United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Administration And
Resources Management
(3302)
EPA 245-S-95-001
February 1995
Summary Of The 1996 Budget
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CONTENTS
PAGE
Overview of the 1996 Budget 3
Operating Budget Summary 11
Air... 13
Water Quality 17
Drinking Water 21
Hazardous Waste , 23
Pesticides 27
Radiation 29
Multimedia 31
Toxic Substances 35
Management & Support 37
Oil Spills 41
Inspector General 43
Superfund...... 47
LUST 53
Water Infrastructure 59
Research And Development 63
State, Local and Tribal Grants . 71
Appendix: Budget Tables 77
Recycled/Recyclable
Printed with Soy/Canola Ink on paper lhai
contains at toast SO* recycled «ber
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NOTE: The charts on the following pages include the 1995 Current
Estimate and the 1996 President's Budget. Unless otherwise
noted, all comparisons between 1996 and 1995 budget levels in the
narrative refer to the 1995 Current Estimate and 1996 Resident's
Budget. (The "Current Estimate" is the Agency's current plan for
using its resources.)
Beferences to workyears refer to total workyears rather than only
"permanent" workyears. Additionally, some numbers may not add
due to independent rounding.
Cover Photos: Vera A. Ashworth, Steve Delaney,
Michael Feldman
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OVERVIEW
OVERVIEW OF THE 1996 BUDGET
In July of 1970, the White House and
Congress worked together to establish the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in
response to the growing public demand for cleaner
water, air and land. The Agency has achieved
significant pollution reduction over the past 25
years, but the challenges we face now are very
different from the past. Our mission remains
unchanged -- to protect human health and the
environment -- but new understandings of
environmental relationships require a new
agenda.
Today, EPA is working in partnership
with states, local communities, tribal
governments, industry, and environmentalists to
implement the many new laws that Congress
enacted to ensure a cleaner environment for our
children. We are working with our partners and
customers to integrate the ecological, economic,
and social factors affecting our communities, and
these factors are ultimately defined by those who
live and work in each community. This new
generation of environmental protection or
community-based environmental protection is a
goal-driven, rather than program-driven,
approach to restoring and sustaining healthy
human and ecological communities.
The 1996 President's Budget for the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency demonstrates
the President's continued commitment to a
cleaner, healthier environment within an era of
limited federal resources. The Administration is
working to fundamentally change the way
government protects our environment and our
health - with innovation, flexibility, and fairness.
The Agency's budget is $7.4 billion and 18,879
workyeart an increase of $138 million (2%)
from 1995. More than one-half of our budget will
be transferred directly to our State, local
government, tribal and other partners.
The hallmark of the Agency's budget is
not growth, but change. The Agency's strategic
plan, The New Generation of Environmental
Protection is the blueprint for this change.
Accordingly, our budget incorporates the Agency's
guiding strategic principals: ecosystemprotedaon,
environmental justice, pollution prevention,
strong science and data, partnerships,
environmental accountability and reinventing
EPA management. Our strategic plan, with its
underlying principles, will guide the Agency's
planning, resource allocation, and
decision-making processes over thenextfiveyears.
Change is inherently difficult and filled with
uncertainty. The Agency will work with our
customers and partners to learn as we go,
correcting our course when necessary. Together,
as a team, we will develop common sense
approaches responsive to both community needs
and national environmental goals.
HIGHLIGHTS
Focusing on Environmental Results
The Agency has significantly improved
our ability to focus on achieving environmental
results. We have learned that, to gauge our
success in addressing environmental problems,
we must set goals and measure the extent to
which human and ecological health are restored,
protected and preserved. The Agency has taken
steps to fully integrate our strategic planning and
budgeting functions and to improve how Agency
programs and activities are measured based on
environmental results. These efforts are
consistent with recent Congressional mandates
including the Chief Financial Officers Act (CFO)
and the Government Performance and Results
Act (GPRA), as well as recommendations from
the National Performance Review.
The Agency has several activities
underway to ensure effective implementation of
GPRA by September 30, 1997. We have six
performance pilot projects in place that embrace
the spirit of integrating die budget process with
measuring environmental results. The lessons
we learn from these pilots will guide Agencywide
implementation of GPRA over the next few years.
In addition, we have several efforts underway to
improve our ability to use specific indicators of
environmental improvement, such as the number
of stream miles opened to fish passage in the
Chesapeake Bay, in addition to traditional
measures of activities and outputs.
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OVERVIEW
On Earth Day 1995, the Agency will
announce national environmental goals that will
serve as the core of our long-term strategic plan.
These measurable goals are being developed in
close collaboration with other federal agencies,
and state, tribal, and local governments and will
be made available for public review and comment
before they are considered complete. The
preliminary list of goal areas includes clean air,
clean waters, climate change risk reduction,
stratospheric ozone layer restoration, healthy
terrestrial ecosystems, safe food, safe workplaces,
restoration of contaminated sites, safe waste
management, preventing spills and accidents,
and preventing wastes and toxic products.
Streamlining
The Agency is actively reinventing each
process and each part of the organization to find
ways to work smarter and reduce costs. Over the
past year, we have established important stepping
stones to reinvention in our streamlining and
reinvention plan. Every office and region is now
involved in the process of transforming our
reinvention vision into reality, and we have
already achieved significant success in two areas
— enforcement and research.
The Agency successfully completed a
reorganization of all enforcement activities in an
effort that impacted each office and region. The
process used for this reorganization was a model
of employee and stakeholder participation, and
the new structure makes enforcement a more
effective tool for promoting compliance, pollution
prevention, ecosystem protection and
environmental justice — all guiding principles of
our strategic plan. After extensive examination
of the mission and customers of our research
program, we are now realigning our research and
development laboratories into three national
laboratories and two national centers focusing on
risk assessment and risk management. This
action, along with a substantial investment in
long-term research, will enable Agency scientists
to more effectively apply their skills to solving
environmental problems.
Our Agencywide streamlining plan,
completed in November of 1993, outlines our
commitment to achieve savings through additional
streamlining efforts and then reinvest these
savings in priority programs. This plan focuses
primarily on flattening hierarchies, reducing the
number of supervisors, and empowering our
employees. Our emphasis has also expanded
from streamlining to broad reinvention across
the Agency. We completed a reinvention plan in
June, which goes well beyond organizational
flattening and sets the course for undertaking
fundamental changes in the way we do business.
Last July, we committed to accelerate the pace of
change to ensure the Agency is more responsive
to our customers and to dedicate the skills and
talents of every employee toward our
environmental mission — a cleaner environment.
Our goal to fully implement reinvention plans
has been moved ahead of the schedule for the rest
of the Federal government by two years. The
Agency is working to fully implement detailed
reorganization plans by September of 1996.
Common Sense Initiative
The Common Sense Initiative (CSI) is a
central aspect of EPA's efforts to improve the way
we undertakes our environmental mission. The
objective of CSI is to find "cleaner, cheaper,
smarter* strategies for tackling the environmental
problems that continue to face the nation. CSI is
founded on the premise that EPA should be
uncompromising regarding the accomplishment
of our health and environmental objectives, but
flexible in providing regulated entities many cost-
effective means of meeting their environmental
regulatory obligations.
CSI focuses on piloting "cleaner, cheaper,
smarter" approaches in six industry sectors:
automobile assembly, computers and electronics,
iron and steel, metal finishing, petroleum refining,
and printing. Each of these pilot projects has six
key building blocks or workplan elements. These
include regulatory review, pollution prevention,
permitting, reporting and recordkeeping,
compliance and enforcement, and innovative
technology. Each project, directed by a stakeholder
team of industry, environmental, state and local
government, as well as federal leaders, will be
guided by a workplan that spells out specific
projects aimed at making policy and management
improvements in each of these areas.
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OVERVIEW
Performance Partnerships
As EPA continues to enhance its
partnerships with the states and Indian tribes,
we are working to improve environmental results
through increased grant flexibility. Building on
pilot programs begun in 1995, the EPA
Performance Partnership grants, for which the
Administration will request authorization, will
allow states to receive one or more consolidated
grants as a substitute for several environmental
categorical grants. The initiative provides states
and tribes an opportunity to target resources
toward their most pressing environmental
priorities as long as they continue to comply with
the environmental statutes and EPA program
regulations and standards.
The partnership approach will facilitate
more coordinated and integrated pollution control
and prevention activities at the state and tribal
level. Performance partnerships will fulfill the
twin goals of easing administrative burden and
enhancing environmental protection. Specifically,
this initiative will allow states and tribes to
consolidate planning, monitoring, and inspection
activities. It should also reduce their
administrative requirements by permitting a
single grant application and workplan, a single
match and maintenance of effort requirements,
combined reporting requirements and simplified
accounting.
t Local and Tribal Grants
The 1996 President's Budget allocates
$683 million to support state, local and tribal
environmental programs as part of the Operating
Programs. This Budget continues to recognize
and maintain the federal government's
commitment to support essential state, local and
tribal environmental programs. Significant
increases are requested in grants for the Public
Water System Supervision Program, Toxic
Substances Enforcement Program, Hazardous
Waste Program, and the Indian General
Assistance Program. As described earlier, through
Performance Partnerships, the states and tribes
will have the opportunity to receive a single grant
instead of several media-specific environmental
grants.
New Stratef ic Direction for Research
and Development
The Agency will expand efforts to utilize
the abilities and expertise of the academic science
community through the use of peer reviewed,
investigator initiated grants that address the
science and research needs of the programs. This
continues our commitment to implement the
recommendations of the 1994 Laboratory Study,
including the restructuring and streamlining of
the Office of Research and Development (ORD)
laboratory and headquarters operations, and the
implementation of a graduate fellowship program.
These efforts will create a well-managed, effective
research organization that produces high quality,
peer-reviewed, timely scientific and technical
information in support of the Agency's mission,
and ensures the integration of that information
into the decision making process.
Capital Fund
EPA's Working Capital Fund (WCF) will
be a revolving fund to finance operations where
the costs for goods or services provided are charged
to the users. The funds received will be available
to continue operations and to replace capital
equipment and software. It is essentially a
reinvention of the manner in which funding and
oversight will be provided for these services.
The Agency embarked on this path
because of the need to provide quality services in
a cost-efficient manner. Until now, EPA's
administrative services have been centrally
funded and managed. A WCF moves away from
centralized control by giving customers a strong
voice in determining the amount and type of
services they receive. EPA's WCF concept will
ensure increased efficiency through reliance on
market force mechanisms and will also increase
accountability through audited statements. It is
also in keeping with the provisions of the
Government Management Responsibility Act.
Superfund Reform
Seventy-three million Americans live
within four miles of the Nation's worst Superfund
sites, those on the National Priorities List (NPL).
That equates to one out of every four Americans.
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OVERVIEW
The Agency has made significant progress in
addressing the NPL, with cleanup activities
underway at 95 percent of these 1,300 sites. More
importantly, the Superfund program has
prevented untold amounts of future pollution as
thousands of companies have radically changed
the way they do business - companies that do not
want to be responsible for contaminating our
communities. Despite these successes, EPA
estimates there may be as many as an additional
1,700 more sites that would be eligible for the
NPL,
With over a decade of experience and a
significant future workload, the Agency has
recognized that both administrative and
legislative reforms are needed to improve the
effectiveness of Superfund, In 1994, the
Administration proposed administrative
improvements and introduced legislative reforms
that were considered in Congress. These reforms
were primarily to overhaul the liability system
and cleanup selection process. This year, Congress
will continue the important debate on statutory
reforms. The 1996 President's Budget for
Superfund includes funding to continue the
administrative reforms initiated in 1994 and to
support proposed legislative changes,
Water Infrastructure Financing
The President is committed to working
with state and local governments to improve the
Nation's water quality and to ensure the safety of
our drinking water. Accordingly, funding is
required to construct the local infrastructure
needed to meet the mandates of the Clean Water
Act and the Safe Drinking Water Act. Financial
assistance for this local infrastructure is provided
through two programs: the Clean Water State
Revolving Fund, established by the Water Quality
Act of 1987; and the Drinking Water State
Revolving Fund, which EPA strongly recommends
be authorized by the 104th Congress. The Clean
Water State Revolving Fund provides grants to
capitalize state programs that provide low cost
financing to municipalities for a broad range of
water quality improvement projects including
secondary treatment, combined sewer overflows
and stormwater control. The Drinking Water
State Revolving Fund program will provide loans
for constructing needed improvements to drinking
water systems to ensure compliance with Safe
Drinking Water Act regulations, including the
restructuring and consolidation of small drinking
water systems.
Another facet of our financial partnerships
is our international neighbors. EPA is also
committed to supporting the environmental side
agreements of the North American Free Trade
Agreement. To address the very serious pollution
problems on both sides of the border, EPA is
requesting $ 150 million for construction of needed
water quality infrastructure along the U.S. -
Mexico Border.
Environmental Technology Initiative (ETI)
The Administration's Environmental
Technology Initiative (ETI) promotes the
development, commercialization and use of
environmental technology. It seeks to accelerate
environmental protection while fostering the
creation of new jobs, businesses, and expanding
domestic and foreign markets. EPA, in cooperation
with other federal agencies, awards ETI funding
through nationwide solicitations for research,
along with partnerships with state and local
governments, tribes, academia and industry.
These processes leverage the resources of all
participants and enable compliance with federal
and state regulations through cost-effective,
innovative solutions to environmental problems.
Ecosystem Protection
EPA continues to build a fundamentally
new approach to carrying out our basic mission to
protect human health and the environment.
Ecosystem protection projects, largely carried out
by the Regional Offices, are characterized by a
concentration of the Agency's authorities and
resources in particular "places". Ecosystem
protection is, by its very nature, geographic and
community-based environmental protection. It
requires that EPA work with all communities on
environmental conditions and trends, we buttress
our information with quality science, and we
deliver information and science to local
stakeholders in a form that is understandable
and relevant to the place being protected. It
further requires that we do this in a manner that
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involves, rather than dictates, community
decisions. Finally, community-based
environmental protection means we join in
partnerships with other Federal agencies, and
state, local and tribal governments in strategically
selecting priorities and in defining our role based
on the needs of local communities.
EPA's commitment to ecosystem
protection is an opportunity to address the gaps
in environmental protection generated by focusing
on individual pollutants or individual sources. It
does not signal a willingness to weaken or abandon
national standards which provide basic protection
of public health and vital natural resources. The
1996 President's Budget reflects our continued
efforts to reorient and integrate our single media
programs by applying the organizing principle of
ecosystem protection. EPA believes that the
performance partnerships, described earlier in
this document, are an integral component in the
implementation of ecosystem protection.
In 1996, EPA will work in cooperation
with other federal, state, and tribal agencies to
provide assistance in six Presidential Ecosystem
Initiatives: Anacostia River (Washington, B.C.),
South Florida/Everglades, San Francisco Bay/
Delta, die Pacific North west Forests, Coral Reefs,
and Pacific Northwest Salmon fisheries.
Climate Change Action Plan
The President's Climate Change Action
Plan is a clear demonstration of the
Administration's commitment to form new
partnerships — the Action Plan relies almost
entirely on partnerships between government
and the private sector. In 1996, EPA will fully
fund its responsibilities to foster programs to
reduce greenhouse gas emissions to 1990 levels
by the year 2000. The U.S. approach toward
reducing these emissions has many facets and
involves EPA and other federal agencies such as
the Departments of Energy (DOE), Agriculture
(USDA), and Transportation (DOT). EPA's
responsibilities under the Administration's
program include facilitating voluntary programs
aimed at encouraging energy efficient technologies
and promoting profitable opportunities for
reducing methane emissions. These partnerships
will play a critical role in meeting the plan's
emission reduction goals without harming the
economy. In addition, the U.S. plays an important
role in the international arena through the U.S.
Country Studies Program which assists
developing countries in preparing greenhouse
gas inventories and action plans for reducing
global warming emissions.
EPA will significantly expand marketing
and implementation of the Green Lights program,
a voluntary program for installing energy-efficient
lighting wherever it is profitable; expand
marketing and implementation of the Energy
Star Buildings program to achieve maximum
profitable energy efficiency gains by program
participants; continue development of residential
energy efficiency programs in coordination with
DOE; broaden initiatives to reduce methane
emissions in a cost effective manner; continue a
collaborative effort with the auto industry to
develop a new generation of vehicle that achieves
a three-fold increase in fuel economy; and increase
efforts to promote source reduction, pollution
prevention, and recycling to reduce greenhouse
gas emissions. Carrying out these programs will
also bring about direct clean air benefits.
Implementation of the Climate Action Plan will
prevent emissions of 284,000 tons of sulfur dioxide
and 140,000 tons of nitrogen oxides.
Summary
The 1996 President's Budget effectively
carries forward the Administration's plan for
environmental protection, improved human
health, a robust economy, and healthy natural
systems. Most Americans understand that, over
the long term, human health and economic
stability are tied directly to the fate of natural
systems, and they expect the federal government
to approach environmental protection in a manner
that integrates these two concerns. The working
goal for EPAi s to restore and maintain the health,
sustainability, and biological diversity of
ecosystems while protecting human health. Thus,
goal-oriented community-based environmental
protection is a fundamentally new approach to
carrying out our basic mission to protect human
health and the environment.
