United States
                 Environmental Protection
                 Agency
Office Of
Chief Financial Officer
(2732)
EPA 205-3-93-001
January 1 999
      v*EPA   Summary Of The  2000 Budget

EJBD
ARCHIVE
EPA
205-
S-
99-
001
        Repository Material
       Permanent Collection

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                       TABLE OF CONTENTS
                                                                       Page#
Introduction

      EPA Mission and Purpose	3
      EPA Goals	5

Overview

      Overview of the 2000 Budget	7

Goals

      Goal 1: Clean Air	15
      Goal 2: Clean and Safe Water	25
      Goal 3: Safe Food	35
      Goal 4: Preventing Pollution and Reducing Risk in
         Communities, Homes, Workplaces and Ecosystems	41
      Goal 5: Better Waste Management and Restoration of
         Contaminated Waste Sites, and Emergency Response	53
      Goal 6: Reduction of Global and Cross-Border Environmental
         Risks	61
      Goal 7: Expansion of Americans' Right to Know About
         Their Environment	67
      Goal 8: Sound Science, Improved Understanding of Environmental
         Risk and Greater Innovation to Address Environmental Problems	75
      Goal 9: A Credible Deterrent to Pollution and Greater Compliance
         With the Law	87
      Goal 10: Effective Management	91

Additional Information

      Better America Bonds	99
      State and Tribal Assistance Grants	101
      Water and Air Infrastructure Financing	105
      Trust Funds	109
      21st Century Research Fund	Ill
      Budget Tables	113

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Cover Photo of Lake Tahoe: Courtesy of Susan Burris

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                       EPA Mission and Purpose
    The mission  of the  Environmental  Protection  Agency (EPA)  is to
protect human health and to safeguard the natural  environment —  air,
water,  and land — upon which life depends.  EPA's purpose is to ensure
that:
    All  Americans are protected  from
    significant risks to human health and
    the  environment  where  they  live,
    learn, and work.

    National efforts  to  reduce  environ-
    mental  risk are  based on  the best
    available scientific information.

    Federal   laws   protecting   human
    health  and  the  environment  are
    enforced fairly and effectively.

    Environmental   protection   is   an
    integral  consideration in U.S. pol-
    icies concerning  natural resources,
    human  health,  economic  growth,
    energy,  transportation,  agriculture,
    industry, and international trade, and
    these factors are similarly considered
    in establishing environmental policy.

    All  parts of  society:  communities,
    individuals, business, state and local
    governments, and tribal governments
    have access to accurate information
    sufficient to effectively participate in
    man-aging   human  health    and
    environmental risks.

    Environmental protection contributes
    to  making  our  communities  and
    ecosystems diverse, sustainable, and
    economically productive.
The United States plays a leadership
role in working with other nations to
protect the global environment.

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                                     EPA Goals
       EPA has developed a series often strategic, long-term Goals in its Strategic
Plan. These goals, together with the underlying principles  that will be used to
achieve them, define the Agency's planning, budgeting, analysis, and accountability
process.
    Clean Air:  The air in  every American
    community will  be  safe and  healthy to
    breathe. In particular, children, the elderly,
    and people with respiratory ailments will
    be protected from health risks of breathing
    polluted air.  Reducing air pollution will
    also protect the environment, resulting in
    many benefits, such  as  restoring life in
    damaged ecosystems and reducing health
    risks to those whose subsistence depends
    directly on those ecosystems.

    Clean and Safe  Water:  All  Americans
    will have drinking water that is clean and
    safe  to  drink.  Effective protection of
    America's rivers, lakes, wetlands, aquifers,
    and coastal and ocean waters will sustain
    fish,  plants, and wildlife,  as  well as
    recreational,  subsistence, and economic
    activities.  Watersheds and their aquatic
    ecosystems will be restored and protected
    to improve public health, enhance water
    quality,  reduce  flooding,  and  provide
    habitat for  wildlife.

    Safe Food: The foods Americans eat will
    be free  from  unsafe  pesticide residues.
    Children will especially be protected from
    the  health threats posed  by  pesticide
    residues, because they are among the most
    vulnerable groups in our society.
Preventing Pollution and Reducing Risk
in Communities,  Homes, Workplaces
and Ecosystems:   Pollution prevention
and risk management strategies aimed at
cost-effectively eliminating, reducing,  or
minimizing emissions and contamination
will   result   in   cleaner  and   safer
environments in which all Americans can
reside, work,  and  enjoy  life.  EPA will
safeguard ecosystems and promote the
health of natural  communities that are
integral to the quality of life in this Nation.

Better Waste Management, Restoration
of  Contaminated Waste  Sites,  and
Emergency Response:  America's wastes
will be stored, treated, and disposed of in
ways that prevent harm to people and  to
the natural  environment.  EPA will work
to clean up  previously  polluted  sites,
restoring them to  uses appropriate for
surrounding communities, and respond to
and  prevent  waste-related or industrial
accidents.

Reduction of Global and Cross-Border
Environmental Risks: The United States
will   lead  other  nations  insuccessful,
multilateral efforts to reduce significant
risks to human health and ecosystems from
climate change,  stratospheric ozone de-
pletion, and other hazards of international
concern.

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                                 EPA Goals
Expansion  of Americans'  Right  to
Know About Their Environment: Easy
access to a wealth of information about the
state of their local environment will expand
citizen involvement and give people tools
to  protect  their  families  and their
communities  as they see fit.  Increased
information exchange between scientists,
public health officials, businesses, citizens,
and all levels of government will foster
greater knowledge about the environment
and what can be done to protect it.

Sound  Science,  Improved   Under-
standing of Environmental Risk, and
Greater   Innovation   to   Address
Environmental Problems:   EPA will
develop  and  apply the  best  available
science for addressing current and future
environmental hazards, as well as new
approaches toward  improving environ-
mental protection.

A Credible Deterrent to Pollution and
Greater  Compliance with the  Law:
EPA will ensure full compliance with laws
intended to protect human health and the
environment.

Effective  Management:    EPA  will
establish a management infrastructure that
will set and implement the highest quality
standards for effective internal manage-
ment and fiscal responsibility.

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                      Overview of the 2000 Budget
       For nearly three decades, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and its
partners  have   made  significant strides  in  controlling  pollution   and  other
environmental risks to human health and the environment.  The air, land, and water
are now safer for all Americans due  to our Nation's investment in  environmental
protection.
       The   2000  Annual  Plan  and
Congressional   Justification   requests
$7.207* billion in discretionary budget
authority, and 18,406 FTE.  In addition,
the President's  2000 request includes
$200.0 million in mandatory  budgetary
authority  for  Superfund orphan shares,
and  $1.9  billion  in  bond  authority  for
new "Better America Bonds."  The 2000
budget request will  help build strong,
healthy   communities   for   the   21st
Century.   This budget proposal is built
on the principle that  a healthy environ-
ment and a healthy economy go hand in
hand.

Building Livable Communities
 through "Better America Bonds"

       EPA  will  play  a  key  role  in
implementing  the   "Better   America
Bonds"  program, which  is   a major
component of the Administration's Liv-
ability Initiative.  These bonds will help
state  and local  governments  take  the
initiative in safeguarding their land and
water  for future generations.   Since
1960, urban sprawl  has consumed  1.5
million acres of farmland annually. This
initiative  will  help  state  and  local
governments  to  preserve  open space,
protect  water  quality,   and  clean  up
abandoned industrial  sites.
       This initiative will  provide  $9.5
billion in bond authority over five years
($1.9 billion in 2000) for investments by
state and local communities, resulting in
Federal  tax  credits  of  almost  $700
million over the next five years.  These
bonds  will help  communities  preserve
green  space   for   attractive,   livable
communities  and promote  sustainable
economic development.  This innovative
financial  tool will be a model for future
environmental  protection   by  giving
communities the flexibility they need to
direct  resources to  their most  pressing
environmental needs.

Clean Air Partnership Fund

       One of the Administration's most
important public  health  commitments is
to  improve  the  air  that  Americans
breathe.  Over  one third  of Americans
still live  in areas  where  the  air  does not
meet  the new   air  quality standards.
This budget includes $200.0 million in
new funding for a Clean Air Partnership
Fund.  This fund  will provide new grant
resources and  opportunities for  cities,
states  and  tribes to partner  with the
private sector,  the  federal  government
and each other to provide  healthy,  clean
air in the communities in which we live.

       The  Clean Air Partnership Fund
will demonstrate  locally managed pro-
grams  that achieve early  integrated re-
ductions  in  soot, smog, air toxics and
greenhouse gases. The  Fund will direct
new resources  to state  and local gov-
ernments to find the most  innovative,
cost-effective and  protective  ways  to
reduce soot, smog, air toxics  and green-

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                      Overview of the 2000 Budget
house  gases  that contribute  to  climate
change.

       The  Air  Toxics  program  will
develop tools and data that will allow the
Agency to move the program  from an
almost  exclusively  technology  based
program to a risk-based program with a
significant focus on urban  air toxics.
The  Air  Toxics  program  has  been
provided with approximately $18 million
in new funding.   The recent Cumulative
Exposure  Project (CEP)  indicates  that
concentrations of air toxics may  be high
in almost  every area of  the  country,
especially in and around  urban areas.
The  air toxics  program  is  geared to
reduce  risks  for people who live  and
work in  urban   areas,  that  include  a
disproportionate   number  of poor  and
minority  Americans.    It  will bring
increased protection to a large number of
sensitive populations, such as  children
and the elderly.

Meeting the Climate Change
 Challenge

       Furthermore, this budget invests
approximately $216 million  for EPA's
portion of the  Climate  Change Tech-
nology  Initiative (CCTI).  This multi-
agency  program  continues the Admin-
istration's commitment to address the
significant threat that global warming
poses   to  public    health  and  the
environment. This is the second year of
the Administration's  five-year  commit-
ment   to   reduce   greenhouse   gas
emissions  through  partnerships  with
businesses,  schools,  state  and  local
governments,  other organizations,  and
investments   in   energy    efficient
technologies and tax incentives for con-
sumers  who purchase energy  efficient
products.

Protecting Children's Health

       One  of the Clinton-Gore Admin-
istration's highest priorities  has been,
and continues to be, protecting the health
of our children - giving them a healthier
start in life.  Children are among the
most vulnerable members of society.  As
part of the government-wide interagency
initiative on children's asthma, EPA is
taking  a  leadership  role  in reducing
children's exposure  to asthma-causing
toxins in  our  environ-ment.   President
Clinton has  provided an additional  $17
million  dollars for children's  asthma for
education,  outreach,  research,  and  air
monitoring  activities.  An increase  of
$12  million dollars in funding  is  for
science activities  that focus  on other
chronic childhood  afflictions and  ail-
ments, such  as cancer and developmental
disorders.

Ensuring  Clean and Safe Water

       This   budget   supports  EPA's
efforts  to   clean  up  and  restore  our
Nation's rivers, lakes and coastal waters,
as well as its  restoration of watersheds
across the country, with $630  million for
the Clean Water Action Plan (CWAP), a
multi-Agency  initiative to protect the
Nation's watersheds and promote clean
water, and an  additional  $21  million  in
related funding. A key focus of the Plan
is to reduce non-point source pollution,
and this budget includes $200  million for
non-point  source grants.

       EPA's  2000  President's  Budget
also  includes a proposal that will allow

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                      Overview of the 2000 Budget
states greater flexibility to address their
most pressing water quality problems.

       The proposal will give states the
option to  set aside  up to 20 percent of
their 2000 Clean Water State Revolving
Fund  (CWSRF) allotment  for making
grants for implementation of non-point
source pollution  and  estuary manage-
ment  projects.  Pollution from non-point
sources is now the  leading cause of
water pollution.  These sources of pollu-
tion are harder to  identify  and  control
than those associated with point sources.

       In  addition, although the CWSRF
shows a decrease from the previous year,
the Administration  is still  on track to
meet  its goal for the CWSRF to provide
an  average  of $2.0  billion in  annual
financial assistance.   A total  of almost
$16 billion has already been provided to
capitalize   the  CWSRF,   almost  90
percent more than originally authorized
by Congress (the program was scheduled
to end in 1994).

       The  Administration  is also on
track  to meet  its goal for the Drinking
Water State  Revolving Fund (DWSRF),
to provide an average of $500 million a
year,  and  has proposed a  $50  million
increase for the DWSRF in 2000.

       A  $50 million increase  is  pro-
vided for  water and waste water projects
along the U.S./Mexico Border.    With
these  resources, the  Agency provides
direct grant assistance to  address the
environmental and public   health  pro-
blems associated   with untreated in-
dustrial and municipal sewage  on the
Border.
Empowering Citizens with Knowledge
 about their Environment

       The  Agency  is  committed to
enabling  citizens  to assess  the  risks
posed by their specific environments and
allow them to make better decisions on
how to handle those risks. This budget
includes an investment of $13.5 million
additional dollars in the Chemical Right-
to-Know  Initiative,  which will ensure
that the public has basic health data for
industrial chemicals  released  in  their
communities  due  to  a  voluntary  part-
nership with  industry. Through this and
other  Right-to-Know   programs  sup-
ported by the  Agency,  Americans  will
have  unprecedented  access  to  infor-
mation.   As  a  further  step  in  our
commitment   to   improving  and  ex-
panding  access to information,  we  are
pioneering a  new Information Office
which  will   advocate   the   use   and
management    of   information  as  a
strategic  resource  to   enhance public
health and environmental protection.

Cleaning up Toxic Waste Sites

       The  2000  budget  continues  a
commitment to clean up  toxic waste sites
with $1.5 billion for Superfund cleanups,
and $200 million in mandatory spending
authority for Superfund orphan snares, to
reduce the effect of uncontrolled releases
on  local  pop-ulations  and  sensitive
environments.   The Agency  will con-
tinue to address clean-up efforts at over
89    percent   of   Superfund    sites.
Combined  with   continuing   admin-
istrative  reforms, these  funds  will help
meet the President's pledge to complete
the    clean    up  of   two-thirds  of
Superfund hazardous  waste  sites  by
2002.

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                      Overview of the 2000 Budget
Revitalizing Communities through the
 Brownfields Initiative

       The  2000 budget continues the
President's Brownfields initiative, which
promotes  local cleanup and redevelop-
ment of industrial sites, bringing jobs to
blighted  areas.  This budget  includes
$91.7  million for  technical  assistance
and  grants to  communities   for  site
assessment and redevelopment planning,
as  well  as  revolving  loan  funds  to
finance clean-up  efforts  at  the  local
level.  Through 2000, EPA will have
funded  Brownfields   site  assessment
pilots in 350 communities.

Strengthening Tribal Partnerships

       The  Agency continues its com-
mitment to tribal programs with  a total
request of $165.8 million. New funding
will  provide tribes with  program  and
technical assistance and will assure that
tribes  have adequate  information with
which to make environmental decisions.
In  addition,  the   President's   Budget
proposes   to  eliminate  the   current
statutory ceiling on grant funds that may
be awarded to tribes for non-point source
activities  under  the Clean  Water  Act
(CWA).   This is  especially  significant
since there is increasing demand for the
limited pool of tribal grant funds.

Summary

       EPA's  2000 President's  Budget
moves   our Nation  forward  with in-
novative,  common  sense,  cost-effective
programs  to ensure strong and  healthy
communities in  the 21st   Century by
addressing   environmental    problems
through   innovative   programs   and
focusing on high-risk areas.  The budget
continues  our commitment to partner-
ships,  good  stewardship  and  strong
leadership in the Nation's  efforts for a
clean, safe and healthy environment.

1 Does not include a $20.0 million offset for user
fees.
                                        10

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              In 2000, The Agency's Budget Totals $7.4 Billion
      Better America Bonds
      Operating Programs
      Trust Funds
      Water and Air Infrastructure
/
$6,882M
/ /
$2,602
/
$1,728
/
$2,552
/ ,
/
/
/
7
$5,568M
/
$2,661
$1,763
$1,144
7
3)/,3351Vl
/ /
$2,662
f
$1,673
f
$3,223
7
$6,281M
/ /
$2,744
/
$1,517
/
$2,020
/
7
$6,799M
/ ,
$3,109
$1,454
$2,236
/
>
>
7
$7,363M
/ /
$3,330
$1,565
$2,468
/
/
/
7
U) ; ,«J^UI»A
/ ,
$3,491
$1,572
$2,527
/
1
t
7
$7,207M
/
$3,682
$1,572
$1,953
/
$1.9M
' / /
$1,900
h n
                                                                                  *
                                                                                  *
**Better America Bonds - In 2000 the Adminstration is proposing bond authority of $1.9 billion.

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             The Agency's Workyear Increase in 2000
      Operating Programs



      Trust Funds
      17,280  17,106   17,508   17,082    17,152   17,739   18,385  18,406

• • 13,575
. .
3,705
/




q
13,330

3,776




q
13,801

3,707




q
13,580

3,502




q
13,796

3,356




q
/ /
14,290

3,449




q


14,546

3,838





q

14,656
/
3,750

     1993     1994    1995     1996    1997    1998    1999    2000
NOTE: FY1993 through 1998 reflect actual FTE usage.
                                      12

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GOALS
  13

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14

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                                  Clean Air
Strategic  Goal: The air  in  every  American community  will be  safe  and healthy to
breathe. In particular, children, the  elderly, and people with respiratory ailments will be
protected  from health risks of breathing polluted air.  Reducing air pollution will also
protect the environment, resulting in many benefits, such as restoring life in damaged
ecosystems and reducing health  risks to those whose subsistence depends  directly  on
those ecosystems.
                                Resource Summary
                               (Dollars in Thousands)

Clean Air
Attain NAAQS for Ozone and PM
Reduce Emissions of Air Toxics
Attain NAAQS for CO, SO2, NO2, Lead
Acid Rain
Total Workyears:
FY 1999
Enacted
$536,368.0
$384,863.2
$90,700.3
$42,184.1
$18,620.4
1,762.3
FY 2000
Request
$722,058.8
$489,618.4
$175,485.3
$36,523.5
$20,431.6
1,802.6
FY 2000 - FY 1999
Difference
$185,690.8
$104,755.2
$84,785.0
($5,660.6)
$1,811.2
40.3
Means and Strategy:

       Despite   concerted   efforts  to
achieve   cleaner,   healthier   air,   air
pollution  continues  to be a widespread
public health and environmental problem
in the  United  States, contributing to
illnesses  such  as   cancer,  respiratory,
developmental,     and    reproductive
problems.  In many cases, air pollutants
end up  on the land or in rivers, lakes,
and streams, harming the life in them.
Air  pollution   also  makes   soil  and
waterways   more    acidic,    reduces
visibility,  and corrodes buildings.

       EPA   is  responding   to   air
pollution because the problem is national
and international in scope.  The majority
of the  population   lives  in expanding
urban areas,  where air pollution  crosses
local and  state lines and, in some cases,
crosses our borders  with Canada  and
Mexico.      Federal   assistance   and
leadership  are  essential for  developing
cooperative state, local, tribal, regional,
and  international  programs  to prevent
and control air pollution and for ensuring
that national standards are met.

Criteria pollutants.

         EPA   develops   standards  to
protect   public   health    and   the
environment that limit concentrations of
the most widespread pollutants (known
as criteria  pollutants), which  are linked
to    many    serious    health    and
environmental problems:

*  Ground-level ozone.   Causes  res-
   piratory illness, especially in active
   children;    aggravates   respiratory
   illnesses such as asthma: and causes
                                         15

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                                 Clean Air
    damage  to  vegetation and  visibility
    problems.

*   Carbon monoxide (CO).   Interferes
    with the delivery of oxygen to body
    tissues, affecting particularly  people
    with cardiovascular diseases.

*   Sulfur dioxide  (802).   Aggravates
    the symptoms of asthma and  is  a
    major contributor to acid rain.

*   Nitrogen dioxide (NC^).  Irritates the
    lung and contributes to the formation
    of  ground-level   ozone,   acidic
    deposition, and visibility problems.

*   Lead.     Causes   nervous   system
    damage,   especially  in   children,
    leading to reduced intelligence.

*   Particulate matter (PM).  Linked to
    premature  death in  the  elderly and
    people  with  cardiovascular disease
    and to respiratory illness in children;
    affects   the  environment  through
    visibility impairment.

Hazardous air pollutants.

