CO
U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks (MMT CO2 Equivalents)
Change from
1990 to 2009
CO
B^^^^ffl Ki-i-' J
C0; j 5,099.7! 5,055.0
^njUf^i
5,158.2
Fossil Fuel Combustion I 4,738.4! 4,698.2! 4,799.1
^nniK^i
5,270.8
4,909.8
Non-Energy Use of Fuels 118.6] 124.4] 123.5] 124.7
Iron and Steel Production & Metallurgical nn J nn ,, n. n 07 .
Coke Production 87'1
KFnFI
5,354.3
4,977.4
133.5
89.7
.
5,422.8 5,602.5
5,031.5
139.2
93.3
5,215.9
136.8
91.3
1997
5,681 1
1998
5,713.9
1999
2000 ! 2001
2002
2003
5,796.6] 5,975.0] 5,873.3] 5,912.6] 5,966.0
5,284.0 5,316.2! 5,391.1
5,594.8! 5,521.9] 5,557.6] 5,621.1
2004
6,076.7
2005
6,113.8
5,708.0 5,753.2
144.3] 158.7] 167.9] 144.9] 133.9] 136.0] 131.4] 151.3
92.7
86.5| 84.3] 85.9] 75.6] 71 .9J 69.5 68.0
143.4
65.9
2006 2007
6,021.1 6,120.0
5,653.1
145.6
68.8
5,756.7
137.2
71.0
Natural Gas Systems 37.6! 37.8 37.5J 40.9] 41 .0] 42.5] 40.0J 39.6] 29.6] 30.7] 29.9] 29.4! 30.2 29.0J 28.7] 29.9] 30.8! 31.1
Cement Production | 33.3] 32.5! 32.8 34.6 36.1
2008
5,921.4
2009 1 Absolute Percent
5,565.9] 5,209.0 470.6] 10%
141.0
66.0
123.4 4.7] 4%
41.9 (57.7)| (58)%
32.8J 32.2 (5.4)! (14)%
36.2 36.4 37.6 38.5 39.3! 40.4! 40.6! 42.2! 42.3 44.8 45.2 45.8 44.5 40.5 29.0 (4.3)! (13)%
Incineration of Waste 8.0J 8.0 9.5! 9.8! 10.9! 11.3! 11.9! 11.91 10.8! 11. Oj 11.1J 11.4! 11.8
Ammonia Production and Urea Consumption 16.8! 16.8! 17.5 17.8 18.4
Lime Production j 11.5! 11.4 11.8
Cropland Remaining Cropland 7.1
12.1! 12.4! 12.5! 12.5! 12.7
12.2! 12.3 4.3! 54%
17.8 17.7 18.0 19.0 17.6] 16.4] 13.3] 14.2] 12.4 13.2 12.8 12.3 14.0 11.9 11.8 (5.0)! (30)%
12.1! 12.6! 13.3! 14.1! 14.3! 14.6! 14.3! 14.1! 13.6! 13.1 13.8
7.3! 6.9 6.4 6.8
14.5! 14.4! 15.1! 14.6
14.3! 11.2 (0.3)| (3)%
7.0 7.0 7.0 7.7 7.5! 7.5! 7.8! 8.5! 8.3 7.6 7.9 7.9 8.2 8.7 7.8 0.7! 11%
Limestone and Dolomite Use 5.1 j 4.5 4.6! 4.3! 4.8! 6.7! 7.2! 6.7! 6.9! 7.6! 5.1 ! 4.8! 5.6 4.1 ! 5.9! 6.8! 8.0! 7.7
Soda Ash Production and Consumption 4.1
4.0] 4.1
4.0 4.0
4.3 4.2 4.4 4.3 4.2] 4.2] 4.1
4.1
4.1
6.3! 7.6 2.5! 49%
4.2 4.2 4.2 4.1 4.1
Aluminum Production 6.8! 6.9 6.8] 6.2] 5.5] 5.7! 6.0J 6.0J 6.2J 6.3J 6.1] 4.4! 4.5 4.5J 4.2J 4.1J 3.8! 4.3
Petrochemical Production 3.3! 3.4! 3.6 3.8 4.0
