,600); and to interdisciplinary ($261,200).
ANALYSIS OF INCREASES AND DECREASES TO OBLIGATIONS
Current
Estimate Estimate
1980 1981
Prior year obligations $183,450 $197,315
Effect of October 1979 pay raise.. +3,587
Reprogramming tp cover authorized
workyears +5,078
Miscellaneous reprogramnring , +1,883
Program i ncrease. +12,898 +22,914
Change in amount of carryover funds
available -9,581 -825
Total estimated obligations 197,315 219,404
(From new obligation authority)... (196,490) (219,404)
(From prior year funds)... (825) (...)
EXPLANATION OF INCREASES AND DECREASES TO OBLIGATIONS
The effect of the October 197S pay raise will increase obligations by $3,587,000.
The increase in 1980 budget authority over the 1979 level will increase obligations by
$12.9 million. In 1981, the increase in budget authority will result in an increase of
$22.9 million to obligations.
Reprogramming actions will increase obligations in 1980 by $6.9 million. The
amount of carryover funds to be obligated in 1980 is $825,000, a decrease of $9,581,000
from the 1979 level. In 1981, no obligations are expected to occur from carryover
funds, a decrease of $825,000.
MS-3
-------
Actual
1979
Estimate
1980
wurrent
Estimate
1980
(dollars in thousands)
Estimate
1981
Decrease -
1981 vs. 1980
Salaries and Expenses:
Program Management..
Agency Management...,
Regional Management..
Total,
512,032
66,923
19,312
98,267
$12,766
65,527
19,690
97,983
$14,448
71 ,46C
21,442
107,350
$14,059
75,821
23,641
113,521
-$389
+4,361
+2,199
+6,171
Permanent Positions:
Program Management..,
Agency Management...,
Regional Management..
Total 2,429
257
1,516
646
292
1,572
677
300
1,611
664
280
1,608
671
-20
-3
+7
Full-Time Equivalency:
P rogram Mana gement..,
Agency Management...,
Regional Management.,
308
1,903
769
2,541
417
2,103
807
2,575
424
2,086
822
2,559
386
2,092
825
-16
-38
+6
+3
Total 2,980
3S327
3,332
3,303
-29
Purpose
This activity provides for centralized program direction_ftndmanagement of the
following EPA offices: Research and Development; Water aR{r^aste~tenagement; Air,
Noise and Radiation; Pesticides and Toxic Substances; ana Enforcement. It also includes
direct program support costs incurred at the field offices'ffiarraTpcrty the Office of
Research and Development, the Office of Air, Noise and Radiation, or the Office of
Pesticides and Toxic Substances.
Agency and regional management provides executive direction, management, and
support for all EPA programs at the headquarters and ten regional offices. It includes
those activites which are not directly associated with a given program activity. Agency
and regional management encompasses the salaries and related expenses of the Administrator
and the Regional Administrators, their immediate staffs, the staff offices which report
directly to them, the Office of the Inspector General, and the Office of the General/Regional
Counsel. In addition, it includes those organizations within the Agency which provide
central management, analytic, and administrative services. These central management
activities include program planning and evaluation, economic analysis, budgeting and
financial management, personnel, contracts and grants management, and other activities
required for the effective management of Agency programs. 'The full cost of these
program direction and managerial activities is charged to the Salaries and Expenses
appropriation.
MS-4
-------
MANAGEMENT AND SUPPORT
MANAGEMENT
Salaries and Expenses:
Program Management..
Agency Management...
Regional Management.
Original
Estimate
1981
(dollars
$14,059
75,821
23,641
Revised
Estimate President's
1981 Reduction
in thousands)
$13,983
75,457
23,489
-$76
-364
-152
Total
113,521
112,929
-592
-------
Page Intentionally Blank
-------
Budget Request
The Agency requests a total of $14,059,000 for 1981, a decrease of $388,500 from 1980.
Program Descripti on
This activity provides for the program direction of the following offices: Office
of Water and Waste Management, Office of Air, Noise, and Radiation, Office of Pesticides
and Toxic Substances, Office of Enforcement, and Office of Research and Development.
Specifically, this activity covers the salaries, and related expenses for the Assistant
Administrators of the aforementioned offices and their immediate staffs. The Office of
Research and Development also provides funding for the Minority Institution Research
Support Program. This program promotes significant research at minority universities
and colleges by awarding research grants to these institutions.
1980
1981
Pos.Amount Pos.Amount
[dollars in thousands)
Change
Pos. Amount
Office of Air, Noise and
Radi ati on
Office of Enforcement
Office of Research and
Development
Office of Pesticides and Toxic
Substances
Office of Water and Waste
Ma nagement
51
47
92
56
54
$1 ,995
1,999
4,628
2,915
2,911
49
40
87
53
51
$2,036
1,675
4,666
2,669
3,013
-2
-7
-5
-3
-3
+$41
-324
+38
-246
+102
Total,
300 14,448
280
14,059
-20
-389
The 20 position reduction in 1981 for this activity reflects a shift of staff from
central management functions to program activities.
1980 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The net increase of $1,681,100 results from several actions. An increase of
$478,400 results from the cost of the October 1979 pay raise and is included in a
proposed supplemental appropriation. A congressional reduction of $2 million to Agency
travel costs resulted in a decrease of $88,600. An overall reprogramming throughout
the Agency to provide sufficient salary funds to cover authorized workyears resulted in
an increase of $208,200 to this activity.
A transfer of $51,800 was made from agency management (Office of Resources Management)
to the Office of Research and Development program management. A transfer of $25,000
was made within the Office of Research and Development from program management to program
support for lab maintenance costs due, in part, to increasing costs of energy.
A reprogramming of $37,000 was made from the Office of Air, Noise, and Radiation program
management to the air media to support the fuel economy program. A reprogramming of
$734,000 was made to the Office of Water and Waste Management program management from
water quality ($379,400), from drinking water ($141,600), and from solid waste ($213,000),
to support projections of current year costs related to authorized workyears.
-------
wiwiiiM MIC vii i ^.e ui 4-iii ui wciirciiL ^w pi wryi aw niai to ^CHICHI, .p^c.*/ ,ww , tut i t> i ^uw.< \/ii
management support and establishment of a special investigations unit, from air
($125,000), water quality ($50,000), and pesticides ($50,000). A reprogramming was
made within the Office of Enforcement to program management, $50,000, from solid waste
to support litigation management associated with imminent hazards under RCRA.
AGENCY MANAGEMENT
Budget Request
The Agency requests a total of $75,820,600 for 1981, an increase of $4,361,000
from 1980.
Program Description
The Agency management subactivity provides for agencyvride policy direction and
management activities and includes the salaries and associated costs for the immediate
office of the Administrator, the staff offices which report directly to the Administrator,
the Office of the Inspector General, the Office of General/Regional Counsel, and the
Office of Planning and Management.
Office of the Administrator/Executive Offices
The Office of the Administrator includes the Administrator and Deputy
Administrator and their immediate staffs. The Administrator/Deputy Administrator are
responsible for providing policy direction to the Agency and for insuring the implementation
of these policies. The staff offices perform a variety of functions which are closely
related to the development and implementation of Agency policies and programs. These
staff groups are responsible for legislative services and congressional relations,
public awareness, international activities, civil rights, liaison with other Federal
agencies, coordination of regional operations and relations with State and local
governments. The Office of Administrative Law Judges and the Agency's Science Advisory
Board are also attached to the Office of the Administrator. The Science Advisory Board
consists of a number of expert consultants, supported by a small staff. It provides
expert advice to the Administrator on scientific and technical issues.
The Office of the General Counsel provides legal advice and assistance to the
Administrator and other Agency components and the Office of the Regional Counsel provides
similiar services within each of the ten regional offices. The Office of the Inspector
General provides independent appraisals of the economy and efficiency of the Agency's
programs and financial operations. It also conducts, supervises, and coordinates
investigations of alleged violations of EPA regulations and Federal criminal statutes.
In addition, it reviews existing and proposed legislation and regulations relating to
EPA's programs and operations in order to make recommendations concerning the promotion
of economy and efficiency and the prevention and detection of fraud and abuse in EPA's
programs.
The 1981 request provides for a net decrease of seven positions and $70,000 for
the Office of the Administrator and the executive offices. This decrease, which is
summarized below, reflects a 1 position increase in the Office of Environmental Review
to support the Federal Energy Administration Act 5-day reviews and to work with the
Endangered Species Committee; and a 5 position increase in the Office of Administrative
Law Judges to enable that office to handle a projected increase in hearing caseload in
the areas of the Clean Air Act (Section 120), water permits, and Civil Penalty Toxic
Substance Control Act (TSCA) cases. The additional resources for the Office of the
Inspector General will be used to increase their capability to investigate EPA's
construction grants program, and to respond to congressional inquiries made under the
-------
elsewhere In the Agency.
1980
1981
Chanae
Office of LBoislation
Office of Public Awareness
Office of International Activities
Office of Civil Rights
Office of Environmental Review,...
Office of Regional and Inter-
Admi ni strati v° Law Judges. ........
Science Advisory Board
Subtotal Administrator/
S^aff Offices
Office of the Inspector General...
Office of General /Regional
Counsel
Total Executive Offices
Pos.
45
33
53
7r
31
32
8
16
15
263
120
199
582
711
amount
$2 045
1 356
3 432
1 ' 1 80
1,199
447
556
806
SI 2 31°
9,672
6,597
$28,588
Pos.
46
35
-44
22
29
33
5
21
14
250
126
199
575
697
Amount
S2 052
1 i35
3 Q°9
1,177
1 227
1,220
454
670
818
$11 852
9,956
6,710
528,518
Pos.
.3
_Q
-2
-2
+1
,-y
+5
-1
-13
+6
-7
-14
Amount
+S7
.77}
-333
-21
+47
+21
+7
+14
+12
-469
+284
+113
-70
The significant contracts for
in 1980 and 19S1 are listed below:
Office
the staff offices and Office of the Inspector General
1980
1981 Change Purpose
Office of the Administrator.
Office of Public Awareness.
(in thousands of dollars)
99 35 -64 Contract studies on
policy and scientific
issues of direct interest
to the Administrator.
1,108 " '820 -288 Production and distribution
of information/educational
material, includin-g
publications, films, T.V.
and radio announcements;
Visitor's Center maintenance;
and press office support.
MS-7
-------
ice
Office of Environmental Review..
Office of Regional and Inter-
governmental Operations......
198C
44
1981 Changs Purpose
in thousands of dollars)
44
54
Office of the Inspector General
4,609
4,772
+153
Specialized assistance in
the energy area for -SIS
preparation and review.
Contracts for seminars on
environmental programs with
public interest groups and
national organizations
representing elected officials
of State and local governments.
Contracts with CPA firms and
State agencies for the conduct
of construction grant audits.
Office of PIannino and Management
The Office of Planning and Management (0PM) is responsible for the agencywids
management and analysis functions and provides central administrative services for EPA
headauarters and the Agency's two largest field installations, located at Research
Triangle Park, N.C., and at Cincinnati, Ohio. There are four organizational comoonents
within the Office of Planning and Management (0PM). The immediate office of the
Assistant Administrator provides overall direction of all 0PM activites and carries out
the Agency's occupational health and safety program. The Office of Management and
Agency Services develops agencywide policies and procedures and provides services in
the areas of personnel administration, contracts management, data systems, facilities
management and services, security, and management planning and analysis. The Office of
Resources Management (ORM) is responsible for developing and coordinating the Agency's
zero-based budget formulation and control. In addition, ORM is responsible for the
Agency's financial management, program reviews and analyses, and grants administration.
The Office of Planning and Evaluation (OPE) provides agencywide economic and policy
analysis, program evaluation and manages the review process for standards and regulations.
1980
1981
Chanae
Office of the Assistant
Admi ni strator.
Office of Management and Agency
Servi ces
Office of Resources Management...
