United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office Of
Chief Financial Officer
(2732)
EPA 205-S-98-001
January 1998
&EPA Summary Of The 1999 Budget
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
U.S. EPA Headquarters Libraq
Mail code 3301
1200 Pennsylvania Avenue
Washington DC 20460
PAGE
Introduction .... , 3
EPA's Mission and Purpose
EPA's Goals
Guiding Principles
New Approaches to Planning and Budgeting
Organization of the Annual Plan
Overview , 7
Overview of the 1999 Annual Plan
Key Initiatives in the Annual Plan
Summary
Goals
Clean Air , 15
Clean and Safe Water , 21
Safe Food 27
Preventing Pollution and Reducing Risk in Communities,
Homes, Workplaces and Ecosystems , 31
Better Waste Management and Restoration of
Contaminated Waste Sites 37
Reduction of Global and Cross-Border Environmental Risks 43
Expansion of Americans' Right to Know About Their Environment 47
Sound Science, Improved Understanding of Environmental
Risk, and Greater Innovation to Address
Environmental Problems 53
A Credible Deterrent to Pollution and Greater Compliance With the Law 57
Effective Management 61
Additional Information
State and Tribal Assistance Grants 67
Water Infrastructure Financing 71
Funds for America 75
Budget Tables ..,.. 76
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NOTE: References to workyears refer to total workyears rather than only "permanent"
workyeare. All dollars in this book, unless otherwise noted, are in thousands. For
example, 8 milMon dollars is represented as $8,000. Additionally, some numbers
may not add due to independent rounding.
Cover Photos: Steve Delaney, Victor Zambiano, Sara Siguidson
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INTRODUCTION
EPA's Mission and Purpose
The mission of the Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) is to protect human health and
to safeguard the natural environment—an*,
water, and land—upon which Me depends.
EPA's purpose is to ensure that:
* All Americans are protected from
significant risks to human health and the
environment where they live, learn, and work.
• National efforts to reduce environmental
risk are based on the best available scientific
information.
* Federal laws protecting human health and
the environment are enforced fairly and
effectively.
• Environmental protection is an integral
consideration in U.S. policies concerning natural
resources, human health, economic growth,
energy, transportation, agriculture, industry, and
international trade, and these factors are similarly
considered in establishing environmental policy.
* All parts of society—communities,
individuals, business, state and local governments,
and tribal governments—have access to accurate
information sufficient to effectively participate in
managing human health and environmental risks.
• Environmental protection contributes to
making our communities and ecosystems diverse,
sustainable, and economically productive.
• The United States plays a leadership role
in working with other nations to protect the global
environment.
EPA's Goals
EPA has developed a series often strategic, long-
term Goals in its Strategic Plan. These goals,
together with the underlying principles that will be
used to achieve them, define the Agency's
planning, budgeting, analysis, and accountability
process.
• Clean Air: The air in every American
community will be safe and healthy to breathe. In
particular, children, the elderly, and people with
respiratory ailments will be protected from health
risks of breathing polluted air. Reducing air
pollution will also protect the environment,
resulting in many benefits, such as restoring life in
damaged ecosystems and reducing health risks to
those whose subsistence depends directly on those
ecosystems.
• Clean and Safe Water: All Americans
will have drinking water that is clean and safe to
drink. Effective protection of America's rivers,
lakes, wetlands, aquifers, and coastal and ocean
waters will sustain fish, plants, and wildlife, as well
as recreational, subsistence, and economic
activities. Watersheds and their aquatic ecosystems
will be restored and protected to improve public
health, enhance water quality, reduce flooding, and
provide habitat for wildlife.
* Safe Food: The foods Americans eat will
be free from unsafe pesticide residues. Children
especially will be protected from the health threats
posed by pesticide residues, because they are
among the most vulnerable groups in our society.
• Preventing Pollution and Reducing Risk
in Communities, Homes, Workplaces and
Ecosystems: Pollution prevention and risk
management strategies aimed at cost-effectively
eliminating, reducing, or minimizing emissions and
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INTRODUCTION
contamination will result in cleaner and safer
environments in which all Americans can reside,
work, and enjoy life. EPA will safeguard
ecosystems and promote the health of natural
communities that are integral to the quality of life in
this nation.
• Better Waste Management, Restoration
of Contaminated Waste Sites, and Emergency
Response: America's wastes will be stored,
treated, and disposed of in ways that prevent harm
to people and to the natural environment. EPA will
work to clean up previously polluted sites,
restoring them to uses appropriate for surrounding
communities, and respond to and prevent waste-
related or industrial accidents.
» Reduction of Global and Cross-Border
Environmental Risks: The United States will
lead other nations in successful, multilateral efforts
to reduce significant risks to human health and
ecosystems from climate change, stratospheric
ozone depletion, and other hazards of international
concern.
• Expansion of Americans' Right to
Know About Their Environment: Easy access
to a wealth of information about the state of their
local environment will expand citizen involvement
and give people tools to protect their families and
their communities as they see fit. Increased
information exchange between scientists, public
health officials, businesses, citizens, and all levels
of government will foster greater knowledge about
the environment and what can be done to protect it.
Sound Science, Improved Understanding
of Environmental Risk, and Greater Innovation
to Address Environmental Problems: EPA will
develop and apply the best available science for
addressing current and future environmental
hazards, as well as new approaches toward
improving environmental protection.
• A Credible Deterrent to Pollution and
Greater Compliance with the Law: EPA will
ensure full compliance with laws intended to
protect human health and the environment.
• Effective Management: EPA will
establish a management infrastructure that will set
and implement the highest quality standards for
effective internal management and fiscal
responsibility.
Guiding Principles
• Reduce Health and Environmental
Risks: We will protect human health and the
environment by employing cost-effective risk
reduction strategies, based on sound, peer-
reviewed science, in our implementation of
programs. In making decisions about Agency
priorities, we will balance our efforts to reduce
ecological risks with our efforts to reduce risks to
human health.
• Emphasize Pollution Prevention: We
will structure our approaches to create incentives
for preventing pollution and the transfer of
pollution among air, water, and land. To
accomplish this, the Agency will use a mix of tools-
-including performance standards and economic
incentives in setting national pollution controls, as
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INTRODUCTION
well as voluntary pollution reductions and other
innovative alternatives—in furtherance of EPA's
goals and objectives.
• Emphasize Children's Health: We will
ensure that all standards EPA sets address
children's unique vulnerability to health and
environmental threats, and we will place emphasis
on identifying and assessing environmental health
risks that may affect children disproportionately.
• Strengthen Partnerships: We will
enhance EPA's partnerships with federal, tribal,
state, and local agencies, Congress, private
industry, public interest groups, and citizens in
order to identify environmental goals and work
together to achieve them. Our internal partnership
with EPA employee labor organizations will also
be critical to our success.
« Maximize Public Participation and
Community Right to Know: We will increase the
flow of information to the public, enhancing every
American* s right to know about local environmental
hazards and general conditions, and thereby enable
people to make informed environmental decisions
and participate in setting local and national
priorities.
• Emphasize Comprehensive Regional
and Community-Based Solutions: We will
structure our approaches to address all forms of
pollution simultaneously—in the air, land and
water—and do so in a way that confronts
environmental problems on a community-wide or
regional basis.
• Place Emphasis on Indian Country: We
will work with Indian tribes on a government-to-
government basis to ensure the protection of the
environment and human health in Indian Country,
consistent with our trust relationship with tribes
and our interest in conservation of cultural uses of
natural resources.
• Choose Common Sense, Cost-Effective
Solutions: Because a safer, healthier environment
goes hand-in-hand with a robust economy, we will
fulfill EPA's goals using common sense approaches
that consider benefits and costs and seek the most
cost-effective ways to integrate our efforts with
those aimed at economic growth. We will work to
increase environmental stewardship and
accountability and get better environmental
protection at reasonable cost by incorporating
successful innovations into the daily operation of
environmental programs.
New Approaches to Planning and Budgeting
In 1995, EPA embarked on a far-reaching
effort to fundamentally change past approaches to
planning, budgeting, performance measurement,
and accountability. This entails core changes to
budget structures and the implementation of
processes to link budgeting and accountability. In
March of 1996, Administrator Carol Browner
announced the creation of a new Planning,
Budgeting, Analysis and Accountability (PBAA)
process that is intended to meet the requirements of
the Government Performance and Results Act
(GPRA) and dramatically improve EPA's ability to
achieve results ~ improvements in human health
and the environment.
The new PBAA process has four specific
purposes: (1) to develop goals and objectives for
accomplishing the Agency's mission; (2) to make
better use of scientific information related to
human health and environmental risks in setting
priorities; (3) to improve the link between long-
term planning and annual resource allocation; and
(4) to develop a new management system to assess
our accomplishments and provide feedback for
making future decisions. While this effort will take
several years to fully implement, the Agency is
making real progress in the short term while we
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INTRODUCTION
build for the future. The new PBAA process
comprises several steps, including:
A Strategic Plan, which describes EPA's
strategic mission, long-term goals, and specific
shorter-term (i.e., 5 years or more) objectives that
the Agency will meet in achieving the goals.
Annual Performance Plans and Budget
Requests, which will be derived from the Strategic
Plan and a multi-year planning process, will serve
as the basis for budget decisions. They will
describe annual performance goals, measures of
outputs and outcomes, and activities aimed at
achieving the annual performance goals and
making progress toward longer-term goals and
objectives.
Program Performance Reports, required
by GPRA six months after the end of the fiscal year,
which will assess the progress EPA has made
toward achieving its goals and report on the
Agency's success in accomplishing its annual
performance goals.
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OVERVIEW
The 1999 Annual Plan
For 25 years, the Environmental
Protection Agency and its partners have made
significant strides in controlling pollution and
other environmental risks to human health and the
environment. The air, land, and water are now
safer for all Americans due to our Nation's
investment in environmental protection.
The EPA's plan for 1999 builds on that
success and invests in programs that deliver
consistently better environmental protection at
less cost. The EPA's 1999 Annual Plan provides
$7.8 billion and 18,375 FTE for the Agency's
programs.
This Annual Plan represents the EPA's
new approach to planning and budgeting, which
links goals and objectives to the human, capital,
and technological resources required to achieve
them. The EPA's 1999 Annual Plan represents
the Agency' s full participation in the Government
Performance and Results Act (GPRA), which is
designed to increase the effectiveness and
accountability of Federal Agencies.
Key Initiatives in the Annual Plan
The EPA is committed to providing the
greatest degree of environmental protection at the
lowest possible cost and regulatory burden to
citizens and businesses. The Agency has several
key initiatives which are designed to address
environmental risks effectively while maintaining
the Administration's commitment to a strong
economy and a streamlined Federal government.
Many of these initiatives are supported
across the Agency and involve a number of
strategic goals and objectives. They all work to
support the Agency's mission to reduce risk to
human health and safeguard the environment for
future generations.
• Ensuring Clean and Safe Water. The
President has made the protection of America's
water supply and waterways a national priority.
To meet this commitment, the 1999 budget
includes a Clean Water Initiative as well as strong
support for the Nation's water infrastructure
through State Revolving Funds:
• Restoring and Protecting
America's Waterways through the
President's "Clean Water and
Watershed Restoration Initiative".
This year the President is launching a
Clean Water and Watershed Restoration
Initiative to implement the Administration' s
Clean Water Action Plan, a far reaching
new effort to clean America's rivers,
lakes and coastal waters. The EPA will
play a key role in this initiative, focusing
on three challenges to restore and protect
the Nation's waterways: preventing
polluted runoff; protecting public health;
and ensuring community-based watershed
management. This initiative is funded in
the Agency's Annual Plan at $649
million, as part of the President's
Environmental Resources Fund for
America. It builds on the Agency's on-
going efforts in water quality, with
increases to selected water programs of
$145 million over 1998. This initiative
increases grants to States to implement
water quality improvement projects as
well as other Agency activities such as the
restoration and protection of our Nation's
wetlands.
• Upgrading the Nation's Water
Quality Infrastructure. The budget
proposes $775 million in capitalization
grants for Drinking Water State Revolving
Funds (SRFs), which make low-interest
loans to help municipalities meet the
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OVERVIEW
requirements of the Safe Drinking Water
Act Amendments. The funds will help
ensure that Americans have a safe, clean
drinking water supply — our first line of
defense in protecting public health. The
budget also proposes SI,075 billion in
capitalization grants to Clean Water SRFs
to help municipalities comply with the
Clean Water Act, thus helping to reduce
beach closures and keep our waterways
safe and clean. The combined SRF
proposal, with continued outyear
capitalization, will meet the
Administration's long-term goal to
provide about $2.5 billion a year in loans
to needy communities. Both the Clean
Water SRF and the Drinking Water SRF
are part of the President's Environmental
Resources Fund for America.
• Meeting the Global Warming Challenge.
In his 1998 State of the Union Address, the
President stated that "our overriding environmental
challenge ... is a worldwide problem requiring
worldwide action: the gathering crisis of global
warming." At the recent conference on Global
Climate Change in Kyoto, Japan, the United
States led the world to reach an historic agreement
committing nations to reduce greenhouse gas
emissions through market forces, new technology
and energy efficiency. The Climate Change
Technology Initiative (CCTl), funded in the
EPA's budget at $205 million in 1999, will help
America continue to meet its global responsibility
to lead the world in emissions reductions. CCTI,
which is part of the President's Research Fund for
America, is an inter-agency initiative led by EPA
and the Department of Energy (DOE) to support
research and technology advancements in energy
efficiency, renewable energy, and carbon-
reduction technologies. The President has stated
that "Americans have always found a way to grow
the economy and clean the environment at the
same time. And when it comes to global
warming, we'll do it again." CCTI will help
America meet that challenge.
• Implementing Stronger Clean Air
Standards. This budget request supports an
investment of $65 million for a national network
of Paniculate Matter Monitors to help the Nation
meet the health based air quality standard for fine
particles. This investment level honors the
President's commitment to States to fund the
costs of deploying a new fine particulate
monitoring network and to provide them the tools
necessary to carry out their monitoring efforts.
The EPA will also be conducting analyses to
determine the chemical constituents of PM 2.5
and better identify and understand the sources and
characteristics of the pollution. This effort will
lead to cleaner, safer air for all Americans.
• Protecting Human Health. One of the
President's foremost policy concerns is the
protection of human health through the reduction
of environmental threats. As the President said in
Ms State of the Union Address: "Our
communities are only as healthy as the air our
children breathe, the water they drink, the Earth
they will inherit." To reduce environmental
threats and protect future generations, the Agency
focuses on areas where it can provide the greatest
amount of protection, such as the cleanup of toxic
waste sites and the protection of children from
toxins in the environment.
» Cleaning up Toxic Waste Sites. The
budget strengthens the President's commitment to
clean up toxic waste sites with $2.1 billion for
Superfund, a 40 percent increase over the 1998
level. These funds are part of the President's
Environmental Resources Fund for America.
Combined with continuing administrative reforms,
these funds will help meet the President's pledge
to double the pace of Superfund cleanups. The
Administration proposes to clean up another 400
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OVERVIEW
sites, resulting in the cleanup of two-thirds of the
Nation's worst toxic waste dumps by the end of
the year 2001.
* Focusing on Health Risks to Children.
The Agency has made the protection of children's
health a fundamental goal of public health and
environmental protection in the U. S. This annual
plan builds on that commitment with a $33
million investment (an S8 million increase over
1998) for the Assessing Health Risks to Children
Agenda, This is a high-priority for the Agency
since children face significant and unique health
threats and are often more heavily exposed and
more vulnerable than adults to toxins in the
environment. When we protect the health of
children, we protect the health of all Americans.
Major activities include 1) establishing, with the
Department of Health and Human Services
(HHS), six Children's Environmental Research
Centers, 2) ensuring that EPA's public health
regulations consider children's health, and 3)
providing information to parents to better protect
their children from environmental hazards.
• Reducing Risks Posed by Persistent,
Bioaccumulative, and Toxic Pollutants. The
Agency is strengthening its efforts to address the
health threat presented by persistent,
bioaccumulative, and toxic (PBT) pollutants.
This initiative is funded at $13 million in the 1999
Annual Plan (a S10 million increase over 1998).
The Agency will conduct and coordinate research
and work to reduce the risks posed by PBTs
through a combination of strategies utilizing the
full range of regulatory, voluntary, programmatic,
enforcement, compliance, and research tools.
PBT risk mitigation activities will include
analysis of economic impact, pollution prevention
strategies, exploration of safe substitute chemical
alternatives and dissemination of public
information. This multi-year initiative will
reduce PBTs in the environment and reduce the
risks that these toxins pose to human health.
• Investing in Science for Sound
Decision-making. Environmental research is
critical for developing the scientific understanding
and technological tools to allow the Nation to
enhance environmental quality for current and
future generations. Within the President's
Research Fund for America, the EPA's 1999
budget includes $487 million for EPA's Office of
Research and Development (ORD). This
investment wUl provide a scientific basis for
developing cost-effective environmental policies,
create the knowledge base for citizens to make
wise environmental decisions, and enable new
and better approaches to environmental protection.
