United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office of
t
Washington. DC 20460
January 1990
Summary of
the 1991 Budget
Printed on Recycled Paper
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CONTENTS
PAGE
OVERVIEW OF THE 1991 BUDGET 3
OPERATING BUDGET SUMMARY 7
Air 9
Water Quality 13
Drinking Water 17
Hazardous Waste 19
Pesticides 21
Radiation 23
Multimedia... 25
Toxic Substances 27
Energy 29
Management & Support 31
INSPECTOR GENERAL 35
SUPERFUND...... 39
LUST 45
CONSTRUCTION GRANTS 49
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT 53
STATE AND LOCAL GRANTS 61
APPENDIX: BUDGET TABLES 65
HEADQUARTERS UBRARY
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGEWW
WASHINGTON. O.C.
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NOTE: The charts on the following pages include the 1990 Current
Estimate and the 1991 President's Budget. Unless otherwise
noted, all comparisons between 1991 and 1990 budget levels in the
narrative refer to the 1990 Current Estimate and 1991 President's
Budget. (The "Current Estimate" is the Agency's current plan for
using its resources.)
Additionally, references to workyears refer to total workyears
rather than only "permanent" workyears,
Cover Photo: Earth from Apollo 17 (December, 1972)
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OVERVIEW
Overview of the 1991 Budget
The 1991 President's Budget for the
Environmental Protection Agency will provide
the Agency with the resources needed to success-
fully achieve statutory objectives, and to pursue
the mission of protecting human health and the
environment.
The Agency's 1991 Budget represents a
request for approximately $5.6 billion and
16,761 workyears The request includes $2.17
billion and 13,204 workyears for our operating
programs, $1.74 billion and 3,467 workyears for
the Superfund program, and $75.0 million and 90
workyears for the Leaking Underground Storage
Tank (LUST) program. Additionally, the request
provides $1.6 billion for the Construction Grants
Appropriation.
The 1991 Budget Request provides sup-
port for implementing new requirements while
continuing emphasis on ongoing programs. The
Agency will step up concentration on preventing
pollution at its source as opposed to traditional
programs that focus exclusively on cleanup ac-
tivities. Major resource increases will also be
provided to begin implementation of the
President's proposed "Clean Air Act Amend-
ments of 1989." EPA is committed to realizing the
President's goal of strengthening environmental
enforcement. Our request continues the expan-
sion of the Agency's civil and criminal enforce-
ment efforts, ensuring compliance with new and
existing statutes. The 1991 President's budget
will devote significant resources to build and
maintain State capacity and a strong State-Fed-
eral partnership that is so crucial to implement-
ing the President's environmental policies. Fi-
nally, the Superfund program will continue to
receive high priority in 1991 as the Agency imple-
ments recommendations of the 1989 Superfund
Management Review, placing emphasis on an
"enforcement first" approach to Superfund
cleanup activities.
HIGHLIGHTS
Pollution Prevention
The Agency will continue its pollution
prevention program to explore the possibilities of
source reductions such as waste minimization,
reuse, and recycling as alternatives to traditional
"end of pipe" strategies. Specific resources will be
directed toward promoting pollution prevention
in the public and private sectors through technol-
ogy assistance, dissemination of information, and
the development, implementation and sponsor-
ing of substantive demonstration projects.
Clean Air
Enactment of the President's proposed
Clean Air Act Amendments of 1989 is one of the
Administration's top environmental priorities.
As such, the Agency will direct an additional
$82.5 million toward implementing the
President's proposed Clean Air Act. Resources
will be used for new activities mandated in the
proposed legislation including developing control
techniques guidelines for major pollution
sources, developing guidance and regulations
needed to implement State Implementation Plan
(SIP) activities, and providing training and tech-
nical support for state and local governments.
Research for clean air activities will include
evaluating the effect of alternative fuels on air
quality, human health and the environment.
Enforcement
The President's 1991 Budget provides
$418.5 million, a 22 percent increase in the
Agency's total enforcement resources. The
Agency's ability to strengthen the enforcement
program has a correlation to the EPA getting the
most pay-off in terms of environmental results
and deterrence.
Our non-Superfund enforcement pro-
grams will be strengthened with a budget in-
crease of $59.5 million and 294 workyears. This
level of resources will enable EPA to intensify its
enforcement programs following the President's
policy to strengthen compliance of environmental
laws. The increase will provide additional com-
pliance inspectors, attorneys, criminal investiga-
tors, and technical expertise for a balanced tech-
nical/legal enforcement program. EPA will con-
tinue to ensure that complex civil environmental
cases are litigated or settled under terms most fa-
vorable to the environment.
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OVERVIEW
Within the Agency's request, the Super-
fund program will receive an increase of $16.0
million over the 1990 budget These resources
support the Agency's efforts to identify poten-
tially responsible parties (PRPs) early in the
remedial process. Resources will also support
substantial case referrals for settlement and re-
ferrals for litigation by other agencies to compel
PRPs to undertake response actions. The Agency
will continue to provide technical assistance and
oversight to other Federal agencies for response
at sites owned or operated by those agencies.
State and Local Grants
The 1991 President's Budget recognizes
the important role that Federal assistance can
play in building the States' capacity to assume
leadership roles in implementing the President's
environmental policies. The President's 1991
Budget allocates $455.5 million to support state
and local environmental programs. This repre-
sents an increase of $68.5 million over the 1990
budget level. The Budget Request supports state
efforts in carrying out the President's proposed
Clean Air Act, including implementation of state
permit programs, development of new State
Implementation Plans, enhanced vehicle inspec-
tion and maintenance programs, and enforce-
ment of standards. In addition, the Clean Water
Act will be supported by a new grant that will
complement Section 106 Water Quality Planning
grants by funding a variety of water pollution pre-
vention strategies developed by the States.
Nonpoint source grants are requested for the first
time and will provide federal assistance for the
implementation of state nonpoint source pollu-
tion prevention and control strategies. An in-
crease in the Hazardous Waste state grants will
support the States assuming a greater share of
permitting, corrective action, and enforcement
activities.
Research and Development
The 1991 President's Budget provides a
total of $449.6 million and 1,891 workyears for
EPA's research and development program. This
represents an increase of $25.1 million and 11
workyears over the 1990 level. There is also an
internal shift of $20.5 million from completed
research activities (i.e., acid rain research and
hazardous waste research) to address new re-
search needs. This represents a total increase of
$45.6 million for major research initiatives in
1991.
The major increases will enhance global
climate change research, help implement the
President's Clean Air Act legislation, support
new media research needs, and strengthen our
long-term research capabilities. The Agency re-
quests a total of $26.0 million and 43 workyears
for global climate change research. This will
almost double the global climate change research
program. The Agency also requests an increase of
$7.8 million and 9 workyears for research to clean
up the nation's air as proposed in the President's
Clean Air Act Amendments. Media research
needs will be addressed with an increase of $5.2
million over 1990. This increase involves new
media research needs including indoor air pollu-
tion, wetlands protection, oil spill cleanup tech-
nologies and ecological risk assessments. Fi-
nally, the Agency requests a total of $79.5 million
and 50 workyears to strengthen its long-term
research capabilities in order to understand
emerging environmental issues. This will be
accomplished through the new long-term "core"
research program organized in 1989. This is an
increase of $22.0 million and 9 workyears over
1990.
Superfund
The President's 1991 Budget for Super-
fund, consisting of $1,740.0 million and 3,467
workyears, represents a strong and continued
commitment on the part of the Agency to meet its
responsibilities to protect human health and the
environment. The 1991 President's Budget is
based on available tax, recovery, and investment
revenues and continues to implement the Super-
fund Management Review (SMR) initiatives of
"enforcement first," strong cleanup programs,
and effective Federal response.
The Agency is requesting $179.7 million
and 1,446 workyears, an increase of $ 16.0 million
over 1990, to support efforts to emphasize pri-
vately-financed response actions. Consistent
with the President's "Building a Better America"
message and the Agency's emphasis on enforce-
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OVERVIEW
ment efforts, the Department of Justice will re-
ceive $32.3 million to en sure adequate support for
an increasing Superfund caseload.
The Response program's increase of
$196.1 million will support the most environmen-
tally significant projects first, as recommended in
the SMR, while balancing the Agency's statuto-
rily mandated actions and ongoing activities. An
increase of $11.1 million and 8 workyears will
strengthen actual removal support activities.
Continued emphasis will be placed on increasing
state and local participation in all areas of emer-
gency response.
Construction Grants
The 1991 Budget for the Construction
Grants Appropriation will capitalize state revolv-
ing funds (SRFs). As mandated by the 1987
amendments to the Clean Water Act, 1990 is the
final year the Agency is awarding grants to locali-
ties for the construction of wastewater treatment
plants. For 1991, the Agency requests a total of
$1.6 billion to accelerate the capitalization of
SRFs. These Federal funds, the required state
match, and any additional resources will provide
financial support to communities in the form of
loans and other non-grant assistance.
Summary
The President's 1991 Budget Request for
the Environmental Protection Agency provides
the Agency with the necessary resources to ad-
dress the nation's most critical environmental
problems. It gives support to our new programs
and priorities, such as the Clean Air Act amend-
ments and long-term research. It also supports
continuing priorities such as pollution preven-
tion, enforcement, and hazardous waste cleanup.
This year's budget once again reflects the
Administration's strong commitment to protect-
ing human health and the environment.
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In 1991, TheAgency's Budget For Superfund, LUST, And The
Operating Programs Will Total Almost $4.0 Billion
I I SuperfundVLUST Programs
tXXl Operating Programs
$3,981
$3,227;!
$1,259
1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991
The Agency's Workyear Ceiling Will Increase By 6% in 1991
I I Superfund/LUST Programs
t/Xl Operating Programs
13,461
14,268
14,450 14,444 15'842/:
16,761
12,626
11,025
11,598
1983 1984
1985
1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991
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THE OPERATING PROGRAMS
Air
Water Quality
Drinking Water
Hazardous
Waste
Pesticides
Radiation
Multimedia
Toxic
Substances
Energy
Management
& Support
BUDGET SUMMARY
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8
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AIR
DOLLARS
+$IOO,9M
$389.8 M
1990
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1991
PRESIDENTS
BUDGET
WORKYEARS
+245 1,335
1,740
1991
INCREASE
1990
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1991
PRESIDENTS
BUDGET
Enactment of the President's proposed
Clean Air Act legislation is one of the
Administration's top environmental priorities.
The President proposed the "Clean Air Act
Amendments of 1989," a comprehensive and en-
vironmentally sound proposal, to Congress for
consideration on July 21, 1989. The proposal is
currently under review by Congress, and enact-
ment of new legislation is expected in 1990. The
President's 1991 budget provides major increases
to begin implementation of the proposed legisla-
tion.
The Agency's 1991 Air program request
totals $389.8 million and 1,985 workyears, an
increase of $100.9 million and 245 workyears.
This represents a 34% increase in dollars and a
14% increase in workyears.
HIGHLIGHTS
Improving the Nation's Air Quality
Through Air Program Development
Resources are provided to implement air
regulations, standards, and guidelines as well as
to provide data analysis and modeling to improve
the nation's air quality. In 1991, EPA will provide
$55.9 million and 361 workyears, an increase of
$21.8 million and 87 workyears to implement the
proposed legislation. Resources will be used for
new activities mandated in the proposed legisla-
tion including developing control techniques
guidelines (CTGs) for major pollution sources,
developing guidance and regulations needed to
implement State Implementation Plan (SIP) ac-
tivities for ozone, carbon monoxide, and particu-
late matter, providing training and technical
support for state and local governments, develop-
ing guidance and regulations needed to imple-
ment a comprehensive operating permit pro-
gram, and developing the key elements of the
President's acid deposition program. In addition,
the air program will develop data support for air
quality modeling efforts, including analysis of
emissions inventory data.
