EPA-450/3-77-007
BACKGROUND DOCUMENT:
BAGASSE COMBUSTION
IN SUGAR MILLS
by
Robert Baker
Environmental Science and Engineering, Inc.
University Station
Gainesville, Florida 32604
Contract No. 68-02-1402
Task Order No. 13
EPA Project Officer: Thomas F. Lahre
Prepared for
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Office of Air and Waste Management
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
January 1977
-------
This report is issued by the Environmental Protection Agency to report
technical data of interest to a limited number of readers. Copies are
available free of charge to Federal employees, current contractors and
grantees, and nonprofit organizations - in limited quantities - from the
Library Services Office (MD-35), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
27711; or, for a fee, from the National Technical Information Service,
5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, Virginia 22161.
This report was furnished to the Environmental Protection Agency by
Environmental Science and Engineering, Inc. , University Station, Gaines-
ville, Florida 326t)4, in fulfillment of Contract No. 68-02-1402, Task Order
No. 13. The contents of this report are reproduced herein as received
from Environmental Science and Engineering, Inc. The opinions, findings,
and conclusions expressed are those of the author and not necessarily
those of the Environmental Protection Agency. Mention of company or
product names is not to be considered as an endorsement by the Environ-
mental Protection Agency.
Publication No. EPA-450/3-77-007
11
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Contents Page
SECTIONS
I - General Information 1
II - Operations 3
III - Emissions 4
IV - Factors Affecting Emissions 8
V - Controls « 10
IV - Development of Emission Factors 12
IIV - Reliability of Emission Factors 24
References 26
General References 27
FIGURES
1 - Typical sugar factory with cane wash 2
2 - Photomicrograph (Sample F117, 1260X) 5
3 - Photomicrograph (Sample F126, 1260X) 6
4 - Photomicrograph (Sample F208, 1260X) 7
5 - Spray impingement scrubber 11
TABLES
I - Typical Bagasse Composition! 3
II - Particle Size Distributions, Martin's Diameter 9
III - Summary of Particulate Emission Data for Bagasse Boilers....15-21
iii
-------
TABLE OF CONTENTS
(Cont'd.)
TABLES (Cont'd) Page
IV - Summary of Nitrogen Oxides (as N02) Emission Data for
Bagasse Boilers 22
V - Particulate Emission Factors for Bagasse Boilers 23
VI - Nitrogen Oxide (as N02) Emission Factor for Bagasse
Boilers 23
VII - Ranking of Bagasse Boiler Particulate Emission Factors... 25
APPENDIX A - Inventory of Sugar Cane Industry 29-39
iv
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SUGAR CANE PROCESSING - BAGASSE COMBUSTION
I. General Information
Bagasse is a waste product of the sugar cane extraction process and has
a heating value of up to 4,000 BTU per pound (wet). Figure 1 shows
typical sugar cane wash and mill operations generating juice and bagasse.
9
The bagasse represents about 30% of the weight of the raw sugar cane.
In order for the sugar cane mill to avoid a large solid waste disposal
problem and to minimize the cost of power requirements, the bagasse is
used as the primary fuel for on-site steam production. In at least one
mill, it is sent to an adjacent chemical production plant for use in
making furfural and the bagasse residue is returned as fuel for genera-
•3
ting process steam for both facilities.
No. 6 fuel oil is fired as an auxiliary fuel to increase the steam pro-
duction per boiler when firing wet bagasse (>50% moisture content) or
when the steam load can not be met by burning only bagasse. Several
mills incorporate a bagasse dryer or air pre-heater system to reduce the
quantity of fuel oil used, however this practice is not in common use
in the industry.4'5'6
The United States sugar cane industry is located in Florida, Louisiana,
Hawaii, Texas, and Puerto Rico. Except in Hawaii, where raw sugar pro-
duction takes place year around, the industry is seasonal ranging from
two to five months per year.