• Revitalizing Communities through the
Brownfields Initiative. The budget proposes to
extend the President's Brownfields initiative,
which promotes local cleanup and redevelopment
of industrial sites, bringing jobs to blighted areas.
This budget proposes $91 million for technical
assistance and grants to communities for site
assessment and redevelopment planning, as well
as revolving loan funds to finance clean-up efforts
at the local level.
• Strengthening Partnerships with Indian
Tribes. This Annual Plan continues the Agency' s
commitment to carrying out its trust responsibilities
to Federally-recognized tribes with a budget
request of $159 million (a $20 million increase
over 1998). The Indian Program includes cross-
Agency activities designed to ensure the
protection of public health and the tribal
homeland environment in a manner consistent
with a govemment-to-government relationship.
The Indian Program is a priority for the Agency
because the sub-standard environmental conditions
of many tribal homelands pose threats to human
health, Tribal economies, and ecosystems. The
program will enhance environmental protection
i
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OVERVIEW
by increasing the number of partnerships with
tribal governments, providing infrastructure
assistance, and helping to resolve trans-boundary
environmental issues.
* Improving Public Access to Information.
The President has made a commitment to
providing all Americans with access to sound
environmental information and involving the
public in environmental decision-making. This
commitment is based on the premise that all U.S.
citizens have a right to know about the pollutants
in their environment — including the condition of
the air they breathe and the water they drink, as
well as the health effects of the chemicals used in
the food and products they buy. Access to
environmental information also helps make
American citizens involved and informed
environmental decision makers, and promotes
creative and lasting solutions to environmental
problems. EPA's participation in the President's
Environmental Monitoring for Public Access and
Community Tracking (EMPACT) initiative,
funded at $35 million in this Annual Plan, helps to
carry out this commitment to provide the public
with crucial information on environmental
conditions.
Summary
The EPA's 1999 Annual Plan helps to
fulfill the Administration's commitment to
protect human health and safeguard the
environment, while continuing on the nation's
path of unprecedented economic growth. As the
Agency strengthens its relationships with the
public, the regulated community, and its
governmental partners, it will provide a more
effective and efficient system of environmental
protection. These partnerships, along with a
commitment to identify and solve the Nation's
most pressing environmental problems, will lay
the groundwork for a new era of environmental
protection and serve the Agency's ultimate
customer — the American people.
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The Agency's Workyears Increase in 1999
Operating Programs
Trust Funds
17,975 18,375
17,010 17,280 17,106 17,508 17,082
17,152
13,291
3,719
13,575
3,705
f
13,330
13,801
3,707
13,580
13,796
14,249
726
14,546
1992
1993
1994 1995 1996 1997
1998
1999
NOTE: FY 1992 - FY 1997 reflect actual FTE usage.
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In 1999, The Agency's Budget Totals $7.8 Billion
Operating Programs
Trust Funds
Water Infrastructure
S6.882M
$6,459M
$7,558M
$7,361 M S7J95M
1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
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GOALS
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CLEAN AIR
Strategic Goal: The air in every American community will be safe and healthy to breathe. In
particular, children, the elderly, and people with respiratory ailments will be protected from health
risks of breathing polluted air. Reducing air pollution will also protect the environment, resulting
in many benefits, such as restoring life in damaged ecosystems and reducing health risks to those
whose subsistence depends directly on those ecosystems.
OBJECTIVE
Attain National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS)
for Ozone and PM
Reduce Emissions of Air Toxics
Attain NAAQS for CO, S02, N02, and Lead
Acid Rain
TOTALS
TOTAL FTE
FY1998
ENACTED
$337,061
$85,837
$46,750
$20,800
$490,448
1.802
FY 1999 PRES.
BUDGET
$348,585
$91,925
$44,878
$21,566
$506,953
1.762
Air pollution continues to be a widespread
public health and environmental problem in the
United States, contributing to illnesses such as
cancer and respiratory and reproductive
problems. Air pollution reduces visibility,
damages crops and buildings, and is deposited on
the soil and in water bodies where it affects the
chemistry of the water and resident life forms.
Since 1970, air pollutant emissions have
been reduced and significant improvements in air
quality have been achieved. However, millions
of tons of toxic air pollutants are still released into
the air. Also, approximately 46 million people
live in areas that do not meet EPA's health-based
air standards for at least one of six major
pollutants.
The problem is nationwide in scope. Air
pollution crosses local and state lines and, in some
cases, even crosses our borders with Canada and
Mexico. Federal assistance and leadership are
essential for developing cooperative state, local,
regional, and international programs to prevent
and control air pollution and for ensuring that
national standards are met. Efforts of many other
Federal agencies, such as the Department of
Transportation and the Department of Energy,
are critical to the achievement of the Clean Air
goal.
The 1999 President's Budget requests
$507 million and 1,762 workyears for the Clean
Air goal, an increase of $17 million and a
decrease of 40 workyears over 1998. In support
of this goal, the Agency will work with and
support states and tribes in developing and
implementing plans to address air quality
problems. As part of this effort, EPA will support
state and tribal development of a 1,500-site
monitoring network for fine particulates (PM, s),
a pollutant for which the Agency issued its first
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CLEAN AIR
specific standards in 1997, The Agency also will
develop and issue standards, including national
technology-based standards to reduce the quantity
of toxic air pollutants that are emitted from
industrial or manufacturing processes.
The resources requested in this goal will
enable the Agency, in conjunction with its state,
local, and tribal partners, to meet a number of
performance goals in 1999. The most significant
of these include:
Deploy PM ambient monitors at 776
sites.
• Certify that 8 of the 38 estimated
remaining nonattainment areas have achieved
the current National Ambient Air Quality
Standards (NAAQS) for ozone.
• Certify that 13 of the 58 estimated
remaining nonattainment areas have achieved the
NAAQS for carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, or
lead.
« Reduce air toxic emissions by 12% in
1999, resulting in a cumulative reduction of 25 %
from 1993 levels.
• In 1999, maintain four million tons of
sulfur dioxide (SO,) emissions reductions from
utility sources and maintain 300,(XX) tons of
nitrogen oxides (NOx) reductions from coal-fired
utility sources.
» By 1999, identify and evaluate at least two
biological mechanisms by which PM causes death
and disease in humans.
In 1999, complete health assessments for
five high priority air toxics.
HIGHLIGHTS:
Attaining National Ambient Air Quality
Standards for Ozone and Particulate Matter.
The 1999 President's Budget requests
$348.6 million and 1090 workyears to attain
national ambient air quality standards (NAAQS)
for ozone and paniculate matter.
Ozone and paniculate matter are high risk
pollutants, with high potential for risk reduction.
Ozone can impair normal functioning of the
lungs. More people are exposed to unhealthy
levels of ozone than any other air pollutant. It is
projected that over 114 million people live in
areas that will not meet the new health standard
for ozone, which is 40 million more than under
the previous standard.
The health risks estimated from current
fine PM exposures represent tens of thousands of
premature deaths each year, placing fine PM near
the top of environmental health threats. It is
estimated that approximately 68 million people
live in areas that may not meet the new PM~2S
standard. EPA estimates that, once attained, the
new standard will prevent up to 15,000 premature
deaths per year.
Under the Clean Air Act Amendments of
1990, EPA must set NAAQS for pollutants that
endanger public health and the environment.
States and tribes then must develop and carry out
strategies and measures to attain the NAAQS.
EPA reviewed NAAQS set for ozone and
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CLEAN AIR
paniculate matter, as required by the Clean Air
Act, and promulgated new standards in July
1997. Following a directive the President issued
with the standards, the Agency worked with
states, tribes and local governments, other
Federal agencies and regulated sources to develop
an implementation strategy for the standards.
The implementation strategy allows for
implementing the standards in the most flexible,
reasonable and least burdensome manner. In
addition, the Agency is participating in an
interagency research program, including a full
scientific and technical review of the new fine
paniculate (PM,5) standard by 2002, and
implementation of a PM monitoring network.
In support of the Agency' s implementation
strategy for attaining the new air quality
standards, EPA will invest S65.7 million to
develop a national PM monitoring network. This
monitoring network will provide the data needed
for the identification of PM sources and potential
PM "hotspots," as well as allow the Agency to
designate areas in attainment with the new PM
standard and develop control strategies to address
PM on a regional basis. Attainment designations
will not occur until 2002 when monitoring data
will be complete for supporting these decisions.
EPA has committed to provide 100 percent of the
costs of setting up the PM2 s monitoring network
through state and tribal grants under the authority
of Section 103 of the Clean Air Act. EPA will be
conducting chemical speciation analyses to
provide the basis for states and tribes to determine
the chemical constituents of the PM2 3 and better
identify and understand the sources and
characteristics of the pollution and its potential
effects. States and tribes will use this information
to develop control strategies to come into
attainment with the new paniculate matter
standard by 2012 to 2017. This is consistent with
the President's commitment to review the new
standard before state and tribal plans take effect.
Under the research authorities of the
Clean Air Act, EPA carries out ozone and
paniculate matter research to maintain a strong
scientific basis for changing or reaffirming
NAAQS, and implementing NAAQS. In the long
term, the information gained through research
helps protect public health, including the health of
children and other sensitive populations, and
provides the scientific and technical information
required for NAAQS review, as well as the
NAAQS implementation by regional, state, tribal
and local government air quality managers. EPA
research contributes to developing scientifically
sound risk assessment procedures, cost-effective
risk prevention/management approaches, credible
methods, models and guidance, and environmental
leadership through partnerships.
Reducing Emissions of Air Toxics
The 1999 President's Budget requests
$91.9 million and 390.4 workyears to reduce air
toxic emissions by 12% in 1999, resulting in a
cumulative reduction of 25 percent from 1993
levels. This would significantly reduce the risk to
Americans of cancer and other serious adverse
health effects caused by airborne toxics. Toxic air
pollutants pose a significant health risk because
they may cause cancer and other health problems
such as reproductive disorders, birth defects, and
damage to the nervous system.
EPA's air toxics objective focuses
primarily on the statutory requirements of the
toxics program in the Clean Air Act to reduce
emissions levels through the promulgation and
implementation of Maximum Achievable Control
Technology (MACT) standards. The program
will invest in improved and innovative
monitoring and modeling, inventories,
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CLEAN AIR
development and refinement of environmental
indicators, and risk assessment tools to better
characterize the risk from air toxics and
establish a baseline for measuring risk in
carrying out the Government Performance and
Results Act (GPRA). EPA will build on state
efforts to create a national toxics monitoring
and inventory program in order to better
characterize exposures to hazardous air
pollution.
In 1999, health effects researchers will
quantitatively evaluate cancer and non-cancer
health effects from air toxics exposures.
Exposure researchers will develop methods to
identify contributing sources from ambient air
measurements, and improved models to
characterize actual human exposure. Researchers
also will develop and demonstrate new methods
to assess risks from urban toxics.
Attaining NAAQS for CO, SO,, NO2,
Lead
and
The 1999 President's Budget requests
$44.9 million and 189.9 workyears to improve
air quality for Americans living in areas that do
not meet the current NAAQS for carbon
monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide (SO,), nitrogen
dioxide (NO,), and lead, which are all high risk
pollutants.
EPA and its partners have been
relatively successful in reducing these air
pollutants in many urban areas through mobile
source measures. Controls included in State
Implementation Plans (SIPs) also reduce
stationary source emissions. The Agency will
continue existing carbon monoxide work,
concentrating primarily on mobile source
programs (such as oxygenated fuel and
reformulated gasoline), and on assisting states
to implement attainment and maintenance
programs. EPA will continue to provide
information to the scientific community and
stakeholders on the environmental aspects of the
use of oxygenated fuels and recommendations to
improve the program.
In 1998, EPA will promulgate the new
source review (NSR) reform rules which simplify
the new source permitting process. In 1999, EPA
will undertake training and technical support
activities to ensure smooth implementation of this
major regulatory reinvention effort.
Acid Rain
The 1999 President's Budget requests
$21.6 million and 92.0 workyears for reducing
ambient sulfates and total sulfur deposition by 20
to 40 percent from 1980 levels due to reduced SO2
emissions from utilities and industrial sources.
The Acid Rain program is authorized
under Tide IV of the Clean Air Act and has
numerous statutory deadlines. The U.S. is also
committed to reductions in SO2 and nitrogen
oxides (NOx) under the 1991 U.S.-Canada Air
Quality Agreement. In addition to administering
the SO2 and NOx provisions of Title IV, the Acid
Rain program will be developing and operating
the emissions and NOx allowance tracking
systems for the 12 states of the Ozone Transport
Region. The first year of compliance for this
program is 1999. Achieving this will assist the 12
Northeastern states to attain and maintain the
ozone standard. Approximately 400 additional
facilities will require certification of emissions
monitors and will report quarterly emissions
beginning in 1998.
The program is responsible for operating
the Clean Air Status and Trends Network
(CASTNet) dry deposition network, providing
critical support for operations of the National
Atmospheric Deposition Program (NADP) wet
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CLEAN AIR
deposition network and for a number of visibility
monitoring sites. These monitoring efforts will
play a crucial role in the program's ongoing
assessment activities, including reporting program
results for GPRA and fulfilling assessment
responsibilities under Title DC of the Clean Air
Act and the U.S.-Canada Air Quality Agreement.
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CLEAN WATER
Strategic Goal: All Americans will have drinking water that is clean and safe to drink. Effective
protection of America's rivers, lakes, wetlands, aquifers, and coastal and ocean waters will sustain
fish, plants, and wildlife, as well as recreational, subsistence, and economic activities. Watersheds
and their aquatic ecosystems will be restored and protected to improve human health, enhance
water quality, reduce flooding and provide habitat for wildlife.
OBJECTIVE
Enhance Human Health Through Safe Drinking Water
Conserve/Enhance Nation's Waters
Reduce Loadings and Air Deposition
TOTALS
TOTAL FTE
FY1998
ENACTED
$979,217
$298,574
$1,893,074
$3,170,865
2,440
FY 1999 PRES.
BUDGET
$1,018,706
$296,644
$1,486,520
$2,801,869
2.450
Safe and clean water is needed for
drinking, recreation, fishing, maintaining
ecosystem integrity, and commercial uses such as
agricultural and industrial production. Our
health, economy, and quality of life depend on
reliable sources of clean water.
Safe drinking water is the first line of
defense in protecting human health. While most
drinking water is very safe, occasional violations
of pollutant standards are of concern because of
the large number of people that can be exposed to
microbiological contaminants or toxic chemicals.
The greatest risks posed by such contaminants are
to sensitive populations, such as children and
adults with compromised immune systems.
The passage of the Federal Water
Pollution Control Act of 1972 has led to
tremendous success in reducing pollution
entering surface waters. In 25 years, EPA has
worked with its State, local, and Tribal partners to
stop billions of pounds of pollution from flowing
into our rivers, lakes, and streams, and doubled
the number of waterways that are safe for fishing
and swimming. Polluted rivers and lakes
devoid of life are now restored centerpieces of
healthy communities because of combined
governmental and private sector efforts.
The goal of protecting our Nation's
waters, however, remains unrealized.
Approximately 40 % of surveyed waters still do
not meet Clean Water Act standards. The
health of Americans continues to be threatened
by exposure to harmful organisms in our
waters; consumption offish from many of our
waters presents a threat to the most vulnerable
among us; polluted runoff has had a
degenerative effect on the country's watersheds
and wetlands. All living things need clean
water. Waterfowl, fish, and other aquatic life
that live in and on the water, as well as plants,
animals, and other life forms in terrestrial
ecosystems are dependent on clean water. The
challenge of maintaining clean water focuses
on ensuring that the entire aquatic ecosystem
remains healthy.
The 1999 President's Budget requests a
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CLEAN WATER
total of $2,801.9 million and 2,450 workyears to
support its efforts to ensure clean and safe water.
To achieve this goal, EPA will focus its efforts on
carrying out the Safe Drinking Water Act
Amendments of 1996 and will build on the Clean
Water Act's success of maintaining water quality
by implementing the Clean Water Action Plan —
a plan to restore and sustain the nation's
watersheds and further address polluted runoff.
Protecting watersheds involves participation by a
wide variety of stakeholders, a comprehensive
assessment of the condition of watersheds, and
implementation of solutions based on the
assessment of conditions and stakeholder input.
The watershed approach enhances the abilities of
EPA, its Federal partners, States, Tribes, local
governments, and other stakeholders to implement
tailored solutions and maximize the benefits
gained from the use of increasingly scarce
resources.
As part of the Agency's commitment to
using sound science to achieve clean and safe
water, EPA's research activities will provide a
better understanding of the risks to human health.
Research activities in this goal will focus on
increasing our understanding of health effects,
exposure assessment, and risk management issues
associated with contaminants in drinking water.
EPA's research activities will also support
watershed protection.
