United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office of Research &
Development
National Health &
Environmental Effects
Research Laboratory
Feature Stories
page 1: Coldwater Refugia
page 2: Into a Dead Zone
page 3: Marshall Islands
Recycling Plan
page 5-6: WED Science
Around the World
page 6-9: Recent
Publications
below: Trout packed into a ther-
mal refuge. Note large trout
(arrow) dominating the coolest
area.
These fish are easy prey for
predators like herons and otters.
Western Ecology Division
Research Update
Summer 2007
Corvallis, Oregon
EPA/600/N-07/003
2r
BURNING QUESTIONS FOR COLD WATER FISHES
Climate change, increased
demands for water, and
land cover alterations can
add stress to freshwater
ecosystems and cause an
increase in stream and river
water temperatures. Along
with warm summertime
temperatures, these stress-
ful conditions for fishes
requiring cold water are a
commonly cited reason for
declines of wild salmon
and trout in Pacific North-
west streams.
According to WED biolo-
gist Dr. Joe Ebersole,
some of the negative ther-
mal consequences of hu-
man actions can be miti-
gated. However, the costs
of implementing such
strategies are often high, so
having a strong scientific
basis for decision making
is desirable. Predicting the
benefits of reducing high
water temperatures will
The best thermal refugia have overhanging vegetation, are
close to feeding locations and relatively deep. Water here can
be up to 10 degrees (centigrade) cooler than in main channel.
^w
•:*
'**
depend on increasing our
understanding of how
temperature affects fish.
Temperatures within
streams are seldom uni-
form, says Ebersole.
Colder water from sub-
surface sources entering
the beds and banks of
streams with complex
channel structure can cre-
ate pockets of colder wa-
ter within warm streams.
These pockets may pro-
vide relief for coldwater
fishes like salmon during
periods of stress.
That trout and salmon use
such thermal refuges to
escape stressful or even
lethal temperatures has
been long recognized, but
other factors influencing
the suitability of these
refuges for trout and
salmon have not been
previously explored.
Ebersole found that the
fish also responded to
refuge depth, dissolved
oxygen levels, and the
amount of riparian vege-
tation covering the ref-
uge.
These results—that the
presence of cold water
alone may not be suffi-
cient to create a useful
refuge for trout and
salmon during periods of
warm water tempera-
tures— are relevant to
questions pertaining to
ecosystem services pro-
vided by subsurface-
streamwater interactions,
and to the importance of
intermittent streams to
downstream water bodies
and fish populations.
The information will be
useful in efforts to protect
and restore stream habi-
tats for salmon and trout.
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DELVING INTO AN OCEAN DEAD ZONE
Hypoxia (low oxygen in the wa-
ter) can cause so-called "dead
zones" in the ocean where living
creatures are scarce. It disrupts
ecosystems and can lead to mas-
sive die-offs or migration offish
and invertebrates. Recovery can
take months or even years.
Hypoxia can occur when a large
phytoplankton bloom is followed
by a strong increase in bacteria.
The bacteria feed on the dead
plankton, and since bacteria re-
quire oxygen, they decrease the
amount of oxygen in the water.
The initial cause of a large phyto-
plankton bloom could be pollu-
tion from rivers (like fertilizer
runoff) or natural events like
changes in ocean circulation pat-
terns, which can cause the water
to stratify (water stays in layers
and doesn't mix vertically), fur-
ther feeding the hypoxic condi-
tions. Warm weather can cause
water stratification and help pro-
long low oxygen events.
above: Dead crabs 2004 by Elizabeth
Gates.
Dungeness crabs (Cancer magisterj
washed up along the Oregon coast
after succumbing to low-oxygen con-
ditions during 2004. There are signs
that hypoxia has returned to the
area again this summer.
In April 2007, Dr. Pete Eldridge trav-
eled to Gulf Breeze, Florida to confer
with scientists at EPA's Gulf Ecology
Division and take a hypoxia sampling
cruise aboard the Bold, EPA's ocean
survey vessel.