4.1 4.1
4.4 4.5 4.6] 4.5] 4.2] 4.3] 4.1
4.3 0.1! 3%
4.5 3.0 (3.8)! (56)%
4.3 4.2 3.8 3.9 3.4 2.7 (0.6)! (17)%
Carbon Dioxide Consumption 1.4! 1.4 1.4J 1.4J 1.4! 1.4! 1.4! 1.4! 1.4! 1.4! 1.4! 0.8! 1.0 1.3! 1.2] 1.3! 1.7! 1.9
Titanium Dioxide Production 1.2! 1.2! 1.4
1.4
1.5
1.5 1.5 1.7 1.7 1.7! 1.8! 1.7! 1.8
11
2.1
1.8
1.8
1.8 1.9 1.8
Ferroalloy Production 2.2! 1.9 2.0J 1.9! 2.0! 2.0! 2.1! 2.2! 2.2! 2.2! 1.9! 1.5! 1.3 1.3! 1.4] 1.4! 1.5! 1.6
Wetlands Remaining Wetlands 1.0! 1.0! 0.9 1.0 0.9
1.0 0.9 1.0 1.1
1.2! 1.2! 1.1
1.0! 1.0 1.1
1.1
1.8 0.3! 24%
1.5 0.3! 29%
1.6! 1.5 (0.7)| (32)%
0.9 1.0 1.0 1.1 0.1 1 5%
Phosphoric Acid Production 1.5! 1.4 1.5J 1.3J 1.5! 1.5! 1.6! 1.5! 1.6! 1.5! 1.4! 1.3! 1.3 1.4! 1.4] 1.4! 1.2! 1.2
Zinc Production 0.7! 0.9! 0.9 1.0 1.0
0.9 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.9! 1.0! 0.8! 0.8! 1.2 1.1
1.1
1.2! 1.0 (0.5)| (32)%
1.1 1.1 1.2 1.0 0.3! 45%
Lead Production 0.5! 0.5 0.5! 0.5! 0.5! 0.6! 0.6! 0.6! 0.6! 0.6! 0.6! 0.6! 0.6 0.6! 0.5! 0.6! 0.6! 0.6
Petroleum Systems 0.6! 0.5! 0.5 0.5 0.5
0.6! 0.5 +! 2%
0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5] 0.5] 0.5] 0.5] 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 (0.1)1 (17)%
Silicon Carbide Production and Consumption 0.4! 0.3 0.3] 0.3] 0.3! 0.3! 0.3! 0.3] 0.4] 0.3! 0.2! 0.2! 0.2 0.2] 0.2! 0.2! 0.2! 0.2
Land Use, Land-Use Change, and /RK1 ,,, ,/,91 m
Forestry (Sink)' <86t5)\ <833'1) <82tl])
Wood Biomass and Ethanol Consumption' 279.4] 220.2
International Bunker Fuels' n/.g
CH, ] 674.9
120.7
676.4
230.6
113.3
680.8
Natural Gas Systems 189.8] 191.5 191.9
Enteric Fermentation ] 132.1
(772.0)
225.8
102.2
671.6
194.8
(873.2)
232.3
104.7
685.4
197.7
(812.6)
236.9
99.8
678.0
198.4
(711.1)
241.3
107.5
684.3
202.2
(741.4)
235.6
110.2
662.6
201.7
(617.7)
218.2
119.5
656.7
(534.1) (576.6)\ (661. 7)\ (864.8)
227.5] 227.4\ 203.3\ 204.6
101.8
650.2
98.5] 96.6] 704.2
659.9] 655.9
658.0
(1,005.9)
209.8
99.8
649.7
201.2 195.4 209.3! 215.5! 217.2 214.1
132.3 136.4 138.0 140.3 143.5 142.5 139.7 138.1
138.1
136.5; 135.7; 136.1
(1,052.5)
225.2
114.1
636.7
204.8
(1,056.5)
229.8
109.7
631.4
190.4
(1,064.3)
234.8
128.4
672.1
217.7
(1,060.9)
242.3
127.6
664.6
205.2