The resources requested in this budget
will enable the Agency, in conjunction with
EPA's State, local, and Tribal partners, to
achieve several important goals for 1999. The
most significant of these goals include:
• 85 % (an increase of 2 % over 1998) of the
population served by community water systems
will receive drinkirig water meeting all health-
based standards, up from 81 % in 1994;
* 6,000 community water systems (serving
24 million people) will be implementing
programs to protect their source water (an
increase of 3,250 systems over 1998);
* EPA will issue and begin implementing
two protective drinking water standards for high-
risk contaminants, including disease-causing
micro-organisms (Stage I Disinfection/
Disinfection Byproducts and Interim Enhanced
Surface Water Treatment Rules);
• EPA will develop critical dose-response
data for disinfectant by-products (DBFs),
waterborne pathogens, and arsenic for addressing
key uncertainties in the risk assessment of
municipal water supplies;
* As part of the Clean Water Action Plan,
all states will be conducting or have completed
unified watershed assessments, with support from
EPA, to identify aquatic resources in greatest
need of restoration or prevention activities;
• EPA will provide funding support to
community-based projects for watershed
restoration including restoration of wetlands and
river corridors in 160 watersheds (an increase of
110 watersheds from 1998);
• EPA will provide data and information for
use by states and regions in assessing and
managing aquatic stressors in the watershed, to
reduce toxic loadings and improve ecological risk
assessment;
* Another 3.4 million people will receive
the benefits of secondary treatment of
wastewater, for a total of 183 million;
* More than 220 communities will have
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CLEAN WATER
local watersheds improved by controls on
combined sewer overflows and storm water;
• In support of the Clean Water Action
Plan, 10 additional states will upgrade their
nonpoint source programs, to ensure that they
are implementing dynamic and effective
nonpoint source programs that are designed to
achieve and maintain beneficial uses of water;
and
* By 2003, EPA will deliver support tools,
such as watershed models, enabling resource
planners to select consistent, appropriate
watershed management solutions and alternatives,
and less costly wet weather flow technologies.
HIGHLIGHTS:
Protecting the Public Health and the Nation's
Watersheds - Clean Water Action Plan
The current pace of implementation of
Clean Water programs will not achieve the goal
of providing safe and clean water to aU
Americans. In recognition of this, the
Administration has called for a renewed effort to
restore and protect our nation's waters - the
Clean Water and Watershed Restoration
Initiative. In 1999, EPA is requesting an
additional $145 million in support of this
commitment. To achieve the key elements of the
initiative, the Administrator of EPA and the
Secretary of Agriculture, in consultation with
other affected agencies, will implement a Clean
Water Action Plan. This plan addresses three
major goals:
strengthening and enhancing
core programs, including protecting public
health, preventing polluted runoff and addressing
source water protection for safe drinking water,
enhancing natural resources, and improving
information and citizens' right-to-know;
promoting a state-led watershed
approach, including restoring and sustaining
watershed health through coordination of Federal
programs across departments and agencies; and
assisting
states with reducing
nonpoint source pollution by expanding state
grant assistance.
The Action Plan builds on the solid
foundation of the existing clean water program
and proposes important new steps to strengthen
the program. A key new element of the program
will be a cooperative effort by State, Federal, and
local governments and citizens to restore the
health of aquatic systems in watersheds not
meeting clean water goals and to sustain healthy
conditions in other watersheds. Other new
elements of the program will reduce the public
health threats of water pollution, enhance natural
resources (e.g. wetlands, coastal areas, and
stream corridors), prevent polluted runoff, and
make water quality information more
accessible to citizens. The 1999 Budget Request
reflects this Plan to revitalize our efforts to ensure
clean and safe water.
Enhancing Human Health through Safe
Drinking Water
In 1999, EPA is requesting SI ,018.7
million and 855 workyears for efforts addressing
the threats of. unsafe drinking water. (These
resources include $775 million as part of the
Drinking Water State Revolving Fund discussed
in the Water Infrastructure section, and $3.2
million as part of the Clean Water Action Plan
investment.) Safe drinking water is essential to
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CLEAN WATER
human health. Contaminated drinking water can
cause illness and even death, and exposure to
contaminated drinking water poses a special risk
to such populations as children, the elderly, and
people with compromised immune systems
(susceptible populations). EPA's Science
Advisory Board, in its 1990 report Reducing Risk:
Setting Priorities and Strategies for Environmental
Protection, concluded that drinking water
contamination is one of the highest environmental
risks to human health. In 1994, 19 percent of
those served by community water systems, or
approximately 46 million people, drank water
that violated health standards at least once during
the year.
The drinking water program's highest
priority is protecting human health from
microbiological contaminants and disinfectant/
disinfection byproducts, as well as critical
chemical contaminants (e.g., arsenic and radon).
Health assessments, risk characterizations, and
regulatory support documents are integral
components of the standard setting/rule
development process and will be conducted for all
these contaminants. In addition, the Agency-
issued Contaminant Candidate List, which
identifies known or anticipated priority
contaminants that may require regulation, the
unregulated contaminant monitoring rule, and the
national drinking water contaminant occurrence
data base are crucial tools in ensuring safe
drinking water.
EPA's research efforts will continue to
strengthen the scientific basis for drinking water
standards, through the use of improved methods
and new data to better evaluate the risks
associated with exposure to chemical and
microbial contaminants in drinking water.
Reducing Point and Nonpoint Source
Loadings
EPA is requesting $1,486,5 million and
886 workyears to address the fundamental
problems concerning the nation's waters: point
and nonpoint source pollution. (The resources
requested include $1,075 million for the Clean
Water State Revolving Fund, and $78 million as
part of the water infrastructure financing
resources for needy cities discussed in the
Water Infrastructure section. These resources
also include $110.8 million as part of the Clean
Water Action Plan investment.) A key element
of the Agency's effort to achieve its
overarching goal of clean and safe water is the
reduction of pollutant discharges from point
and nonpoint sources. To reduce pollutant
loadings from sources, the Clean Water Act
established requirements for national technology-
based effluent limitations and water quality
based limitations.
EPA and its partners have made much
progress in reducing pollutant discharges from
point sources. A key goal for the National
Water Program in 1999 is to have local
watersheds in more than 220 communities
improved by controls on combined sewer
overflows (CSOs) and storm water. CSOs
contribute to shellfish bed closures, beach
closures, aesthetic problems, and impairment
of designated uses. Controlling CSOs will
reduce pathogens, biological oxygen demand
(BOD), total suspended solids (TSS), and will
contribute to the overall reduction in pollutant
loadings.
EPA's Nonpoint Source Program
(NFS) provides program, technical, and
financial assistance to help states implement
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1LEAN WATER
programs to control various forms of runoff.
While agricultural sources are the most
significant category of nonpoint source runoff,
state NFS programs address all categories of NFS
runoff with a mix of voluntary and regulatory
approaches. These state programs are the
primary means for implementing nonpoint source
Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) allocations
and for achieving water quality standards. EPA's
nonpoint source program works closely with a
number of other Federal agencies to help reduce
runoff and encourage private sector partnerships
to spur voluntary adoption of NFS controls. As
the program moves forward, new tools, best
management practices, and NPS and contaminated
sediment control strategies will need to be
developed in cooperation with states, tribes, other
Federal agencies and the private sector. State
implementation plans for nonpoint sources will be
required to provide reasonable assurances that
load allocations within an approved TMDL are
met for waters impaired solely or primarily from
nonpoint sources.
EPA's research program will also focus
on aiding effective watershed management
strategies for controlling Wet Weather Flows.
Reduce the Consumption of Contaminated
Fish and Exposure to Contamination From
Recreational Waters
EPA is requesting a total of $7.2 million
and 8 workyears to address the health threats from
consumption of fish with elevated levels of
contamination and exposures to pathogens and
other pollution in recreational waters. (These
resources include $1.3 million as part of the Clean
Water Action Plan investment, and are included
in Objectives 1 and 3 of this Goal.) Protecting
Americans from these threats is a high priority.
Exposure to contaminated water can cause serious
illness. These types of exposures pose a special
risk to children, women of childbearing age,
subpopulatiotts who fish for food or sport, and
people with compromised immune systems.
Through enhanced fish tissue monitoring, risk
assessment, and beach assessment, EPA will
work to improve the understanding of the effects
exposure to contaminated waters and consumption
of contaminated fish has on sensitive populations
and human health as a whole.
Financing Water Infrastructure
The President's Budget requests a total of
$1,928 million for water infrastructure financing
through the State and Tribal Grants (STAG)
Appropriation under the Clean and Safe Water
Goal. EPA's Water Infrastructure Program
provides financial assistance to States,
municipalities and Tribal governments to fund a
variety of drinking water and wastewater
infrastructure projects. These funds are essential
to fulfill the Federal government's commitment
to help our State, Tribal and local partners obtain
adequate funding to construct the facilities
required to comply with Federal environmental
requirements. States and localities rely on a
variety of revenue sources to finance their
environmental programs and to pay for the
facilities needed to keep the water clean and safe
from harmful contaminants.
The Clean Water and Drinking Water
State Revolving Funds (CW and DW SRFs)
demonstrate a true partnership between States,
localities, and the Federal government. In 1999,
the President is requesting $1,850 million for
these funds. The Administration's 1999 request,
combined with the outyear capitalization of these
funds, enables the Administration to meet its long
term goals for both funds to provide a total of
$2,500 million in annual financial assistance to
needy communities. In addition, states will have
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CLEAN WATER
more funding flexibility starting in 1998. The
Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments of 1996
allow states to move funds between the two SRFs,
based on a percentage of the state's annual
allocation to the DW SRF.
The President's Budget also requests $63
million for the construction of wastewater
treatment facilities for Boston Harbor and Bristol
County, Massachusetts, and New Orleans,
Louisiana. Funds are targeted to these areas
because of special circumstances including
financial hardship and unique sewer system
problems. In addition, $15 million is requested
for Alaskan Native villages for the construction of
wastewater and drinking water facilities, to
address serious sanitation problems.
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SAFE FOOD
Strategic Goal: The foods Americans eat will be free from unsafe pesticide residues.
Children especially will be protected from the health threats posed by pesticide residues,
because they are among the most vulnerable groups in our society.
OBJECTIVE
Reduce Agricultural Pesticides Risk
Reduce Use on Food of Pesticides Not Meeting
Standards
TOTALS
TOTAL FTE
FY1998
ENACTED
$19,651
$36,808
$56,459
681
FY 1999 PRES.
BUDGET
$24,926
$38,626
$63,552
682
The abundance, affordability, and
wholesomeness of America's food supply depend
in part upon the safe use of pesticides during food
production, processing, storage, and
transportation. Before any pesticide can be used
legally, the law requires EPA to conclude that its
use will not lead to unreasonable adverse effects,
and that any food residues resulting from its use
are reasonably certain to cause no harm. EPA
recognizes that older pesticides with approved
food uses may sometimes lead to residues which
could result in adverse health effects. EPA's
priority is to minimize dietary exposure to these
potentially toxic pesticides, especially to
children, by screening the pesticides through the
regulatory processes of registration and
reregistration/special review, thereby eliminating
those pesticides that present a danger to human
health and the environment. The Food Quality
Protection Act (FQPA) of 1996 mandated a more
stringent health standard for EPA's pesticide
reviews. Through these processes, pesticides
found to be harmful will be removed from the
market or restricted in their use to ensure the
continued safety of our food supply.
The 1999 President's Budget provides
$63.6 million and 682 workyears for the Safe
Food goal, an increase of $7.1 million and 1
workyear over 1998. EPA will continue to focus
its efforts on implementing FQPA, which amends
both of EPA's principal pesticide regulatory
authorities, the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide,
and Rodenticide Act (FTFRA) and the Federal
Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA). In
1999, the implementation of FQPA will continue
to be a priority for the Agency, with significant
efforts going toward tolerance reassessments,
periodic reconsideration of food-use registrations,
effective management of minor use pesticides,
and expedited registration of reduced-risk
pesticides. EPA will ensure that newly registered
agricultural pesticides meet the current, more
stringent standards mandated in FQPA to ensure
reasonable certainty of no harm to human health
and the environment. Implementation of FQPA
is essential to reducing dietary exposure to
potentially toxic pesticides by subjecting them to
the new, more stringent health standard.
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SAFE FOOD
The resources requested for the Safe Food
goal wiH enable the Agency to meet a number of
important performance goals. The most
significant of these include:
* Decrease adverse risk from agricultural
pesticides from 1995 levels and assure that new
pesticides that enter the market are safe for
humans and the environment through such actions
as registering 17 safer pesticide chemicals and
biopesticides, issuing 95 new tolerances and
approving 95 new pesticide uses.
• Under pesticide reregistration, EPA will
reassess 19% of the existing 9,700 tolerances
(cumulative 33 %) for pesticide food uses to meet
the new statutory standard of "reasonable
certainty of no harm."
HIGHLIGHTS:
Reduce Agricultural Pesticides Risk
The 1999 President's Budget requests
$24.9 million and 283 workyears to ensure that
the risk from agricultural use of pesticides will be
reduced. FEFRA and FFDCA authorize EPA to
set terms and conditions of pesticide registration,
marketing and use. EPA will use these authorities
to reduce the use of pesticides with the highest
potential to cause adverse effects, including those
which pose particular risks to children. Under
EPA's Registration program, new food/feed-use
pesticides are registered after extensive review
and evaluation of human health and ecosystem
data. The Registration program includes special
registration activities, tolerance setting, and
permits for use of pesticides for emergency
situations, and experimental use. In 1999, EPA
will continue to emphasize addressing children's
special sensitivities through registration review.
In 1999, the Agency will decrease the
adverse risk from agricultural pesticides from
1995 levels through the regulatory review and
approval of safer pesticides (including new
biopesticides). The registration of safer
pesticides will increase the availability of safer
alternatives to the consumer, resulting in a
reduction in the use of high risk pesticides. Under
the Reduced Risk Initiative, which began in 1993,
EPA will continue to provide expedited review of
pesticides which meet the criteria of reduced risk
i.e., reduce the level of acute toxicity, reduce
exposure to humans or non-target organisms, and
reduce the environmental burden. These
expedited pesticide review actions provide the
incentive to industry to develop, register, and use
lower risk pesticide products that result in
reduced risk to human health and the environment
when compared to existing alternatives.
Reduce Use of Pesticides on Food Not Meeting
Current Standards
The 1999 President's Budget requests
S38.6 million and 400 workyears to ensure that
use on food of current pesticides that do not meet
the new statutory standard of "reasonable
certainty of no harm" will be substantially
eliminated. Implementation of FQPA is essential
to reducing dietary exposure to potential toxic
pesticides by subjecting them to the new, more
stringent health standard. This new standard
requires the Agency to revise its risk-assessment
practices to ensure adequate protection of the
health of children and other vulnerable
subpopulations and to reconsider some 9,700
tolerances for specific pesticide residues
approved before the passage of FQPA. To meet
this requirement, the Agency will complete
approximately 1,850 tolerance reassessments in
1999.
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SAFE FOOD
In 1999, EPA will continue to work on the
following additional requirements mandated by
FQPA: (1) develop a new program to reconsider
registered pesticides on a 15-year cycle, bringing
them into compliance with contemporary
standards; (2) provide a special emphasis on
management of minor use pesticides; and (3)
expedite registration of reduced risk pesticides.
In 1999, through the Reregistration
program, the Agency will continue to regulate
pesticides approved for food use, with particular
emphasis on those that have been classified as
potential human carcinogens or neurotoxins. The
reregistration process for pesticides registered
prior to November 1984 is in its final phase which
is the issuance of Reregistration Eligibility
Decisions (REDs). The issuance of a RED
summarizes the findings of the reregistration
review of the chemical after examining its health
and environmental effects. In 1999, EPA will
complete approximately 1,000 product
reregistrations, and 42 REDs for active
ingredients subject to reregistration.
Pesticide User Fees
EPA is proposing appropriations language to
reinstate pesticide registration fees to collect $16
million in 1999. The fee applies to pesticide
manufacturers to recover the costs of EPA's
review of registration applications. The Agency
continues to collect Tolerance and Maintenance
Fees at $18 million a year. In 1999, EPA will
promulgate the needed rules to increase tolerance
fees to ensure that the tolerance setting process
will be as self-supporting as possible. EPA
expects these rales to take effect in 2000.
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PREVENTING POLLUTION AND REDUCING RISK IN COMMUNITIES,
HOMES, WORKPLACES, AND ECOSYSTEMS
Strategic Goal: Pollution prevention and risk management strategies aimed at cost-
effectively eliminating, reducing, or minimizing emissions and contamination will result in
cleaner and safer environments in which all Americans can reside, work and enjoy life. EPA
will safeguard ecosystems and promote the health of natural communities that are integral to
the quality of life in this nation.
OBJECTIVE
Reduce Public and Ecosystem Exposure to Pesticides
Reduce lead Poisoning
Safe Handling and Use of Commercial Chemicals and
Microorganisms
Healthier Indoor Air
Improve Pollution Prevention Strategies, Tools,
Approaches
Decrease Quantity and Toxicity of Waste
Assess Conditions in Indian Country
TOTALS
TOTAL FEE
FY1998
ENACTED
$47,109
$30,454
$41,025
$30,292
$25,246
$21,783
$44,557
$240,466
1.144
FY 1999 PRES.