Strengthening State Capacity
Grants to State and local governments are
provided under sections 105 and 106 of the Clean
Agency Clean Air Program Resources
+$82.5 M $252.3 M
1990
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1991
PRESIDENTS
BUDGET
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AIR
Air Act to implement state and local air pollution
control programs. In 1991 the air program will
distribute $137.7 million to support state air
pollution control programs. This is an increase of
$38,5 million or 39% for 1991. These additional
resources will be used to support new state efforts
in implementing the President's proposed Clean
Air program. The grant program will support
training of state and local personnel, implemen-
tation of state permit programs, further develop-
ment of monitoring networks, development of
new State Implementation Plans, enhanced ve-
hicle inspection and maintenance programs, and
enforcement of standards. States will also con-
tinue to carry out core activities, including source
surveillance and compliance efforts, and quality
assurance programs.
Assisting States Through Regional
Activities
Regional offices provide direct support to
States in the implementation of air program ac-
tivities. The Agency has allocated $20.8 million
and 412 workyears, an increase of $0.6 million
and 38 workyears over 1990. Additional re-
sources will support increased regional guidance
to States in implementing the President's Clean
Air program. Regional offices will provide guid-
ance and assistance to the States for classifica-
tion of ozone/carbon monoxide areas, develop-
ment of permit programs and new source review
corrections, development of SIPS, implementa-
tion of Stage II vapor recovery and implementa-
tion of the oxygenated fuels program. In addition,
regional offices will continue to provide support
for evaluating ozone and carbon monoxide net-
works and data bases for current and newly
identified non-attainment areas.
Controlling Mobile Source Pollution
The Mobile Source program addresses air
pollution problems related to motor vehicles. The
1991 request for mobile source air pollution con-
trol and fuel economy totals $30.2 million and 245
workyears, which represents an increase of $11.2
million and 36 workyears over 1990. The increase
supports activities to implement the President's
Clean Air program, including development and
implementation of the clean fuels program, re-
vised new standards for light-duty vehicles and
light-duty trucks, and consideration of emission
standards for non-road vehicles.
Enforcing Air Quality Requirements
The enforcement program oversees com-
pliance and implementation of air program re-
quirements. The total amount of resources for en-
forcement is $38 million and 482 workyears for
both the stationary and mobile source enforce-
ment programs. This is an increase of $11.0
million and 60 workyears. The enforcement
program will continue its emphasis on air toxics
and ozone problems in 1991 while implementing
the President's Clean Air program. Additional
resources will support compliance efforts for in-
creased radionuclides, woodstoves, asbestos, and
benzene inspections. In addition, investigations
will be conducted regarding compliance with
motor vehicle fuel requirements, including vola-
tility standards, and audits will be done of state
and local fuel switching and tampering pro-
grams.
Implementing Stratospheric Ozone,
Global Warming, Indoor Air Quality,
and Acid Deposition Programs
In 1991 the Agency requests $12.1 million
and45 workyears, an increase of $0.5 million and
4 workyears over 1990. The Agency will continue
efforts to implement the Montreal Protocol, in-
cluding the development of a national recycling
program, trade rules development and facilitat-
ing technology transfer of non-chlorofluorocar-
bon (CFC) technology to Less Developed Coun-
tries. In addition, the program will coordinate
with the Department of Treasury to implement
the CFC exise tax. The indoor air program will
continue to provide information dissemination,
training and economic analysis of the indoor air
problem. EPA will continue to work with other
agencies on global climate issues. Also, the pro-
gram will work on implementing the acid deposi-
tion program as proposed in the President's Clean
Air legislation.
Expanding Air Research
The increases requested are primarily for
the President's Clean Air Act legislation and
global climate change research. The 1991 request
10
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Am
for research is $94.9 million and 440 workyears,
an increase of $17.1 million and 20 workyears
from 1990. Research for clean air activities will
evaluate how alternative fuels (e.g., methanol,
ethanol, and reformulated gas) affect air quality,
human health, and the environment; develop an
emissions inventory methodology; and improve
regional models of ozone around cities. In addi-
tion, EPA's global climate change research pro-
gram will almost double. This research is coordi-
nated by the Committee on Earth Sciences (CES).
Finally, indoor air research will also be expanded.
Agency Distribution of Increased
Resources for Clean Air Act (+$82.6 M)
Mobile
Source
Program
+$9.2 M
Regulatory
Development
and Program
Management
Legal Support
amd Enforcement
+$4.6 M
Agency
Support
+$1.4M
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12
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WATER QUALITY
DOLLARS
+$33.8 M
$379.1 M
$345.3 M
1991
INCREASE
2,226
WORKYEARS
+96
2,322
1991
INCREASE
1990
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1991
PRESIDENTS
BUDGET
1990
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1991
PRESIDENTS
BUDGET
Resource increases are targeted primar-
ily towards increasing state capacity through the
funding of state grants and expanded programs
for protecting critical habitats as directed by the
amended Clean Water Act (CWA). The
President's 1991 Budget provides $379.1 million
and 2,322 worl^rears for the Water Quality pro-
gram, representing an increase of $33.8 million
and 96 workyears over 1990.
HIGHLIGHTS
Protecting the Nation's Most
Critical Habitats
EPA's Critical Habitats initiative is de-
signed to direct resources to critical aquatic habi-
tats at the highest risk, including our estuaries,
near coastal waters, wetlands, oceans, the Great
Lakes and Chesapeake Bay. These programs are
at the center of the Agency's efforts to protect the
economic and environmental productivity of
beaches, shores and waters through the Agency's
National Coastal and Marine Policy. The 1991
President's Budget includes $111.0 million and
583 workyears for these programs.
The National Estuary program will in-
clude 16 estuaries in 1991. Among these, EPA
will continue to support the development of
Comprehensive Conservation and Management
Plans already underway for Albermarle/Pamlico
Sounds, Buzzards Bay, Delaware Bay, Delaware
Inland Bays, Galveston Bay, Long Island Sound,
Narragansett Bay, New York/New Jersey Har-
bor, Puget Sound, San Francisco Bay, Santa
Monica Bay and Sarasota Bay. Four new estuar-
ies will be named late in 1990.
The Agency will develop salt water and
sediment water quality criteria and assist States
in adopting new provisions in their standards to
effectively protect critical coastal resources.
Once in place, States will use these standards as
a basis for National Pollution Discharge Elimina-
tion System (NPDES) permits and water quality
assessment. EPA will continue to work with the
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administra-
tion and the States to expand near coastal waters
regional strategies.
Protecting the Nation's remaining wet-
lands resources continues to be a high priority for
EPA. The Agency's wetlands program will con-
tinue to expand in 1991 to support the President's
goal of "no net loss" of wetlands.
"No Net LoW of Wetlands
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WATER QUALITY
Loss of wetlands has a major impact on
our environment in terms of species decline and
increased rate and severity of flooding. Addi-
tional resources in 1991 will be directed toward
assisting States to develop effective wetland pro-
tection programs, strengthening the Section 404
regulatory program and expanding efforts to
develop and implement anticipatory approaches
to wetlands protection. Resources will also sup-
port more aggressive enforcement and compli-
ance monitoring. At the same time EPA will
continue to work with the Corps of Engineers and
other Federal Agencies to issue policies and pro-
cedures to clarify regulatory requirements, in-
cluding administrative penalty authority, com-
pletion of the EPA wetlands delineation manual,
and Bottomland Hardwood guidance. Finally,
EPA will step up its support of state wetlands
programs by increasing wetlands implementa-
tion grants to States.
The Great Lakes Program will focus on
the completion of Remedial Action Plans, the
preparation of Lakewide Management plans and
the completion of the Assessment and Remedia-
tion of Contaminated Sediments demonstration
projects. Also, continued implementation of the
Chesapeake Bay program will focus on water
quality monitoring and analysis, implementation
of nonpoint source controls, and expansion of the
Baywide Toxics Control Strategy to include pes-
ticides. Finally, the Ocean Disposal program will
increasingly emphasize enforcement of the
Ocean Dumping Ban Act and implementation of
the Ocean Dumping Revolving Fund.
Improving State Water Quality
Planning and Implementation Ability
EPA's effort to build state water quality
planning and implementation abilities is com-
prised of Water Quality Grants, Water Quality
Cooperative Agreements and Nonpoint Source
(NFS)implementation grants. TheCWAplacesa
substantial workload on the States. EPA is ac-
tively studying alternative sources of funding to
meet state needs in surface water programs. The
1991 budget includes for the first time $16.5 mil-
lion for Section 104(b) State Water Quality Coop-
erative Agreements and $ 15 million for NPS im-
plementation grants. Section 106 Water Quality
Grants are increased by $9.1 million or 13 percent
over the 1990 level.
The new state Water Quality Coopera-
tive Agreement program will partially finance in-
novative state permitting and enforcement pro-
grams, state support of local pretreatment pro-
grams, state efforts to develop and administer
sludge management programs, and state work on
water quality standards and monitoring. Many
of these activities in the States were financed
with funds set aside from the amount each state
was allocated for municipal wastewater treat-
ment plant construction grants. Since Federal
appropriations for such construction grants
ended in 1990, many States face a funding short-
fall in 1991 for these water quality programs. The
new Water Quality Cooperative Agreements will
address a portion of the shortfall until States are
able to develop alternative financing for water
quality programs.
Water Quality grants will continue to
support state programs in standards, monitor-
ing, permitting and enforcement. EPA will con-
tinue to use a portion of these grants to assist
States to develop and implement comprehensive
ground-water protection programs. The funds
will provide support to States in their efforts to in-
corporate wellhead protection activities and pes-
ticide management plans into their comprehen-
sive ground-water protection programs.
In 1991, the Nonpoint Source (NPS)
grants will fund state efforts to protect and re-
store selected watersheds impacted by NPS pol-
lution with priority being given to estuaries,
wetlands and ground waters. The program will
assist States in implementing approved elements
of their NPS management plans, with special
emphasis on NPS pollution associated with agri-
culture, resource extraction and contaminated
urban run-off.
A Continuing Effort to Prevent and
Control Point Source Pollution
Point source pollution control and pre-
vention remain a major focus. Permit issuance,
water quality monitoring, the development of
effluent regulations, State Revolving Fund (SRF)
technical assistance, and construction grants
oversight are all part of this effort. The 1991
request includes $96.0 million and 967 workyears
for these programs.
14
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WATER QUALITY
In 1991, EPA will provide technical assis-
tance to the States as they design and implement
the SRF program. EPA will review and approve
SRF programs, award capitalization grants to
States, and oversee implementation of SRFs
consistent with the requirements of the CWA.
EPA will also continue to administer the con-
struction grants program with emphasis on cost-
effective construction, prompt completion of
grant assisted projects, and effective operation
and maintenance of completed facilities.
Programs for water quality monitoring,
permit issuance and effluent guidelines will con-
tinue with special emphasis on reviewing
NPDES permits for major facilities discharging
into near coastal waters and other critical habi-
tats. Emphasis will be on establishing controls on
toxic pollutants and developing new technology-
based standards for unregulated industries.
Finally, the program which develops effluent
guidelines will emphasize pollution prevention
through source reduction, recycling and reuse,
treatment and disposal.
Enforcing Water Quality Controls
In 1991, the water qualify enforcement
effort will be strengthened by tightening controls
on dischargers and improving monitoring efforts
and public outreach. This effort will also include
taking stronger enforcement actions. Compli-
ance by publicly-owned treatment works
(POTWs) will be encouraged by vigorously resolv-
ing violations at the POTWs and by stepping up
enforcement of pretreatment requirements.
Research Focuses on Wetlands and
Oil Spill Cleanup Technologies
The Agency will increase funding for
research supporting wetlands preservation. Ad-
ditionally, research on oil spill cleanup technolo-
gies (thermal, chemical, biological) will be in-
creased. Finally, EPA will study the long-term
environmental effects of oil spills. The Agency
requests $28.9 million and 259 workyears for
Water Quality Research, an increase of $2,2 mil-
lion and 6 workyears.