Table 1 shows a typical bagasse composition; the low sulfur and high
-1-
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Boiler Feed Water
CONOENSATE
STORAGE
Dilution of Molasses
Imbibition Washing
Discharge
Electricity
Cane
Turbogenerators
Steam Turbines
Condenser
Water From
Barometric
Legs
Leveler
Cane
Bearing Cooling
Water—Cooled
and Recycled or
Discharged
Wash
Mechanical Mill Drive
Crusher
Cane Wash Water
to Discharge
or Recycle
Knives
Screenings
To
Filter
Imbibition Water
Juice Re£ycle I _
,*" / -^. ,~1
Mill Tandem
Juice To
Clarification
FIGURE 1
TYPICAL SUGAR FACTORY WITH CANE WASH
-------
moisture contents are of interest. The size of a bagasse fiber is
dependent upon the mill requirements for shredding and can range from
fine particles to 1/4 inch.
Table I Typical Bagasse Composition.
Percent by Weight
as Fired
H2 Hydrogen 2.8
C Carbon 23.4
S Sulfur <.l
N2 Nitrogen 0.1
0 Oxygen 20.0
H20 Moisture 52.0
A Ash 1.7
Heating Value 4,000 BTU/pound
II. Operations
Bagasse boilers function to incinerate the bagasse and recover the
available heat in the form of steam. The overall thermal efficiency
for a typical unit is 55% (ranging from 50-70%). In comparison
with large fossil fuel fired steam generators this efficiency
range is rather low. However, since bagasse is a plentiful by-product
fuel with a potential for a large solid waste problem, thermal effi-
ciencies have been of secondary importance.
—3—
-------
A bagasse boiler has a furnace chamber similar to an incinerator; it
can be either a solid hearth or a grate type. The solid hearth design
employs a horseshoe or equivalent furnace configuration. Bagasse is
gravity fed through chutes and forms a pile of burning fibers. The
burning occurs on the surface of the pile and receives combustion air
through primary and overtired air ports located in the furnace walls.
The fire bed is occasionally manually stoked and raked. Pile burning
is common in most older mills in the sugar cane industry.
Another type of combustion chamber uses a traveling grate which carries
the bagasse into the combustion zone. Underfired air is used to sus-
pend the bagasse and overtired air is supplied to complete the combus-
tion. This method of burning requires bagasse with a high percentage
of fines, a moisture content not over 50%, and more experienced opera-
ting personnel. The Hawaiian mills reported in the reviewed emission
tests generally use this type of furnace design.
Ill. Emissions
Two reports performed by EPA contractors show the emissions from bagasse
boilers to be particulates, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen oxides. All other
test reports gave data concerning only particulate emissions.
Figures 5, 6, and 7 show photomicrographs of the particulate matter emit-
8
ted from a bagasse fired boiler. As can be noticed, the shapes of the
particles are elongated and fiberous. A size distribution for these
-4-
-------
FIGURE 2 PHOTOMICROGRAPH
Sample F117, 1260X
-5-
-------
FIGURE 3 PHOTOMICROGRAPH
Sample F126, 1260X
-6-
-------
FIGURE 4 PHOTOMICROGRAPH
Sample F208, 1260X
-7-
-------
photomicrographs is presented in Table II. These studies were performed
by microscopy analysis. However, using other sizing techniques at other
mills, size distributions were obtained of approximately 20% (by Coulter
9 . 10
Counter) and approximately 85% (by in-stack impactor) being
11 in • H'12
smaller than 10 microns.
All of the above size distribution data were obtained from either uncon-
trolled or multi-cyclone controlled bagasse boilers. Variability of the
size distribution may be due to technical methods (sample sized in-stack
versus collection on a filter prior to sizing) or due to process differ-
ences (boiler type, variety of sugar cane, size of bagasse, auxilliary
fuel used, etc. ).
IV. Factors Affecting Emissions'
Since bagasse boilers are more closely related to incinerators rather
than process boilers, the primary combustion factors that influence
emission rates are the same as incinerators, such as:
1. Specific design of the combustion chamber (solid hearth, grates,
primary and secondary air port locations, geometries of furnace)
2. Variability of fuel (specific variety of sugar cane, age, soil and
rainfall, growing conditions, moisture content, degree of fineness in
milling, use of auxiliary fuel)
3. Firing characteristics (feed rate per furnace volume, excess air,
reinjection of fly ash)