Eldridge first spent a week working at
the Naval Research Laboratory in
Stennis, MS to integrate WED's bio-
geochemical model into the Navy's
hydrodynamic model. The combined
Navy/EPA model provides a frame-
work for analyzing data collected by
the Bold.
The Ocean Survey Vessel Bold is EPA's
ocean and coastal monitoring vessel.
A former Navy craft, the Bold is now
equipped with state-of-the-art sam-
pling, mapping, and analysis equip-
ment including side-scan sonar, un-
derwater video, water sampling in-
struments, and sediment sampling
devices.
She can carry a crew of up to 20 scien-
tists, and her capabilities include
monitoring of ocean dumping sites
and analysis of ecological disturbances
such as algal blooms.
The Bold can also be used to monitor
air deposition and to investigate large-
scale oceanic conditions such as Gulf
of Mexico hypoxia events.
The study's objective was to develop
a mechanistic description of proc-
esses that drive hypoxia (a recurring
"dead zone") on the Louisiana Shelf
off the Gulf Coast. Nutrients from
the Mississippi river watershed are
stimulating high levels of primary
production that sink into the ocean
bottom and sediments of the Louisi-
ana Shelf, resulting in excess me-
tabolism that reduces oxygen levels,
causing extensive areas of hypoxia
on the shelf.
Eldridge boarded the Bold, which
visited three research
stations from the
Mississippi river out-
flow to the Texas/
Louisiana border,
collecting measure-
ments of water-
column and sediment
processes. He worked
in the wet lab with
Dr. Richard Deve-
reux analyzing sedi-
ment cores using
radiotracer methods.
Eldridge also was
part of the EPA dive
team that collected these sediment
cores at shallow sites not navigable
by the ship. (Dives were carried out
in low visibility conditions, which
made the arrival of some curious
manta rays all the more exciting.)
This research has led to development
of a model that can simulate how the
area of low oxygen develops. The
model shows the importance of bot-
tom sediments in initial depletion of
oxygen from the system, followed
by organic materials in the deeper
layers reducing the amount of avail-
able oxygen in the rest of the water
column.
This work will be useful in the
evaluation of processes that must be
understood for the management of
Gulf hypoxia.
-------
RECYCLING
"MAKEOVER"
FOR MARSHALL ISLANDS
Dr. Pfleeger points out garbage covering the beach at one of
the Islands' existing "legal" dumps.
Before
Western Ecology Divi-
sion scientist Dr. Tho-
mas Pfleeger recently
spent three months as a
Science Fellow with the
U.S. State Department.
His assignment: to help a
tiny island nation in the
Pacific dig out from un-
der a growing garbage
problem.
The Marshall Islands has
a fragile coral reef eco-
system which provides
its major potential for
economic development,
(eco-tourism, sport fish-
ing, scuba diving, etc).
Pfleeger found that parts
of the main island and its
shoreline were literally
awash in plastic bottles,
styrofoam cups, batteries
and disposable diapers.
Since the 1970's numer-
ous waste management
plans had been proposed,
but none had resulted in
permanent changes.
As seen in the diagram
below (left), virtually all
solid waste went straight
into dump sites, legal and
illegal, constituting a se-
rious problem for a small
nation with limited land.
After
^diapers, misc
solid waste
accumulation;
pollution; leachate
—cardboard chipped,
composted
—green waste com-
posted for
gardens
—glass crushed
for aggregate
REMAINING TRASH
—PET plastics
bailed, exported
—metals sorted,
exported
reduced landfill
volume,
less pollution,
less litter
Dr. Pfleeger's primary
goal was to keep recycla-
bles out of the waste
stream by designing a pro-
gram of trash separation,
composting and the ex-
porting of recyclables.
With trash separation,
cardboard and plant waste
can be chipped and sent to
a local composting facility
instead of going to the
landfill.