       Hazardous air pollutants (HAPs),
commonly  referred to as air toxics  or
toxic air pollutants, are pollutants that
cause, or may  cause,   adverse  health
effects or ecosystem damage. The Clean
Air Act Amendments of 1990 list 188
pollutants   or   chemical   groups   as
hazardous   air  pollutants  and  target
sources emitting them  for  regulation.
Examples of  air toxics include  heavy
metals such as mercury  and chromium,
dioxins, and pesticides such as chlordane
and toxaphene.  HAPs are emitted from
literally thousands of sources including
stationary as well as mobile sources.
Adverse effects to human health and the
environment due  to HAPs  can  result
from   exposure  to  air  toxics  from
individual   facilities,   exposures   to
mixtures of pollutants  found in  urban
settings,  or  exposure   to   pollutants
emitted from  distant  sources that  are
transported through the atmosphere over
regional,  national,   or   even   global
airsheds.

       Compared to information for the
criteria pollutants, the information about
the potential health effects  of  HAPs
(and  their  ambient  concentrations)  is
relatively  incomplete.    Most  of  the
information  on potential health effects of
these    pollutants    is   derived   from
experimental animal data. Of the 188
HAPs  mentioned   above,  almost  60
percent are classified by  EPA  as known,
probable, or possible carcinogens.  One
of  the more  documented   ecological
concerns  associated  with   toxic  air
pollutants is the  potential for some  to
damage aquatic ecosystems.   Deposited
air    pollutants   can   be    significant
contributors to overall pollutant loadings
entering water bodies.

Acid rain.

       The  Clean Air Act Amendments
of 1990 established a program to control
emissions from electric power  plants that
cause acid rain and other environmental
and public health  problems.   Emissions
of SO2 and  nitrogen oxides (NOX) react
in the atmosphere  and fall to earth  as
acid rain,  causing acidification of lakes
and  streams and  contributing to  the
damage of trees at high elevations. NOX
emissions  are  a  major  precursor  of
ozone, which  affects public  health and
damages crops, forests, and materials.
                                        16

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                                     Clean Air
   NOX   deposition  also  contributes  to
   eutrophication of coastal waters, such as
   the   Chesapeake   and  Tampa   Bays.
   Additionally, before falling to earth, SC>2
   and NOX gases form fine particles that
   affect public  health by contributing to
   premature mortality, chronic  bronchitis,
   and other respiratory problems. The fine
particles  also  contribute  to  reduced
visibility   in   national    parks   and
elsewhere.     Acid   deposition   also
accelerates   the   decay   of  building
materials  and paints and  contributes  to
degradation  of  irreplaceable   cultural
objects such as statues and sculptures.
      Percent Change in National Air Quality Concentrations and Emissions (1988-1997)
                                               Percent Decrease in        Percent   Decrease
                                               Concentration             Emissions
                                               1988-1997               1988-1997
                                        in
Carbon Monoxide (CO)
Lead
Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)
Ozone (Pre-existing NAAQS) (1- hr)
Ozone (Revised NAAQS) (8 - hr)
PM10
Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)
38
67
14
19
16
26
39
25
44
1 (NOX)
20 (VOC)

12
12
The  table  above  summarizes  the 10-year
percent  changes  in  national   air  quality
concentrations and emissions.  It shows that
air quality  has continued to improve during
the past  10 years for  all six pollutants.
Nationally,  air  quality  concentration  data
taken from thousands of monitoring stations
across the  country have continued to  show
improvement since the  1980's for  ozone,
PM, CO, NO2, SO2, and lead. In fact,  all the
years  throughout  the  1990s  have  shown
better air quality than  any of the years in the
1980s.  This steady trend of improvement
resulted  despite  the  fact  that   weather
conditions in the 1990s were generally more
conducive to higher pollution levels, such as
ground-level ozone formation.

       The   dramatic   improvements   in
emissions   and   air   quality   occurred
simultaneously with  significant increases in
economic growth  and  population.    The
improvements  are  a result  of  effective
implementation  of   clean  air  laws  and
regulations,  as well as improvements  in the
efficiency of industrial technologies.
                                            17

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                                     Clean Air
       Comparison of Growth Areas and Emissions Trends
While   progress  has  been  made,  it   is
important not to lose sight of the magnitude
of  the   air  pollution  problem that  still
remains.   Despite  great  progress  in  air
quality  improvement,  in  1997  there  were
still  approximately  107   million  people
nationwide  who  lived  in  counties  with
monitored  air  quality  levels  above  the
primary national air quality standards.
               To continue to reduce  air
         pollution,  the  Clean Air Act  sets
         specific  targets for the mitigation
         of each air pollution problem and
         identifies specific  activities  and a
         multi-year schedule for  carrying
         them out.   The  Act also requires
         the  air  quality   monitoring  that
         helps  us  measure  progress.   In
         addition, the Act lays out a specific
         roadmap for achieving  those goals
         -  what we the  Agency and  our
         partners  — states, tribes,  and local
         governments — have to do to clean
up the air.  One constant across  the titles in
the  Act  is  that  the  pollution control
strategies and programs it contains are all
designed  to get  the   most  cost-effective
reductions  early on.  The early reductions
program  in toxics, Phase 1 of the Acid Rain
program,  and  the  Maximum  Achievable
Control Technology (MACT) program were
all  designed to achieve  early  reductions,
making our air cleaner and safer to breathe.
The problems that  remain are some of the
most difficult to solve.
     Number of People Living in Counties with Air Quality
    Concentrations Above the Level of the NAAQS in 1997
                                 i.p'*« BViHir 3 1VA2.U;-!

                                 ^^^^•J ' S '
                                      ,i»*r*dNMf3B',
                    We  have   developed
             strategies   to  address   this
             difficult    increment     and
             overcome  the barriers   that
             have  hindered  progress  in
             clean air in the past. We will
             use the flexibility built into the
             Clean Air  Act, which is not
             wedded  to  hard  and   fast
             formulas  or  specific   tech-
             nological requirements.

                    We  will   focus   our
             efforts on:
                                            18

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                                    Clean  Air
*  Coupling ambitious goals  with steady
   progress  - The emphasis  will be  on
   near-term actions towards  meeting the
   standards, while giving states, tribes, and
   local governments time to come up with
   more difficult measures.  We recognize
   that it will be difficult for some areas of
   the  country to attain the new National
   Ambient    Air    Quality    Standards
   (NAAQSs) for ozone and fine particles,
   and we believe it  will take more than
   individual efforts to achieve the needed
   emission reductions. We will work with
   states, tribes,  and local governments to
   identify   ways  to   achieve   interim
   reductions, principally through  regional
   strategies, national measures, and the air
   toxics  and  acid  rain   programs   by
   building  on  cross-pollutant   emission
   reductions.

         Using these strategies gets steady
progress toward the goal and for many areas
will achieve the goal.  For those areas where
additional measures are required,  this work
will allow  steady progress toward the goal
while   providing  the  time   to   identify
measures that will get that last increment to
fully achieve the goal.

*  Maintaining     accountability     with
   flexibility -  Ensuring that  there  is  no
   backsliding in the progress already made
   to meeting the Clean Air goal  is critical.
   We will also use the  Act's flexibility to
   develop innovative measures such as the
   NOX trading program, which  builds  on
   the  acid  rain  program to  help states,
   tribes,  and local  governments  reduce
   emissions at the lowest cost.

*  Fostering  technical innovations where
   they   provide   clear   environmental
   benefits   -   Market-based  approaches
   provide "niches" for many types oft
    echnologies; no  one  size  will  fit all.
    Sources can  improvise,  innovate,  and
    otherwise   be  creative   in   reducing
    emissions.    We  will  promote  such
    technological   innovation   and   then
    disseminate it to others  to show how
    they can get needed reductions.

*   Building  partnerships  -  There  are
    numerous forms  of partnerships,  all of
    which  we  have  used at one point or
    another in implementing  the  Clean Air
    Act:  using  public  outreach to educate
    people   on   the   air  problems   and
    encourage them to work to solve them;
    involving groups, such as the multi-state
    Ozone  Transport Assessment Group, to
    study    a   problem   and    provide
    recommendations  to EPA  on ways to
    solve it; working with organizations like
    the  National  Academy   of  Sciences
    (NAS)  on both short-term and long-term
    research  priorities;   and   engaging  in
    regulatory   negotiations    to   bring
    stakeholders to work on a problem and
    address a specific regulatory issue.  We
    will  continue  to use  these  types  of
    partnerships as appropriate to implement
    the Clean Air Act.

Research

       The Agency is seeking to understand
further the root  causes of the  air  toxics
environmental  and human health  problems
in urban areas  and,  thereby  improving the
ability to  weigh alternative  strategies for
solving those problems. Research will  be
devoted  to the development  of  currently
unavailable health  effects   and  exposure
information to  determine risk  and develop
alternative  strategies  for maximizing  risk
reductions.   We will be able to model and
characterize not only the current toxics risk
and compare national program alternatives,
                                           19

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                                     Clean Air
but also  identify regional  and  local  "hot
spots" and  model  alternative  strategies  to
assist states and localities in solving their air
and water toxics problems.

       Using these strategies, we will work
with areas that have the worst problems  to
develop  strategies  accounting  for  unique
local  conditions that may hinder them from
reaching attainment. We will also work with
states/locals and  tribes  to ensure that work
they  are doing  on  the  PM  and  ozone
standards effectively targets both pollutants,
as  well   as  regional   haze,  to maximize
control strategies. On the national level, we
will     continue    to     target    source
characterization work,  especially emission
factors, that is essential for the states, tribes
and locals to development strategies to meet
the standards
Highlights:

       This budget request includes a new
$200 million Clean Air Partnership Fund to
provide through  grants  an opportunity for
cities,  states, and tribes  to partner with the
private sector,  the Federal government and
each other to provide healthy clean air to
local citizens.  The Fund will demonstrate
smart  multi-pollutant strategies that  reduce
air toxics,  soot  and  smog,  as  well  as
greenhouse gases to protect  our  health and
climate.  The  Clean Air Partnership Fund
will  bring  the  most   creative  ideas  for
cleaning the air we breathe to where they are
needed   most   —   local   communities.
Innovative ideas  for clean air — ideas that
save money and reduce  pollution -  can be
demonstrated  to  create a  cleaner,  more
efficient environment at the local level.  The
Clean  Air Partnership Fund  will act  as  a
magnet for local innovation and investment.
       As part of fulfilling the President's
mandate   for   common-sense,    flexible
implementation  of the new PM NAAQS,
OAR  must  provide Regions,  states,  and
tribes with new information and  tools that
they need to  characterize the PM2.5 problem
and    develop   cost-effective    solutions.
Because  PM2.5   is   a  newly   regulated
pollutant,  only  very  limited  source  and
emissions data are available.  Development
of  refined  characterization  and emission
inventory  tools   that   relate  mass  and
speciated  monitoring  data  to  potential
emission  sources will greatly  enhance  the
information   gained   from   the   PM2.5
monitoring   network.     Also,   emissions
characterization will include information on
the chemical  composition of directly emitted
particles,  which is  essential for developing
source signatures used in relating ambient
data to sources,  as  well as in conducting
source-related  health   risk   assessments.
Initial  results for this characterization effort
will  be used in the next periodic  review of
the PM2.5  NAAQS.   Emission  character-
ization  will  focus  primarily  on  fugitive
emissions   from   area   sources,   diesel
emissions from mobile sources, and selected
major   point  source  categories.     The
characterization and activity data  work will
be  done  in  conjunction  with  states  and
tribes.

       EPA is also aware that in some cases
individual    states,   tribes,   and    local
governments cannot solve their air pollution
problems merely by analysis  of problems
and  development  of solutions within their
own  jurisdictions.    For  a  number   of
situations,  upwind  emissions  from  other
jurisdictions   contribute   significantly   to
nonattainment   —   or   interfere   with
maintenance—of  a   NAAQS,   or  affect
visibility.  In such  cases, states,  tribes, and
local governments will have to join together
                                            20

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                                    Clean Air
in multi-jurisdictional efforts  to gather and
analyze data to  document the  degree of
transport and recommend  and implement
strategies   to   reduce  the   transported
contributions.     The  Ozone  Transport
Assessment Group,  the  Ozone Transport
Commission,  and   the   Grand   Canyon
Visibility    Transport   Commission   are
examples of such efforts.  EPA  has been
actively involved in these  efforts and intends
to become  involved in any  similar future
efforts that  are needed.

       Moreover,   as   some   of   these
programs  move  into  the  implementation
stage,  EPA will  provide the data system
infrastructure to operate  emissions trading
programs.  For example,  EPA will operate
the  allowance   and  emissions   tracking
systems    for    the   Ozone   Transport
Commission's NOX trading program.

Ozone and PM Research

       EPA's Tropospheric Ozone and PM
Research  Programs   are  devoted  to the
mission of  providing an improved scientific
basis for: 1) periodic review and revision of
the   NAAQS,   as   needed;   and   2)
implementation   and  attainment  of  the
NAAQSs.

       Under   the   Tropospheric  Ozone
Research Program,  the  Agency  develops
information,    methods,    models,    and
assessments to  support implementation of
the current  ozone NAAQS and the required
review  of  the  standard  every five  years.
Implementation-related     research     is
coordinated through NARSTO (the North
American    Research     Strategy    for
Tropospheric  Ozone)  to   improve  the
scientific basis  for future ozone  attainment
strategies through the implementation and
attainment of NAAQS. The NAAQS review
efforts are  closely coordinated within EPA
to  ensure   assessment  documents  are
produced   in   time  to  support   policy
decisions.

       Under  the  PM  Research  Program,
research focuses on areas recommended by
NAS that contribute to the NAAQS review
and implementation and attainment  of the
NAAQS.    Such  areas include:  outdoor
measures versus  actual human exposures;
exposure of sensitive subpopulations to PM;
dosimetry;  effects  of PM and copollutants;
susceptible subpopulations;  mechanisms of
injury;   assessment  of  hazardous   PM
components;  source-receptor measurement
tools; application of methods and models;
and analysis  and measurement.   Research
will also aid in ensuring that the sites, which
were   initially    designed    to    support
implementation,  are sufficient to  meet the
health and exposure research needs.

Targeting Air Toxics Risks in Urban Areas

       To  date,  our   air toxics  program
priority has been to reduce toxic emissions
through technology-based MACT standards.
Since 1990, EPA has issued 27 air standards
which, when fully implemented, will reduce
one  million  tons  per  year  of  toxic  air
emissions.   The  next  step is to  begin to
identify and reduce the remaining risk.  Our
plan  is  to  build on  current  technical
capabilities   and   develop   inventories,
modeling   capability,   and   an air  toxics
monitoring network to  determine risk and
measure  risk reduction on a  national and
local scale. In addition, we plan to measure
risk and  determine if additional regulations
are  needed   to   address   residual   risk
remaining  after  the MACT  standards are
promulgated.
                                          21

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                                    Clean Air
       In 2000, EPA  will promote a new
national  regulatory strategy that targets the
highest risk toxics in the most populated
areas.     The  Agency  will   target  both
stationary and mobile sources as well as the
interrelationships with the water and  solid
waste media.  EPA proposes to make a very
deliberate effort to use risk assessment tools
to set an agenda that provides  a new focus
for the air toxics  program.  This  includes
setting  an alternative  cross-media  agenda
based  on  cumulative  environmental  risk.
The concept of making risk-based decisions
is not new to  the Agency,  but the technical
difficulty of determining risk has restricted
its use.   When risk assessment  is used, it is
generally  applied  very  narrowly   —  for
example, in setting individual  standards -
but has not been used  to set a  broad multi-
media program agenda. We believe that the
science  of determining risk has advanced
sufficiently to enable the Agency to make
much better cross-Agency decisions on how
to protect public health and the environment.

Air Toxics Research

       The  Air Toxics Research  Program
will provide the effects information, as well
as the exposure,  source characterization, and
other data, to quantify existing emissions,
key pollutants,  and  strategies  for  cost
effective  risk  management.  The  program
will focus on the 30 most hazardous air
pollutants found in urban  areas.  Research
will focus on  these areas: (1) health effects
characterization  and methods; (2) exposure
assessment  methods   and  models;  (3)
assessments and assessment methods; and
(4) risk  reduction  and  mobile emission
models.

Acid Rain

       The Acid Rain program will begin
Phase II  in the emissions reduction program
with calendar year 2000.   In Phase II, the
allowance allocation for the Phase I plants is
to  be  reduced  and   all  the   remaining
powerplants,  with limited  exceptions, are to
be subjected  to the allowance requirements.
There will be  a  cap on  power  plant 862
emissions.  Regional reductions of nitrogen
oxide pollution from powerplants using an
emissions trading approach will get to clean
air  faster  and cheaper without   imposing
unfair burdens on local  communities.

Other Highlights

       For all NAAQS pollutants, we will
continue area redesignations as they meet
the standard,  carry out the regular review of
the NAAQS using the most current science,
and ensure that areas that have clean air stay
clean.   For the CO, SO2, NO2    and lead
programs,  there are some states  that have
areas that cannot meet attainment because of
some particular,   source-specific  problem.
These  sources are often high-profile and
critical to the local economy. We will work
cross-Agency to develop strategies that help
them to comply while being sensitive to the
economic and other issues.

       EPA  has  established  a   permitting
program, run by the states, for air emission
sources  to   bring  all   the   regulatory
requirements  of a plant  into one unified
operating permit document.   There are also
permit programs  preconstruction  facilities.
EPA  will  continue   to   simplify  and
streamline  the  rules   and  guidance  in
implementing these programs to simplify
their use by the industrial sources.

       EPA is responsible for operating the
Clean  Air  Status and  Trends  Network
(CASTNet) dry deposition network and for
providing  support  for operations of  the
National Atmospheric Deposition Program
                                           22

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                                    Clean Air
(NADP)  wet deposition network and for a
number of visibility monitoring sites.  These
monitoring efforts play a crucial role in the
Acid  Rain Program's  ongoing assessment
activities,  including   reporting  program
results for  GPRA and  fulfilling assessment
responsibilities under Title IX of the Clean
Air Act  and the U.S.-Canada Air Quality
Agreement.  In 2000, EPA will be analyzing
the costs and benefits of the program for
inclusion  in  NAPAP's 2000  Integrated
Assessment    Report    to    Congress.
Assessment  activities   are  critical   to
determine what  environmental and public
health results are being  achieved as emission
reductions  are  realized.    Assessing  the
results of  the  Acid  Rain  Program will
involve analyses over various spatial scales
as well as over time to  address the expected
lag times for seeing ecological responses to
large reductions in emissions  and deposition.

2000 Annual Performance Goals

*   In 2000 EPA will  certify that 5 of the
    estimated 30 remaining  nonattainment
    areas  have   achieved   the   one-hour
    National Ambient Air Quality Standards
    (NAAQS) for ozone.

*   In    2000   Air   Toxics   emissions
    nationwide from  stationary and  mobile
    sources combined will be reduced by 5%
    from  1999 (for a cumulative reduction of
    30%  from the 1993 level of 1.3  million
    tons.
                                          23

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                         Goal 1: Key Programs
Clean Air
                                                      FY 1999
                                                      Enacted
               FY 2000
              President's
                Budget
Acid Rain -CASTNet
Acid Rain -Program Implementation
Air Toxics Research
Air,State,Local and Tribal Assistance Grants:
  Other Air Grants
Clean Air Partnership Fund
Common Sense Initiative
EMPACT
Federal Air Toxics Standards
Mobile Sources
Particulate Matter Monitoring Network (non-grant)
Particulate Matter Monitoring Network Grants
Particulate Matter Research
Project XL
Tribal Capacity
Tropospheric Ozone Research
  $4,000.00
  $9,951.30
 $19,681.70
$155,901.80

      $0.00
      $0.00
  $2,750.40
 $17,620.30
 $47,824.50
 $25,000.00
 $50,700.00
 $55,656.80
      $0.00
  $3,812.70
 $20,083.40
  $4,000.00
 $12,183.30
 $20,561.60
$167,222.00

$200,000.00
    $635.60
  $2,486.50
 $14,902.90
 $51,521.60
 $14,613.00
 $42,535.00
 $61,855.60
    $390.50
  $3,894.90
  $7,217.90
                                      24

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                               Clean Water
Strategic Goal:  All Americans will have drinking water that is clean and safe to drink.
Effective protection of America's rivers, lakes, wetlands, aquifers, and coastal and ocean
waters will  sustain fish, plants, and wildlife, as well as  recreational, subsistence, and
economic activities. Watersheds and  their  aquatic ecosystems  will  be restored and
protected to improve public health, enhance water quality, reduce flooding, and provide
habitat for wildlife.