4. Good operating techniques and proper equipment maintenance.
-8-
-------
TABLE II
Particle Size Distributions, Martin's Diameter
Sample F117 Sample F126 Sample F208
Size. Mm No. % Wt. % No. % Wt. % No. % Wt. %
< 2.2 9.02 0 16.0 0 7.40 0
2.2-4.4 17.0 0 20.6 0 18.5 0
4.4-8.8 24.5 0.06 25.5 0.05 27.2 0.08
8.8-17.6 24.5 0.55 15.4 0.24 22.2 0.54
17.6-35.2 17.0 3.08 13.5 1.71 15.1 2.96
35.2-70.4 5.41 7.88 5.53 5.62 6.34 9.97
70.4-140.8 1.80 21.0 1.84 15.0 2.64 33.2
•
140.8-220.0 0.36 20.9 1.23 49.8 0.26 16.6
> 220.0 0.36 46.4 0.30 27.5 0.26 36.6
-9-
-------
V. Controls
Particulate emissions are reduced by use of either multi-cyclones or water
scrubbers. Other types of control equipment have been investigated but
have not been found to be practical. Baghouses have a fire potential
from carry-over of burning particles. Electrostatic precipitators have
been used, but with little success.
Multi-cyclones have been reported to have collection efficiencies of
20-60%. However, the particulate emissions are abrasive and severe
erosion problems can be associated with mechanical collectors.
Scrubbers have collection efficiencies of approximately 90% and are of two
basic types; venturi and spray, impingement. The venturi scrubber requires
a medium to high pressure drop of about 10-15 inches of water which produces
collection efficiencies of 90%+. The spray impingement scrubber (see
Figure 4) operates at from 4-6 inches of water and has efficiencies up to
90%. Operational problems occur with scrubbers due to clogged spray nozzles,
sludge deposits in hopper, dirty recirculation water, improper water levels
and too low pressure drops. Based on the reported test data, the use of
both types of scrubbers is generally limited to the Florida mills in order
to comply with the more stringent control regulations. The spray impinge-
ment scrubber is in greater use due to lower energy requirements and less
operating and maintenance problems.
In the review of the reported emission tests, it was found that the con-
trols in use on most bagasse boilers reflect the existing state regulations
-10-
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Figure 5 Spray Impingement Scrubber,
Gas Outlet-
Water Spra;
Gas inlet
Cos Inlet Passage
Annular Impingement
Gap1
Liquid Bath
Spray ElIminator
Chamber
Swirl Vonos
ElImlnator Sump
Agglomerator
•Chamber
Riser Duct
Gas Inlet Passage
Peripheral Nozzle
Liquid Inlet
Sump Discharge
Drain a
SECTION THROUGH SCRUBBER
(Weir Box not shown)
-------
rather than the state-of-the art. Presently, federal new source per-
formance standards have not been promulgated for bagasse boilers.
VI. Development of Emission Factors
Most bagasse boilers have limited monitoring of operating parameters.
The steam production will be measured and recorded and the fuel oil
may be metered, but the amount of bagasse fired is not directly measured.
Therefore, when source sampling a bagasse boiler, the field data obtained
are generally steam production (at a specific pressure and temperature)
and fuel oil consumption. The heat input from the burning of the bagasse
is based upon calculations using percent boiler efficiency, BTU content
of the bagasse, and the steam load corrected for that amount coming from
the fuel oil.
Bagasse Input = Steam(BTU/hr) ' ,„„,„/, \
(ITU/hour) Boiler Efficiency (%) ~ Oil Ir*ut (BTU/hr)
In developing our methodology for this project, it was decided that
since steam production was the only directly measurable parameter, it
should be the basis for an emission factor. The contribution of parti-
culates from the fuel oil could be determined from Section 1.3 Fuel Oil
Combustion of AP-42, added to that from bagasse and a total potential
emissions estimated.
In order to develop the emission factors, test data were obtained from
3 mills in Puerto Rico, 7 mills in Florida, and 6 mills in Hawaii. Data
was not received from the mills in Louisiana and Texas nor from the
remaining mills in Hawaii and Puerto Rico. (A complete inventory of
-12-
-------
sugar cane processors is in Appendix A.
It was decided to have emission factors for each type of control
device generally used (none/multi-cyclone/scrubber) and for fuel
used (bagasse versus bagasse and oil).
Initially, the data for each test run reported were inventoried for
the following information:
1. Steam Load
2. Fuel Oil Used
3. Type of Furnace
4. Flue Gas Composition
5. Emission Rate - Ibs/hour
6. Air Pollution Controls
If not given, values of total heat input from bagasse were calculated
by dividing the steam load by 60% boiler efficiency, minus the portion
generated from fuel oil. The heat inputs were used to obtain estimates
of the pounds emissions per million BTU's. These figures could be
readily compared to most state standards based on the same units.