Pfleeger also oversaw a
new collection program
for recyclables like plastic
bottles, metal, and car bat-
teries, but overseas markets
for these materials must still
be found. For example,
thousands of discarded auto
batteries were successfully
disposed of when a buyer
was found in South Korea.
Revenue from such self-
supporting projects will be
used to underwrite the cost
of shipping polyethelene
terephthalate (PET) plastics,
cardboard and other sal-
vaged "trash" off-island.
Dr. Pfleeger's efforts will
increase public awareness
and help ensure these im-
provements are permanent.
„-— Ml. 0* ». p. •»«-••••" M- «••««
above: Dr. Pfleeger stands by sign at dump which directs
residents to separate "green" trash (yardwaste) from
toxic items like batteries. Separating out green waste for
composting could divert up to 50% of waste stream that
formerly went into landfill.
-------
FRESHWATER ECOLOGY BRANCH NEWS
The EMAP West pilot study, carried
out from 2000-2004, resulted in a field
operations manual that documents the
standard methods for assessing wade-
able streams and rivers in the western
US. It describes procedures a team of
3 to 4 people can use to collect sam-
ples, measure water chemistry, note
the presence of macroinvertebrates
and aquatic vertebrates, check for fish
tissue contaminants, and characterize
surrounding physical habitat.
Regional streambed sedimentation as-
sessments can be hampered by the diffi-
culty of obtaining stream channel data
that are sufficiently comprehensive and
rigorous for hydraulic interpretation, yet
easy to collect in a large enough sample
of streams to allow statistical rigor.
Dr. Phil Kaufmann heads a team that
has adapted an index enabling a more
accurate evaluation of relative stream
bed stability (RBS) and anthropogenic
sedimentation based on routine survey
Groups with an interest in assessing
stream quality (states, tribes, or other
federal agencies) can adapt these proce-
dures, which are based on standard
methods, to use in their own stream
monitoring studies.
The use of these procedures contributes
to EPA's long-term goal of determining
status and trends in ecological re-
sources, based on common design and
ecological indicators.
data such as that collected by EMAP
(Environmental Monitoring and Assess-
ment Program).Previous indexes have not
factored in bed channel roughness, caused
by large wood and other irregularities, that
effectively reduces the power of a stream
to transport sediment.
The new index shows promise for evaluat-
ing regional patterns in stream bed stability
and sedimentation, and their relationship to
human-caused disturbances.
In
Dr. Mary Kentula was pre-
sented the Merit Award of
the Society of Wetland Sci-
entists at its International
Annual Conference in June
2007. Kentula received the
award for her outstanding
research on assessment of
wetlands at the watershed
scale. Her research was part
of the EPA's Environmental
Monitoring and Assessment
Program (EMAP).
The Society of Wetlands Sci-
entists has over 3500 mem-
bers worldwide. Their pur-
pose is exchange of current
scientific and technical infor-
mation; they maintain nu-
merous other programs in
support of student research
PACIFIC COAST ECOLOGY BRANCH NEWS
Western Ecology Division (WED)/
Pacific Coastal Ecology Branch
in Newport, Oregon hosted a
workshop in April 2007 to discuss
water quality criteria for Oregon
estuaries. Scientists synthesized
the results of field sampling, trend
analyses, and modeling approaches
to produce a nutrient criteria case
study for the Yaquina Estuary in
Newport. The case study presents
an approach that could be used by
the state for establishing nutrient
criteria for this system.
Represented were WED, Oregon
Department of Environmental
Quality, EPA Region 10 Head-
quarters and South Slough Na-
tional Estuarine Research Reserve.
Underwater seagrasses provide the
basic structure for estuarine organ-
isms and are vital to estuarine
health. Because environmental man-
agers need a reliable, practical
method for mapping seagrass beds
to identify ecologically sensitive
areas and monitor changes, Dr.
Theodore DeWitt and Patrick
Clinton conducted studies to deter-
mine the efficacy of various map-
ping approaches that would provide
this information.