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8
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In 1996, The Agency's Budget T>tals $7.4 Billion
Cn Operating Programs
EZJ Superfund/LUST
EO Water Infrastructure
$6,515 M $6.459 M
$5349 M
S ^
$1,723
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$1,595
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$2,556
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$1,858^
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$2.0451
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$6382 M
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$2,602
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\ $1.728
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[$2,552
$5,568M
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$2,661
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$1,7631
$1,1441
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$7,229 M* $7^672^5
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$2,959*
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$3,362
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$1 640
$2,365
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1989 1990 1991 1992
* Includes proposed rescissions
1993 1994 1995
1996
The Agency's \\brkyear Ceiling Remains Constant in 1996
I 1 Operating Programs
I2J Superfund/LUST
18,879 18,879
14,444
/
11,562
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15,277
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11,799
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17.010, . I7.8g9.
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13,291
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13,575
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3,705 \
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17,106
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13,330
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3,776 \
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14,811
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14,819
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14060
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1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995
1996
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10
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THE OPERATING PROGRAMS
Air
Water Quality
Drinking Water
Hazardous
Waste
Pesticides
Radiation
Multimedia
Toxic
Substances
Management
& Support
Oil Spills
BUDGET SUMMABY
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AIR
DOLLARS
*$71.7M $636.3 M
S564.6M
t
INCREASE
19»5
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1998
PRESIDENTS
BUDGET
WOMKYEARS
2.400 -2
2.398
DECREASE
190S
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1996
PRESIDENT'S
BUDGET
Polluted air creates harmful health and
environmental risks. According to industry
estimates, more than 1.8 billion pounds of toxic
pollutants were emitted into the atmosphere in
1992, These emissions may result in a variety of
adverse health effects including cancer,
reproductive effects, birth defects, and respiratory
illness. Air pollution from mobile sources such as
automobiles accounts for over half of the
nationwide emissions of volatile organic
compounds, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide,
and air toxics.
The 1996 President's Budget provides
$636.3 million and 2,338 workyearsfor the Air
Program, an increase of $71.7 million and a
decrease of 2 workyears from 1995. EPA's Air
programs are responsible for implementing the
Clean Air Act, fulfilling the U. S, obligations under
the Montreal Protocol, and reducing greenhouse
gas emissions set out in the President's Climate
Action Plan. The program's largest challenges
remain developing, implementing, and enforcing
cost-effective programs to reduce air pollution
and protect public health and the environment.
In implementing the Clean Air Act, EPA mil use
not only traditional approaches for controlling air
pollution but will also strive to use the power of
the marketplace, by encouraging local initiatives
and emphasizing pollution prevention.
HIGHLIGHTS
Reduce Emissionsof Greenhouse Gases
In the Climate Change Action Plan—the
blueprint for the United States to meet the 1992
Earth Summit goals of stabilizing greenhouse
gases — EPA promotes voluntary programs to
prevent and reduce emissions of air pollution.
EPA's voluntary programs account for nearly 50
percent of the reductions necessary to meet the
U.S. goals. Efforts will include: (1) expanding
marketing to encourage corporations and others
to upgrade energy efficiency and reduce
hydrofluorocarbons (HFC) and methane
emissions; (2) supporting program development
for voluntary programs to assure cost effective
decision making; (3) enhancing program
implementation to support program partners in
achieving their commitments; (4) expanding
methane programs to profitably capture and use
methane emissions by providing technical support,
removing institutional obstacles such as property
rights issues and fair pricing from utilities, and
recruiting partners for these voluntary program s;
and (5) working with industry to develop an
affordable car with three times the fuel efficiency
of today's cars.
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AIR
Protect the Stratospheric Ozone Lover
and Implement the Montreal Protocol
Restoring the stratospheric ozone layer
through reduction of ozone-depleting compounds
will reduce adverse health effects such as skin
cancer, cataracts, and immune suppression.
Under the Clean Air Act, EPA enforces domestic
compliance with the phaseout of ozone-depleting
chemicals. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC) will be
phased-out by January I, 1996, and EPA will
certify CFC substitutes and evaluate alternatives
to hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFC) and methyl
bromide. Under the Montreal Protocol, the U.S.
and other industrial nations are also responsible
for supporting the efforts of developing nations to
find alternatives to ozone-depleting chemicals,
both through cooperative programs and programs
supported by the Protocol's Multilateral
Facilitation Fund.
Attain National Ambient Air Quality
Standards (NAAQS)
In 1996, a number of National Ambient
Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) reviews will be
in progress. Additional dollars are requested to
accelerate review of the existing standards for
particulate matter (PM-10). The Agency will
develop national guidelines and standards for
major stationary sources where emissions
contribute to ozone, sulfur dioxide, PM-10, and
nitrogen oxide (NOx) pollution. The Agency will
also focus on review and approval of expanded,
more stringent state clean air plans. To help
states revise their plans to meet the 1990 Clean
Air Act requirements, EPA will expand emissions
inventories, assure quality data, and develop
tracking procedures. EPA will also help states
upgrade and expand air quality monitoring
systems, including increased grants and technical
support for expansion of enhanced ozone and
precursor networks in the worst ozone
nonattainment areas.
Establish Clean Vehicles and Fuel Programs
Mobile source emissions of carbon
monoxide, volatile organic compounds, and
nitrogen oxide contribute significantly to
unhealthy air quality. To reduce these pollutants,
EPA will assist states in implementing clean
vehicles and fuels programs, such as the clean
fuel fleets programs, the renewable oxygenate
fuel programs, and the reformulated fuel
programs. Implemented on January 1,1995, the
reformulated gasoline program requires the use
of cleaner gasoline in the nine worst ozone non-
attainment areas of the country and allows other
areas to opt into the reformulated gasoline
program. The Agency will continue to provide
additional flexibility to states in developing and
implementing their air pollution control plans.
The Agency will propose emission standards as
required under court-order for several classes of
non-road engines and perform over 1,200 tests for
in-use vehicle assessment and compliance
monitoring.
Implement National Air Toxics Standards
The Agency will promulgate and
implement Maximum Achievable Control
Technology (MACT) standards for 43 additional
categories of toxics-emitting sources by November
1997 and 87 by November 2000. The Agency will
also address air toxics sources not covered under
MACT provisions but included in other Clean Air
Act requirements, which represent the largest
known sources of dioxin emissions in the United
States. These sources include commercial and
industrial solid waste incinerators and medical
waste incinerators. In addition, EPA will begin
implementing standards for municipal waste
combustors,
EPA will also continue to assess air toxics
deposition in great waters bodies, address mobile
source toxics emissions, and will publish a national
strategy for urban air toxics. By the year 2000,
the Agency anticipates that the air toxics program
will reduce emissions of hazardous air pollutants
that are known to cause cancer or other adverse
health effects by 70% from pre-Clean Air Act
levels.
Establish State Operating Permit
and Fee Programs
The Clean Air Act provides for state and
local operating permit and fee programs to
enhance the effectiveness of programs for reducing
14
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AIR
acid rain, attaining NAAQS, and reducing air
toxics. In 1996, EPA will approve or disapprove
state operating permit programs, publish rules
governing federal operating permit programs,
and assist states that fail to meet the deadlines,
EPA will continue outreach and training efforts
to help state and local agencies implement their
permitting programs.
The air grant program will change in
1996 as state and local agencies begin
implementing the operating permit program for
major stationary sources of pollution. Through
collection of permit fees, states will be able to fund
some previously grant-eligible activities and make
their permit programs self-supporting.
As described more fully in the State, Local
and Tribal section, grants in this media are eligible
to be consolidated with other grants into
performance partnership grants, which States
and tribes will be encouraged to request.
Establish a Market-Based Acid Rain
Allowance Trading
The acid rain provisions of the Clean Air
Act will reduce acid rain causing emissions
through an innovative market-based emission
allowance program that will provide affected
sources with flexibility in meeting emissions
reductions. The acid rain program will complete
certifications of continuous emissions monitoring
systems for over 2,000 utility units and will review
and approve state programs for issuing Phase II
acid rain permits. The Agency will also be
operating and upgrading the first stage of an
integrated acid rain data system. EPA will track
hourly emissions data from each certified source,
track allowance allocations and transfers, and
reconcile accounts at the end of each year. The
Agency will continue to approve applications for
allowances under the conservation and renewable
energy reserve, and encourage energy efficiency
as a compliance strategy.
Indoor Air
The Building Air Quality Alliance
program, a voluntary partnership program
established in 1995, will be expanded to further
develop economic and market incentives to
encourage building operators to improve indoor
air quality. EPA Regional Offices will play a
major role in recruiting additional building
partners and in working with states and other
governmental and nongovernmental
organizations to identify indoor air related health
risks. The indoor air program will continue the
Building Assessment Survey and Evaluation
(BASE) to characterize indoor air conditions in
large buildings; provide guidance to schools on
indoor air quality; and operate the Indoor Air
Quality Information Clearinghouse.
Stronger Enforcement Efforts
The Agency will enforce the Title V Operating
Permits program and the air toxics program to
support the Clean Air Act Amendments (CAAA).
New air toxic standards will be in effect, which
will call for significant compliance and
enforcement efforts. The new air toxic
requirements include standards that will affect
the drycleaners, degreasers, coke ovens, synthetic
organic chemical manufacturers sterilizers, and
other sources. Activities will range from educating
state and local permitting authorities on the new
requirements to targeting and developing
enforcement actions where necessary to deter
noncompliance. The Agency will continue its
comprehensive program to evaluate the
effectiveness of compliance monitoring and
inspection targeting programs to ensure more
effective use of inspection resources.
Air Research
EPAis requesting a total of $ 106.7 million
and 458 workyears for Air research in 1996, an
increase of $2.5 million and decrease of 11
workyears from 1995. The Air research program
supports the Agency by providing research and
development-derived scientific data and
information for regulatory, policy and public
information needs of the Air Program. The
outcomes of this research are necessary for setting
air criteria and standards and for public policy
decisions required for EPA to implement Clean
Air Act and other air program initiatives, Included
in this request are resources to address global
climate, stratospheric ozone depletion, air toxics,
15
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AIR
criteria air pollutants, pollutants from motor
vehicles, and indoor air pollution.
Several significantehanges are presented
in the 1996 President's Budget includingincreases
to study widespread ozone non-attainment
problems, the health impacts of air toxics in
urban areas, and to assess the risks posed by air
deposition of hazardous pollutants to the great
water bodies. These increases are balanced by
decreases in other air media research including
pollution from motor vehicles, indoor air, acid
deposition, stratospheric ozone depletion and
global climate mitigation. EPA will seek to utilize
the best available science, whether in its own
laboratories, academic institutions, other federal
agencies, or in the private sector.
16
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WATER QUALITY
DOLLAMS
$522.4 M +13 JM $528.9 M
INCREASE
1995
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
19fl6
PRESIDENTS
BUDGET
WQHKYEASS
2,182 -17
1990
DECREASE
2,165
1S»5
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1900
PRESIDENTS
BUDGET
The Water Quality program has moved
over the years from addressing source problems
of discharges from industrial and municipal
facilities to broader approaches. In 1995, EPA
made a dramatic redirection to consider all sources
of water quality pollution by looking at entire
watersheds. This broader "place based" approach
considers critical ecosystems affected,
stakeholders involved, strong science and data
available, and pollution prevention strategies in
developing effective solutions. In this way, source
and nonpoint source problems — such as wet
weather runoff from farms, streets, lawns and
construction sites -- will be addressed. This is
critical since nonpoint pollution has become one
of the nation's most significant remaining water
quality problems.
The Water Quality program is mandated
by the Water Quality Act of 1987, which amended
the Clean Water Act. This 1987 Act enhanced
water quality management and improved the
Agency's partnerships with the states. This Act
also authorized the development of new standards
and guidelines to prevent and control water quality
pollution and authorized new approaches to deal
with nonpoint sources of pollution. Other statutory
mandates for this program are in the Great Lakes
Critical Programs Act, Water Resources
Development Act, the Marine Protection, Research
and Sanctuaries Act, the Shore Protection Act,
and the Coastal Zone Act Reauthorization
Amendments. Since the 1987 Act is up for
reauthorization, the Administration will seek
more flexibility for the Agency and the states to
develop the necessary tools to improve our nation's
water quality.
The 1996 President's Budget provides
$525.9 million and 2,165 workyearsfor the
Water Quality program. This request represents
a net increase of $3.5 million and a net decrease
of 17 workyears from 1995. This net change
reflects increases of $32.3 millionfor high-priority
programs, disinvestments of $24.3 million in lower
priority areas, and realignment of $4.6 million to
other areas to improve service.
The increase incorporates two programs
that have been transferred to the Water Quality
Media from the Water Infrastructure Media
(Water Quality Management Cooperative
Agreements and Nonpoint Source Grants) to
provide more grant flexibility to the states. The
increases are for the South Florida/Everglades
Restoration Initiative, a Regional Ecosystem
Implementation Corps, development of
environmental indicators to help assess
environmental changes, and the strengthening of
the Water Quality enforcement program.
Decreases are primarily proposed in
Water Quality research. As described more fully
in the State, Local, and Tribal Grants section,
several grants in the Water Quality media are
eligible to be consolidated with other grants into
performance partnership grants, which states
and tribes will be encouraged to request.
17
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WATER QUALITY
HIGHLIGHTS
Presidential Initiatives
The Water Quality Program is
implementing a number of Presidential
Environmental Initiatives in 1996. First, EPA
will continue to support its commitment to the
President's Watershed Restoration Initiative
which addresses nonpoint source pollution by
providing grants tostatesunder section 319 of the
Clean Water Act. Through these funds, states
will be able to better address some of the pervasive
problems contributing to their water quality
problems. Second, EPA will continue to implement
the President's Wetland Plan issued in August
1993. Maintaining the focus of the interim goal of
no net loss of wetlands and the long term goal to
increase the quantity and quality of wetlands,
EPA will continue to support market-based
incentives to address wetland loss and alterations.
This effort will include grants to states, tribes and
territories to strengthen their wetlands protection
programs. Third, EPA will participate in various
Presidential Ecosystem Initiatives to accelerate
restoration of certain threatened ecosystems and
demonstrate better ecosystem management.
These include the following four (4) major
ecosystem initiatives: Anacostia River Watershed;
South Florida/Everglades Restoration; Pacific
Northwest Forest; and the San Francisco Bay
Delta. Increases are primarily for the South
Florida/Everglades Restoration Initiative to help
implement the Water Quality Protection Program
for the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary
and related restoration activities in South Florida.
Ecosystem Regional Implementation
The key to successfully implementing the
"community based* environmental protection is
to develop partnerships with stakeholders living
and working within a geographic area. In 1996,
EPA will establish a Regional Implementation
Corp of 20 workyears to work with the states and
other stakeholders to help define their problems
in specific ecosystems, set priorities, and
implement acceptable solutions. An essential
function of these teams will be to develop the
necessary tools, including impact assessments
and grant agreements, that provide each state
the flexibility to allocate Federal resources among
its unique set of priorities. In addition, the
Regional Implementation Corps will coordinate
with other Federal agencies to ensure the pursuit
of common goals in addressing key environmental
problems in particular ecosystems.
Improve Technical Tools and Data
To determine the nature of water quality
problems, what actions to take, and evaluate the
results of the actions taken, the Agency will
invest in developing better scientific and technical
tools and data. This effort will focus not only on
specific pollutants and water quality parameters,
but also tools and data linked to living resources
and habitat. This investment will help remove
barriers to integrate data from multiple sources,
which will allow comprehensive assessments of
geographical places.
Assuring Compliance with Clean
Water Act Permits
The Water Quality Program is promoting
a comprehensive approach for compliance and
enforcement to ensure environmental
accountability in protection of the nation's water
quality. The Water Quality enforcement program
will ensure compliance with permits issued under
the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination
System and for the discharge of dredged or fill
material into navigable waters. This enforcement
program will use necessary enforcement tools,
such as administrative orders, administrative
penalties, and civil judicial and criminal
prosecution to foster compliance.
Water Quality Research
In 1996, the Agency is requesting a total
of $21.2 million supported by 180 workyears for
WaterQuality research, a decrease of $1.7 million
and 8 workyears from 1995. The Water Quality
research program develops and analyzes scientific
data and technologies necessary for EPA to fulfill
its mission to protect designated uses of our
Nation's waters and related ecosystems. Water
Quality research provides the data, technologies,
scientific information for criteria and standards
18
-------
WATER QUALITY
development and technical assistance activities
toother EPA programs, states, and municipalities.
Significant changes are exhibited in the
1996 Water Quality research budget. The merging
of several related research activities to form the
Integrated Ecosystem Protection and Restoration
Research Program will be completed. The
consolidated program will focus on multiple
biological and chemical stresses within
ecosystems. Wastewater and sludge research is
reduced while continuing to support the technical
review of guidance on the effectiveness of proposed
sludge treatment processes. EPA will seek to
utilize the best available science, whether in its
own laboratories, academic institutions, other
federal agencies, or the private sector.
19
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Page Intentionally Blank
20
-------
DRINKING WATER
$165,6 M
DOLLARS
+$18.5 M $184.2 M
t
1908
INCREASE
1985
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1998
PRESIDENTS
BUDGET
795
WQRKYEAMS
-15
1990
DECREASE
780
1995
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1996
PRESIDENTS
BUDGET
The Drinking Water program was
established to ensure that public water supplies
are free of contamination that may pose
unacceptable human health risks, and to protect
our ground water resources. The 1993 Milwaukee
drinking water crisis and further outbreaks in
Washington, B.C. and New York City shook public
confidence in our drinking water quality.