Factors of pounds emissions per 1,000 pounds of steam produced from
firing bagasse alone were calculated for each test series.
Based on past engineering experience with bagasse boilers, test results
were classified as acceptable or questionable. The latter were either
too high or low for the level of control equipment used and were not
used in developing the final emission factors.
-13-
-------
Table III presents a summary of all test data and calculated factors.
It should be noted that the spread of the factors within each control
group is large. A linear regression analysis of emission rate to steam
loading was performed for each control category and the calculated
correlation coefficients were found to be low in each case.
The summary of the nitrogen dioxide emission data is presented in
Table IV. All data points were taken from three tests conducted by
EPA contractors; other tests reviewed did not include NO in their
X
sampling program.
The particulate emission factors from the acceptable test series were
to have been averaged per control type and further divided per fuel
used. The latter could not be done for the first two control groups
due to lack of sufficient data. Table V shows the factors calculated
for each group.
It should be noted that Table V shows multi-cyclones and scrubbers to
be 29% and 90% efficient respectively. These efficiencies seem to be
low for the multi-cyclones and about as expected for the scrubbers.
The lower emission factor for boilers fired with bagasse rather than
bagasse and oil, is most probably the result of the wide data spread
and round-off errors. These fuel category emission factors are not
presented in the draft of Section 1.8.
The emission factors should be used to estimate the portion of the par-
-14-
-------
TABLE III. Summary of Particulate Emission Data for Bagasse Boilers.
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TABLE Til. Summary of Particulate Emission Data for Baeasse Boilp.rs, continued.
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Central Aguirre
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Central Aguirre
Co. Units 17, 18,
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1975 1653
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TABLE III. Summary of Particulate Emission Data for Bagasse Boilers, continued.
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Laupahoehoe Co.
Unit Not Specified
Honokaa Company
Unit Not Specified
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' Coop, Unit 1
Talisman Sugar
o> * Emission Factors
Q/
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(2
1975
1975
1975
1975
4-1
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p
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Co., Unit 4
Talisman Sugar
Co., Unit 5
1975
57
212
106
.3
.5
Average: 3.74 lbs/10^ Ibs steam - All data points
2.72 lbs/10-* Ibs steam - Only acceptable data points
-------
TABLE III. Summary of Particulate Emission Data for Bagasse Boilers, continued
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TABLE III. Summary of Particulate Emission Data for Bagasse Boilers, continued
10
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Osceola Farms
Unit 1
Osceola Farms
Unit 2
Osceola Farms
Unit 3
Osceola Farms
Unit 4
Sugar Cane Growers
Coop, Unit 1
Sugar Cane Growers
Coop, Unit 2
Sugar Cane Growers
Coop, Unit 3
Sugar Cane Growers
Coop, Unit 4
Sugar Cane Growers
CO
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GRUBBERS
48
125
71
68
123
107
97
240
150
Emission
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-------
TABLE III. Summary of Particulate Emission Data for Bagasse Boilers, continued.
4-1
•H
4-1
•H
H
•H
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0)
PM
U.S. Sugar Corp.
Clewiston-Unit 1
U.S. Sugar Corp.
Clewiston-Unit 2
U.S. Sugar Corp.
, Clewiston-Unit 3
o
' U.S. Sugar Corp.
Clewiston-Unit 6
U.S. Sugar Corp.
Bryant-Unit 3
U.S. Sugar Corp.
Bryant-Unit 2
U.S. Sugar Corp.
Clewiston-Unit 1
U.S. Sugar Corp.
Clewiston-Unit 2
U.S. Sugar Corp.
cu
^J
to
o
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CO
CU
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1975
1975
1975
1975
1975
1975
1974
1974
1974
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06
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56
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176
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287
315
134
129
276
290
289
232
274
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RUBBERS
149
158
67
58
137
149
145
116
137
Emission Factors
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B A
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Bryant-Unit 3
-------
TABLE III. Summary of Particulate Emission Data for Baeasse Boilers, continued.
Atlantic
Unit 1
Atlantic
Unit 2
i
M Atlantic
1 Unit 3
Atlantic
=*=
u
•H
C
1
^
4-1
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Sugar Assn.