The most accurate method tested
was side scan sonar coupled with
underwater video. The video data
were used to 'train' a computer-
based mapping and classification
system, and to test the accuracy of
the resulting seagrass maps. These
maps are highly accurate and not
adversely affected by turbidity. Ae-
rial photography and underwater
video were less accurate and more
costly. Trials of the side scan sonar +
video approach in deeper water
coastal ecosystems and in fresh water
ecosystems still need to be con-
ducted, but the method is now ready
for application in shallow estuaries.
See more images, page 9.
below: Color infrared aerial photograph
of stranded freighter and corner of sea-
grass meadow. See side-scan sonar im-
ages of same area, last page.
-------
The
charismatic
golden
mouse,
Ochrotomys
nuttalli
GOLDEN MOUSE:
A RARE FIND
Cross-NHEERL Eco-Division
post-doc Dr. Anita T.
Morzillo's chapter in an up-
coming textbook about the
golden mouse (found in the
southeastern U.S.) highlights
the difficulty of determining
whether a species is rare or
abundant. Information from a
state species checklist, or ran-
dom state-wide field surveys
can be helpful. However, bas-
ing species presence on the
amount of suitable habitat
would likely overestimate the
actual number of animals.
These conclusions were based
on a state-by-state search of
documented golden mouse
observations.
The chapter describes ecologi-
cal and geographic factors that
influence the relative abun-
dance of rare mammals, and
suggests which land use activi-
ties are most likely to affect
golden mouse populations and
habitat throughout its range.
While it is difficult, Morzillo
says, to draw conclusions
about the status of a species
with limited field data, her
chapter does include sugges-
tions for management of rare
species and land use activities
which could maintain golden
mouse populations and habitat.
Morzillo and Dr. George Feld-
hamer co-authored the chapter
in "The golden mouse: ecol-
ogy, behavior, and conserva-
tion", available from Springer
Publishing in November 2007.
ECOLOGICAL EFFECTS BRANCH NEWS
Traditionally, scientists have studied
plant response to stressors by obtaining
data from container-grown seedlings,
which respond to environmental stress-
ors differently than mature forests.
To extrapolate this data to ecosystems,
Dr. Renee Brooks has conducted re-
search at a whole forest ecosystem
scale that measures the ability of forests
to access and utilize water in response
to ecosystem stresses like climate
change. Information from these sys-
tems is an essential step towards pro-
tecting functional ecosystems that pro-
vide valued services such as clean
air and water. For example, during
droughts, trees can move water up
from deep wet soils to resupply
shallow roots and replenish mois-
ture in dry surface soils, a process
known as hydraulic redistribution.
Between 20-80% of moisture lost
from surface soils during the day
can be replaced at night by this
process.
This WED research, in collabora-
tion with USDA and Oregon State
University, is the first to quantify
the amount of water that moves
between soil layers during the
growing season and reveal mecha-
nisms allowing shallow roots of
source-trees to release moisture
back into the soil.
According to Renee Brooks (left), this
research reveals the mechanisms that
allow shallow roots of source-trees to
release moisture back into the soil.
- .^
WED SCIENCE REACHES AROUND THE WORLD
Vienna, Austria: In May 2007, Dr.
Renee Brooks presented a paper on
stable isotopes and soil/water dynamics
at the International Symposium on Ad-
vances in Isotope Hydrology.
Hanmer, New Zealand: Dr. Tony Olsen
was invited by the New Zealand Insti-
tute of Mathematical Analysis of Envi-
ronmental Monitoring to give a presen-
tation on spatial monitoring designs.
The objective of the international work-
shop on invasive species mathematical
modeling was to determine the optimal
use of resources between the competing
Sapporo, Japan: Dr. Lidia Watrud
was invited to attend a meeting of the
5th International Molecular Breeding of
Forage and Turf. She presented a paper:
On the same trip she presented a pa-
per in Zurich, Switzerland on stable
isotopes in tree rings and how they
relate to water dynamics.
demands of controlling existing inva-
sive species and stopping new inva-
sive species. The collaboration is
expected to advance the state-of-the-
science in statistical survey methods
applied to rare species or resources,
as well as provide an opportunity to
exchange research findings.