15
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16
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DRINKING WATER
DOLLARS
*$11 JM
1991
INCREASE
$132.6M
1990
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1991
PRESIDENTS
BUDGET
WORKYEARS
768
810
1991
INCREASE
1990
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1991
PRESIDENT'S
BUDGET
The goal of the Drinking Water program is
to assure that public water supplies are free of
contamination that may pose an unacceptable
human health risk and to protect and prevent the
endangerment of ground-water resources which
serve as drinking water supplies. The Agency
requests $132.6 million and 810 workyears, an
increase of $11.8 million and 42 workyears from
1990.
HIGHLIGHTS
New Drinking Water Standards
The focal pointfor 1991 will be the proposal
ofNational Primary Drinking Water Regulations
(NPDWRs) for disinfection and disinfectant by-
products predominant on the 1988 Priority List.
The Agency will promulgate standards for 38 in-
organic and synthetic-organic compounds, radi-
onuclides, and additional chemical contami-
nants. Results of the National Pesticides Survey
will be available in December 1990 and will serve
as the basis for future regulatory decisions. A
decrease in resources reflects the completion of
this survey.
Expanded Public Water Systems
Supervision
EPA will continue to place high priority on
preventing endangerment of public water sys-
tems by overseeing implementation of the
NPDWRs as mandated in the Safe Drinking
Water Act. The Agency requests $8.1 million and
161 workyears, an increase of $1.3 million and 26
workyears over 1990. In 1991 the new microbio-
logical monitoring requirements, affecting all
public water systems (PWS) nationwide, will
take effect expanding program responsibilities
for both the Regions and States.
The Agency will provide increased techni-
cal assistance to States for initiating programs to
reduce lead in drinking water as the lead
NPDWR becomes effective in late 1991. EPA will
supervise States as they implement changes in
regulatory authority, get systems to begin moni-
toring lead concentrations in water delivered to
consumers and plan corrective action such as
instituting corrosion control measures.
Additional resources will support an out-
reach and information transfer program to secure
the highest possible voluntary compliance with
new standards of drinking water safety. Through
these mobilization efforts, private well owners
will also gain information on their current risks
in drinking water and identify available solu-
tions.
Increased State Capacity
The Agency relies on the States to secure
increased protection of drinking water supplies;
55 states, territories and Indian authorities will
have PWS program primacy in 1991. The Agency
requests $47.5 million, an increase of $8.1 million
over 1990. EPA fun ding will act as the catalyst for
17
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DRINKING WATER
even greater program expansion by States, sup-
porting implementation of major new safeguards
against waterborne disease and lead poisoning.
Agency grants will also help States assume the
new role of "mobilizing" to achieve maximum
voluntary compliance especially among small
systems. The demand on States will be to simul-
taneously leverage limited program resources
while addressing more effectively the root causes
of non-compliance through institutional change.
Increased State Capacity
A major portion of the increase in 1901 will provide
support to the States to comply with new and
existing regulations.
PWS Enforcement
The Agency will expand regional PWS en-
forcement efforts to limit the increase of new
violations from new chemical and microbiological
standards, requesting $5.0 million and 100
workyears. This represents an increase of $1.2
million and 10 workyears over 1990. New regu-
lations to contain risks of waterborne disease
and lead will result in a substantial number of
new violations. A larger Federal enforcement
presence will simultaneously provide a credible
deterrent against wholesale non-compliance,
bolster state enforcement and act on the Agency's
commitment to take action against flagrant PWS
violations.
Enhanced Ground-Water Protection
Programs
The Agency requests $10.5 million and 101
workyears, an increase of $2.1 million and 10
workyears over 1990. In 1991, the Agency will
enhance assistance to States in developing and
implementing ground-water protection pro-
grams which include wellhead protection, pesti-
cides, and nonpoint sources, as well as multiple
sources of contamination. The Agency will con-
tinue to implement the Agricultural Chemicals in
Ground-Water Strategy.
EPA will promote the wellhead protection
program as a targeted activity to protecthigh risk
areas. Additional resources will be used to en-
hance support for projects in communities which
demonstrate innovative approaches to develop-
ingand implementing wellhead protection efforts
at the local level. EPA will also initiate assess-
ments to identify high risk sources of ground-
water contamination that are not currently regu-
lated. Development and testing of best practices
to prevent ground-water contamination from
these unregulated sources found to be of greatest
concern will receive Agency support and over-
sight.
Continued Ground-Water and
Drinking Water Research
Drinking Water research 1991 resources
will be $22.8 million and 186 workyears, an in-
crease of $1.1 million. This increase will provide
additional drinking water contaminant research.
The 1991 program will continue ongoing research
on the detection of contaminants in ground-wa-
ter.
18
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HAZARDOUS WASTE
DOLLARS
+$47.8 M
$317.1 M
1990
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1991
PRESIDENTS
BUDGET
WORKYEARS
+145
1,635
1,490
1990
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1991
PRESIDENTS
BUDGET
The Hazardous Waste management pro-
gram develops, implements and enforces sound
national waste management practices to ensure
that our health and natural environment are
protected from the risks of hazardous waste. The
President's 1991 Budget provides $317.1 million
and 1,635 workyears for the Hazardous Waste
program, increases of $47.8 million and 145
workyears from 1990. These new resources will
significantly strengthen the combined capability
of the States and EPA to address the Nation's
growing hazardous and solid waste management
problems.
HIGHLIGHTS
Strengthening Our State Partners
The Agency is significantly increasing reli-
ance on its state partners to implement and
enforce our Nation's hazardous waste laws. The
State Grant program is requesting $97 million in
1991, a 25 percent increase from 1990. As author-
ized States implement the basic hazardous waste
program, EPA will assist many of them in assum-
ing responsibility for new corrective action re-
quirements. The States will also increase permit-
ting and processing permit modifications at ac-
tive facilities, as well as issuing permits to closing
facilities. Corrective action requirements will be
incorporated into permits and enforced when
necessary. The Agency will continue to provide
technical assistance and guidance to the States to
improve their capabilities to operate and manage
the Underground Storage Tank (UST) program.
Enhancing National Enforcement
Enhanced EPA enforcement efforts will
complement state grant resource increases to
send a strong message to violators that our
Nation's hazardous waste laws will be upheld.
The Agency is providing $60.5 million and 576
workyears for enforcement, increases of $18.5
million and 95 workyears over 1990 levels. A
significant portion of the resource increases are
for regional oversight of corrective action at haz-
ardous waste facilities and for compliance moni-
toring inspections. The Agency is also increasing
its monitoring and enforcement of the chemical
emergency planning and community prepared-
ness programs under Title III - the Emergency
Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act of
1986.
Greater Regional and State Cooperation
A strong State/Federal relationship must
exist to effectively carry out the Nation's hazard-
ous waste laws. EPA hazardous waste program
implementation activities will receive $32.3 mil-
lion and 426 workyears, increases of $6.0 million
and 47 workyears over 1990 levels. The Regions
will work with the States to accelerate the per-
mitting of hazardous waste storage and treat-
ment facilities and the processing of post-closure
permits for land disposal facilities. The Regions
will provide technical assistance to the States in
their efforts to assume authorization for the full
hazardous waste program. The Agency will con-
tinue to provide national guidance on solid waste
19
-------
HAZARDOUS WASTE
and will target financial assistance to stimulate
innovative approaches to solving State solid
waste management problems, especially through
pollution prevention and recycling initiatives.
Maintaining an Effective National
Regulatory Program
The Agency will direct its efforts towards
the growing regulatory universe of facilities,
wastes and handlers — municipal incinerator
ash, large volume oil, gas and mining wastes and
municipal solid waste units. The Agency is re-
questing $71,8 million and 317 workyears to
support its national hazardous and solid waste
regulatory programs, an increase of $5.7 million
and a decrease of 2 workyears from 1990 levels.
The Agency will study industrial solid waste
units to determine appropriate management
strategies and will promulgate regulations for air
emission standards at priority hazardous waste
management facilities. The Agency will issue a
report to Congress on medical waste and will
continue work on remaining major regulations
for identifying and listing hazardous wastes.
EPA will also provide national guidance and
technical assistance for implementation of the
corrective action and solid waste regulations, and
will expand its efforts to promote hazardous and
solid waste minimization.
Continuing Research and Development
The research and development program
will provide the scientific data and technical in-
formation to support hazardous waste regulation
and program implementation. The 1991 request
for research is $41.2 million and 211 workyears,
a decrease of $2.6 million from 1990. The Agency
has completed its research on hazardous waste
land disposal methods and technology as well as
work at an UST leak detection center. The
Agency will continue research to evaluate pollu-
tion prevention and innovative technologies for
disposingof and destroying municipal waste. The
research program will study contaminant behav-
ior in ground-water and municipal waste com-
bustor emission controls. These efforts will assist
the Agency in determining safe and effective
means for disposing of and controlling hazardous
waste.
20
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PESTICIDES
$104.8 M
DOLLARS
+$5.3 M
1W1
INCREASE
$110.1 M
1990
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1991
PRESIDENTS
BUDGET
WORKYEARS
+101
1,082
991
1991
INCREASE
1990
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1991
PRESIDENT'S
BUDGET
The ability of our state and regional part-
ners to implement national objectives of the pes-
ticide program and increased efforts to ensure the
safety of our food supply are the two primary
concerns of EPA's pesticides program. The
President's 1991 Budget provides $110.1 million
and 1,092 workyearsto support the pesticides
program, an increase of $5,3 million and 101
workyears from 1990.
HIGHLIGHTS
The Pesticides Regional Initiative
Addresses Unique Local Problems
And Emphasizes Enforcement
Certification
&
Training
Pesticides Regional Initiative
+$7.4 M, +18 Workyears
EPA is expanding a program begun in 1990
which motivates States and regional offices to
address geographically localized problems re-
lated to ground water contaminated by pesti-
cides, protection of workers exposed to pesticides,
and protection of endangered species threatened
by pesticide use. The Agency requests $38.0
million and 152 workyears, reflecting an increase
of $7.4 million and 18 workyears to support this
program in 1991. Activities will include develop-
ment and implementation of enforcement and
compliance strategies, coordination with Federal
and state agencies, and training programs to
enhance state and regional capabilities. In addi-
tion, enforcement resources will address new
activities to enhance current computer systems
to improve tracking of imports and exports of
pesticides.
FIFRA '88 Continues on Schedule
The 1988 Amendments to the Federal In-
secticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act
(FIFRA '88) contribute to the Agency's assur-
ance of a safe food supply by requiring that all
pesticides registered before 1984 be reregistered.
In compliance with FIFRA '88 the Agency has
begun implementation of a rigorous program
designed to reregister pesticides and provide new
tests and data in order to support review of these
chemicals. The Agency requests 218 workyears
to support this accelerated reregistration of pes-
ticides, an increase of 78 workyears over 1990.
These workyears will be funded by the Reregis-
tration and Expedited Processing Revolving
Fund that receives fee payments from industries
seeking to reregister or maintain registrations of
21
-------
PESTICIDES
pesticides. In 1991, EPA will focus efforts on
phases two and three of the reregistration proc-
ess. Activities will include review of submissions
for reregistration, identification of missing data
needed to support a chemical's reregistration,
evaluation of registrant commitments to develop
the missing data, and evaluation of preliminary
data submitted.
The FIFRA Revolving Fund uses fee
payments from industry to support
the reregistration process.
Reregister
or
Cancel
The Agency also requests $3.4 million and
31 workyears in the Headquarters pesticides
enforcement program. The increase of $1.4 mil-
lion and 4 workyears will support activities which
cannot be financed through the Revolving Fund,
such as enhanced capabilities in policy and strat-
egy development and increased regulation and
case development support. New activities will
target issues resulting from the 1988 Amend-
ments such as enforcement of voluntary suspen-
sion/cancellation of pesticides and associated
disposal activities, and development of enforce-
ment strategies for disposal of pesticides contain-
ers which cannot be funded by the Reregistration
and Expedited Processing Revolving Fund.