Office of Planning and Evaluation
Total , 1,029
Full-time Equivalency 1,375
Pos. Amount
27 SI ,591
27
Amount
$1,631
Pos. Amount
+540
671
244
87
1,029
1,375
23,170
9,217
8,894
42,872
675
238
93
1,033
'1,395
23,485
9,453
12,734
47.303
+4
-6
+6
+4
+20
T31 5
+236
+3,840
+4,431
-------
of Management and Agency Services reflects reductions in the headquarters personnel,
contracts and facilities and support service functions and an increase in funding and
personnel to strengthen the management of the Agency's information systems. EPA has
had difficulity in formulating regulatory policies among its complex programs because
of the lack of effective and integrated information management. Enhanced central
management of information resources is essential in order to track the type, source,
volume, movement and disposal of hazardous wastes and to integrate the Resource
Conservation Recovery Act (RCRA) data with other Agency information systems. The Office
of Planning and Evaluation will use additional funds and six positions to analyze the
benefits of EPA's regulations; in promoting alternative fuels; to help the regional
offices accelerate their processes for awarding permits to energy facilities; and to
prepare the "Cost of Clean Air and Hater Report" for the Congress.
The major contracts for the Office of Planning and Management for 1980 and 1981
are summarized below:
Office
Office of Management and Agency
Servi ces
Office of Resources Management
1980
(
770
1,360
1981
(in thousands
Change
of doll
ars)
Purpose
500 -270
1,207 -153
Office of Planning and
Evaluation...
4,588
8,143 43,555
Executive development
and training contracts.
Contract assistance for
the determination of the
resource impact of new
regulations, such as those
covered by the Resource
Conservation Recovery Act
and Superfund, and of
construction grants;
development and modification
of workload analysis; budget
formulation; grants
information system
modifications; and QRM
systems integration.
Contracts to assess the
economic impact of EPA
regulations on major
industries, the benefits
of major EPA regulations,
the energy Impact of
environmental regulations,
the environmental impact of
energy legislation, and to
perform statistical studies.
-------
$2,288,200 results from the cost of the October 1979 pay raise and is included in a
proposed supplemental appropriation. Congressional reductions of $2 million each to
Agency travel costs and supplies and expenses and $1 million to ADP costs resulted in a
decrease of $127,400, $2,200 and $3,700, respectively. An overall reprogramming
throughout the Agency to provide sufficient salary funds to cover authorized workyears
resulted in an increase of $4,078,800 to this activity.
A reprogramming of $2,300 was made to the Office of General/Regional Counsel to
support projected costs based on prior year experience. A transfer of $51,800 was made
to the Office of Research and Development program management from the Office of Resources
Management. A transfer of $48,800 was made from water quality effluent standards and
guidelines to the Office of International Activities to support an employee transfer.
A transfer of the Environmental Workforce Coordination function from the Office of
Environmental Review, $347,000, was made to the Office of Research and Development
interdisciplinary media ($262,700) and to the Office of Enforcement program management
($84,300). A transfer of $81,000 was made to the Office of Management and Agency
Services from the uncontrolled hazardous waste sites activity to provide for contracts
management requirements in support of the hazardous wastes activity.
A transfer of $35,000 was made from Office of Management and Agency Services to
noise strategies implementation to support an employee transfer.
REGIONAL MANAGEMENT
Budget Request
The Agency requests a total of $23,641,000 for 1981, an increase of $2,198,600
from 1980.
Program Description
This subactivity provides for the salaries and related expenses of the Regional
Administrators, their immediate staffs and those staff offices reporting directly to
them, such as intergovernmental relations, public affairs, and civil rights. In
addition, this subactivity includes the region's central management functions including
planning and analysis, budgeting, financial management, personnel management and
administrative services.
In 1981, the Agency will use 12 additional FTEs to expand its Regional Analytic
Centers in two regions and to initiate Regional Analytic Centers in two other regions.
These Centers will continue to employ individuals with 'a high level of management and
analytic skills, who will allow the regions to more effectively participate in the
agencywide regulatory reform process.
The Agency requests eight more FTEs for Its regional personnel organizations in
order to reduce processing time and devote more time to labor management relations,
thereby improving the overall management effectiveness of the regional offices.
These increases are offset by decreases in FTEs in the regional management,
financial management,land administrative services activities.
-------
The net increase of $1,752,300 results from several actions. An increase of
$819,800 results from the cost of the October 1979 pay raise and is Included in a
proposed supplemental appropriation. Congressional reductions of $2 mi"Mion, each to
Agency travel costs and supplies and expenses and $1 million to ADP costs resulted in a
decrease of $83,700, $78,800 and $4,000, respectively. An overall reprogramming
throughtout the Agency to provide sufficient salary funds to cover authorized workyears
resulted in an increase of $1,082,100 to this activity.
A ^programming of $100,000 was made to regional support to support costs of
printing, drafting, mail, and library services previously funded in the management
account. A reprogramming of $116,900 was made from air stationary source enforcement
($12,600), radiation program implementation ($100), drinking water enforcement ($13,500),
noise program implementation ($400), toxic substances enforcement ($3,500), toxic
substances management ($11,500), water quality enforcement ($73,800), and interdisciplinary
EIS reviews ($1,500) to support increased regional personnel, financial, and administrative
management.
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SUPPORT
Actual
1979
Budget
Estimate
1980
Current
Estimate
T980
Estimate
1981
Increase +
Decrease -
1981 vs. 1980
(dollars in thousands)
Salaries and Expenses:
Program Support.....
Agency Support
Regional Support....
$5,139
71 ,656
8,388
$5,762
74,761
8,917
$6,534
74,137
8,469
$6,338
87,871
11,674
-$196
+13,734
+3,205
Total 85,183
89,440
89,140
105,883
+16,743
Purpose
Support services consist of a wide assortment of other-than-personnel costs, such
as office and laboratory services, building operations and maintenance, communications,
facilities lease costs, and central ADP services, which are managed centrally and
provide necessary services to the entire Agency. In most instances, these services
cannot be directly attributed to a specific organization or program.
PROGRAM SUPPORT
Budget Request
The Agency requests a total of $6,338,100 for 1981, a decrease of $196,100 from 1980
Program Description
These costs include support services which are directly incurred to operate the
laboratories of the Office of Research and Development, the Office of Pesticides and
Toxic Substances, and the Office of Air, Noise, and Radiation. These direct costs
consist mainly of laboratory and office services, utilities, building maintenance, and
other housekeeping items. The decreasing need for program support funds for the Office
of Research and Development in 1981 is due to one-time costs for laboratory renovation
that will be incurred during 1980. The program support increases for the Office of
Pesticides and Toxic Substances and the Office of Air, Noise, and Radiation are due to
projected cost increases for utilities, building operations, and laboratory and office
servi ces.
1980 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The net increase of $772,300 results from several actions. Congressional reductions
of $2 million to Agency travel costs and $1 million to ADP costs resulted in a decrease
of $300 and $12,400, respectively.
A reprogramming of $785,000 was made within the Office of Research and Development
from other media,to support increased lab maintenance costs due in part to increasing
costs of energy and the contracts required to replace the services of maintenance personnel,
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MANAGEMENT AND SUPPORT
SUPPORT
Original ' Revised
Estimate Estimate President's
1981 1981 Reduction
(Hollars in thousands)
Salaries and Expenses:
Program Support. $6,338 $6,338
Agency Support 87,871 03,87.1 -4,550
Regional Support 11,674 .11,674 _i_n_
Total 105,883 101,333 -4,550
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Budget Request
The Agency requests a total of $87,871,000, an increase of $13,733,500 from 1980.
Program Description
The Agency support subactivity provides general support services to all program
operations at EPA headquarters; Research Triangle Park (RTP), North Carolina; and
Cincinnati, Ohio. It also includes a number of support activities which serve the
needs of all agency programs and which are managed at the headquarters level. The
agency support subactivity can be summarized in terms of the following major areas of
cost:
Office ServicesCommon services at the three locations referred to above including
laboratory and office supplies, maintenance of office equipment, printing and duplicating,
audio-visual equipment and contracts, and motor pool operations.
Building ServicesUtilities, local telephone service, building alterations and
space relocations, building maintenance contracts, guard and janitorial service, employee
health service contracts, and the like for the office and laboratory facilities at the
three locations.
Library ServicesBooks, journals, equipment, and service contracts for the branch
libraries at headquarters, Research Triangle Park, and Cincinnati, as well as specialized
ADP services, literature searches, technical reports processing and library systems
development for the agencywide library system.
Nationwide CostsAll Agency costs for the following support activities: facilities
rental and associated costs; payments to the U.S. Postal Service; Federal telecommunications
service (FTS), security investigations; reimbursements to the Federal Employees
Compensation Fund; payments to the Public Health Service for personnel administration
services for commissioned officers assigned to EPA; and contracts which support the
Agency's occupational health and safety program.
ADP Technical SupportContracts for systems development and evaluation and other
technical services required to support the Agency's central ADP activities.
ADP Timesharing ServicesCentral ADP services provided to all Agency programs
through timesharing contracts with commercial suppliers or by in-house computer facilities.
The following tabulation is a breakdown of overall costs of providing support services:
(Dollars in thousands)
1980 1981 Change
Office Services... $3,692 $4,136 +$444
Building Services 12,373 13,295 +922
Library Services 1,101 1,246 +145
Nationwide Costs 34,916 36,075 +1,159
ADP Technical Support 3,584 13,9Z9 +10,345
ADP Timesharing.. 18.471 19.190 +719
Total 74,137 87,871 +13,734
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increases in the cost of printing and duplicating, expendable omce supplies, equipment
maintenance, motor vehicle operations, and audio-visual services.
The Building Services increase of $922,000, is related primarily to increased
costs for utilities, telephones, preventive maintenance contracts or other minor services
contracts. Most of the cost items under Building Services are for mandatory costs such
as telephone and utilities or for contracts to provide essential services such as
building and equipment maintenance.
The $145,000 increase requested for Library Services will cover increases in the
cost of scientific and technical publications and support contracts as well as the
acquisition of additional materials required by increased program office activity.
The $1,159,000 increase requested for Nationwide Costs is related primarily to the
1980 annualized costs of additional space which is being leased to accommodate additional
Agency personnel authorized in 1979 and 1980, or to replace existing leased space which
is inadequate for program purposes. Other minor increases relate to increased mail
costs and Federal Telecommunications Services.
The ADP Technical Support increase of $10,345,000 is to provide for a major ADP
procurement, conducted in accordance with OMB circular A-109. A major aspect of the A-
109 is the Sovernment funding of competing contractors to develop alternative system
concepts for meeting EPA's ADP demands in the 1980's and beyond. Funding of this
request will enable four contractors to participate in the competitive process of
concept development through systems engineering.
The ADP Timeshare funds provide for operating two large scale central data centers.
These centers, accessible through a nationwide telecommunications network, provide
computer services for most of EPA. The requested increase of $719,000 is to offset
increasing contractor labor costs, with the level of service remaining approximately
the same as FY 1980.
1980 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The net decrease of $624,100 results from several actions. Congressional reductions
of $2 million to Agency travel costs and $1 million to ADP costs resulted in a decrease
of $5,600 and $706,500, respectively. A reprogramming of $88,000 was made from the
uncontrolled hazardous waste sites activity to support the increased nationwide support
costs associated with this activity.
REGIONAL SUPPORT
Budget Request
The Agency requests a total of $11,674,100, an increase of $3,205,000 from 1980.
Program Description
This activity covers the mandatory support for regional offices mcludfng telephone
service, guard service, supplies, printing, copying services, rental of office equipment,
GSA work orders, and ADP equipment. This activity also provides for other necessary
services such as management surveys of equipment utilization library services, and
laboratory analyses. Cost increases over the" past three years without accompanying
budget increases have severely hampered the ability of the regions to provide an adequate
level of support services. The requested increase of $3,205,000 for all 10 regions
will provide the funds needed to offset these cost increases and to meet the increased
responsibilities of the regions under new legislation such as the Resource Conservation
and Recovery Act and the Toxics Substances Control Act.