                               Resource Summary
                               (Dollars in Thousands)

Clean and Safe Water
Safe Drinking Water, Fish and Recreational Waters
Conserve and Enhance Nation's Waters
Reduce Loadings and Air Deposition
Total Workyears:
FY 1999
Enacted
$3,418,339.7
$1,092,624.2
$339,236.8
$1,986,478.7
2,495.1
FY 2000
Request
$2,551,369.2
$1,079,342.0
$311,444.1
$1,160,583.1
2,522.0
FY 2000 -FY 1999
Difference.
($866,970.5)
($13,282.2)
($27,792.7)
($825,895.6)
26.9
Means and Strategy:

       Safe and  clean water  is needed
for drinking, recreation, fishing, main-
taining  ecosystem  integrity,  and  com-
mercial uses such as agricultural and
industrial   production.     Our  health,
economy, and quality of life depend on
reliable sources of clean and safe water.
Waterfowl,  fish,  and other aquatic life
that live in and on the water,  as well  as
plants, animals,  and other  life forms  in
terrestrial  ecosystems are dependent on
clean water.

       While  the   nation  has   made
considerable progress over the past 25
years, some waters still  do  not meet
current Clean Water Act standards.  The
National Water Quality Inventory 1996
Report  to  Congress  indicates that 16
percent of assessed rivers  and  streams
and 35 percent of assessed lake acres are
not safe for fish consumption; 20 percent
of assessed rivers and  streams and 25
percent of lake acres are not safe for
recreational activities (e.g,  swimming);
and  16 percent of assessed rivers and
streams and 8 percent of lake  acres are
not meeting drinking water uses.  Many
of the remaining  challenges  require  a
different  approach   to   environmental
protection   because   they   are   not
amenable  to  traditional  end-of-pipe
pollution  controls.    These  problems
derive from the activities of people in
general.  EPA  must motivate people to
be   responsible  in  their   day-to-day
decisions that can affect  the quality of
their rivers, streams, lakes, wetlands, and
estuaries.

       To  help  achieve  the  nation's
clean and  safe water goals, EPA will
expand implementation of the watershed
approach in  carrying  out its  statutory
authorities  under   the  Safe   Drinking
Water Amendments  of  1996  and  the
                                        25

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                               Clean Water
Clean Water Act. Protecting watersheds
involves participation by a wide variety
of  stakeholders,  a  comprehensive  as-
sessment  of   the   condition  of   the
watershed, and implementation  of sol-
utions   based   on  the   assessment   of
conditions and stakeholder  input.  Full
involvement of stakeholders at all levels
of  government,  the  regulated   com-
munity, and the public are fundamental
to the watershed  approach.  The water-
shed approach helps EPA, its  federal
partners,  states,  tribes,  local  govern-
ments,    and   other   stakeholders   to
implement tailored solutions and  max-
imize the benefits gained  from the use of
increasingly scarce resources.

       EPA will  continue to implement
the Safe  Drinking  Water Act  Amend-
ments of 1996 which charted a new and
challenging  course   for  EPA,   states,
tribes, and water suppliers.  One of  the
central  provisions of the Amendments
that remains  an   EPA   priority   is
significantly  strengthening  the  source
water protection program, which builds
directly  on  the  watershed approach.
Other provisions that EPA will continue
to support include establishing drinking
water  safety   standards,  which  place
emphasis  on  microbiological  contam-
inants,   disinfectant  and   disinfection
byproducts (DBFs), and other pollutants
identified as  posing  potentially  high
risks;  capitalizing  and  managing  the
drinking  water  state revolving  fund
(DWSRF) program to assist public water
systems   in  meeting drinking  water
standards; providing assistance to small
systems to build or strengthen technical,
managerial,   and   financial  capacity;
establishing   an  operator   certification
program; and providing "right-to-know"
reports for all customers of public water
systems.

       EPA has increased its efforts to
provide  states  and  tribes   tools  and
information  to assist them in protecting
their   residents   from   health   risks
associated   with  contaminated  recre-
ational  waters  and  noncommercially-
caught fish.  These tools will help  reduce
health  risks, including risks  to  sensitive
populations   such   as   children  and
subsistence   and  recreational  anglers.
EPA activities  include development  of
criteria, enhanced fish tissue monitoring,
risk assessment,  and development  offish
and  shellfish consumption   advisories.
EPA will  also establish improved safety
guidelines  and  pollution  indicators  so
that local authorities  can monitor their
recreational  waters in  a  cost-effective
way and  close them to public use when
necessary to protect human health.  For
beaches,  EPA's  three-part strategy is to

       U.S.  POPULATION SERVED BY SECONDARY
                TREATMENT OR BETTER
    200
         1972  1977  1982  1987  1992  1998  1999  2000
                          Year
strengthen beach standards and testing,
improve  the  scientific basis for beach
assessment,  and develop  methods  to
inform   the   public   about   beach
conditions.
                                        26

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                               Clean Water
       Under the Clean Water Act, EPA
will  continue  to  develop scientifically-
based  water   quality   standards  and
criteria  and work with  its partners  to
apply them on a watershed basis.  EPA
will  work with  states  and  tribes  to
improve    implementation   of   total
maximum daily load (TMDL) programs
that  establish   the analytical  basis  for
watershed-based decisions on the need
for additional pollution reductions where
standards  are not being met.   EPA will
continue to develop  and revise national
effluent   guideline    limitations   and
standards,  capitalize  and  manage  the
Clean  Water   State   Revolving  Fund
(CWSRF) program  and  other funding
mechanisms, and streamline the National
Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
(NPDES)  permit program.  The Agency
will  continue  implementing its strategy
for reducing the NPDES permit backlog.
The  Agency, in partnership with  States,
will   develop  strategies  that  target
permitting  activities    toward   those
facilities posing the  greatest risk to  the
environment.   This   is   particularly
important because the  NPDES program
will be expanded with the completion of
the  phase II   storm  water  rule, new
strategy for animal  feeding  operations
and coverage  of additional wet-weather
sources   contributing   to   pollution
problems.   EPA  will  also   continue
reorienting all  its point source programs
to focus  and   coordinate efforts  on  a
watershed basis.

       The CWSRF  is a significant fin-
ancial tool for achieving clean and safe
water,   and   for  helping   meet   the
significant  needs    for   wastewater
infrastructure  over  the next 20  years.
With approximately $16 billion worth of
capitalization grants (almost 90 percent,
which is more than originally authorized
by  Congress)  all  50 states  and  U.S.
territories have benefited from this and
other wastewater  funding.   To further
support  the  objectives  of  the  Clean
Water Action Plan, the Agency proposes
for 2000 to allow  states to reserve up to
an  amount equal to 20 percent of their
CWSRF capitalization grants to provide
grants of no more  than 60 percent of the
costs of implementing non-point  source
and estuary management projects.  Such
grant  funds   may  not   be  used  for
publicly-owned  treatment works  pro-
jects. Projects receiving grant assistance
must,  to the  maximum  extent  prac-
ticable,  rank  highest on  the  State's list
used  to prioritize  projects eligible for
assistance.   States  may  make  these
grants using either a portion of  their
capitalization grant itself, or using other
funds in their state revolving  fund (e.g,
state  match,  repayments,  bond  pro-
ceeds).   Grants  may also be  used  with
loans  for eligible  projects  for  com-
munities  which  might  otherwise  find
loans unaffordable.

       EPA has stepped up  efforts  to
engage   a variety  of  stakeholders  to
reduce  nutrients,  pathogens,  and  other
pollutants from nontraditional  categories
of  point  sources,  including  animal
feeding operations,  storm  water drains,
sanitary sewer overflows, and combined
sewer overflows.

       EPA is assisting states and tribes
to characterize risks, rank priorities, and
implement a   mix  of  voluntary  and
regulatory approaches  through   state
nonpoint  source management  programs.
State and tribal  nonpoint  source pro-
                                        27

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                               Clean Water
grams  are being strengthened to ensure
that beneficial uses of water are achieved
and maintained. States will continue to
implement  coastal   nonpoint   source
programs  approved  by  EPA  and  the
National  Oceanic   and   Atmospheric
Administration under the Coastal Zone
Act Reauthorization Amendments, and
to work with  the U.S.  Department  of
Agriculture  to promote implementation
of Farm Bill  programs consistent with
state nonpoint source management needs
and priorities.  EPA will  also provide
tools to states to assess and strengthen
controls  on  air deposition sources  of
nitrogen, mercury, and other toxics.

       With  respect to wetlands, EPA
will  work  with  federal,  state, tribal,
local,  and  private  sector partners  on
protection     and    community-based
restoration of wetlands,  and  with  its
federal partners to avoid, minimize, and
compensate  for wetland losses through
the Clean Water Act  Section  404 and
Farm Bill programs.

       The  President's   Clean  Water
Action  Plan,   announced  in   February
1998, calls  for more than 100 specific
key actions by EPA and by many other
federal   agencies   with  either water
quality responsibilities or activities that
have an impact on water quality. These
key actions cover most aspects of  the
water program at EPA.  The Action Plan
mobilizes  federal,  state,  and  local
agencies to achieve the nation's clean
water  goals  through  the  watershed
approach, brings  a sharp  focus to  the
critical  actions that are  required, and
establishes deadlines for meeting these
commitments   over  the  next   several
years.
       Under the Clean  Water  Action
Plan  in  2000,  watershed  restoration
action strategies  will  be completed  in
high  priority  watersheds  across  the
nation that will enable local leaders to
take a stronger role in setting  priorities
and solving water quality problems that
affect  the  quality   of  life   in their
communities.      States   will   finish
upgrading    their   nonpoint    source
management   programs    to   fully
incorporate  all nine key  elements of a
comprehensive   solution   to  polluted
runoff problems  and coastal states will
submit  final  plans  with  policies and
mechanisms to reduce polluted  runoff in
coastal  areas.    EPA will work with
states, tribes,  municipalities,  and  the
regulated  community to ensure that the
Phase  II  rules   for   the  stormwater
program  are  implemented  to   solve
problems  caused  by sediment and other
pollutants in our  waters.  EPA  will also
establish  criteria  for  nutrients  (i.e.
nitrogen and phosphorus) so that states
can   start  developing  water   quality
standards  for nutrients to protect waters
from harmful  algal blooms, dead zones,
and fish kills.

Research

       EPA's  research   efforts  will
continue  to  strengthen  the   scientific
basis   for  drinking  water  standards
through the  use  of improved  methods
and new data to better evaluate the risks
associated with  exposure to  chemical
and microbial contaminants in drinking
water.  To support the  Safe  Drinking
Water  Act  (SOW A) and  its  1996
Amendments,  the  Agency's  drinking
water   research   will  develop  dose-
                                        28

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                               Clean Water
response    information    on    DBFs,
waterborne pathogens, arsenic and other
drinking   water    contaminants   for
characterization  of  potential  exposure
risks   from   consuming   tap  water,
including an increased  focus on filling
key data gaps and developing methods
for chemicals and microbial pathogens
on  the  Contaminant  Candidate  List
(CCL).   The Agency will develop and
evaluate cost-effective  treatment tech-
nologies for removing  pathogens from
water supplies while minimizing DBF
formation,   and  for  maintaining  the
quality   of   treated   water  in   the
distribution  system  and preventing  the
intrusion of microbial contamination.

       Research  to  support  the dev-
elopment of ecological  criteria  will
improve  our  understanding   of  the
structure, function and characteristics of
aquatic   systems,   and  will  evaluate
exposures to stressors and their  effects
on those systems.  This research can then
be  used  to improve  risk  assessment
methods to develop aquatic life, habitat,
and wildlife  criteria.  The Agency also
will develop cost-effective technologies
for managing  contaminated  sediments
with   an   emphasis   on   identifying
innovative  in situ solutions.   EPA will
continue to develop diagnostic tools to
evaluate  the   exposures   to   toxic
constituents of wet  weather flows, and
develop and validate effective watershed
management strategies  for  controlling
wet weather flows, especially when they
are high  volume  and  toxic.   This
research will  also  develop  effective
beach   evaluation  tools  necessary  to
make timely and informed decisions on
beach advisories and closures.
Highlights:

Contaminated water  can  cause  illness
and   even  death,  and   exposure  to
contaminated  drinking water  poses  a
special  risk to   such populations  as
children, the elderly,  and people  with
compromised immune  systems. In 1994,
17   percent   of  those   served  by
community water systems were supplied
drinking  water  that   violated  health
standards  at least  once during the year.
In an effort to ensure that all Americans
have water that is safe to drink, EPA will
meet  a  vital  milestone  in  2000, by
ensuring that  91  percent  of the pop-
                                  96
                                -94

                                -92
                                -90
                                -•88
                                -•86

                                -84

                                -•82
                                -•80
                                -•78
                 VO
                                  76
In 2000,  91 percent of the population served by
community water systems will receive drinking water
meeting all health based standards in  effect as of
1994
                                        29

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                              Clean Water
ulation  served  by  community  water
systems  will  receive  drinking  water
meeting all health-based standards   in
effect as of 1994.  In establishing  new
contaminant protective levels, increased
resources will assist states in implement-
ing the requirements of two new health-
based rules -  the Stage 1 D/DBP and
Interim    Enhanced   Surface   Water
Treatment Rule.   EPA will also increase
resources for drinking water rule-making
and data collection priorities, including
risk assessment and improved analytical
methods,   on  potential   contaminants
identified   in  the  1998   Contaminant
Candidate  List  (CCL).   EPA  is  also
using the  1998  CCL for  determining
drinking  water   research   priorities  in
addition to establishing rule-making and
data collection priorities.

       In  February  1998, the Admin-
istration unveiled its Clean Water Action
Plan providing a comprehensive strategy
for assessing and restoring the Nation's
most impaired watersheds.  Fundamental
to the Agency's efforts to  conserve and
enhance  the  nation's  waters  is   the
management of  water quality resources
on  a watershed basis,  with  the  full
involvement of all stakeholders include-
ing  communities,   individuals,   bus-
inesses, state and local governments, and
tribes.   A  key  performance goal  for
2000, and  part of EPA's  commitments
under the Clean  Water Action Plan, is
for EPA,  in conjunction  with  other
Federal agencies, to prepare a Watershed
Restoration Progress Report.   In  this
report, which  will  be presented  to  the
President, the nation's governors, tribal
leaders, and the public  will  evaluate
progress   in  implementing  restoration
actions  and recommend   any  actions
needed  to  improve  progress towards
meeting  clean  water goals.   Also in
2000, through EPA's Five Star Program,
the  Agency  commits to cooperate and
support  wetland  and   river  corridor
projects  in  210  watersheds,  with the
ultimate  goal of  supporting 500  water-
sheds by 2005.

       A key element of the  Agency's
effort to achieve its overarching goal of
clean and safe water is the reduction of
pollutant discharges from point sources
and  nonpoint  sources.  The   National
Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
(NPDES)  program   (which   includes
NPDES  permits,  urban  wet  weather,
large animal  feeding operation, mining,
pretreatment  program for non-domestic
wastewater  discharges  into municipal
sanitary  sewers, and biosolids  manage-
ment controls), establishes  controls on
pollutants discharged from point sources
into  waters of the United  States.   Key
annual performance goals for 2000 are to
reduce  industrial  discharges  of  toxic
pollutants by 4  million pounds per year,
nonconventional  pollutants  by  1,551
million pounds per year,  and conven-
tional pollutants by 388 million pounds
per year as compared to  1992 reduction
levels.

       States report that pollution from
nonpoint sources  is the largest cause of
water  pollution,  with  agriculture as a
leading  cause  of  impairment  in  25
percent of the river miles surveyed. In
order  to  restore  and maintain  water
quality,  significant loading  reductions
from nonpoint  sources  (NPS)  must be
achieved.  Because EPA  has  limited
direct  NPS  authority under the  Clean
Water Act,  state NPS  programs are
critical  to our  overall  success.    To
achieve  reductions  in  loadings,  it is
                                        30

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                               Clean Water
essential to work with states to adopt and
expeditiously  implement  the nine key
program  elements  in  their  existing
nonpoint source programs.  To provide
an incentive for states  to upgrade their
NFS programs, EPA committed  in the
CWAP  that   all  states  must  have
incorporated all nine  key elements into
an  approved   Section  319  Non-point
Source Management program to receive
any Section 319 funding exceeding $100
thousand beginning in 2000. In addition,
EPA will encourage states to  make use
of Clean Water State  Revolving Funds
(CWSRF) and other Federal resources to
finance projects  that  address  polluted
runoff.

Research

       In 2000, EPA's  drinking water
research will include an increased focus
on filling key data gaps and developing
methods for contaminants  on  the CCL.
Research will also continue  supporting
the  1996  Amendments  to   SDWA
priorities,   emphasizing    research   on
sensitive    subpopulations,    adverse
reproductive effects of  drinking water
contaminants,   and  disinfection  by-
products (DBFs).   Research  efforts  in
2000   will  work  towards  improving
methods associated with the evaluation
and control of risks posed by exposure to
drinking water  contaminants,  such  as
disinfection   by-products,   microbial
contaminants, and  arsenic.

       Research    in    support    of
conserving  and enhancing the nation's
waters   will   work    to    increase
understanding       of       landscape
characteristics  and ecosystem structure
and  function  and will  also  reduce
uncertainty  surrounding  the effects  of
chemical,   biological    and   physical
stressors on  aquatic ecosystems.  This
work  includes  developing   stressor-
response    models    for     chemical
contaminants, improving  the  ability  to
identify critical stressors, and predicting
impacts from increased nutrient run-off
that include an increase in harmful algal
blooms.   Under the Clean Water Act,
states are required to develop designated
uses for their waters.   Some of this
research  will  provide   an  improved
biological  basis  for these  designated
uses,  a longer-term  direction  identified
by the  Office  of Water for improving
existing water quality across the country.
Some of the modeling research in this
objective is  related  to activities  in  the
Clean Water Action Plan.

       In    2000,   research    efforts
supporting the  reduction  of  pollutant
loadings will primarily  focus on Wet
Weather Flows.  EPA's   March 1995
Report   to   Congress   on  stormwater
discharges,  cited  pollution from Wet
Weather Flows (WWFs) as the leading
cause of water-quality impairment. This
degradation  of water  quality  poses
significant risks to human and ecological
health  through the  uncontrolled release
of pathogenic bacteria, protozoans and
viruses   as  well   as   a   number   of
potentially     toxic,    bioaccumulative
contaminants.   WWF  research  will
continue to develop diagnostic tools to
evaluate   the   exposures   to   toxic
constituents of WWFs, and  develop and
validate       effective       watershed
management strategies  for controlling
WWFs, especially during  high volume
and  toxic WWFs.   This research  will
also develop  and provide effective beach
evaluation  tools  necessary to  make
                                        31

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                              Clean Water
timely and informed decisions on beach
advisories and closures.

2000 Annual Performance Goals:

*  In  2000,  reduce  uncertainties  and
   improve methods associated with the

   by exposure to disinfection by-prod-
   ucts in drinking water.

*  In  2000,  reduce  uncertainties  and
   improve methods associated with the
   evaluation and control of risks posed
   by exposure  to  microbial  contam-
   inants in drinking water.

*  In 2000, 91 percent of the population
   served by community drinking water
   systems will receive drinking water
   meeting all  health-based  standards
   that were  in  effect  as of 1994, up
   from 83 percent in 1994.

*  In  2000,  reduce  consumption   of
   contaminated  fish and exposure  to
   contaminated  recreational waters by
   increasing the information available
   to  the  public  and decision-makers.
   (Supports CWAP).

*  In  2000, identify the  primary life
   support functions  of surface waters
   that contribute to the management  of
   sustainability of watersheds.

*  In 2000, assure that States and Tribes
   have  effective,   up-to-date  water
   quality standards  programs adopted
   in accordance with the Water Quality
   Standards  regulation and the Water
   Quality Standards program priorities.

*  In 2000, environmental improvement
   projects will  be  underway in   350
 high  priority watersheds as a result
 of implementing activities  under the
 CWAP.

 In 2000,  working through the Five
 Star  Program,  EPA  will  have  co-
 operated  on and supported wetland
 and river corridor projects in 210

watersheds. (Supports CWAP).

 In 2000, another two million people
 will receive the benefits of secondary
 treatment of wastewater, for a total
 of 181 million people.

 In 2000,  develop  modeling, mon-
 itoring    and    risk    management
 methods  that enable planners  and
 regulatory officials  to  more  accur-
 ately   characterize   receiving  and
 recreational  water quality and  to
 select  appropriate   control  tech-
 nologies.