Eydsting Pesticides Program
Continues Focus on Food Safety
and the Environment
In 1991, the Agency will continue to empha-
size the reregistration reviews and special re-
views of existing pesticides, and increase efforts
to fulfill legislative requirements regarding
reregistration activities. This program includes a
food safety initiative, begun in 1990, which en-
hances EPA's ability to make decisions based on
scientific risk assessments and to communicate
reasons for these decisions to the public. The
Agency requests $31.3 million and 314 workyears
to continue its efforts on existing chemicals under
the Generic Chemical Review program. This
represents an increase of $3.4 million. The
Agency requests $4.0 million for 1991 to cover
storage and initiate disposal of pesticides
cancelled prior to the passage of FIFRA "88.
Disposal of ethylene dibromide (EDB) is complete
and incineration of dinoseb has been funded with
funds from prior years. The remaining pesticide
stocks of 2,4,5-T/Silvex will be stored and then
disposed of once a facility is permitted and avail-
able to accept stocks for incineration.
Food Safety Concerns are Also
Emphasized in New Registration
Actions
As part of the Agency's emphasis on food
safety, the review of new registration actions will
be strengthened. To support this, the Agency is
requesting $17.9 million and 266 workyears in
1991 in the Registration, Special Registration
andTolerance program, representing an increase
of $1.3 million over 1990. The Agency will con-
tinue to review registration applications for new
and new-use pesticides, special use permits, and
tolerance petitions.
Pesticides Research Focuses on
Biotechnology
Increased resources will support biotech-
nology research on the impacts from genetically
engineered organisms being released into the
environment, and development of methods for
identifying/monitoring biological pesticide
agents. The $15.4 million and 110 workyears
requested for pesticides research in 1991 repre-
sents a $2.8 million increase over 1990.
The pesticides research program will con-
tinue to improve the Agency's abilities to assess
risks to human health and the environment from
pesticides products through development and
validation of test methods for Federal Insecticide,
Fungicide and Rodenticide Act studies, methods
for identifying and monitoring biological pesti-
cide agents, improving ecological risk assess-
ments for review of pesticide applications, and
developing methods to prevent pollution from
pesticide usage.
22
-------
RADIATION
$36.1 M
DOLLARS
+$4,0 M
1991
INCREASE
$39.1 M
1990
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1991
PRESIDENT'S
BUDGET
278
WORKYEARS
+24
302
1991
INCREASE
1990
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1991
PRESIDENTS
BUDGET
The Office of Radiation Programs carries
out the Agency's radiation activities to protect the
public health and the environment from avoid-
able and accidental exposures to radiation. The
1991 President's Budget provides $39.1 million
and 302 workyears, representing an increase of
$4.0 million and 24 workyears over 1990. The
Radiation program will continue to implement
the Radon Action Program, monitor background
radiation, participate in emergency prepared-
ness and response activities, and support stan-
dards development as called for in the Clean Air
Act and Atomic Energy Act. In 1991, additional
resources will support implementation of both
the Indoor Radon Abatement Act of 1988 and
standards for radionuclide sources.
HIGHLIGHTS
Implementation of Radon Program
Growth of the Radon Program
$24.5 M
$22.8 M
$12,0 M
$10.2 M
m-
1988
Actuals
1989
Actuals
1990 1991
Current President's
Estimate Budget
In 1991, the Agency is requesting $24.5
million and 89 workyears for the Headquarters
and Regional radon program, an increase of $1.7
million over 1990. The program will continue to
implement the Indoor Radon Abatement Act and
provide $9.0 million to the States for their radon
programs. The radon program will continue to
support problem assessment activities; mitiga-
tion and prevention programs; the development
of state, local, and private capabilities; and the
production and dissemination of public informa-
tion materials. In addition, the program will
begin implementation of a user fee to support
radon training and proficiency programs.
Radiation Program Development
In 1991, the Agency requests $6.2 million
and 62 workyears for radiation standards and
implementation, an increase of $1.0 million and 4
workyears over 1990. The program will continue
to develop, promulgate, and implement stan-
dards, regulations, and guidelines to minimize
radiation exposure. Additional resources will
support implementation of the radionuclide
National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air
Pollutants (NESHAPs) program.
Radiation Monitoring and
Emergency Response
In 1991, the Agency is requesting $3.4
million and 51 workyears to continue to monitor
ambient radiation levels nationally through its
23
-------
RADIATION
Environment Eadiation Ambient Monitoring
System (ERAMS), monitor rocket launches in
which radioactive materials are involved, and
maintain nuclear emergency response capabili-
ties. The program will continue to support the
development of radiation standards, criteria, and
guidelines through analysis of health effects and
economic impacts.
Regional Offices
In 1991, the request is $2,7 million and 55
workyears for Regional radiation programs, an
increase of $.9 million and 18 workyears over
1990. The Regions will provide technical assis-
tance to States for emergency response planning
and for characterizing and identifying hazardous
radioactive waste sites, and continue the assess-
ment and mitigation of radiation-contaminated
sites. The resources will also support implemen-
tation of the state radon grants program, regional
training centers, and the development of state
program capabilities.
Radiation Research
Research will continue to support the Of-
fice of Radiation Programs and state and local
governments with scientific data needed to deter-
mine exposure to radioactive materials in the
environment The 1991 request for radiation
research is $4.1 million and 83 workyears, an
increase of $0.4 million over 1990. Research will
also help develop and demonstrate cost-effective
techniques for mitigating human exposure to
indoor radon in homes and schools. Under an
interagency agreement with the Department of
Energy, the Office of Research and Development
will also provide support in the form of off-site
monitoring around nuclear test sites.
24
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MULTI-MEDIA
DOLLARS
+$39.5 M
$166.4 M
S126.9M
1991
INCREASE
1990
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1991
PRESIDENTS
BUDGET
WORKYEARS
+99
744
843
1991
INCREASE
1990
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1991
PRESIDENTS
BUDGET
The Multimedia Program is the former
Interdisciplinary Program which has historically
consisted of Agency activities that provide gen-
eral support to (and are not directly assignable to)
any media program. Multimedia activities in-
clude civil and criminal enforcement support,
Federal environmental compliance assistance,
and long-term research and development.
In 1991, EPA requests a total of $166.4
million and 843 workyears for Multimedia pro-
gram activities. This is an increase of $39.5
million (4-31%) and 99 workyears from 1990.
HIGHLIGHTS
Civil and Criminal Enforcement
EPA will intensify its enforcement pro-
grams in 1991 following the President's policy to
strengthen compliance of environmental laws
Technical And Legal Enforcement Are In Balance
and requirements and to make the "polluter pay".
Greater media program enforcement activities
will discover more civil and criminal violations.
EPA has requested $36.9 million and 532
workyears in 1991 to provide legal support to
Agency civil and criminal enforcement activities,
an increase of $10.4 million (+40%) and 88
workyears (+20%) from 1990. This increase will
provide additional attorneys, criminal investiga-
tors, and technical expertise for a balanced tech-
nical/legal Agency enforcement program. In-
creased litigation support will also be provided to
ensure that complex civil environmental cases
are litigated or settled under terms most favor-
able to the environment. Included in this in-
crease is an increase of $1.2 million and 13
workyears to implement the new enforcement
requirements of the President's Clean Air Act
legislation.
Federal Environmental Compliance
EPA provides technical assistance to other
Federal agencies and Indian tribes to help them
comply with environmental program require-
ments. In 1991, EPA requests $15.3 million and
115 workyears for this technical assistance, an
increase of $3.1 million (+25%) from 1990. This
increase will provide more environmental assess-
ments of Federally funded municipal wastewater
treatment projects and continue to help Indians
comply with all environmental requirements on
Indian lands.
25
-------
MULTI-MEDIA
1
Civil and Criminal Enforcement Growth
395
1
1
i
1
1989
{Workyears)
444
IP
I
1
1
i
1990
632
IP
»
1
1
&
ft
1
1991
t
Research and Development
The Multimedia research program consists
of research activities that benefit all media pro-
grams. These include managing the Agency's
quality assurance program, providing generic
scientific assessments, providing technical scien-
tific information, replacing research equipment,
and conducting basic long-term research.
The 1991 request for Multimedia research
is $111.4 million and 181 workyears, an increase
of $26.1 million (+31%) and 11 workyears over
1990. Of these increases, the majority (84%) is for
the Agency's new long-term research program
reorganized into a "core research program" in
1989. The additional $22.0 million and 9
workyears in 1991 will strengthen EPA's re-
search capabilities to address emerging environ-
mental concerns such as the condition of our
ecosystems and prevention of environmental pol-
lution. Such research will be conducted with
other Federal agencies to maximize their exper-
tise and strengthen the Federal government's
overall capabilities to address public concerns
about the environment. Included in long-term
research is a $10.9 million increase for Explora-
tory Research Grants, representing a total pro-
gram of $29.3 million.
The Agency's program to upgrade its ana-
lytical research capabilities, started in 1988, will
continue in 1991. High-quality science requires
sophisticated state-of-the-art research equip-
ment. Accordingly, an increase of $2.6 million will
be provided to further upgrade the Agency's aging
scientific research equipment inventory.
26
-------
Toxic SUBSTANCES
$155.8 M
DOLLARS
-$42.4 M
M
1990
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1991
PRESIDENTS
BUDGET
876
WORKYEARS
+10
886
1991
INCREASE
1990
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1991
PRESIDENTS
BUDGET
The Toxic Substances media covers pro-
grams which implement four environmental stat-
utes (TSCA, ASHAA, AHERA, Title III of SARA),
The program's four major goals are to 1) prevent
or eliminate unreasonable risk from new or exist-
ing chemicals, 2) reduce unnecessary exposure
through voluntary reduction of toxic emissions, 3)
encourage the development of safer substitutes
for high risk chemicals, and 4) maximize produc-
tivity through improved management and
through the strengthening of state and local pro-
grams. Two additional cross-cutting goals are to
ensure strong enforcement and adequate re-
search support.
The Toxic Substances budget request is for
a total of $113.4 millionand 886 workycars in
1991. This represents a decrease of $42.4 million
and an increase of 10 workyears from 1990 levels.
The decrease in funding is largely due to the
exclusion of funds provided in 1990 for asbestos
abatement loans and grants to schools since the
worst threats and neediest schools are currently
being addressed. Further, by 1991, all schools
should be well along in implementing their asbes-
tos management plans.
HIGHLIGHTS
Risks are Reduced and Enforcement
Programs Strengthened in the Regions
The thrust of the Toxic Substances 1991
budget request is an expansion of the regional
initiative begun in 1990. The initiative is de-
signed to build a coordinated Federal and state
program to manage the removal of toxic sub-
stances, particularly asbestos and polychlori-
nated biphenyls (PCBs), from continued use. The
Agency requests $14.1 million and 164
workyears for a range of programs to strengthen
regional, state and local capacity to reduce risk
from existing chemicals and enforce Toxic Sub-
stances Control Act (TSCA) provisions. This
represents an increase of $4.3 million and 10
workyears, or 44% of the total dollars expended in
the Regional Toxics, Regional Enforcement, En-
forcement Grants and the outreach portions of
the Existing Chemicals and Asbestos-in-Build-
ings programs.
The regional initiative includes new state
cooperative agreements to foster a broader role
for States in asbestos abatement in public build-
ings as well as PCB disposal and management of
PCB cleanup operations. The asbestos coopera-
tive agreement increase will expand a program
begun in 1990 to provide startup funds for com-
prehensive state asbestos abatement programs.
The Regional Toxics program will expand efforts
to assist States in participating more effectively
in program operations for the Asbestos-in-Build-
ings and PCB programs. The regional initiative
also provides increases for state TSCA enforce-
ment authorities and supports increased compli-
ance inspections for a number of new initiatives
including the asbestos ban and phase down rule
and hexavalent chromium. Regional enforce-
ment personnel increases will assist States in
developing new TSCA authorities, allowing more
state involvement in TSCA enforcement.