Currently, some communities throughout the
United States are struggling to deal with
pollutants in their drinking water supplies.
The 1986 Amendments to the Safe
Drinking Water Act (SDWA) impose nationwide
safeguards for drinking water and establish
Federal enforcement responsibility when
necessary. The Amendments buttress EPA's
commitment and responsibility to ensure that
safe drinking water is provided from public water
supplies.
For the 1996 Drinking Water Program,
the President's Budget requests $184.2 million
and 780 workyear§ representing an increase of
$18.6 million and adecrease of 15 workyearsfrom
1995. The net increase in dollars represents an
increase to Public Water Systems Supervision
(PWSS) program grants, the Source Water
Protection Program (SWPP), and small system
viability. This net change reflects increases of
$30.3 million for high priority programs,
disinvestments of $14,3 million in lower priority
areas and realignment of $6.5 million into
Drinking Water to improve service.
The net decrease in workyears reflects a
decline in federal oversight in state drinking and
groundwater programs, centralization of lab
certification, and completion of work with the
World Health Organization.
HIGHLIGHTS
The 1996 Drinking Water Program will
ensure the protection of human health while
undue regulatory burdens are relieved through
system-specificflexibility and greater reliance on
source waterprotectiontopreventcontamination.
The Program will expand on 1995 activities in the
following areas: strengtheningpartnerships with
the states, supporting small drinking water
systems, and improving science and assessment.
Strengthening State Partnerships
To assist the states in keeping pace with
drinking water standards, EPA, in 1996, will
provide more flexibility to the states. First, Federal
oversight of Public Water Systems Supervision
(PWSS) Programs will be reduced. Second, EPA
will expand support for a community-based Source
Water Protection Program (SWPP) to protect
surface and ground water as well as broader
protection areas, such as recharge areas. Third,
the EPA will increase PWSS Program Grants to
help match the increase in state workload for the
implementation of drinking water regulations.
21
-------
DRINKING WATER
Fourth, the Drinking Water Program will
essentially complete the new Safe Drinking Water
Information System (SDWIS) and focus attention
on training states and regional offices to provide
timely, accurate data on drinking water quality,
compliance, and system needs. This greater
flexibility and stronger support should assist
states in retaining primacy for their Drinking
Water Programs. As described more fully in the
State, Local and Tribal Grants section, grants in
this media are eligible to be consolidated with
other grants into performance partnership grants,
which States and tribes will be encouraged to
request.
Supporting Small Prinking Water Systems
Support for small drinking water systems
continues to be a major focus of the Drinking
Water Program. The Agency is expanding its
initiative focused on building or improving tie
infrastructure of small disadvantaged
communities. These communities are in need of
technical and financial assistance to understand
the alternatives and to make investments in
drinking water infrastructure. EPA will also work
with the states in developing programs for
assessing the viability of existing and future
small drinking water systems.
Strenftheninj? Science and Assessment
The Drinking Water Program will
strengthen its scientific basis for identifying which
contaminants in drinking water need to be
regulated and at what level. The Agency will
improve and expand the occurrence database to
determine which contaminants pose significant
health risks. In addition, we will support strong
science and assessment by continuing to analyze
treatment technologies and analytical methods.
Strong Enforcement
The Drinking Water Enforcement
program is committed to a strong and expanded
enforcement presence to ensure that water
supplies meet SDWA requirements, including
emergency enforcement actions where
appropriate. The program will promote
environmental accountability as well as protect
public health through enforcement of the
Underground Injection Control (UIC) and the
Public Water Systems Supervision (PWSS)
programs. Under the PWSS program, the priority
will be enforcement of the Surface Water
Treatment Rule (SWTR) and the Lead and Copper
Rule.
Drinking Water Research
The Agency is requesting a total of $21.7
million and 158 workyears in 1996 for Drinking
Water research, a decrease of $0.5 million and no
change in workyears from 1995. The Drinking
Water research program provides the scientific
analysis, data, and information needed to identify
and regulate drinking water contaminants and
assure the safety of public water supplies in cost
effective ways.
The Agency is requesting increased
resources for critical research and scientific
support for disinfection and disinfection
by-products research. Nonpoint source research
activities under Integrated Ecosystems Protection
and Restoration have been consolidated under
the Multimedia research program. The Agency
continues its groundwater research to help protect
underground sources of drinking water and
support the new Source Water Protection
Program. EPA will seek to utilize the best
available science, whether in its own laboratories,
academic institutions, other federal agencies, or
the private sector.
22
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HAZARDOUS WASTE
DOLLARS
»$30.0M $324.8 M
1995
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1998
PRESIDENTS
BUDGET
WORKVEARS
1,565 -40
1996
DECREASE
1.524
IMS
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1996
PRESIDENTS
BUDGET
The Hazardous Waste program was
established to address the prevention,
management and disposal of hazardous and
municipal solid wastes generated nationwide.
Hazardous wastes are produced by over 180,000
large business and industries, such as chemical
and manufacturing plants, and small businesses,
such as dry cleaners and printing plants.
Approximately 196 million tons, 4 pounds per
person per day, of municipal solid wastes are
produced annually. These wastes can pose short
and long term health and environmental hazards
unless they are properly managed and disposed.
The Resource Conservation and Recovery
Act (RCRA) of 1976, as revised by the Hazardous
and Solid Waste Amendments (HSWA) of 1984,
provides the legislative mandate to ensure safe
management and disposal of solid and hazardous
wastes, minimize generation of both hazardous
and solid wastes and prevent and detect leakage
from underground storage tanks (UST). The
Emergency Planning and Community
Right-to-Know Act, Title III of the Superfund
Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986,
set up a framework to address risks posed by
hazardous chemicals in communities.
The 1996 President's Budget provides
$324.8 million and 1,524 workyearsfor the
Hazardous Waste program, an increase of $30.0
million over 1995. The increase in resources
includes funding for permit streamlining,
environmental justice, tribal support and the
Agency's Common Sense Initiative. The apparent
decrease of 40 workyears reflects a shift from
individual media to a new focus on industry
sectors and ecosystems.
HIGHLIGHTS
In 1996, the Agency will ensure the
Hazardous Waste program is pragmatic and
effective by revising program guidance and
strategies to encourage management approaches
that reflect relative risk, helping state and tribal
governments meet their environmental mandates,
encouraging use of new technologies, and
providing a national outreach and education
network.
Promoting Regulatory Flexibility
and Innovation
The 1996 President's Budget for the
Hazardous Waste regulatory program is $69.2
million and 299 workyears, an increase of $11.2
million and decrease of 2 workyears from 1995.
As part of the Agency's efforts to promote flexibility
and innovation in environmental regulations, the
Hazardous Waste program will continue to work
closely with state and local-level groups to
establish clearer guidelines and tailor solutions
to the locality. Involvement of customers and
stakeholders will be maximized in rule and policy
development. As part of the Agency's Common
23
-------
WASTE
Sense Initiative, EPA will work with industry,
environmental groups, state/local officials and
other interested parties to examine waste
management approaches in the petroleum
industry. This will include identifying areas of
improvement within all aspects of environmental
regulations and exploring ways to include new
technologies in the refining process. The Agency
will also enhance public participation in
environmental decision-making through earlier
public meetings, multilingual fact sheets and
interpreters, and ensure information is accessible
to those affected by agency and state actions.
Additional support is also provided for waste
minimization outreach to generators of all wastes
— hazardous, industrial and municipal, EPA will
promote successful waste reduction models which
will save industry waste treatment costs while
ensuring protection of communities and the
environment.
Other significant regulatory efforts
include making improvements to the RCRA
permitting process, working on the Hazardous
Waste Identification Rule and incorporating
findings of the Definition of Solid Waste Task
Force into the RCRA framework. Through public
and industry collaboration, these efforts will
promote the removal of unnecessary regulatory
barriers and encourage better ways of
environmental management.
The Agency will continue a strong
technical assistance program to support state,
local and tribal governments. This will include
guidance and technical assistance on developing
authorized programs, implementing corrective
action programs and enhancing data systems.
The Agency will also continue efforts to improve
the demand for recyclable products, achieve
economically viable local recycling programs and
include state and local governments in the
Wastewi$e program, a voluntary program
established with industry to encourage source
reduction and recycling.
Championing Better Environmental
Mtinafetnetit with Stakeholder Participation
A total of $69.1 million and 578 workyears
is provided for regional implementation, a change
of $33.3 million and 142 workyears from 1995.
The apparent increase includes a shift of corrective
action resources from the Agency's regional
enforcement under the enforcement
reorganization and the movement of working
capital resources (e.g., telecommunication, data
processing and postage services) to the regions.
EPA will encourage greater regional, state and
public participation in improving hazardous waste
environmental management. This includes the
RCRA permit streamlining initiative recently
begun by EPA As part of this initiative, the
Agency will expand Regional pilots that enhance
efficiency and collaborate with industry to reduce
permitting barriers to new innovative treatment
technologies. In the corrective action program,
EPA will address the enormous challenge of
cleaning up the more than 3,400 confirmed
releases at treatment, storage and disposal
hazardous waste facilities nationwide. The Agency
will focus on securing contamination at facilities
to reduce immediate risks to communities and
the environment.
The Agency will also continue
implementation of the Hazardous Waste
Minimization and Combustion Strategy, As part
of this Strategy, the Agency will continue to
review permits for existing incinerators, boilers
and industrial furnaces and encourage earlier
public involvement in the permit process. EPA
will also work with owners of waste combustion
facilities to reduce their hazardous wastes as part
of the broader effort to minimize waste. This will
include assisting Large Quantity Generators
implement changes to their processes, find
substitute materials and use innovative
technologies.
Other program priorities include
providing technical assistance and training to
states and tribes, helping to ensure adequate
hazardous waste treatment and disposal capacity
and strengtheninginformation systems to improve
program monitoring and accountability. In 1996,
Regional municipal solid waste program priorities
include promoting markets for recyclable goods
and enhancing Federal sector recyclingprograms.
Focusing Enforcement Activities on
Higher Risks
The 1996 budget for Hazardous Waste
enforcement is $34.6 million and 373 workyears,
a change of $ 18.0 million and 163 workyears from
24
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HAZARDOUS WASTE
1995. This apparent decrease includes the
movementof corrective action to EPA's hazardous
waste regional implementation program and a
shift in resources from a media focus to an
industry-based focus. In support of the Agency's
waste combustion strategy, EPA will work to
ensure combustion facilities are in compliance
with permit regulations. In addition, the Agency
will work with states to enhance inspection and
enforcement activities at these facilities. Other
compliance monitoring and enforcement actions
will continue against those handlers and
non-notifiers presenting the greatest threat to
human health and the environment. Pollution
prevention provisions will be integrated into
enforcement settlements and agreements.
Technical assistance and training to
Indian tribes and US-Mexican agencies along the
Mexican Border are being increased. Resources
will be provided to Indian tribes to assist in
building their capability to enforce solid waste
regulations. Enforcement activities along the
Mexican Border are also being emphasized to
address international agreements such as the
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
and the Basel Convention agreement
Strengthening Local-level
The 1996 President's Budget provides
$ 13. 1 million and 70 workyears for the Emergency
Planning and Community Right-to-Know
program, an increase of $3.8 million and 11
workyears from 1995. Additional workyears are
provided for reviewing state accident prevention
programs, which are required under section 1 12(r)
of the Clean Air Act. The Agency will work with
states to draft legislation, develop regulations,
and support state and local planning committees.
If states are unable to implement the section
112(r) programs, then the Agency is legally
obligated to implement the mandates of the
program.
The President's Budget also provides an
additional $3.0 million and 10 workyears to
enhance and improve existing chemical safety
and hazard investigation activities to support
requirements of section 112 of the CAA In
addition, the Administration directly provides
the Occupational Safety and Health
Administration (OSHA) with $3 million to
collaborate with EPA in these efforts, EPA and
OSHA will jointly investigate and determine the
cause and effects of significant chemical releases
into the environment, provide reports to the public
on their investigations and safety
recommendations, and coordinate with Congress
and governmental agencies to ensure safety of
production, processing, handling and storage of
hazardous chemicals.
The Agency will assist states and local
communities, including those along the Mexican
Border, implementtheirTitle III emergency plans.
This includes providing technical assistance and
training in accident prevention techniques,
publishing better information about sources of
pollution in communities and improving existing
databases to help communities effectively use
facility reportinginformation. To help accomplish
this, additional resources will be used to enhance
Landview, a software system that combines and
displays demographic, economic and
environmental information.
Eliminating Health Risks Posed
bv Underground Storage Tanks
A total of $7.2 million and 61 workyears is
provided for the Underground Storage Tank (UST)
implementation program. The Agency has
adopted a decentralized approach to UST program
implementation by building and supporting strong
state, local and tribal programs. EPA will also
work with states to develop and obtain approval
for state UST programs. The Agency will work
with states and local governments, who regulate
approximately 1.2 million tanks at 700,000
facilities, oversee corrective actions, implement
prevention programs, promote and enforce leak
detection compliance, and encourage early
compliance with the 1998 tank upgrading
deadline.
25
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HAZARDOUS WASTE
Enhancing State and Tribal Prof rams
with Grant Fundituf
The President's Budget provides $108.7
million in grant funds to support state hazardous
waste and UST programs, an increase of $2.9
million from 1995. An increase of $600 thousand
is targeted for building consistent, strong,
Agency-approved state and tribal UST programs.
UST state and Tribal grant funds provide a base
level for core program activities such as tank
notification, installation and technical operating
standards, as well as tank upgrade, closure and
financial responsibility. EPA will also assist
states to form adequate statutes and regulations,
develop state program approval applications,
implement an enforcement program and perform
outreach to the regulated community and other
affected parties.
RCRA grants help states in their
continuing efforts to achieve and maintain
consistency with the Federal hazardous waste
management program. The elimination of
post-closure permits and other streamlining
reductions will allow the Agency to increase
support for stabilizing contaminated sites.
Additional resources will be targeted at pollution
prevention and permit streamlining efforts. In
other RCRA activities, EPA will continue working
with states to permit facilities, conduct inspections
and enforcement activities, and increase
community outreach to disadvantaged urban
areas. As described more fully in the State, Local
and Tribal Grants section, grants in this media
are eligible to be consolidated with other grants
into performance partnership grants, which states
and tribes will be encouraged to request
JSmphasizine Waste Disposal Research
EPA is requesting a total of $22.8 million
and 144 workyears for Hazardous Waste research
in 1996, a reduction of $3.9 million and 29
workyears from 1995. The Hazardous Waste
research program provides scientific data and
information to the Agency's national program
managers which is the basis for the Agency's
criteria and standards for waste disposal
regulations. Hazardous waste research and
technical assistance are provided to states, tribes,
municipalities and private industry.
In 1996, reductions in Hazardous Waste
research are made in several research areas,
including waste management, bioremediation,
technology transfer, and environmental review of
toxic chemicals, grants and centers. These
reductions reflect changes in Agency priorities
and the redirection of activities to focus on a more
comprehensive ecosystems approach. EPA will
seek to use the best available science, whether in
its own laboratories, academic institutions, other
federal agencies, or the private sector.
26
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PESTICIDES
DOLLARS
+$13.8 M $109.0 M
1995
CUBBENT
ESTIMATE
PRESIDENTS
BUDGET
1,049
WORKfEARS
-13
1996
DECREASE
1.036
1996
CUBBENT
ESTIMATE
1996
PRESIDENTS
BUDGET
The use of pesticides in the United States
contributes to increased agricultural production
and improves public health through the control of
disease-carrying pests. However, acute and
chronic human health and environmental risks
can be associated with the use of many of these
chemicals. EPA is responsible for balancing the
risks to the nation's health and environment
posed by pesticides with the benefits from the use
of pesticides.
EPA's authority to regulate pesticides is
set forth in two statutes. First, the Federal
Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act
(FIFRA) requires EPA to license (or "register") all
pesticide products. The 1988 Amendments to
FIFRA emphasize the reregistration of pesticides
based on current scientific data and
methodologies. The second statute, sections 408
and 409 of the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic
Act (FFDCA), requires EPA to regulate the level
of pesticide residues found in raw and processed
agricultural commodities.
In 1996, EPA is requesting a total of
$109.0 million and 1,036 workyears for the
Pesticides program. This reflects an increase of
$13,8 million and a decrease of 13 workyears.
Resources have been redirected toward: (1)
reassessing and revising pesticide tolerances; (2)
implementing the Worker Protection Standards;
(3) supporting safer pesticides and improving
pesticide product labeling; (4) expanding efforts
to reduce the use of pesticides; and (5) enhancing
pesticide databases. The net decrease in
workyears reflects redirections from lower-
priority activities and the redirection of pesticides
research resources to the Multimedia research
program. As described more fully in the State,
Local and Tribal Grants section, grants in this
media are eligible to be consolidated with other
grants into performance partnership grants, which
states and tribes will be encouraged to request.
HIGHLIGHTS
$afer Food Through Tolerance Reassessment
and Improved Labeling
The Administration will improve the
safety of America's food supply by reassessing
pesticide residues in food. EPA, in cooperation
with USDAand FDA, has identified new scientific
work that is needed to carry out various food
safety improvements recommended by the
National Academy of Science. In 1996, these
improvements will include reassessments and
revisions of the tolerance-setting process. EPA
will continue to ensure that tolerances reflect the
mostcurrent scientific information available. EPA
will also continue to cooperate and consult with
USD A, FDA, and Hie states by sharing information
and working together to improve the monitoring
of pesticides and residues in food and animal feed.