 In 2000,  industrial  discharges  of
 toxic pollutants will be reduced by 4
 million pounds per year (a 14 percent
 reduction) and  conventional  pollu-
 tants  will  be reduced by 388 million
 pounds  per  year   (a  9  percent
 reduction)  as   compared  to  1992
 discharges when considerations  for
 growth are considered.

 In 2000, industrial discharges of non-
 conventional  pollutants   will    be
 reduced by  1.5  billion  pounds  per
 year  (a  7  percent  reduction)   as
 compared to 1992 discharges when
 considerations for growth are con-
 sidered.
                                        32

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Goal 2: Key Programs


Clean and Safe Water
Chesapeake Bay (CWAP)
Clean Water Action Plan: Related Research
Common Sense Initiative
Drinking Water Implementation
Drinking Water Regulations
Effluent Guidelines (CWAP)
EMPACT
Great Lakes (CWAP)
Gulf of Mexico (CWAP)
Lake Champlain (CWAP)
Long Island Sound (CWAP)
National Estuaries Program/Coastal Watersheds (CWAP)
National Nonpoint Source Program Implementation (CWAP)
NPDES Program (CWAP)
Pacific Northwest (CWAP)
Pfiesteria (CWAP)
Project XL
Rural Water Technical Assistance
Safe Drinking Water Research
Source Water Protection (CWAP Related)
South Florida/Everglades (CWAP)
State Nonpoint Source Grants (CWAP)
State Pollution Control Grants (Section 106) (CWAP)
State PWSS Grants
State Underground Injection Control Grants
State Water Quality Cooperative Agreements (CWAP)
State Wetlands Program Grants (CWAP)
UIC Program
Water Infrastructure: Alaska Native Villages
Water Infrastructure: Boston Harbor
Water Infrastructure: Bristol County
Water Infrastructure: Clean Water State Revolving Fund (CWSRF)
Water Infrastructure: Drinking Water State Revolving Fund (DWSRF)
Water Infrastructure :New Orleans
Water Quality Criteria and Standards (CWAP)
Watershed Research
Wetlands (CWAP)


FY 1999
Enacted
$19,630.10
$0.00
$0.00
$31,688.00
$33,886.20
$22,365.80
$1,939.90
$5,381.60
$3,798.90
$2,000.00
$900.00
$16,544.30
$15,476.70
$35,142.80
$713.60
$2,500.00
$564.20
$13,050.00
$47,728.10
$11,685.80
$3,099.30
$200,000.00
$115,529.30
$93,780.50
$10,500.00
$19,000.00
$15,000.00
$11,744.70
$30,000.00
$50,000.00
$2,610.00
$1,350,000.00
$775,000.00
$6,525.00
$17,842.50
$8,376.10
$16,110.60
I
FY 2000
President's
Budget
$18,899.30
$2,068.50
$960.90
$31,803.80
$43,484.90
$23,193.00
$476.40
$4,366.30
$4,290.60
$1,000.00
$500.00
$17,048.80
$15,198.80
$46,338.80
$823.90
$500.00
$175.40
$688.00
$41,468.20
$11,501.90
$3,084.60
$200,000.00
$115,529.30
$93,780.50
$10,500.00
$19,000.00
$15,000.00
$11,815.90
$15,000.00
$0.00
$3,000.00
$800,000.00
$825,000.00
$10,000.00
$22,280.70
$8,478.60
$18,124.50
33

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34

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                                 Safe Food
Strategic Goal:  The foods Americans eat will be free from unsafe pesticide  residues.
Children especially will be protected from the health threats posed by pesticide residues,
because they are among the most vulnerable groups in our society.

                                Resource Summary
                               (Dollars in Thousands)

Safe Food
Reduce Agricultural Pesticides Risk
Reduce Use on Food of Pesticides Not
Meeting Standards
FY 1999
Enacted
$67,546.4
$29,139.0
$38,407.4

FY 2000
Reauest
$78,583.2
$30,830.1
$47,753.1

FY 2000-FY 1999
Difference
$11,036.8
$1,691.1
$9,345.7

Total Workyears:
702.4
712.2
Means and Strategy:

       The    U.S.     Environmental
Protection  Agency (EPA) plays a major
role in  the lives of  all Americans by
ensuring   that   agricultural   use   of
pesticides will not result in unsafe food.
EPA  accomplishes  this  by  working  to
protect    human   health   and   the
environment from risks associated with
agricultural pesticide use, while ensuring
that  exposure  from   any  individual
agricultural pesticide use will not, with
reasonable certainty, cause harm.

       EPA regulates  pesticides under
two  main   statutes:    the   Federal
Insecticide, Fungicide  and  Rodenticide
Act (FIFRA) and the Federal Food and
Drug Control Act  (FFDCA).   FIFRA
requires  that  pesticides  be registered
(licensed) by EPA  before they may be
sold or  distributed in  the United  States,
and that  they perform  their  intended
functions  without causing unreasonable
adverse  effects  on   people  or  the
environment  when used according  to
EPA-approved label directions.
         FFDCA authorizes  EPA to set
   tolerances, or maximum legal limits, for
   pesticide   residues  in   or  on  food.
   Tolerance requirements apply equally to
   domestically-produced   as   well   as
   imported food.  Any food with residues
   not  covered   by  a tolerance,  or  in
   amounts  that  exceed   an  established
   tolerance, may  not be legally  marketed
   in the United States.

         Both FIFRA and FFDCA  have
   been amended by the  Food Quality
   Protection  Act  (FQPA)  of 1996, which
   enhances   protection of  children  and
   other     sensitive     sub-populations.
   Because of EPA's work  under these
   laws, Americans enjoy one of the safest,
   most abundant, and most affordable food
   supplies in the world.

         Pesticides    subject   to   EPA
   regulation   include  insecticides,  herb-
   icides, fungicides, rodenticides, disinfec-
   tants, plant growth regulators and other
   substances  intended to  control  pests.
   The regulations directly affect pesticide
                                        35

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                                  Safe Food
producers, formulators,  distributors, re-
tailers,  commercial pest control firms,
farms,  farm  workers,   industrial   and
governmental users, and all households.

       Pesticides are used in agriculture,
greenhouses,  on  lawns, in  swimming
pools, industrial buildings,  households,
and   in   hospitals  and  food  service
establishments.    Total  U.S.   pesticide
usage in 1995  was  about 4.5  billion
pounds,  and there  are about 1.3 million
certified pesticide applicators in the U.S.
Herbicides  are  the  most  widely  used
pesticides and account  for the greatest
expenditure and volume.  Biopesticides
and  other  non-conventional,   or  safer,
pesticides make up about 20 percent of
the total. Agriculture accounts for over
70 percent of all applications.

       Through  its  food   safety  pro-
grams,   EPA  enhances  health   and
environmental protection in a number of
ways, including  the following:

*  Establishing  a single,  health-based
    standard  for  pesticide  residues  in
   food, and eliminating past  inconsis-
   tencies  in the  law which treated
   residues  in  some  processed  foods
   differently from residues in raw and
   other processed foods.

*  Providing  for  a   more   complete
   assessment  of potential risks,  with
    special  protections  for  potentially
    sensitive groups,  such as infants and
   children.

*  Ensuring  that  pesticides   are  per-
   iodically reassessed  for con-sistency
   with current safety standards and the
   latest scientific  and tech-nological
   advances.
*   Expanding  consumers'  "right  to
    know"  about  pesticide  risks   and
    benefits.

*   Expediting  the  approval  of  safer,
    reduced risk pesticides.

       Consumers  are   at   risk   for
potential  adverse  effects from pesticide
residues  ingested  either  directly  or
through processed foods. Pesticides also
"bioaccumulate"  throughout  the  food
chain.   A critical step in protecting the
public health is  to  evaluate  food  use
pesticides for potential toxic effects such
as   birth   defects,   seizures,   cancer,
disruption  of  the  endocrine  system,
changes  in fertility,  harmful  effects to
the kidneys or liver, or short term effects
such  as  headaches  or disorientation.
Ensuring that any residues on food are at
acceptable levels  is the essence of the
Safe Food goal.

       The  Agency  works  toward  a
twofold  strategy  for accomplishing the
objectives of the Safe Food goal:

*   EPA encourages the introduction of
    new,   safer   pesticide  ingredients
    (including  new  biological  agents)
    within the  context  of new  pest-
    management practices.
EPA's Pesticide Regulations Affect a Cross-Section
of the Population:

•30 major pesticide producers and another 100 smaller
2500 formulators
•29,000 distributors and other establishments
•40,000 commercial pest control firms
•One million farms
•Several million industry and government users
About 90 million households
                                         36

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                                 Safe Food
*  At  the   same  time,  the  Agency
   systematically     works    toward
   reducing   the  use   of   currently
   registered pesticides with the highest
   potential  to  cause  adverse  health
   effects.   FIFRA  mandates Special
   Review,  reregi strati on  reviews and
   other   risk-management  measures
   available    in    the    registration
   authority.  FQPA mandates addition-
   al screening for aggregate exposure,
   common mechanisms of toxicity and
   an additional tenfold safety factor to
   ensure  protection  of children and
   infants.

       In  2000,   the  Agency   will
accelerate the pace of new  registrations
for  pesticides  that  offer  improved
prevention or  risk  reduction qualities
compared  to those  currently  on  the
market.  Progressively replacing  older,
higher-risk pesticides is one of the most
effective methods for curtailing adverse
impact  on  health  and  the  ecosystem
while preserving food production rates.

       Other priorities in 2000 include
evaluating    existing   tolerances   for
currently  registered pesticides to ensure
they meet the FQPA health standard and
to screen and require  testing of certain
pesticides  and  chemicals  to evaluate
their  potential  for disrupting endocrine
systems  in animals  or in humans. The
emphasis will be on balancing the need
for pesticides, and allowing  for smooth
transitions to safer pesticide alternatives.

       EPA uses its FIFRA registration
authorities  and the FFDCA  mechanism
in tandem to systematically manage the
risks  of  such exposures  by establishing
legally permissible food-borne exposure
levels, or tolerances.  EPA manages the 1
legal  use  of  pesticides,  up  to  and
including the elimination of pesticides
that  present  a  danger to human health
and the environment.  This task involves
a  comprehensive  review  of  existing
pesticide  use   as   stipulated   by  the
reregi strati on  provision,  as  well as  a
comprehensive reassessment and update
of  existing  tolerances  on  a  six-year
schedule, as required by FQPA.

       An additional  dimension is  the
pursuit  and incorporation of the latest
scientific  advances   in   health-risk
assessment practices,  ensuring  current
uses  meet  the  test  of a  reasonable
certainty of  no harm,  as  stipulated by
FQPA.  This  includes  the incorporation
of new  scientific  data  relating to  the
effects of endocrine disruption.

       Finally, in addition to setting the
requirements  of continued legal use of
agricultural  pesticides, EPA  works in
partnership with USDA, FDA  and  the
states  toward  the  broader  effort  to
prevent  the   misuse  of  agricultural
pesticides.

       More  information  about EPA's
food safety efforts is available  on  the
Office of Pesticides Program's website
at http://www.epa.gov/pesticides.

Research

       FQPA  identifies  the  need  for
science to evaluate all potential routes
and  pathways  of  human exposure to
pesticides and their effects.  Research in
2000 will continue the program started
in  1998  and  will   center  on such
initiatives  as  assessing  the   risk   of
exposures  of  varying  frequency  and
duration. Research  will also compare
                                        37

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                                 Safe Food
the  effects  of pesticide  exposure  to
mixtures of pesticides and other toxics
chemicals   with   exposure   to   the
individual chemicals.

Highlights

 Reduce Agricultural Pesticides Risk

       The Federal  Food,  Drug and
 Cosmetic   Act  (FFDCA)   and  the
 Federal   Insecticide,  Fungicide  and
 Rodenticide   Act (FIFRA)   authorize
 EPA to  set terms  and  conditions  of
 pesticide  registration,  marketing and
 use.  EPA will use these authorities to
 reduce  the  use of pesticides with the
 highest potential to cause  cancer  or
 neurotoxic   effects,  including  those
 which pose particular risks to children.

       New food/feed-use  pesticides are
 registered after  an  extensive  review
 and evaluation of human  health and
 ecosystem  studies  and  data.    The
 Registration program includes  special
 registration activities, tolerance setting,
 and  permits  for   experimental  and
 emergency use.

       In  2000,   the   Agency  will
 continue to decrease the risk the public
 faces from agricultural pesticides (from
 1995 levels)  through  the  regulatory
 review  and approval of  new pesticide
 chemicals,   including   reduced  risk
 pesticides  and   biopesticides.   The
 Reduced  Risk Initiative,  which began
 in  1993,  expedites  the registration  of
 reduced risk pesticides.   Under this
 strategy, EPA will continue  to provide
 accelerated review of pesticides which
 meet the  criteria of reduced risk, i.e.,
 reduced  levels   of  acute  toxicity,
 reduced exposure to humans  or
non-target   organisms,   and  reduced
environmental   burden,   considering
comparisons with available alternative
pesticides.  These accelerated pesticide
reviews  provide  an  incentive  for
industry  to  develop,  register, and  use
lower risk pesticides.  Additionally, the
availability   of  these   reduced  risk
pesticides provide alternatives to older,
potentially  more  harmful   products
currently on the market.

     In  addition to  registering safer
pesticides,  EPA  reviews  petitions  for
temporary uses of pesticides to respond
to emergency situations, such as a pest
infestation on  a  crop,  and exceptions
for research  purposes.  These actions,
provided for under FIFRA, include the
issuance  of  emergency  exemptions
allowing the use for a limited time of a
pesticide not registered for that specific
purpose.  Another provision addresses
special   local   needs  which   allow
registration  of products by  states  for
specific uses not  Federally registered;
experimental  use permits   allowing
pesticide   producers   to   test  new
pesticides uses outside  the laboratory;
amendments to  previously  approved
pesticides   (e.g.,  to   reflect   label
revisions or  changed formulations for
products      already     registered);
applications  for  new uses of  a pes-
ticide;  and additional registrations for
new products  containing  a  pesticide
already registered.

Reduce Use of Pesticides Not Meeting
Current Standards on Food

     The Food Quality Protection Act
(FQPA) requires  the  Agency to revise
its risk-assessment practices to  ensure
the adequate protection of children's
                                        38

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                                Safe Food
health and other vulnerable groups, and
to reevaluate some 9,700  food residue
tolerances approved before the passage
of  FQPA.    To   meet the  tolerance
reassessment requirement, the Agency
will complete  approximately  1,950
additional tolerance reassessments in
2000. The Agency will also  screen and
test these pesticides for their potential
to disrupt the endocrine system.

     In  2000,  the Agency's Pesticide
Reregi strati on program is now in its
final   phase.    The   Reregi strati on
program  will enable EPA to  review
pesticides currently  on the  market to
ensure they  meet the FQPA  health
standards.   Pesticides  found   not in
compliance   will  be  eliminated  or
restricted in order to minimize harmful
exposure.  The issuance  of a Rereg-
istration  Eligibility  Decision  (RED)
summarizes     the     health     and
environmental  effects  findings of the
chemical reregistration.  The findings
determine   whether   the   products
registered  under  this  chemical  are
eligible for reregistration.

     In  2000,  EPA will  complete 20
REDs and approximately  750 product
reregistrations.    By 2002,  active  in-
gredient  and product reregistration will
be   complete    for   all  pesticides
subject to reregistration under FIFRA
'88.   By   2006,  all   9,700  of the
reassessments  of  pesticide   residue
tolerances mandated by FQPA will be
completed.

     FQPA    requires   that   EPA
establish a process for  periodic review
of pesticide registrations.  This requires
the  updating  of  all  pesticide   re-
gistrations using current scientific data,
 risk assessment methodology, program
 policies  and  effective  risk  reduction
 measures.

 Research

       To     address     uncertainties
 associated with the Agency's ability to
 assess risk from exposure to  pesticides
 and other toxic chemicals, research in
 2000  will   continue  to  focus  on
 developing new methods and  models to
 evaluate  and  assess   exposures   to
 pesticides    and    toxic  chemicals,
 particularly   cumulative/aggregate  ex-
 posures, and to  evaluate  and predict
 potential  human  health  effects   of
 exposures  to  pesticides  and  toxic
 chemicals,   emphasizing  cumulative
 exposure     (e.g.,    multiple    acute
 exposures,   exposure   to  chemical
 mixtures, etc.).    Methods   will  be
 developed for integrating effects and
 exposure  data  for use in assessing  the
 risks   associated   with    chemicals
 regulated under FQPA.

FY 2000 Annual Performance Goals

*  In 2000, decrease adverse  risk from
   agricultural  uses from  1995 levels
   and assure that  new  pesticides  are
   safe by such actions as registering 6
   new       chemicals,           1,800
   amendments, 500 me-toos,  100 new
   uses,   45   inerts,   375    special
   registrations, 105 tolerances and 13
   reduced risk chemicals/biopesticides.

*  In 2000, EPA  will reassess  20%  of
   the  existing  9,700   tolerances   to
   ensure  that they meet the  statutory
   standard of  "reasonable certainty  of
   no harm,"  achieving  a cumulative
   53% assessed.
                                      39

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                          Goal 3:  Key Programs
Safe Food
Endocrine Disrupter Screening Program
Pesticide Registration
Pesticide Reregistration
Pesticide Residue Tolerance Reassessments
FY 1999
Enacted

    $2,581.60
   $17,491.60
   $24,971.50
    $9,540.80
                                                                  FY 2000
                                                                 President's
                                                                   Budget
 $3,734.00
$19,868.00
$29,125.60
$10,844.00
                                       40

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     Preventing Pollution and Reducing Risk in Communities,
	Homes, Workplaces and Ecosystems	

 Strategic  Goal: Pollution prevention  and  risk management strategies  aimed at cost-
 effectively eliminating, reducing, or minimizing emissions and contamination will result
 in cleaner and safer environments in which all Americans can reside, work, and enjoy
 life. EPA will safeguard ecosystems and promote the health of natural communities that
 are integral to the quality of life in this Nation.

                                Resource Summary
                               (Dollars in Thousands)
                                            FY 1999
                                            Enacted
           FY 2000
           Request
FY 2000-FY 1999
   Difference
 Preventing Pollution and Reducing Risk in
 Communities, Homes, Workplaces and Ecosystems

 Reduce Public and Ecosystem Exposure

 Reduce Lead Poisoning

 Safe Handling and Use of Commercial Chemicals

 Healthier Indoor Air

 Improve Pollution Prevention Strategies, Tools

 Decrease Quantity and Toxicitiy of Waste

 Assess Conditions in Indian Country

 Total Workyears:
$237,789.8   $277,166.0     $39,376.2


                        $7,872.6

                        ($1,603.9)

                        $14,430.9

                        $11,149.2

                        $3,232.1

                        $2,173.5

                        $2,121.8

                        -7.0
$43,178.2
$30,817.4
$42,443.2
$29,629.4
$21,884.0
$18,852.5
$50,985.1
1,124.9
$51,050.8
$29,213.5
$56,874.1
$40,778.6
$25,116.1
$21,026.0
$53,106.9
1,117.9
 Means and Strategy:

        The  diversity  and  fragility  of
 America's environments (communities,
 homes,  workplaces  and  ecosystems)
 requires EPA  to  adopt  a multi-faceted
 approach  to  protecting  all Americans
 from the threats posed by pesticide and
 toxic chemicals.  The underlying prin-
 ciple of the activities incorporated under
 this goal is the application of pollution
 prevention.  Preventing  pollution before
 it does  damage to  the  environment is
 cheaper and  smarter than costly cleanup
 and  remediation,   as  evidenced  with
 Superfund and PCB cleanups.  Pollution
 prevention  involves   changing   the
 behavior of those that cause the pollution
 and fostering the wider use of preventive
 practices as a  means to achieve cost
 effective, sustainable results.

       Under this Goal, EPA ensures
 that pesticide use not only results in safe
 food,  but also  causes no  unnecessary
 exposure either to human health or to
 natural ecosystems.  In addition to the
 array  of risk-management   measures
 entailed  in the  registration authorities
 under FIFRA  for individual  pesticide
 ingredients, EPA  has  specific  programs
 to   foster worker  and  pesticide-user
 safety   as  well  as    ground-water
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    Preventing Pollution and Reducing Risk in Communities,
                 Homes, Workplaces and Ecosystems
protection,  and the Agency fosters  the
safe,  effective  use  of  antimicrobial
agents.  These programs work to ensure
the comprehensive  protection of  non-
target organisms and endangered species
in  particular,   and  to   reduce   the
contribution of particular pesticides to
specific  ecological  threats   such  as
endocrine disruption or pollutant loading
in precise geographic areas. Within this
context, EPA pursues a variety of field
activities at the regional,  state and  local
levels,  including  the   promotion  of
pesticide   environmental   stewardship
programs with user groups as partners.
Finally,  EPA  promotes  the  use  of
sensible  Integrated  Pest  Management
(IPM) and  the prevention of misuse in
the panoply  of uses within both the
urban and rural environments.