27
-------
Toxic SUBSTANCES
In addition to the regional initiative, the
Agency requests $5.2 million and 39 workyears
for the Headquarters Toxics Enforcement Pro-
gram, which represents an increase of $0.4 mil-
lion. This program provides oversight and man-
agement of the nationwide toxics compliance
monitoring and cooperative agreement pro-
grams.
EPA's Risk Reduction and Enforcement Efforts
Result in Sharp Drop in Asbestos Use
265,000
(LUi A.bv.10.
ConMim{i4iaii in Toon)
The Base Toxics Program Continues to
Promote Risk Reduction and Pollution
Prevention
Given the experience of three reporting
cycles to draw on, the Toxics Release Inventory
(TRI) program in 1991 will offer improved data
quality and a shortened processing time. The
Agency requests $17.8 million and 79 workyears
to implement and enforce the Toxic Release In-
ventory (TRI) requirements of Title III of the
Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization
Act of 1986. This represents a decrease of $2.4
million and 15 workyears, reflecting efficiencies
in forms processing and the streamlining of this
program as it matures. Under the TRI program,
EPA collects and makes publicly available an-
nual data on emissions and discharges from fa-
cilities that manufacture, process or use certain
toxic chemicals. Program improvements will
provide improved accessibility and usability of
the TRI database in 1991. This will aid EPA staff,
the States and the public in making decisions
directed towards risk reduction and pollution
prevention. EPA will continue to offer start up
grants to States to help them to improve data
quality and to integrate the TRI data into their
other programs.
The New Chemical Review program re-
mains one of the Agency's principal pollution
prevention programs, reviewing new chemicals
for risks before they are manufactured or im-
ported, including biotechnology product reviews.
Test rules developed under the Chemical Testing
program will require industry to fill data gaps on
chemicals of concern. The Agency requests $23.1
million and 229 workyears for the New Chemical
Review and Chemical Testing programs, which is
an increase of $1.8 million and 9 workyears. The
Chemical Testing program will emphasize identi-
fication of data gaps for chemicals found atknown
Superfund sites and those identified through the
Title HI Toxic Release Inventory. The program
will also continue to participate in a major inter-
national effort to cooperate in generating chemi-
cal testing data.
Other programs within the Existing
Chemicals and Asbestos-in-Buildings base will
reduce unnecessary exposure to toxic substances
and prevent pollution. The Agency requests a
total of $24.6 million and 190 workyears for these
two programs, exclusive of the increase for the re-
gional initiative. This represents a decrease of
$4.9 million and an increase of 6 workyears. The
decrease is primarily due to the exclusion of funds
provided in 1990 for asbestos worker training and
the administration of asbestos loans and grants.
Programs within the Existing Chemicals base
include the continuation of a major effort begun
in 1990 to reduce exposure to lead paint dust, and
the establishment of university centers for train-
ing and technical assistance in pollution preven-
tion. The Asbestos-in-Buildings program will
continue to implement the key recommendations
of the 1988 Report to Congress on asbestos in
public and commercial buildings, including stud-
ies to develop improved data on exposure to as-
bestos and evaluate various mitigation methods.
Research and Development Supports
the Toxics Program Goals
Resources in research and development
will provide support for the Toxic Substances
Control Act (TSCA) studies (e.g., lead emissions
and deposition research) and increase health and
engineering studies in the field of biotechnology.
The $28.6 million and 186 workyears requested
for the Toxic Substances Research Program in
1991 represents an increase of $1.9 million from
1990.
28
-------
ENERGY
DOLLARS
$32.2 M 417.9 M
$14.3 M
1991
DECREASE
1990
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1991
PRESIDENTS
BUDGET
WORKYEARS
-21
30
1M1
DECREASE
1990
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1991
PRESIDENTS
BUDGET
The Energy program provides scientific
information necessary to assess (a) environ-
mental impacts from the nation's energy sector
(e.g. utilities, industry, and automobiles) and (b)
potential controls to mitigate environmental ef-
fects. Current Energy program activities are fo-
cused on two energy/environmental related is-
sues:
1. causes and effects of acid deposition
and
2. assessment of retrofit boiler technol-
ogy which can reduce air emissions
that create acid deposition.
In 1991, $14.3 million and 30 workyears
are requested to address these two issues. This
request is a decrease of $17.9 million and 21
workyears from 1990 due to the phase-out of the
10 year (1981-1990) research program conducted
under the National Acid Precipitation Assess-
ment Program.
HIGHLIGHTS
Acid Rain Research
The National Acid Precipitation Assess-
ment Program (NAPAP), mandated by the En-
ergy Security Act of 1980, will be completed in
1990. NAPAP*s objective to provide policy mak-
ers with credible scientific data on the causes and
effects of acid deposition should be met. Policy
makers will have the 1990 NAPAP Final Assess-
ment Report to Congress to help them assess
potential environmental effects from changes in
air emissions and appropriate controls to miti-
gate any adverse environmental effects.
With the issuance of the 1990 NAPAP
Assessment, acid rain research will be reduced
about 56% in 1991 ($18.1 million and 21
workyears). This reduction represents comple-
tion of research on: causes of acid deposition;
aquatic, terrestrial, and material effects; and po-
tential control technologies.
In 1991, $10.6 million and 12 workyears
are requested to continue long-term monitoring,
modeling, technology demonstration and emis-
sion activities on air emissions related to acid
deposition. Research will be focused in three
major areas. First, research will estimate air
emissions from man-made sources by (a) improv-
ing air emission inventories and (b) applying
models specific to major source-sectors. Second,
research will help scientists better understand
atmospheric processes through applications of
(a) the Regional Acid Deposition Monitoring
(RADM) model to assess different control scenar-
ios and (b) refining RADM to describe deposition
in urban areas and sensitive receptor regions. Fi-
nally, research will establish routine deposition
monitoring data on dry atmospheric deposition of
chemical species of interest (e.g., SO2, N02, O3,
and particulate sulfate and nitrate).
29
-------
ENERGY
LIMB Technology Research
The Limestone Injection Multistage
Burner (LIMB) research program is developing
and evaluating air emission control technology
that will remove sulfur oxides (SOx) and nitrogen
oxides (NOx) from flue gases of coal-fired boilers.
In 1991, $3.7 million and 18 workyears are re-
quested to continue research on LIMB technol-
ogy. This request is an increase of $0.3 million
from 1990 to complete testing a commercial-scale
demonstration of a tangentially-fired LIMB tech-
nology in Yorktown, Va. This project, which is
jointly funded by the Federal government and the
electrical power generating industry, will be com-
pleted in 1992.
1991
1990
$3.4 M
Acid rain research is mhieed,
LIMB research increases
30
-------
MANAGEMENT & SUPPORT
$432.7 M
DOLLARS
+$57.4M
1991
INCREASE
$490.1M
1990
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1991
PRESIDENTS
BUDGET
3,052
WORKYEARS
+158
3,210
1991
INCREASE
1990
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1991
PRESIDENTS
BUDGET
Resource increases are targeted primarily
towards: 1) strengthening controls to enhance
management and financial integrity, 2) further
developing pollution prevention efforts, 3) ad-
dressing global environmental issues through ne-
gotiations with other governments, 4) supporting
environmental compliance and health and safety
activities, and 5) improving communications
with Congress. The President's 1991 budget
provides $490.1 million and 3,210 workyears for
Management and Support, representing an in-
crease of $57.4 million and 158 workyears over
1990.
HIGHLIGHTS
Office of Policy, Planning and Evaluation
The President's 1991 Budget provides
$42.9 million and 358 workyears to support the
Agency's policy analysis, planning and evalu-
ation efforts. This represents an increase of $1.3
million and 45 workyears from 1990.
Working closely with EPA programs, other
agencies and international organizations, OPPE
will have lead responsibility for important as-
pects of the global climate change program in-
cluding identification of viable policy options and
cost analysis.
OPPE will continue its pollution preven-
tion program to explore the possibilities of waste
minimization, reuse, and recycling as part of an
Agency-wide effort to provide alternatives to
traditional "end of pipe" strategies. The office
plans to promote pollution prevention in the
public and private sectors through the develop-
ment, implementation and sponsoring of sub-
stantive demonstration projects, dissemination
of information and technology assistance.
The office will also continue to oversee the
Agency's strategic planning process, support risk
communication, management and assessment,
perform studies for evaluating the economic
impact of EPA's regulations, develop environ-
mental indicators, provide statistical services
and continue the operation of planning and
management tracking systems.
Office of International Activities
The budget provides $4.8 million and 52
workyears for the Office of International Activi-
ties. In 1990, to highlight global environmental
issues, the Office of International Activities was
reorganized, elevated to the Assistant
Administrator's level and provided with signifi-
cantly increased resources. This level has been
carried over into 1991.
The office's resources will support the
management and coordination of the Agency's
international environmental activities and will
enable the Agency to cooperate and negotiate
with other governments, and intergovernmental
and non-governmental organizations in identify-
ing and developing potential alternatives for
addressing international environmental issues.
31
-------
MANAGEMENT & SUPPORT
Specific international policy areas that the
office will address include bilateral environ-
mental agreements between the U.S. and Canada
and Mexico, bilateral and multi-lateral dialogue
on global climate change, the promotion of sus-
tainable development and technology transfer,
conservation of internationally critical habitats
and oversight of international hazardous waste
and toxic chemical issues. In addition, the office
will be expanding its activities in international
environmental information management and
exchange.
Office of Administration and
Resources Management
The budget provides $86.9 million and
1,539 workyears for Headquarters and Regional
components of the Office of Administration and
Resources Management. This represents an in-
crease of $11,8 million and 69 workyears over
1990,
The Office of Administration and Re-
sources Management will continue to build on
progress already achieved in assuring a strong
system of controls to ensure management and
financial integrity. Internal controls will be
strengthened through expansion of management
assistance reviews and increasing funding of the
public/ private partnership initiative. Expansion
and improvement of contract and grant admini-
stration will provide oversight of grant admini-
stration, financial integrity of contracts and post-
award financial monitoring.
Support of environmental compliance and
health and safety activities will assure compli-
ance with regulation requirements and will sup-
port our continued efforts to improve EPA's own
Headquarters facility, Waterside Mall. It will
also enhance the level of control over contractors.
The sharing of information and data inte-
gration with state and local governments through
the State/EPA data management program will
integrate data across the Agency. Also, continued
emphasis will be placed on achieving significant
productivity improvements. The office will in-
clude resources to support the implementation of
the President's Clean Air legislation.
Support Services
The budget contains $250.3 million for sup-
port services, an increase of $38.7 million over
1990. This increase will cover inflationary costs
associated with support and funding for addi-
tional Agency computing capacity. It will also
address general support services such as auto-
mated data processing, rent, utilities, mainte-
nance, postage, and supplies to all Agency pro-
grams. The account also provides support serv-
ices for Agency laboratories.
Buildings and Facilities
The budget contains $13.0 million for build-
ings and facilities. $0.5 million will be used to
provide day care facilities for employee depend-
ents. The balance of $12.5 million will be used in
repairs and improvements to address critical
repairs related to employee health and safety,
required alterations and build-out costs for re-
gional moves, and maintenance and energy con-
servation efforts. The Agency will also emphasize
projects supporting EPA's compliance with envi-
ronmental regulations.
Office of General Counsel
The budget for legal services supports a
total of $15.8 million and 249 workyears to pro-
vide legal advice and assistance to both Head-
quarters and Regional managers. This repre-
sents an increase of 25 workyears which will
provide additional legal support for Clean Air Act
implementation, Freedom Of Information Act
requests, the Indians program and state program
delegations. The program will continue to assure
legal consistency in policies and decision-making
throughout the Agency.
Congressional and Legislative
Affairs/Communications and Public
Affairs
The budget contains $7.5 million and 115
workyears for Congressional and Legislative
Affairs and Communications and Public Affairs.
This represents an increase of $1.3 million.
32
-------
MANAGEMENT & SUPPORT
These offices also to respond to the informa-
tion needs of an increasingly concerned and envi-
ronmentally aware public and Congress.