Increased emphasis will be placed on
reviewing current pesticide labels, negotiating
improvements to labels on currently-registered
pesticide products, and developing prototype
27
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PESTICIDES
labels on which industry can model their own
labels. Improvements in the information content
of pesticide product labels will empower pesticide
users to make more informed choices about the
pesticides they use.
Worker Protection Standards Implemented
1996 will be the second year of
implementation of the Worker Protection
Standards (WPS), which are designed to ensure
adequate and effective protection of farm workers
and pesticide handlers. Development and
distribution of support materials, training, and
follow-up are critical elements of this program. In
1996, implementation of the WPS will be expanded
through a targeted communications program.
Additional workyears in the Regions will provide
liaison and technical assistance to the states,
coordination with other Federal agencies, and
assistance in the development, use and
distribution of public information materials to
farm workers and pesticide handlers.
ReducedUse of Pesticides Encouragetj
EPA supports reduction of risks to human
health and the environment by encouraging the
reduced use of pesticides. In 1996, the Agency
will engage in specific projects designed to
encourage reduction of both urban and
agricultural pesticide use. New commodity-
specific strategies will be developed in conjunction
with commodity groups. These strategies will
examine the cultivation and handling of specific
commodities, current pesticide uses, pesticides of
concern, and alternatives that could reduce
pesticide use or encourage the use of safer
pesticides. EPA will also investigate development
of use reduction strategies for non-agricultural
uses, especially those related to uses in and around
the home.
For reregistration of pesticide products,
appropriated funds will be supplemented by fee
revenues in 1996. These total resources will
enable EPA to issue 43 pesticide reregistration
decisions in 1996. These decisions will contribute
to the safety of the Nation's food supply by ensuring
that pesticides used on food and/or animal feed
have undergone rigorous scientific review and
analysis.
Pesticide Database Access Encouraged
Enhancements to the pesticides
information system will provide public access to
pesticide databases and will provide information
on the status, key facts about particular pesticides,
regulatory positions, bibliographies, and other
information. Access to this information will assist
citizens in making more informed decisions so
they can better influence behaviors in their
communities.
Pesticides Enforcement
The Pesticides Enforcement program
continues to manage and oversee the state and
Federal pesticide enforcement cooperative
agreement program. This program will provide
enforcement training and policy guidance to the
states. The program continues to work with the
states in folio wing up on any pesticide suspension/
cancellation actions through state compliance
monitoring and enforcement programs. The states
will continue to receive $16.1 million in state
pesticide enforcement grant funding, which is
included in the Multimedia program.
Pesticides Research
EPA is requesting a total of $13.6 million
and 88 workyears in 1996, a decrease of $0.2
million and 22 workyears from 1995. These
resources have been reallocated to the Multimedia
research program to be consistent with the
Agency's move to address environmental problems
on a more comprehensive ecosystem basis.
Pesticides research continues its focus on reducing
risks from pesticides to human health and the
environment.
The Pesticides research program provides
to the Agency's national program managers the
scientific data and information needed to
determine the safety and efficacy of pesticides.
EPA will seek to use the best available science,
whether in its own laboratories, academic
institutions, otherfederal agencies, or the private
sector.
28
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RADIATION
DOLLARS
+$11.9 M
$43.8 M
$55.2 M
1
1996
INCREASE
190S
CUBBENT
ESTIMATE
1990
PRESIDENTS
BUDGET
328
WORKYEARS
+5
333
1998
INCREASE
1995
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1896
PRESIDENTS
BUDGET
Radioactive materials are used or stored
at thousands of federal facilities, over 100 nuclear
reactors, and many thousands of other locations,
EPA guidance and standards for the cleanup and
management of radioactive materials will ensure
that the federal government does not spend billions
of dollars in unnecessary cleanup costs. EPA
programs will also address risks from human
exposure to radon, a radioactive gas that occurs
naturally throughout the country, and the second
leading cause of lung cancer in the U.S. (after
smoking). Another key radiation program
component is EPA's oversight of the Department
of Energy's (DOE) operation of the Waste Isolation
Pilot Plant (WIPP), a potential radioactive waste
disposal site.
The 1996 President's Budget provides
$55.2 million and 333 workyearsfor radiation
programs, an increase of $11,9 million and five
workyears from 1995. The Office of Radiation
and Indoor Air (ORIA) is responsible for protecting
human health and the environment from exposure
to radiation pollutants and radon. ORIAdevelops
protection criteria, provides technical assistance
to states and other agencies, directs environmental
monitoring programs, responds to radiological
emergencies, and evaluates the overall risk and
impact of radiation on human health. The Office
of Research and Development (ORD), under a
reimbursable agreement with the Department of
Energy (DOE), is responsible for a radiation safety
monitoring program at DOE's Nevada Nuclear
Test site.
HIGHLIGHTS
Continuing the Innovative. Non-Regulatory
The greatest exposure to radon comes
when radon diffuses through the soil and becomes
trapped inside homes and other buildings at
dangerously high levels of concentration. The
radon program will continue to implement the
activities authorized by the Indoor Radon
Abatement Act including: the State Indoor
Radon Grant Program, the National Radon
Proficiency Programs, the Regional Radon
Training Centers, promotion of model radon-
resistant construction standards and techniques,
and technical assistance to states and localities.
The radon program will continue targeting areas
with the potential of high radon levels and will
focus on achieving results by tracking and setting
goals for environmental indicators including the
percentage of homes and schools tested and
mitigated, and homes built using radon-resistant
features. As part of the Agency's focus on
environmental justice, the radon program will
increase its work with organizations that
specialize in reaching minority and low-income
populations.
The radon program also provides state
grants which states use to develop and implement
radon assessment, control, and mitigation
programs. Distribution of these grants will be
based on risk targeting and include consideration
29
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RADIATION
of each state's adoption of radon model
construction standards and use of previously
awarded grants. Activities to be supported include:
alerting the public to health risks from radon;
consumer protection through the testingprogram;
and helping to identify and remedy problems.
Overseeinf DOE Waste Disposal at the
Waste Isolation Pilot Prafect
In 1996, EPA will complete a variety of
tasks associated with the Waste Isolation Pilot
Plant (WIPP), a disposal site in New Mexico for
high-level waste from the production of nuclear
weapons. Under the WIPP Land Withdrawal Act
of 1992, EPA is responsible for establishing
disposal standards, developing regulations to
establish compliance criteria, and certifying
Departmentof Energy's (DOE) compliance, DOE,
which operates WIPP, plans to submit its
application for this certification in December 1996.
EPA must approve or disapprove this application
within one year after receipt.
Hish l&vel Nuclear'Waste
Standards for Yucca Mountain
Under the Energy Policy Act of 1992, the
Agency must set standards regulating the disposal
of spent nuclear fuel at the proposed repository in
Yucca Mountain, Nevada. In 1996, EPA is
requesting additional funds to ensure that the
Yucca Mountain disposal system adequately
controls releases of radioactive material, thereby
protecting public health and the environment.
Implementing Existing Standards and
New Requirements
EPA will continue to establish standards
for the cleanup of radioactive contamination and
waste management, and promote the transfer of
implementation responsibilities for the
radionuclide National Emission Standards for
Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAPs) to the
states. The Agency will emphasize enhancements
to its radiological emergency preparedness
capabilities to ensure a state of readiness for
nuclear accidents, including participation in field
exercises, and providing training to the states.
Continuing Radiation Research
To support the Department of Energy
(DOE) offsite radiation monitoring program, the
Agency is receiving funding for a total of 64
reimbursable workyears, an increase of five
reimbursable workyears from 1995. These
scientific support staff provide information needed
by DOE policy makers on the control of exposure
of the public to radioactive materials resulting
from testing and manufacture of nuclear
materials. These activities are associated with
the DOE Nevada Test Site and include operation
of monitoring networks and lab analysis to
monitor releases and migration of radioactive
materials.
30
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MULTIMEDIA
DOLLARS
+$147.2M $590.1 M
$442.9 M
1900
INCREASE
1905
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
100*
PRESIDENTS
BUDGET
WORmEARS
+184
1,650
1,834
1008
INCREASE
190S
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1908
PRESIDENTS
BUDGET
EPA's effective response to environmental
problems today requires a comprehensive
cross-media approach. Environmental problems
are complex by nature and require a broad base of
scientific knowledge to understand them and
design effective solutions. Multimedia program
activities promote an integrated approach to
environmental protection and provide cross-media
support to Agency media programs. As described
more fully in the State, Local and Tribal Grants
section, some of the grants in this media are
eligible to be consolidated with other grants into
performance partnership grants, which States
and tribes will be encouraged to request
Research and development is the largest
component of the Multimedia program and
includes integrated ecosystem protection and
restoration research, exploratory grants and
centers, and innovative technologies. EPA's
reorganized enforcement and compliance
assurance effort provides legal support for
enforcement actions, civil and criminal
investigations, and compliance and enforcement
relating to Federal facilities. This multimedia
enforcement approach is a consolidated
enforcement function that targets action, makes
full use of all available statutory authorities and
establishes a clear and consistent approach. Other
major Multimedia activities include: pollution
prevention, U.S. Mexico Border Activities, and
Environmental Education.
In 1996, EPA requests a total of $690.1
million and 1,834 workyeargfor Multimedia
programs. This represents an increase of $147.2
million and 184 workyears from 1995. Of the
increase, approximately $60 million are related
to realignments made as part of the Agency's
continued streamlining and emphasis on
integrating activities across media.
HIGHLIGHTS
Environmental Issues in Tribal
In 1996, EPA will continue to expand and
improve its program delivery to tribal
governments and to develop government-
to-government relations with tribes infulfillment
of its trust responsibilities. The American Indian
Environmental Office (MEO), which was created
to assist tribes in addressing multimedia
environmental issues and to implement and
coordinate the Agency's environmental policies,
will continue to support tribal governments in
building capacity through technical assistance
and general assistance grants. AIEO will also
continue development of a national tribal
environmental strategy; develop and operate a
clearinghouse for tribal environmental
information; coordinate interagency cooperation
for the improvement of environmental conditions
in tribal lands; and support the Agency's Tribal
Operations Committee.
31
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MULTIMEDIA
IncreaigiJM£0llution Prevention
Preventing pollution is advocated by EPA
as a cost-effective approach to protecting human
health and the environment. Since the enactment
of the Pollution Prevention Act of 1990, EPA has
emphasized the development of multimedia
pollution prevention strategies to prevent or
reduce pollution at the source, whenever possible.
In 1996, EPA is requesting a total of $30.0 million
and 62 workyears for multimedia pollution
prevention activities. This level represents an
increase of $13.4 million and 41 workyears from
1995.
The increases reflect the transfer of
resources from the Toxic Substances media as a
result of a realignment of the Office of Pollution
Prevention and Toxics budget structure, a new
program initiative on environmentally preferable
products, and continued support for the
Environmental Justice and Environmental
Technology Initiatives. The environmentally
preferable products initiative will implement
Executive Order 12873, which requires EPA to
issue guidance that recommends
"environmentally preferable products* criteria
that Executive agencies should use in making
procurement decisions.
Grant resources will remain at the 1995
level. EPA will continue to provide $6.0 million in
pollution prevention and technical assistance
program grants. These funds will support state
and local integration of pollution prevention
approaches in state regulatory programs and
adopt non-regulatory pollution prevention
approaches to control hazardous chemicals. EPA
will also continue to disseminate technical
information on new and innovative methods of
remedial technologies and will assist states and
local communities in developing the capability to
manage effective response programs.
Emphasize Stronger
Environmental Enforcement
The Agency's reorganized enforcement
programs continue to move towards a multimedia
enforcement approach. Multimedia enforcement
includes multimedia inspections, enforcement and
compliance activities with the Agency's civil and
criminal enforcement resources. An emphasis is
placed on federal facility support, fully funding
the criminal investigators in the Pollution
Prosecution Act (PPA) staffing levels and
environmental justice.
The 1996 request for the Office of
Enforcement and Compliance Assurance is $150.4
million and 1,109 workyears, an increase of $26.4
million and 46 workyears from 1995. The 1996
budget provides for continued development of a
strong national criminal investigation and
enforcement program mandated under PPA. This
investment will allow EPA to continue to fulfill
the criminal investigator requirements of the
Pollution Prosecution Act and pursue civil and
criminal cases against corporations and
individuals who violate environmental laws. The
Common Sense Initiative supports both
sector-based enforcement strategies, and
continued development and utilization of
integrated compliance information systems, which
allow strategic targeting of compliance activities.
Core program investments promote
strategic use of enforcement and compliance tools
to target ecosystems and industries with
particularly poor compliance records which pose
the greatest risk. Additionally, the Agency will be
investing more resources in multimedia sector
compliance activities, lead enforcement efforts,
enforcement of the Clean Air Act Amendments,
and EPCRA enforcement.
EPA Supports President's Commitment
of Environmental Compliance by
Federal Agencies
The Agency's Federal Facilities Program
will ensure Federal agencies comply with
environmental requirements at their facilities
and administer negotiated Federal Facility
Compliance Agreements. EPA continues to
promote greater multimedia and pollution
prevention approaches for environmental
compliance at Federal facilities, including
implementation of Executive Order 12856.
32
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MULTIMEDIA
Multimedia
The Agency is requesting a total of $357,2
million and 592 workyears in 1996, an increase of
$96.5 million and 85 workyears. This increase in
workyears and funding above the 1995 level
reflects investments in the Administration's
Environmental Technology Initiative (ETI), and
redirection of resources for environmental
hormone research, risk assessment, and funding
associated with implementation of laboratory
study recommendations, including the graduate
fellowship program. Also included is part of the
Agency-wide investment in the Common Sense
Initiative, dedicated to finding "cleaner, cheaper,
smarter* strategies to address environmental
problems. Additionally, 1996isthefirstyearthat
Working Capital Fund resources will be
transferred into the Office of Eesearch and
Development to permit direct program expense
management and accountability.
There is an increase in workyears for
Ecosystems Protection and Restoration activities,
the result of a realignment of ecosystems-related
work previously funded under the Pesticides,
ToxicSubstances, Drinking Water and Hazardous
Waste research medias. Workyears have been
added for the Improved Science Capability
program designed to promote regular scientific
interchange between the Agency and post-doctoral
investigators and visiting scientists from industry
and academia. EPA will seek to utilize the best
available science, whether in its own laboratories,
academic institutions, other federal agencies, or
the private sector.
Tackling Environmental Challenges
Along the U.S.-Me^cfn Border
Attention to the environmental side
agreements associated with the North American
Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) will continue in
1996 through EPA's Mexican Border Offices
(located in El Paso, Texas and in San Diego,
California) which will launch a new approach to
community outreach along the U.S.-Mexican
border. Resources redirected in 1995 will be
complemented with additional workyears to help
guarantee that EPA works closely with local
governments to resolve the complex, multimedia
environmental problems facing communities
along the U.S.-Mexiean border. Both Offices will
also play important roles in coordinating EPA
activities with the International Boundary &
Water Commission, the Pan American Health
Organization, the Border Environmental
Cooperation Commission, and the North American
Development Bank.
Commitment to Future Generations Evident
Through Environmental Education and
Regional Multimedia Initiatives
EPA's environmental education program
will receive additional resources in 1996 to expand
the grant programs authorized under the National
Environmental Education Act, These grant
programs are responsible for promoting and
instilling an environmental ethic in the Nation's
youth, educators, community activists, and public
decision-makers with the aim of increased
environmental protection. In addition, the 1996
budget includes resources for the Regional
Multimedia program which is designed to fund
projects that are high risk and/or geographically
unique to a particular region of the country. This
investment represents the Administration's
commitment to help local governments and public
citizens resolve environmental problems in their
communities.
33
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34
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Toxic
DOLLARS
WQRKYEABS
$126.2 M
49.7M
$116,5 M
866
& Info
DECREASE
•75
IBM
DECREASE
780
IMS
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
19W
PRESIDENTS
BUDGET
1995
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1996
PRESIDENT'S
BUDGET
Today the United States chemical
industry manufactures or imports more than
50,000 commercial chemicals. Each year
approximately 2,500 new chemicals are developed
and added to this list of existing chemicals. EPA
is responsible for protecting the public and the
environment from the risks associated with the
manufacture, use, and disposal of all commercial
toxic chemicals.
The Toxic Substances program isgovemed
by a number of major statutes which emphasize
the risks associated with toxic chemicals and the
promotion of pollution prevention. The first
statute enacted into law, the Toxic Substances
Control Act (TSCA), requires EPA to protect
human health and the environment from risks
associated with the manufacture, processing,
distribution, use, and disposal of chemicals. The
Residential Lead-based Paint Hazard Reduction
Act of 1992 (commonly known as Title X) requires
that a national approach be developed to deal
with lead-based paint in the nation's housing
stock. The Pollution Prevention Act of 1990
requires EPA to develop and carry out a strategy
to advance pollution prevention and source
reduction. The Emergency Planning and
Community Right-to-Know Act requires facilities
that emit toxic materials to report those emissions
and requires EPA to collect and provide the data
to the public.