0.2! 0.1 (0.2)! (61)%
(1,040.5)
253.1
133.7
676.7
211.8
134.3 134.4 136.5 138.8 141.0 140.6
(7,075.7,) (153.5)\ 18%
245.0 25.6\ 72%
723.7 77.3J 70%
686.3 11. 4] 2%
221.2 31.4! 17%
139.8 7.7J 6%
Landfills 147.4] 148.4 149.0; 148.4; 146.7 139.4 136.0; 127.0; 119.7; 114.7; 111.7; 108.2; 108.5 113.7; 109.7; 112.5; 111.7 111.3 115.9; 117.5 (29.9); (20)%
Coal Mining ; 84.1
81.1
79.0 67.7 68.1 67.1 66.8 66.4 66.8 62.9; 60.4; 60.4; 56.8 56.8 58.1
56.9 58.2 57.9 67.1
71.0 (13.0); (16)%
Manure Management | 31.7] 33.2 32.0; 33.5; 35.7 36.8 36.2; 38.0; 41.4; 41.9; 42.4; 44.2; 45.4 42.1; 44.3; 46.6; 46.7 50.7 49.4; 49.5 17.7; 56%
Petroleum Systems | 35.4] 35.6 34.7 33.8 33.7 33.4 33.3 33.2 32.9 31.9] 31.5] 31.5] 31.1
30.4 29.9 29.4 29.4 30.0 30.2 30.9 (4.4); (13)%
Wastewater Treatment j 23.5] 23.9 24.3J 24.4] 24.7 24.8 24.9] 25.2] 25.2] 25.3J 25.2] 24.7] 24.7 24.5; 24.6; 24.3; 24.5 24.4 24.5; 24.5 1.0; 4%
Forest Land Remaining Forest Land 3.2] 2.8 4.2 2.6 7.7 4.3 12.2 2.4 3.2 11.3J 14.3] 8.3] 12.6 8.0 4.6 9.8 21.6 20.0 11.9 7.8 4.6! 144%
Rice Cultivation 7.1
7.0 7.9; 7.0! 8.2 7.6 7.0! 7.5! 7.9! 8.3; 7.5i 7.6! 6.8 6.9! 7.6; 6.8; 5.9 6.2 7.2! 7.3 0.2! 3%
Stationary Combustion 7.4] 7.6 7.8 7.3 7.2 7.1 7.4 6.7 6.2 6.3] 6.6] 6.2] 6.2 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.2 6.5 6.5 6.2 (1.3)! (17)%
Abandoned Underground Coal Mines 6.0J 6.2 6.7] 6.9] 8.1 8.2 8.5] 7.6J 6.9] 7.0J 7.4] 6.7] 6.2 6.0J 5.8J 5.5J 5.5 5.6 5.9J 5.5 (0.5)! (9)%
Mobile Combustion 4.7] 4.6 4.5 4.5 4.4 4.3 4.1 4.0 3.8 3.5] 3.4] 3.3] 2.9 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.3 2.2 2.0 2.0 (2.7)! (58)%
Composting 0.3J 0.4 0.4] 0.5J 0.6 0.7 0.8J 0.9J 1.0J 1.1
1.3; 1.3; 1.3 1.5; 1.6] 1.6; 1.6 1.7 1.7] 1.7 1.3; 421%
Petrochemical Production 0.9] 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.3] 1.2] 1.1
Iron and Steel Production & Metallurgical , J nR
Coke Production
Field Burning of Agricultural Residues 0.3
Ferroalloy Production +
0.2
+
0.9
0.3
+
Silicon Carbide Production and Consumption +| +| +
0.9
0.2
+
+
1.0
0.3
+
+
Incineration of Waste +l +! +! +! +
1.0
0.2
+
+
+
1.0
0.3
+
+
+
1.0
0.3
+
+
+
0.9
0.3
+
+
+
1.2 1.1
0.9] 0.9] 0.8] 0.8] 0.8
0.3
+
+
+
0.3: 0.2
0.2
+i +i +
+| +