Regional Operations and State!
.Local Relations
The budget also contains $1.3 million and
21 workyears for Regional and State/Local Rela-
tions to continue our vigorous support of local
responses to environmental problems through
innovative, non-regulatory approaches. The
program seeks to encourage close and effective
cooperation between private sector groups,
States, local governments, and EPA.
33
-------
34
-------
OFFICE OF THE
INSPECTOR
GENERAL
35
-------
36
-------
OFFICE OF THE INSPECTOR GENERAL
DOLLARS
+$7.8 M
$38.7 M
$30.9 M
1991
INCREASE
1990
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1991
PRESIDENTS
BUDGET
WORKYEARS
+40
351
311
1991
INCREASE
1990
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1991
PRESIDENTS
BUDGET
The Office of the Inspector General is re-
sponsible for reviewing EPA's program, adminis-
trative, and financial activities, investigating al-
legations or evidence of possible criminal or civil
violations, and promoting efficient and effective
operations within the Agency.
The total 1991 budget for the Office of the
Inspector General appropriation is $38.7 million
and 351 workyears, which is an increase of $7.8
million and 40 workyears over 1990. Under re-
cently enacted legislation, P.L. 100-504, "The
Inspector General Act Amendments of 1988," a
separate appropriation is required for the Office
of the Inspector General,
The Office of the Inspector General (OIG)
appropriation consists of three distinct parts:
Management, Superfund, and LUST. The Man-
agement portion was derived from the Agency's
Salaries and Expenses appropriation and, there-
fore, covers those activities covered under the
Salaries and Expenses appropriation. The Super-
fund and LUST portions of the OIG appropriation
continue to be derived from the Superfund and
LUST Trust Funds, and are for OIG activities
related specifically to the Trust Funds.
HIGHLIGHTS
Management
The Office of the Inspector General request
for the Management portion of the appropriation
is $25.0 million and 262 workyears. This repre-
sents an increase of $4.2 million and 19
workyears. In 1991 the Inspector General will
manage the contract audit program, including
developing in-house con tract audit expertise, will
conduct audits of the Agency's computer systems,
and continue conducting audits of construction
grant close-outs. In addition, the Office of the
Inspector General will also continue its fraud pre-
vention program as well as internal management
audit and investigative efforts. Funds are also
included to provide basic support services to the
Office of the Inspector General including rent,
utilities, and supplies.
Superfund
The Office of the Inspector General re-
quests a total of $13.1 million and 85 workyears
for the appropriation in 1991, an increase of $3.0
million and 17 workyears, to be derived from the
Superfund Trust Fund. These resources will be
used to audit Superfund remedial activities con-
tracts, hire engineers and scientists to conduct
complex, highly technical Superfund remedial
investigations and studies, and investigate alle-
gations of criminal activity and wrongdoing. Also,
funds are included to provide general support
services to the Office of the Inspector General
such as rent, utilities, and supplies.
LUST
For the first time, the Office of the Inspector
General is requesting funds from the Leaking
37
-------
OFFICE OF THE INSPECTOR GENERAL
Underground Storage Tank (LUST) Trust Fund.
The total amount requested is $0.6 million and 4
workyears. These resources will support initia-
tion of audits and investigations of the Agency's
progress in implementing the LUST program,
including audits of the Trust Fund's financial
statements.
38
-------
SUPERFUND
39
-------
40
-------
SUPERFUND
$1,530.2 M
DOLLARS
+$209.8 M $1,740.0 M
1991
INCREASE
1990
CURHENT
ESTIMATE
1991
PRESIDENTS
BUDGET
WORKYEARS
3,467
3,467
1990
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1991
PRESIDENTS
BUDGET
The Comprehensive Environmental Re-
sponse, Compensation, and Liability Act (CER-
CLA) of 1980, as amended by the Super-fund
Amendments and Reauthorization Act (SARA) of
1986, charges the Agency with the responsibility
for protecting human health and the environ-
ment by providing emergency response to haz-
ardous substances released into the environment
and the remediation of uncontrolled hazardous
waste sites, Superfund activities are financed by
taxes on petroleum and certain chemical feed-
stocks, a corporate environmental tax, response
cost recoveries, interest, fines and penalties, and
general revenues.
In carrying out its mandate, the EPA will
initiate enforcement actions to compel poten-
tially responsible parties (PRPs) to conduct re-
sponse actions. If this action fails, EPA will
provide direct Federal site response and seek to
recover the response costs from those found ac-
countable.
The Agency recognized the need for and
committed to an examination of the Superfund
program. The Administrator instituted an exten-
sive review of Superfund in 1989 that resulted in
substantive program and management recom-
mendations. The Agency received an additional
500 workyears in 1990 and anticipates adjusting
its resource base in 1990 to provide up to $75
million to implement these recommendations
made in the Superfund Management Review
(SMR).
The 1991 President's Budget provides
$1,740.0 million in budget authority supported
by 3,467 workyears, an increase in budget au-
thority of $209.8 million over 1990. This increase
represents a strong and continued commitment
on the part of the Agency to meet its responsibili-
ties to protect human health and the environ-
ment. The 1991 President's Budget is based on
available tax revenues and continues to imple-
ment the SMR initiatives of "enforcement first",
strong cleanup programs, and effective Federal
response.
HIGHLIGHTS
An "Enforcement First" Budget
The Superfund Enforcement program en-
sures that privately funded response actions and
the "enforcement first" approach recommended
in the SMR are implemented. The Agency is
requesting $179.7 million and 1,446 workyears,
an increase of $16.0 million over 1990. These
resources support the Agency's efforts to identify
PRPs early in the remedial process. PRP re-
sponse is maximized through negotiated admin-
istrative settlements for pre-remedial actions
and consent decrees for remedial design and
construction.
When negotiations are unsuccessful, uni-
lateral administrative orders (UAOs) are issued,
requiring responsible parties to clean up their
sites or be subject to treble damages if a Fund-
financed response is needed. Resources also
support substantial case referrals for settlement
41
-------
SUPERFUND
Enforcement Activity Through the Pipeline Increases
(Output Estimates 1990 v«. 1991 By Activity)
PRP
Searches
ED/RA
Negotiations UAOs
1106
Referrals
with Settlement
1107
Cost Recovery
Referrals
and referrals for litigation by the Department of
Justice to compel PRPs to undertake response
actions. Non-settlers will be vigorously pursued
for cost recovery. The Agency intends to provide
technical assistance to other Federal agencies for
response at sites owned or operated by these
agencies and to continue oversight of ongoing
response by those agencies.
Increasing Response Activities
The Response program's emphasis will be
to support Fund-financed actions where neces-
sary and to continue support for the shift to
greater PRP accountability in the remedial proc-
ess. The Agency is requesting $1,258.8 million
supported by 1,294 workyears for site response,
an increase of $196.1 million and a decrease of 1
workyear from 1990. These resources will sup-
New Starts Increase in the Final Remedial Stages
81
74
46
60
36
10
'90 '91 *»0 '91
Fund
Financed PRP
[Remedial Design |
Fund
Financed
•90 '81
PRP
| Remedial Action]
port the most environmentally significant proj-
ects first, as recommended in the SMR, while bal-
ancingthe Agency's statutorily mandated actions
and ongoing activities.
The 1991 budget will support an increasing
number of new Fund-financed remedial design
and construction projects. The Agency will also
monitor and oversee a growing number of PRP
remedial design and construction response ac-
tions in 1991. In answer to the anticipated in-
crease in activity and its expanded role in over-
sight of PRP actions, the Response program will
dedicate 155 workyears, an increase of 39
workyears over 1990, to monitor and manage
PRP remedial design and construction projects.
Expansion in Emergency Response
The Agency, as part of its response activi-
ties, will continue to focus its removal actions on
"classical" emergencies or time critical responses
where there is no PRP, state, or local response
alternative. The Agency is requesting $187.2
million and 241 workyears in 1991 for its Emer-
gency Response activities, an increase of $11.1
million and 8 workyears. This increase strength-
ens actual removal support activities. Continued
emphasis will be placed on increasing state and
local participation in all areas of emergency re-
sponse.
Special Expertise
The Agency will continue to rely on the
special expertise of other Federal agencies to
implement the Superfund program. The Agency
42
-------
SUPERFUND
is requesting $110.1 million for other Federal
agencies, a decrease of $8.1 million from 1990,
Consistent with the President's "Building a Bet-
ter America* message and the Agency's emphasis
on continuing to strengthen its enforcement ef-
forts, the Department of Justice will receive $32,3
million to ensure adequate support for the stead-
ily increasing Superfund caseload. Additionally,
60% of the interagency budget is targeted to
support the significantly expanded health au-
thorities under SARA, These activities are pri-
marily conducted by the Agency for Toxic Sub-
stances and Disease Registry and National Insti-
tute of Environmental Health Sciences of the
Department of Health and Human Services.
Continuing Research
The Superfund Research program will
support the Agency, States, and industry in re-
solving technical problems which inhibit the ef-
fective implementation of removal and remedial
actions at Superfund sites. The Agency is re-
questing $71.8 million and 132 workyears for
research, a $6.5 million decrease from 1990. This
reduction results from the Agency's efforts to
balance enforcement and site response concerns
with our research priorities within available
revenues.
Research will increase in three areas.
First, research will increase on Subsurface
Cleanup and Mobilization Processes which are
developing more cost-effective methods of clean-
ing up underground contamination. Second, re-
search on quality assurance of field sampling will
increase. Finally, assessing ecological risks at
Superfund sites will be increased.
Research will continue on alternative
treatment technologies for use in cleanup actions
under the Superfund Innovative Technology
Evaluation program and technical support to
Regions and States for ground-water modeling,
sampling, and testing techniques.
Ensuring Trust Fund Integrity
Management and Support activities will
continue to provide effective and efficient services
to ensure a high level of Trust Fund integrity.
The Agency is requesting $107.8 million and 489
workyears for administrative and management
services to support the Superfund program.
Approximately 70% of this amount provides the
Superfund program's portion of Headquarters
and nationwide support costs such as rent, post-
age, utilities, security, mail operations, and tele-
communications, as well as administrative and
financial management services. A major portion
of the remainder supports the Comprehensive
Environmental Response, Compensation, and
Liability Information System and other
Timeshare tracking systems whose ongoing
improvements address SMR initiatives such as
increased cost recovery. These resources also
support the Contracts and Grants Divisions to
effectively award and monitor contracts and
grants in Superfund response activities.
43
-------
44
-------
LEA
KING
UNDERGROUND
STORAGE
T
ANKS
45
-------
46
-------
LUST
$74.1 M
DOLLARS
+S.9M
/ ^
WORKYEARS
1990
C'ORHENT
ESTIMATE
$75.0 M
1091
INCREASE
1991
PRESIDENTS
BUDGET
91
1991
DECREASE
1990
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1991
PRESIDENTS
BUDGET
The Leaking Underground Storage Tank
(LUST) Trust Fund Program protects human
health and the environment by providing timely
and effective responses to leaking underground
storage tanks containing petroleum. The
President's 1991 Budget provides $75.0 million
and 90 workyears for the LUST program. The
LUST Trust Fund is financed by taxes on petro-
leum products and may be used for direct state
cleanups, oversight of owner/operator cleanups,
enforcement, cost recovery actions and adminis-
trative expenses.
HIGHLIGHTS
National Program Direction
The most effective and efficient method of
addressing releases and protecting human
health and the environment is through State
administered LUST programs. The Agency will
negotiate cooperative agreements with States
and Territories to help them achieve the response
and enforcement capacity necessary to imple-
ment their own LUST programs. The Agency is
requesting $64.7 million for State cooperative
agreements in 1991. These resources will assist
the States in building strong and independent
LUST programs. The Agency's national LUST
program management approach is based on the
principles of private industry's franchise concept.
The Agency will provide financial, management,
technical and outreach assistance to the States.
The States as franchisees are responsible for de-
veloping and implementing their own LUST pro-
grams.