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1980 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The net decrease of $448,300 results from several actions. Congressional reductions
of $2 million each to Agency travel costs and supplies and expenses and $1 million to
ADP costs resulted in a decrease of $29,800, $327,900, and $11,400, respectively. An
overall reprogramming throughout the Agency to provide sufficient salary funds to cover
authorized workyears resulted in a decrease of $291,200 to this activity.
A reprogramming of $112,000 was made from the uncontrolled hazardous waste sites
activity to support the increased regional support costs associated with this activity.
A reprogramming of $100,000 was made from regional management to support costs of
printing, drafting, mail, and library services previously funded in the management account.
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Buildings and
Facilities
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BUILDIN£S AND FACILITIES
. PROGRAM HIGHLIGHTS
Budget Current Increase +
Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease -
1979 1980 1980 1981 1981 vs. 1980
(dollars in thousands)
Buildings and Facilities:
Appropriation $1,880 $1,425 $1,425 $4,115 +$2,6.90
Outlays 2,367 2,000 2,000 2,500 +500
Authorization Level... Authorization is by virtue of the Appropriation Act.
OVERVIEW AND STRATEGY
This appropriation covers design and construction of all new EPA owned facilities
as well as necessary repairs and improvements to all federally owned facilities which
are occupied by EPA.
The Agency has no plans for significant additions or expansions to its facilities
through 1981. Emphasis will be on maintaining or replacing existing structures at the
23 separate Federal installations which EPA owns or occupies, with primary attention
given to projects which are (1) required to protect the health and safety of EPA
employees or (2) provide more effective pollution control.
Starting with the Agency's 1980 budget request, budgeting for a number of projects
is on a "phased" basis. Under this approach, design funds for some projects are
requested in 1981, while requests for actual construction funds will be deferred to
subsequent years. This will enable EPA to obligate almost all of the funds requested
and prevent the accumulation of unobligated balances that sometimes occurred in the past.
SUMMARY OF INCREASES AND DECREASES
(in thousands of dollars)
1980 Buildings and Facilities Program $1,425
Increase related to needed repairs and improvements
and for the construction of the shop and storage
building at the Gulf Breeze facility.
1981 Buildings and Facilities Program..;
SUMMARY OF BUDGET ESTIMATES
1. Summary of Budget Request
An appropriation of $4,115,000 is requested for the Buildings and Facilities
account, an. increase of $2,690,000 over 1980. Of the total amount requested, $3,665,000
will be used for repairs and improvements to existing facilities and $450,000 for the
construction of the shop and storage building at Gulf Breeze, Florida.
-------
There is no change from the budget estimate.
ANALYSIS OF INCREASES AND DECREASES TO OBLIGATIONS
Current
Estimate Estimate
1980 V981
(in thousands of dollars)
Prior year obligations... $1,880 $1,794
Change in amount of carryover funds
available... -644 -369
Program increase +253 +1,575
Change in rate of obligation..... +305
Total estimated obligations 1,794 3,000
(From new obligation authority) (1,425) (3,000)
(From prior year funds)......... (369) {)
EXPLANATION OF INCREASES AND DECREASES TO OBLIGATIONS
The amount of carryover funds to be obligated in 1980 is $369,000, a decrease of
$644,000 from the 1979 level. In 1981, no carryover funds are expected to be available,
thereby reducing obligations by $369,000.
The increase of 1980 budget authority over the 1979 level will increase obligations
by $253,000; the change in 1981 will increase obligations by $1,575,000. A change in
the rate of obligation in 1980 reflects an increase of $305,000.
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BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES
Budget Current Increase +
Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease -
1979 1980 1980 1981 1981 vs. 1980
(dollars in thousands)
Appropriation
Repairs and Improvements
New Facilities
$1
,288
592
$1
,375
50
$1
,375
50
$3
,665
450
+J.2
,290
+400
Total 1,880 1,425 1,425 4,115 2,690
Budget Request
The Agency requests a total of $4,115,000 for 1981, an increase of $2,690,000 from
1980.
Program Description
The appropriation covers the design and construction of new EPA owned facilities
as well as necessary repairs and improvements to federally owned installations which
are occupied by EPA. Payments made for modifications and repairs to leased facilities
are covered under the agency support subactivity which is described under the management
and support media.
REPAIRS AND IMPROVEMENTS
1979 Accomplishments
The bulk of the repair and improvement projects, which have been completed or are
underway, were undertaken to correct health and safety conditions, effect pollution
control, or maintain property.
1980 Program
Work on 28 projects at 15 separate locations will be initiated in 1980. These
projects, which have a total estimated cost of $913,000, are needed to correct health
and safety deficiencies, pollution abatement, or to prevent serious deterioration to
structures. They include hazardous materials storage areas and disposal systems,
modifications to ventilating systems, and a specialized laboratory for handling
carcinogens. The balance of the 1980 program of $462,000 will be used to complete
construction of projects started in previous years.
1981 Plan
Work will be initiated on a total of 37 separate projects at .18 locations. The
projects planned for 1981 include;
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Edison, K.J.
Beltsville, MD.
Newtown, Ohio
Cincinnati, Ohio
Grosse lie, Mich.
Ada, OK.
CorvaTlis, Oregon
Wenatchee, Washington
Denver, Colorado
Chicago, 111.
Gulf Breeze, Fla.
Vint Hill, Va.
Bay St. Louis, Miss.
Manchester, Washington
Athens, Ga.
Duluth, Minn.
Alarms j,uuu
Pollution Abatement 210,000
Safety Modification, Support
Buildings 10,000
Water Pollution Abatement, Design 10,000
Fumehood Modifications 20,000
Fumehood Modifications 20,000
Ventilation System Modifications 5,000
Barrier Change Room 5,000
Ventilation System Modifications 30,000
Isolation Room Design 50,000
Fumehood Modifications 20,000
Fumehood Upgrading 200,000
Fumehood Modifications 20,000
Fencing Lower Base Property 50,000
HVAC Modifications 500,000
Fumehood Modifications 20,000
Hazardous Materials Storage 30,000
Fire Suppression System 25,000
Fire Suppression System Design 20,000
Fumehood Upgrading 50,000
Fumehood Upgrading 15,000
Fire Suppression System 20,000
Modify HVAC (NE1C) 175,000
Fire Suppression 35,000
Egress Modifications . 40,000
Fumehood Upgrading 20,000
Containment Lab 100,000
Effluent Treatment System Design 15,000
Fire Suppression 171,600
Pollution Abatement 25,000
Fumehood Vent System Modifications 125,000
Install Waste Holding Tank 15,000
HVAC Modifications 800,000
pollution Abatement 600,000
Fire Suppression System 200,000
Total, Repairs and Improvements 3,664,600
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NEW FACILITIES
1979 Accomplishments
A contract was awarded in November 1977 for the construction of the Central Regional
Laboratory for Region X. This facility, which is located in Manchester, Washington,
was completed for occupancy in July 1979. Design work was initiated in the late summer
of 1978, for a Marine Environmental Assessment Laboratory building located at the
Environmental Research Laboratory in Gulf Breeze, Florida. This facility will house
high-hazard studies related to industrial effluents and energy production and use.
Phases 1 and 2 of this 3-phase program are aimed at replacing existing frame structures
at the Gulf Breeze installation which are unsafe for high-hazard operations and which
cannot be upgraded economically.
1980 Program
A contract for the construction of the Marine Environmental Assessment Facility at
Gulf Breeze, Florida was awarded September 30, 1979. Construction was started in
November 1979, with completion scheduled for September 1980. Estimated cost for design
and construction for the facility is $1,000,000. Design of the third phase of the Sulf
Breeze replacement program - a building which will house shop and storage areas and
electric switchgear equipment - will be initiated. Estimated cost of the design is $50,000.
1981 Plan
Funds in the amount of $450,000 are requested in 1981 for the construction of the
shop and storage building - Phase 3 of the Gulf Breeze building replacement program.
Funds for design of this structure were provided in 1980.
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Scientific Activities
Overseas
-------
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PROGRAM HIGHLIGHTS
Budget Current Increase +
Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease -
1979 1980 1980 1981 1981 vs. 1980
(dollars in thousands)
r
Scientific Activities
Overseas:
Appropriation........ $2,719 $4,000 ... $1,000 +$1,000
Outlays.............. 2,260 3,600 1,800 3,000 +1,200
Authorized Levels.... Authorization is by virtue of the Appropriation Act.
OVERVIEW AND STRATEGY
Scientific Activities Overseas (SAO) are funded from excess foreign currencies
accruing to the United States under various programs. The SAO program includes
cooperative research and related activities of mutual interest to EPA and the
participating SAO countries. These activities serve as a link between EPA and foreign
environmental agencies and institutions that have mutual interests in seeking solutions
to environmental problems, and enable EPA to capitalize on unique research opportunities
without contributing to a balance of payments deficit or to domestic inflation.
The SAO program supports the Agency's international goals, and is designed to:
(1) augment EPA's multimedia data base, (2) assist in the solution of environmental
problems by merging the expertise of U.S. and foreign investigators, (3) extend new
technology into a broader world community, (4) assist in meeting EPA international
agreements, and (5) develop and/or demonstrate new technologies including sampling,
modelling, and control strategies.
SAO projects have encompassed practically all environmental concernsair, water,
solid waste, radiation, toxics, and pesticides, and involve ell phases of environmental
research activitiesidentification of pollutants and the development of an effective
data base, assessment of pollutants' effects on human health and the environment, the
development of control technologies, and implementation of systems and procedures for
monitoring ambient conditions.
The SAO review procedure for approving projects closely parallels the procedures
for domestic programs. Official proposals are initiated by institutions in participating
SAO countries after informal communications have identified mutual research interests.
Scientific evaluations are made of each proposal by appropriate EPA scientists and
engineers to determine their relevancy to domestic programs. University and industrial
consultants frequently are requested to provide technical comments on the proposals.
Official approval is made with the concurrence of the responsible EPA program office,
the EPA Office of International Activities, and the Department of State.
In addition to the direct research benefits to EPA from SAO, this program also
stimulates environmental protection activities in participating countries. Without
exception, countries active within the SAO program have significantly enhanced
mechanisms to deal with environmental problems.
-------
specific to our global environment.
SUMMARY OF INCREASES AND DECREASES
(In thousands of dollars)
1980 Scientific Activities Program.........
Increase relates to program for India
and Pakistan..........................
1981 Scientific Activities Program
SUMMARY OF BUDGET ESTIMATES
1. Sumary of Budget Request
An appropriation of $1 million is requested for the Scientific Activities
Overseas activity.
2. ChangesfromjDriginal1980 Budget Estimate
The decrease of $4 million was made by the Congress.
ANALYSIS OF INCREASES AND DECREASES TO OBLIGATIONS
Current
Estimate Estimate
1980 1981
(in thousands of dollars)
Prior year obligations...... $2,719 "$3,204
Change in amount of carryover funds
available +485 -3,004
Program increase.... ... +1,000
Total estimated obligations 3,204 1,200
(From new obligation authority)....... (...) (1,000)
(From prior year funds) C3.204) (200)
EXPLANATION OF INCREASES AND DECREASES TO OBLIGATIONS
The increase in budget authority requested in 1981 is expected to increase
obligations by $1 million.
The amount of carryover funds to-be obligated in 1980 is $3,204,000, an
increase of $485,000 over the 1979 level. In 1981, only $200,000 of carryover
funds is expected to be available, thereby reducing obligations by $3,004,000.
-------
Actual
1979
Estimate
1980
Current
Estimate
1980
Estimate
1981
Increase +
Decrease -
1981 vs. 1980
(dollars in thousands)
Program Levels
SAO Projects...... 7 10 6 6
Technology Transfer
Seminars ... 2 1 1 ...
Appropriation
Bu rma «»».*»*«*.« ... .*. ... ...