BUDGET
550,626
530,958
$41,273
$33,219
$26,866
$25,053
$50,851
$258,845
1.126
EPA seeks to manage environmental
risks to communities, homes, and workplaces,
and to protect the environmental integrity of
ecosystems, by a mix of regulatory programs with
alternative approaches to achieve results at less
cost and in more innovative, sustainable ways.
Rather than "end of pipe" controls, preventing
pollution at the source is our strategy of first
choice. Where pollution prevention at the source
is not a viable alternative, the Agency will employ
risk management and remediation strategies in a
cost effective manner. These efforts will be
directed towards the greatest threats, such as
those in our communities, homes, schools, and
workplaces that have significant impact on our
most sensitive populations: children, the elderly,
and individuals with chronic diseases.
The 1999 President's Budget requests
$259 million and 1,126 workyears for this goal,
an increase of $18.3 million and decrease of 18
workyears over 1998. EPA will focus on
pollution prevention and reducing risks by
minimizing the exposure from pesticide misuse,
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PREVENTING POLLUTION AND REDUCING RISK IN COMMUNITffiS,
HOMES, WORKPLACES AND ECOSYSTEMS
lead poisoning, and by targeting persistent,
bioaccumulative, and toxic pollutants. The
Agency will also enhance hazardous waste
minimization projects to reduce wastes at their
source.
The resources requested in this budget
will enable the Agency to meet a number of
important performance goals in 1999. The most
significant of these include:
* 850,000 additional people will live in
healthier residential indoor environments.
* Reduce by 2 % in 1999 (for a cumulative
total of 10%) the quantity of Toxic Release
Inventory (TRI) pollutants released, treated or
combusted for energy recovery, with emphasis on
the use of Pollution Prevention practices.
• Divert an additional 1 % (for a cumulative
29% or 64 million tons) of Resource
Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)
municipal solid waste (MSW) from landfilling
and combustion, an increase from the 1990
baseline of 17%.
* Ensure that of the approximately 2,500
new chemicals and micro-organisms submitted by
industry each year, those that are introduced in
commerce are safe to humans and the
environment for their intended uses.
* Complete the building of a lead-based
paint abatement certification and training
program in 50 states to ensure significant
decreases in children's blood lead levels by 2005
through reduced exposure to lead-based paint.
• 15% of Tribal environmental baseline
information will be collected and 30 additional
tribes (cumulative total of 90) will have tribal/
EPA environmental agreements or identified
environmental priorities.
Protect homes, communities, and
workplaces from harmful exposures to pesticides
and related pollutants through improved cultural
practices and enhanced pubMc education,
resulting in a reduction of 10% (1995 reporting
base) in the incidences of pesticide poisonings
reported nationwide.
HIGHLIGHTS:
Reduce Public and Ecosystem Exposure to
Pesticides
The 1999 President's Budget requests
S50.6 million and 241 workyears to ensure that
public and ecosystem risk from pesticides will be
reduced through 1) migration to lower risk
pesticides and pest-management practices, 2)
improving education of the public and at-risk
workers, and 3) forming "pesticide environmental
stewardship" partnerships with pesticide user
groups.
The objective to reduce exposure to
pesticides will be achieved through continued
application of the Worker Protection Standards
(WPS) certification and training programs. The
WPS for agricultural pesticides represents a
major strengthening of national efforts to
safeguard agricultural workers from occupational
exposure to pesticides on farms, in forests,
greenhouses and nurseries. Additionally, EPA
will continue to protect the nation's ecosystems
through the groundwater program, Pesticide
Environmental Stewardship Program (PESP),
integrated pest management (TPM), and
endangered species programs.
One of EPA's concerns in 1999 will be the
prevention of accidental or deliberate pesticide
misuse in urban and rural environments,
particularly in poor communities where significant
public health risks to residents, especially
children and other sensitive populations, are
32
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PREVENTING POLLUTION AND REDUCING RISK IN COMUNITIES,
HOMES, WORK PLACES AND ECOSYSTEMS
likely to occur. In 1999, EPA will support a new
initiative to prevent misuse and reduce exposure.
Pesticide misuse prevention activities will focus
on the reduction of risk in residential settings.
EPA will work with other Federal, state, and
local agencies; the private sector; and
communities to identify the critical deficiencies
and carry out effective solutions. Also in 1999,
EPA will continue to carry out the Pesticide
Ground water Strategy. This strategy is based on
cooperative efforts with the states/tribes and the
Regions to develop State Management Plans
(SMPs) to prevent groundwater pollution from
pesticides.
Reduce Lead Poisoning
The 1999 President's Budget requests $31
million and 121 workyears to ensure that the
number of young children with high levels of lead
in their blood will be significantly reduced from
the early 1990s.
Beginning in 1999, EPA will start
implementing a training, certification, and
accreditation program for lead-based paint
professionals in approximately 15 states that do
not administer their own programs. Other
regulations and public outreach, such as
publication of a lead information pamphlet, will
ensure that parents have access to information to
make an informed decision about lead-based paint
in their homes, with a special emphasis on
children in low-income, urban areas. Another
important effort in 1999 will be a collaborative
project with the Centers for Disease Control
(CDC) to assist states and local communities in
targeting resources by examining 50-75
metropolitan areas to identify the most vulnerable
communities where lead poisoning prevention
efforts should be targeted. The identification of
communities will be followed with a multi-
pronged outreach program to ensure awareness of
the risk to children and to ensure that steps are
taken to provide assistance to the communities at
risk. Also in 1999, EPA plans to issue final rules
on disposal of lead-based paint debris and
standards for lead-based paint hazards in paint,
dust, and soil. In addition, EPA plans to issue
proposed rules on training, accreditation, and
certification requirements for renovation and
remodeling activities and for lead-based paint
activities in buildings and superstructures.
Safe Handling and Use of Commercial
Chemicals aod Microorganisms
The 1999 President's Budget requests
$41.3 million and 344 workyears to ensure that,
of the approximately 2,000 chemicals and 40
genetically engineered micro-organisms expected
to enter commerce each year, EPA will
significantly increase the introduction of safer or
"greener" chemicals that will decrease the need
for regulatory management.
In 1999, EPA will focus on efforts to
implement the Toxics Agenda. This Agenda
identifies chemicals that are believed to be
manufactured and used safely and those
chemicals which may pose risks to humans and
the environment. An important part of the
implementation effort will center on persistent,
bioaccumulative, and toxic (PBT) chemicals as
part of a coordinated Agency effort. One of the
key health issues facing our nation's children
today is the threat posed by exposure to PBTs.
These chemicals also imperil the health of
ecosystems as they accumulate and biomagnify in
the food chain for years and decades. To facilitate
development of the Agenda, EPA will complete
the Chemical Use Inventory (CUT) amendment to
the Inventory Update Rule. Promulgation of the
GUI rule, by identifying chemical uses of
33
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PREVENTING POLLUTION AND REDUCING RISK IN COMMUNITIES,
HOMES, WORK PLACES AND ECOSYSTEMS
industrial, commercial, and consumer products,
will facilitate risk screening, including identifying
risks to children. In 1999, the completion of
testing actions on new and existing chemicals will
result in the development of test data needed to
support adequate assessments of chemical risks
by government, industry, and the public. Also,
EPA's Green Chemistry Program will continue to
recognize and promote chemical methods that
reduce or eliminate the use or generation of toxic
substances during the design, manufacture and
use of chemical products and processes and that
have broad application in industry.
A crucial element of EPA's approach is
chemical information gathering and testing to
provide EPA and others, including the public,
sufficient data for screening, assessing, and
managing the risks. EPA's research program will
support this effort by generating scientific
information used in improving the test methods
used to generate the data. Research seeks to
improve our understanding of both the risks to
human health and adverse ecological effects. To
the extent that this research supports testing
guidelines that relate to both toxic substances in
general and to pesticides, research under this
objective additionally supports EPA's goal to
reduce the risks to the nation's food supply and
the non-dietary pesticide risks posed to human
health and the environment.
Achieving Healthier Indoor Air
The 1999 President's Budget requests
$33.2 million and 152 workyears to accomplish
its healthy indoor air performance goals.
Indoor air pollution poses high risks to
human health, especially in sensitive populations,
and has ranked among the top four environmental
risks. Radon, for example, is the second leading
cause of lung cancer and is responsible for about
14,000 deaths per year.
To help achieve healthier indoor air,
EPA's priorities in 1999 include radon testing,
radon mitigation, and radon-resistant construction;
implementing "Tools for Schools"; increasing
awareness of the harmful effects of children's
exposure to secondhand smoke; completing the
analysis of data from the Building Assessment
Survey and Evaluation (BASE); privatizing the
radon proficiency program; and focusing on
community-based risk reduction. These
programs support the 1999 goal of having
850,000 additional people living in healthier
residential indoor environments, including
530,000 people living in homes built with radon-
resistant features.
EPA's research program will produce the
scientific information needed to understand
indoor air effects. Research will identify,
characterize, and compare the health risks
associated with indoor exposures to air pollutants
so that risk managers can make informed
decisions to protect public health.
Improve Pollution Prevention Strategies,
Took, Approaches
The 1999 President's Budget requests
$26.9 million and 80 workyears to ensure that the
quantity of toxic pollutants released, disposed of,
treated, or combusted for energy recovery will be
reduced 10% from 1992 levels. Half of this
reduction wiU be achieved through pollution
prevention practices.
Beginning in 1999, EPA will develop
34
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PREVENTING POLLUTION AND REDUCING RISK IN COMMUNITIES,
HOMES, WORK PLACES AND ECOSYSTEMS
innovative, multi-media strategies and tools
(through inter-office and regional coordination)
to target 12-14 priority PBTs for pollution
prevention (P2) at domestic levels. The targeting
will be done as a collaborative effort between
multiple offices and their regional components.
Also, obtaining 2% reductions in reported TRJ
chemical wastes in 1999 and beyond will be the
result of the cumulative efforts of EPA's pollution
protection, clean technologies, and green
chemicals programs which encourage the use of
source reduction and integrated environmental
management systems by American industry.
Decrease the Quantity and Toxicity of Waste
The 1999 President's Budget requests
$25.1 million and 133 workyears to support the
objective of decreasing pollution in communities,
workplaces, and ecosystems by decreasing the
quantity and toxicity of wastes.
In 1999, the Agency will emphasize
helping generators prioritize and focus their
efforts to reduce the volume and toxicity of
hazardous wastes. EPA's objective is to reduce
the amount of waste generated annually, therefore
decreasing pollution or the risk of pollution in
communities, workplaces, and ecosystems. EPA
will work together with state, tribal, and local
governments; business and industries; and non-
governmental organizations to: encourage
reduced generation of industrial (hazardous and
non-hazardous) waste through material substitution
and manufacturing process changes; encourage
recycling of wastes that must be generated; and
ensure the safe recycling of any wastes. EPA will
also focus on reducing the toxicity of wastes as
states and regions begin measuring and reporting
reductions of PBTs. To accomplish this, the
Agency's waste minimization program will
provide tools and assistance to identify those
hazardous wastes containing the most PBTs
among 900 chemicals currently in the waste
stream.
Assess Conditions in Indian Country
The 1999 President's Budget requests
S50.9 million and 55 workyears to continue its
efforts to improve environmental conditions in
Indian Country in this goal.
EPA places particular priority on working
with Federally recognized Indian tribes on a
government-to-government basis to improve
environmental conditions in Indian country. This
is pursuant to our trust relationship with tribes and
the nation's interest in conservation of cultural
uses of natural resources. In 1999, the Agency
will continue to work with the tribes to establish
an environmental presence in Indian country and
produce substantial progress towards developing
Tribal capacity to implement their own
environmental programs. EPA will complete its
design and begin initiation of a framework for the
baseline assessment of environmental conditions
on tribal lands.
EPA will also improve health and
environmental conditions in Alaska Native
villages through training and education on
sampling and assessing environmental quality
conditions. This investment will advance these
villages' capabilities to correct health and
environmental problems through the development
of Environmental Action Plans.
35
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36
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BETTER WASTE MANAGEMENT, RESTORATION OF CONTAMINATED
WASTE SITES, AND EMERGENCY RESPONSE
Strategic Goal: America's wastes will be stored, treated, and disposed in ways that prevent
harm to people and to the natural environment. EPA will work to clean up previously
polluted sites, restoring them to uses appropriate for surrounding communities, and respond
to and prevent waste-related or industrial accidents.
OBJECTIVE
Reduce or Control Risks to Human Health
Prevent Releases by Proper Facilky Management
Respond to All Known Emergencies
TOTALS
TOTAL FEE
FY 1998
ENACTED
$1,491,429
$126,472
$18,885
1,636,785
4,374
FY 1999 PRES.
BUDGET
$2,091,457
$139,53!
$20,339
2,251,328
4,304
Improper management of wastes can lead
to fires, explosions, and contamination of air,
soil, and water. A frequent result of improper
hazardous waste disposal is the contamination of
groundwater — the source of drinking water for
nearly half of all Americans. At some waste
sites, toxic vapors from evaporating liquid wastes
or chemical reactions contaminate the air.
Pollutants, such as metals, organic solvents, and
oil, can damage vegetation, endanger wildlife,
and harm the health of people who live in nearby
communities. In some cases, toxic and hazardous
substances (including radioactive waste) are
carried far from their source by air, ground
water, and surface water runoff into streams,
lakes, and rivers.
EPA's efforts to control and restore
releases of waste center on protecting human
health and the environment by applying the
fastest, most effective waste management and
cleanup methods available, while involving
affected communities, states, tribal governments
and municipalities in the decision-making
process. Different types of waste require
different means of treatment and disposal—what
is suitable for one contaminant may be
inappropriate for another. Cleaning up
abandoned or under-used industrial land
demonstrates that economic, environmental and
social goals can be integrated so that economic
growth can improve, rather than diminish,
environmental quality.
EPA will use its statutory authority under
the Oil Pollution Act (OPA), Comprehensive
Environmental Response, Compensation, and
Liability Act (CERCLA), Resource Conservation
and Recovery Act (RCRA), Clean Water Act
(CWA), Clean Air Act (CAA), and Emergency
Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act
(EPCRA) to promptly monitor and respond to
releases, accidents, or spills. EPA will help
ensure that places in America currently
contaminated by hazardous waste no longer
endanger public health or the environment and are
restored to uses desired by surrounding
communities. State, local, and other Federal
agency efforts will be integrated with EPA
activities to reduce cleanup costs and revitalize
contaminated and abandoned private property for
economic reuse.
37
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BETTER WASTE MANAGEMENT AND RESTORATION OF
CONTAMINATED WASTE SITES
In addition, EPA will focus on controlling
human exposures and groundwater releases at
RCRA facilities designated as high priority for
corrective actions. Support for radioactively
contaminated Superfund sites will be continued.
EPA research provides a technical foundation for
decisions made in the environmental cleanup
programs. The full spectrum of EPA's cleanup
programs will respond to priority sites and
releases in a fast and effective manner, while
maximizing the participation of potentially
responsible parties (PRPs) and other stakeholders
in the cleanup efforts.
The 1999 President's Budget provides
52,251.3 million and 4,304 workyears for this
strategic goal, an increase of $614.5 million and
decrease of 70 workyears from 1998. To meet
this goal, EPA will continue to regulate existing
waste management practices at facilities defined
under CERCLA, RCRA, OPA, CAA, CWA, and
EPCRA.
The resources requested in this budget
will enable the Agency to meet a number of
important goals, the most significant of which
include:
• Accelerate the pace of Superfund cleanups
by completing 136 cleanups in 1999 and
achieving 900 construction completions by the
end of calendar year 2001.
• Address cost recovery at all National
Priority List (NPL) and non-NPL sites with a
statute of limitations on total past costs equal to or
greater than 5200,000.
» Obtain PRP commitments for 70 % of the
work conducted at new construction starts at non-
Federal facility sites on the NPL and emphasize
fairness in the settlement process.
Fund brownfield site assessments in 100
additional communities, implement 10 brownfield
showcase communities, and sign agreements with
100 communities to capitalize revolving loan
funds.
Complete 22,000 Leaking Underground
Storage Tank (LUST) cleanups.
Approve 2,080 hazardous waste
management facilities* (62 percent of such
existing facilities in the nation) controls in place
to prevent dangerous releases to air, soil, and
groundwater.
* Approve 153 hazardous waste management
facilities (to approve a cumulative 62 percent of
such existing facilities in the nation) to prevent
dangerous releases to air, soil, and groundwater.
• Control human exposure to toxins at 127
RCRA sites (to address a cumulative of 277
RCRA sites), and control groundwater releases at
69 high priority RCRA sites (to address a
cumulative of 144 such sites).
• Bring 400 new facilities into compliance
with the Spill Prevention, Control and
Countermeasure (SPCC) provisions of the oil
pollution regulations.
• Demonstrate and verify the performance
of 18 innovative technologies by 2001,
emphasizing remediation and characterization of
groundwater and soils.