+l +
+
+
International Bunker Fuel? I 0.2! 0.2 0.2] 0.7! 07! 07 0.7! 0.7! 0.2 07 07i 0.7! 0.7
N;0 i 315.2
326.5
317.3; 336.9; 336.2; 342.8; 362.9
339.7; 343.4
334.2
341.0; 342.2
331.7
0.2
+
+
+
1.2 1.1
0.8
0.2
+
+
+
0.7
0.2
+
+
+
1.0
0.7
0.2
+
+
+
1.0 0.9
0.7
0.2
+
+
+
0.6
0.3
+
+
+
0.8 (+); (2)%
0.4 (0.6)| (62)%
0.2 (+)| (8)%
+ (+)l (40)%
+ (+)l (67)%
+ (+)l (23)%
0.7] 0.7! 07! 02 0.2! 0.2! 0.7 (+)\ (14)%
317.6
320.0; 322.9; 326.4; 325.1
Agricultural Soil Management 197.8] 207.7 195.4] 212.0] 203.5 207.6 219.3; 209.7; 217.6 203.2 206.8; 220.4; 208.8 202.4; 211.8
Mobile Combustion ; 43.9; 46.0 49.0 51.1
Manure Management \ 14.5
52.8 54.0 54.7 55.3 55.2 54.1
53.2; 50.3; 46.3 42.8 40.1
310.8! 295.6 (19.6); (6)%
211.3; 208.9 209.4 210.7] 204.6 6.8; 3%
36.9 33.6 30.3 26.1
23.9 (20.0); (46)%
14.7 14.8; 14.5] 15.3; 15.7; 15.6; 15.8] 16.0 16.7 17.1; 17.0; 17.4 16.9; 16.9] 17.3; 18.0; 18.1; 17.9] 17.9 3.4; 23%
Nitric Acid Production ; 17.7; 17.7 18.1
18.4 19.4 19.7 20.5 21.0 20.7 19.9 19.4; 15.8; 17.1
Stationary Combustion j 12.8J 12.8 13.0J 13.2; 13.3 13.3 13.9; 14.1; 14.0 14.0 14.6; 14.1
14.0
16.0 15.9 16.5 16.2 19.2 16.4 14.6 (3.1); (18)%
14.s| 14.5] 14.7] 14.4 14.6 14.2] 12.8 (+)| (+)%
Forest Land Remaining Forest Land 2.7] 2.3 3.5 2.2 6.4 3.7 10.2 2.2 2.9 9.7 12.1] 7.2] 10.7 7.0 4.1
Wastewater Treatment 3.7] 3.8 3.9] 4.0! 4.0 4.0 4.1 ! 4.1 1 4.2 4.4
N20 from Product Uses 4.4
8.4 18.0 16.7 10.1
6.7 4.1; 152%
4.5! 4.6! 4.5 4.6! 4.7! 4.8; 4.8 4.9 5.0; 5.0 1.3! 36%
4.3 4.0 4.6 4.6 4.6 4.6 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.9] 4.9] 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4
Adipic Acid Production | 15.8] 15.4 13.5] 14.6] 14.2 17.6 17.4] 9.8] 5.4
Composting 0.4; 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1
Settlements Remaining Settlements 1.0] 1.0 1.1J 1.2] 1.3 1.2 1.1
Incineration of Waste 0.5; 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.5
Field Burning of Agricultural Residues Q.1
Wetlands Remaining Wetlands +
0.1
+
International Bunker Fuels' I 7.7] 7.7
MFCs, PFCs, and SF6 92.0
84.2
0.1
+
7.7
87.9
Substitution of Ozone Depleting Substances 0.3] 0.6] 1.7
0.1
+
7.0
87.8
5.5
HCFC-22 Production 36.4] 32.7] 36.4] 33.1