State Program Implementation
The state LUST programs will primarily
focus on implementing enforcement and compli-
ance work for owner/operator corrective actions.
The Agency is expecting that th e majority of leaks
reported will be addressed by owners/operators.
Therefore, the States will conduct site investiga-
tions based on their priority lists and will encour-
age owners/operators to perform corrective ac-
tions at their own sites. In addition, the States
will provide oversight and technical assistance to
owners/operators conducting their own correc-
tive actions to ensure proper response to the leak.
The States will use formal enforcement actions to
compel corrective actions by recalcitrant owners/
operators when necessary.
Thousands of leaking tanks have been in-
ventoried by the States and are currently await-
ing response. At abandoned sites and at sites
1991 LUST Appropriation
$75.0 M
$64.7 M
President's
Budget
Total
State
Cooperative
Agreements
47
-------
LUST
where the owners/operators are unwilling or
unable to conduct responses, the States will di-
rect the response actions. When the LUST Trust
Fund is used for direct response actions, the
States will pursue cost recovery from recalcitrant
owners/operators. The States may use recovered
funds to finance other LUST Trust Fund eligible
activities and projects.
The Agency will continue its commitment
to development and dissemination of enforce-
ment and response tools, techniques and training
to assist the States in implementing or improving
their LUST programs. The Agency will also help
the States to improve the quality of corrective ac-
tions, corrective action plans, cost recoveries and
owner/operator responsiveness. Additionally,
the Agency will assist the States in developing
their own state trust funds to finance direct state
responses.
Research and Development
The Agency will continue to disseminate
technical information on new and innovative
methods for remedial technologies and will assist
States in developing their capabilities to manage
an effective response program. The 1991 request
for research is $0.8 million and 2 workyears, the
same amount as 1990. This research program
provides technical support to EPA's Office of
Underground Storage Tanks, EPA Regional Of-
fices, States, and local agencies responsible for
implementing the LUST Trust Fund Program.
Technical support will focus on providing scien-
tific expertise on low cost approaches for assess-
ing site contamination and evaluating remedial
technologies.
48
-------
CONSTRUCTION
GRANTS
49
-------
50
-------
CONSTRUCTION GRANTS
In 1991, the Construction Grant program
continues implementation of the 1987 amend-
ments to the Clean Water Act. Those amend-
ments provided for the phased elimination of
grants to states for sewage treatment plant con-
struction and the establishment of self-support-
ing state revolving funds (SRFs) to finance future
construction needs. In 1991, EPA and local juris-
dictions enter a new phase with Federal support
to be provided only to accelerate capitalization of
SRFs. Extensive policy reviews at the Federal
level have culminated in the Administration's
revision of its needs. The Administration
requests $1.6 billion for 1991 to accelerate the
capitalization of SRFs. The request represents
approximately $600 million over 1990 in federal
funds appropriated for the capitalization of SRFs.
$1,991.7 M
5;"Spec ProjiJ
$972.9 M
SRF
//y/y/y,
,9972.9 M/
/ CONST.^
'GRANTS/
*
/
/
/
/
/
/
$1,600 M
s ,/
fjffjffjrjrJjfjFjfjrsfj f
$1,584.3 M
SRF
x
1990
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
$15.7 M
Spec Proj
1991
PRESIDENTS
BUDGET
HIGHLIGHTS
Transition to State Revolving
Funds (SRFs)
The transition to SRF programs, begun
during 1988 will be essentially complete in 1990.
EPA made initial capitalization grants to 43
states by the end of 1989. The remaining states
will receive initial capitalization grants in 1990.
The Agency projects that 50 SRF programs will
receive capitalization grantawards totalling$1.6
billion during 1991.
Federal
Capitalization
Grant
State
Matching
Grant
State
Revolving
Fund
Leveraging
Techniques
States Will No Longer Depend on Federal
Funding With This New Way to Finance
Sewage Treatment Plants
These Federal funds, the required 20 per-
cent state match, and any additional resources
dedicated to the fund will provide financial sup-
port to communities in the form of loans and other
non-grant assistance. In order to increase the
amount of assistance provided, some States will
develop aggressive techniques that will leverage
Federal and state funds.
Financially sound SRFs will provide an
ongoing source of funding su pport for wastewater
treatment facility construction after Federal
funding ends. In addition, when a State's munici-
pal wastewater treatment needs are eventually
satisfied, SRFs may be used
to support implementation
of Nonpoint Source man-
agement plans and Na-
tional Estuary Program
comprehensive conserva-
tion and management
plans.
Protecting the Existing
Federal Investment
Although the congres-
sional authorization of
grant assistance for the con-
struction of wastewater fa-
cilities will end in 1990,
adequate SRF capitaliza-
tion will protect the Federal
investment. EPA has pro-
vided a significant portion
Wastewater
Treatment
Plant
Construction
51
-------
CONSTRUCTION GRANTS
of the more than $77 billion the Nation has in-
vested in the construction of grant assisted was-
tewater treatment works. In fact, since 1973 EPA
has obligated approximately $52 billion for sew-
age plants construction. The program has com-
pleted about 7,000 construction projects but by
the end of 1991 will still be actively managing ap-
proximately 4,800 construction grant projects.
Currently, about 15,600 treatment facilities in
the nation serve some 176 million people. Pro-
tecting this investment in the infrastructure to
ensure maximum water quality benefits is a high
priority of the Agency.
Managing the Construction Grants
Program to Closoout in 1991
Admin,
Complete
Project*
4300 Project*
The Agency's investment of construction
grant appropriations will also be supported by
other water programs. Within the Water Quality
appropriation, EPA will continue to focus signifi-
cant oversight efforts on the construction and
administrative completion of wastewater treat-
ment facilities supported by Federal funds. The
Agency will also provide technical and financial
management assistance to States and small
communities that will enhance operations and
maintenance practices and sewage plant opera-
tor training activities.
52
-------
RESEARCH
AND
DEVELOPMENT
53
-------
54
-------
RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT
$424.5 M
DOLLARS
+$25.1 M
1991
INCREASE
$449.6 M
1990
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1991
PRESIDENT'S
BUDGET
1.8SO
WORKYEARS
+11
1,891
1991
INCREASE
1990
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1991
PRESIDENTS
BUDGET
The Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) conducts research and development for
two primary reasons:
1. To support the Agency's statutory and
regulatory responsibilities of protecting
human health and the environment, and
2. To advance the body of knowledge on en-
vironmental sciences to understand
emerging environmental concerns.
Investments in environmental research
and development are essential to understand and
deal with environmental pollution issues today.
Scientific information allows people to under-
standhow pollution is created.how it spreads, the
risks involved, and the potential methods of re-
ducing risks. EPA, with other Federal and state
agencies, is responsible for defining the nature
and possible solutions to our national environ-
mental problems.
In 1991, EPA requests a total of $449.6 mil-
lion and 1,891 workyearsfor its Research and
Development program. This total budget is an
increase of $25.1 million and 11 workyears from
1990. This increase is in addition to $20.5 million
shifted internally from completed research ac-
tivities (i.e. acid rain research and hazardous
waste research) to address new research needs
(e.g. global climate change, clean air, wetlands,
municipal solid waste, and long-term "core" re-
search). This represents an increase of $45.6
million for major new research initiatives in
1991.
The 1991 budget increases are focused on
four major environmental research areas. They
are as follows:
Global Climate Change Research
Understanding the phenomenon of and
impacts from global climate change is one of the
most significant environmental issues of the
1990s. Nations around the world are trying to
understand its potential causes and effects.
Accordingly, EPA and other Federal agencies are
working on an interagency research effort to
address this complex scientific issue. This inter-
agency effortis being coordinated by the Commit-
tee on Earth Sciences (CES) of the White House
Federal Coordinating Council for Science, Engi-
neering, and Technology.
In 1991, the Agency requests a total of
$26.0 million and 43 workyears for global climate
change research. This increase of $10.6 million
and 12 workyears over 1990 will almost double
EPA's global climate change research program.
This research is focused on two global concerns:
stratospheric ozone depletion and global climate
change. These programs will focus EPA's re-
search on the regional effects of global climate
change in key ecosystems. Research will be con-
ducted on regional monitoring and modeling of
air emissions of greenhouse gases (methane and
nitrous oxide) and on improving air emission
estimates of these gases. TheEPApartoftheU.S.
Global Change Research Program is described in
55
-------
RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT
more detail in the 1991 U.S. Global Change Re-
search Plan.
Clean Air Research
In 1989, President Bush proposed signifi-
cant legislative revisions to the Clean Air Act to
accelerate the pace of cleaning up our Nation's
air. The legislative changes he proposed will curb
major threats to the Nation's environment and to
the health of Americans from acid rain, urban air,
and toxic air pollution. To accomplish some of the
new legislative requirements, research will be
needed.
In 1991, EPA requests an increase of $7.8
million (+11%) and 9 workyearsfrom 1990 to help
implement the President's Clean Air Act legisla-
tion. This research involves: assessing exposure
of the overall population; evaluatinghow alterna-
tive fuels (e.g., methanol, ethanol, liquidified
natural gas, compressed natural gas, and refor-
mulated gas) affect air quality, human health,
and the environment; developing new invento-
ries on air emissions; and improving regional
ozone models which encompass major cities.
Media Research
Control and mitigation of environmental
problems require sound scientific understanding
to ensure that solutions will be cost-effective.
Accordingly, research for media specific issues is
conducted to ensure that controls (regulatory and
non-regulatory) meet their statutory objectives.
In 1991, EPA requests a total increase of
$5.2 million over 1990 to address new program
needs for research. These increases involve new
media research needs into indoor air pollution
including the "sick building syndrome", wetlands
protection, sediment effects on water quality, oil
spill cleanup technologies and assessment of eco-
logical effects from such spills, municipal solid
waste management and disposal, biotechnology
research, and ecological risk assessments.
Long-term Multimedia Research
Environmental issues are becoming more
complex, broader in scope, and more difficult to
solve quickly. Even though environmental prob-
lems develop over time, solutions are usually
called for quickly. As a result, EPA's research and
development program has tended to focus more
on short-term regulatory needs rather than on
the long-term understanding of these problems.
Consequently, EPA's capabilities to address
emerging environmental concerns (e.g. strato-
spheric ozone depletion, global climate change)
have been limited until recently. EPA is endeav-
oring to be more proactive than reactive by antici-
pating environmental concerns. In so doing, EPA
can advise the public on the nature and risks of
public environmental concerns (e.g. indoor air,
global climate change).
In 1991, the Agency requests a total of
$79.5 million and 50 workyears to strengthen its
capabilities to understand emerging environ-
mental issues. This will be accomplished through
the new long-term "core" research program or-
ganized in 1989. This is an increase of $22.0
million (+38%) and 9 workyears over 1990. Half
of this increase ($11.1 million) will help define the
nature and methods of reducing risks to humans
and our Nation's ecosystems. This initiative will
involve EPA, working with other Federal agen-
cies, to define the health of environmental sys-
tems of concern (e.g. wetlands). The other half of
thisincrease($ 10.9 million) will support Explora-
tory Research Grants. Through these grants the
scientific research community conducts basic re-
search on many scientific environmental issues of
concern to EPA.
New Research in 1991: $45.6 million
56
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RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT
1&91 Research and Development Resources
Funding of EPA's research and development program is provided through five appropriations. The
following table summarizes the 1991 President's Budget for EPA's research and development program by
each of these appropriations.