In 1996, the President requests $116.5
million and 780 workyears for the Toxic
Substances program, a decrease of $9.7 million
and 75 workyears from 1995. Most of the decrease
reflects a reorganization of the budget structure
in which activities and resources previously found
in the Toxic Substances media were shifted to the
Multimedia media. Other disinvestments reflect
streamlining efficiencies, completed work, and
the redirection of resources to higher priority
Agency activities. Within the program, resources
are being shifted to focus on "green chemistry"
and environmentally preferred products
initiatives, expansion of the Toxics Release
Inventory (TRI), assistance to states for lead
abatement activities, and the reassessment of the
chemical dioxin. As described more fully in the
State, Local and Tribal Grants section, grants in
this media are eligible to be consolidated with
other grants into Performance Partnership grants,
which states and tribes will be encouraged to
request.
HIGHLIGHTS
Dioxin Reassessment Initiated
In 1995, EPA initiated a broad scientific
study of the highly toxic chemical dioxin, which
has been found in beef, dairy, pork and poultry
products, which are Americans' main sources of
dioxin exposure. In 1996, EPA will continue to
evaluate the effects that dioxin may have on
human health and the environment and conduct
studies. The dioxin exposure initiative will be
managed across EPA programs and will be
coordinated with the U.S. Department of
Agriculture and the Food and Drug
Administration,
35
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Toxic
Green Chemistrv/Preferc&le
Products Expanded
In 1996, a new "green chemistry" initiative
will encourage industry to change the way in
which chemicals are designed, manufactured and
used. This will catalyze the scientific community
in industry, academia, and Federal and state
governments to develop and implement
fundamental pollution prevention techniques.
Green chemistry principles should help the
chemical industry become more competitive and
efficient.
The Agency will begin to identify
environmentally preferable products to guide
procurementdecisions in the Federal government.
This initiative carries out Executive Order 12873,
which requires EPA to identify preferred chemical
products and provide guidance to other Federal
agencies.
Lead State Grants Continued
EPA supports the states in carrying out
lead abatement and lead risk reduction programs.
EPA's activities directly address critical lead
exposure problems and provide a state lead grant
program. In 1996, states will use grant funds to
train and certify state and local employees,
increase public education and technical assistance,
and develop and distribute guidance to renovators
and remodelers. This will create new employment
opportunities in lead abatement.
Toxic Release Inventory
Information Expanded
EPA's strategy for the Emergency
Planning and Community Right to Know and
Pollution Prevention programs recognizes the
right of citizens to be aware of the emission of
chemicals to which they may be exposed. EPA
consequently emphasizes the importance of
making information about significant chemical
emissions publicly available, to allow informed
public participation in discussions of potential
risks that may result from such emissions. The
Agency proposes to increase the number of
facilities that report under TRI and the number of
chemicals for which significant emissions are
reported. This will greatly increase the amount of
valuable information on potential chemical risks
that is available to the public.
Enforcement Strengthened
The Toxic Substances Enforcement grant
program, which is included in the multimedia
program, continues to emphasize compliance
monitoring of chemical control rules, particularly
for polychlorinated biphenyls and asbestos. In
1996, states will continue to implement the lead
enforcement program under Title IV. States will
continue developing legislation to enhance TSCA
enforcement. In addition, inspector training in
cross-media issues will be continued.
Toxic S\ibstancea Research
EPA is requesting $15.5 million and 149
workyears in 1996, a decrease of $2.7 million and
19 workyears from 1995. These decreases reflect
changes in Agency priorities and the shift to a
more comprehensive ecosystems-based approach
to research.
The Toxic Substances research program
provides scientific support to EPA's national
program managers on toxic substances issues
and effects. Toxic substances research provides
the scientific data and information needed to
validate and refine test methods for protocols and
guidelines used by industry for submitting data
to EPA to meet the requirements of the Toxic
Substances Control Act.
Funding for biotechnology has been
phased down as a result of the need to support
emerging Agency research priorities. Resources
for ecosystems protection are being consolidated
under the Multimedia program element, reflecting
a shift in emphasis away from single stressor,
individual toxic substance research and toward a
multi-stressor, holistic approach to ecosystems
protection. EPA will seek to utilize the best
available science, whether in its own laboratories,
academic institutions, other federal agencies, or
the private sector.
36
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& SUPPORT
DOLLARS
+$96.9 M $768.6 M
$666.7 M
10M
INCREASE
WORKYEARS
8,547 -18 3.529
1906
DECREASE
1995
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1996
PRESIDENTS
BUDGET
199S
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1996
PRESIDENTS
BUDGET
As our understanding of complex
environmental problems improves, there is a
growing demand for sophisticated technology,
analytical expertise, comprehensive matrix
management and efficient support services. The
Management and Support program ensures that
executive direction, policy oversight, and a broad
spectrum of administrative support services are
provided to all Agency programs and facilities
across the nation. These activities are carried out
through the efforts of the Office of Policy, Planning
and Evaluation; the Office of International
Activities; the Office of Administration and
Resources Management; the Office of the General
Counsel; and the Office of the Administrator.
Primary activities include planning and
budgeting, program evaluation, financial
management, economic analysis, audit follow-
up, legal counsel, intergovernmental and
international relations, information and human
resources management, and property
maintenance and security. Key statutes being
addressed in 1996 include the Government
Performance and Results Act, the Chief Financial
Officers Act, the Federal Managers' Financial
Integrity Act and Executive Orders on Customer
Service, Environmental Justice, and Labor-
Management Partnerships.
The 1996 budget provides $763.6 million
and 3,529 workyearsfor the Management and
Support/Buildings & Facilities program. This
represents an increase of $96.9 million and a
decrease of 18 workyears from 1995,
The increase of $96.9 million reflects the
net result of increases that have been provided to
cover new facilities needs and mandatory support
increases such as rent and utilities; increases to
high priority programs such as the Environmental
Technology Initiative, Global Climate Change,
and information resources access; disinvestment
in discretionary support services such as copier
services and management oversight; and a
realignment of funds to improve services through
establishment of a Working Capital Fund.
HIGHLIGHTS
A New Generation of Environmental
leadership Guides
The 1996 budget provides $56.1 million
and 547 workyears for the Office of the
Administrator (OA) which provides essential
executive policy and administrative functions on
behalf of the Administrator, the ten Regional
Administrators and other senior managers. This
reflects an increase of $2.9 million and a decrease
of 11 workyears from 1995.
In support of the President's commitment
to reinvent government, OA is streamlining
current ways of work to allow for investments in
priority areas such as environmental justice,
environmental education, compliance under Title
VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the Administrative
Law Judges office. For instance, the placement of
ten additional workyears in the Regions for
environmental justice and environmental
37
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MANAGEMENT & SUPPORT
education activities will advance this
Administration's commitment to empower and
educate local citizens regarding environmental
issues; and thereby help ensure a cadre of diverse
and representative environmental leaders for the
future.
Likewise, OA's investments in Title VI
compliance and in expanding the number of
Administrative Law Judges is designed to address
long standing deficiencies. The 1996 budget
includes additional workyears to resolve and settle
the growing backlog of disputed administrative
enforcement cases; and additional workyears to
address complaints filed against the Agency under
Title VI of the Civil Rights Act. The 1996 budget
also includes support for the President's Council
on Sustainable Development and for EPA's
continued support of the Vice President's GLOBE
program.
Policyf Planning, and Evaluation
Efforts Focus on Key Agency Initiatives
The Office of Policy, Planning and
Evaluation (OPPE) requests a funding level of
$98,4 million and 427 workyears in 1996. This
represents a $26.1 million and 23 workyear
increase over 1995,
As the Agency lead for the Environmental
Technology Initiative, OPPE will invest additional
resources aimed at leveraging public and private
resources to promote the development,
commercialization and use of environmental
technologies. OPPE will also devote resources to
expedite the development of a verification program
to approve new technologies. OPPE will also
increase resources supporting the President's
Climate Change Action Plan in 1996.
OPPE has undertaken an extensive
review of its activities over the past year and
resources have been reoriented to support
activities which reflect Agency priorities. Guiding
OPPE in this effort are the principles of sector-
based regulatory development, community-based
environmental protection, and environmental
goals and performance measurements.
In 1996, OPPE will support the Agency's
implementation of the Common Sense Initiative
(CSI). Through this initiative EPA will bring
together Federal, State and local government
representatives, environmental leaders and
industry executives to examine the full range of
environmental requirements impacting six pilot
industries. OPPE will lead the effort with the
metal plating and finishing industry, and be
actively engaged in each of the other five CSI
sectors.
Another example of OPPE's re-orientation
is their request to support the Agency's
commitment to community-based environmental
protection. OPPE will play an important role in
the Agency's efforts to implement the Edgewater
Consensus, which seeks to address human health
and ecological concerns within an economic, social
and geographic context. OPPE will also implement
an environmentally-focused component of the
National and Community Service Trust Act, which
reflects the President's commitment to provide
meaningful public service opportunities for
college-bound students.
In support of the Government
Performance and Results Act (GPRA), OPPE will
continue to lead the Agency in the development
and implementation of national measurable
environmental goals. Working with OARM and
other parts of the Agency, OPPE will strengthen
the Agency's data management systems to
promote reporting of progress on the basis of
environmental results.
ffye Demand for International Partnerships
Confirms U.S. Leadership in Global
Environmental Protection
The 1996 budget provides $19,9 million
and 73 workyears for the Office of International
Activities (OIA), an increase of $3.9 million and
no change in workyears over 1995. OIA is the
Agency's lead for international negotiations and
intergovernmental technical assistance and, as
such, supports numerous environmental
programs. OIA has redirected base resources to
support priority activities such as the Gore-
Chernomyrdin Environment Committee and the
Administration's Environmental Technology
Initiative (ETI) with Latin America; which will
capitalize on the current wave of favorable trade
agreements in the Western Hemisphere and help
38
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MANAGEMENT & SUPPORT
secure the U.S. position in the global marketplace.
The 1996 budget includes resources to support
the United State's commitment to the Commission
on Environmental Cooperation.
Leaal Support Service? Redirected to
Complex and Unique Environmental Issues
The 1996 budget for the Office of General
Counsel (OGC) includes $24.6 million and 278
workyears to provide legal advice and assistance
to both Headquarters and Regional managers.
This represents an increase of $2.5 million and
three workyears over 1995, In 1996, OGC will
focus new resources on employment law and
ethics in light of the Administration's streamlining
and reinvention efforts; especially as they relate
to the new labor-management partnerships
established under Executive Order 12871. In
addition, OGC proposes to redirect and invest
workyears to accelerate the issuance of Clean Air
Act rules and standards. Finally, OGC will redirect
existing workyears in support of the Agency's
increased attention to tribal law issues,
environmental justice, community-based
environmental protection and endangered species.
Streamlining and Re-enpineering Is
A Top. Agency Priority
The 1996 budget provides $157.7 million
and 1,791 workyears for the Headquarters and
Regional management components of the Office
of Administration and Resources Management
(OARM). This represents an increase of $23.8
million and a decrease of 24 workyears from 1995.
OARM manages the systems and
processes that provide the people, money, and
information needed by the Agency and, in many
cases, its Federal, State, tribal and local partners.
In 1996, OARM will reexamine its organizational
structures and processes across the board and
test alternative ways of doing business with the
goal of improving its performance and customer
satisfaction.
OARM has realigned resources in the
management functions to improve the
effectiveness of their processes and meet the
needs of their customers. For example, in the
human resources area OARM will move staff and
resources from performing the transactional
services of staffing and classification to helping
managers in developing self-managed work teams,
labor-management partnerships and workforce
development.
In the information management area,
additional resources will support the work of the
Agency's Executive Steering Committee on
Information Resources Management to promote
policies, tools and technologies that improve public
access to, and integration of, EPA information.
Under this effort, OARM will develop information
partnerships with States, localities, and others
and support Agency efforts to integrate
environmental data in order to achieve the
Agency's goals of ecological protection, pollution
prevention, and a multimedia focus.
OARM will also make investments to
strengthen the stewardship of the Agency's
resources through an integrated approach to
Agencywide strategic planning, budgeting,
financial management and program evaluation
that will guide the Agency's program and
investment decisions, and meet the mandates of
the Chief Financial Officers Act, the Federal
Managers' Financial Integrity Act and the
Government Performance and Results Act.
Finally, resources will be invested to
support the National Environmental Justice
Advisory Council that advises the Administrator
on environmental justice issues. This investment
reflects the Agency's commitment to the education
and empowerment of affected communities,
community organizations, government at all
levels, academic institutions and business, and to
the creation of partnerships to achieve
environmental justice.
Ensuring the Health and Safety
The 1996 budget contains a request of
$258.7 million for Support services to the Agency's
Operating Programs. This represents a decrease
of $38.5 million from 1995. The 1996 request
includes significant investments to maintain
essential Agency infrastructure support. These
resources will address mandatory rate increases
for rent paid to the General Services
Administration and direct leases associated with
over 19,000 employees in 87 buildings at 45
39
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& SUPPORT
different locations in 30 states. It also provides
for anticipated rate increases in utilities costs
and in support contracts including security, mail
delivery and facilities maintenance. A reduction
in the Support Services account reflects the
transfer of resources to program offices as part of
the Agency's implementation of a Working Capital
Fund, which is discussed in more detail later in
this chapter.
Investing in EPA'a Building Infrastructure
The 1996 budget of $112.8 million for
Buildings and Facilities (B&F) makes a
substantial investment in improving and
renovating EPA laboratories and office space.
This represents an increase of $69.2 million over
1995. The investment in B&F will dramatically
influence the Agency's ability to address the
complex environmental issues of the 1990*s and
beyond.
The Agency is requesting $50 million for
the construction of a consolidated laboratory and
office complex at Research Triangle Park, NC.
This funding will be used for the initial
infrastructure phase of the project and will include
site development, including roads and utility/
water lines; and expansion of the central utility
plant, including installation ofboilers and chillers.
This is the first of four construction phases to
complete this $232 million project. The Agency is
also requesting $13 million in 1996 for the build-
out of EPA's new Headquarters facility, which
will incorporate adequate power and lighting
efficiency to ensure consistency with EPA's
lighting efficiency initiative, and HVAC/air
distribution to ensure adequate indoor air quality
in the Federal Triangle, Custom and ICC
buildings.
The 1996 request also contains $33 million
to complete construction of the Region 3 Central
Regional Laboratory (CRL) phase of the
Environmental Science Center at Fort Meade,
MD. The CRL is presently located in Annapolis,
MD and requires replacement due to inadequate
heating, ventilating, and air conditioning systems,
water supply and sewage systems, environmental
compliance program and changes in the mission
of the facility. These deficiencies present serious
health, safety and operation problems. Finally,
the Agency requests $17 million to continue the
repair and improvement program at existing
Agency laboratories and offices to ensure the
health and safety of employees and fund energy
conservation initiatives in EPA-owned buildings.
Implementing A Working Capital Fund
Will Beein in 1996
An example of the Agency's new way of
doing business is the Working Capital Fund.
EPA's Working Capital Fund (WCF) will be a
revolving fund to finance operations where the
costs for goods or services provided are charged to
the users. Until now EPA's administrative
services have been centrally funded and managed.
A WCF moves away from centralized control by
giving customers a strong voice in determining
the amount and type of services they receive.
EPA's WCF concept will ensure increased
efficiency of resource utilization through reliance
on market force mechanisms and will also increase
accountability through audited statements.
The Agency will provide two services in
1996 under the WCF; computer and
telecommunication services at the National Data
Processing Division (NDPD), Research Triangle
Park, NC, and postage services. These services
are provided to all EPA offices. The services
which may be brought on in future years include
such activities as payroll, training, facilities
management and publication distribution.
Strengthening Executive Direction through
Matrix Management of Kev Initiatives
The 1996 budget contains $33.7 million
and 378 workyears for the mission and policy
management function of the following Offices:
Air and Radiation (OAR), International Activities
(OIA), Water (OW), Enforcement and Compliance
Assurance (OECA), Research and Development
(ORD), General Counsel (OGC), Solid Waste and
Emergency Response (OSWER), and Prevention,
Pesticides and Toxic Substances (OPPTS). These
resources will ensure that the senior leadership
team is fully staffed to provide the necessary
executive direction, policy development and
oversight, and a broad range of administrative
guidance to the Agency workforce. This represents
an increase of $5,2 million and a decrease of seven
workyears from 1995.
40
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OIL SPILLS
DOLLARS
+$3.1 M $23.0 M
$19.9 M
1908
INCREASE
1995
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1996
PRESIDENTS
BUDGET
121
WORXXEARS
118
1996
DECREASE
1995
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1996
PRESIDENTS
BUDGET
The Oil Pollution Act (OPA) was passed
in 1990 to respond to and prevent the frequency
of accidental releases of oil into the environment,
such as the Exxon-Valdez spill. From 1990 to
1994, EPA cleaned up 164 oil spills using OPA
funds. In addition, EPA has monitored 771
responsible party lead cleanups during that same
period of time. OPA has proven to be an effective
organized response mechanism for oil spill
prevention and remediation for EPA and the U.S.
Coast Guard (USGS). Under OPA, the Agency is
lead for overseeing or conducting all inland
response actions that exceed state or local response
capabilities. The USCG leads response actions in
thecoastal zone and the Great Lakes. In addition,
the Agency regulates the prevention of Oil Spills
at certain on-shore facilities that range from
hospitals to large tank farms.