Egypt..... $1,905 $2,500
Pakistan .... 500 $300 +$300
India 809 1,000 700 +700
Tunisia................... 5 ... ... ...
Reserve ,. ... ... ... ...
Total 2,719 4,000 ... 1,000 +1,000
Budget Request
The Agency requests a total of $1,000,000 for 1981. There were no funds
appropriated in 1980. Carryover funds totalling $3,203,800 will be used and is
distributed by country, as follows:
Burma $10,700
Egypt 60,800
Pakistan 113,400
India 2,444,600
Undistributed 574,300
3,203,800
1979 Accomplishments
- SAO cooperative project reports were published through the EPA and in U.S
scientific journals. Research results shown in the reports are useful to the
EPA, environmental decision makers, regulatory officials, and the public and
private sectors,
- Initiated seven new projectsthree were started in Egypt, four in India.
- Planned a U.S./Indian Binational Workshop on Environmental Pollution.
This workshop, sponsored by the Indian Department of Science and Technology,
represented continuing efforts in the development of cooperative programs.
EPA team members and representatives from Indian governmental offices,
research laboratories, universities, and industries identified projects
dealing with air pollution, health and ecological effects, and water pollution.
-------
interests or trft ana tne participating countries,
1980 Program
The overall goals of the 1980 program relating directly to environmental problem
areas of concern to the EPA include: studies to provide increased capability to
evaluate the environmental impact of chemicals, increased activity in the development
of waste management technology and in improving capabilities for reuse of limited water
resources, the gathering of primary data on health consequences of toxic substances
use, the collection of data on oil pollution to permit better clean-up practices,
the development of new technology to further reduce the level of industries air
pollution, and the demonstration of best available technology for pollution control.
An EPA-Indian workshop was held in India as a follow-up to the 1978 workshop
held there. The workshop examined and disseminated the accomplishments of the
on-going projects and identified future projects of mutual interest in monitoring,
evaluation, prevention, and control of environmental pollutants.
1980 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The reduction of $4 million resulted from congressional action.
1981 Plan
Cooperative programs will be developed to capitalize on unique control data on
health and environmental effects, to collect data needed under EPA's legislation on
industrial chemical control, and to improve EPA's ability to measure the effects of
human and environmental exposure to commercial chemicals. New programs addressing
innovative multi-media treatment control technology, and limited development and
demonstration of waste management practices applicable to specific U.S. conditions
will be negotiated.
These new programs will focus on the safe application of waste waters,
development of waste water management strategies, and research on new control
technologies for water as well as for particular industries; studies on toxicity,
including the effects of selected commercial chemicals on human health, testing
procedures, and tracing the fate of heavy metals and toxic substances in water
systems; and finally, the development of sampling techniques for the determination
of organic emissions from various processing plants.
INDIA ($700.000)
U.S. and Indian environmental resources identified during the EPA/India
Workshop were brought together through cooperative planning mechanisms developed
during the Workshop. SAO projects are being given added support under the aegis
of the U.S./India Joint Commission on Science and Technology which meets
annually to determine broad areas of cooperation:and to stimulate cooperative
activities.
Areas of mutual interest under continuing study include the establishment
of hjuman and environmental effects of exposure to toxic substances; devel opment
of sampling techniques for organic emissions from processing plants, development
of waste water management strategy and research on new technologies for the
treatment and control of waste water, and & comparison of the fate of toxic
substances in fresh water and marine ecosystems.
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- Treatment of industrial wastes by physico-chemical methods.
- Studies on utilization of sewage for irrigation and the related environmental
and health aspects.
- Monitoring of water pollution by use of biological indicators, coastal and
fresh water.
- Methods to improve prediction capabilities of estuarine and coastal waters.
PAKISTAN ($300,000)
The SAO program in Pakistan is supported through the environmental division
within the Ministry of Production, Environment and Urban Affairs. Organizations
and universities identified by the Ministry as having resources to support SAO
programs have prepared projects for SAO funding. The studies involve highly
trained professional and technical staff and give promise of producing data that
would be useful to the control and abatement of pollutants.
Ongoing studies include investigations of by-product recovery from industrial
waste waters, an assessment of waste waters in small plants, and studies on low
cost control technologies for industrial and trade wastes.
New projects will be initiated as follows:
- Studies on low cost control technologies for industrial wastes*
- Development of techniques for the assessment, management and control of
marine pollution problems.
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U.S Regulatory
Council
-------
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PROGRAM HIGHLIGHTS
Actual
1979
Budget
Estimate
1980
Current
Estimate
1980
Estimate
1981
(dollars in thousands)
U. S. Regulatory Council
Ap propri at i on
Perma nent P os i t i ons..
Full-Time Equivalency
Out!ays
$3,238
10
16
2,600
$3,082
11
26
2,400
$3,338
11
26
2,800
Increase +
Decrease -
1981 vs. 1980
+$256
* * >
« » »
+400
OVERVIEW AND STRATEGY
This appropriation covers the salaries and expenses of the U. S. Regulatory
Council and its supporting staff. The Council is composed of the heeds of those
agencies within the Executive Branch which have regulatory responsibilities. Its
purpose is to maintain an overview of Federal regulatory activities; to assist the
President in managing them in a coordinated manner so as to limit their adverse
impacts on the Nation's economy; and to publish the semiannual Calendar of Federal
Regulations. The Regulatory Council is composed of 18 executive agencies and 18
independent agencies. The member agencies are:
Executive Agencies
Administrative Conference of
the United States
Department of Agriculture
Department of Commerce _ __
Department of Energy
Department of Health, Education
and .Welfare
Department of the Interior
Department of Justice
Department of Labor
Department of Transportation
Department of Treasury
Environmental Protection Agency
Equal Employment Opportunity
Commission
General Services Administration
National Credit Union Administration
Small Business Administration
United States International Trade
Commission
Veterans Administration
Department of Housing and Urban
Development
Independent Regulatory Agencies
Civil Aeronautics Board
Commodity Futures Trading Commission
Consumer Product Safety Commission
Federal Communications Commission
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
Federal Election Commission
Federal Energy Regulatory Commission
Federal Home Loan Bank Board
Federal Maritime Commission
Federal Mine Safety and Health
Federal Reserve System
Federal Trade Commission
Interstate Commerce Commission
National Labor Relations Board
Nuclear Regulatory Commission
Occupational Health and Safety
Postal Rate Commission
Securities and Exchange Commission
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included within EPA's overall budget submission.
SUMMARY OF. INCREASES AND DECREASES
1980 Regulatory Council Program.
(In thousands of dollars)
$3,082
This increase will provide for additional
speci al projects. ......
3,338
1981 Regulatory Council Program..............
SUMMARY OF BUDGET ESTIMATES
1. Summary of Budget Request
The U.S. Regulatory Council requests an appropriation of $3,338,000 to
provide for staff salaries, related expenses, contracts, grants, and cooperative agreements.
2. Changes from Original 1980 Budget Estimates
Changes from the budget are as follows:
(in thousands of dollars)
Original 1980 estimate ...... . ...... ... $3,238
Congressional reduction............... -200
October 1979 pay raise, proposed
suppl emental . . ........ ..... ..... .... +44
Current 1980 estimate. ..;...,... ..... . 3,082
ANALYSIS OF INCREASES AND DECREASES TO OBLIGATIONS
Current
Estimate Estimate
1980 1981
(in thousands of dollars)
Prior year obligations ....... .. ........ ... ... $3,082
Program increases ...... , ........ . ......... +$3,038 +256
Effect of October 1979 pay raise ..... ..... +44 ...
Total estimated obligations ---- ...... ..... 3,082 3,338
(From new obi igational authority) ....... (3,082) (3,338)
(From prior year funds)......*., .........
EXPLANATION OF INCREASES AND DECREASES TO OBLIGATIOHS
The 1981 program increase for special projects results in an estimated obligation
of $256,000. -
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Budget Request
The U. S. Regulatory Council requests a total of $3,338,000 for 1981, an increase
of 5256,000 from 1980. The additional $256,000 requested by the U. S. Regulatory
Council would be used to conduct additional special projects in 1981.
Program Description
The U. S. Regulatory Council was established to provide the President with a
complete picture of the regulation development efforts of the various agencies under
his direct control, and to help him provide for better management of the Federal
regulatory process. The Council, consisting of a small staff of professionals trained
in law, economics and the sciences supported by research assistants and clerical
personnel, will work in the following areas:
Calendar Development - This will involve refining and maintaining a
consolidated calendar, published semiannually, of all major regulatory actions
proposed by the member agencies. This calendar will help make it possible to
identify the interrelationships among existing and proposed regulations. The
Council also publishes supplementary information on special topics such as
regulatory initiatives.
Liaison - A substantial amount of effort is spent maintaining liaison with
member agencies, interest groups, and the public over the effects of various
regulations and the ways in which the Administration is attempting to cope with
regulatory problems and reform.
Special Projects - The staff will also undertake a number of special projects
aimed at resolving specific regulatory problems. These include:
- Unique short term problems which involve the regulatory
activities of member agencies;
- Sector studies which focus on the effect of specific
regulations on certain industries, such as the coal,
automobile and nonferrous metal industries; and
- Improved techniques for regulatory analysis including
cost benefit studies and assessments of innovative
regulatory techniques.
1979 Accomplishments
The U. S. Regulatory Council was 'not funded in FY 1979.
1980 Program
The U. S. Regulatory Council, composed of the heads of the Executive Branch
regulatory agencies and certain independent regulatory agencies, will review the
cumulative impact of regulations and publish the semiannual Calendar of Federal
Regulations, which will identify and coordinate resolutions of inter-Agency regulatory
issues.
-------
1980 Explanation of Changes from Budget bstimates
The decrease of $156,000 results from two actions. First, the Congress reduced
the request by 5200,000. Second, a proposed supplemental to cover the October 1979
pay raise, provides an increase of $44,000.
1981 Plan
The U. S. Regulatory Council will further refine and maintain a semiannual
consolidated calendar of all major regulatory actions proposed by the member agencies.
The Council will conduct additional special projects to resolve specific regulatory
problems. These special projects include:
(a) Development of an index for the Calendar of Federal Regulations;
(b) Expansion of the cost-benefit studies now underway on distinct
industries affected by regulations;
(c) Development of an automobile regulatory calendar;
(d) Initiation of a study of regulations and innovations in science
and technology,
(e) Development of a calendar of regulatory decisions; and
(f) Expansion of the Innovative Techniques project.
-------
Construction
Grants
-------
Page Intentionally Blank
-------
CONSTRUCTION GRANTS
Budget Current Increase +
Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease -
1979 1980 1980 1981 1981 vs. 1980
fin thousands of dollars)'
Appropriation.......... $4,200,000 S3,800,000 $3,400,000 $3,700,000 +$300,000
Obligations (Gross)*... 4,256,558 3,600,000 4,800,000 4,500,000 -300,000
Appropriation (4,144,294) (3,600,000) (4,643,100) (4,500,000) (-143,100)
Contract Authority... (112,264) (...) (156,900) (...) (-156,900)
Outlays.. 3,756,079 3,600,000 3,900,000 3,950,000 +50,000
Appropriation (689,781) (1,260,000) (1,400,000) (1,750,000) (+350,000)
Contract Authority... (3,066,298) (2,340,000) (2,500,000) (2,200,000) (-300,000)
Liquidation of Contract
Authority 1,400,000 1,500,000 1,500,000 1,700,000 +200,000
Authorization Levels. 5,950,000 5,950,000 5,950,000 5,950,000
*Net obligations in 1979, 1980, and 1981 are $300 million less each year.
Budget Request
An appropriation of $3.7 billion is requested for 1981 to continue the municipal
construction grants program established under Title 1] of the Federal Water Pollution
Control Act, as amended (FWPCA). An appropriation of SI.7 billion is also requested
for 1981 for the liquidation of contract authority pursuant to authority contained in
Section 203 of the FWPCA. Obligations for 1981 are expected to total $4.5 billion, a
decrease of $300 million from 1980. Outlays will increase by $50 million in 1981, to a
total of $3.95 billion.