• Complete prototype model for assessing
cumulative exposure-risk assessment integrating
the environmental impact of multiple chemicals
through multiple media and pathways.
38
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BETTER WASTE MANAGEMENT AND RESTORATOIN OF
CONTAMINATED WASTE SITES!
HIGHLIGHTS;
Reduce or Control Risks to Human Health
The 1999 President's Budget requests
$2,091.5 million and 3,494 workyears to reach
the Agency's objective of waste management,
cleanup, and control of releases. This objective
includes the following resources: Superfund,
$1,926.6 million; Environmental Program &
70% preserves fund dollars for sites where there
is no viable PRP. At the same time, EPA will
promote enforcement fairness, especially for
small contributors to sites, reduce third party
transaction costs and recover the government's
cost for site cleanup. A total of S164.7 million is
requested for Superfund enforcement.
The brownfield pilot program has
demonstrated that cleaning up abandoned or
Management, $56.1 million; Leaking un(jer-used contaminated land and supporting
Underground Storage Tanks, $69.1 million; Statd new business growth can have significant
and Tribal Assistance Grants, $32.7 million;! payoffs Building on the pilot program, EPA will
Science and Technology, $5.9 million; and Oul Q^^^ to combine Federal, state, local and
Spills, $1 milHon.
In 1996, President Clinton announced a
national commitment to protect communities
from toxic pollution by accelerating toxic waste
cleanup. In 1999, the Superfund program will
support this initiative by doubling the pace of
Superfund cleanups. This effort will achieve 900
construction completions, approximately two-
thirds of the NPL, by the end of calendar year
2001. This initiative not only puts contaminated
sites back into productive use but protects out
children and communities from exposure to
uncontrolled toxic waste releases. EPA seeks to
private sector efforts to restore contaminated
property to economic reuse and reduce cleanup
costs. In 1999, EPA will fund brownfield site
assessments in 100 additional communities in
order to reach the Agency's commitment of 300
communities by the year 2000, support 10
brownfield showcase communities, and sign
agreements with 100 communities to capitalize
revolving loan funds. In some cases, parties
interested in developing such properties are
concerned about the presence of contamination
and the attendant potential liabilities (including
Federal Superfund liability). EPA will address
liability barriers in the brownfield program by
issuing comfort/status letters or prospective
and tribal governments; and the communities to purct,aser agreements in appropriate instances
partner with other Federal agencies; state, local
more effectively address and leverage on-going
cleanup efforts. Through this investment, the
Agency restates its emphasis on risk reduction by
addressing the growing backlog of site cleanup
and accelerating the pace of Superfund
construction completions. The Agency requests a
total of $1,630.7 million for Superfund response
EPA will pursue violators and responsible
parties to maximize PRP participation in site
cleanup. Maintaining a PRP participation rate of
which will facilitate sustainable redevelopment of
these properties. The Agency is requesting $91.3
million to fund brownfield activities.
The Agency will assist in the cleanup of
22,000 leaking underground storage tanks in
1999. Slates have reported that leaking
underground storage tanks are the leading source
of groundwater pollution, and petroleum is the
most prevalent contaminant. Resources provided
by EPA support oversight and cleanup of
petroleum releases from underground storage
39
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BETTER WASTE MANAGEMENT AND RESTORATION OF
CONTAMINATED WASTE SITE
tanks when the owner/operator is unknown,
unwilling, or unable to perform the cleanup.
EPA's goal is to ensure rapid and effective
responses to releases from underground storage
tanks containing petroleum and to restore
contaminated sites to beneficial use. The Agency
requests a total of $69.1 million.
The RCRA Corrective Action Program
will take remedial action at operating hazardous
waste facilities in the event of an uncontrolled
release. The most serious contamination
problems occur when releases migrate off-site,
contaminating public and private drinking water
supplies, wetlands, and other sensitive ecosystems.
These sites are the program's highest priority.
Efforts to help Tribal governments develop
hazardous waste management and municipal solid
waste programs will expand in 1999. The Agency
requests $6.4 million for RCRA tribal activities.
Intergovernmental information and resource
sharing will be facilitated through a range of
mechanisms including forums, university-level
courses, professional training, Internet sites, and
circuit riders in partnership with other Federal
agencies, states, local communities and of course
the tribes themselves.
Preventing Releases by Proper Facility
Management
The 1999 President's Budget requests
$139.5 million and 686 workyears to reach its
objective for preventing releases by proper
facility management.
Dangerous releases to the environment
are responsible for causing illnesses to the public,
especially to sensitive populations such as
children, the elderly and individuals with chronic
diseases. Dangerous releases to the environment
are also responsible for polluting soil, air, and
groundwater which may lead to costly cleanups
and environmental mitigation. In 1999, the
RCRA program will focus on reducing risks of
;xposures to hazardous wastes using a
combination of regulations, permits and
voluntary standards and programs. EPA will
continue to concentrate on minimizing the
quantity and toxicity of waste, reducing
administrative burdens on states and industry, and
preventing accidental releases of hazardous
substances.
The Underground Storage Tanks
program will continue to focus on promoting and
enforcing compliance with regulatory requirements
aimed at preventing and detecting UST releases.
EPA will also approve additional states to
operate their own programs in lieu of the Federal
program. Currently 24 states and the District of
Columbia have state program approval.
As the Oil Prevention Program
implements a comprehensive approach to
integrate prevention, preparedness, and response,
efforts will be made to reduce the risk of oil spills
from facilities which pose human health,
ecological, and economic risks. In 1999, the
number of facilities brought into compliance with
the Spill Prevention, Control, and
Countermeasures (SPCC) provisions of the oil
prevention regulation will be doubled. Also in
1999, the Agency will increase assistance to
Tribes by identifying problems and developing
and improving response plans in the event of oil
spills.
The Agency will also, using
information from facility Risk Management Plans
(RMPs), develop a chemical risk information
40
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BETTER WASTE MANAGEMENT AND RESTORATION OF
CONTAMINATED WASTE SITES
system in coordination with industry to prevent
chemical releases into the environment. EPA will
also concentrate on implementing the RMP
program at the state level. The Agency assists
Local Emergency Planning Committees (LEPCs)
by facilitating access and use of the RMP
information database and provides technical
assistance grants to develop accident preparedness
and prevention programs.
Responding to Emergencies
The 1999 President's Budget requests
$20.3 million and 124 work years for promoting
effective response to chemical and radiological
accidents, terrorist events and oil spills.
Hazardous chemical releases have
caused billions of dollars in property damage,
serious damage to the environment and hundreds
of deaths and injuries during the past 30 years. In
1999, EPA will support efforts to prevent,
prepare for and respond to chemical accidents and
terrorist events involving chemical releases by
providing guidance and assistance to state and
local governments and industry; assisting in
removing immediate health threats; and
providing information on chemical hazards and
risks to states and communities. The Agency is
currently performing many of its investigative
functions concerning chemical accidents, however,
the future of the program is uncertain.
Each year, over 12,000 oU spills
occur, with well over half of them being in inland
waters (EPA's area of responsibility). Working
with state and local governments and industry,
EPA is ensuring the effective and immediate
removal of discharges (or substantial threat of a
discharge) of oil. The Agency will also continue
to work with state and local governments on oil
spill prevention, preparedness, and enforcement
activities. Of particular concern in 1999 is [
improving the area contingency plans, especially4^
those for environmentally and economically
important areas. These plans integrate
prevention, preparedness, and response by
coordinating regional resources with logistics.
The Agency requests S3.8 million for
contingency planning and improving the quantity
and quality of data used, resulting in a more
effective and efficient response to oil spills.
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42
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REDUCTION OF GLOBAL AND CROSS-BORDER
ENVIRONMENTAL RISKS
Strategic Goal: The United States will lead other nations in successful, multilateral efforts
to reduce significant risks to human health and ecosystems from climate change, stratospheric
ozone depletion, and other hazards of international concern.
OBJECTIVE
Reduce Transboundary Threats: Shared North American
Ecosystems
Climate Change
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
Protect Public Health and Ecosystems From Persistent
Organic Pollutants
Prevent Degradation of the Marine and Polar
Environments
Achieve Cleaner and More Cost-Effective Practices
TOTAL $
TOTAL FTE
FY 1998
ENACTED
$99,730
$109,218
$17,322
$4,251
SI, 308
$4,316
$236,144
449
FY 1999 PRES.
BUDGET
$122,173
$230,644
$26,914
$6,874
$1,398
$7,958
$395,%!
527
Ecosystems and transboundary pollutants
do not respect international boundaries. As a
result, unilateral domestic actions of the U.S. are
inadequate to achieve some of EPA's most
important environmental goals. Reduction of
global and cross-border environmental risk is
important because of the significant problems
that originate in other countries and may
significantly impact U.S. investments in
environmental protection. Achieving our
environmental goals requires us to work with
other countries to address external sources of
pollution impacting human health and the
environment of our nation. Conversely, the
U.S. also holds itself responsible for preventing
or minimizing the impacts of transboundary
pollution originating here.
Efforts under this goal demonstrate EPA's
continued leadership to build international
cooperation and technical capacity that are
essential to prevent harm to the global
environment and ecosystems that we share with
other nations. A coordinated international
response is needed to confront the climate change
threat, depletion of the stratospheric ozone layer,
transboundary circulation of toxics, and other
environmental issues significant to the interests of
the United States. Continued leadership by the
U.S. and EPA is necessary to successfully
address these issues in a manner that provides
efficient and sustainable long-term solutions.
The President's Budget requests $396
million and 527 workyears for the Reduction of
Global and Cross-Border Environmental Risks
goal, an increase of $ 159.8 million and 79
43
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REDUCTION OF GLOBAL AND CROSS-BORDER
ENVIRONMENTAL RISKS
workyears over 1998. In order for the U.S. to
maintain a leadership role in this area, EPA will
increase its activities to address Climate Change
by focusing on efforts to achieve stabilization of
greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere,
as well as focusing on minimizing the global
impacts of greenhouse gas emissions originating
in the U.S. In addition, EPA's activities will
include programs that reduce persistent organic
pollutants and selected metals that circulate in the
environment at global and regional scales.
The resources requested in this budget
will enable the Agency to meet a number of
important performance goals in 1999. The most
significant of these include:
• Sixteen additional water/wastewater
projects along the Mexican border will be
certified for design-construction.
• As part of the President's Climate Change
Technology Initiative, reduce U.S. greenhouse
gas emissions in total by 40 million metric ton
carbon equivalent through partnerships with
businesses, schools, state and local governments
and other organizations.
• Reduce U.S. energy consumption by 45
billion kilowatts.
* Conduct a preliminary assessment of the
consequences of climate change at three
geographic locations {mid-Atlantic, Gulf Coast,
and Upper Great Lakes).
* Ensure that domestic consumption of class
33 hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) will be
restricted to below 208,400 metric tons and
domestic exempted production and import of
newly produced class I CFCs and halons will be
restricted to below 130,000 metric tons.
* Obtain international agreement on criteria
for selecting Persistent Organic Pollutants
(POPs) to be covered in a new global POPs treaty,
and on capacity building activities to support the
convention's implementation.
• Deliver 30 international training modules;
implement 6 technical assistance or technology
dissemination projects; implement 5 cooperative
policy development projects; and disseminate
information products on U.S. environmental
technologies and techniques to 2,500 foreign
customers.
HIGHLIGHTS:
Reduce Transboundary Threats: U.S.-Mexico
Border
The 1999 President's Budget requests
$108 million and 23 workyears, of which $100
million will be direct federal grants, to reduce
transboundary threats to human health and shared
ecosystems along the U.S.-Mexico border.
Along the 2,000 mile U.S.-Mexico
border, communities live side-by-side, sharing
the benefits of rapid economic growth and the
subsequent environmental problems. Today,
there are over 11 million border residents, a
population that has doubled in the last 15 years.
The effects of urban and industrial growth have
contributed to the problems of inadequate
environmental infrastructure. In the Mexico
border area, programs are designed to 1) improve
air quality, 2) provide wastewater and drinking
water services to underserved communities, 3)
manage chemical accidents, 4) support pollution
prevention programs that will, over the long
term, reduce the adverse health and environmental
effects of toxic pollution, and 5) reduce and
effectively manage hazardous and solid wastes.
The Agency will also continue to
44
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REDUCTION OF GLOBAL AND CROSS-BORDER
ENVIRONMENTAL TUSKS
cooperate with its Mexican counterpart agencies
to implement the provisions of the LaPaz
agreement and the Border XXI Framework
Document which provides a long term strategy to
improve public health and the environmental and
essential natural resources along the border.
Climate Change
The 1999 President's Budget requests
$231 million and 331 workyears for Climate
Change, of which $205.4 and 252 total workyears
are for the Climate Change Technology Initiative
(CCTT).
There is scientific consensus that global
change threatens human health and the
environment; EPA must address this problem to
reduce adverse environmental impacts. In 1997,
the framework developed under the Kyoto
Protocol established significant targets for
greenhouse gas reductions. The agreements
reached in Kyoto provide an important
opportunity to achieve meaningful reductions in
greenhouse gases with an environmentally sound
and economically strong strategy. EPA will play
an integral role in the President's Plan under the
CCH. For several years, EPA has been building
successful partnerships to reduce greenhouse gas
emissions with businesses and other organizations
in all sectors of the economy. Many of these
programs focus on the deployment of existing,
proven technologies that reduce emissions but are
underutilized. These partnerships will continue
to be the foundation for achieving greenhouse gas
reductions beyond 2000.
Under CCTI, EPA will expand its effort
in each sector of the economy in order to meet the
targeted emissions reductions that protect the
environment while promoting economic growth.
In 1999, there are key areas where EPA is
expanding its effort. These include: 1) Industry
Initiatives - EPA will consult with key industries
to develop greenhouse gas reduction strategies,
promote the deployment of clean technologies,
and build a program that credits industry for early
action; 2) Transportation Initiatives - EPA will
accelerate its efforts under the Partnership for a
New Generation of Vehicles (PNGV). PNGV
will develop technology for delivery and long-
haul trucks that achieve significant increases in
fuel economy and meet stringent emission
targets; 3) Buildings Initiatives - promote
greenhouse gas reduction and improve energy
performance of facilities by increasing awareness
of energy efficient technology that is applicable
for both residential and commercial buildings;
and 4) Domestic and International Outreach to
State and local entities to integrate Climate
Change into programs and policies and engage
developing countries in the implementation of
Climate Change protocols.
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
The 1999 President's Budget requests $26.9
and 34 workyears to work towards recovery of
ozone concentrations in the stratosphere.
The United States has signed the Montreal
Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone
Layer. Through this international treaty, EPA
will implement and enforce rules controlling the
production and emission of ozone depleting
compounds, and identify safer alternatives and
promote their use to curtail ozone depletion. In
addition, EPA will continue to provide financial
support to the Montreal Protocol Multilateral
Fund.
EPA will focus on domestic and international
production phaseout of five ozone-depleting
chemicals and chemical classes, promote more
intensive recycling programs in the U.S. and
U.S. EPA Headquarters Library
Mail code 3201
1200 Pennsylvania Avenue NW
Washington DC 20460
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REDUCTION OF GLOBAL AND CROSS-BORDER
ENVIRONMENTAL RISKS
abroad, enhance environmental data development
and public outreach aimed at informing the public
of risks of overexposure to ultra-violet (TJV)
radiation, and encourage earlier voluntary
phaseout of CFCs and HCFCs in developing
countries.
Protect PubMc Health and Ecosystems from
Persistent Toxics
The 1999 President's Budget requests $6.9
and 39 workyears to reduce the risks to U.S.
human health and ecosystems from selected
toxics that circulate in the environment at global
and regional scales, consistent with international
obligations.
Selected toxics which can persist,
bioaccumulate and move long distances pose
serious risks to human health and the ecosystem in
the U.S., not to mention in remote regions where
the substances may not be produced or used. The
actions of individual nations to control the
adverse effects of these PBTs often are
insufficient because of the long-range transport of
such substances. Thus, it takes coordinated
international action to reduce the risks posed by
PBTs globally, let alone in the U.S.
As part of the Agency-wide, multi-media
collaborative effort to reduce risks associated
with priority PBTs, the Agency will work to
reduce the risks associated with priority PBTs
through the Binational Strategy, the Commission
for Environmental Cooperation, the Persistent
Organic Pollutants international negotiations, and
further national prioritization of chemicals for
coordinated reduction strategies.
Achieve Cleaner and More Cost-Effective
Practices
The 1999 President's Budget requests $ 8.0
million and 38 workyears to increase the
application of cleaner and more cost-effective
environmental practices and technologies in the
U.S. and abroad through international cooperation.
As part of the Agency's international
technology and technical assistance programs,
EPA will provide access to niicrobiologically safe
drinking water and the protection of drinking
water sources in developing nations. This
priority is consistent with the Administrator's
interest in improving the environmental health of
children, who are most vulnerable to water-borne
diseases. In 1999, EPA proposes the "Ensuring
Children's Health through Microbiologically
Safe Drinking Water and Adequate Sanitation"
initiative. The specific focus area in this initiative
will be the improvement of children's health in
less developed countries through provision of safe
drinking water and adequate sanitation. The
initiative will include environmental technology
transfer and environmental management capacity
building components.