"Evaluating the Role of Habitat Qual-
ity on Establishment of GM (genetic-
ally modified) Agrostis stolonifera
Plants in Non-Agronomic Settings"
-------
'In
WED SCIENCE REACHES AROUND THE WORLD
Dr. Kristina McNyset con-
ducted a modeling workshop on
predicting ecological niche use
and formations in Baton Rouge,
LA for Kahzak and Uzbek sci-
entists. The Workshop, spon-
sored by World Health Organi-
zation Collaborating Center
(WHOCC) for Remote Sensing
and GIS for Public Health at
LSU, included a hands-on com-
puter lab using Kahzak and
Uzbek anthrax and plague data-
sets.
McNyset has applied the meth-
odology to terrestrial and
aquatic species in a variety of
research contexts, and is in-
volved in many international
collaborations in this area.
WHOCC has a mandate to help
establish disease monitoring and
assessment facilities for Former
Soviet Union countries and to
provide GIS training and sup-
port to their scientists.
Porto, Portugal: Dr. Tom Pfleeger at-
tended a meeting of SETAC (Society of
Environmental Toxicology & Chemis-
try) in May 2007 to present a paper on
off-target pesticide movement and its
effect on crops, natural ecosystems,
wildlife. While leaves may show little
response to exposure to off-target pesti-
Dortmund, Germany: In March, Divi-
sion Director Dr. Thomas Fontaine
attended a meeting of the Organization
for Economic Cooperation & Develop-
ment. Fontaine participated in several
steering groups (Working Party on
London, England: Dr. Henry Lee II
participated in the Ballast Water Work-
ing Group of the United Nations' Ma-
rine Environmental Protection Commit-
tee in April 2007. Dr. Lee's assistance
was requested by EPA's Office of Wa-
ter and the U.S. Coast Guard. His pri-
mary role was to provide technical as-
sistance on the section of the treaty that
cides, the reproductive effects could
be significant, with potential loss or
decline of plant reproductive output.
Possible changes such as lack of
seed or fruit production would most
directly affect wildlife like nesting
birds, invertebrates and small mam-
mal granivores.
Manufactured Nanomaterials) which
focused on promoting international
co-operation on nanomaterials re-
search, including development of
testing guidelines, material charac-
terization, and experiments.
allows a risk assessment approach for
voyages between specified ports.
This approach would be in lieu of the
biological-based standard that will
be applied to all ships constructed
after 2009. One major thrust of the
meeting was to harmonize the U.S.
approach with that proposed by New
Zealand and Australia.
RECENT PUBLICATIONS
Beedlow, P.A., D.T. Tingey, R.S. Waschmann, D.L.
Phillips, and M.G. Johnson. 2007. Bole water content
shows little seasonal variation in century-old Douglas-
f i r trees. Tree Physiology 27:737-747. WED-06-033
Bracken, C.L., C.W. Hendricks, and A.K. Harding.
2006. Apparent bias in river water inoculum following
centrifugation. Journal of Microbiological Methods
67:304-309. WED-05-107
Carroll, C, M.K. Phillips, C.A. Lopez-Gonzalez, and N.H.
Schumaker. 2006. Defining Recovery Goals and
Strategies for Endangered Species: The Wolf as a Case
Study. BioScience. Vol 56. No. 1:25-37. WED-05-179
Colasanti, R.L, R. Hunt and L Watrud. 2007. A sim-
ple cellular automaton model for high-level vegetation
dynamics. Ecological Modeling 203; 363-374. WED-
05-191
Crow, S.E., C.W. Swanston, K. Lajtha, 3.R. Brooks, and
H. Keirstead. 2007. Density fractionation of forest
soils: methodological questions and interpretation of
incubation results and turnover time in an ecosystem
context. Biogeochemistry 85:69-90. WED-07-023
Duncan, Sally L., Lach, Denise H., and Lackey,
Robert T. 2006. "Without a change of direction,
we'll get where we're going: writing a future for wild
salmon." Salmon 2100: The Future of Wild Pacific
Salmon. Robert T. Lackey, Denise H. Lach, Sally L.