Since last year's budget request there has been a significant increase in actual
or projected grant award activity. In last year's request, EPA estimated obligations
of $3.4 billion and $3.6 billion for 1979 and 1980, respectively. Actual gross
obligations for 1979 were $4.256 billion and the current estimate for 1980 is $4.8
billion. There were two factors which contributed to these increases. First, Congress
did not extend the allotment period during which funds can be obligated from two to
three years as requested by EPA, causing several States to move projects into construction
to avoid loss of funds to reallotment. Second, EPA has continued to delegate major
management responsibilities to State agencies, thus increasing overall program resources
with attendant enhancements in project development and processing times.
These significantly increased obligation levels will contribute to reduction of
unobligated carryover balances at the end of 1980 by $1.6 billion below what was .esti-
mated at the time of last year's budget submission. With a continued high level of
obligations also expected for 1981, EPA projects that carryover balances will be further
reduced by another $500 million by the end of 1981.
Within the constraints of the current method of distributing funds to the States
and an appropriation of $3.7 billion, EPA estimates that in 1981 approximately 17
States and 2 territories will have more projects ready for grant award than available
-------
BIIU tsufui.ai.ivH ^revei-i-tb 501 (Liny Tunas Tram slow-moving into Tast-moving States.
Accordingly, EPA is studying alternative mechanisms for channeling funds to those
States with more high priority projects than available funds, which will result in
recommendations to Congress in the near future.
Program Description
This program provides grants to municipal, inter-municipal, State, and interstate
agencies to assist in financing the planning, design, and construction of municipal
waste water treatment facilities. In addition, under the State management assistance
grant program (Section 205(g) of the Act), up to two percent of the funds provided to
each State may be used to fund State management of functions delegated through specifi-
cally negotiated agreements, depending on the extent of delegation. Amounts made
available for obligation are allotted to each State on the basis of formulas set forth
in the Clean Water Act (CWA), and subsequent amendments. Within these allotments,
grants are awarded on a priority basis for individual projects. Generally, each project
is eligible for 75 percent Federal assistance, although grants may provide up to 85
percent for projects using innovative or alternative technology in treatment facility
design. The Clean Water Act of 1977 amended selected portions of the Act, including
provisions for a 5-year extension of the funding authorization and a mandate to delegate
major portions of the program to the States, but did not substantially alter the basic
objectives or intent of the original 1972 Amendments (P.L. 92-500).
Under the current legislation, a 3-step approach to funding projects is required.
The first step is development of the facilities plan, which includes a preliminary
description of the project, a cost-effectiveness analysis of alternatives, an environ-
mental assessment, an infiltration/inflow evaluation, and an ndsrtification of effluent
discharge limitations. The second step is the development of design plans and specifi-
cations. The third and final step is to fund the actual construction of the treatment.
works. Grants are made for each of these steps, with funding of subsequent steps
contingent on the successful completion of prior steps and the availability of funds.
Under the new legislation, upon completion of an approved facility plan, communities
of 25,000 or less are eligible for a combined design and construction grant in those
cases where total estimated cost of treatment works does not exceed $2 million (or S3
million in stipulated "high cost" States). Payments against obligations are made to
the grantee as all or portions of each of these steps are completed, usually in the
form of progress payments on a monthly basis.
The State management assistance grant program authorizes, at the Administrator's
discretion, two percent or $400,000, whichever is greater, of each allotment to cover
the cost of delegation of the construction grants program and (to the extent that funds
suffice) the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit, dredge and
fill, and Section 208 management programs to the States. The goal of this program is
to allow the States, rather than EPA, to assume responsibility for day-to-day management
of construction grants activities. The .timing and extent of delegation and financial
support to each State depends on the State's ability to operate a program that meets the
necessary competency requirements and policy direction mandated by the law and EPA
objectives. A grant is given to a State when it can show that it is able to assume
delegated responsibility for a substantial portion of construction grants program
activities.
Long-Term Funding Program
The long range goal of the construction grants program is to eliminate the discharge
of untreated or inadequately treated pollutants and thereby help to restore or maintain
CG-2
-------
the quality of the Nation's waters and protect the health and well-being of the people.
The current estimate of the remaining Federal cost of meeting municipal construction
needs eligible under the act amounts to approximately $49 billion in 1978 dollars.
With inflation rates now running at 10 percent or more per year, it is unrealistic to
assume that all needs can be addressed with appropriation levels likely to be provided
to the program in the foreseeable future. It has become increasingly evident that the
present method for distributing funds does not necessarily channel funds to the highest
priority projects, nor does it realistically correspond to the actual capabilities of
many of the States to obligate the money avail able to them in the annual allotments.
As a consequence, many States have more money available than they can effectively absorb
within a defined period, while other States lack sufficient funding to begin construction
of urgently needed waste water treatment projects which are already planned and designed.
EPA is, therefore, developing a long-term strategy for the program which will recommend
the targeting of available funds to the highest priority needs and to those States
capable of using grant funds in the immediate future. This strategy will include
legislative recommendations which will be forwarded to Congress in the near future.
The program strategy will continue to recognize that there are limited funds available
to meet these pollution control needs and that the funds available must go toward
assisting municipalities in meeting the most critical needs in the shortest possible
time. Accordingly, the major objectives guiding the program over the near term will
continue to be the following:
- The funds available must go toward meeting the environmental requirements of
the Clean Water Act in an efficient, effective, and timely manner, using strin-
gent cost-effectiveness criteria on a project-by-project basis to ensure the
most appropriate use of funds.
- A substantial portion of funds are to be oriented toward innovative and alter-
native technology leading to more environmentally compatible solutions to
waste control, including water and energy conservation, reuse, and reclamation.
- Funds specifically available for State delegation under Section 205(g) of the
Act are to be used to maximize State assumption of program activities in the
shortest possible time, under specific EPA policy direction and environmental
objectives.
£PA has established a detailed review process related to funding of advanced waste
treatment projects to ensure that such funding is strictly limited to those situations
where both the higher level of treatment is necessary to meet water quality standards
and where the advanced treatment will work to meet these higher standards. In accordance
with the Conference Report of the 1979 appropriation for construction grants, the EPA
Administrator is now reviewing all waste treatment projects more stringent than secondary
and with cost greater than $3 million. !
The S3.7 billion requested for 1981 is needed to ensure that the maximum number
of States, under the fixed allotment formula legislated by Congress, receive sufficient
funds to continue operations. The impact of a lesser appropriation is threefold:
- An estimated 17 States and 2 territories will obligate all of their available
funds during 1981 and another 8 States .and 1 territory will be close to using
all funds and may have to slow down their programs. An amount appropriated
less than $3.7 billion would further interrupt the operations of these States,
thereby penalizing those States progressing fastest toward meeting the goals
of the Act.
-------
and planned manner. A lower appropriation would reduce the amounts available
for State management assistance and force many States to slow or avoid delegation
entirely, which, in turn, would result in increased project delay and force EPA
to shoulder tasks not planned for in estimating resource needs.
1979 Accomplishments
During 1979, awards in the construction grants program totalled approximately
$4,256 billion, including 982 Step 1, 818 Step 2 Steps 2+3, and 799 Step 3
awards. This level of activity resulted in approximately 11,881 active projects in
various stages of planning, design, and construction by the end of 1979. The level cf
Federal outlays, at S3.7 billion, was the highest annual total in the history of the
program, with 459 Step 3 projects completed during the year.
The 1979 obligation level was $856 million more than estimated in lest year's
budget request. The increase occurred because Congress did not extend the allotment
period during which funds must be obligated from two years to three years, thus causing
several States to speed up their projects to avoid the loss of funds to reallotment.
EPA took steps to assure that funds obligated in these States were used on high quality
projects. The only State to lose funds to reallotment was Ohio, which lost approximately
$25 million.
Under the Section 205(g) State delegation program, a total of 27 delegation agree-
ments were negotiated and signed, bringing the total number of States with delegation
agreements as of the end of 1979 up to 30. A total of 560 million was obligated in
1979 as these States began to phase into the primary responsibility for the day-to-day
management of the program.
1980 Program
A total of $4.8 billion in gross obligations is projected during 1980. This will
fund 3,511 new awards for the planning, design, and construction of treatment facilities.
About 11,725 projects will be in various stages of preconstruction or construction
activity by the end of the year. Outlay levels will further increase to $3.9 billion.
EPA estimates that a total of 42 States (another 12 in 1980 alone) will receive State
management assistance grants, totalling $61 million for all States.
1980 Explanation of Changes from Budget Estimate
The Congress reduced the budget request by $400 million, from $3.8 billion to S3.4
billion.
1981 Plan
In 1981, gross obligations totalling $4.5 billion are projected. These obligations
will support approximately 2,550 new awards. This represents a decrease over 1980,
principally because of the drop in expected-numbers of new Step 1 and 2 awards. EPA
expects to award State management assistance grants totalling $70 trillion to 42
States during the year, an increase of $9 million over 1980.
The following table summarizes the 1981 program and compares activity levels to
>r-evinit« tun uean?-
the previous two years:
-------
Item
Total Gross Obligations.
New Awards
Step 1
Step 2,....
Step 3....,
Step 2 .& 3,
Active Projects (All Steps).
Construction Completions
(Step 2 & 3)....,
Total Out!ays
State Management Assistance Grants
Number.
Amount.
1979
Actual
$4.256 billion
982
572
799
246
11,881
459
$3.756 billion
30
$60 million
1980
Estimated
$4,8 billion
807
1,193
1,156
355
11,725
1,008
$3.9 billion
42
$61 million
1981
Estimated
$4.5 billion
400
925
' 950
275
11,000
1,200
$3.95 billion
42
$70 million
NOTE:
Numbers in this table are updated from output numbers in the President's Budget
Appendix.
Within the constraints of the current allotment formula and funding mechanism and
a $3.7 billion appropriation, approximately 17 States and 2 territories will use all of
their available funds in 1981. Another 8 States and T territory will be close to
using all funds and may have to slow down their programs and stretch out their funds
into early 1982. It is partly to address the problems faced by these States that EPA
is developing a long-term strategy as noted above.
-------
Page Intentionally Blank
-------
Page Intentionally Blank
Superfund
-------
Page Intentionally Blank
-------
Budget uurrent increase f
Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease -
1979 1980 1980 1981 1981 vs. 1980
(dollars in'thousand?)
Appropriation ... ... ... $250,000 +$250,000
Outlays ... ... - ... 45,000 +45,000
Authorization Level Proposed
Budget Request
Included in the President's Budget is $250 million to cover the first year's
operation of the Oil and Hazardous Substances Liability Fund. The Administration's
proposal, which is currently before the Congress for consideration, addresses the
release of oil, hazardous substances, and hazardous wastes into the environment by
spills and from inactive and abandoned disposal sites. It establishes a comprehensive
and uniform system of notification, emergency government response, enforcement, liability
and compensation for such incidents. A detailed budget justification will be presented
as soon as the authorizing legislation is passed.
Proposed Legislation
The Administration's proposed legislation would expand both the authorities
available to EPA and the source of compensation for activities under these new authorities.
Unlike current Section 311 authority, the proposed legislation addresses releases to
the environment (water, land, and groundwater) of oil and hazardous wastes from spills
from inactive and abandoned disposal sites. In effect, the legislation converts
the Section 311(k) fund from an appropriated fund to an expanded fee-based fund and
expands eligibility for reimbursement to include costs of spills cleanup, waste site
investigations and containment, limited economic damages to property resulting from spills,
and all related administrative and management costs. The proposed legislation authorizes
the fund to raise $1.625 billion from appropriations and fees over a 4-year period.
(The Section 311(k) fund, in contrast, was established with a $35 million authorization).
The size of the fund and the expanded authorities would enable the government, in
advance of judicial action and without delay, to clean up and mitigate problems and
later recover the public costs.