The Agency's Oil Spills program is
implemented through section 311 of the Clean
Water Act, as amended by the Oil Pollution Act of
1990. The U.S. Coast Guard manages the Oil
Spills Liability Trust Fund, which is financed
through a five cents per barrel tax on domestic
crude and imported oil. EPA and the U.S. Coast
Guard work in partnership through interagency
agreements to respond to many environmental
emergencies, including releases of oil into the
environment.
The 1996 President's Budget provides
$23.0 million and 118 workyearsfor die Oil
Spills Program, an increase of $3.1 million and a
decrease of three workyears from the 1995 level.
The increase of resources in 1996 supports
implementation of the Spill Prevention, Control
and Countermeasure Program and the
recommendations of the Above Ground Storage
Tank Workgroup. The Agency has received
approximately 4,500 facility response plans and
over 2,000 of these plans are under review by
EPA. This review includes document reviews,
site visits, and correspondence with facilities.
OPA requires Agency approval of these facility
response plans by 1995. While the review process
is ongoing, the Regions continue to conduct Spill
Prevention Control and Countermeasures plan
reviews and inspections to ensure compliance
with pollution prevention regulations.
HIGHLIGHTS
The Agency continues to respond to
harmful releases of oil and petroleum products,
providing nationwide capability for containment
and removal of releases that occur, and minimizing
the environmental damage resulting from oil
spills. In 1996, EPA will begin mandated periodic
review of OPA Facility Response Plans. The
Agency, along with the state and local
governments, is developing Area Contingency
Plans for the entire nation. An Area Contingency
Plan details the responsibilities of those involved
in a response, describes geographical features of
thearea covered, and identifies available response
equipment.
41
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OIL SPILLS
Responding to Releases
OPA significantly increased the Agency's
authority to protect public health, welfare, and
the environment from damage due to oil spills.
The 1996 President's Budget provides an increase
in response support and provides resources for
the Environmental Response Plan, which specifies
required oversight or response to the cleanup of
releases. The Agency is working with response
teams at the interageney and Regional level on
the bioremediation strategy and the use of
chemical dispersants in combating oil spills. The
Agency is also available to assist the U.S. Coast
Guard on oil spills outside of EPA's jurisdiction
through the Agency's Environmental Response
Team. The Agency's Environmental Response
Team is a group of scientists and engineers that
are available to provide technical expertise 24
hours a day to On-Scene Coordinators, Remedial
Project Managers, State and local responders,
and foreign countries in times of environmental
crisis. Each of the Agency's ten regions have
On-Scene Coordinators who determine the
Agency's response actions and monitor responsible
party cleanup in the event of a release. In addition,
the Agency develops program guidance and
policies necessary to ensure technically adequate,
cost-effective responses.
Ensuring Facilities ar? Prepared to Respond
The Agency is responsible for reviewing
facility response plans for facilities with potential
for a release that creates substantial harm to the
environment. The 1996 President's Budget
supports the required follow-up review of these
facility response plans. Prevention and Response
Planning are also supported through the Agency's
Spill Prevention, Control, and Countermeasures
(SPCC) Program. Through its SPCC inspection
program, the Agency will ensure that oil storage
facilities comply with spill prevention and
contingency planning requirements.
Action Apainst
Non-complying Facilities
The 1996 President's Budget provides a
total of $2.0 million and 18 workyears for Oil
Spills enforcement. This is an increase of $1.2
million and 14 workyears over 1995. The increase
reflects a transfer from the Environment
Emergency Response and Prevention Program to
the Oil Spill Enforcement Program as part of the
continuing resolution of the enforcement
reorganization, and growth from contractor
conversion.
In 1996, the Agency's primary oil spills
enforcement focus will be on petroleum storage
facilities that fail to submit spill response plans.
The Agency will issue removal orders to facilities
to clean up discharges and take criminal, civil,
and administrative penalty actions against
violators.
Encouraging Innovative Oil Spills Research
The 1996 President's Budget request
includes a total of $2.1 million supported by one
workyear for Oil Spills Liability Trust Fund
research, an increase of $310 thousand over 1995.
Studies will be conducted to analyze the
composition of oil with respect to its toxicity to
organisms in the environment. This research will
include test systems to simulate oil spill conditions
in the environment and modify analytic
methodologies to effectively monitor
bioremediation success. EPA will seek to utilize
the best available science, whether in its own
laboratories, academic institutions, other federal
agencies, or the private sector.
42
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OFFICE OF THE'
INSPECTOR
GENERAL
43
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Page Intentionally Blank
44
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OFFICE OF THE INSPECTOR GENERAL
$44.5 M
DOLLARS
+$3.3 M $47.8 M
1986
INCREASE
IMS
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
IBM
PRESIDENTS
BUDGET
447
WORKYEARS
-2
1996
DECREASE
445
1995
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1996
PRESIDENT'S
BUDGET
The Office of the Inspector General (DIG)
is responsible for conducting audits and
investigations of EPA's programs, administrative,
and financial activities to ensure that the Agency's
programs are delivered in an effective, efficient,
and economical manner and in compliance with
applicable laws and regulations. OIG audits and
investigations assist the Agency in identifying
areas of potential risk and necessary
improvements that can significantly contribute
to EPA fulfilling its complex mission.
The total 1996budgetfortheOlGis$47.8
million and 445 workyears an increase of $3.3
million and a decrease of two workyears from
1995. The increase is to fully fund the OIG
workforce and additional Agency support costs. A
portion of this funding ($4.5 million) is assigned
to the Office of Administration and Resources
Management to provide appropriate support
services.
Operations of the OIG are funded through
three appropriation accounts: Inspector General;
Hazardous Substance Superfund; and Leaking
Underground Storage Tanks (LUST). The
Inspector General account is appropriated from
General Revenue funds and covers the activities
of the Agency's operating and construction grants
programs. The Superfund and LUST portions are
appropriated from the Hazardous Substance and
LUST trust funds, and are for OIG activities
related specifically to those programs.
HIGHLIGHTS
Inspector
In 1996, the general revenue fund request
for the Inspector General is $33.0 million and 322
workyears. This represents an increase of $4.5
million and an increase of 24 workyears over
1995. For 1996, the increase in workyears results
from a request to redirect 24 workyears from the
Hazardous Substance - OIG account to the OIG
appropriation. In addition, the OIG will internally
realign workyears away from areas of
administration, management and lower
productivity to areas that are in better relative
proportion to the Agency's risks and provide
greater performance results to the Agency.
In 1996, the OIG will expand its audits
and investigations in procurement and contracts
management to include grants, cooperative, and
interagency agreements, and subcontractors and
small contractors where the Agency is highly
vulnerable. The OIG will also increase its financial
audit work supporting the Chief Financial Officer
(CFO) Act of 1990 to ensure that the accounting
systems and financial reports are accurate and
reliable. The OIG will continue to provide a
balanced and sustained audit presence in
conducting performance audits in all major
programs, strengthening internal controls,
improving operational efficiency and effectiveness,
and ensuring the integrity of Agency procurement
to achieve the maximum environmental benefit
45
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OFFICE OF THE INSPECTOR GENERAL
with available resources. More audits and
investigation s of procurement and contract grant
management will help ensure that EPA's contract
dollars are used most effectively and efficiently.
The OIG will expand audits of EPA's
construction grants to help the Agency close out
the program. In addition, the OIG will focus its
resources on improving the integrity of scientific
data, research, and analysis crucial to EPA. The
OIG will emphasize investigations of procurement
fraud and continue aggressively pursuing fraud
in Agency funded research. The Office will also
continue its efforts in fraud prevention by
publicizing its activities, helping EPA employees
identify areas sensitive to fraud, and developing
new fraud detection tools and methods. In
response to the recommendations to the National
Performance Review, the OIG will provide more
consultative services to assist EPA managers
improve operations.
Superfund
In 1996, the Hazardous Substance
Superfund request for the OIG is $14.1 million
and 116 workyears. This is a decrease of $1.3
million and 26 workyears from 1995. The
adjustment in 1996 is primarily due to the
aforementioned redirection of 24 workyears from
the Superfund - OIG account to the OIG
appropriation. The OIG will continue to focus its
resources on financial and performance audits
and investigations of the Superfund program,
particularly in the area of procurement and
acquisition management, including contracts,
grants, and cooperative and interagency
agreements. The OIG will also comply with the
audit requirements of the CFO Act and the
Superfund Amendment and Reauthorization Act
to ensure that Superfund programs are operated
as efficiently as possible and that risk of financial
loss is minimized.
akinff I Jnrlf rprnu.ru.
ksfLUST)
In 1996, the LUST request for the OIG is
$710 thousand and eight workyears. This
represents an increase of $41 thousand and no
change in workyears from 1995. These resources
will support continued performance audits,
contract and grant audits (covering financial and
performance aspects), and financial audits with
specific emphasis on the Agency's process for
awarding LUST cooperative agreements and
grants. Pursuant to the CFO Act, the OIG will
also focus its resources on financial and internal
control areas and audit the LUST trust fund
financial statements.
46
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SUPERFUND
47
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Page Intentionally Blank
48
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SUPERFUND
DOLLARS
WORKYEARS
$1.431.8 M
+$131.7 M $1,562.9 M
F=l
INCREASE
IMS
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
PRESIDENTS
BUDGET
3
,
rs
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
3.958
1098
DECREASE
L995
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
PRESIDENTS
BUDGET
The Superfund program was established
in response to the public outcry over abandoned
hazardous waste sites posing serious risks to
human health and valuable natural resources.
Today, one in four Americans lives within four
miles of a National Priority List (NPL) site~the
Nation's worst Superfund sites,
The Comprehensive Environmental
Response, Compensation, and Liability Act
(CERCLA), also known as Superfund, was enacted
in 1980. CEBCLA was amended in 1986 by the
Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act
(SARA) and reauthorized in the Omnibus Budget
Reconciliation Act of 1990. The Superfund Trust
Fund was established to pay for the cleanup of
Superfund sites. The money comes mainly from
taxes on the chemical and petroleum industries
and a corporate environmental tax. The statute
also provides funding authority from general
revenues and the recovery of Superfund
expenditures from those responsible for the
pollution. The Trust Fund is used for cleanups
primarily when those companies or individuals
responsible for contamination at Superfund sites
cannot be found, or cannot perform or pay for the
cleanup work.
Since its inception, the Superfund
program has reduced immediate health threats
to the public by responding to thousands of
hazardous spills and by responding to the most
serious Superfund sites identified on the NPL.
Through over 3,100 completed removal actions at
more than 2,500 sites, the Superfund program
has protected communities from the harmful
effects of toxic wastes.
The 1996 President's Budget provides
$1,562.9 million and 3,958 workyears an
increase of $131.7 million and a decrease of eight
workyears from the 1995 level. The resource
increase is primarily due to legislative reforms.
The 1996 President's Budget separately
requests an additional $200 million for mandatory
funding of costs allocated to identifiable, but
financially nonviable parties (known as the orphan
share), and certain other categories of costs at
cleanup sites. Funding orphan shares will increase
fairness when settling with Potentially
Responsible Parties (PRPs) and improve the
Agency's enforcement capability. Totals in this
document reflect discretionary funds only;
therefore, orphan share funding is not included in
program and agency totals.
HIGHLIGHTS
The President's 1996 Superfund budget
funds administrative and legislative reforms to
improve the effectiveness of the program.
Legislation to reform CERCLA is designed to
increase the program's fairness, reduce the cost of
cleanups, and increase community participation
in cleanup decisions. These reforms will also
emphasize eliminating economic barriers
49
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SUPERFUND
preventing redevelopment of abandoned
hazardous waste sites.
The President's Budget also increases
resources to perform quick response and early
action activities resulting in more immediate risk
reducti on at the worst sites. The budget supports
increased community relations activities such as
bilingual fact sheets that will help the public
participate in the cleanup decision making process
at sites in their communities. The President's
Budget increases resources for cooperative
agreements with the States and Tribes to enable
them to address many of the sites that might
otherwise be delayed as the Agency focuses on
cleaning up higher risk NPL sites.
Reforming Response -
Communities
The 1996 President's Budget provides
$995.9 million and 1,772 workyears for the
Besponse program, an increase of $104. 1 million.
The resource increase is primarily due to an
increase for Superfund reform initiatives, A shift
of resources and workyears from enforcement to
response for Federal Facility and private party
oversight cleanups accounts for the apparent
increase in workyears.
Cleanup at uncontrolled or abandoned
hazardous waste sites has been completed at 278
NPL sites through 1994, keeping the Agency on
track to achieve 650 completed cleanups at NPL
sites by the year 2000. The Superfund program
also prevents untold amounts of future pollution
by encouraging waste handlers to comply with
disposal and treatment regulations in order to
diminish possible future Superfund liability.
In 1996, the Agency's response program
will focus on economic redevelopment, immediate
risk reduction, community involvement, and
remedy reform. The Agency is encouraging
economic redevelopment of remediated hazardous
waste sites by directing resources towards
voluntary cleanup, core cooperative agreements
with States and Tribes, and urban renewal.
Voluntary cleanup programs will promote
economic redevelopment by enabling private
parties to clean up low to medium risk sites and
return the land to productive use. Core
Cooperative Agreements build partnerships wi tit
States and Tribes and leads to the development of
their own Superfund programs, which will
ultimately make sites available for economic
development sooner. The Agency is also
encouraging the redevelopment of abandoned and
unused urban sites—called the Brownfields
initiative. The Brownfields redevelopment
initiative is an organized commitment to help
communities revitalize idled or under-used
industrial and commercial facilities where
redevelopment is complicated by environmental
contamination.
To ensure that the sites with the highest
risks are addressed first, the Agency will (1)
implement remedy reform measures to expand
removal authorities through legislative reforms
and (2) perform more early actions at the worst
sites. Other remedy reform initiatives include
establishing newer, more flexible cleanup
standards to suit various land use needs,
developing risk protocols which give standard
response guidance based on risk categories, and
developing generic cleanup standards for types of
sites such as landfills and wood preserving
facilities.
The Agency is putting communities first
in the Superfund program through the
enhancement of information outreach and access
that will ultimately empower communities to
influence site response plans and actions. In
1996, the Agency will establish Community Work
Groups (CWGs) that will assist in distributing
information to the public. The Agency will also
put an increased emphasis on using existing
technical assistance grant (TAG) authorities to
provide communities the means to hire technical
experts to assist in their participation in decisions
related to site cleanup.
The Agency is continuing to assist the
Department of Defense (DOD) and the
Department of Energy (DOE) with the cleanup
and restoration of federally owned facilities and
bases. EPA is working to accelerate cleanup at
military bases, prior to their use by communities,
pursuant to The Defense Base Closure and
Realignment Act of 1990. Funding to support 100
workyears is provided through a reimbursable
agreement with the Department of Defense.
50
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SUPERFUND
Making Polluters Pay While
Emphasizing Fairness
The 1996 President's Budget provides
$192.7 million and 1,307 workyears for the
Enforcement program. This represents an
increase of $15.4 million over the 1995 level. The
apparent workforce reduction of 238 workyears is
due to the shifting of Federal Facilities and
private party oversight to the response program.
The priority for the Superfund
Enforcement program is to continue to maximize
cleanup financing by those responsible for
polluting. Currently, over 70% of new cleanups
are financed by responsible parties. The Agency
will place special emphasis on monitoring existing
settlements for compliance and in reaching fair
settlements with small volume contributors at
Superfund sites. Where negotiations to reach
cleanup agreements fail, the Agency will take
enforcement actions to compel responsible party
cleanups. In all cases, the Agency will aggressively
pursue the recovery of go vernment costs to conduct
and oversee cleanups, and assess penalties where
appropriate.
The Agency's cost recovery program will
continue to pursue responsible parties to recover
government expenditures at Superfund sites.
Since 1986, the Agency has collected $934 million
in cost recoveries.
The Agency's administrative
improvements are designed to enhance fairness
and reduce litigation costs. This will be
accomplished by employinggreater use of existing
allocation tools to promote early and equitable
settlements between the Agency and PRPs during
the process of allocating liability at Superfund
sites. The Agency will continue to foster fair
settlements with small volume waste contributors
in order to reduce the time and expense these
contributors spend on resolving their liability
concerns. To enhance fairness, EPA will give
owners of Superfund sites notice and an
opportunity for comment before undertaking a
Federal lien on their property under CERCLA,
Resolving Problems Through Research
EPA is requesting a total of $58.2 million
and 142 workyears for Hazardous Substances
Research in 1996, a reduction of $7.7 million and
three workyears from 1995. This reduction in
resources is associated primarily with the
completion of Congressionally directed research
in 1995. Hazardous Substances research provides
the Superfund program with the basis for effective
site cleanup. Scientific and technical information
are developed to resolve technical problems that
inhibit the effective implementation of removal
and remedial actions at Superfund sites.
Superfund research funding supports ecological
and health risk assessment, human exposure,
surface cleanup, groundwater, innovative
technology evaluation and hazardous waste
research center grants. EPA will seek to use the
best available science, whether in its own
laboratories, academic institutions, other federal
agencies, or the private sector.
Providing Support Services to Superfund
The 1996 budget provides $150.2 million
and 738 workyears for management and support
services essential to the operation and integrity of
the trust fund. This represents an increase of
$22.7 million and a decrease of 26 workyears from
1995. The workyear decrease is due primarily to
a redirection from the Office of the Inspector
General's Superfund account to its operating
programs. The majority of the increase in
resources represents Superfund's portion of the
mandatory support increases associated with rent,
utilities, security, and telecommunication costs.