Sugar Assn.
Sugar Assn.
Sugar Assn.
4)
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a
4J
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£
1975
1975
1975
1975
eu
4->
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62
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-------
TABLE IV. Summary of Nitrogen Oxides (as NO?) Emission
Data for Bagasse Boilers.
Emission Factors
Mill - Unit - Date
Emission lbs/106 lbs/103lbs
Ibs/hour ppm BTU steam
Fuel
B-Bagasse Data
0-Oil Evaluation
Talisman Sugar Corp.
Unit 5 - 1975
27.02 88
.19
.32
B,0
Acceptable
Hawaiian Commercial
Sugar Co., Puunene
Mill, Units 1 & 2
79.50 98.8 -6
.44
Acceptable
Hawaiian Commercial
Sugar Co., Puunene
Mill, Unit 3
26.98 42.2
.12
Acceptable
Average: .29 lbs/103 Ibs steam
-22-
-------
TABLE V. Particulate Emission Factors for Bagasse Boilers.
Control Type lbs/1000 Ibs steam
None 3.83
Multi-cyclones 2.72
Scrubbers 0.37 (0.31 bagasse only,
0.56 bagasse and oil)
TABLE VI. Nitrogen Oxide (as N0_) Emission Factor for
Bagasse Boilers
Emission Factor: .3 lbs/10^ Ibs steam
-23-
-------
ticulate and NOX emission rates from the firing of only the bagasse.
If significant amounts of auxiliary fuel is to be used, its portion of
the particulate and NO- emission rates can be estimated from Table 1.3-1
of AP-42.
The NC>2 emission factor for bagasse firing (.3 Ibs/lcP Ibs steam) is
much lower than if 100% fuel oil was burning in the same units (*»1.1
lbs/103lbs steam based on Table 3.1-1 of AP-42).
VII. Reliability of Emission Factors
The methodology used in the development of the bagasse boiler emission
factors was based upon source emission data and engineering review of
the data. A summary of the ranking procedures is shown in Table VII.
The overall ranking is 21 points for particulate and 24 points for
nitrogen oxides which gives an average letter grade of "C". The
reliability of the emission factors in Tables V and VI are felt to
be such that they will yield a fair estimate of the potential emis-
sions from bagasse fired boilers.
-24-
-------
Table VII. Ranking of Bagasse Boiler Particulate Emission Factors.
Particulates
No controls
Cyclones
Scrubbers
Emission
Data
0-20 pts.
12
15
18
Process
Data
0-10 pts.
0
0
0
Engineering
Analysis
0-10 pts.
5
7
7
Total
17
22
25
Nitrogen oxides
20
0 5
AVERAGE
21
-25-
-------
REFERENCES
1. Steam, Its Generation and Use, 37th Ed. New York, Babcock and Wilcox
Co., 1963.
2. Development Document for Effluent Limitations Guidelines and New
Source Performance Standards for the Raw Cane Sugar, Processing
Segment of the Cane Sugar Processing Point Source Category, Environ-
mental Science and Engineering, Inc. Gainesville, Florida. July,
1974.
3. Telephone conversation with Mr. Enrique Arias of Sugar Cane Growers
Cooperative, Belle Glade, Florida.
4. Bailliet, V.o. Bagasse Drying Versus Air Pre-heating, The Sugar
Journal, March, 1976.
5. Kerr, E.W. condensed by W.P. Boulet. Waste Fuel Drying and the
Energy Crisis. The Sugar Journal, March,1975.
6. Boulet, W.P. Waste Fuel Drying and the Energy Crisis. The Sugar
Journal, November, 1975.
7. See "General References" Ic and Id
8. See "General References" 2
9. See "General References" Id
10. See "General References" Ic
11. Hendrickson, E.R. Investigation of Ambient Air Quality. Florida
Sugar Cane League, Inc. September 1, 1970.
12. Background Information for Establishment of National Standards of
Performance for New Sources. Raw Cane Sugar Industry. Environ-
mental Science and Engineering, Inc. Gainesville, Florida. Pre-
pared for the Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle
Park, N.C. under Contract No. CPA 70-142, Task Order 9c. July
15, 1971.
13. Hendrickson, E.R. and F.A. Grillot, Jr. Raw Sugar Factor Wastes and
their Control.