Program Description
The estimated size of the problem to be addressed by the "Superfund" is based on
studies completed under contract to EPA during late 1978. In the uncontrolled hazardous
site program, EPA estimates that there are 30,000 to 50,000 sites containing hazardous
wastes, of which 1,200-2,000 may present potentially significant problems. The main
emphasis will be to isolate the 400 to 500 most critical problem sites and in association
with the States, to fund containment actions (within funding limits), and operate an
enforcement/cost recovery program against known responsible parties.
In the emergency spill response program, our studies suggest there will be 3,500
hazardous spills in 1981 with growth to 7,000 by 1984. Oil spills are expected to
maintain a level rate of approximately 11,000 for each year, 1981-84. The progress
toward addressing the spills problem will be rapid, as much of the infrastructure is
already built and the basic regulations and authorities are already in place.
-------
Page Intentionally Blank
-------
Special Analyses
-------
Page Intentionally Blank
-------
SPECIAL ANALYSES
Contents
£acje
EPA Organization Chart . ... ,t...... ... SA-2
EPA Regional Offices - Locations... '. SA~3
Summary of Resources SA-4
Workyears and Budget Authority, By Media and Appropriation, 1900 SA-7
Workyears and Budget Authority, By Media and Appropriation, 1981 SA-8
Total Funds Obi i gated, 1980 SA-9
Total Funds Obligated, 1981 SA-11
Posi Lions by Grade and Average Employment , ,,.,... SA-13
Classification by Objects:
Pvesearch and Development ..,.,.....,,. SA-15
Abatement, Control and Compliance SA-17
Salaries and Expenses . .. SA-19
Bui 1 dings and Faci 11 ties . SA-23
Scientific Activities Overseas .- SA-25
Regulatory Counci 1 , SA-26
-------
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE OF INSPECTOR GENERAL
OFFICE OF ADMINISTRATIVE JUDGES
OFFICE or CIVIL RIGHTS
OFFICE OF ENVIRONMENTAL REVIEW
OFFICE OF GENERAL COUNSEL
OFFICE OF INTERNATIONAL ACTIVITIES
OFFICE OF LEGISLATION
OFFICE OF PUBLIC AWARENESS
OFFICE OF PRESS SERVICES
OFFICE OF REGIONAL, LIAISON
OFFICE OF INTERGOVERNMENTAL RELATIONS
EXECUTIVE COMMUNICATIONS
SCIENCE ADVISORY HOARD
INEZ REID
MEROERT PEHLMAN
DORIS THOMPSON
WILLIAM HEDEMAN, JR.
MICHELE CORASH
LEWIS HUGHES (ACTING)
CHARLES WARREN
JOAN NICHOLSON
MARLIN FITZWATEB
VACANT
ALAN MAGAZINE
MARYLOUISE UHLIG
RICHARD DOWD
ADMINISTRATOR
DOUGLAS COSTLE
DEPUTY ADMINISTRATOR
BARBARA BLUM
ASST. ADMINISTRATOR
FOR AIR, NOISE,
AND RADIATION
DAVID HAWKINS
-
OF)
Ain n
r-LAN
STAh
WALf*
Off
Monti
ftiHpaitu
MICHA
Or
hioise f
AN[>
CHAfll
or
RA(
PHC
.If ION CONIno I
kBATEMFNI
CO NT It Ol
| PROGRAMS
DAVID flltSFHBAUM
ASST. ADMIMISTnATOn
FonnrsfAncti
ANDDEVELOrWENf
STE^ICNGAGE
ASST AOMlNIRinAfbll
rnn roxic sunsi ANcrs
J
1
ititiioNh
NttV VOUR
fiiniAiiii I nlwt INI;
IA(,IIN(i(
1 1
IIIOtONIM
ChllAni IfHtA
IAcK J KCMIIAMM
iiriitON tv
ATI ANTA
JOHN C. WHITE
1
in mow v
tHtOACln
JOHN M.nuint
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ttM IAS
AOL I HE HAHfllSON
1
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KANSAS tllV
KAIIII IfNCl CAMIW
, L _, r L __n ^__
1 1 1
Hf DION VIM I 1 Ml tiKiN IX I
Ol NVI "|| SrtM ' unflf ''l( ° I
At AMMI MSt»l 1 1 ''AIM IMAt«i I
on
-------
EPA REGIONS
LOCATIONS AND STATES
)n I Headquarters, Boston^ Massachusetts
Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts,
New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Vennont
Region VI Headquarters. Dal las, JTgXa_s_
Arkansas, New MexTco7 Texas,
Oklahoma, Louisiana
Headquarters, New York, New York
New Jersey, New "York, Puerto Rico,
Virgin Islands
Region VII Headquarters, KansasCity. Missouri
Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska
III Headquarters, Philadelphia. Pennsylvania
Delaware, Maryland, Pennsylvania,
Virginia, West Virginia, District of
Columbia
Region VIII Headquarters, Denver, Colorado
Colorado, Montana, North Dakota,
South Dakota, Utah, Wyoming
m IV Headquarters, At1anta, Georgla
Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky,
Mississippi, North Carolina, South
Carolina, Tennessee
Region IX
Arizona, California, Hawaii, Nevada,
American Samoa, Guam, Trust Territories
of Pacific Islands, Northern Mariana
Islands
jn V
Headquarters, Chicago, 1111noi s
II11nois,Indiana, Michigan>
Minnesota, Ohio, Wisconsin
Region X Headquarters, Seattle, Washington
Alaska, IdahoTOregon, Washington
-------
Summary of Resources
(dollars in thousands)
nd Expenses
uthority....
o ns
it Workyea rs...
le equivalency.
Control and Compliance
uthority.
ons -
it Workyears...
le equivalency.
md Development
tuthority.......
ons
it Workyears...
IB equivalency.
:jj\cti vjti es Overseas
luthori ty.............
ons.
andFacilities
luthority
ons
Actual
1979
$452,989
459,485
425,416
10,086
11,964
524,481
542,909
382,882
1
42
221,403
231,621
225,201
2,500
2,719
2,260
1,172
1,880
2,367
Current
Estimate
1980
$521,513
521,513
442,275
10,940
13,416
525 ,957
559,680
397,164
72
234,574
234,743
233,600
3,204
1,800
1,425
1,794
2,000
Estimate
1981
$562,542
562,54Z
529,000
11,162
13,659
555,338
542,931
406,740
"72
264.984
263,000
255,000
1,000
1,200
3,000
4,115
3,000
2,500
Increase +
Decrease -
1981 vs. 1980
+$41,029
141,029
+86,725
+222
+243
+29,381
-16,749
+9,576
+30,410
+28 ,257
+21,400
+1,000
-2,004
+1,200
+2,690
+ 1,206
+500
-------
Current Increase +
Actual Estimate Estimate Decrease -
1979 1980 1981 198} vs. 1980
ctjonGrants
t authority $4,200,000 $3,400,000 $3,700,000 +$300,000
ations.... 4,256,558 4,800,000 4,500,000 -300,000
ys..., 3,756,079 3,900,000 3,950,000 +50,000
Hazardous Ljabf 11 Jty Fund
t authority ... ... ... 250,000 +250,000
ations. ... ... 250,000 +250,000
ys ... ... 45,000 +45,000
pns, Research and £acijjtjnesL
aFions ............ 3,742 1,414 800 -614
ys 6,156 5,000 3,200 -1,800
nent workyears
time equivalency. ...
ng Fund
iitTonsT. 580 580 580
ys.. 39 40 50 +10
merit workyears..... ... ... ...
time equivalency..........
unds.
it authority ...
lations.... 21 25 25
iys 36 20 20
sements
fations.
rnent «orkyea rs 91 64 - 64
time equivalency 101 73 73
-------
Current Increase +
Actual Estimate Estimate Decrease -
J979 J9801981 1981 vs. 1980
lory Council
et authority ... 3,082 3,338 +256
gations ... 3,082 3,338 +256
ays ... 2,400 2,800 +400
anent workyears ... 11 11
-time equivalency.......... ... 26 26 ...
i dated WorkjngFund
gations
ays..... ... 10 10
Environmental Protection Agency
et authority... 5,402,545 4,686,551 5,341,317 +654,766
gations.... 5,499,515 6,126,035 6,127,416 +1,381
ays 4,800,436 4,984,309 5,197,320 +213,011
anent workyears.. 10,178 11,015 11,237 +222
-time equivalency.... 12,107 13,587 13,830 +243
-------
Resources
By Media and Appropriation
(dollars In thousands)
Quality..
ng Water.
Wastes...
ildes
:ion.
HseipHnary.
Substances-.
jinent and Support,
subtotal..».,.,».,
story Counci1.............
i tigs and Fact 1 i ties.......
tific Activities Overseas.
jrsements.................
Subtotal
ruction Grants.
Total
Salaries &
Permanent
Workyears
^073
iToBa--^
519
404
985
215
105
260
659
154
2,578
10,940
* * *
* * *
* *
^
* *,z#^
Expenses
Amount
$ 77,186
109,860
^14^939
IS.Im,,
33,722 "*»
8,936
4,924
13,957
29,554
11,489
196,490
521,513
* *
...
..-«*'
fff:
Abatement,
Control &
Compliance
Amount
$133,775
188,436
41,164
71,859
28,513
\ 7,486
***xi,ti5i
T,3?2
48,2Q1;*S.
» # *
m * *
525,957
*
,
« *
525,957
.
Research &
Development
Amount
$39,529
39,139
15,621
12,745
5,922
840
. . *
11,012 -
19,891
x S9>875
...
234;§?4
'*"* X
\
...
234 ,574
...
Total
Permanent
Workyears
1,973
3,088
519
404
985
215
105
260
659
154
2,578
10,940 1
11
...
\, '64
n.ols i
3
Amount
$250,490
337 ,435
' 76,724
100,060
68,157
17,262
13,075
26,341
94,646
101,364
196 ,490
,282,044
3,082
1 ,425
* * <
,286,551
14,00,000
lff,940 521,513
525,957
234,574
11,015 4,686,
-------
198/ Resources
By Media and Appropriation
(dollars in thousands)
quality..
ng Water.
Waste....
ides.....
ion
isciplinary.
Substances..
ment and Support...
Subtotal
tory Council
ngs and Facilities.
ific Activities
seas... -.
rsements.
d Hazardous
ility Funds
Subtotal......
uction Grants.
Total
Salaries &
Permanent
Workyears
r>888
3,032\
538
774
914
216
99
250
743
149
2,559
11,162
...
« * #
* * *
11,162
w
»-'"'.
11,162
_Ex£eri_ses
Amount
$ 75,816
112,194
^\, 22,012
1^,895
30^9,27
8 H 55t.lv
4,576 N
11,874
33,571
10,720
219,405
562,542
...
...
»
. . . '
?f'~ < *
562,542
* *
562,542
Abatement,
Control &
Compl iance
Amount
$128,545
186,932
44 ,664
91 ,991
39,292
7,797
N 8,351
1 ,550
s, 46,216
V,
. ....
555,338
* *
...
. . .
» *
555,338
...
555,338
Research
&
Development
Amount
$ 44,109
35,961
20,229
22,562
3,780
1,433
...
13,816
26,216
96,878
. . .
264,984
* * *
....
» " '"*
. . t
mm*
264,984
. . *
264,984
Total
Permanent
Workyears
1,888 $
3,032
538
774
914
216
99
250
743
149
2,559
11,162 1
11
...
*
64
"S,,.
'*.*
11,237 xj
3
11,237 5
Amount
248,470
335,087
86 ,905
147,440
73,999
17,782
12,927
27,240
106,003
107,598
219,405
,382,864
3,338
4,115
1 ,000
. . .