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EXPANSION OF AMERICANS' RIGHT TO KNOW
ABOUT THEIR ENVIRONMENT
Strategic Goal: Easy access to a wealth of information about the state of their local environment
will expand citizen involvement and give people tools to protect their families and their communities
as they see fit. Increased information exchange between scientists, public health officials, businesses,
citizens, and all levels of government will foster greater knowledge about the environment and what
can be done to protect it.
OBJECTIVE
Increase Quality/Quantity of Education, Outreach, Data
Availability
Improve Public's Ability to Reduce Exposure
Enhance Abliy to Protect Human Health
TOTALS
TOTAL FTE
FY1998
ENACTED
$72,202
$47,121
$21,019
$140,371
772
FY 1999 PRES.
BUDGET
$75,344
$51,876
$31,869
$159,088
757
Providing all Americans with access to
sound environmental information and informing
and involving the public in our work are essential
parts of a comprehensive approach to protecting
the environment. All U.S. citizens have a "right
to know" about the pollutants in their
environment - including the condition of the air
they breathe and the water they drink, as well as
the health effects of the chemicals used in the food
and products they buy. Increased information is
especially valuable for minority, low-income,
and Native American communities that suffer a
disproportionate burden of health consequences
from poor environmental conditions. As U.S.
citizens, they need to receive adequate knowledge
of and representation in public policy and
environmental decision-making.
Access to environmental information
enables American citizens to be involved and
informed environmental decision makers. Through
the dissemination of information, citizens are
given the ability to create and promote lasting
solutions to environmental problems. The relative
severity of environmental risks, the opportunities
for preventing pollution, and the uncertainties
and complex trade-offs that underlie many
environmental decisions need to be understood
and addressed. Public awareness is critical to
developing sustainable solutions that all
stakeholders — industry, agriculture, government,
and the public will support and carry out.
The 1999 President's Budget requests
Si59.1 million and 757 workyears for this goal.
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EXPANSION OF AMERICANS' RIGHT TO KNOW
ABOUT THEIR ENVIRONMENT?
an increase of $18.7 million and a decrease of
15 workyears over 1998. The Agency will use
a variety of strategies to accomplish this goal.
Critical to the success of these strategies will be
cooperation and collaboration with all potential
partners, including Federal, state, tribal and
local governments, education institutions,
nonprofit organizations, and businesses. In
1999, the Agency will expand Americans'
"right to know" by improving the quality and
increasing the quantity of general environmental
education outreach and data availability
programs, and improving electronic access to
information.
The resources requested in this budget
will enable the Agency to meet a number of
important performance goals in 1999. The
most significant of these include:
• Add 10 state participants to the One-
Stop Reporting Program (Total=30).
• Provide over 100 grants to assist
communities with understanding and addressing
Environmental Justice issues.
• Increase compliance with right to know
reporting requirements by conducting 1300
inspections and undertaking 200 enforcement
actions.
• 3,300 large and very large community
water systems (serving approximately 185
million Americans) will issue annual consumer
confidence reports containing information
about the systems' source water and the level of
contaminants in the drinking water.
• Process 110,000 facility chemical
release reports, publish the TRI Data Release
Report and provide improved information to the
public about TRI chemicals, enhancing community
right to know and efficiently processing
information from industry.
. By 1999, EPA will complete 5-7
monitoring pilot projects in EMPACT cities, and
implement timely and high quality environmental
monitoring technology in 5-7 EMPACT cities.
HIGHLIGHTS:
Expanding Communities' Right-to-Know
The 1999 President's Budget requests
$51.9 million and 255 workyears, an increase of
$4.8 million over 1998, to improve the public's
ability to reduce exposure. Under the Emergency
Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act
(EPCRA), EPA is required to provide the public
with valuable chemical release data through the
TRI. EPA has recently expanded the TRI by
adding seven new industry sectors and by nearly
doubling the number of reportable chemicals.
The goal of these actions is to provide a broader
picture of industrial releases and transfers so the
public will have more information about
potential risks.
In 1999, EPA will perform quality
analyses of at least two additional industries
reporting to the TRI and process 110,000 TRI
Form R's as part of the operation. EPA will
finalize the PBT rule to add more chemicals to the
TRI. To ensure that the public has information on
chemicals that may be highly toxic but are
manufactured, processed, or used in lower
volumes, the Agency will lower the thresholds for
reporting PBTs. The Agency has expanded the
TRI effort and will propose a chemical use
reporting rule. Finally, to ensure the efficacy of
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EXPANSION OP AMERICANS' RIGHT TO KNOW
ABOUT THEIR ENVIRONMENT
this information, five focus groups will be
conducted to determine how to better serve those
who would use the TRI information.
The Agency aggressively seeks to
integrate all relevant sources of data and
information to support comprehensive approaches
to environmental protection that include
community-based environmental protection
(CBEP) and ecosystem protection. This
information is to be coordinated and integrated
across the Agency to provide comprehensive
views of environmental data based on increased
availability and accuracy of locational and spatial
data, the establishment of the central structure
required to support data standards, and a registry
of environmental data.
Increasing Public Access
The 1999 President's Budget requests
S67.5 million and 303 workyears, a $3.2 million
increase over 1998, to enhance American's
access to environmental information. In 1999,
the Agency will provide environmental information
through a variety of initiatives.
The Agency's One Stop Reporting
Initiative will provide one-stop access to and
reporting of environmental information. This
initiative focuses on streamlining reporting by
regulators and improving the availability of
environmental performance data for the public
and the educational community. Information
such as databases, press releases, phone numbers,
fact sheets, and regulations will be made available
on the World-Wide Web.
In 1999, the Agency's Public Access
Strategic Initiatives will provide the necessary
infrastructure to integrate EPA data electronically
so that the public has access to information on
environmental requirements and regulations, and
is provided an opportunity to comment. Under
the Enforcement and Compliance Information
(ECI) initiative, the Agency will provide the
public access to user-friendly information on
enforcement and compliance data policies,
guidance and interpretations. This initiative will
improve citizens' and small businesses' access to,
and their understanding of, compliance and
enforcement information.
Lessons learned from the Regulatory
Information Inventory and Team Evaluation
Project (RHTE) will be made available
nationally, providing a toolbox of successful
approaches, establishing a web site of forms, and
testing the use of web sites for submission of
compliance data. Collection, analysis, and use of
data are at the heart of effective environmental
management. Electronic reporting for many of
the Agency's core compliance reports will be
available; e.g., municipal water system laboratory
reports, some transactions involving the
hazardous waste manifest, and reporting of
annual emissions inventories in some delegated
states. Additionally, EPA is now developing a
"second generation" approach on Internet/Web-
based forms, which will be much more
appropriate for small companies and for
individuals.
The Agency will ensure that small
businesses and other small entities are full
participants in Agency regulatory activities,
especially regulatory development and compliance
assistance. Under the requirements of the Small
Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act of
1996, the Agency provides small entities the
opportunity to participate in the development of
proposed rules subject to the Regulatory
Flexibility Act. One of the Agency keys for
successful small business participation in the
environmental decision making process is a well
informed and educated small business community.
A focal point of the Agency's small business
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EXPANSION OF AMERICANS' RIGHT TO KNOW
ABOUT THEIR ENVIRONMENT
information activities is EPA's Office of Small
Business Ombudsman (SBO). This office
coordinates over 12,000 small business inquiries
each year, supports an Internet Web page for
small business, and coordinates agency regional
small business activities. In addition, the SBO
provides oversight for and reports to Congress on
small business compliance activities under §507
of the Clean Air Act. Through this process the
Agency and the small business community stay
abreast of each other's needs and concerns.
The creation of the Center for
Environmental Information and Statistics (CEIS)
will play a crucial role in our efforts to improve
delivery of environmental information to the
public and ensure a cooperative and collaborative
approach to environmental decision making. The
CHS will provide a "Master Atlas" that
integrates various mapping software and provides
multimedia data on environmental quality, status
and trends. CEIS will also have a web site for
visitors to identify and contact Agency
representatives so that they may discuss the
environmental data used and the Agency's
interpretation. The CEIS will also serve as the
Agency's source of internal information on
environmental quality, status and trends -
informing individuals, communities, businesses
and the public of environmental information
which will be easily accessible, objective, and
reliable.
Ensuring Environmental Justice
The 1999 President's Budget requests
$7.9 million and 46 workyears to support
Environmental Justice. In 1999, the Agency will
work to ensure that minority, low-income, and
Native American communities will be able to
meaningfully participate in environmental
decision-making and protect themselves from
undue risks. The Agency will hold National
Environmental Justice Advisory Council meetings
to advise the Administrator on Environmental
Justice concerns.
The Agency will continue to develop the
Environmental Justice program to ensure that all
people, regardless of race, national origin, or
income, are protected from a disproportionate
impact of environmental hazards. Environmental
programs do not always equally benefit all
communities or all populations. To remedy this
problem, the Agency will raise the awareness and
understanding of environmental issues affecting
high risk communities by holding at least one
Enforcement Roundtable in an affected
community. To facilitate community involvement,
EPA wiU provide grants to minority and low
income communities to address Environmental
Justice issues.
Through the Interagency Workgroup
meetings and joint projects, EPA will work to
ensure that all Federal agencies comply with the
Executive Order on Environmental Justice and
incorporate environmental justice concerns into
program planning and implementation. EPA will
also integrate Environmental Justice into its own
program operations, Regional Memoranda of
Agreement, and state Performance Partnership
Agreements.
Tools for Enhancing the Ability to Protect
Human Health
The 1999 President's Budget requests
S31.9 million and 153 workyears, an increase of
S10.8 million over 1998, to enhance American's
ability to protect human health. In pursuing this
objective, the Agency ensures that all Americans
have easy access to sound environmental
information. Providing this information will
allow citizens to expand their involvement in
protecting the environment.
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EXPANSION OF AMERICANS' RIGHT TO KNOW
ABOUT THEIR ENVIRONMENT
The President's Environmental Monitoring
for Public Access and Community Tracking
(EMPACT) initiative is a cross-agency program
established to provide the public with information
regarding local environmental conditions (e.g.
toxic pollutants, water and air quality). This
program will continue to report and provide
access to selected communities throughout the
nation. EMPACT will provide at least 75 of the
largest U.S. metropolitan areas with access to
information regarding the quality of their local
environments, and relevant scientific and
technical tools to interpret and evaluate potential
impacts and risks to these environments. The
Agency will expand EMPACT's effectiveness by
improving technological approaches to data
management and communications and by
improving its discourse with the public regarding
environmental risks.
Citizen involvement in protecting the
environment will also be expanded through the
Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS). IRIS
is an EPA database of Agency consensus health
information on environmental contaminants
which is used extensively by EPA Program
Offices and Regions where consistent, reliable
toxicity information is needed for credible risk
assessments. Each of the 535 IRIS "files"
contains chemical-specific information on cancer
and noncancer health effects. Each IRIS file
summarizes a more detailed health assessment or
support document. IRIS is heavily used for risk
assessments and other health evaluations across
the Agency. The most frequent users are
Regional and State risk assessors, but use has
grown to include all levels of government, as well
as the public and private sectors, both nationally
and internationally.
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SOUND SCIENCE
Strategic Goal: An important aspect of the Agency's mission is to ensure a strong scientific
foundation for the process of identifying public health and environmental issues and the approaches
taken to address them. EPA's 1999 request continues to support this commitment. The programs
proposed will allow EPA to develop and apply the best available science for addressing current and
future environmental hazards, as well as new approaches toward improving environmental
protection.
OBJECTIVE
Research for Ecosystem Assessment and Restoration
Research for Human Health Risk Assessment
Emerging Risk Issues
Pollution Prevention and New Technology
Enable Research on Innovative Approaches to Current
and Future Environmental Problems
Increase Use of Integrated, Holistic, Partnership
Approaches
Increase Opportunities for Sector Based Approaches
Regional Enhancement of Ability to Quantify
Environmental Outcomes
Science Advisory Board Peer Review
Incorporate Innovative Approaches to Environmental
Management
TOTALS
TOTAL FIE
FY1998
ENACTED
$100,713
$49,007
$47,744
$69,919
$86,928
$19,386
$16,478
$5,969
$2,416
$6,161
$404,721
1,165
FY 1999 PRES.
BUDGET
$85,506
$47,619
$55,387
$46,388
$88,746
$16,811
$11,497
$7,995
$2,587
$4,334
$366,868
1,256
Among EPA's highest research priorities
is our Assessing Health Risks to Children
research program to expand information on
exposure, effects and risk assessment to address
children's risk. This program will provide the
data to strengthen Agency risk assessments for
children, both in the near and long term. Two
important efforts will produce much of this data,
the Children's Health Risk Centers, and EPA's
participation in studies in the National Health and
Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) being
conducted by the National Center for Health
Statistics (NCHS).
We will increase our efforts in the
Advanced Measurement Initiative (AMI). The
focus of this program is to facilitate the
application of technologies to enhance individual
monitoring and measurement technologies, as
well as to improve coordination of existing
monitoring research and programs such as the
mapping of waste sites, the development of
ground water and surface water transport models
and the characterization of soils and surface
water vegetation quality and land use. AMI will
53
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SOUND SCIENCE
develop working partnerships between technology
developers, environmental policy makers, and
environmental managers to ensure that advanced
monitoring technologies will meet the needs of
EPA, the regulated community, and the public.
Additionally, we will strengthen our
intramural research program through the
allocation of additional workyears to recruit post-
doctoral students to work at EPA laboratories.
The Agency has requested resources to
support research within Goal 8, Sound Science,
as well as Goals 1,2,4,5,6 and 7. The research
program areas requested and described under
Goal 8 represent research support that cuts across
multiple goals.
The 1999 President's Budget requests
$366.9 million and 1,256 workyears for this goal,
a decrease of $37.9 million and an increase of 91
workyears from 1998.
The resources requested in this goal will
enable the Agency to meet a number of
performance goals in 1999. The most significant
of these include:
• In 2001, complete and evaluate a multi-
tiered ecological monitoring system for the Mid-
Atlantic region and provide select land cover and
aquatic indicators for measuring status and
trends.
• In 1999, analyze existing monitoring data
for acid deposition and UVB and implement a
multiple site UVB monitoring system for
measuring status and trends.
• In 1999, provide ecological risk
assessment case studies for two watersheds,
final guidelines for reporting ecological risk
assessment and ecological risk assessment
guidance and support.
• By 2008, develop and verify innovative
methods and models for assessing the
susceptibilities of populations to environmental
agents, aimed at enhancing risk assessment and
management strategies and guidance.
• By 1999, a total of 50 Project XL
projects will be in development or
implementation, an increase of 15 over 1998.
* In 1999, produce first generation
exposure models describing residential exposure
to pesticides.
• In 1999, initiate a Field Exposure Study
of children to two endocrine disrupter
chemicals.
* In 1999, complete and submit an
external review draft of the Air Quality Criteria
Document for carbon monoxide.
• By 1999, improve computational
efficiency of the fine particulate model by 25%.
HIGHLIGHTS:
Ecosystem Protection Research
The President's Budget requests $85.5
million and 378 workyears to support
Ecosystems Protection research. The
Environmental Monitoring and Assessment
Program (EMAP) is one of the areas of
investment in this objective.
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SOUND SCIENCE
The EMAP Program monitors the
condition of the nation's ecological resources to
evaluate the cumulative success of current
policies and programs and to identify emerging
problems before they become widespread or
irreversible. Policies and programs that promote
the sustainable use of resources and the
preservation of ecosystem integrity must be based
upon our scientific knowledge of the environment.
EMAP seeks to improve the quality of that
knowledge and to fill in any gaps in that
knowledge through research in two primary
areas: developing a better understanding of the
mechanisms that control ecosystem structure and
function and assessing the role of human actions
in altering them; and, monitoring ecosystem
characteristics and the human influences that
change them over time.
Research to Improve Human Health Risk
Assessment
The President's Budget requests $47.6
million and 224 workyears to support Human
Health Risk Assessment research. One key focus
under this objective is in the area of Susceptible
Subpopulations research.
Research activities are designed and
implemented to provide insights into
subpopulations that experience higher than
normal exposures or have underlying biological
factors that place them at greater risk. Research
on susceptible populations assumes that certain
segments of the populations may not be afforded
adequate consideration in current risk assessment
practices and/or sufficient protection under
ensuing risk management decisions. Efforts
associated with this research activity will evaluate
the adequacy of current approaches to identify,
characterize and explain the increased susceptibility
of various subpopulations. This evaluation will
subsequently direct the evolution of improved
tools and approaches to assess risk to these
populations. A unique dimension of these efforts
will be the incorporation of risk management
research as these key parameters and populations
are defined (exposure or biologic) so that
appropriate intervention strategies can be
developed and applied in parallel.