       Much remains  to be done to
safeguard  our   nation's  communities,
homes,   workplaces   and  ecosystems.
Preventing  pollution through regulatory,
voluntary,  and  partnership  actions  -
educating and changing  the behavior of
our citizens - is a sensible and effective
approach  to  sustainable  development
while protecting our nation's health.

       Preventing   pollution   through
partnerships is  central to the Agency's
Chemical  Right-to-Know initiative in
2000.  This new initiative will provide
the public with information on the basic
health and  environmental effects of the
2,800 chemicals produced at the highest
volumes  in the U.S.  Most Americans
come into  daily contact  with many of
these chemicals, yet relatively  little is
known  about their  potential impacts.
Basic hazard  testing information will be
the focus of a high visibility, voluntary
challenge program recognizing indus-
try's   contribution   to   the   public
knowledge  base  on  these  prevalent
chemicals.  Risks to children is a partic-
ular   focus,   and  the  Agency  will
supplement   the   information    from
industry   with  additional   testing  to
identify and  address  any chemicals  of
special concern for children's  health.

       Also  central   to  the  Agency's
work under this  goal  in 2000  will  be
increased attention on documenting and
taking  action  to reduce  risk   from
chemicals that persist, bioaccumulate or
are  highly  toxic (PBT's)  and  from
chemicals that have endocrine disruption
effects.  These chemicals have very high
potentials for causing long-term damage
to   humans   and   to   ecosystems.
Accumulating in  the  food  chain,  often
far from the  source of initial exposure,
and disrupting the life cycle and creation
of healthy offspring, in essence  these
chemicals produce a  multiplier  effect
that is difficult to halt once it is in action
in the environment. Pollution  prevention
and   controlling  releases  are   the
mainstays  of  protection,  once   these
chemicals are correctly identified.

       The    Agency   mixes    both
regulatory  and  voluntary  methods  to
accomplish its job.   For example,  each
year  the  New   Chemicals  program
reviews and manages the risks  of over
2,000 new chemicals and 40 products of
biotechnology that  enter  the  market-
place.    This  new   chemical   review
process not only protects the public from
the  immediate  threats   of  harmful
chemicals, like PCBs, from entering the
marketplace but it has also contributed to
changing the behavior  of the chemical
industry, making industry  more aware
and  responsible for   the impact  these
                                       42

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    Preventing Pollution and Reducing Risk in Communities,
                 Homes, Workplaces and Ecosystems
chemicals have on human health and the
environment.  This awareness  has led
industry  to  produce  safer  "greener"
alternative   chemicals  and  pesticides.
Fewer harmful chemicals are entering
the marketplace  and  our environment
today because of  the  New  Chemical
Program.  Through our Design for the
Environment  program,  today's   EPA
forms partnerships with industry to find
sensible  solutions to prevent pollution.
In  one   example,  taking   a  sector
approach, EPA  has worked with the
electronics industry to reduce the use of
formaldehyde and other toxic chemicals
from the manufacture of printed wiring
boards.

       In several  cases  achieving the
strategic  objectives under this goal is a
shared responsibility with other federal
agencies.  For example EPA's role in
reducing the  levels of  environmental
lead exposure  involves  promotion  of
federal-state   partnerships   to  lower
specific sources  of environmental  lead,
such  as   lead-based  paint  and  other
lead-content products.   These partner-
ships  emphasize  public  education  and
empowerment strategies,  which fit into
companion  federal  efforts  (e.g.,  HHS
and the  Centers  for  Disease Control;
HUD)    to    monitor   and    reduce
environmental lead levels. Likewise, the
results of EPA's efforts to reduce indoor
air  exposures   are   measured    by
public-health agencies.  EPA focuses on
specific agents (e.g., radon), on general
categories of indoor facilities  (schools,
homes and  workplaces),  and  on  the
characteristic risks presented  in  each
category.

       Intrinsic to the  effort to prevent
pollution  is  the minimization of the
quantities  of   waste  generated  by
industry, municipalities  and hazardous-
waste management operations. Strategies
range from fostering recycling and other
resource-recovery  processes to  broad-
based  campaigns   to  re-engineer  the
consumption and use of raw materials or
personal  conservation  of  resources.

       Since  this Goal focuses  on how
Americans  live   in  communities,   it
features  the  particular commitment of
promoting  environmental  protection  in
Indian country,  as consistent with  our
trust  relationship  with  tribes,  and  is
cognizant  of  the  nation's  interest  in
conserving the cultural  uses of natural
resources.

Research

       The    human    health    and
ecosystems  research  included  in this
objective is designed to provide  direct
support to EPA's regulatory program for
pesticides and  toxic  substances.   The
information developed from application
of   human   health   research   will
significantly  increase understanding  of
the impacts of  specific pesticides and
toxic   substances   on  human  health.
Ecosystems research will  help  EPA
develop the evaluative effects methods
that are used in the regulation of toxic
substances,  including    pesticides,  in
ecosystems.   Test methods developed
through  this   research  program  are
incorporated in the existing compendium
of test methods used to  support Agency
regulatory requirements.
                                       43

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    Preventing Pollution and Reducing Risk in Communities,
                 Homes, Workplaces and Ecosystems
Highlights:

EPA  seeks to prevent pollution  at the
source as the first  choice in managing
environmental  risks  to  humans  and
ecosystems. Where pollution prevention
at the source is not a viable alternative,
the   Agency    will    employ    risk
management  and remediation  strategies
in a cost effective  manner.  Reducing
pollution at the source will be carried out
using a  multi-media approach  in the
following manner:

Reduce Public and Ecosystem Exposure
to Pesticides

       Reducing  risk from exposure to
pesticides  requires  a   multi-faceted
approach.    Beyond  being   exposed
through  the  food we eat, the general
public,  applicators,  and  farm  workers
may be exposed through direct handling,
groundwater  contamination  or  aerial
spray.   One  intent  of the Food Quality
Protection Act (FQPA) is to protect the
public by shifting the nation toward safer
pesticide use.     At  the same  time,
appropriate   transition   strategies  are
important to the nation as well, to avoid
disruption  of food  supply  or  sudden
changes in the market that could result
from  abrupt  termination before  well
targeted   safer   equivalents  can  be
identified and made available.  For these
reasons,  the     Strategic  Agricultural
Partnership  initiative is  an important
priority   in  2000.      The  Strategic
Agricultural  Partnership  will  assist in
developing alternative pest management
tools   and   effective  implementation
approaches.  The Agency   will  work
closely   with   industry,   agricultural
pesticide users and other stakeholders to
develop  an effective transition to the
safer pesticides required by the FQPA.

       In 2000,  EPA  will    continue
increasing  agricultural  workers' aware-
ness and knowledge of pesticides and
worker  safety through  the  Certification
and   Training   (C&T)  and  Worker
Protection  (WP)  programs.   EPA  will
continue   to   protect   the   nation's
ecosystems   and  reduce  impacts  to
endangered  species  through  Pesticide
Environmental   Stewardship   Program
(PESP), and integrated pest management
(IPM).   The Agency  will  emphasize
efforts with our tribal partners to address
pesticide   issues  and  enhance  the
development of tribal technical capacity,
particularly   in   the   areas   of   risk
management, worker  safety,  training,
and pollution prevention.

       Together,  the WP and the  C&T
programs address the problem of direct
exposure.   These programs safeguard
workers  from occupational exposure to
pesticides  by  providing   training for
agricultural  workers,  employers,  pest-
icide     applicators    and    pesticide
applicators and handlers.  Training and
certification of applicators  of restricted
use  pesticides   further ensures   that
workers and other vulnerable groups are
protected from undue pesticide exposure
and risk.  The Groundwater Strategy, a
cooperative  efforts  with   states  and
Regions     to     develop     Pesticide
Management Plans (PMPs), will further
efforts to prevent  pesticide pollution of
this  vital resource.   The  Endangered
Species program  will enlist the support
of the agricultural community and other
interested groups to protect wildlife and
critical habitats   from  pesticides.  This
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    Preventing Pollution and Reducing Risk in Communities,
                 Homes, Workplaces and Ecosystems
voluntary program is carried out through
communications  and  outreach  efforts
and  in  coordination with other  federal
agencies.  PESP  and IPM play  pivotal
roles in moving the nation to the use of
safer methods of pest control, including
reduced risk pesticides.  These  closely
related programs promote risk reduction
through   collaborative  efforts   with
stakeholders to utilize  safer alternatives
to traditional chemical methods  of pest
control.

       Antimicrobial    sterilants   and
disinfectants    are   used    to   kill
microorganisms on surfaces and  objects
in hospitals,  schools,  restaurants  and
homes.   Antimicrobials require approp-
riate labeling and handling to  ensure
safety  and efficacy.  EPA will  remain
focused on  concerns  regarding product
labeling  and product  efficacy and  on
meeting    other    requirements   for
antimicrobial  sterilants  set  forth  by
FQPA.

       Pesticide issues   also affect our
tribal  partners.    The  Agency  will
emphasize  efforts to address pesticide
issues  and enhance the development of
tribal technical capacity, particularly in
the areas of risk  management,  worker
safety,    training,    and    pollution
prevention.

Reduce Lead Poisoning

       During  2000,  EPA  will  imple-
ment the Lead Certification and Training
Program    for    lead-based     paint
professionals.    Most  States choose to
establish their own programs, however,
in an  estimated   15  to 20  states the
Agency  will directly  implement  Lead
Certification  and  Training.  EPA will
also promulgate two  major lead rules,
the debris and  lead  hazard  standards
rules.  Lead-based paint is the primary
source of lead-poisoning in children in
the U.S.  today.   EPA  contributes to
solving  this  environmental   problem
primarily  by  assisting  in, and  in some
cases guiding, federal activities aimed at
reducing   the  exposure to children in
homes with lead-based paint.

       EPA has promulgated regulations
to  set up  a  federal  infrastructure,
including   the  lead   assessment   and
abatement training and  accreditation rule
for targeted housing,  and the  lead  real
estate  notification and disclosure  rule
(with HUD and  HHS).   In 2000 the
Agency will  promulgate final rules on
disposal of lead-based paint debris and
establishment  of  standards  regarding
hazardous levels  of lead in paint,  dust
and  soil.   EPA will  also develop  3
proposals, setting standards for training
and  certification  for   lead-based paint
abatement activities   in  public   and
commercial   buildings,  bridges,   and
superstructures,  and reconversion  and
remodeling.   These activities will make
significant contributions to the objective
of reducing the blood  lead levels of our
nation's most vulnerable children.

Safe Handling and Use of Commercial
Chemicals and Microorganisms

       Under  TSCA,   EPA   identifies
and    controls    unreasonable    risks
associated with chemicals.  In  1999, the
Vice-President has called  on  EPA to
launch  the  Chemical  Right-to-Know
Initiative,   addressing  a  critical gap in
the nation's knowledge about the health
and  environmental hazards  of   high
production  volume   chemicals.    The
                                       45

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    Preventing Pollution and Reducing Risk in Communities,
                 Homes, Workplaces and Ecosystems
initiative will work with industry to put
information  about those chemicals into
the hands of the public,  communities,
environmental  groups, States  and  the
Regions as quickly as possible, as well
as take  action  to  mitigate  the risks
identified during these efforts.

       Another priority is working  to
implement the recommendations of the
Endocrine   Disrupter  Screening  and
Testing     Advisory     Committee
(EDSTAC),  which provides advice and
counsel to the Agency on a strategy to
screen and test chemicals and pesticides
that may cause endocrine disruption in
humans, fish, and wildlife.  EPA must
implement the strategy by August 1999
and report to Congress by August 2000.

       In  1999, EPA will  begin  the
validation of an EDSTAC recommended
screening test protocol and will  complete
it in 2000.  EPA then will begin testing
chemicals in commerce  for  endocrine
disrupting potential.  It is  expected that
by  2005  all high  production volume
chemicals will have  been screened for
endocrine disrupting potential and  the
resulting priority chemicals will have
been tested or testing initiated,  using the
approach and  test methods developed
from recommendations of the EDSTAC.

       In 2000, EPA will  also continue
efforts in four important program areas,
including:  existing  chemicals;    new
chemicals;  national  program  chemicals
(including  lead,  fibers,  dioxin,  and
PCB's);  and  the  endocrine   disrupter
testing program.  The Agency reviews
chemicals  already in commerce, along
with   chemicals   or  microorganisms
before commercialization  (i.e.,  "new"
chemicals) to determine whether they
can be handled and used safely. Another
focus is identifying  opportunities  for
increasing the introduction and use  of
safer or "greener" chemicals.

      For   those  chemicals   whose
significant  risks  are  well  established
(such as PCBs,  asbestos, and dioxin),
reductions  in  use  and  releases  are
important to  reducing  exposure  of the
general population and also of sensitive
sub-populations.    EPA's  PCB control
efforts will shift from enforcing PCB use
standards toward encouraging phase-out
of PCB  electrical  equipment, ensuring
proper  waste  disposal  methods  and
capacity,  and  fostering   PCB  site
cleanups.    An  Agency-wide  dioxin
strategy will respond to the latest science
and address dioxin risk management in a
more     comprehensive    cross-media
approach. EPA is  also continuing work
on its Dioxin Exposure Initiative which
focuses  on identifying and  quantifying
the link between dioxin sources and the
general population exposure.

      EPA's  research  program  will
support   this   effort  by  generating
scientific information used in improving
the test methods used to generate  the
data.  Research seeks to improve our
understanding of both the risks to human
health  and  adverse   ecological effects.
To the extent that this research supports
testing guidelines  that  relate to both
toxic  substances  in  general and  to
pesticides, research under  this  objective
additionally  supports  EPA's  goal  to
reduce the  risks  to  the  nation's food
supply  and  the  non-dietary  pesticide
risks  posed  to human health and  the
environment.
                                       46

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    Preventing Pollution and Reducing Risk in Communities,
                 Homes, Workplaces and Ecosystems
Achieving Healthier Indoor Air

       The    Indoor    Environments
program will work on the education and
outreach   activities  which   implement
portions    of    AAsthma    and   the
Environment: An Action Plan to Protect
Children,®  the draft  Inter-agency Plan
being developed under  the  President's
Task  Force On  Environmental Health
Risks and Safety Risks to Children. All
of the activities proposed for 2000 fall
within Recommendations 2 and 4 of the
inter-agency action plan.  Recommend-
ation  2 calls for the  implementation of
public health programs that improve the
use of scientific knowledge  to  prevent
and  reduce  the   severity   of  asthma
symptoms  in  children  by reducing
environmental  exposures. Recommend-
ation  4  calls for  implementation of
programs   designed  to  eliminate the
disproportionate  impact on  minorities
and  those  living in poverty.   EPA's
proposed  activities  will be  conducted
with  close collaboration among  EPA
offices, as  well as with  the Centers for
Disease Control (CDC), and the National
Institutes of Health institutes to ensure
that  the   activities  complement  those
being conducted by the Department of
Health and Human Services.  In support
of  the  President's  Task   Force  on
Environmental Health Risks  and Safety
Risks  to   Children,  the Agency  will
conduct a  pilot program to  expand air
pollution  monitoring in  up  to  two
communities downwind of industrialized
urban centers  to  better  understand the
relationship between air pollution and
childhood  asthma.   Asthma highlights
include:
Asthma Management  In  and  Through
Schools

       EPA    will     expand    the
implementation of its  highly successful
indoor air quality ATools for Schools,® an
indoor air quality management plan for
schools,  to   several  thousand   more
schools by developing  and implementing
an incentive/recognition  program.   The
Agency also will substantially increase
implementation of the AOpen Airways®
asthma management  program  to  reach
several   thousand  more   elementary
schools  and   expand  the  AA is for
Asthma®   program   for   pre-school
children to 89 locations.
Increased Community Action

       EPA will work  with  housing
groups,   home   health   educators,
community   groups,    and    building
operators to design and conduct pilots to
substantially  reduce  indoor  environ-
mental   triggers   for   asthma   in
low-income housing.  The Agency  also
will   convene   five  state-wide  urban
environmental  asthma  summits,  and a
National Environmental Asthma Caucus
for practitioners,  researchers, industry,
and  government  to  identify  the  most
effective ways to  target and educate the
public about  environmental triggers of
asthma.  For the first  time, EPA  will
provide funding  to local communities
through established  programs  to work
with  doctors, health  clinics, and  civic
groups to reduce  children's exposure to
environmental  tobacco  smoke (ETS), a
significant indoor environmental asthma
trigger.
                                      47

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    Preventing Pollution and Reducing Risk in Communities,
                  Homes, Workplaces and Ecosystems
Working  with  Managed Care to  Get
Asthma Reduction

       EPA  will   conduct  economic
analyses  to  identify  areas  to  provide
economic   incentives   for   managed
care/health  care  organizations  to help
reduce  asthma attacks through  patient
education  about  indoor  environmental
triggers.    Incentives for  health care
providers to incorporate education into
their  patient  contacts  could  include
fewer  doctor  and  urgent  care  visits,
lowered medication costs, etc. EPA will
join with other  Federal   agencies  to
convene  a  cabinet  level summit with
managed  care CEO's to solicit their help
in  addressing  asthma  prevention  by
integrating strong messages  about indoor
environmental  triggers  into     health
education programs.
Significantly
Campaigns
Expand    Multi-media
       EPA will significantly expand to
several   waves,  national   multi-media
campaigns on  asthma  and ETS.   The
asthma  campaign would be targeted to
children and urban residents, who need
to  be   educated  about   the  indoor
environmental    triggers    of
asthma.   The ETS  campaigns
will target parents  of small
children,  counseling  them  not
expose   children  to  smoke
inside   the  home.    Research
indicates     that     multiple
messages are needed before the
public will act.
                Pollution  prevention   (P2)   is
         designed to prevent contaminants from
         entering the environment.   To support
         that principle, current EPA strategies are
         to institutionalize preventive approaches
         in  EPA's  regulatory,  operating,  and
         compliance/ enforcement  programs and
         facilitate  the   adoption  of   pollution
         prevention  techniques  by  states, tribes
         and industry.  EPA is  encouraging  the
         use of market  incentives,  environmental
         management tools and new technologies
         to   promote  wider  adoption  of  P2
         measures.   Perhaps the fastest growing
         opportunity  for  incorporating  P2  into
         basic  business  practices  lie  in private
         sector partnerships,  which enable EPA's
         knowledge   of   P2   principles   and
         techniques   to   be   combined  with
         industry-specific expertise in production
         and process.  These approaches provide
         assistance  and  incentives  to  various
         sectors of  society (e.g., manufacturers,
         product    and     service    suppliers,
         governments,  consumers) to  promote
         behavioral change that is sustainable and
         beneficial  to the environment.  These
         activities  promote   greater  ecological
         efficiency and therefore help to reduce
         the generation and release  of production-
         related waste.
Improve Pollution Prevention
Strategies,  Tools
                 The Agency's Pollution Prevention Program can be described in five parts:
                 3.
                                 4.
A guiding social principle to promote source reduction as the core
environmental ethic of society - through education
Sustainable business practices to incorporate P2 approaches and
techniques as an essential part of how successful businesses operate -
through programs like Energy Star, Waste Wise and Environmental
Accounting.
Core government actions, including EPA, other Federal and State
regulatory programs, grants reinvention, and enforcement activities.
Cleaner technologies and processes to help companies continuously
improve quality, competitiveness and environmental stewardship -
through partnerships like the Design for the Environment.
Safer products to ensure consumer and environmental protection -
through activities like the Consumer Labeling Initiative and
Environmentally Preferable Products.
                                        48

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    Preventing Pollution and Reducing Risk in Communities,
                 Homes, Workplaces and Ecosystems
Decrease  the Quantity and Toxicity of
Waste

       The Agency's work encompasses
many activities to decrease waste that
include  reducing  toxic  chemicals  in
industrial   hazardous  waste  streams,
reducing the generation  of municipal,
hazardous  and  other solid  waste, and
recycling hazardous and municipal solid
waste.