Semiconductor Manufacture 2.9] 2.9
Aluminum Production 18.5
15.6
2.9
14.3
Electrical Transmission and Distribution 28.4; 27.2 27.1
3.6
13.7
0.1
+
7.0
90.4
12.5
31.5
4.0
12.1
26.3 24.7
0.5
0.1
+
0.9
107.2
29.0
33.0
4.9
11.8
22.8
Magnesium Production and Processing 5.4] 5.2 5.5] 5.6] 5.4] 5.6
Total ! 6,181.8
Net Emissions (Sources and Sinks) ! 5,320.3
6,142.1
5,309.1
6,244.2
5,423.2
6,367.2
5,595.1
6,466.4
5,593.2
6,550.7
0.5
0.1
+
7.0
116.8
40.3
31.2
5.5
12.4
20.9
1.1
4.4 (+)! (+)%
4.9 5.5; 4.7; 5.2 5.7; 3.8] 5.0; 4.3 3.7 2.0] 1.9 (13.8)! (88)%
1.2 1.4] 1.4] 1.4 1.6
1.7 1.7 1.8 1.8
1.9 1.8 1.5; 421%
0.9 0.8 1.1; 1.4; 1.4 1.4; 1.5] 1.5; 1.5 1.6 1.5] 1.5 0.5! 55%
0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4] 0.4] 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4
0.1
+
7.0
123.7
51.4
30.1
5.8
10.8
19.1
0.1
+
7.7
136.1
58.8
0.1
+
0.1] 0.1
+l +
0.1
+
0.1
+
7.o| 09] 0.9] 7.0 0.9
135.2
136.8] 127.2] 136.3
66.6I 74.3] 80.4J 87.1
39.5] 30.4] 28.6] 19.7] 21.1
7.1
8.6
7.2| 6.2] 4.4] 4.3
8.5
8.6] 3.5] 5.2
131.8
92.9
0.1
+
7.7
141.3
99.0
0.1
+
7.0
145.4
104.2
12.3] 17.2] 15.8
4.3
3.8
16.3 16.6 16.0| 16.3J 15.6] 15.1
4.3
2.8
15.1
4.4
3.0
15.1
0.4
0.1
+
7.2
147.4
109.4
13.8
4.7
2.5
14.1
6.6J 6.4| 5.9J 5.9 3.0] 2.9J 2.9J 3.4J 2.9J 2.9i 2.9
6,766.5
5,738.1! 6,055.4
!
6,807.1
6,065.7
6,850.2
6,232.5
6,916.2
6,382.1
7,112.7] 6,998.6
6,536.1] 6,336.8
7,038.5
6,173.7
7,065.1
6,059.3
7,174.8
6,122.3
7,213.5
6,157.1
7,166.9
0.4
0.1
+
7.2
153.7
112.3
17.0
4.8
3.8
13.2
2.6
7,263.4
6,102.6! 6,202.5
i
0.4 0.4 (0.1); (23)%
0.1
+
7.2
152.2
115.5
0.1 +] 3%
+ (+)| P)%
7.7 +| 4%
146.1 54.1 1 59%
120.0 119.6] 36,143%
13.6] 5.4 (31.0)| (85)%
5.1
2.7
13.3
5.3 2.4] 83 %
1.6 (17.0)| (91)%
12.8 (15.6)| (55)%
1.9; 1.1 (4.4)1 (81)%
7,061.1
6,020.7
6.633.2 451 .4J 7%
5,618.2l 297.9] 6 %
1990-2009
Total GHG emissions rose 7.3 percent since 1990
Dominant gas emitted was C02, mostly from fossil fuel combustion
Methane emissions increased by 1.7 percent
Nitrous oxide emissions decreased by 6.2 percent
HFC, RFC, and SF6 emissions have grown by 58.8 percent
8 \
is
09
09 O
09 W
*1
Carbon Dioxide Methane Nitrous Oxide MFCs, PFCs, & SF
£
C3
4.0%
2.0%
0.0%
a a%
liijjjlaail asaia.i
I
'I
SS.2
2|£-»
.