-26-
-------
General References
1. Source Emission Test Data
a. Galso Technical Services, Inc. - Central Aguirre, P.R. - Boilers 19 & 20
17, 18 & 19
Central Fojardo, P.R. - Boilers 1 & 2;
3, 4, 5, & 6
Central Mercedita, P.R. - Boilers 3, 4, 5,
6 & 7; 1, 8 & 9
b. Ecology Audits Inc. - Oahu Co. Ha. - Boiler Not Specified
Hawaiian Commercial Sugar Co. Ha. -
Paia Mill - Boiler Not Specified
Puunene Mill - Boilers 1 6, 2; 3
Laupahoehoe Co. Ha. - Boiler Not Specified
Honokaa Co. Ha. - Boiler Not Specified
c. Midwest Research Institute - Hawaiian Sugar Co. Ha. - Boilers 1 fie 2; 3
Puunene Mill - Boilers 1 & 2; 3
d. Engineering Science Inc. - Talisman Sugar Co. - Boilers 4 & 5
e. Florida Sugar Cane League Inc. - Gulf & Western Foods, Fla. - Boilers
4, 5, 6, 11
Osceola Farms, Florida - Boilers 1, 2, 3, 4,
U. S. Sugar Corp., Florida -
Clewiston Mill - Boilers 1, 2, 3, 6
Bryant Mill - Boilers 2, 3
f. Sholtes & Koolger Inc. - Glades County Coop., Fla. - Boilers 1, 2
Talisman Sugar Corp., Fla. - Boilers 4, 5, 6
-27-
-------
Environmental Science & Engineering Inc. - Atlantic Sugar Association, Fla.
Boilers 1, 2, 3, 4
Sugar Cane Growers Coop, Fla.
Boilers 1, 2, 3, 4 & 5
Gulf & Western Foods, Fla.
Boiler 10
Osceola Farms, Fla.
Boilers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
U.S. Sugar Corp., Fla.
Boilers 1, 2, 3
Duhe-Bourgeois Sugar Co., La.
Boiler Unknown
2. Scrubber Efficiency Data
Environmental Science & Engineering, Inc. - Pilot Plant Tests
-28-
-------
APPENDIX A
INVENTORY OF SUGAR CANE INDUSTRY
-29-
-------
MEEKER
IP 0
GHBB9SZ
SCALE
10 20 Mil**
FIGURE A-l LOUISIANA SUGAR FACTORIES
(BAYOU TECHE) OPERATING 1973
-30-
-------
NORTH
PAINCOURTVILLE
NAPOLEONVILLE
SCALE
FIGURE A-2
LOUISIANA SUGAR FACTORIES
(MISSISSIPPI RIVER VALLEY)
OPERATING 1973
-31-
-------
TABLE A-l
LOUISIANA SUGAR FACTORIES OPERATING 1972-1973
Factory Name
Location
Normal Grind
(Metric Tens/Day)
Alma
Angola
Armant
Audubon
Billeaud
Breaux Bridge
Cajun
Caldwell
Catherine
Cedar Grove
dnclare
Columbia
Columbia
Cora-Texas
Delgado-Albania
Duhe & Bourgeois
Enterprise
Evan Hall
Georgia
Glenwood
Greenwood
*24 Hour Capacity
Lakeland
Angola State Prison
Vacherie
Baton Rouge
Brossard
Breaux Bridge
New Iberia
Thibodaux
Bayou Goula
White Castle
Brusly
Edgard
Franklin
White Castle
Jeanerette
Jeanerette
Jeanerette
McCall
Mathews
Napoleonville
Thibadoux
1,814
778
2,392
326*
2,267
1,807
4,017
3,159
68
1,730
2,535
1,146
1,360
2,425
1,601
1,270
3,379
4,330
1,938
3,083
2,774
-32-
-------
TABLE A- 1(Continued)
LOUISIANA SUGAR FACTORIES OPERATING 1972-1973
Factory Name
Helvetia
Iberia
Leighton
Louisa
Lula
Meeker
Myrtle Grove
Oaklawn
Poplar Grove
Racel and
St. James
St. John
St. Mary
San Francisco
Smithfield
Southdown
Sterling
Supreme
Terrebonne
Valentine
Vida
Westfield
Location
Convent
New Iberia
Thibadoux
Louisa
Belle Rose
Meeker
Plaquemine
Franklin
Port Allen
Racel and
St. James
St. Marti nvi lie
Jeanerette
Reserve
Port Allen
Houma
Franklin
Supreme
Montegut
Lockport
Loreauville
Paincourtville
-33-
Normal Grind
(Metric Tons/Day)
2,133
3,193
4,177
1,906
2,797
2,052
1,852
3,558
1,779
4,258
3,367
2,409
3,174
832
1,833
3,174
4,331
2,868
2,079
2,411
866
3,294
-------
L E 0 E N D
SUGAR FACTORY
HIGHWAY NUMBER
TOWN
I h| dh •
NORTH
SAN JUAN
IOUALDAD
MAYA6UEZ
EUREKA
2) -.j. PONCE^JlJilERCEOITA
QUANICA
AQUIRREL
FAJARDO
FIGURE A-3
OPERATING SUGAR FACTORIES