       Reducing  toxic  chemicals   in
industrial  waste streams  will  result  in
more efficient use of natural resources,
and  decrease human  exposure to toxic
wastes.     The  Agency  will   further
develop partnerships  with  industry  to
minimize hazardous wastes by building
on the tools and  coordination activities
that were put in place in 1998 and 1999.
The   RCRA   program   is   focusing
reduction efforts on the most persistent,
bioaccumulative and toxic chemicals in
hazardous waste which is consistent with
the national and international priority  on
reducing  the  presence  of  persistent,
bioaccumulative  and  toxic  chemicals
(PBTs) in the environment.

       As part of the national leadership
to reduce the amount of waste generated,
and  to  improve  the recovery  and
conservation of materials through source
reduction  and  recycling,    RCRA  re-
cycling  and source  reduction projects
will  continue to move beyond the basics
in   2000.     These  efforts  include
promoting  financing  and   technology
opportunities     for    recycling/reuse
businesses and working with partners to
identify, analyze  and share information
on  waste  reduction  opportunities  for
construction and demolition debris, food
wastes and other targeted waste streams.
The Agency will  also continue working
to reduce the barriers to safe recycling of
hazardous waste, through changes to the
definition  of  solid  waste,   through
provisions in other regulatory standards
and   through  ongoing   outreach   to
stakeholders   to   explore   additional
options.   In  2000,  the  Agency will
initiate  the  hazardous  waste recycling
strategy.  Options being considered for
the  strategy   include   outreach  and
rulemakings that will reduce burden on
industry while ensuring safer recycling,
including  some  regulations  stemming
from  the  Agency's  Common   Sense
Initiatives (CSI).

Assess Conditions in Indian Country

       EPA places particular priority on
working  with  Federally  recognized
Indian   tribes   on    a   government-
to-government basis to improve environ-
mental conditions in  Indian country in a
manner  that  affirms  the  vital trust
responsibility that EPA has with the 554
tribal  governments.  The Agency will
concentrate    on    building     Tribal
infrastructure   and    completing    a
documented  baseline   assessment   of
environmental  conditions  in   Indian
Country  to   enable  EPA/Tribes   to
identify high priority human health and
environmental risks.  These assessments
will  provide a blueprint for  planning
future activities through the development
of  Tribal/EPA Environmental   Agree-
ments  (TEAs) or other  similar tribal
environmental  plans to  address and
support priority  environmental   multi-
media concerns in Indian Country. EPA
will  support  innovative approaches  for
implementation of tribal programs and
funding flexibility through participation
                                       49

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    Preventing Pollution and Reducing Risk in Communities,
                 Homes, Workplaces and Ecosystems
in  Performance   Partnership  Grants
(PPGs).

2000 Annual Performance Goals:

*  In     2000,     protect     homes,
   communities, and  workplaces  from
   harmful exposure to pesticides and
   related pollutants through improved
   cultural  practices  and   enhanced
   public  education,   resulting   in  a
   reduction of 5%, or 20%  cumulative
   (from 1994 levels) in the number of
   incidences  of pesticide  poisonings
   reported nationwide.

*  In 2000, administer federal programs
   and oversee state implementation of
   programs   for  lead-based   paint
   abatement certification and training
   in 50 states,  to  reduce exposure to
   lead-based    paint    and   ensure
   significant  decreases  in   children's
   blood lead levels by 2005.

*  In  2000,  provide  methods   and
   models  to  evaluate  the  impact of
   environmental stressors  on human
   health and  ecological endpoints for
   use in guidelines,  assessments, and
   strategies.

*  In  2000, ensure that of the up to
   1800     new    chemicals    and
   microorganisms submitted by indus-
   try  each  year,  those   that  are
   introduced in commerce  are safe to
   humans  and the  environment for
   their intended uses.

*  In 2000, 890,000 additional people
   will be living in healthier residential
   indoor environments.
In 2000,  2,580,000 students, faculty
and staff will experience improved
indoor air quality in their schools.

In  2000, the  quantity  of  Toxic
Release Inventory  (TRI) pollutants
released,  treated or combusted for
energy recovery, will be reduced by
200 million  pounds,  or  2%,  from
1999 reporting levels.

In 2000, divert an additional 1% (for
a  cumulative total  of 29% or 64
million  tons)  of  municipal  solid
waste   from   land   filling  and
combustion,  and maintain per capita
generation of RCRA municipal solid
waste at 4.3 pounds per day.

In    2000,     20%    of    Tribal
environmental baseline information
will be collected and  20 additional
tribes  (cumulative total of  65) will
have   tribal/EPA    environmental
agreements  or   identified  environ-
mental priorities.
                                      50

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Goal 4: Key Programs



Preventing Pollution
Agricultural Worker Protection
Common Sense Initiative
Design for the Environment
Endocrine Disrupter Screening Program
Existing Chemical Data, Screening, Testing
and Management
Grants to States for Lead Risk Reduction
Indoor Air Research
Indoor Environments : Asthma
Indoor Environments: Schools
Indoor Environments: ETS
Lead Risk Reduction Program
National Program chemicals: PCBs, Asbestos,
Fibers,and Dioxin
New Chemical Review
Pesticide Applicator Certification and Training
Pesticide Registration
Pesticide Reregistration
Pesticides Program Implementation Grant
Pollution Prevention Incentive Grants to States
Pollution Prevention Program
RCRA State Grants
Recycling
Source Reduction
State Radon Grants
Tribal Capacity
Tribal General Assistance Grants
Waste Minimization

FY 1999
Enacted

$4,365.20
$1,063.40
$4,554.00
$1,525.20

$12,870.00
$13,712.20
$2,836.10
$1,135.50
$2,921.00
$1,050.00
$16,911.30

$3,011.90
$13,409.60
$5,313.60
$7,451.40
$4,856.00
$13,114.60
$5,999.50
$8,872.30
$3,073.00
$4,980.80
$2,728.80
$8,158.00
$0.00
$42,585.40
$2,195.30
1
FY 2000
President's
Budget

$5,738.10
$979.60
$3,886.10
$3,934.90

$23,045.60
$13,712.20
$0.00
$12,323.70
$9,946.70
$2,194.30
$14,986.30

$3,289.20
$13,926.90
$6,765.60
$10,365.00
$4,865.70
$13,114.60
$5,999.50
$9,581.20
$3,073.00
$5,079.30
$3,073.40
$8,158.00
$300.00
$42,585.40
$2,943.20
51

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52

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     Better Waste Management, Restoration of Contaminated
	Waste Sites and Emergency Response	

 Strategic Goal: America's wastes will be stored, treated,  and disposed of in ways that
 prevent  harm to people and to the natural  environment.  EPA will work to clean up
 previously  polluted  sites,  restoring  them  to  uses  appropriate  for  surrounding
 communities, and respond to and prevent waste-related or industrial accidents.
                                Resource Summary
                               (Dollars in Thousands)
                                           FY 1999
                                           Enacted
             FY 2000    FY 2000 - FY 1999
             Request	Difference
 Better Waste Management, Restoration of
 Contaminated Waste Sites, and Emergency
 Response

 Reduce or Control Risks to Human Health

 Prevent, Reduce and Respond to Releases, Spills,
 Accidents or Emergencies
 Total Workyears:
$1,655,913.5   $1,656,719.5
$1,491,141.1

 $164,772.4


    4,316.9
$1,477,134.1

 $179,585.4


    4,246.1
    $806.0



($14,007.0)

 $14,813.0


     -70.8
 Means and Strategy

        Improper waste management and
 disposal threatens the health of people,
 endangers wildlife, and harms vegetation
 and  natural   resources.    Uncontrolled
 hazardous   and   toxic    substances,
 including   radioactive   waste,   often
 migrate to ground water, surface water,
 and  air.   Consequently,  they  affect
 streams,   lakes,   rivers,   and   water
 supplies.  Toxins bioaccumulate in  fish
 or accumulate in sediments.   In 2000,
 EPA will promote safe waste storage,
 treatment, and disposal,  clean  up active
 and inactive  waste disposal  sites,  and
 prevent the creation of new waste sites.

        A principal objective of this goal
 is to reduce or control the risks posed to
 human  health   and  the   environment
 through better waste  management  and
 restoration of abandoned waste sites.  In
 partnership    with    states,     tribal
   governments,  the  public,  and   other
   stakeholders, EPA will reduce or control
   the  risks  to  human  health  and the
   environment at thousands of Superfund,
   Brownfield, Resource  Conservation and
   Recovery    Act     (RCRA),     and
   Underground Storage Tank (UST) sites.
   To achieve this  goal,  EPA strives to
   apply the fastest, most effective waste
   management  and   cleanup  methods
   available,   while   involving   affected
   communities in  the  decision  making
   process.  Effective  use of research and
   enforcement strategies  will  also allow
   the Agency to further reduce the risks
   from exposures to hazardous waste.

          Another  principal objective  of
   this goal is to  prevent, reduce, prepare
   for,  and  respond  to   releases,  spills,
   accidents or emergencies.  Through the
   UST,  RCRA,  Chemical Preparedness
   and Prevention, and Oil programs, the
   Agency  and  its partners manage  the
                                        53

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    Better Waste Management, Restoration of Contaminated
                Waste Sites and Emergency Response
practices of thousands  of facilities  to
prevent  dangerous  releases   to   the
environment.   When releases do occur,
EPA  and  its  partners  will  have  the
capabilities to successfully respond.

Research

       Research  efforts will continue to
focus  on  ground  water  and  soils
research, which seeks to understand  the
process  that   governs  contaminant
transport   and    fate    to   improve
remediation   and   monitoring   tech-
nologies,   especially   their    cost
effectiveness.

       The    principle    areas     of
concentration are exposure to soil and
ground water  contaminants,  assessment
of the risks posed by these contaminants,
cost-effective  management   of  these
risks, and the development of innovative
technologies   to    characterize   and
remediate contaminated sites. Work will
also  continue  under   active  waste
management and combustion facilities.
Through the  development of new and
improved methods and models to assess
exposure and effects, this research will
provide  the fundamental science  and
modeling backbone needed to  conduct
truly     multimedia,    multipathway
exposure modeling and risk assessment.

Highlights

       In 2000, actions taken to clean up
Superfund sites will reduce the effect of
uncontrolled  releases  on  local  pop-
ulations  and  sensitive  environments.
EPA  will complete  construction at 85
Superfund sites and will take action to
address contamination at 300 sites using
removal  authorities.   EPA  will  also
obtain  commitments  from  Potentially
Responsible Parties (PRPs) to start new
construction at National  Priorities  List
(NPL) sites.

       The direction  and emphasis  of
the Superfund program in 2000  is  to
build on past successes and maintain the
pace of site cleanups.  Administrative
reforms  will   continue  to   provide
benefits, which include savings in the
cost and duration of Superfund actions.
Additionally,   Administrative   reforms
have    improved    the    program's
effectiveness and enabled the Agency  to
accomplish   the    following   as    of
September 30,  1998:

*   Over  89%  of  Superfund's  sites
    (1,228   of  1,370)  on the NPL are
    either   undergoing  cleanup  con-
    struction (remedial or removal)  or
    are completed.

*   585 Superfund  sites  have  had  all
    cleanup   construction   completed
    (41% of sites on the NPL).

*   Approximately    5,500    removal
    actions have been taken at hazardous
    waste sites to immediately reduce the
    threat  to  public   health  and  the
    environment.

*   Nearly  31,000   sites  have  been
    removed from the  CERCLIS waste
    site  list   to   help  promote  the
    economic  redevelopment of  these
    properties.

       To   accomplish    Superfund's
objectives,  EPA   works  with  states,
Indian   Tribes,   and  other   Federal
                                       54

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    Better Waste Management, Restoration of Contaminated
                Waste Sites and Emergency Response
agencies to protect human health and the
environment and to restore sites to uses
appropriate for the nearby communities.
The Agency also provides  outreach and
education   to  the  surrounding  com-
munities   to   improve  their  direct
involvement  in   every  phase  of  the
cleanup process and  understanding  of
potential site risks.

       One   of   Superfund's   major
program  goals  is to have  potentially
responsible parties pay for and  conduct
cleanups  at abandoned or uncontrolled
hazardous waste sites.   The Superfund
enforcement program maximizes  PRP
participation  and  is   committed   to
reforms, which increase fairness, reduce
transactions costs and promote economic
redevelopment.  The Agency also  seeks
to recover costs  associated  with  site
cleanup from responsible parties when
trust fund monies have been expended

       Brownfields    are   abandoned,
idled,   or  under-used  industrial  and
commercial  properties which  are  not
Superfund  NPL   sites.     Economic
changes over several decades have left
thousands  of communities with  these
contaminated properties  and  abandoned
sites.   Concerns  about  environmental
liability and cleanup,  infrastructure de-
clines,   and   changing   development
priorities have worsened the situation.

       As with  the  Superfund program,
the  Brownfields   Initiative   has  a
coordinated  federal approach to  assist
our  partners   in  better   addressing
environmental   site   assessment   and
cleanup.  In 2000, the Agency will  fund
50 additional assessment demonstration
pilots   and  supplement  50   existing
assessment pilots to communities. These
pilots  provide   EPA,   States,   local
governments,  and Federally recognized
Tribes with useful information and new
strategies  for  promoting   a  unified
approach    to    environmental    site
assessment  and  characterization,  and
redevelopment.  Beginning in 2000, the
Agency will provide funding to states for
Brownfields   site  assessment  activities
and to facilitate communication between
Brownfields  pilots  and State environ-
mental authorities.  To further enhance a
community's capacity to  respond  to
Brownfields  redevelopment, the Agency
will  also make  70 awards to capitalize
Brownfields  Cleanup Revolving  Loan
Fund Pilots  (BCRLF) to  communities
completing  their  Brown-fields   Site
Assessment  Demonstration  Pilot activ-
ities.  EPA  will  fund 10 job training
pilots for community residents and will
provide   $3.0  million to  NIEHS  to
support  minority  worker training and
augment the communities' capacities  to
cleanup Brownfields sites.  In addition,
EPA   will    continue  to    explore
connections between RCRA low-priority
corrective action efforts and cleanup  of
Brownfields properties.

      In  2000,  the RCRA Corrective
Action program will actively implement
the RCRA  Cleanup  Initiative.    This
initiative targets active sites and is aimed
at   reforming   the   current  RCRA
Corrective   Action  Program.     The
impetus of the RCRA Cleanup Initiative
is to remove barriers that would prevent
the Agency  from  achieving its GPRA
Objective  of reducing risk to human
health and the environment.  The RCRA
Cleanup Initiative has identified several
projects that are intended to:  1) reduce
impediments to  achieving the Agency's
                                       55

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    Better Waste Management, Restoration of Contaminated
                Waste Sites and Emergency Response
objective;   2)   enhance   State   and
stakeholder involvement and; 3) promote
innovative   approaches   to   cleanup
actions.  It incorporates several longer
term efforts to enhance the program into
a    more   comprehensive,    focused
approach.

       In  2000, the RCRA hazardous
waste permits program will have permits
or other approved  controls  in place for
146  additional RCRA  hazardous waste
management facilities for a cumulative
total of 3,380 facilities.  These efforts
will  minimize  the threat of exposure to
hazardous substances because the RCRA
program's  comprehensive   framework
regulates   the   handling,   transport,
treatment,  storage,  and  disposal   of
hazardous waste.   To ensure that these
controls are more effective and efficient,
the Agency will  streamline its  permit
process for  implementors and  for  the
regulated community.

       The Agency has also developed a
strategy  to  address  hazardous waste
combustion facilities.  Phase I  of the
Maximum      Achievable      Control
Technology  (MACT)  standards under
the Clean Air Act,  which  will revise
standards  for  incinerators  and  cement
and lightweight aggregate kilns that burn
hazardous waste  will  be  finalized  in
1999.  Thus, as the MACT standards are
implemented by 2003,  the Agency will
reduce the emissions of dioxins, furans,
and   particulate  matter  from   these
sources. These efforts will further reduce
the indirect exposure (primarily  through
the food chain) to hazardous constituents
in emissions, especially to children.

       The Agency has several efforts to
better  address  risk  in the RCRA  Pro-
gram.  The proposed Hazardous Waste
Identification Rule  seeks to  reg-ulate
lower risk wastes,  such as those that
have already undergone treatment, under
alternative  state  non-hazardous waste
regulation    programs.    The    Air
Characteristics Study will be enhanced
in 2000  to better answer the question
whether  some industrial  wastes  should
be classified  as hazardous because  of
risks posed by  their air  emissions.   In
2000, as part of the Agency's Air Toxics
Initiative, the  RCRA   program  will
explore the need for regulatory changes
to focus  on these  risks from wastewater
treatment tanks, surface impoundments,
and landfills.  The Agency is working to
improve  test  methods  under  its Toxic
Constituent Leaching Procedure (TCLP)
to  better   evaluate  waste   leaching
potential  for assessing whether a waste
should be classified as hazardous,  how
effective  a treatment is,  and whether
land disposal is an  appropriate method
for managing particular wastes.

      In 2000, the Agency will work
toward completing  and  implementing,
with  states  and  industry,  voluntary
guidelines for industrial  non-hazardous
waste management.   These  voluntary
guidelines address  a range  of issues
including groundwater   contamination,
air emissions, and alternatives to waste
disposal.  Although the states implement
the  municipal   solid   waste   (MSW)
landfills   regulatory   programs,  the
Agency   establishes  minimum national
standards for  state  compliance.   The
Agency also reviews and approves  state
MSW    landfill    permit    programs.
Furthermore, the  Agency will continue
working  with  states to  ensure  that  an
additional 141 facilities for a cumulative
of 2,600  out of 3,536 RCRA municipal
                                       56

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    Better Waste Management, Restoration of Contaminated
                Waste Sites and Emergency Response
solid  waste  facilities have  approved
controls  in place to  prevent dangerous
releases to air,  soil,  groundwater,  and
surface  water.    These  activities will
provide  a   uniform  application   of
minimal safe management  standards to
help ensure that sufficient controls are in
place.

       The Agency  conducts  scientific
research to support its programs.  Under
the RCRA program,  the Agency will
conduct  scientific research  on   active
hazardous  waste  management   and
combustion facilities to ensure that our
regulatory approach will  continue to be
successful in the future.   The Agency
seeks  innovative methods for stabilizing
and  solidifying   toxic constituents  in
waste  streams  thereby reducing  their
dispersion  on   the   public   and  the
environment.

       The Agency's highest priorities
in the Underground Storage Tank (UST)
program are to (1) promote and enforce
compliance with  regulatory requirements
aimed at preventing and  detecting UST
releases, thereby  reducing releases to the
environment  and  (2) to  address  the
backlog of 168,000 cleanups of Leaking
Underground  Storage Tanks  (LUST).
The   Agency   anticipates   additional
releases will  be  discovered as owners
and   operators   comply   with   the
December   1998   requirements   for
upgrading,  replacing,  or  closing USTs.
In 2000, the  Agency's anticipates that
21,000   LUST   cleanups   will  be
completed under the supervision of EPA
and its  state, local, and  tribal partners
and that approximately 90%  of  USTs
will be in compliance with the December
22, 1998 requirements.
       Reducing  chemical  accidents is
vital to  ensure  that communities are not
exposed  to  hazardous materials.  The
Agency  continues  its efforts  to  help
states and  Local Emergency  Planning
Committees  (LEPCs) implement  the
Risk  Management  Program  (RMP).
EPA has made steady progress in this
area  and  in  2000,  with  additional
resources, will delegate the RMP to four
additional states for  a cumulative total of
13. To assist in reaching this goal, EPA
will provide technical assistance grants,
as well as technical support outreach and
training to  help both  states and LEPCs
develop   their   accident   prevention
capabilities.   Through these activities,
States,    local    communities   and
individuals will be better  prepared  to
prevent  and   prepare   for   chemical
accidents.

       Every day oil spills pose risks to
human health, the environment and the
economy.   EPA's  Oil  Spill  program
responds to  and monitors oil spills that
occur in the waters  of the United States
and  adjoining   shorelines.    Approx-
imately 20,000 oil  spills are  reported
annually.   Over  the  past  three  years,
EPA has received and evaluated 35,000
oil  spill notifications, served  as lead
responder at 275 oil  spills,  and shared
responsibility with other  parties at 475
responses.   To  prevent   spills to  the
greatest extent  practicable,  the Agency
will   take   preventive   measures  by
ensuring that 400 additional oil  storage
facilities are  in compliance  with  the
Spill   Control   and  Countermeasures
(SPCC) regulations.  In addition,  the
Agency will improve the  quality and
quantity  of  data  provided  in Area
Contingency  Plans,  especially  con-
cerning  environmentally sensitive and
                                       57

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    Better Waste Management, Restoration of Contaminated
                Waste Sites and Emergency Response
economically  important   areas.   By
working    with    state    and   local
governments and  industry,  EPA's Area
Planning activities ensure effective and
immediate  cleanup of oil spills.