'w
Relative Contribution by
Fuel Type
Commercial
Residential
Industri
Transportation Electricity U.S. Territories
Generation
United States
Environmental Protection
Office Of AtmOSpheriC Programs (6207J) Recycled Paper (Minimur jonsumer)
A -i m^.. i :ree
April 2011
EPA 430-F-11-007
+ Does not exceed 0.05 MMT C02 Eq.
aThe net C02 flux total includes both emissions and sequestration, and constitutes a sink in the United States. Sinks are only
included in net emissions total. Parentheses indicate negative values or sequestration.
b Emissions from Wood Biomass and Ethanol Consumption are not included specifically in summing energy sector totals. Net carbon
fluxes from changes in biogenic carbon reservoirs are accounted for in the estimates for Land Use, Land-Use Change, and Forestry.
c Emissions from International Bunker Fuels are not included in totals.
Note: Totals may not sum due to independent rounding. Emissions weighted using GWP values from IPCC Second Assessment
Report (1996) in keeping with UNFCCC reporting guidelines.
-------
Cflg
o
o
CD
Conversion
Units
Global Warming Potentials
(100 Year Time Horizon)
Gas
Carbon dioxide (C02)
Methane (CH,)*
Nitrous oxide (N20)
HFC-23
HFC-125
HFC-134a
HFC-143a
HFC-152a
HFC-227ea
HFC-236fa
HFC-4310mee
CF<
C2F6
C4F1C
C6F,<
SF6
GWP
SARa
1
21
310
11,700
2,800
1,300
3,800
140
2,900
6,300
1,300
6,500
9,200
7,000
7,400
23,900
AR4b
1
25
298
14,800
3,500
1,430
4,470
124
3,220
9,810
1,640
7,390
12,200
8,860
9,300
22,800
1IPCC Second Assessment Report (1996)
b IPCC Fourth Assessment Report (2007)
* The methane GWP includes the direct effects
and those indirect effects due to the production of
tropospheric ozone and stratospheric water vapor.
The indirect effect due to the production of C02 is
not included.
Note: GWP values from the IPCC Second Assessment
Report are used in accordance with UNFCCC
guidelines.
Global Warming Potential (GWP) is defined as
the cumulative radiative forcing effects of a gas
over a specified time horizon resulting from the
emission of a unit mass of gas relative to a
reference gas. The GWP-weighted emissions
of direct greenhouse gases in the U.S.
Inventory are presented in terms of equivalent
emissions of carbon dioxide (C02), using
units of million metric tons of carbon dioxide
equivalents (MMT C02 Eq.).
Conversion:
1 million metric tons = 106 metric tons
= 109kg
The molecular weight of carbon is 12,
and the molecular weight of oxygen is 16;
therefore, the molecular weight of C02 is
44 (i.e., 12 + [16x2]), as compared to 12
for carbon alone. Thus, the weight ratio of
carbon to carbon dioxide is 12/44.
Conversion from gigagrams of gas to million
metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalents:
MMTCO.EqW Gfl \x(GWP)x/ MMT \
Energy Conversions
The common energy unit used in interna-
tional reports of greenhouse gas emissions
is the joule. A joule is the energy required to
move an object one meter with the force of
one Newton. A terajoule (TJ) is one trillion
(1012) joules. A British thermal unit (Btu, the
customary U.S. energy unit) is the quantity of
heat required to raise the temperature of one
pound of water one degree Fahrenheit at or
near 39.2 Fahrenheit.