Duncan, editors, epilogue chapter. American Fish-
eries Society. 619-627. WED-06-133
Ebersole, 3.L., Wigington, P.J., Baker, J.P., Cairns,
M.A., Church, M.R., Hansen, B.P., Miller, B.A., LaVi-
gne, H.R., Compton, J.E., and Leibowitz, S.G. 2006.
Juvenile coho salmon growth and survival across
stream network seasonal habitats. Transactions of
the American Fisheries Society 135: 1681-1697.
WED-05-132
Etterson, M.A., L.R. Nagy, and T.R. Robinson. 2007.
Partitioning Risk Among Different Causes of Nest
Failure. 77te/fc/Arl24(2):432-443. WED-05-047
Fernald, A.G., D.H. Landers and P.J. Wigington, Jr.
2006. Water Quality Changes in Hyporheic Flow
Paths Between a Large Gravel Bed River and Off-
channel Alcoves in Oregon, USA. River Research and
Applications 22:1111-1124. WED-04-158
-------
RECENT PUBLICATIONS
Ferraro, S.P., and F.A. Cole. 2007. Benthic macro-
fauna-habitat associations in Willapa Bay, Washington,
USA. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 71:491-507.
WED-06-076
Grams, T. E.E., and C.P. Andersen. 2007. Competi-
tion for Resources in Trees: Physiological Versus Mor-
phological Plasticity. Progress/n Botany 68:356-381.
WED-06-130.
Griffith, G.E., Omernik, J.M., McGraw, M.M., Jacobi,
G.Z., Canavan, CM., Schrader, T.S., Mercer, D., Hill,
R., and Moran, B.C., 2006, Ecoregions of New Mexico
(color poster with map, descriptive text, summary ta-
bles, and photographs): Reston, Virginia, U.S. Geologi-
cal Survey (map scale 1:1,400,000). WED-07-049
Hageman, K.J., S.L Simonich, D.H. Campbell, G.R. Wil-
son and D.H. Landers. 2006. Atmospheric Deposi-
tion of Current-Use and Historic-Use Pesticides in Snow
at Natonal Parks in the Western United States. Envi-
ronmental Science and Technology40:3174-3180.
WED-06-071
Harmon, M.E., Phillips, D.L., Battles, J.J., Rassweiler,
A., Hal, R.O., Lauenroth, W.K. (2007). Quantifying un-
certainty in net primary production measurements.
Chapter 12 in Fahey TJ & Knapp AK, eds., Principles
and Standards for Measuring Primary Production. Ox-
ford University Press, New York, pp. 238-260.
Hebert, A.B., J.W. Morse and P.M. Eldridge. 2007.
Small-scale heterogeneity in the geochemistry of sea-
grass vegetated and non-vegetated estuarine sedi-
ments: causes and consequences. Aquat. Geochem.,
13:19-39. WED-07-FCO-120
Johnson, M.G., P.T. Rygiewicz, D.T. Tingey, and D.L.
Phillips. 2006. Elevated C02 and elevated tempera-
ture have no effect on Douglas-fir fine-root dynamics
in nitrogen-poor soil. New Phytologist 170:345-356.
WED-05-181.
Kaldy, 3.E. and K.S. Lee. 2007. Factors controlling Zos-
tera marina L. growth in the eastern and western Pa-
cific Ocean: Comparisons between Korea and Oregon,
USA. Aquatic Botany 87-.116-126. WED-06-016
Kaldy, J.E., P.M. Eldridge, L.A. Cifuentes, W.B. Jones.
2006. Utilization of DOC from seagrass rhizomes by
sediment bacteria: 13C-tracer experiments and model-
ing. Marine Ecology Progress Series 317:41-55.