       In  the  event  of a  terrorist  act
where there is a threat to human health
or  the  environment,  the  Agency  is
prepared to respond.   The  Agency has
begun  to  prepare and educate  other
organizations  such   as  our   Federal
partners,  and  state  and local  planners
about the National Response System and
the  National  Domestic Preparedness
Program  for terrorist events.   In 2000,
the Agency will  provide anti-terrorism
training to 19 of the  most vulnerable
communities.

Research

       In   2000,   the  Agency   will
continue to focus  its  research efforts in
the  exposure,  risk   assessment,  and
remediation areas of  waste  research.
Developing field analytical  methods for
characterizing  groundwater and  soils,
producing  ecological   soil  screening
values  for common  soil contaminants,
and  researching  innovative   uses   of
abiotic treatment  technologies  continue
to be  pivotal areas  of focus in  the
Agency's    effort   to   support    the
assessment and remediation  of sites with
contaminated soil and groundwater.

       Research  in  support of multi-
media science  for the Hazardous Waste
Identification   Rule   (HWIR)   will
continue  in 2000.  The intent of these
efforts  is to develop a systems  approach
to  modeling  and  data management.
Such  an   approach   will   facilitate
scientifically  credible  assessments  of
multimedia-based human and ecological
exposure   to    chemical    stressors.
Combustion research  will  provide  the
technical basis to determine risks and set
operational monitoring and  controls for
individual combustion  facilities.

2000 Annual Performance Goals:

*  In 2000, 170 (for a cumulative total
   of  408 or  24%)  of high  priority
   RCRA  facilities will have human
   exposures controlled and 170 (for a
   cumulative total of 289 or 17%) of
   high  priority  RCRA  facilities  will
   have   groundwater  releases  con-
   trolled.

*  In  2000,  complete 21,000 Leaking
   Underground Storage  Tank (LUST)
   Cleanups  for  a  cumulative total of
   246,000 cleanups since 1987.

*  In 2000, EPA will  fund Brownfields
   site  assessments   in   50   more
   communities,  thus  reaching   350
   communities by the end of 2000.

*  In  2000,  EPA will  complete  85
   Superfund   cleanups  (construction
   completions), continuing on a path to
   reach 925 completed cleanups by the
   end of 2002.

*  In  2000,   enhance  scientifically-
   defensible decisions for  site cleanup
   by  providing targeted  research &
   technical support.

*  In    2000,    ensure   trust   fund
   stewardship by recovering costs from
   PRPs when  EPA expends trust fund
   monies. Address cost recovery at all
   NPL  and  non-NPL  sites  with  a
                                       58

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 Better Waste Management, Restoration of Contaminated
            Waste Sites and Emergency Response
statute of limitations on  total  past
costs  equal  to  or greater  than
$200,000.

In 2000,  maximize all  aspects  of
PRP participation., including 70% of
the   work  conducted   on   new
construction starts  at  non-Federal
Facility   sites  on  the  NPL,  and
emphasize fairness in the  settlement
process.  Result is timely and  pro-
tective clean up of the Nation's worst
contaminated    sites   and   other
significant threats to public health.

In 2000,  ensure compliance  with
Federal    facility   statutes   and
CERCLA Agreements  and  ensure
completion of current NPL CERCLA
lAGs.

In 2000,  146 more hazardous waste
management  facilities  will   have
approved controls in place to prevent
dangerous releases  to air,  soil, and
groundwater, for a total of 65 percent
of 3,380 facilities.

In 2000, 400 additional facilities will
be  in compliance  with  the  Spill
Prevention, Control  and  Counter-
measure (SPCC) provisions of the oil
pollution prevention regulations (for
a cumulative of 890 facilities since
1997).

In 2000, 90%  of USTs will be  in
compliance with the December 22,
1998,  requirements, which improves
upon  the estimated 65 percent as of
the December 22, 1998 deadline.
In  2000,   enhance  scientifically
defensible   decisions   for   active
management  of  wastes,  including
combustion,  by  providing targeted
research   and  technical  support.
                                   59

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Goal 5: Key Programs



Waste Management
Assessments
ATSDR Superfund Support
Brownfields
Civil Enforcement
Common Sense Initiative
Community Right to Know (Title III)
Compliance Assistance and Centers
EMPACT
Federal Facilities
Federal Preparedness
Hazardous Substance Research:Hazardous Substance Research
Centers
Hazardous Substance Research: Superfund Innovative
Technology Evaluation (SITE)
Hazardous Waste Research
Leaking Underground Storage Tanks (LUST) Cooperative
Agreements
NIEHS Superfund Support
Oil Spills Preparedness, Prevention and Response
Other Federal Agency Superfund Support
Project XL
RCRA Corrective Action
RCRA Permitting
RCRA State Grants
Risk Management Plans
Superfund - Cost Recovery
Superfund - Justice Support
Superfund - Maximize PRP Involvement (including reforms)
Superfund Remedial Actions
Superfund Removal Actions
Underground Storage Tanks (UST)
UST State Grants
Waste Combustion


FY 1999
Enacted

$87,738.80
$76,000.00
$91,538.90
$1,234.00
$265.60
$4,683.50
$274.80
$398.40
$28,641.60
$11,060.20
$1,067.20

$7,663.10

$6,619.30
$58,990.00

$60,000.00
$11,988.00
$10,000.00
$112.60
$18,167.40
$15,388.60
$52,302.50
$7,258.30
$30,494.10
$29,000.00
$89,109.20
$588,190.00
$199,419.10
$6,077.90
$10,544.70
$7,346.70
I
FY 2000
President's
Budget

$88,970.30
$64,000.00
$91,667.50
$1,334.70
$95.50
$5,099.40
$342.70
$440.20
$28,720.40
$11,060.20
$1,092.50

$7,114.60

$7,249.60
$57,750.00

$48,526.70
$12,437.50
$11,035.00
$114.30
$22,755.50
$16,773.00
$52,302.50
$11,804.60
$30,494.10
$28,663.50
$89,234.50
$592,842.50
$207,399.90
$6,345.30
$11,944.70
$7,297.70
60

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    Reduction of Global and Cross-Border Environmental Risks
   Strategic Goal: The United States will lead other nations in successful, multilateral
   efforts to reduce significant risks to human health and ecosystems from climate
   change, stratospheric ozone depletion, and other hazards of international concern.
                                Resource Summary
                               (Dollars in Thousands)

Reduction of Global and Cross-border Environmental
Risks
Reduce Transboundary Threats: Shared North
American Ecosystems
Climate Change
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
Protect Public Health and Ecosystems From
Persistent Toxics
Achieve Cleaner and More Cost-Effective
Practices
Total Workyears:
FY 1999
Enacted
$229,366.9
$71,025.9
$127,968.9
$17,033.8
$4,125.8
$9,212.5
522.4
FY 2000
Request
$407,414.2
$119,987.5
$242,765.0
$27,046.5
$6,943.1
$10,672.1
519.9
FY 2000 FY 1999
Difference
$178,047.3
$48,961.6
$114,796.1
$10,012.7
$2,817.3
$1,459.6
-2.5
Means and Strategy

          Pollutants   are   oblivious   to
   geographic and political boundaries, and
   their  propensity  to  migrate  threatens
   human  health  and  the  environment,
   demanding   coordinated   international
   action.   The United  States  addresses
   global environmental  problems, such as
   climate change and stratospheric  ozone
   depletion,    through    bilateral    and
   multilateral   consultations  and   agree-
   ments.  Other problems are not  global
   but cross  borders, such as between the
   US and Mexico, and between the US and
   Canada.  In the Great Lakes, and  in our
   marine  and Arctic environments, EPA
   uses  a  geographic approach  to  direct
   environmental action.

          EPA  will use a variety of ap-
   proaches to prevent harm to the  global
   environment and ecosystems including:
1)  forming bilateral  and multilateral
environmental  agreements, environmen-
tal   foreign   policy   initiatives,  and
regional  and  global  negotiations;  2)
cooperating with  other  countries  to
ensure that domestic and international
environmental    laws,   policies,   and
priorities  are  recognized  and  imple-
mented; 3) working  with  other Federal
agencies, states,  business,  and environ-
mental groups to promote the flow  of
environmentally    sustainable    tech-
nologies    and  services   worldwide;
facilitating   cooperative  research  and
development programs; and international
technical assistance,  training and infor-
mation  exchange;   and 4)  promoting
public/private  partnership  programs  to
reduce   greenhouse    gas  emissions.
                                         61

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  Reduction of Global and Cross-Border Environmental Risks
       Greenhouse  gases, for example,
are produced by burning  coal, oil,  and
natural gas to heat our homes, power our
cars,   and    illuminate   our   cities.
Deforestation  and  land  clearing also
contribute   to  the    production   of
greenhouse  gases.    These  gases may
have   several  environmental  effects:
raising    atmospheric    and    ocean
temperatures,    ultimately    changing
weather patterns; increasing evaporation,
drying  soil  and  increasing  drought;
increasing precipitation and its intensity,
causing floods; increasing incidences of
heat waves; and raising sea levels.

       Possible  adverse  consequences
for human  health  include:  increasing
numbers of deaths associated  with heat
waves;   increasing incidence of allergic
disorders;  and increasing diseases that
thrive  in  warmer  climates,  such  as
malaria,  yellow fever,  dengue  fever,
encephalitis,  and cholera.   Since  the
early  1990s,  EPA  has  been building
partnerships  with  businesses  in   all
sectors of the economy in order to meet
the  1990  Framework  Convention  on
Climate  Change  (FCCC)  objective  to
stabilize  greenhouse gases emissions at
1990  levels.   EPA also plays a  major
role in the President's Climate Change
Technology Initiative  (CCTI), launched
in October,  1997,  and  included  in the
1999 Budget.

Research

       EPA's  research  and assessment
activities  will  evaluate  the  potential
consequences  of  global   change  and
climate variability in the United  States.
These   assessments  will  focus   on
evaluating the impacts  of  global change
on   human   health,  ecosystems,  and
economic systems at regional, state, and
local  scales.   Among the impacts the
agency will examine are  the spread of
vector-borne  and water-borne  disease,
changes  in landscape  cover  and the
migration of plant  and animal  species,
and  changes in farm  productivity and
food  distribution.   These research and
assessment activities are an integral part
of the U.S. National Assessment Process
of the U.S.  Global  Change Research
Program

Highlights

       EPA's  continued  leadership is
necessary  to  build  the  international
cooperation and technical capacity that
are essential to prevent  harm  to the
global environment  and ecosystems that
we share with other nations.  In 2000,
EPA will use a variety of approaches to
prevent harm to the  global environment
and ecosystems.

       Recognizing   that   no    single
country  can resolve  the  problem  of
global climate  change, EPA will help
facilitate   the international  cooperation
necessary to achieve the stabilization of
greenhouse  gas  concentrations.   The
1992 Framework Convention on Climate
Change  (FCCC)  set the objective of
stabilizing  greenhouse   gas   concen-
trations at a level  that would  prevent
dangerous anthropogenic   interference
with  the  climate   system.  On  the
domestic  side,  EPA  will encourage
voluntary partnerships, provide technical
assistance and promote State and local
efforts to achieve future green house gas
emission   reductions.   Administration-
wide, the programs launched in the 1993
Climate  Change Action  Plan have the
potential  to reduce U.S. greenhouse gas
                                       62

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  Reduction of Global and Cross-Border Environmental Risks
emissions by  over 160  million metric
tons of  carbon equivalent (MMTCE)
annually by the year 2010.

       The  Agency  will  contribute to
the science  underpinning  U.S.  policy,
including  the  assessment  of  conse-
quences of climate change and climate
variability.   Particular attention will be
paid to  the  potential  beneficial  and
detrimental  consequences  of  climate
variability and change for human health,
ecosystems, and economic systems at the
regional,  state and local levels.   EPA
will play a major part in peer-reviewed
economic and  policy analyses that serve
U.S.  policy-makers  and  international
negotiators.

       To  protect  the   earth's  strato-
spheric ozone  layer,  EPA will continue
to regulate ozone-depleting compounds
and foster the development and use of
alternative  chemicals in the  U.S.  and
abroad.

       The United States response to the
harmful  effects  of stratospheric  ozone
depletion is its commitment to honor the
Montreal  Protocol  by  phasing  out
domestic production  of  ozone-depleting
substances  (ODSs).  EPA's role stems
from the Protocol and  Title VI of the
Clean Air  Act Amendments of 1990.
EPA helps other countries  find suitable
alternatives to  ODSs , informs the public
about the dangers of overexposure to UV
radiation, and  uses pollution prevention
strategies  to require  the recycling of
ODSs and hydroflourocarbons.

       Reduced   risks   from   toxics,
especially persistent organic  pollutants
and selected metals that circulate in the
environment  at   global  and  regional
scales, will be achieved by working with
the  Department  of  State  and  other
countries to control the production  and
use or phaseout of targeted chemicals.
EPA is also working to reach agreement
on  import  and  export  requirements
applicable  to  certain  chemicals,   an
expansion  of  pollutant  release   and
transfer registers and the harmonization
of  chemical  testing,  assessment  and
labeling   procedures.   The   goal   of
international   harmonization  of   test
guidelines is  to reduce the burden  on
chemical companies of  repeated testing
in satisfying the regulatory requirements
of different jurisdictions both within the
United   States   and   internationally.
Harmonization also expands the universe
of toxic chemicals for which needed
testing  information  is  available,  and
fosters   efficiency   in   international
information   exchange    and   mutual
international acceptance  of chemical test
data.  For test guideline harmonization,
EPA will  continue to cooperate closely
with  other Federal  agencies  and  the
Organization  for Economic Cooperation
and    Development    (OECD)    in
harmonizing testing guidelines.

       Internationally, the Agency will
oversee the implementation of the global
POPs  convention  and  continue  our
efforts in reducing the use of leaded
gasoline   globally.     Working   with
Canada,  we   are   moving  to  reduce
sulphur  dioxide   and   nitrogen  oxide
emissions that  cause   acid rain,  and
protect  shared   ecosystems  along  our
northern border.  EPA  will assess  and
report  on  the state of key  Great Lakes
ecosystem components,  provide current
status   and  trend  information   and
coordinate  measurement  of  environ-
mental indicators applicable to the entire
                                       63

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  Reduction of Global and Cross-Border Environmental Risks
Great Lakes Basin.  Through open lake
and nearshore sediments monitoring, and
the joint Great Lakes  National Program
Office  (GLNPO)  Canadian  integrated
atmospheric deposition network  reports
will be  issued on, or developed for, the
15 GLNPO "Monitoring Indices."

       The U.S. is  working with other
OECD member countries  to implement
the International Screening Information
Data  Set (SIDS)  program, a voluntary
international     cooperative     testing
program started in 1990. The program's
focus is on developing base-level  test
information  (including  data on basic
chemistry,      environmental      fate,
environmental effects and health effects)
for international high production volume
chemicals.   SIDS data will be used to
screen chemicals and to set priorities for
further testing and/or assessment.   The
Agency will review testing needs for 50
SIDS chemicals in 2000.

       To  reduce  environmental   and
human   health   risks    along   the
U.S./Mexico  Border,  EPA  is working
with the border states and Mexico in a
multi-media approach targeted at air and
water  quality  and   hazardous  waste
management   and  disposal.     Nine
working groups will address key issues
working closely with state  and local
agencies on both sides of the  border.
EPA will also support the  financing and
construction of wastewater treatment and
solid waste facilities.

       The Agency will focus attention
on  concern for children   exposure to
environmental  tobacco smoke.     The
focus  of the  Agency's   international
program is to improve the protection   of
children's  health  from  environmental
threats  by:  prioritizing  the   research
needs  identified,  seeking to  allocate
research     among     countries    and
international  organizations, agreeing on
timelines,  and developing  international
reporting mechanisms.  In addition, EPA
is focusing on those Sub-Saharan Africa
countries   and   specific   sectors  (i.e.,
refineries,   mining   companies,   and
stockpilers of agricultural  chemicals) in
those  countries  which   are   major
contributors  to  globally  circulating
chemical/toxic   risks,   focusing   on
pesticides, mercury and lead.

Research

       Research    and     assessment
activities  will   examine  the  potential
consequences  of  climate  change for
human health and ecosystems  in  three
regions in  the United  States: the  Mid-
Atlantic,  the Gulf of Mexico,  and the
Great Lakes  regions.   EPA will  assess
the possibility   of changes in  disease
patterns  due to changing  climate, the
impact of heat  stress on populations,
especially the elderly  and children, and
the  socioeconomic   consequences  of
extreme   weather  events,  such  as
hurricanes,   floods,   and  droughts.
Researchers will also analyze the impact
of climate  change and variation on the
ability of ecosystems to provide services
that many of us rely on but often take for
granted, such as water filtration and air
purification.   The  outcome  of  these
assessments will help inform  decision
making regarding  strategies to address
possible   changes   and  variations  in
climate.
                                       64

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  Reduction of Global and Cross-Border Environmental Risks
FY 2000 Annual Performance Goals:

*  In  2000,  9  additional  water/waste
   water  projects  along the Mexican
   border will  be  certified for  design-
   construction for a cumulative total of
   34 projects.

*  In  2000,  assess and  report  on  the
   state of key Great Lakes ecosystem
   components,  report  current  status
   and trend information to Great Lakes
   environmental managers, and coor-
   dinate   measurement  of  SOLEC
   environmental indicators applicable
   to the entire Great Lakes Basin.

*  In 2000, assess the consequences of
   global  change and climate variability
   at a regional scale.

*  In  2000, greenhouse  gas emissions
   will be reduced from projected levels
   by  more than 50 million metric  ton
   carbon equivalent  per year through
   EPA  partnerships  with businesses,
   schools,  State   and  local  govern-
   ments,  and  other  organiza-tions.
   Reduction  level  will  increase  10
   million metric tons over 1999.

*  In 2000, reduce energy consumption
   from projected  levels by more than
   60 billion kilowatt hours, resulting in
   over $8 billion  in energy savings to
   consumers  and  businesses   that
   participate  in EPA's  climate change
   programs.   Increase  of 15 billion
   kilowatt  hours  &  $5  million  in
   annual energy savings over 1999.

*  In 2000, demonstrate technology  for
   a 70 mpg mid-size family sedan that
   has  low  emissions   and is  safe,
   practical, and affordable.
In 2000,  restrict domestic consump-
tion   of  class   II  HCFCs   below
208,400  metric  tonnes  (MTs)  and
restrict domestic  exempted produc-
tion  and  import of newly  produced
class  I  CFCs  and  halons   below
130,000 MTs.

In   2000,   successfully   conclude
international negotiations on a global
convention  on  Persistent   Organic
Pollutants (POPs) reaching   agree-
ment on POPs  selection  criteria,
technical      assistance,  and   risk
management  commitments on speci-
fied POPs.