250,000
,641,317
,70^00
,341,317
-------
Environmental Protection Agency
Total Funds Obligated, 1980
(dollars in thousands)
1980
Budget
Authority
Unobligated
Balance
Brought
Forward
i Development $234,574 _^ +$8J76
,77777^.... W^W5^ +2,380 '
lity 39,139^ +618
Jater. 15,621 s-"' +572
te 12,744"^ +419
5 .. 5,922i<> +ZA5-
840 *S +82
i pi i nary 1|.,012iX +327
stances.... . ,J9,892iX' +954
89,875^ +2,107
t and Support.... ... +472
:ontrol and Compliance 525,957 +81,747
rrrrr...'..".-.'."."...'."."..-.. 133,/ZB^' +40, se?
Hty... 188,436^ +8,647
dater 4T,T64»^ +6,540
te .. 71,859«X' +11,445
s 28,513"-; tUBl-
7,486«^ +817
8,151^ +818
iplinary 1,372»^ +816
stances 45,201«X" +7,357
t and Support ... +353
d Expenses 521,513
~ .. 7~77~7;7^777. TTTTBT^
lity 109,860
Water.. 19,939
te 15,456
s -.. 33,722
8,936
4,924
iplinary 13,957
stances 29,554
, 11,489
t and Support..... 196,490
Anticipated
Recoveries
+1,000
+1,000
+2,000
+2,000
Unobligated
Balance a ' /}
Srwght-C&iA***'
Forward
-$9,007
-Tj-^R
-135
-804
-2,892
-355
-244
-39
-576
-2,048
-50,024
-1,728
-23,715
-3,978
-5,149
-4,879
-137
-610
-844
-8,984
40,622
15.389,/
10,271,X
5,812(X
6781/
11,300^
20,270«X;
89,934 ^>
472 ^
172,914-X-
175,368^
43,726K-
78,155»X
.
8.359J/
43,5741^
353^
521.513
"7 7,1 86 ix^"
15,
33,722^
8.936JX
4 ,924 *-"
1 3,957 *--
29,554"^
11, 489
196,490
-------
1980
;ory Council
igs and Facilities
ific Activities Overseas
iction Grants
ons, Research and Facilities
>tal .
Budget
Authority
3,082
1,425
3,400,000
* «
4.686.551
Unobligated
Balance
Brought
Forward
+369
+3,204
+3 992,607
+914
+4.087.017
Anticipated
Recoveries
+200
+300,000
+800
+304.000
Unobligated
Balance
Brought
Forward
* *
-200
-2,892,607
-300
-2.952.133
Total
Obi 1_gat1_pns
3,082
1,794
3,204
4,800,000
1,414
6.125.430
-------
Environmental Protection Agency
Total Funds Obligated, 1981
(in thousands of dollars)
1981
Budget
Authority
Unobligated
Balance
Brought
Forward
:h and Development $264,984 +$9,007
PTiWT'+T79TT
-Quality.. 35,96'lX +135
:ing Water 20,229^ +804
I Waste 22,562/1 +2,892
icides. 3J80K +355
ition T,433K^ +244
-disciplinary... 13,816ft/ +39
: Substances 26,216^ +576
)y 96,878V +2,048
ant ^ CoiUroT_an^ Compliance 555.338 +50,024
". f28~,545^7+T.728
-Quality 186,932«V +23,715
(ing Water.. 44,664V +3,978
] Waste 91,991V +5,149
icides 39,292V +4,879
stion 7,797V +137
2 , 8,351 V +610
rdisciplinary 1,550V/ +844
: Substances 46,216<^ +8,984
es and Expenses 562.542 ...
......... 77;.. 757FFB rrr
r Quality 112,195
-------
1981
;ory Council
igs and Facilities
ific Activities Overseas
notion Grants
ions, Research and Facilities
1 Hazardous Liability Fund
otal..
Unobligated
Balance
Budget Brought Anticipated
Authority Forward Recoveries
3,338
nr j 1 1 0 «** «
1,000 +200 +200
3,700,000 +2,892,607 +300,000
+300 +500
250,000 ...
5.341.317 2.952.138 +303.700
Unobl 1 gated
Balance
Carried Total
Forward Obligations
3,338
-1,115 3,000
-200 ,1,200
-2,392,607 4,500,000
... 800
250,000
-2.470.344 6.126.811
-------
EPA
Positions By Grade and Average Employment
Grades
Executive Level
Executive Level
Executive Level
II.
lit,
IV.,
Subtotal,
ES-4.
ES-3.
ES-2.
ES-1.
Subtotal,
GS-18
GS-17....
GS-16..-..
GS/GM-15.
GS/GM-14.
GS/GM-13.
GS-12....
GS-11....
GS-10....
GS-9
65-8...*.
GS-7
GS-6
GS-5
GS-4 .
GS-3
GS-2
GS-1.....
Actual
1979
1
1
6
8
185
27
39
41
292
1
4
14
477
963
1 ,532
1,716
1 ,094
47
889
190
801
583
849
545
148
22
2
Estimate
1980
1
1
7
9
185
27
39
41
292
1
3
14
492
993
1 ,582
1,771
1,128
47
917
196
825
601
073
563
152
2?
2
Estimate
1981
1
1
7
9
185
27
39
41
292
1
3
14
502
1,020
1,620
1,8)0
1,151
47
936
200
842
614
890
576
154
22
2
Subtotal',
9,877
10,182
10,404
-------
Grades
Actual
1979
Positions established by act of
July 1, 1974 (42 U.S.C, 207):
Assistant Surgeon General,
$25,022 to $36,468 1
Director Grade, $19,547 to
$32,040 93
Senior grade, $14,836 to
$26,143 147
Full grade, $12,506 to
$21,863 .. 42
Senior assistant grade,
$11,621 to $18,904 1-7
Assistant grade, $10,130 to
$14,026 2_
Subtotal ... 302
Positions established by act of
November 16, 1977 (42 U.S.C.
201) compensation for which is
not to exceed the maximum rate
payable for a GS-18 30__
Ungraded. 189
Total permanent positions 10,698
Full-Time Equivalency:
Permanent .. 10,178
Other 1,929
Estimate
1980
1
93
147
42
17
2
302
30
189
11,004
11,015
2,572
Estimate
1981
1
93
147
42
17
2
302
30
189
11,226
11,237
2,593
Total . 12,107
13,587
13,830
-------
Regulatory Council
Actual
1979
GS-17,...
GS/GM-15.
GS/GM-14.
GS-12....
GS-11....
GS-9
GS-8
GS-6
GS-5
'Estimate
_1J9BO___
1
2
2
Total permanetjjt positions..
Estimate
1981_
1
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
11
11
3="
I
-------
RESEARCH AMP DEVELOPMENT
Classification by Objects
Includes Direct Obligations Only
(in thousands of dollars)
al Services
bjects:
ravel and transportation of persons
ransportation of things
tandard 1 evel user charges
ommunicatlons, utilities, and other rent
rinting and reproduction.,,
ther services ,
jpplies and materials..
quipment ,
ands and structures
rants, subsidies, and contributions
nsurance claims and indemnities
Total other objects ".'
Total obligations
TioN OF INCREAS'ES AND DECREASES TO OBJECT CLASSIFICATIONS
\
e decrease in the 1980 current estimate for this item results from:
Other contractural services now carried under Salaries and Expenses.
Congressional reduction for health and ecological effects
Congressional add-ons for R&D activities , ,
Congressional reduction for anticipatory research '.', ]..
Transfer to support other Agency activities' pay costs
Transfer to other R&D activities for object classes now supported
under Salaries and Expenses
Prorated costs now reflected Under Salaries and Expenses
Total
e Increase of $34,711 over the 1980 budget estimate will expand con-
research primarily for hazardous waste, toxic substances , and energy
activities.
Actual
1979
a/
a/
i/
i/
i/
a/
168,957
a/
a/
!/
71,441
a/
240.398
240,398
Actual
1979
Current
Estimate Estimate
1980 1981
142,916 177,627
80,979 80,873
2?j.B95 258.500
223,895 258,500
Budget
Estimate
1980
Current
Estimate
1980
Estimate
1980
Inc
Dec
1981
$168,957 $1«1,450 $142,916 $177,627
+$3
- 1
ected under "Salaries and Expenses" for comparability.
-------
subsidies, and contributions.
decrease in the 1980 current estimate from the 1980
stimate results from a change in the amount of carryover
iginally projected to be carried forward to 1980.
Actual
1979
$71,441
Budget
Estimate
1900
$90,000
Current
Estimate
_l£8p__.
$00,979
Estimate
1981
$80,873
Increase
Decrease
1901__vs._l
-$106
slight decrease In 1981 of $106 reflects a minor shift from
tivities to contractual services.
-------
ABATEMENT, CONTROL AND COMPLIANCE
Classification by Objects
Includes Direct Obligations Only
(in thousands of dollars)
Actual
1979
"a/
Current
Estimate
1980
Estimate
1981
Services . $30~ $34 $78
acts:
vel and transportation of persons. ±1 10 10
importation of things j/ ... ....
ndard level user charges..... _a/ ... ...
Tiunications, utilities, and other rent j/
nting and reproduction. . a/ ... ...
sr services ,, }82,6W 235,108 244,200
plies and materials _a/ ... ...
ipment -. £/
ds and structures a/ ...
nts, subsidies, and contributions. 352,915~ 280,524 298,643
urance claims and indemnities. * a/ ._._. .._._
Total other objects 535,614 515,642 542,853
Total obligations 535,644 515,676 542.931
Data:
"salary, GS positions $22,878 $23,041 $23,205
grade j GS positions 10.07 9.85 9.85
ON OF INCREASES ANDDECREASESTOOBJECT CLASSIFICATIONS
Budget Current Increase +
Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease -
1979 1980 1980 1981 1981 vs. 1980
services $30 &/ $34 $78 +$44
change in 1980 estimates reflects the transfer of all salary costs except those for State assignees
w Salaries and Expenses appropriation.
increase in 1981 represents increased support to the States.
Reflected under "Salaries and Expenses" for comparability.
-------
Budget Current Increase +
Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease -
19/9 1980 1980 1981 1981 vs. 1980
ivel and transportation of persons , . a/ $10 $10 $10
All travel costs are now reflected under the "Salaries and Expenses" appropriation with the exception of travel
iociated with State assignees, funded by the grants programs*
a/ Reflected under "Salaries and Expenses" for comparability.
Budget Current Increase +
Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease -
197;9_ 1980 J98g,1981 1981 vs. 1980
ler services. ....$182,699 $267,140 $235,108 $244,200 +$9,092
The decrease in the 1980 current estimate for this object class results from:
Other contractual services now carried under
Salaries and Expenses -$5,427
Transfer to support pay costs in other activities -4,167
Shift of funds from contractual services to grants........ -16,219
Prorated costs now reflected under Salaries and Expenses.. -6,219
Total -32,032
The net Increase in 1981 of $9,092 results primarily from pesticides standards setting and RPAR as well as
rardous waste activities.
Budget Current Increase +
Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease -
_1979 1980 1980 1981 1981 vs. 1980
ants, subs 1 dies, and contributions $343,636 $289,955 $280,524 $298,643 +$18,119
The decrease in the 1980 current estimate over the 1980 budget estimate results from:
Congressional decreases to the budget authority for this
object class -34,400
Shift of funds from contractual services +16,219
Transfer of enforcement grants into this appropriation.... +8,750
Total -9,431
The net increase in the 1981 request results primarily from hazardous waste grants and air control agency grants.