PRESIDENTS 1991 BUDGET
by Appropriation
(Dollars in Millions)
Total Change
Appropriation Account Dollars from 1990
Salaries & Expenses 128.0 +13.0
Research & Development 249.0 +19.1
Abatement, Control & Compliance 0.0 -0.5
Superfund Trust Fund 71.8 -6.5
LUST Trust Fund 0.8 Q.O
Total Appropriations 449.6 +25.1
The structure of EPA's research and development program also tracks with the Agency's regulatory
programs. Research is provided to support each of the media programs as follows:
PRESIDENT'S 1991 BUDGET
by Media
(Dollars in Millions)
Total Change
Research Media Program Dollars from 1990
Air 94.9 +17.1
Radiation 4.1 + 0.4
Water Quality 28.9 + 2.2
Drinking Water 22.8 +1.1
Pesticides 15.4 + 2.8
Toxic Substances 28.6 + 1.9
Hazardous Waste 41.2 - 2.6
Energy/Acid Rain 14.3 -17.9
Multimedia 111.4 +25.6
Superfund 71.8 - 6.5
LUST 0.8 0.0
Management & Support 15.4 + 1.0
Total Budget 449.6 +25.1
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RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT
Summary of Research Media
Program Changes
Air Research
Research will increase $17.1 million
(+22%) primarily for global climate change re-
search and to implement the President's Clean
Air Act legislation. Research for EPA's global
climate change research program is described
previously in the Global Change Research discus-
sion. Research for the President's Clean Air Act
legislation was also discussed previously. In-
creases are also provided to expand research on
indoor air to determine human exposures to
building materials and household pesticides and
to develop procedures and measurements for
determining the "sick building syndrome."
Radiation Research
Research will increase +$0.4 million
(+12%) to support EPA's Office of Air and Radia-
tion, state and local governments with scientific
information to determine exposures and demon-
strate cost-effective techniques for mitigating
human exposure to indoor radon in homes and
schools. Also, EPA, under an interagency agree-
ment with the Department of Energy (DOE), will
continue to conduct off-site monitoring around
nuclear test sites.
Water Quality Research
Research will increase $2.2 million (+8%) to
support two new initiatives. First, research will
support the Administration's "no net loss" policy
on wetlands preservation. Second, research will
be initiated on oil spills to improve cleanup tech-
nologies, to predict long-term effects on ecosys-
tems, and to determine recovery and restoration
methods for damaged ecosystems. Initially, re-
search will focus on the long term effects of the oil
spill to Prince William Sound ecosystems.
Drinking Water Research
Research will increase $1.1 million (+5%) to
conduct studies on drinking water contaminants.
In addition, research will continue to develop
methods to detect ground-water contaminants,
understand and predict their behavior, assess
cost effective approaches to cleanup alternatives,
and support regulatory actions of EPA's Under-
ground Injection Control (UIC) Program.
Pesticides Research
Research will increase $2.8 million (+22%)
to provide scientific methods and information in
support of Agency decisions on pesticide registra-
tions and reregistrations. Increases will focus on:
potential environmental impacts from geneti-
cally engineered organisms (biotechnology);
methods for identifyingandmonitoringbiological
pesticide agents; improving ecological risk as-
sessments for review of pesticide applications;
and developing methods to prevent pollution
from pesticide usage.
Toxic Substances Research
Research will increase $ 1.9 million (+7%) to
support Agency chemical review responsibilities
under the Toxic Substances Control Act. Re-
search increases will primarily involve lead emis-
sions and deposition studies and biotechnology
studies.
Hazardous Waste Research
Research will decrease $2.6 million (-6%) as
a result of research completed for the Hazardous
Waste Program and one-time funding initiatives
provided in 1990. Research will continue on a
reduced level for treatment methods and technol-
ogy for hazardous waste land disposal, predicting
releases of hazardous waste from underground
storage tanks, and understanding how hazard-
ous waste biodegrades and moves below ground.
Research will be increased for new and improved
methods to manage municipal solid waste.
Energy/Acid Rain Research
Research will decrease $17.9 million (-56%)
reflecting the completion of acid rain research for
the Final Assessment Report to Congress by the
National Acid Precipitation Assessment Pro-
gram (NAPAP), In 1991, acid rain research will
focus on long-term monitoring, modeling, and
58
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RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT
analysis of emission scenarios. In addition, re-
search will continue on evaluating an air emis-
sion control technology - LIMB (Limestone Injec-
tion Multistage Burner) -which removes sulfur
oxides (SOx) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) from coal-
fired boilers. In 1991, LIMB research will involve
a commercial-scale demonstration of a tangen-
tially-fired boiler technology.
Multimedia Research
Multimedia (previously titled Interdisci-
plinary research) will increase $25.6 million
(-1-30%) to strengthen the Agency's long-term
research program and to continue upgrading
scientific research equipment to state-of-the-art
levels. Increases for the Agency's long-term re-
search program, organized into the "core" re-
search program in 1989, will expand Exploratory
Research Grants and ecological and health risk
research. Exploratory Research Grants support
outside investigator-initiated environmental
research on issues of concern to the Agency.
Ecological, health, and risk reduction research
will strengthen our understanding of long-term
ecological and health changes from our environ-
ment. Finally, increased funding will be provided
to continue upgrading the inventory of analytical
scientific equipment at Agency research labora-
tories.
Superfund Research
Research will decrease $6,5 million (-8%) in
1991. Research will continue to provide support
for effective cleanups of Superfund sites. Addi-
tional emphasis will be place on: Subsurface
Cleanup and Mobilization Processes which are
developing more cost-effective methods of clean-
ing up underground contamination; quality as-
surance of field sampling at Superfund sites; and
assessing ecological risks at Superfund sites.
59
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60
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STATE AND
LOCAL GRANTS
61
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62
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STATE AND LOCAL GRANTS
$233
$242
$267
$283
$3O2
$292
$315
$456
$387
X X
V /•
1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 199O 1991
Recognizing the important role that state
and local grant programs play in maintaining and
improving environmental quality in the States,
the President's 1991 Budget allocates $455.5
million to these programs, an increase of $68.5
million over the 1990 level.
HIGHLIGHTS
Addressing Critical Areas of Concern
In order to increase States abilities to ad-
dress today's major environmental problems, the
President's Budget Request provides additional
resources to support state efforts in carrying out
the President's proposed Clean Air Act. This
grant program will support training of state and
local personnel, implementation of state permit
programs, further development of monitoring
networks, development of new State Implemen-
tation Plans, enhanced vehicle inspection and
maintenance programs, and enforcement of ex-
isting standards. The Clean Water Act will be
supported by a new grant that will complement
Section 106 Water Quality Planning grants. This
grant will fund a variety of water pollution pre-
vention strategies developed by the States. The
President's Budget Request also includes for the
first time resources for Nonpoint Source grants.
These grants will provide federal assistance for
the implementation of state nonpoint source pol-
lution prevention and control strategies. In
addition, an increase in Hazardous Waste State
grants will support States assuming a greater
share of the permitting and corrective action
taken at hazardous waste management facilities,
vigorously pursuing and enforcing violations of
our Nation's hazardous waste laws.
Building State Capacity
The President's Budget recognizes the
important role that Federal assistance can play
in building the States' capacity to assume leader-
ship roles in implementing the President's envi-
ronmental policies. The funding levels proposed
for 1991 exhibit a concentrated effort to provide
ample resources for the States to address devel-
opment, compliance and enforcement with new
and existing regulations. The funding levels for
1991 recognize that building State capacity is
necessary if we are to meet our statutory environ-
mental goals.
The following chart shows State and local
grants by program area:
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STATE AND LOCAL GRANTS
STATE AND LOCAL GRANTS
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
AIR
SECTION 105
WATER QUALITY
SECTION 106
CLEAN LAKES
NON-POINT SOURCE
WETLANDS PROGRAM
IMPLEMENTATION
WATER QUALITY
MANAGEMENT
DRINKING WATER
PUBLIC WATER SYSTEM
PROGRAM GRANTS
UNDERGROUND INJECTION
CONTROL PROGRAM
SPECIAL STUDIES
HAZARDOUS WASTE
H.W. FINANCIAL
ASSISTANCE
UNDERGROUND STORAGE
TANKS
PESTICIDES
PESTICIDES ENFORCEMENT
GRANTS
PESTICIDES PROGRAM
IMPLEMENTATION
RADJATION
RADON STATE GRANTS
TOXIC SUBSTANCES
TOXIC SUBSTANCES
ENFORCEMENT GRANTS
TOTAL
1990
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
$99,181.4
72,599.1
8,747.7
36,933,1
1,215.0
0.0
39,311.5
8,972.1
3,110.3
$386,994.2
1991
PRESIDENTS
BUDGET
$137,700.0
81,700.0
0.0
14,250.0
5,000.0
16,500.0
47,450.0
9,000.0
5,100.0
$455,503.4
1991-1990
DIFFERENCE
+$38,518.6
+9,100.9
-8,747.7
-22,683.1
+3,785.0
+16,500.0
+8,138.5
11,177.8
4,374.1
68,031.7
8,747.4
12,444.0
12,149.0
10,500.0
1,000.0
88,000.0
9,000.0
15,803.4
14,500.0
-677.8
-3,374.1
+19,968.3
+252.6
+3,359.4
+2,351.0
+27.9
+1,989.7
+$68,509.2
64
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APPENDIX:
BUDGET TABLES
65
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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
SUMMARY OF AGENCY RESOURCES
BY MEDIA
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
MEDIA
AIR
WATER QUALITY
DRINKING WATER
HAZARDOUS WASTE
PESTICIDES
RADIATION
MULTIMEDIA
TOXIC SUBSTANCES
ENERGY
MANAGEMENT & SUPPORT
UNDISTRIBUTED
FY1990
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
$288,924,8
345,339.5
120,796.3
269,296.0
104,765.7
35,071.5
126,861.2
155,862.8
32,171.9
432,680.8
14,589.5
SUBTOTAL OPERATING PROGRAMS $1,926,360.0
FY1991
PRESIDENTS
BUDGET
$389,791.0
379,096.5
132,637.3
317,144.1
110,072.7
39,109.7
166,419.4
113,439.0
14,256.7
490,061.4
0.0
$2,152,027.8
1991-1990
DIFFERENCE
TOTAL
DOLLARS
+$100,866.2
+33,757.0
-t-11,841.0
+47,848.1
+5,307.0
+4,038,2
+39,558.2
-42,423.8
-17,915.2
+57,380.6
-14,589.5
+$225,667.8
HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE
RESPONSE TRUST FUND
LEAKING UNDERGROUND
STORAGE TANK
TRUST FUND
CONSTRUCTION GRANTS
GRAND TOTAL
1,540,286.0
74,097.0
1,991,720.0
$5,532,463.0
1,753,106.4
75,575.0
1,600,000.0
$5,580,709.2
+212,820.4
+1,478.0
-391,720.0
+$48,246.2
NOTE: Inspector General resources are included in Management and Support, Hazardous Substance
Response Trust Fund (Superfund), and Leaking Underground Storage Tank Trust Fund media.
66
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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
SUMMARY OF AGENCY RESOURCES
BY MEDIA
(WORKYEARS)
MEDIA
AIR
WATER QUALITY
DRINKING WATER
HAZARDOUS WASTE
PESTICIDES
RADIATION
MULTIMEDIA
TOXIC SUBSTANCES
ENERGY
MANAGEMENT & SUPPORT
SUBTOTAL OPERATING PROGRAMS
FY1990
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1,739.4
2,225.9
768.0
1,490.1
990.9
277.8
744.3
876.1
51.8
3,051.7
12,216.0
FY1991
BUDGET
ESTIMATE
1,984,6
2,321.8
810.2
1,634.7
1,091.7
301.8
843.5
886.2
30.4
3,210.2
13,115.1
1991-1990
DIFFERENCE
TOTAL
WORKYEARS
+245.2
+95.9
+42.2
+144.6
+100.8
+24,0
+99.2
+10.1
-21.4
+158.5
+899.1
HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE
RESPONSE TRUST FUND
LEAKING UNDERGROUND
STORAGE TANK
TRUST FUND
3,535,0
91.3
3,552.0
93,9
+17.0
+2.6
GRAND TOTAL
15,842.3
16,761.0
+918.7
NOTE: Inspector General resources are included in Management and Support, Hazardous Substance
Response Trust Fund (Superfund), and Leaking Underground Storage Tank Trust Fund media.
67
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