TJ =
2.388x10" calories
23.88 metric tons of crude oil equivalent
9.478x108Btu
277,800 kilowatt-hours
Energy Units
Btu
MFJtu
MMBtu
BBtu
TBtu
QBtu
British thermal unit
Thousand Btu
Million Btu
Billion Btu
Trillion Btu
Quadrillion Btu
1 Btu
1xl03Btu
1xl06Btu
1xl09Btu
1xl012Btu
1xl015Btu
Unit Conversions
1 pound
1 kilogram
1 short ton
1 metric ton
1 cubic foot
1 cubic meter =
1 U.S. gallon
1 liter
1 barrel
1 barrel petroleum =
1 foot
1 meter
1 mile
1 square mile
1 square kilometer =
1 acre
0.454 kilograms
2.205 pounds
0.9072 metric tons
1.1 023 short tons
0.02832 cubic meters
35.31 5 cubic feet
3.78541 liters
0.2642 U.S. gallons
31 .5 U.S. gallons
42 U.S. gallons
0.3048 meters
3.28 feet
1.609 kilometers
2. 590 square kilometers
0.386 square miles
43,560 square feet
= 16 ounces
= 35. 27 ounces
= 2,000 pounds
= 1,000 kilograms
= 28.31 68 liters
= 1,000 liters
= 0.031 75 barrels
= 0.0084 barrels
= 11 9 liters
= 159 liters
= 12 inches
= 39.37 inches
= 5,280 feet
= 3,280.84 feet
= 640 acres
= 100 hectares
= 0.4047 hectares
= 0.02381 barrels petroleum
= 0.0063 barrels petroleum
= 0.75 barrels petroleum
= 4,047 square meters
Prefix/Symbo
8 Tera (T)
.2 Giga(G)
« Mega (M)
n- Kilo (k)
~ Hecto (h)
3 Deca (da)
.0
t5 Deci (d)
S Centi (c)
o Mill! (m)
oj Micro (jj)
!5 Nano (n)
a Pico (p)
Factor
1012
109
106
103
102
101
10°
10'1
10-2
10-3
10-6
10-9
10-12
1,000,000,000,000
1,000,000,000
1,000,000
1,000
100
10
1
.1
.01
.001
.000001
.000000001
.000000000001
J2
03
U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions Allocated to Economic Sectors (MMT CO, Eq.)
Implied Sectors
Electric Power Industry
Transportation
Industry
Agriculture
Commercial
Residential
U.S. Territories
Total Emissions
1990
1,868.9
1,545.21
1,564.41
429.0
395.5
345.1
33.7
6,181.8
2000
2,337.6
1, 932.3 1
1, 544.0 1
485.1
381.4
386.2
46.0 H
7,112.7
2005
2,444.6
2,017.4
1,441.9
493.2
387.2
371.0
58.2
7,213.5
2006
2,388.2
1,994.4
1,497.3
516.7
375.2
335.8
59.3
7,166.9
2007
2,454.0
2,003.8
1,483.0
520.7
389.6
358.9
53.5
7,263.4
2008
2,400.7
1,890.7
1,446.9
503.9
403.5
367.1
48.4
7,061.1
2009
2,193.0
1,812.4
1,322.7
490.0
409.5
360.1
45.5
6,633.2
U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions Allocated to Economic Sectors with
Electricity Distributed (MMT C02 Eq.)