IN PUERTO RICO (1974)
APPROXIMATE SCALE
IN MILES
-------
TABLE A-2
PUERTO RICO FACTORIES OPERATING 1974
Factory Name
Central Agtrirre
Central Cambalache
Central Coloso
Central Eureka
Central Fajardo
Central Guanica
Central Igualdad
Central Mercedita
Central Ro1g
Central Plata
Location
Salinas
Arecibo
Coloso
Hormiqueros
Fajardo
Ensenada
Mayaguez
Mercedita
Yabacoa
San Sebastian
Normal Grind
(Metric Tons/Day)
4,988
3,991
2,932
1,360
1,841
3,628
1,542
453
3,084
4,535
-35-
-------
,vC.
*t«,
OCEAN CANAL
a s so • 4 4~r " r
OAR C»_
OPEX/ITIVE FACTOHY
NOR TH
TO PALM
BEACH
!•*
TL.AMTIC ..
UGAR FACTQHY _
FIGURE A-4
FLORIDA CANE SUGAR FACTORIES
OPERATING DURING 1972 - 1973
GRAPHIC SCALE
-------
Kekaho
CO
•~J
I
K AU Al
KEKAHA CO."
OLOKELE CO.
McBRYDE CO.
OAHU
NORTH
toiwa
WAIALUA CO
art City
GROVE FARM CO.
OAHU CO.'
Honolulu
PIONEER Ml
Lahaina
Wailuku
.WAILUKU CO.
-Lower Paia
PAIA MILL
M A U I
-------
TABLE A-3
FLORIDA SUGAR FACTORIES OPERATING 1973
Factory Name
Location
Normal Grind
(Metric tons/Day)
Atlantic Sugar
Association
Glades County Sugar
Growers Coop.
Gulf Western Food
Okeelanta Sugar Div.
Osceola Farms
Sugar Cane Growers
Coop, of Florida
Talisman Sugar
Corporation
U.S. Sugar
Corporation
U.S. Sugar
Corporation
Belle Glade
Moore Haven
South Bay
Pahokee
Belle Glade
Belle Glade
Bryant
Clewiston
5,200
4,100
11,000
5,000
9,100
9,100
10,000
10,000
-38-
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
i. REPORT NO.
EPA-450/3-77-007
2.
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Background Document
Bagasse Combustion in Sugar Mills Compilation of
(Section 1.8 in AP-42 Emission Factors)Air pollutant
5. REPORT DATE
January 197J
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
R.A.
T.
Baker
-USE
P A
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Science & Engineering, Inc.
P.O. Box 13454 University Station
Gainesville, Florida 32604
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-1402
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
EPA, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
National Air Data Branch
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Background Document
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
This is a background document in support of the contents of Section 1.8 of AP-2,
Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Second Edition. It concerns the
major criteria pollutants emitted during the combustion of bagasse (a fiberous
waste product in a sugar cane mill) in steam boilers. The general aspects of mill
operations, physical characteristics of the bagasse and its combustion, furnace
designs, air pollution control devices and factors affecting emissions are de-
scribed. Stack emission tests are reviewed and analyzed for inclusion in the data
base for developing factors for particulate and NOX emission while firing bagasse
or bagasse and fuel oil. The reliability of these factors is evaluated and pres-
ented.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
COSATI Field/Group
IB. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Unlimited
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report)
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
39
20. SECURITY CLASS (This page)
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (t-73)
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