Emerging Risk Issues
The President's Budget requests S55.4
million and 185 workyears to support Emerging
Risk Issues research. The Endocrine Disrupters
(ED) research program and the One Atmosphere
Research Program are two key areas of
investment within this objective.
The ED research program was established
in response to growing scientific concern and
public awareness regarding potential effects of
environmental exposure to chemicals that
interact with the endocrine system, causing
adverse reproductive and other health and
ecological effects. Research on endocrine
disruptors is being conducted according to
priorities described in the Endocrine Disruptors
Research Strategy, which is targeted at
addressing the major uncertainties in this
important area. In 1999, the ED research
program will include integrated toxicology and
exposure studies in ecological systems or human
populations with suspected contamination or
exposure to ED chemicals.
In 1999, the One Atmosphere Research
Program is intended to assess and prevent risks
from air pollution present in mixtures, the way
people and ecosystems commonly experience it.
EPA's focus will be on understanding the health
and ecological effects associated with exposures
to air pollutants in combination, without emphasis
on a particular constituent, as well as the interplay
55
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SOUND SCIENCE
of source emissions transformation, transport and
fate, and the impacts of multi-pollutant controls to
achieve balance in pollution control and avoid
unnecessary costs. EPA will look at multiple
scales and at aH environments, thereby, focusing
on the fact that all air pollution merges in one
atmosphere.
Pollution Prevention and New Technologies
The President's Budget requests $46.4
million and 188 workyears for pollution
prevention and new technologies. Research on
Advanced Measurement Initiative (AMI) and
Environmental Technology Verification (ETV)
are among the focus areas for this objective.
The purpose of AMI is to identify,
evaluate, adapt, and apply new and emerging
measurement and monitoring technologies to
facilitate effective environmental risk management.
Through AMI, EPA seeks to meet current
environmental measurement requirements more
effectively, to permit the collection of important
environmental data that is not available using
conventional monitoring methods, and to create
opportunities for entirely new and innovative
approaches to environmental measurement needs.
ETV was created to substantially
accelerate the introduction of new environmental
technologies into the domestic and international
marketplace. This will be done by verifying the
environmental performance characteristics of
commercial-ready technology through the
evaluation of objective and quality assured data,
so that potential purchasers and permitters are
provided with an independent and credible
assessment of what they are buying and
permittmg. EPA's ETV research program began
with a three to five year pilot phase to test a wide
range of partner and procedural alternatives in
various pilot areas, and the true market demand
for the response to such a program. In 1999, the
ETV program will transition from a pilot phase to
establishment of the particular verification areas.
Enable Research on Innovative Approaches to
Current and Future Environmental Problems
The President's Budget requests $88.7
million and 97 workyears to Enable Research on
Innovative Approaches to Current and Future
Environmental Problems.
Resources requested in this objective
provide the support required to accomplish the
science and technology program at EPA. The
effectiveness of the support provided in this
objective is integral to the achievement of
numerous Agency goals, including Goals 1,2,4,
5, 6, 7, and 8. The implementation of a strong
science and engineering program requires
necessary infrastructure support, operating
expenses and other operational resources. The
staff support activities include program review,
health and safety, resource planning and
execution, administrative and financial contract
and grant management, equipment and facilities
maintenance, and automated data processing.
56
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A CREDIBLE DETERRENT TO POLLUTION AND
GREATER COMPLIANCE WITH THE LAW
Strategic Goal: EPA will ensure full compliance with laws intended to protect public health and
the environment.
OBJECTIVE
Enforcement Tools to Reduce Non-Compliance
Increase Use of Auditing, Self-Policing Policies
TOTALS
TOTAL FIE
FY 1998
ENACTED
$268,535
$47,294
$315,828
2,538
FY 1999 PRES.
BUDGET
$281,743
$49,208
$330,951
2,536
Protecting the public and the environment
from risks posed by violations of environmental
requirements is, and always has been, basic to
EPA's mission. Many of America's environmental
improvements over the last 25 years are
attributable to a strong set of environmental laws
and an expectation of compliance with those laws.
EPA's strong and aggressive enforcement
program has been the centerpiece of efforts to
ensure compliance, and has achieved real and
significant improvements in public health and the
environment. The Agency will continue to
aggressively punish violators and deter future
violations, level the economic playing field for
law-abiding companies, and ensure that the price
of goods and services reflects true costs.
However, to meet the challenges
presented by the continuing, serious, and
complex environmental problems and the changes
in the types and scope of activities and entities
regulated, EPA must seek a broader range of
solutions. To this end, EPA is developing
additional tools and capabilities for ensuring
compliance through assistance and incentives to
the regulated commuaity. By ensuring compliance
through an array of traditional and innovative
approaches, EPA is working to mitigate and
avoid risks to human health and the environment.
The 1999 President's Budget requests
$330.9 million and 2,536 workyears for
deterrence and compliance in this goal, an
increase of $15.1 million and a decrease of 2
workyears from 1998. These resources will
support the use of enforcement and compliance
tools to ensure deterrence and compliance
including inspections to target violators,
assistance to help the regulated community
understand its responsibilities, and incentives to
make it economically beneficial to comply with
the law. EPA will also continue to provide
technical assistance and grants to states and Tribes
to help them build effective and well targeted
compliance and enforcement programs. EPA
will support international environmental
commitments, especially along U.S. borders, and
work with other Federal agencies to promote
environmental protection abroad and encourage a
level economic playing field in an increasingly
global trading system.
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A CREDIBLE DETERRENT TO POLLUTION AND
GREATER COMPLIANCE WITH THE LAW
The resources requested in this budget
will enable the Agency to meet a number of
important performance goals. The most
significant of these are:
• Target high priority areas for enforcement
and compliance assistance and complete baseline
data needed to measure changes in key indicators
of compliance. The Agency will identify five
high priority areas and improve 3 of their data
systems,
• Deter non-coinpliance by maintaining
levels of field presence and enforcement actions,
particularly in high risk areas and/or where
populations are disproportionately exposed. In
1999, EPA will conduct 15,(XX) inspections and
undertake 2,600 enforcement actions.
• Increase the regulated community's use of
compliance incentives and their understanding of,
and ability to comply with, regulatory
requirements. EPA will offer 20 small entities
relief under the Small Business Policy, an
increase of 100 % over the 1998 levels, and obtain
400 self disclosures. The Agency will also
continue to operate 8 Compliance Assistance
Centers, and provide compliance assistance tools
such as 7 sector notebooks and 4 sector guides.
• Assist states and tribes with their
enforcement and compliance assurance and
incentive programs. EPA will provide specialized
assistance and training, including 100 courses, to
state and tribal officials to enhance the
effectiveness of their programs.
• Review 100% of significant proposed
Federal actions subject to the National
Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) which require
EPA follow-up to determine their likely
environmental effects and remedy 70% of EPA's
concerns with these proposed actions.
HIGHLIGHTS:
Target High Priority Areas for Enforcement
and Compliance Assistance
The 1999 President's Budget requests
$281.7 million and 2,056 workyears to address
the most significant environmental problems
through improved targeting of high-risk portions
of the regulated community, and increased
monitoring. The foundation of this effort wiU be
the completion by EPA's enforcement and
compliance assurance program of baseline data
improvements that began in 1998, the selection of
the most appropriate compliance indicators and
types of facilities to be addressed, and the setting
of challenging but realistic targets for
compliance.
Improve Compliance by Providing Assistance
and Incentives to the Regulated Community
The 1999 President's Budget requests
$49.2 million and 480 workyears to provide more
sophisticated and targeted compliance assistance
to the regulated community using compliance
baseline data developed for selected sectors, and
the Agency's analysis of the root causes of
compliance problems. EPA will also increase the
regulated community's use of compliance
incentives and programs by 10% over 1998
levels, by encouraging communities to voluntarily
discover, disclose, and correct violations.
Assist States and Tribes with Their Compliance
Assurance and Incentive Programs
Included in the 1999 President's Budget is
S2.0 million for Pesticides Enforcement grants to
help prevent future misuses of pesticides in
communities and workplaces. EPA also requests
$0.5 million to help states protect vulnerable
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A DETERRENT TO POLLUTION AND
COMPLIANCE WITH THE LAW
children from lead poisoning by increasing
enforcement of the lead-based paint provisions of
the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). A
requested increase of $100 thousand will provide
compliance assistance to Tribes.
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EFFECTIVE MANAGEMENT
Strategic Goal: EPA will establish a management infrastructure that will set and
implement the highest quality standards for effective internal management and fiscal
responsibility.
OBJECTIVE
Executive Leadership
Management Services, Administrative, and Stewardship
Building Operations, Utilities and New Construction
Regional Management Services and Support
Provide Audit and Investij^tive Products and Services
TOTALS
TOTAL FTE
FY1998
ENACTED
$27,898
5165,332
$331,960
$107,104
$36,565
$668,857
2,920
FY 1999 PRES.
BUDGET
$30,896
$180,937
$299,921
$108,189
$39,917
$659,861
2,975
Efforts under this goal support the full
range of Agency activities for a healthy and
sustainable environment. Agency management
provides vision and leadership within the
Agency, and conducts policy oversight for all
Agency programs. The effectiveness of EPA's
management will determine, in large measure,
how successful we will be in pursuit of the other
goals identified in the Agency's strategic and
annual plans. Sound management principles,
practices, results-based planning and budgeting,
fiscal accountability, quality customer service,
rational policy guidance, and careful stewardship
of our resources are the foundation for everything
EPA does to advance the protection of human
health and the environment. Agency
management systems and processes win be
supported by independent evaluations that
promote efficient and effective programs, so that
we can obtain the greatest return on taxpayer
investment.
The 1999 President's Budget requests
$659.9 million and 2,975 workyears for the
Effective Management goal, a decrease of $9.0
million and increase of 55 workyears over 1998.
Managerial accomplishments will include
implementation of automated and streamlined
human resources and financial management
processes, construction of new facilities, and
establishment of state-of-the-art laboratories. The
Agency will also honor its obligations to protect
children from environmental hazards by working
to make the protection of children's health a
fundamental goal of environmental protection hi
the United States.
The resources requested in this budget will
enable the Agency to meet a number of important
performance goals. The most significant of these
include:
• By the end of 1999, continue renovation of
the new Headquarters complex by completing
100% buildout of the Ariel Rios north building
and 50 % of the Interstate Commerce Commission/
Customs building, and moving 47% of EPA
personnel from vacated spaces to the new
consolidated complex.
• By the end of 1999, complete at least 50 %
of construction of the consolidated research lab at
Research Triangle Park in North Carolina.
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EFFECTIVE MANAGEMENT
• By the end of 1999, implement
performance-based contracting for 10% of EPA
contracts awarded to improve quality and
timeliness.
• By the end of 1999, implement Phase I of
the Integrated Grants Management System
(IGMS) award module in all regions,
• By the end of 1999, evaluate 5 EPA
standards to ensure they are protective of
children's health.
« By March 1999, 100% of EPA category 1
& 2 systems tested will calculate the Year 2000
correctly.
« By the end of 1999, the Agency can plan
and track performance against annual goals and
capture 100% of costs through the new PBAA
structure, based on modified budget and financial
accounting systems, a new accountability process
and new cost accounting mechanisms.
• In 1999, the OIG will provide objective,
timely, and independent auditing, consulting, and
investigative services through such actions as
completing 15 construction grant closeout audits.
HIGHLIGHTS:
Protecting Children's Health
The 1999 President's Budget requests
S30.9 million and 265 workyears to provide
vision and leadership, as well as executive
direction and policy oversight, for all Agency
programs, including Children's Health.
The Agency will honor its obligation to
protect children from environmental hazards by
targeting resources toward the Agency's many
diverse children's activities. Children today face
significant and unique health threats from a range
of environmental hazards. They are often more
heavily exposed and more vulnerable than adults
to toxins in the environment, from asthma-
exacerbating air pollution and lead-based paint in
older homes, to treatment-resistant microbes in
drinking water, to persistent chemicals that may
cause cancer or induce reproductive or
developmental changes. Children's developing
immune and nervous systems can be highly
vulnerable to disruption by toxins in the
environment, and the consequences may be
lifelong.
In 1999, major activities include
establishing, with HHS, six Children's
Environmental Research Centers, ensuring that
EPA's public health regulations consider
children's health, and providing information to
parents to better protect their children from
environmental hazards.
Improving Management Services,
Administrative Support, and Stewardship
The 1999 President's Budget requests
$289.1 million and 2,154 workyears for
management services, administrative support,
and stewardship. EPA will provide the
management services and administrative support
to achieve its environmental mission and to meet
its fiduciary and workforce responsibilities.
The Agency wants to ensure that its
workforce is of the highest caliber and is fully
prepared to deliver national leadership and
expertise in environmental protection. To do so,
the Agency will invest in its employees through
training and education. The Agency is also
striving to increase efficiencies in hiring and
placement of staff with the necessary scientific
and technical skills to sustain effective
environmental protection programs. By
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EFFECTIVE MANAGEMENT
implementing an automated and streamlined
human resources process, the Agency will take
major steps toward achieving these goals.
Previously, the Agency has relied on cost-
plus, level-of-effort contracting. In an effort to
enhance the timeliness and quality of contract
products and service, the Agency will be
transitioning from this more costly and less
efficient method of contracting to the more
programmatic and cost effective method of
performance-based service contracting.
Furthermore, by improving the Agency's
contract management information systems, the
Agency will improve the quality and availability
of information on the status and use of resources,
thereby assuring that the Agency acquires the best
quality goods and services in support of Agency
objectives.
The Agency is also taking steps toward
reducing reporting burdens by the Agency's
highest volume submitters by encouraging and
supporting electronic reporting. These efforts
will facilitate EPA's acquisition of key
information about environmental conditions
across the country.
In 1999, upon correction of grants
management vulnerabilities, emphasis will be
placed on all aspects of post award grants
management to ensure fiscal integrity. This will
be accomplished by supporting and maintaining
an Agency-wide Integrated Grants Management
System that will provide for significant and
immediate customer service and communication,
as well as substantial time and resource savings,
increased integrity of data quality, and post award
management/closeout support.
Improving the Agency's ability to focus
on environmental results and ensuring effective
stewardship of Agency resources is a high priority
for the Agency. To strengthen the Agency's
accountability through a performance-based
management system, EPA will continue
development of its integrated planning, budgeting,
and accountability process, and will further its
achievement of the substantive statutory
requirements of the GPRA, the Chief Financial
Officers (CFO) Act, and related legislation. The
Agency will also focus on development of
effective financial management systems, and
greater efficiency through streamlining, customer
service, and automated systems development.
Maintaining and Improving Agency
Infrastructure
The Agency is requesting a total of $299.9
million and 155 workyears to provide a quality
work environment that considers employee safety
and security, building operations, utilities,
facilities repairs, new construction, and pollution
prevention throughout the Agency's ten Regional
offices, research and development laboratory
complexes, field stations, and Headquarters
locations.
In support of effective management, the
Agency will provide for construction and
establishment of state-of-the-art laboratories,
providing the tools essential to researching
innovative solutions to current and future
environmental problems and enhancing our
understanding of environmental risks. The
consolidated laboratory office complex at
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina is an
excellent example. For 1999, the Agency is
requesting $32 million for the continued
construction of this complex. This facility will
consolidate several locations that EPA currently
leases, saving taxpayers over $100 million over
the facility's life. Also, EPA is requesting an
advance appropriation of $40.7 million in fiscal
year 2000 to complete the project.
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EFFECTIVE MANAGEMENT
The Agency's goal of consolidating its
Headquarters personnel into one central location
is closer to being realized. In 1999, EPA is
requesting $16 million for relocation to and
continued construction of the new Headquarters
buildings. The single largest component of this
request is for the telecommunication costs to
conform to EPA's Integrated Services Digital
Network (ISDN) and local area network
standards. Significant accomplishments for 1999
include completion of the buildout in the Ariel
Rios North building, and 50% completion of the
Interstate Commerce Commission building.
Furthermore, lab construction at Ft. Meade,
Maryland will be completed.
EPA's employees are a major asset and
the Agency will continue to take steps to provide
a wide range of facilities management and safety,
health and environmental management policies,
procedures and services. Facilities operations
include rent; preventive maintenance of existing
space; security and property management;
printing services; postage and mail management
services; transportation services; Agency
recycling; and health, safety and environmental
compliance activities, including medical
monitoring and training.
Assisting EPA in Reaching Its Mission by
Providing Audit and Investigative Products
and Services
The Agency is requesting $39.9 million
and 401 workyears to provide audits and
investigations of EPA's program, administrative,
and financial activities by the Office of Inspector
General. This will ensure that the Agency's
programs are delivered in an effective, efficient,
and economical manner and in compliance with
all applicable laws and regulations. Audits and
investigations assist the Agency in identifying
areas of potential risk and necessary improvements
that can significantly contribute to EPA's
fulfillment of its mission. Services also include
working in partnership with Agency management
to find more effective and efficient solutions to
environmental problems.