The remaining amount funds a wide range of
critical administrative, analytical, financial, and
legal services for the Superfund program. The
1996 budget provides additional workyears for
continued improvements in regional management
of Superfund contracts and grants. The Agency's
Superfund management and support budget
includes $12.6 million and 116 workyears for the
Office of the Inspector General that are described
in the OIG section of this document.
51
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SUPERFUND
Fostering Partnerships with Other
The Agency integrates the expertise of
other Federal agencies to support two functions
within the Superfund program: specific site or
spill response actions and ongoing activities that
are not incident-specific. The 1996 President's
Budget provides $165.8 million to other Federal
Agencies.
The Department of Health and Human
Services, which receives 74% of Superfund
resources to Other Federal Agencies, contributes
to the program's activities through the work of
the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease
Registry (ATSDR) and the National Institute for
Environmental Health Sciences (N1EHS). ATSDR
conducts health risk assessments, maintains
toxicology data bases for chemicals found at sites,
and provides health consultations for emergency
responses, NIEHS continues a grant research
program to solve environmental and human health
problems related to toxic waste. Through grant
funds, NIEHS also maintains a worker safety
training program for workers who are engaged in
hazardous waste containment or response
activities. The Department of Justice continues
to provide legal support to EPA cost recovery
efforts, and defend the Agency against citizen
suits, pre-enforcement review cases,
reimbursement claims, and challenges to EPA
administrative civil penalty decisions. Other
Federal agencies receiving a Superfund allocation
or reimbursement from EPA include, the U.S.
Coast Guard, the National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration, the Department of
Interior, th« Federal Emergency Management
Agency, and the Occupational Safety and Health
Administration.
52
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LEAK
u
s
ING
NDERGROUND
TORAGE
TANKS
53
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LUST
$70.0 M
DOLLARS
+$7.3 M $77.3 M
1998
INCREASE
19S5
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1996
PRESIDENTS
BUDGET
102
WORKYEARS
0
102
1995
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1996
PRESIDENTS
BUDGET
Approximately 1.2 million underground
storage tanks fall within EPA's regulated universe.
An estimated 270,500 of these tanks have leaked
petroleum products, which can be dangerous to
human health and the environment, cause fires
or explosions, and potentially contaminate the
public's groundwater supplies. Underground
storage tanks arefound at gas and service stations,
convenience stores and other locations such as
bus depots and governmentfacilities. The Leaking
Underground Storage Tank (LUST) program
supports states in overseeing the large number of
active cleanups of leaking underground storage
tanks containing petroleum.
The LUST program operates under the
authority of Subtitle I of the Hazardous and Solid
Waste Amendments of 1984, as amended by the
Superftind Amendments and Reauthorization Act
of 1986. The LUST Trust Fund, financed by a
one-tenth of one cent per gallon tax on motor
fuels, was reauthorized by the Omnibus Budget
Reconciliation Act of 1990,
Approximately 85% of LUST Trust Fund
resources are provided directly to the states
through state cooperative agreements to address
the growing universe of tank releases. The
Agency's strategy is to encourage the development
of state programs by promoting maximum
flexibility of state and local administrative and
oversight processes, alternative treatment
technologies and information exchange between
the states, local governments, tribal governments,
and the private sector.
The 1996 President's Budget provides
$773 million and 102 workyearsfor the LUST
program, an increase of $7,3 million from the
1995 level. The increase in dollars will support
the establishment of strong corrective action
programs on Indian land and in the states,
continuation of corrective action streamlining
projects such as a Nebraska effort to reduce
reporting requirements, promote demonstration
projects of innovative technologies, and implement
risk-based decision making into corrective action
processes. The Agency's LUST Budget includes
$710 thousand and 8 workyears for the Office of
the Inspector General's activities, described in
the Inspector General section.
HIGHLIGHTS
For 1996, the LUST program will continue
to be a part of the Agency's pilot program for
performance measures under the Government
Performance and Results Act of 1993, In addition,
the Agency continues to assist states in examining
and improving their oversight process. The
highest priority of the Agency is to ensure that all
state and local governments have an effective
oversight process in place so that responsible
parties will be predisposed to quickly initiate site
cleanup, especially at sites posing the highest
health and environmental risks. The Agency will
also continue to assist states in streamlining
their corrective action programs and promoting
innovative site investigation and cleanup
technologies in 1996.
55
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LUST
Responding to Releases With
There are approximately 1,000 new
releases of petroleum from underground storage
tanks reported each week to the states. In
managing such a large universe of reported
releases nationwide, the Agency has adopted a
decentralized model that enhances state and local
ability and flexibility to respond. The Agency will
ensure that regulations and technical documents
are concise and clear to owners/operators and
vendors. EPA, states and local governments are
also working together to promote the
implementation of improved technologies for site
assessment and remediation through the
continued use of demonstration projects. EPA
and the states are working with stakeholders to
explore alternative treatment technologies and
expedited site assessment and field measurement
technologies to facilitate prompt site cleanup,
Exandin
States
The Agency's goal is to continue to build
state capacity to address the growing number of
underground tanks requiring response action. Of
the 49 States that have technical regulations for
underground storage tanks, EPA has delegated
program authority to 14 States, granting them
authority to regulate in lieu of EPA, The funding
level for 1996 supports state and territory efforts
to develop and implement comprehensive LUST
programs by providing Federal assistance through
cooperative agreements. The 1996 President's
Budget provides $65.4 million for state cooperative
agreements to support the establlshmentof strong
corrective action programs in states and on Indian
lands.
Building Partnerships with Indian Nations
Approximately 98% of tanks on Indian
lands are concentrated in 27 states. Through
grants to Federally recognized Indian tribes, the
Agency will continue to focus on additional
educational and communication activities to
promote voluntary compliance by responsible
parties who have leaking underground tanks on
Indian lands. In addition, EPA will provide
compliance assistance to tank owners and
operators and continuing outreach to tribal leaders
through the development of tribal ordinances and
Regional technical assistance. In addition,
resources were redirected from Headquarters to
Regions to support tribal activities. Grants to
Indian tribes will help provide resources to tribes
such as the Navajo, which have more underground
storage tanks than any other tribal nation in the
country.
Encouraging Voluntary Compliance
ThroughEnfofeeineni
In 1996, the LUST enforcement program will
continue to target responsible parties to finance
or conduct corrective actions. LUST regional
program and legal staff will provide assistance to
state personnel to enhance voluntary compliance
with corrective actions and financial responsibility
requirements. Formal enforcement actions will
be taken to compel response actions by recalcitrant
owners and operators. The 1996 President's
Budget provides $493 thousand and 6 workyears
for LUST legal enforcement, an increase of $88
thousand from the 1995 level.
Focusing Research on Detection
and Remediation
In 1996, the Agency is requesting a total
of $774 thousand, supported by two workyears for
Leaking Underground Storage Tanks research,
an increase of $5 thousand over 1995. Research
will focus on the detection and remediation of
subsurface contamination caused by leaking
underground storage tanks. Continued emphasis
will be placed on technical support of regional and
state underground storage tank programs, and
the development of inexpensive site contamination
assessment and evaluation techniques. EPA will
seek to utilize the best available science, whether
in its own laboratories, academic institutions,
other federal agencies, or the private sector.
56
-------
LUST
rovidin Fundamental Support
The 1996 President's Budget provides
$3.4 million to provide essential administrative
and support services. These services include
legal support for administration of the fund,
including development of cooperative agreements
between EPA and States; financial services
including contract and grants management and
payroll processing; health and safety audits; and
other support services including space rental,
employee security services, and utilities costs.
57
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58
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WATER
INFRASTRUCTUR
59
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60
-------
WATER INFRASTRUCTURE
$2,769.3 M 4404 JM
S
$1,235.2 Clean
Water SRP
700.0 Drinking
Water SRF
149.8.0 Mexican
Border
684.3 Hardship
Communities
X
S
f A
0
19M
DECREASE
$2365.0 M
s s
$1,600.0 Clean
Water SRP
500.0 Drinking
Water SRF
150.0 Mexican
Border
115.0 Needy
Communities
/
IMS 1996
CUBBENT PBESnJENFS
ESTIMATE BUDGET
Municipal discharges affect one-sixth of
the remaining water body impairments in rivers
and lakes and one-half in our estuaries. Small,
economically disadvantaged, and rural
communities need innovative solutions for their
wastewater and drinking water treatment
systems.
EPA's Water Infrastructure programs
have financed many of the improvements in water
quality by helping construct modern wastewater
treatment facilities. These projects have helped
prevent our rivers, lakes, and coastal areas from
much degradation caused by untreated sewage.
Today, the Nation's network of over 15,000
wastewater treatment facilities (secondary
treatment or better) serves approximately 159
million people and removes billions of tons of
pollutants from our waterways. While our
investments have paid off in terms of improved
water quality, human health, and quality of life,
a significant portion of our wastewater
infrastructure is aging and will need to be restored
or replaced over the next several years.
The Water Infrastructure programs
provide financial assistance to states and localities
to protect the nation's water resources and to
assist communities in meeting the requirements
of the Clean Water and the Safe Drinking Water
Acts. EPA funding for water infrastructure is
provided through the Clean Water State Revolving
Fund program, the Drinking Water State
Revolving Fund program, the U.S. - Mexico
Integrated Border Environmental Plan, and
grants for needy communities facing
extraordinarily high water infrastructure costs
or extraordinary sanitation problems.
For 1996, the Administration requests
$2,365 million. One major increase is requested
for the Clean Water State Revolving Fund. Two
decreases are proposed affecting; (1) the Drinking
Water State Revolving Fund; and (2) specially
earmarked local water projects funded in 1995.
In addition, three grant programs have been
transferred from the Water Infrastructure media
to the Water Quality and Drinking Water media,
which are in the 1995 WIF appropriation:
Nonpoint Source Grants, Water Quality
Cooperative Management Agreements, and the
Public WaterSupervision System (PWSS) Grants.
HIGHLIGHTS
Clean Water State Revolving Fund
As part of the President's environmental
initiatives, the Administration will continue
capitalization of Clean Water State Revolving
Funds, which are in place in all 50 states and
Puerto Rico. In 1996 EPA is requesting $1.6
billion for the Clean Water State Revolving Fund,
an increase of $365 million over 1995. At the end
of 1994, investments in the Clean Water State
61
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WATER
INFRASTRUCTURE
Revolving Fund program (including state
matching funds, additional contributions, and
bond proceeds) had made $15.2 billion available
for low-cost loans to local governments and local
government agencies. Of this amount, the Federal
investment has totaled approximately $11.0
billion.
The Clean Water State Revolving Fund
program is a true partnership between the states,
localities, and the Federal government. The
Federal government provides financial and
technical assistance for wastewater and other
projects, including nonpoint sources, estuaries,
stonnwater, and combined sewer overflows, while
the states have primary implementation and
enforcement responsibility for Clean Water Act
permit programs. Environmental infrastructure
projects such as these contribute to direct
ecosystem improvements through reduced
loadings of conventional and toxic pollutants in
all types of surface waters.
Drinking Water State Revolving Fund
In 1996, EPA is requesting $500 million
for the Drinking Water State Revolving Fund, a
decrease of $200 million from 1995. EPA will
work with the states to obtain die regulatory and
statutory revisions needed at the state level for
the creation of new Drinking Water State
Revolving Funds. Concurrently, EPA will work
with Congress to obtain the authority to capitalize
these programs with Federal DW-SRF grants, by
a reauthorized Safe Drinking Water Act. These
funds will provide loans for constructing needed
improvements to drinking water systems and for
restructuring small systems (including
consolidation) to improve compliance. The
Drinking Water State Revolving Funds will be
self-sustaining in the long run and will directly
help to offset the rising costs of Safe Drinking
Water Act requirements and assist small
communities in meeting these mandates.
U.S. • Mexico Border
In 1996, the Administration is requesting
a total of $150 million to support the North
American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and
the U.S. - Mexico Integrated Border
Environmental Plan for the planning, design,
and construction of wastewater treatmentprojects
along the U.S. Border area. Wastewater and
drinking water infrastructure in these areas is
inadequate or nonexistent. Because many of the
rivers in this area flow north, or in the case of the
Rio Grande forms the International Border,
untreated domestic and industrial wastes
contaminate both sides of the border and cause
significant human health problems.
To address serious human health and
environmental problems caused by inadequate
sewage treatment in the colonias in Texas, EPA
will allocate $50 million of the U.STMexico Border
request to help provide wastewater treatment to
these disadvantaged communities. Funds will be
matched by an equal amount of state funds.
Communities
The President's Budget includes $100
million for the construction of secondary treatment
for one or more cities with high secondary
treatment needs and high user charges. Strict
eligibility criteria has been established for this
funding.
Alaskan NatitffVillages
The President's Budget includes a $15
million request for Alaskan native villages to help
diem construct wastewater facilities to address
very serious sanitation problems. EPA will
continue to work with the Indian Health Service,
the State of Alaska, and the local communities to
provide needed financial and technical assistance.
62
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RESEARCH
AND
DEVELOPMENT
63
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64
-------
RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT
DOLLARS
+$83.8 M $620.4 M
$545.6 M
1996
INCREASE
1995
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1996
PRESIDENTS
BUDGET
WORKYEARS
2,142
lilfMi
DECREASE
2.137
1905
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1996
PRESIDENT'S
BUDGET
Due to the complex nature and broad
scale of environmental issues, research and
development plays an essential role in improving
the understanding of the causes and effects of
pollution, the risks posed to human health and
the environment, and innovative solutions
required to address these risks.
In 1996, EPA requests a total of $629.4
million and 2,137 workyears for its Office of
Research and Development (ORD) program. This
represents an increase of $83.8 million and a
decrease of five workyears from 1995.
EPA conducts research and development
for two primary purposes: 1) to support the needs
of the various Agency program offices in
implementing the statutory and regulatory
responsibilities of protecting human health and
the environment, and 2) to advance the level of
knowledge in environmental sciences to better
understand and address current and emerging
environmental issues.
The restructuring and streamlining of
ORD laboratory and headquarters operations
continues in 1996. This action addresses the
recommendations of the 1994 Laboratory Study
concerning the efficiency, effectiveness and quality
of scientific support to the Agency mission. The
research and development program will focus its
efforts on the key areas of exposure assessment,
risk assessment and reduction, peer review, and
extramural research. As part of this effort, EPA
will expand its investigator-initiated grants
program as well as its graduate fellowship
program in order to take advantage of partnerships
with the Nation's academic community to utilize
tiie expertise and creative resources available in
this community. EPA will seek to utilize the best
available science, whether in its own laboratories,
academic institutions, other federal agencies, or
the private sector.
Funding for the research and development
program derives from six appropriation accounts
and supports all twelve of the Agency's media
programs. The funding tables on the following
page di splay the 1996 President's budget for EPA's
Office of Research and Development, the first by
appropriation, the second by media.
AirReaearch
EPAis requesting a total of $ 106.7 million
and 458 workyears for Air research in 1996, an
increase of $2.5 million and decrease of 11
workyears from 1995. The Air research program
supports the Agency by providing research and
development-derived scientific data and
information for regulatory, policy and public
information needs of the Air Program. The
outcomes of this research are necessary for setting
air criteria and standards and for public policy
decisions required for EPA to implement Clean
65
-------
RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT
AnoroDriation Account
PRESIDENTS 1896 BUDGET
by Appropriation
(Dollars in Millions)
Total
Dollars
Program and Research Operations
Research & Development
Superfund Trust Fund
Abatement, Control and Compliance
LUST Trust Fund
Oil Spills Response
Total
$140.1
426.6
59.8
0.0
0.8
Change
from 1995
+$14.1
+77.4
-7.3
-0.7
0.0
$629.4
+$83.8
PRESIDENTS 1996 BUDGET
by Media
(Dollars in Millions)
Research Media Program
Air
Radiation
Water Quality
Drinking Water
Pesticides
Toxic Substances
Hazardous Waste
Multimedia
Superfund
LUST
Oil Spills
Management & Support
Total
Total
Dollars
$106.7
*
21.2
21.7
13.6
15.5
22.8
357.2
59.8
0.8
2.1
JJI
$629.4
Change
+ 2.5
0.0
-1.7
-0.5
-0.2
-2.7
-3.9
+96.5
-7.3
0.0
0.3
+ 0.8
+83.8
* The Agency Radiation Research Program will continue its interagency agreement to provide off-site
monitoring support to DOE at the Nevada Test Site.
66
-------
RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT
Air Actand other air program initiatives. Included
in this request are resources to address Global
Climate, Stratospheric Ozone Depletion, Air
Toxics, Criteria Air Pollutants, Pollutants from
Motor Vehicles, and Indoor Air Pollution.
Several significant changes are presented
in the 1996 President's Budget including increases
to study widespread tropospheric non-attainment
problems, examine the health impacts of air toxics
in urban areas, and to assess the risks posed by
air deposition of hazardous pollutants to the great
water bodies. These increases are balanced by
decreases in other air media research including
pollution from motor vehicles, indoor air, acid
deposition, stratospheric ozone depletion and
global climate mitigation.
Water Quality Research
In 1996, the Agency is requesting a total
of $21.2 million supported by 180 workyears for
Water Quality research, a decrease of $1.7 million
and eight workyears from 1995. The Water
Quality research program develops and analyzes
scientific data and technologies necessary for
EPA to fulfill its mission to protect designated
uses of our Nation's waters and related ecosystems.