WED-04-121
Kaldy, 3.E. 2006. Carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and
heavy metal budgets: How large is the eelgrass
(Zostera marina L.) sink in a temperate estuary? Base-
line/Marine Pollution Bulletin 52:332-356. WED-06-015
Kaldy, 3.E. 2006. Production ecology of the non-
indigenous seagrass, dwarf eelgrass, (Zostera japonica
Ascher. & Graeb.) in a Pacific Northwest Estuary, USA.
Hydrobiologia 553: 201-217.
Kaufmann, Philip R. and Hughes, Robert M. 2006.
"Geomorphic and anthropogenic influences on fish and
amphibians in Pacific Northwest coastal streams."
American Fisheries Society book chapter. Vol.
48:429-455. WED-05-051
Lackey, R.T. 2007. Science, Scientists, and Policy Ad-
vocacy. Conservation Biology 21(1) 12-17. WED-06-
166
Lach, Denise H., Duncan, Sally L., and Lackey, Robert
T. 2006. "Can we get there from here? Salmon in
the 21st Century (synthesis chapter)." Salmon 2100:
The Future of Wild Pacific Salmon. American Fisheries
Society. 597-617. WED-06-125
Lackey, R.T. 2006. Restoring wild salmon to the Pa-
cific Northwest: framing the risk question, pp 3-11.
In: Proceedings of the Ninth Watershed Management
Council Conference: Watersheds Across Boundaries:
Science, Sustainability, Security, Charles W. Slaughter
and Neil Berg, Editors, November 3-7, 2002, Stevenson,
Washington, University of California, Water Resources
Report No. 107, 390 pp.
Lackey, R.T. 2006. Axioms of ecological policy. Fisher-
ies. 31(6): 286-290. WED-06-032
Lackey, R.T., D.H. Lach, S.L. Duncan. 2006. Policy
Options to Reverse the Decline of Wild Pacific Salmon.
Fisheries; 31(7); 344-351. WED-06-025.
Lackey, R. T. 2006. "Restoring Salmon to the Pacific
Northwest: Framing the Risk Question." Stevenson,
WA, 11/3-6/02. 3-11. WED-03-027 Aquatic stressors
Lackey, Robert T., Lach, Denise H., and Duncan, Sally
L. 2006. "The Challenge of Restoring Wild Salmon."
chapter 1 in Salmon 2100: The Future of Wild Pacific
Salmon. 1-11. WED-06-110
Lackey, Robert T., Lach, Denise H., and Duncan, Sally
L. 2006. "Salmon 2100: The future of wild Pacific
salmon." Salmon 2100: The Future of Wild Pacific
Salmon. American Fisheries Society, i-vii. WED-06-
117
Lackey, Robert T., Lach, Denise H., and Duncan, Sally
L. 2006. "Wild Salmon in Western North America:
Forecasting the most likely status in 2100." chapter 3
in Salmon 2100: The Future of Wild Pacific Salmon.
American Fisheries Society. 57-70. WED-06-109
Lackey, Robert T., Lach, Denise H., and Duncan, Sally
L. 2006. "Wild salmon in Western North America:
The historical and policy context." chapter 2 in Salmon
2100: The Future of Wild Pacific Salmon. 13-55. WED-
06-108
Larsen, D.P., A.R. Olsen, S.H. Lanigan, C. Moyer, K.K.
Jones and T.M. Kincaid. 2007. Sound survey designs
can facilitate integrating stream monitoring data across
multiple programs. Journal of the American Water Re-
sources Association 43(2) 1-14. WED-05-044
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Lawler, 3.3., D. White, R.P. Neilson & A.R. Blaustein.
2006. Predicting climate-induced range shifts: model
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ogy: 12; 1568-1584. WED-05-111.
Lee, E. Hv D.T. Tingey, P.A. Beedlow, M.G. Johnson,
and C.A. Burdick. 2007. Relating fine root biomass to
soil and climate conditions in the Pacific Northwest.