64
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ADDITIONAL
INFORMATION
65
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66
-------
STATE, LOCAL, & TRIBAL GRANTS
$643
S665
$548
$468
$875
$745
$645
$674
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
In 1999, the President's Budget requests a
total of S874.7 million for 17 'categorical'
program grants for state and tribal governments.
This is an increase of $129.7 million over 1998.
These grants are part of EPA's Operating
Programs even though they are funded in the State
and Tribal Assistance Grant (STAG) appropriation
account. EPA will continue to pursue its strategy
of building and supporting state, local, and tribal
capacity to implement, operate, and enforce the
Nation' s environmental kws. Most environmental
laws envision establishment of a decentralized
nationwide structure to protect public health and
the environment. In this way, environmental
goals will ultimately be achieved through the
actions, programs, and commitments of state,
tribal and local governments, organizations, and
citizens.
In 1999, EPA will continue to give more
flexibility to state and tribal governments to
manage their environmental programs as well as
provide technical and financial assistance. First,
EPA and its state and tribal partners will continue
implementing the National Environmental
Performance Partnership System (NEPPS),
NEPPS is designed to allow states more
flexibility to operate their programs with less
interference from the Federal government, while
increasing emphasis on measuring and reporting
environmental improvements. Second,
Performance Partnership Grants (PPGs) will
continue to allow states and tribes more funding
flexibility to combine categorical program grants
to address environmental priorities.
67
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STATE, LOCAL, & TRIBAL GRANTS
HIGHLIGHTS:
Water Quality Program Grants
In 1999, the President's Budget requests a
total of $315.5 million to support EPA's nonpoint
source grants and water pollution control (Section
106) grants. This represents a total increase of
$ 115 million over 1998, all of which is part of the
Clean Water Action Plan. Both grant programs
are designed to assist states with their water
quality problems. An additional $95 million for
the nonpoint source grants will specifically focus
on assisting states with implementation of priority
nonpoint source and watershed protection
activities. An additional $20 million will
strengthen the Section 106 grant program and
support activities in reducing pollutant discharges
from point and nonpoint sources and management
programs to support healthy aquatic communities.
Of this amount, $2.6 million will support eligible
tribes conducting comprehensive monitoring
programs and implementing water quality
programs.
Air and Radiation Program Grants
Air and Radiation Program grants help state and
tribal governments address air and radiation
program requirements. In 1999, the President's
Budget requests a total of $209.4 million for Air
and Radiation Program grants. This is an increase
of $9.2 million over 1998. In support of the
Agency's implementation strategy for attaining
the new air quality standards, EPA will target
$50.7 million for states for the development of a
national PM 2.5 monitoring network. This
monitoring network will provide the data needec
for the identification of PM sources as well as
development of control strategies to address PM
on a regional basis.
Enforcement Program Grants
In 1999, financial assistance will continue to
support state and tribal enforcement programs. A
total of $26.9 million is requested for Pesticides
and Toxic Substances Enforcement grants, an
increase of $2.5 million over 1998. An increase
of $2,0 million is requested for Pesticides
Enforcement grants to help prevent future
misuses of pesticides in communities and
workplaces. An increase of $0.5 million is
requested for Toxic Substances Enforcement
grants to protect children from lead based paint
exposure.
Indian General Assistance Program Grants
For the Indian Environmental General Assistance
Program (GAP), the Agency is requesting a total
of $42.6 million for these GAP grants. This is an
increase of $4 million over 1998. This increase is
requested to allow Tribes to develop baseline data
by which future environmental progress can be
measured.
68
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STATE and TRIBAL ASSISTANCE
Dollars in Thousands
GRANTS
FY 1997
ENACTED
Grant
MIL & _Radiation
State and Local Assistance
Tribal Assistance
Radon
Water
Pollution Control (Section 1 06)
Nonpoint Source
Wetlands Program
Water Quality Cooperative Agnmts
Drinking Water
PWSS
UIC
Hazardous Waste
H.W. Financial Assistance
Underground Storage Tanks
Pesticides Program Implementation
Lead Grants
Multimedia
Pollution Prevention
Pesticides Enforcement
Toxics Enforcement
Indian General Assistance Program
TOTALS
$153,190.0,:
$5,882.2;
$8.158.0
$167,230,2:-
$80,700.0;!
$100,000.0;
$15,000.0!
S2ILOJ1QJ1:
$215,700.00;:
$90,000.0:
$100,500.0i[
$98,298.2:;
$108,842.9
$12,814.6
$12.500.0
$25,314.6
$5,999.5;
$16,133.6;
$6,486.2:;
$28.000.0;!
$56,619.3
$674,207.0
FY1998
ENACTED
$181,933.0:;
$10,168.8"
iSJLsmj
$200,259.81
$95,529.3!
$105,000.0
$15,000.0 |
$235,529.30:
$93,780.5 :
$10.500.0
$104,280.5 ••(
$98,598.2
$10.544.7 :
$109,142.9;.
$13,114.6:'
$13.712.2-
$26,826.8.
$5,999.5\
$17,511.7;
$6,864.2
$68,960.7
$745,000.0
FY 1999
PRES BUD
$190,190.0
$11, 068.8 i
$8.158.0 !
$209,416.8:i
i
$115,529.3
$200,000.0
$19.000.0
$349,529.3
$93,780.5 ,
S1Q.500.0:
$104,280.5;
$98,598.2'
$10.544. 7:-
$109,142.9;
$13,114.6
S13J122-
$26,826.8
$5,999.5 :
$19,511.7
$7,364.2.
$75,460.7
$874,657,0
69
U.S. EPA Headquarters Library
Mail code 3301
1200 Pennsylvania Avenue NW
Washington DC 20460
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70
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WATER INFRASTRUCTURE
FINANCING
WATER INFRASTRUCTURE FINANCING
Clean Water SKF
Drinking Water SKF
Mexican Border Projects
- Mexican Border
- Colorrias
Special Needs Projects
TOTALS
FY 1998
ENACTED
$1,350
S725
$125
$75
$50
$76
$2^276
FY 1999 PRES.
BUDGET
$1,075
$775
$100
$100
$0
$78
$2,028
Providing Americans with Clean and Safe
Water and Reducing Cross-border
Environmental Threats
EPA's water infrastructure financing
efforts support two of EPA's strategic goals:
Clean and Safe Water, and Reducing Global and
Cross-border Environmental Risks. With
approximately $140 billion in documented needs
over the next 20 years for wastewater
infrastructure alone, the Nation's cities are faced
with an enormous price tag for keeping our rivers,
streams, and beaches free from untreated sewage.
Vast quantities of pollution contaminate
residential areas and wildlife habitats along our
border with Mexico. In Alaska Native villages,
more than 20,000 people lack even the most
rudimentary 20th century sanitation facilities and
technology.
In hundreds of cities and towns, the
systems for ensuring safe drinking water lag
behind modern demands. In some cases, the costs
associated with meeting national standards for
drinking water quality ('maximum contaminant
levels') have outstripped a community's
investment in drinking water treatment and
distribution systems. In other cases, aging and
deteriorated systems need to be restored to ensure
continued protection of public health.
The State and Tribal Assistance Grants
(STAG) Appropriation provides financial
assistance to states, municipalities and tribal
governments to fund a variety of drinking water
and wastewater infrastructure projects. These
funds are essential to fulfill the Federal
government's commitment to help our state,
tribal and local partners obtain adequate funding
to construct the facilities required to comply with
federal environmental requirements. States and
localities rely on a variety of revenue sources to
finance their environmental programs and to pay
for the facilities needed to keep the water clean
and safe from harmful contaminants.
Providing STAG funds through State
Revolving Fund (SRF) programs, EPA works in
partnership with the states to provide low-cost
financial assistance to municipalities for
infrastructure construction. SRF funds are also
provided as grants to tribal governments to help
71
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WATER INERASTMJCTURE
FINANCING
them address their drinking water and wastewater
needs. Special Needs projects also provide
focused wastewater grant assistance to local areas
facing extraordinary needs.
The President's Budget requests a total of
$2,028 million in 1999 for EPA's Water
Infrastructure programs, a decrease of $439.6
million from 1998. Of the total water
infrastructure request, $1,928 million will
support EPA's Goal 2: Clean and Safe Water, and
$100 million will support EPA's Goal 6:
Reduction of Global and Cross-border
Environmental Risks. The $439.6 million
decrease is the net result of a $225 million
reduction in the Clean Water and Drinking Water
SRF programs, a $191.6 million reduction in
1998 Congressional earmarks, a $25 million
increase for U.S./Mexico Border funds, a $50
million decrease in funding for the U.S. Colonias
(since the Administration has met its $300 million
commitment and eligible projects may be funded
through the U. S. /Mexico Border funds), and a $2
million increase for Special Needs projects.
The resources requested in this budget
will enable the Agency, in conjunction with
EPA's State, local, and Tribal partners, to
achieve several important goals for 1999. Some
of these goals include:
85% of the population served by
community water systems will receive drinking
water meeting all health-based standards, up from
81% in 1994;
Another 3.4 million people will receive
the benefits of secondary treatment of
wastewater, for a total of 183 million
Capitalizing the State Revolving Funds
(SRFs)
The Clean Water and Drinking Water
State Revolving Funds (CW and DW SRFs)
demonstrate a true partnership between States,
Tribes, localities, and the Federal government.
These programs provide Federal financial
assistance to protect the nation's water
resources by providing funds for the
construction of drinking water and wastewater
treatment facilities. The SRFs are two of the
Agency's premier tools for building the
financial capacity of our partners.
In 1999, the President is requesting
$1,850 million for these funds. The
Administration's 1999 request, combined with
the outyear capitalization of these funds,
enables the Administration to meet its long
term goal for both funds to provide a total of
$2.5 billion in annual financial assistance to
needy communities.
In addition, states will have more
funding flexibility starting in 1998. States will
be able to shift up to one-third of their DW SRF
allocation to the CW SRF or an equivalent
amount from their CW SRF allocation to the
DW SRF to address their priority needs.
In 1999, the President is requesting
$1,075 million for the CW-SRF. Through this
program, the federal government provides
financial assistance for wastewater and other
water projects, including nonpoint sources,
estuaries, stormwater, and combined sewer
overflows. Water infrastructure projects
contribute to direct ecosystem improvements
72
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INFRASTRUCTURE
•
through reduced loadings of nutrients and toxic
pollutants in all types of surface waters. The CW
SRFs have over §24 billion in assets and are in
place in all 50 states and Puerto Rico.
In 1999, the President is requesting $775
million for the DW-SRF. Through the Drinking
Water State Revolving Fund program, states will
provide loans to finance improvements to
community water systems and to restructure small
systems so that they can achieve compliance with
the mandates of the new Safe Drinking Water Act
(SDWA). Some non-state recipients, such as the
District of Columbia and Indian tribes, will
receive their DW-SRF allocations in the form of
grants. The DW-SRFs will be self-sustaining in
the long run and will directly help offset the rising
costs of ensuring safe drinking water supplies and
assist small communities in meeting their
responsibilities.
Supporting Alaska Native Villages
The President's Budget requests S15
million for Alaska Native villages for the
construction of wastewater and drinking water
facilities to address very serious sanitation
problems. EPA will continue to work with the
Department of Health and Human Services*
Indian Health Service, the State of Alaska, and
local communities to provide needed financial
and technical assistance.
Assisting Needy Communities
The President's Budget requests $63
million for the construction of wastewater
treatment facilities for Boston Harbor, MA,
Bristol County, MA, and New Orleans, LA.
Funds are targeted to these areas because of
special circumstances including financial hardship
and unique sewer system problems.
Reducing Cross-border Environmental Risks -
Mexico Border
The President's Budget requests a total of
$100 million for water infrastructure projects
along the U.S./Mexico Border. The goal of this
program is to reduce the incidence of waterbome
diseases and enhance water quality along the
Mexico border. The communities along both
sides of the Border are facing unusual human
health and environmental threats because of the
lack of adequate wastewater and drinking water
facilities. EPA's U.S./Mexico Border program
provides funds to support the planning, design
and construction of high priority water and
wastewater treatment projects certified by the
Border Environment Cooperation Commission
(BECC). EPA has fulfilled the Administration's
$300 million commitment to provide funding
assistance for U.S. Colonias. Any eligible U.S.
Colonias projects requiring wastewater
infrastructure assistance can be funded through
the U.S./Mexico Border program.
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FUNDS FOR AMERICA
The President's Budget proposes several Funds for America in the FY 1999 budget to
enhance high-priority, inter-agency programs and initiatives. These Funds support key
environmental and research programs through deficit neutral Funding mechanisms, including the
renewal of taxes that support the Superfund Trust Fund. EPA programs and initiatives are
included in both the Environmental Resources Fund for America and the Research Fund for
America.
Environmental Resources Fund for America (dollars in millions)
FY 1998
Pres Bud
$1,075.0
$725.0
Clean Water SRF
Drinking Water SRF
Clean Water Initiative
Nonpoint Source Grants
Sec. 106 Water Quality Grants
Wetlands
Sec 104(b)(3) Coop. Agreements
EPM Water Quality Programs
Total Clean Water Initiative
Superfund
Total
Research Fund for America (dollars in millions)
FY 1998
Pres Bud
Office of Research & Development $514.2
Climate Change Technology Initiative $149.3
Total S663.5
FY 1998
Enacted
$1,350.0
$725.0
FY 1998
Enacted
FY 1999
Pres Bud
$1,075.0
$775.0
$100.0
$95.5
$15.0
$20.0
$255.4
$485.9
$2,094.2
$4,378.2
$105.0
$95.5
$15.0
$20.0
$249.8
$485.3
$1,500.0
$4,058.3
$200.0
$115.5
$15.0
$20.0
$281.2
$631.7
$2,092.7
$4,572.4
FY 1999
Pres Bud
$538.9
$89.4
$628.3
$487.1
$205.7
$692.8
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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
SUMMARY OF AGENCY RESOURCES
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
^Agency f3rograms_by Goal
Clean Air
Clean & Safe Water
Safe Food
Preventing Pollution
Better Waste Management
Global & Cross Border
Right-to-Know
Sound Science
Credible Deterrent
Effective Management
FY 1999 1999-1998
FY1998 President's Difference
Enacted Budget Total Dollars
$490,448.2
$778,239,6
$56,459,3
$240,466.0
$225,642.1
$161,144.4
$137,696.9
$395,663-9
$298,01 5 .7
5544,544,8
$506,953.3
$873,869.3
$63,552.4
$258,845,0
$247,656.4
$295,960.5
$156,273.5
$358,918.5
$313,861.7
$527,429.8
$16,505.1
$95,629.7
$7,093.1
$18,379.0
$22,014.3
$134,816.1
$18,576.6
($36,745.4)
$15,846.0
($17,115.0)
Subtotal Operating Programs:
Better Waste Management
Right-to-Know
Sound Science
Credible Deterrent
Effective Management
Subtotal Trust Funds:
Clean & Safe Water
Global & Cross Border
Subtotal Water Infrastructure Financing:
$3,328,320.9
$1,565,000.0
$2,392,625.0
$75,000.0
$2,467,625.0
$3,603,320.4
$2,163,955.0
$1,928,000.0
$100,000.0
$2,028,000.0
$274,999.5
$1,411,143.2
$2,674.5
$9,057.3
$17,812.5
$124,312.5
$2,003,671.3
$2,814.3
$7,949.1
$17,089.6
$132,430.7
$592,528.1
$139.8
($1,108.2)
($722.9)
$8,118.2
$598,955.0
($464,625.0)
$25,000,0
($439,625.0)
GRAND TOTAL:
$7,360,945.9
$7,795,275.4
$434,329.5
76
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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
SUMMARY OF AGENCY RESOURCES
(WORKYEARS)
Program
Clean Air
Clean & Safe Water
Safe Food
Preventing Pollution
Better Waste Management
Global & Cross Border
Right-to-Know
Sound Science
Credible Deterrent
Effective Management
Subtotal Operating Programs:
Better Waste Management
Right-to-Know
Sound Science
Credible Deterrent
Effective Management
Subtotal Trust Funds:
Clean & Safe Water
Global & Cross Border
Subtotal Water Infrastructure Financing:
FY1999 1999-1998
FY 1998 President's Difference
Enacted Budget Total Dollars
1,801.8
2,440,3
681,0
1,143.6
1,190,4
448.7
757,1
1,155.6
2,454.5
2,274.2
14,414.6
2,974.3
14,6
9,4
83.3
643.9
3,868.5
0,0
0.0
0.0
1 ,762.4
2,449.5
682.3
1,125.5
1,183.2
527.4
741.2
1,246.0
2,452,6
2,340.3
14,546.8
2,942.0
15,8
10.3
83,3
633.9
3,828.3
0.0
0.0
0.0
(39.4)
9,2
1.3
(18.1)
(7,2)
78.7
(15.9)
90.4
(1-9)
66.1
132.2
(32.3)
1.2
0.9
0.0
(10.0)
(40.2)
0.0
0,0
0.0
GRAND TOTAL:
18,283.1
18,375.1
92.0
77
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