Water Quality research provides the data,
technologies, scientific information for criteria
and standards development and technical
assistance activities to other EPA programs,
states, and municipalities
Significant changes are exhibited in the
1996 Water Quality research budget. The merging
of several related research activities to form the
Integrated Ecosystem Protection and Restoration
Research Program will be completed. The
consolidated program will focus on multiple
biological and chemical stresses with ecosystems,
Wastewater and sludge research is reduced while
continuing to support the technical review of
guidance on the effectiveness of proposed sludge
treatment processes.
Ifofer Research
The Agency is requesting a total of $21.7
million and 158 workyears in 1996 for Drinking
Water research, a decrease of $0.5 million and no
change in workyears from 1995. The Drinking
Water research program provides the scientific
analysis, data, and information needed to identify
and regulate drinking water contaminants and
assure the safety of public water supplies in cost
effective ways.
The Agency is requesting increased
resources for critical research and scientific
support for disinfection and disinfection
by-products research. Nonpoint source research
activities under Integrated Ecosystems Protection
and Restoration have been consolidated under
the Multimedia research program. The Agency
continues its groundwater research to help protect
underground sources of drinking water and
support the new source water protection program.
Hazardous Waste Research
EPA is requesting a total of $22.8 million
and 144 workyears for Hazardous Waste research
in 1996, a reduction of $3.9 million and 29
workyears from 1995. The Hazardous Waste
research program provides scientific data and
information to the Agency's national program
managers which is the basis for the Agency's
criteria and standards for waste disposal
regulations. Hazardous waste research outcomes
and technical assistance are provided to states,
tribes, municipalities and private industry.
In 1996, reductions in Hazardous Waste
research are made in several research issues,
including waste management, bioremediation,
technology transfer, environmental review of toxic
chemicals, grants and centers. These reductions
reflect changes in Agency priorities and the
redirection of activities to focus on a more
comprehensive ecosystems approach.
Pesticides Research
EPA is requesting a total of $13.6 million
and 88 workyears in 1996, a decrease of $0.2
million and 22 workyears from 1995. These
resources have been reallocated to the Multimedia
research program to be consistent with the
Agency's move to address environmental problems
on a more comprehensive ecosystem basis.
Pesticides research continues its focus on reducing
risks from pesticides to human health and the
environment.
67
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RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT
The Pesticides research program provides
to the Agency's national program managers the
scientific data and information needed to
determine the safety and efficacy of pesticides.
The Agency is requesting resources to conduct
research that will characterize the exposure of
infants and children to pesticides.
Radiation Research
To support the Department of Energy
(DOE) offsite radiation monitoring program, the
Agency is receiving funding for a total of 64
reimbursable workyears, an increase of five
reimbursable workyears from 1995. These
scientific support staffprovide information needed
by DOE policymakers on the control of exposure
of the public to radioactive materials resulting
from testing and manufacture of nuclear
materials. These activities are associated with
the DOE Nevada Test Site and include operation
of monitoring networks and lab analysis to monitor
releases and migration of radioactive materials.
Multimedia Research
The Agency is requesting a total of $357.2
million and 592 workyears in 1996, an increase of
$96.5 million and 85 workyears. This increase in
workyears and funding above the 1995 level
reflects investments in the Administration's
Environmental Technology Initiative (ETI), and
redirection of resources for environmental
hormone research, risk assessment, and funding
associated with implementation of laboratory
study recommendations, including the graduate
fellowship program. Also included is part of the
Agencywide investment in the Common Sense
Initiative, dedicated to finding "cleaner, cheaper,
smarter" strategies to address environmental
problems. Additionally, 1996 is the first year that
Working Capital Fund resources will be
transferred into the Office of Research and
Development to permit direct program expense
management and accountability.
There is an increase in workyears for
Ecosystems Protection and Restoration activities,
the result of a realignment of ecosystems-related
work previously funded under the Pesticides,
Toxic Substances, Drinking Water and Hazardous
Waste research medias. Workyears have been
added for the Improved Science Capability
program designed to promote regular scientific
interchange between the Agency and post-doctoral
investigators and visiting scientists from industry
and academia.
Toxic Substances Research
EPA is requesting $15.5 million and 149
workyears in 1996, a decrease of $2.7 million and
19 workyears from 1995. These decreases reflect
changes in Agency priorities and the shift to a
more comprehensive ecosystems-based approach
to research.
The Toxic Substances research program
provides scientific support to EPA's national
program managers on toxic substances issues
and effects. Toxic substances research provides
the scientific data and information needed to
validate and refine test methods for protocols and
guidelines used by industry for submitting data
to EPA to meet the requirements of the Toxic
Substances Control Act.
Funding for biotechnology has been
phased down as a result of the need to support
emerging Agency research priorities. Resources
for ecosystems protection are being consolidated
under the Multimedia program element, reflecting
a shift in emphasis away from single stressor,
individual toxic substance research and toward a
multi-stressor, holistic approach to ecosystems
protection.
Oil Soill Research
In 1996, the Agency is requesting a total
of $2.1 million supported by one workyear for Oil
Spill y ability Trust Fund research, an increase
of $310 thousand over 1995. Studies will be
conducted to analyze the composition of oil with
respect to its toxicity to organisms in the
environment. This research will include test
systems to simulate oil spill conditions in the
environment and modify analytic methodologies
to effectively monitor bioremediation success.
68
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RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT
Superfund
EPA is requesting a total of $59.9 million
and 143 workyears for Hazardous Substances
Research in 1996, a reduction of $7.3 million and
three workyears from 1995. This reduction in
resources is associated primarily with the
completion of Congressionally directed research
in 1995. Hazardous Substances research provides
the Superfund program with the basisfor effective
site cleanup, Scientific and technical information
are developed to resolve technical problems that
inhibit the effective implementation of removal
and remedial actions at Superfund sites.
Superfund research funding supports ecological
and health risk assessment, human exposure,
surface cleanup, groundwater, innovative
technology evaluation and hazardous waste
research center grants.
LUST Research
In 1996, the Agency is requesting a total
of $774 thousand, supported by two workyears
for Leaking Underground Storage Tanks research,
an increase of $5 thousand over 1995. Research
will focus on the detection and remediation of
subsurface contamination caused by leaking
underground storage tanks. Continued emphasis
will be placed on technical support of regional and
state underground storage tank programs, and
the development of inexpensive site contamination
assessment and evaluation techniques.
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70
-------
STATE AND
LOCAL GRANTS
71
-------
Page Intentionally Blank
72
-------
STATE, LOCAL, AND TRIBAL GRANTS
$843M
$683 M
$548 M
$491 M
$376 M
$315 M
$468 M
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
The 1996 President's Budget allocates
$683 million to support state, local and tribal
local environmental programs as part of the
Operating Programs, an increase of $18.6 million
from the 1995GurrentEstimate. The 1996 Budget
recognizes and maintains the commitment for
essential environmental state, local and tribal
grant programs, while satisfying Federal fiscal
constraints and offering more flexibility to the
states.
HIGHLIGHTS
Performance Partnerships with Statef Local
and Tribal Governments
EPA proposes to offer state, local and
tribal governments one or more Performance
Partnership grants, which could be used to address
multimedia or single media environmental
activities. The EPA Performance Partnership
grants, for which the Administration will seek
authorization, will allow states and tribes to
receive consolidated grants as a substitute for
multiple environmental grants. Those grants
eligible for. consolidation are: Air, Water (Sec.
106, Nonpoint Source, Water Quality Cooperative
Agreements), Drinking Water (PWSS,
Underground Injection Control), Hazardous
Waste, Underground Storage Tanks (UST),
Radon, Pesticides Program Implementation,
Pesticides Enforcement, and Lead. In addition,
tribes may include their General Assistance grants
in a Performance Partnership grant.
While we are offeringthe states and tribes
a way to target their resources toward their most
pressing environmental problems, Performance
Partnership grant activities may not compromise
basic national objectives or legislative
requirements. Accordingly, EPA will work with
interested states and tribes to develop the terms
of these new grants. Grantees should be able to
consolidate administrative procedures and tailor
grant funding to their own organizational
structures. Performance measures and incentives,
which could include performance-based funding
and other means, will be emphasized to encourage
states and tribes to accept delegation of EPA
programs and improve environmental results.
Air
In 1996, state and local programs will
continue to play a primary role in protecting
public health and the environment through
implementing the Clean Air Act Amendments of
1990 (CAAA). EPA will support their efforts
through grants awarded under the CAAA. In
1996, funding is requested for state and local air
programs, as well as establishment of a new
assistance program for Indian tribes. The air
grant program will change in 1996 as state and
local agencies implement the operating permit
73
-------
STATE, LOCAL, AND TRIBAL GRANTS
program mandated by the CAAA for major
stationary sources of pollution. Through collection
of permit fees, states will be able to fund some
previously grant-eligible activities to make their
permit programs more self-supporting. High
priority programs for the states in 1996 will
include increased investment in measuring air
quality pollutant emissions to provide improved
information for risk-based policy and regulatory
decision.
Water Quality
Grants will be provided to the states and
tribes for a variety of purposes authorized by the
Clean Water Act, Prominent among these will be
programs to address nonpoint sources of pollution
and efforts to identify valuable wetlands and
develop state wetland programs. In addition, the
Agency is requesting resources to assist states,
interagencies, and qualified Indian tribes in
developing and continuing implementation of their
water pollution control programs, including
groundwater protection efforts. With these funds,
states will continue development of watershed
protection strategies, statewide basin
management plans, and the targeting of high
priority watersheds on a risk basis.
Drinking Water
State and tribal efforts to implement the
mandates of the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA)
will be supported by increased FWSS grants. In
1996, grant funds will assist state and tribal
governments in implementing drinking water
rules, including lead and copper, surface water
treatment, and total coliform. Moreover, these
funds will increase the state and tribal capacity
to: ensure that systems comply with the SDWA
regulations; conduct monitoring waiver reviews;
increase the number of laboratory certifications
on parametric procedures; and carry out
compliance assessment and sanitary surveys.
States will also use these funds to work with
small drinking water systems to provide additional
flexibility wherever possible, including monitoring
waivers, small system Beit Available Technology,
and prevention approaches to streamline
implementation.
Hazardous Waste
The President's Budget requests resources
to support state Hazardous Waste and
Underground UST programs. Both state grant
programs support the development of strong,
Agency-approved programs consistent with
Federal programs, EPA will help states develop
adequate statutes and regulations, implement
enforcement activities and perform outreach to
the regulated community. Hazardous Waste
program grants will provide funding to permit
environmentally-sound new facilities (highest
priority continues to be incinerators and boiler
and industrial furnaces), remediation of
contaminated sites and reduction of hazardous
wastes. EPA will also provide, through UST state
and tribal grants, a base level for core program
activities such as tank notification, installation
and closure responsibilities.
Pesticides and Toxic Substances
Pesticide Program Implementation grants
will continue to emphasize worker protection,
protection of water resources (ground and surface),
certification and training, and endangered species
in die states.
In 1996, states will continue the lead
enforcement program under the Residential Lead-
based Paint Hazard Reduction Act of 1992.
Radiation
The Agency will assist the states in
developing and implementingprograms to assess,
mitigate and prevent radon problems. Activities
to be supported include alerting the public to
health risks from radon, providing consumer
protection through the testing program, and
helping to identify and remedy problems.
Multimedia
In the Multimedia area, the pollution
prevention grants will help state environmental
programs cany out pollution prevention strategies
developed by the Agency, The states will continue
74
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STATE, LOCAL, AND TRIBAL GRANTS
to receive grants for pesticide enforcement
activities. Thirty-five states and one Indian tribe
participate in the Toxic Substances Enforcement
grant program through cooperative agreements
with EPA. States will continue to enhance toxic
substances enforcement. General Assistance
grants will help tribal environmental programs
build the capacity to implement Federal
environmental statutes and address multimedia
environmental programs.
The chart on the following page shows
state, local and tribal grants by program area.
75
-------
^^^B STATE, LOCAL, AND TRIBAL GRANTS •••
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
AJJS
STATE AND LOCAL ASSISTANCE
TRIBAL ASSISTANCE
WATER QUALITY
SECTION 106
CLEAN LAKES
NONPQINT SOURCE
WETLANDS PROGRAM
IMPLEMENTATION
WATER QUALITY
COOPERATIVE AGRMTS
DmNKIN, Q WATER
PUBLIC WATER SYSTEM
SUPERVISION GRANTS
UNDERGROUND INJECTION
CONTROL PROGRAM
SPECIAL STUDIES
HAZARDOUS WASTE
H.W. FINANCIAL
ASSISTANCE
UNDERGROUND STORAGE
TANKS
PESTICIDES
PESTICIDES PROGRAM
IMPLEMENTATION
RADIATION
RADON STATE GRANTS
POLLUTION PREVENTION
PESTICIDES ENFORCEMENT
TOXIC SUBST. ENFORCEMENT
TRIBAL GENERAL ASSISTANCE
TOXIC SUBSTANCES
1995
CURRENT
ESTIMATE*
$180,709.3
0.0
79,534,0
3,200.0
100,000.0
15,000.0
22,500.0
70,000.0
9,923.3
6,708.0
96,220.3
9,581.7
14,947.0
8,158.0
7,100.0
16,135.8
4,150.0
8,500.0
1996
PRESIDENTS
BUDGET
$169,189.9
5,882.2
80,700.0
0.0
100,000.0
15,000.0
22,500.0
90,000.0
10,500.0
0.0
98,298.2
10,394.7
16,723.9
8,158.0
5,999.5
16,133.6
6,486.2
15,000.0
1996*1993
DIFFERENCE
-$11,519.4
+5,882.2
+1,166.0
-3,200.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
+20,000.0
+576.7
-6,708.0
+2,077.9
+813.0
-1,776.9
0.0
-1,100.5
-2.2
+2,336.2
+6,500.0
LEAD GRANTS
12,500.0
12,500.0
0.0
TOTAL
$664367.4
$683,466.2
* Current Estimate does not include 1994 carryover resources.
76
+ $18,598.8
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APPENDIX:
BUDGET TABLES
11
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ENVIKONMENmL PROTECTION AGENCY
SUMMARY OF AGENCY RESOURCES
BY MEDIA
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
PROGRAM
Air
Water Quality
Drinking Water
Hazardous Waste
Pesticides
Radiation
Multimedia
Toxic Substances
New Facilities/Repairs & Improvements
Support
Management
Subtotal Management & Support
Oil Spills
Office of the Inspector General (OIG)
SUBTOTAL OPERATING PROGRAMS
1993
CURRENT
KSTIMATK
$564,535.4
522,412,8
168,640.6
294,788.5
95,221.8
43,299.8
442,907,5
126,262,5
[43,609.0]
[297,227.5]
[325,928.i]
666,765.1
19,953.0
28,523.0
1990
PRESIDENTS
BUDGET
$636,263.4
525,929.6
184,1573
324,794.7
109,028.4
55,152.6
590,110.1
116,526.1
[112,820.0]
[258,714.8]
[392,105.0]
763,639.8
23,047.0
33,050.0
1996-1995
DIFFERENCE
TOTAL
noi.ijVTis
+$71,728.0
+3,516.8
+18,516.7
+30,008,2
+13,806.6
+11,852.8
+147,202.6
-9,736.4
[+69,211.0]
[-38,512.7]
[+66,176.4]
+96,874.7
+3,094.0
+4,527.0
$2,970,308.0
$3,361,699.0
+$391,391.0
Hazardous Substance Response
Trust Fund (Superfund)
OIG Superfand
SUBTOTAL SUPERFUND
$1,415,901.0
15,384.0
$1,431,285.0
$1,548,858.6
14,078.4
$1,562,937.0
+$132,957.6
-1,305.6
+$131,652.0
Leaking Underground Storage
Tank Trust Fund (LUST)
OIG LUST
SUBTOTAL LUST
$69,320.0 $76,562.9
669.0 710.1
$69,989.0 $77,273.0
+$7,242.9
+41.1
+$7,284.0
Water Infrastructure
$2,769,305.0 $2,365,000.0
4404,305.0
Proposed Rescissions
GRAND TOTAL
-11,641.8 0.0
$7,229,245.2 $7,366,909.0
78
11,641.8
+$137,663.8
-------
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
SUMMARY OF AGENCY RESOURCES
BY MEDIA
(WORKYEARS)
PRQGRAI\f
Air
Water Quality
Drinking Water
Hazardous Waste
Pesticides
Radiation
Multimedia
Toxic Substances
Management & Support
Oil Spills
Office of the Inspector General (OIG)
SUBTOTAL OPERATING PROGEAMS
1995
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
2,400
2,182
795
1,566
1,049
328
1,650
855
3,547
121
298
14,811
1996
BUDGET
ESTIMATE
2,398
2,165
780
1,524
1,036
333
1,834
780
3,529
118
322
14,819
1908-1995
DIFFERENCE
TOTAL
WORKYEARS
-2
-17
-15
-40
-13
+5
+184
-75
48
-3
+24
+8
Hazardous Substance Response
Trust Pond (Superfand)
OIG Superfund
SUBTOTAL SUPERFUND
Leaking Underground Storage
Tank Trust Fund (LUST)
OIG LUST
SUBTOTAL LUST
3,824
142
3,966
94
8
102
3,842
116
3,958
94
8
102
+ 18
-26
-8
0
0
0
GRAND TOTAL
18,879
18,879
79
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