| Electric Power Industry | Transportation | Industry
Agriculture Commercial Residential
£ O ; 8,000
C CD ' 7<
> CO'
* : d- 6,000
; H. 4,ooo
I S 3,000
S588SS8S§g
oooooooooo
Implied Sectors
Industry
Transportation
Commercial
Residential
Agriculture
U.S. Territories
Total Emissions
1990
2,238.3
1,548.3
947.7
953.8
460.0
33.7 1
6,181.8
1 2000
2,314.4
1,935.8 1
1, 135.8 1
1, 162.2 1
518.4
1 46.0
7,112.7
2005
2,162.5
2,022.2
1,205.1
1,242.9
522.7
58.2
7,213.5
2006
2,194.6
1,999.0
1,188.5
1,181.5
544.1
59.3
7,166.9
2007
2,192.9
2,008.9
1,225.3
1,229.6
553.2
53.5
7,263.4
2008
2,146.5
1,895.5
1,224.5
1,215.1
531.1
48.4
7,061.1
2009
1,910.9
1,816.9
1,184.9
1,158.9
516.0
45.5
6,633.2
"Z ^ 2,500
.2 £:
E ; ^ 2,000
o : 3 1,500
« j i 1,000
i 500
i 0.
CNF i
I
I Process
Electricity
I Fuel Combustion
_
Industry
Transportation Commercial Residential Agriculture
Download the Inventory at: http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/emissions/usinventoryreport.html
Carboy
formation
Conversion Factors to Energy Units (Heat Equivalents)
Heat Contents and Carbon Content Coefficients of Various Fuel Types
Converting Various Physical Units to Energy UnitsThe values in the following table provide conversion
factors from physical units to energy equivalent units and from energy units to carbon contents. These factors
can be used as default factors, if local data are not available.
Fuel Type
Solid Fuels
Anthracite Coal
Bituminous Coal
Sub-bituminous Coal
Lignite
Coke
Unspecified Coal
Gas Fuels
Natural Gas
Liquid Fuels
Motor Gasoline
Distillate Fuel Oil
Residual Fuel Oil
Jet Fuel
Aviation Gasoline
LPG
Kerosene
Still Gas
Petroleum Coke
Pentanes Plus
Unfinished Oils
Heat Content
Million Btu/Metric Ton
24.88
26.33
18.89
14.18
27.56
27.56
Btu/Cubic Foot
1,026
Million Btu/Petroleum
Barrel
5.22
5.83
6.29
5.67
5.05
3.55
5.67
6.00
6.02
4.62
5.83
Carbon (C) Content
Coefficients
kg C/Million Btu
^^njQi^^H
25.44
26.50
26.65
31.00
25.34
kg C/Million Btu
14.46
kg C/Million Btu
19.46
20.17
20.48
19.70
18.86
16.83
19.96
18.20
27.85
19.10
20.31
Carbon Dioxide (C02)
per Physical Unit
kg CCWMetric Ton
2,579.9
2,456.6
1,835.9
1,385.6
3,131.9
2,560.0
kg CtyCubic Foot
0.0544
kg COz/Petroleum
Barrel
372.2
430.8
472.1
409.5
349.0
219.3
415.1
400.3
615.1
323.6
433.8
Note: For fuels with variable heat contents and carbon content coefficients, 2009 U.S. average values are
presented. All factors are presented in gross calorific values (GCV) (i.e., higher heating values). LRG =
Liquid Refinery Gas. Miscellaneous products includes all finished products not otherwise classified,
(e.g., aromatic extracts and tars, absorption oils, ram-jet fuel, synthetic natural gas, naptha-type jet fuel,
and specialty oils).
C02 Emissions
from Fossil Fuel
Combustion
Fuel Combusted x Carbon Content Coefficient
x Fraction Oxidized x (44/12)
May include adjustments for carbon stored in fossil fuel-based
products, emissions from international bunker fuels, or
emissions from territories.
Carbon Intensity of Different Fuel Types
The amount of carbon in fossil fuels per unit of energy content varies signifi-
cantly by fuel type. For example, coal contains the highest amount of carbon
per unit of energy, while petroleum has about 25 percent less carbon than
coal, and natural gas about 45 percent less.
For more information on calculating C02 emissions per kWh,
download eGRID at:
http://www.epa.gov/cleanenergy/egrid
For other related information, see:
http://www.epa.gov/climatechangeand
http://unfccc.int
Source for all data: Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks 1990-2009 (EPA 2011)
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