Forest Ecology and Management, 242:195-208. WED-
06-170
Lowrance, R., Isenhart, T. M., Gburek, W. 1, Shields Jr.,
F. D., Wigington Jr., P. 3., and Dabney, S. M.
2006. "Landscape management practices." Environ-
mental Benefits of Conservation on Cropland, The
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Magee, T.K., P.L. Ringold, and M.A. Bollman.
2007. Alien species importance in native
vegetation along wadeable streams, John
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really fail miserably? A response to Stockman et al.
(2006). Diversity and Distributions 12:782-786. WED-
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Meinzer, F.C., J.M. Warren, and 3.R. Brooks. 2007.
Species-specific partitioning of soil water resources in
an old-growth Douglas-fir-western hemlock forest.
Tree Physiology 27, 871-880. WED-06-178
Peterson, S.A., J. Van Sickle, AT. Herlihy, and R.M.
Hughes. 2007. Mercury Concentration in Fish from
Streams and Rivers Throughout the Western United
States. Environmental Science & Technology 41(1) pp.
58-65. WED-06-095
Reichman, J.R., L.S. Watrud, E.H. Lee, C.A. Burdick,
M.A. Bollman, M.J. Storm, G.A. King and C. Mallory-
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and succession in cutover southern Appalachian for-
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Sigleo, A.C., and W.E. Frick. 2007. Seasonal varia-
tions in river discharge and nutrient export to a
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Taylor, A.M., 3.R. Brooks, B.L Gartner and J.J.
Morrell 2007. Radial patterns of carbon isotopes in
the xylem extractives and cellulose of Douglas-fir.
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mental Management40:134-146. WED-06-028
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Warren, J.M., 3.R. Brooks, F.C. Meinzer, J.C. Domec
and R. Coulombe 2007. Hydraulic redistribution of
soil water in two old-growth coniferous forests:
quantifying patterns and controls. New Phytologist.
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Watrud, L.S., K. Martin, K.K. Donegan, C.G. Coleman.
2006. Comparison of taxonomic, colony morphotype
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Whittier, T.R., R.M. Hughes, G.A. Lomnicky, and D.V.
Peck. 2007. Fish and Amphibian Tolerance Values
and an Assemblage Tolerance Index for Streams and
Rivers in the Western USA. Transactions of the Ameri-
can Fisheries Society 136:254-271. WED-06-124
Whittier, T.R., J.L. Stoddard, D.P. Larsen, and AT.
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biological assessments: best professional judgment or
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Whittier, T.R., R.M. Hughes, J.L. Stoddard, G.A. Lom-
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Three examples from Streams and Rivers in the West-
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Whittier, Thomas R., Stoddard, John L., Hughes,
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Hall and Philip R. Kaufmann 2006 Relationships
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FCO
PACIFIC COAST ECOLOGY BRANCH NEWS, CONT. FROM PAGE 4
Seagrass beds are critical habitats for many economi-
cally important fish and shellfish. Many of these habi-
tats are threatened by nutrient enrichment, chemical
contamination, dredging, and other impacts.
Dr. Ted DeWitt found the most accurate method of
mapping seagrass beds was also the most cost effective:
side scan sonar coupled with underwater video. The
images were not affected by cloudy water conditions.
Infrared aerial photography shows
derelict freighter which swings on its
anchor and creates a clearly visible
break in the seagrass bed.
Side-scan sonar image
of same site.
Seagrass cover map of site includes
estimate of seagrass abundance based on
classification of sonar image.
Scientists featured in this Update work at EPA's
Western Ecology Division, unless otherwise noted.
For more information, contact hurlev.ioan@eDa.QOv
The information in this document has been funded wholly or in part by the U. S. Environmental
Protection Agency. It has been subjected to review by the National Health and Environmental
Effects Research Laboratory and approved for publication. Approval does not signify that the
contents reflect the views of the Agency, nor does mention of trade names or commercial
products constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.
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