-------
SALARIES AND EXPENSES
Classification by Objects
Includes Direct Obligations Only
(in thousands of dollars)
Actual
1979
Current
Estimate
1980
Personnel Services . $290,189 $332,649
Other Objects:
21 Travel and transportation of persons 15,711 16,119
22 Transportation of things 1,674 1,523
23.1 Standard level user charges 20,302 20,391
23.2 Communications, utilities, and other rent 22,965 28,833
24 Printing and reproduction. 8,263 9,517
25 Other services 42,731 78,468
26 Supplies and materials.. 11,401 15,054
31 Equipment 7. 24,774 16,937
32 Lands and structures 1.T03 874
41 Grants, subsidies, and contributions 501 1,148
42 Insurance claims and indemnities. 7_4_ ._._.
Total other objects, 149.499 188,364
Total obligations 439,688 521,513
Position Data:
Average salary, GS positions $ 22,878 $ 23,041
Average grade, GS positions 10.07 9.85
EXPLANATION OF INCREASES AND DECREASESTOOBJECT CLASSIFICATIONS
Budget Current
Actual Estimate Estimate
1979 1980 1980
Personnel .services. $290,189 $319,101 $332,649
The increase in the 1980 current estimate over the 1980 budget
estimate is the result of:
October 1979 pay raise, pending supplemental to partially
fund +$14,209
Congressional reduction -2,000
Amendment for hazardous waste sites.. +1,339
Total TT3T548"
Estimate
_J931_
$357,056
17,714
1,655
21,480
32,606
8,284
91,260
14,637
16,628
55
1,167
205.486
562,542
23,205
9.85
Estimate
JJ8L
$357,056
Increas
Decreas
1981 vs.
+$24,40
-------
The Increase In the 1981 estimate is the result of:
October 1979 pay raise, full year cost + 8,291
Full wbrkyear funding + 6,499
Increase in authorized workyears ,-. + 9,617
Total, +24,407
Budget Current Increa
Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrea
1979 _1980 _1980, 1981 1981 ys...
Travel and transportation of persons $15,711 $17,710 $16,119 $17,714 +$1,59
The decrease in the 1980 current estimate over the 1980 budget
estimate is the result of:
Congressional reduction $-2,000
Amendment for hazardous waste sites. +409
Total.......... ~T759T
The increase in the 1981 estimate is the result of:
Additional workyears requested +243
Increased travel costs, +200
Increased hazardous waste activities requiring travel....... +1152
Total +1595
Budget Current Increa
Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrea
1979 1980 _J980_ 1981 1J811 vs.
Transportation of things.. .... $1,674 $2,000 $1,523 $1,655 +$132
The decrease in the 1980 estimate results from an adjustment to
the budget estimate using 1979 actual costs as a new base.
.The slight increase in 1981 results from anticipated costs of Budget Current Increa
shipping of materials. Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrea
1979 1980 1980 ._J_?JB1 1981 vs.
Standard level user__charqes $20,302 $23,563 $20,391 $21,480 +$1,08
The decrease of $3,172 1n the 1980 current estimate from the
1980 budget estimate results from the revised projections of SLUC
based on actual facilities usage by personnel in 1979.
The increase of $1,089 in the 1981 estimate results from the
GSA-set increase.
-------
Communications, utilities, and other rent.
The increase of $733 in the 1980 current estimate over the
1980 budget estimate for this item results primarily from increas-
ing utility costs due to increasing energy costs.
The increase in the 1981 request provides for increasing
rental costs of equipment, telephones, mall, and the continuing
increase of utility costs.
PHntjng and reproduction........
The increase of $967 over the 1980 budget estimate represents
an unanticipated increase in printing costs and the additional
printing of guidelines and regulations.
The decrease of $1,233 in the 1981 request represents the
nonrecurring workload anticipated in 1980.
Other services.
from:
The increase of $41,196 over the 1930 budget estimate results
Costs previously carried under the Abatement and Control
and the Research and Development appropriations........
Cost previously prorated for nationwide services that are
now reflected only in this appropriation
Increase reflecting only change in anticipated costs of
other contractual services
Total
Actual
1979
$22,965
Actual
1979
$8,263
Actual
1979
$42,731
+20,601
+16,870
+ 3,725
+41,1 M
Budget
Estimate
1980
$28,100
Budget
Estimate
1980
$8,550
Budget
Estimate
1980
$37,272
Current
Estimate
1980
$28,833
Current
Estimate
1980
$9,517
Current
Estimate
1980
$78,468
Increase +
Estimate Decrease -
1981 1981 vs. 1980
$32,606 +$3,773
Increase +
Estimate Decrease -
1981 1981 vs. 1980
$8,284 -$1,233
Increase +
Estimate Decrease -
1981 1981 vs. 1980
$91,260 +$12,792
The increase requested in 1981 will primarily provide for
increased work/ears and for planning and evaluation contracts.
-------
Supplies and materials.
The Increase of $2,654 In the 1980 current estimate from the
1980 budget estimate results from additional expenses anticipated
for standards setting, hazardous waste, and toxic substance acti-
vities.
The decrease in the 1981 request reflects nonrecurring costs
which are anticipated in 1980.
Equipment.
The decrease of $3,563 from the 1980 budget estimate reflects
nonrecurring equipment costs which are diverted to other Agency
funding.
The decrease of $309 in the 1981 budget request reflects the
continuing action of redirecting nonrecurring costs to other
priority costs.
Lands and structures.
The increase of $874 in the 1980 current estimate reflects
the modifications, etc., to facilities that are properly funded
from this appropriation.
The decrease in the 1981 request reflects the nonrecurring
nature of the 198Q costs.
grants, subsidies, and contributions.
The increase of $798 in the 1980 current estimate reflects
increased grant support to public interest groups.
The minor increase in the 1981 request reflects continuing
support of these grants.
Actual
1979
$11,401
Budget
Estimate
1980
$T2,400
Actual
1979
$24,774
Budget
Estimate
JJ80,
$20,500
Actual
1979
$1,103
Budget
Estimate
1980
Actual
J979
$501
Budget
Estimate
1980
$350
Current
Estimate
1980
$15,054
Estimate
1981
$14,637
Incre
Deere
T9jn_vs
-$41
Current
Estimate
jgeg
$16,937
Estimate
1981
$16,628
Increai
Decrea:
1981 j^
-$309
Current
Estimate
1980
$874
Estimate
1981
$55
Increas
Decreas
1981vs.
-$8T9
Current
Estimate
1980
$1,148
Increase
Estimate Decrease
1981 1981 vs. 1
$1,167
+$19
-------
-SCIENTIFIC ACTIVITIES OVERSEAS
Classification by Objects
Includes Direct Obligations Only
(in thousands of dollars)
ler objects:
Travel and transportation of persons.
Other services ,
Total, other objects
Total, Obligations.
LANATION OF INCREASES AND DECREASES TO OBJECT CLASSIFICATIONS
/el and transportation of persons.
The decrease of $10 in' the 1980 current estimate reflects the
'ease in funding for this activity. No funds-were-appropriated
1980; carryover funding only ,1s avallabl»e-. ,>!':;",
r Services.
The decrease of $786 in the 1980 current estimate reflects the
ressional decrease.
The decrease of $2,004 in the 1981 request reflects the reduced
gations as a result of all carryover funds being obligated in 1980.
Current
Actual
.,197.9 ,.
11 "
2,708
,, 2,719 '.:
2,719 '
Actual
1979
111
Actual
1979
Estimate
19.80
15
3,189
;, 3,204s
"'3,204'
Budget
Estimate
1980
:$25
Budget
Estimate
1980
Estimate
1981
15
1,185
.^JLiifiSLLV
1,200
Current
Estimate
1980
$15
Current
Estimate
1980
' 'H
Increase
Estimate Decrease
1981 1981 vs. 19
$15
Increase -
Estimate Decrease
1981 1981 vs. 19*
$2,708 $3,975
$3,189 $1,185
-$2,004
-------
REGULATORY COUNCIL
Classification by Objects
Includes Direct Obligations Only
(in thousands of dollars)
Actual
1979
Estimate
1980
Estimate
1981
Personnel Services ... $939 $939
Other Objects:
21 Travel and transportion of persons 20 38
23.2 Communications, ub1l1«1esv»airtd other rent 74 190
24 Prirlt1ng;iSnd reproduction1.',.«;).'.«,..;.*'..«.; ,... 424 651
25 Other service*......, i.-v.ij.«...,. .;.. 1,580 1,450
26 Supplies and materials 6 23
'": 31 ' Equipment... i..> .; ;.-., ... .. ; . . 39 ,, . .47
Total other objects , t.,,.-.. 2,143, 2,399
Total obligations ... .3,082 3,338
EXPLANATIONOFINCREASESAND DECREASES TOOBJECTCLASSIFICATIONS
"Budget 'Current ''''' Increase +
Actual .Estimate Estimate; Estimate Decrease -
1979 '1980 J980 ; J981_ 1981 vs. 1980
Personnel services ... $423 ' $939 $939
The Increase In the 1980 current estimate reflects funding required to support authorized workyears in 1980.
Budget Current Increase +
. , -- ,, , Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease -
, , .,. ,;>1 .. . 1979 1980 1980 1981 1981 vs. 1980
Travel and transportation of persons.... , . ... $20 $20 $38 +$18
The increase of $18'In the 1981 request reflects the funds required to support anticipated travel costs of
the Council.
-------
Budget Current Increase +
Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease -
1979 1980 1980 1981 1981 vs. 1980
ant,, ........ cojOTunXcaUons,^ ..... and .......... Mtlljtles. ....... ....... . ....... ... $35 $74 $190 +$116
The increase of $39 In the 1980 current estimate reflects a shift of funds from other services to support
ncreasfng costs.
The increase in the 1981 request reflects the anticipated increasing costs of rentals and communications.
Budget Current Increase +
Actual Estimate estimate Estimate Decrease -
_L?2i_ __1M_ ,,J?8CL 1981 19J vs. 1980
; . * \ . j " ' . < > ,. "';; , > « - -.'.-" ,= ,. ii
* ' ' ' " ' ' " ' '' . ,;}<,.,. j - . " '" "'' " "*' ." i:'-"'. i '
:nv. ,.,>,,,.';,, ..,,.,.,...,.. .....;... ... $17 $424 $651.' '4W
^ :' ;.,. . . . , ,.. .. - fi - -; H'-.O ..,... .,1, ,..,.,,,..
THe increase of $407 in the current .estimate reflects a shift of funds from' other services to support anticipated;
osts of the Council' sprinting needs. . . , ,/i , ...
The increase in the 1981 request reflects the anticipated increasing costs ofjprinting. ,
: '' .' ' ' ' ' '''' . .»,-' !''! ...;* -"'J* *,. ,',:-'",., .;.' ' ; ,
I . ' i-'^lfl- i'1 , .1 -,....-. ';....; . ' , .
Budget1 ' Current Increase +
.-.,. .>.... Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease -
' ........ .,,1980 ........... . ..... ' 1980
ther services .................................... . ....... ... $2,728 $1,580 $1,450 -$130
The decrease of $1,148 in the 1980 current estimate reflects the congressional reduction of $200 as well as a
hi ft of funds to other object classes to support required costs.
The decrease in the 1981 request reflects the effort to continue to support other object classes with
lonrecurring funding.
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Budyet Current Increase +
Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease -
1979 1980 ......1.980 .............. 1981 19B1 ....... vs. 1980
Supplles^airdjnaterlaTi ..... ..... ... ............. .......... $12 $6 $23 +$17
The decrease of $6 in the 1980 current estimate reflects a change in the estimate of needs during the first year
of operation.
The increase in the 1981 request reflects the Increase anticipated to support the staff requirements in a second
year. * .^S11"', ^' >.
'' ' ^»'»", v-i" -': .!iii- ,
''"'"'budget ' ''"Current >! Increase +
,, ,, . Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease -
V' "?'/', ? ' - : *'*''':' }979 '-. " 198^-^.:; I960 _ 198J 1981 vs. 1980
$12 $39 $47
'-, '-'Thevlrve^ease 0f,.,$,?7 over the 1980 budget estimate'reflects a change in the estimate of needs with fund's transferred
from other services, <, ' " .'' . '*; » . ,if^
The increase of $8 in the 1981. request represents a slight increase for continuing support of the Council.
, ' ' '' ' ' ' " *: ' !"'" '^. j( '.,',, ;
'''-'' 'I -!!.>*.: -I.'-,- ..,- "-->.:.,... -',ri; : -.'.f.!1''
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