In 2000, deliver 30  international
training  modules;   implement   6
technical    assistance/   technology
dissemination projects;  implement 5
cooperative    policy  development
project; & disseminate info products
on US  environmental  technologies
and  techniques  to  2500   foreign
customers.
                                      65

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                           Goal 6:  Key Programs
                                                                          FY 2000
                                                         FY1999        President's
                                                         Enacted         Budget
Global and Cross Border
CCTI: Research                                             $10,000.00            $0.00
Climate Change Research                                     $16,670.50        $22,833.60
Climate Change Technology Initiative: Buildings                 $38,800.00        $80,100.00
Climate Change Technology Initiative: Carbon Removal               $0.00        $3,400.00
Climate Change Technology Initiative: Industry                  $18,600.00        $55,600.00
Climate Change Technology Initiative: State and Local             $2,900.00        $5,000.00
 Climate Change Program
Climate Change Technology Initiative: Transportation            $31,750.00        $61,900.00
EMPACT                                                     $671.40          $385.10
Environment and Trade                                        $4,514.60        $4,236.80
Global Toxics                                                  $932.30        $2,967.00
Great Lakes National Program Office (CWAP)                   $14,614.60        $13,367.50
International Capacity Building                                 $7,400.00        $10,400.00
Multilateral Fund                                            $11,362.00        $21,000.00
Partnership with Industrial and Other Countries                   $6,176.40        $8,234.00
U.S. - Mexico Border                                         $4,929.40        $5,056.30
Water Infrastructure Mexico Border                            $50,000.00      $100,000.00
                                         66

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       Expansion of Americans' Right-to Know About Their
	Environment	

 Strategic Goal: Easy  access to a wealth of information  about the state of their local
 environment will expand  citizen  involvement and  give  people  tools to protect their
 families and their communities as they see fit.  Increased information exchange between
 scientists, public health officials, businesses, citizens, and all levels of government will
 foster greater knowledge about the environment and what can be done to  protect it.
                                Resource Summary
                               (Dollars in Thousands)

Expansion of Americans
Environment
Increase Quality /Quantity
Availability


' Right to Know About their
of Education, Outreach, Data
FY 1999
Enacted
$133,467.2
$67,818.5
FY 2000
Request
$144,599.1
$77,487.5
FY 2000-FY 1999
Difference.
$11,131.9
$9,669.0
 Improve Public's Ability to Reduce Exposure

 Enhance Ability to Protect Public Health

 Total Workyears:
$42,247.7

$23,401.0

 720.8
$41,230.8

$25,880.8

 754.3
($1,016.9)

 $2,479.8

  33.5
 Means and Strategy

        Providing  all  Americans  with
 access  to sound environmental  infor-
 mation and involving the  public in our
 work   are   essential   parts   of   a
 comprehensive  approach  to  protecting
 the environment.  This goal is premised
 on the concept that all U.S. citizens have
 a "right-to-know" about the pollutants in
 their environment,  including  land, air
 and water pollution as well as potential
 health  effects of the chemicals used in
 the  food they  consume  and  everyday
 products they purchase.  This premise is
 especially important to minority,  low-
 income,    and    Native    American
 communities  that   suffer  a   dispro-
 portionate share of health effects  from
 poor environmental conditions.  Access
 to  environmental  information enables
 American citizens  to make  informed
  decisions about their local environment.
  It also leads to creative and sustainable
  solutions to environmental risks, as well
  as opportunities for preventing pollution.
  The  Agency  believes  all U.S.  citizens
  have  the  right to   knowledge   and
  representation   in  public  policy   and
  environmental decision-making.

         The purpose  of this goal is to
  empower  the  American public  with
  information,  enabling  them to  make
  informed  decisions  regarding  environ-
  mental  issues  in  their  communities.
  EPA  will  expand environmental  edu-
  cation, outreach  and  data  availability.
  EPA will also expand the range of data it
  collects and  improve  the quality  and
  usability  of the data.   The Agency  will
  also ensure the data  are widely available
  through the Internet, mass  media  and
  other sources.
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      Expansion of Americans' Right-to Know About Their
                                Environment
       The right-to-know  is fundamen-
tal to EPA's mission and the effective
management of our data is an important
aspect of  measuring our progress  in
protecting the  American people and the
environment from  toxic substances and
pollution.   The Agency has accelerated
its efforts to improve the accuracy of its
data,  and  to  reduce  the burdens  to
industry associated with reporting.  Also
the Agency is working to enhance the
coordination of data collection activities
with  states  and to improve  our  data
collection  methods and use  the latest
technologies to consolidate information
on a single Internet site.

       The  Agency   is  working  to
redesign its internal structure  to better
meet the information demands of the 21st
century.     EPA's  new   vision  and
approach  to  information  management
will  involve  the creation  of a single
program manager and office responsible
for information management, policy and
information   technology   stewardship
across the Agency. This office would be
responsible    for    developing   and
implementing information  standards and
accountability systems that will improve
environmental   information  within  the
Agency and the information provided to
the public.   This office would oversee
data collection, assure data quality, and
make  sure that data are appropriate for
intended uses.   The office would also
work   toward   reducing   information
collection  and reporting burden; filling
significant  data  gaps;  and  providing
integrated   environmental   and  public
health information  and  statistics to the
public.
Research

       The  President's  Environmental
Monitoring  for  Public  Access   and
Community Tracking  (EMPACT) pro-
gram will continue research to provide
the public with  information regarding
local   environmental   conditions  (e.g.
toxic pollutants, water and air  quality).
EMPACT will provide at least 75 of the
nation's largest metropolitan areas with
access  to  information  regarding  the
quality of their local environments, and
relevant scientific and technical tools to
interpret and evaluate  potential impacts
and risks to these environments. Citizen
involvement in protecting the  environ-
ment will also be expanded through the
Integrated  Risk   Information   System
(IRIS).  IRIS is a database of consensus
health  information  on  environmental
contaminants and is used extensively by
EPA  Program  Offices  and   Regions
where  consistent,   reliable   toxicity
information is needed for credible risk
assessments.

Highlights

       The increasing easy  availability
of public  access  to   electronic media
offers unprecedented   opportunities for
EPA  to  provide  citizens  with  the
information necessary to effect  substan-
tial environmental improve-ments.   In
support  of  this  objective   and  the
President's "Right-to-Know" goals, EPA
will continue to increase the amount and
quality of publicly available information
on environmental programs.  EPA also
realizes that while it is important to
provide up-to-date, accurate information,
it must also ensure the public finds the
information  useful.      The   Agency
collects data in a variety of systems, on a
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      Expansion of Americans' Right-to Know About Their
                                Environment
variety of environmental  pollutants that
impact land, air, water as well as data on
potential  health effects of chemicals in
food and manufactured products.  EPA
is  aggressively  seeking to  integrate all
relevant sources of data and information
to  enhance user-friendliness for the non-
technical user and to support compre-
hensive  approaches  to  environmental
protection.

       In partnership with states,  the
Agency will pursue efforts to expand
publicly  available information.   This
includes   the   One-Stop    Reporting
initiative,   the  Reinventing   Environ-
mental Information (REI) initiative, and
the Envirofacts database.  The Center for
Environmental     Information     and
Statistics  (CEIS)  will   serve  as  the
Agency's point  of internal focus and
convenient  point  of  external  public
access   for   integrated,  multimedia
information.  Data integration  will be
promoted through such projects in 2000
as   Integrated Data  for  Enforcement
Analysis  (IDEA) and the  Sector Facility
Indexing    Project     (SFIP)    and
Environmental  Monitoring for  Public
Access   and   Community   Tracking
(EMPACT).

       The   Agency-wide   Enhanced
Public Access Project   will make all
significant Agency guidance and policy
statements    electronically    accessible
along with site-specific interpretations of
the  regulated  entities'   environmental
management  practices.    In  2000, 90
percent of Agency policy and guidance
documents  will  be  available  via  the
Internet to regions, states, industry, and
the public.   EPA  will  also  work  to
develop and  improve existing tools  to
identify  communities  most dispropor-
tionately affected by toxic releases and
hazards.   The Agency will focus on
collaboration and coordination of efforts
to address  environmental justice issues
within EPA  and with  other  Federal
agencies.

       The Agency is working to ensure
that  small  business  (and  other  small
entities,  such  as  communities  and
non-profit  organizations)  have   easy
access   to    information   and   may
participate  appropriately in regulatory
activities that  affect them.   EPA  is
seeking as  well  to  reduce paperwork
burden on small business. The Agency's
Small  Business  Advocacy  Chair has
moved aggressively  to implement not
only the letter, but the spirit of the Small
Business    Regulatory   Enforcement
Fairness Act (SBREFA); the Agency has
completed 13  Small Business Advocacy
Panels to date,  which  have noticeably
reduced  potential burdens  on  small
entities.  The Agency's Small Business
Ombudsman serves as EPA's focal point
for   small   business   outreach  and
information; it also  conducts oversight
and reports annually to Congress on state
assistance  to  small  businesses under
Section 507 of the Clean Air Act.

       In 2000, EPA  will  continue  to
coordinate  with the  National Advisory
Council  on Environmental Policy and
Technology  (NACEPT) and its standing
committees to  identify and  foster  new
environmental    technologies.    Other
activities   include  facilitating   and
monitoring the  Agency's response  to
NACEPT  recommendations  that   are
accepted by  the Administrator,  and
managing statutorily-mandated  advisory
committees    dealing    with    North
American   Free   Trade   Agreement
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      Expansion of Americans' Right-to Know About Their
                                Environment
(NAFTA)  implementation  and  U.S./
Mexico border issues.   The advisory
committees are:  the  National Advisory
Committee/   Governmental  Advisory
Committee  and  the  Good  Neighbor
Environmental Board.

       The Agency will  implement the
Electronic    Data   Interchange   for
Discharge Monitoring  Reports  (DMR)
which will allow National Pollutant Dis-
charge Elimination  Systems  (NPDES)
permittees  to submit  monitoring  data
electronically to EPA, rather than filing
quarterly paper reports.   As part of the
Agency's  integration efforts, drinking
water systems will provide customers an
annual consumer  confidence report that
contains  information about the  quality
and  source(s) of  their drinking  water
beginning in  2000.  EPA's watershed-
related   electronic  outreach  efforts,
including Surf Your  Watershed and the
Index  of Watershed  Indicators,  will
directly support efforts to implement the
President's "Right-to-Know"  goal   by
providing up-to-date, accurate  pictures
of the conditions and  stressors.

       Under the  Emergency Planning
and  Community   Right-To-Know Act
(EPCRA),   EPA  is   committed   to
expanding environmental release  infor-
mation gathered under the Toxic Release
Inventory   (TRI)  by   increasing  the
chemicals covered and  expanding  the
industrial  sectors  required   to  report.
Examples include: adding  to the TRI
reporting    list    approximately    40
chemicals    deferred    from   earlier
rulemakings,   assessing  the  need  to
include additional industrial sectors, and
evaluating the need  for  more in-depth
chemical use data.  In 2000,  EPA  also
will process 110,000 facility reports and
issue  the TRI Public Data Release for
reporting year 1998.  EPA will continue
to expand  the  use of the Internet for
delivering this  information and we are
making information  available  by  zip
code,  and facility.  Over time, there has
been a significant decrease in the amount
of  toxic  materials  released  into  the
environment, according to TRI reporting
by facilities.

       The   Pesticides   program  em-
phasizes  effective  public  outreach  as
well  as   extensive  interaction   with
stakeholders   to   ensure   that   the
information provided keeps  pace  with
the   latest   scientific   developments.
Public access  tools  are  selected  for
convenience  to  a  broad audience  -
industry,    farmers   and   agricultural
workers,   and  the  public  at   large.
Websites,  databases  and  risk modeling
programs   are   available  along   with
brochures,  fact sheets, public meetings
and training sessions,  and information
hotlines.

       To  help  communities  identify
information needs and devise methods to
collect environmental    data, EPA is
developing   and  piloting   risk-based
screening  tools to  help  communities
understand  environmental data.  These
tools  will   be  pilot-tested  and  then
disseminated  to  other    communities
across the nation, enhancing the public's
ability to address  the areas of greatest
concern for their communities. To help
the public  have  adequate  access  to
timely and  credible  risk  assessment
information,  EPA will apply new  and
upgraded    technology    that    will
incorporate  a  systematic  approach  to
automated  sampling, real-time analysis
and  communication  of  environmental
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      Expansion of Americans' Right-to Know About Their
                                Environment
data,  and provide timely,  reliable  and
consistent environmental  information in
a  meaningful  format  that  is  easily
accessible by the public.

       As a guiding principle, EMPACT
will  strive to break new ground in the
use of updated technology solutions as
well as communication of environmental
information that the  public needs to
know  as  part  of    their day-to-day
decision-making.   EPA will coordinate
EMPACT activities among federal, state,
Tribal, and local governments as well as
stakeholders, such as  community health
officials, businesses, industries, schools
and  environmental organizations.   The
Integrated  Risk   Information  System
(IRIS) supports EPA's community-based
environmental  research which  is  used
extensively  by  EPA Program  Offices
and  Regions where  consistent, reliable
toxicity  information   is   needed  for
credible risk assessments. Guidance and
support will be provided to risk assessors
through the provision  of risk assessment
guidelines,  expert   consultation   and
support, and risk assessment training.

       Currently  in  development  is  a
state-of-the-art   scientific  information
system   that   will   facilitate  com-
munication and increase efficiency to do
research   among  Agency  staff   and
stakeholder partners.  It will be access-
ible on public world wide networks.  Use
of web-enabled technology will provide
agency scientists and  professionals easy
access for retrieval, analysis and archival
of data and  documentation to support
human   health   and   environmental
research   using  a  standard   desktop
Internet  browser.    The  system   will
improve  scientists' operations,  reduce
research    costs  and  facilitate  new
analyses  as  teams of scientists will  be
able to integrate research data.  By 2000,
the system will be compatible with the
National   Spatial  Data   Infrastructure
(NSDI) services.

       Efforts to allow better integration
with our  state and local  partners will
continue, including support to the Local
Government  Advisory Committee and
the   Small    Town   Advisory   Sub-
committee. In addition, EPA will design
and  manage meetings and conference
calls  and work with  states and  state
associations to ensure that state concerns
are  considered   in  Agency  policies,
guidance, and regulations.

       Finally,   EPA  will   provide
technical assistance to both Headquarters
and Regional program office personnel
to  ensure  that  small,  minority and
women-owned businesses receive a "fair
share" of Agency procurement dollars.
This "fair share" may be received either
directly  or  indirectly  through   EPA
grants,  contracts,  cooperative  agree-
ments,   or   interagency    agreements.
Pursuant  to   P.L.  No.  102-389,  the
Agency  has  a  national  goal of  8%
utilization  of  minority  and  women-
owned businesses in the total value  of
Agency  procurements  and  financial
assistance agreements. This activity will
enhance the  ability of small, minority
and   women-owned   businesses   to
participate in the Agency's  objective to
protect public health.
2000 Annual Performance Goals:

*  In 2000, the Agency will streamline
   and    improve   the    information
   reporting   process   between   state
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   Expansion of Americans' Right-to Know About Their
                            Environment
partners and EPA by increasing the
number of state participants in the
One Stop Reporting  program from
29 to 38.

In 2000, ensure that EPA's policies,
programs  and  activities  including
public  meetings,  address  minority
and low income community issues so
that no segment of the population
suffers   disproportionately   from
adverse  health  or  environmental
effects,  and that all people live in
clean,   healthy   and   sustainable
communities     consistent     with
Executive Order 12898.

In 2000, improve  public access to
compliance and  enforcement  docu-
ments and data, particularly to high
risk  communities,  through  multi-
media  data integration projects  and
other    studies,   analyses    and
communication/outreach activities.

In  2000,  all   community   water
systems will issue  annual consumer
confidence  reports  according to the
rule promulgated in August 1998.

In  2000,  process  all   submitted
facility  chemical  release  reports;
publish annual summary of TRI data;
provide improved information to the
public  about TRI chemicals;  and
maximize  public  access  to  TRI
information.

In 2000 75%  of  EMPACT  com-
munities have  in  place,  or  have
initiated, community-based strategies
or  time   relevant  environmental
monitoring,  information   manage-
ment and communication that will
result  in   sustained   community
capacity to deliver timely environ-
mental information.
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                          Goal 7:  Key Programs
                                                                    FY 2000
                                                    FY1999       President's
                                                    Enacted         Budget
Right-to-Know
Center for Environmental Statistics (CEIS)                    $3,965.80        $8,054.40
Drinking Water Consumer Awareness                        $1,365.80        $1,467.90
EMPACT                                               $8,206.30       $13,630.70
Environmental Education                                   $7,767.60        $8,426.10
GLOBE                                                    $0.00        $1,000.00
Information Technology Management                        $4,234.80        $6,743.50
Pesticide Registration                                      $5,214.20        $4,454.10
Pesticide Reregistration                                    $5,461.70        $4,111.40
Reinventing Environmental Information (REI)               $12,547.80       $15,731.80
SBREFA                                                 $760.30         $777.30
Small Business Ombudsman                                $1,110.30        $1,120.30
Small, Minority, Women-Owned Business Assistance           $2,064.40        $2,338.40
Superfund - Maximize PRP Involvement (including              $364.40           $0.00
reforms)
Toxic Release Inventory / Right-to-Know (RtK)              $19,799.60       $18,811.50
Urban Environmental Quality and Human Health                  $0.00        $3,395.00
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74

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   Sound Science, Improved Understanding of Environmental
              Risk, and Greater Innovation to Address
                       Environmental Problems
Strategic Goal: EPA will develop and apply the best available science for addressing
current and future environmental hazards, as well as new approaches toward improving
environmental protection.
Resource Summary
(Dollars in Thousands)
FY 1999
Enacted
Sound Science, Improved Understanding of Env. Risk
and Greater Innovation to Address Env. Problems
Research for Ecosystem Assessment and
Restoration
Research for Human Health Risk Assessment
Research to Detect Emerging Risk Issues
Pollution Prevention and New Technology for
Environmental Protections
Increase Use of Integrated, Holistic, Partnership
Approaches
Increase Opportunities for Sector Based
Approaches
Regional Enhancement of Ability to Quantify
Environmental Outcomes
Science Advisory Board Peer Review
Incorporate Innovative Approaches to
$346,996.2

$111,978.7

$50,573.7
$56,648.8
$77,286.3

$16,390.5

$21,091.9

$6,505.5

$2,486.7
$4,034.1
FY 2000 FY 2000 vs FY 1999
Request Difference
$321,747.4

$118,553.3

$56,229.1
$49,806.9
$55,801.7

$16,663.8

$10,018.5

$7,659.8

$2,636.2
$4,378.1
($25,248.8)

$6,574.6

$5,655.4
($6,841.9)
($21,484.6)

$273.3

($11,073.4)

$1,154.3

$149.5
$344.0
Environmental Management
Total Workyears:
  1,194.2
1,187.3
-6.9
Means and Strategy:

       EPA  has several  strategies to
strengthen  the  scientific  basis   for
environmental  protection  and develop
innovations that will allow achievement
of our strategic objectives. The Agency
has implemented a risk-based research
planning process to use risk assessment
and  risk   management  as   principal
priority-setting criteria.  EPA  conducts
annual  research program reviews to both
evaluate the status and accomplishments
of its research and determine strategic
planning priorities.

      In 2000, EPA will continue the
Agency's Postdoctoral Initiative, begun
in  1998,  to  enhance  our  intramural
research program. These positions will
provide    a   constant   stream   of
highly-trained  postdoctoral  candidates
who  can  apply  state-of-the-science
training  to EPA research issues. For
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   Sound Science, Improved Understanding of Environmental
              Risk, and Greater Innovation to Address
                        Environmental Problems
2000, new post-doctoral candidates will
be  recruited  to:    (1)  strengthen  our
ability to meet the scientific challenges
of the next  several years;  (2)  bring a
fresh   scientific  perspective  and  new
energy to our highest priority research
and development  programs by working
with   experienced    ORD   Principal
Investigators;  (3) work  in critically
important areas such as human exposure
modeling  in  particulate   matter  and
ecological  risk   assessment;  and,(4)
improve our workforce diversity.  Post-
doctoral resources are spread throughout
the 2000 budget.

       To better draw upon expertise of
the environmental academic community,
EPA  created the Science  to Achieve
Results  (STAR)  Program  of   peer
reviewed,   mission-driven   extramural
grants. The Agency is also working with
the  National  Research   Council   to
identify emerging environmental issues
for which we must begin planning the
necessary  research.   EPA's  research
program will  increase the understanding
of  environmental  processes and  the
capability to  assess  environmental risks
not only  to  human  health, but  also to
ecosystems.

       The   emphasis  of   ecological
monitoring research  will  shift  from a
Mid-Atlantic  integrated assessment  of
ecosystem health to  a Western Pilot
demonstration of  methods developed in
the Mid-Atlantic.   In  addition,  the
Coastal Monitoring  Initiative beginning
in 2000  will fund  the first  national
demonstration of  the  status and trends
monitoring  of  the  health  of   U.S.
estuaries. Knowing  the  current condi-
tions of these ecosystems, how best to
measure  those  conditions,  and  what
problems exist are important parts of this
effort and will provide essential input to
the modeling  and  assessment  elements
of the program.  Process and modeling
research  will  seek to explain  stressors
and their effect on an ecosystem, as well
as the  way in which  they  cause that
effect.

      EPA   is   also   committed   to
developing   and  verifying  innovative
methods  and models for assessing the
susceptibilities of populations  to envir-
onmental agents,  aimed at enhancing
current risk assessment and management
strategies and  guidance.  In response to
the heightened awareness  and concern
over children's  health  risks  and  the
provisions of the new legislation on food
safety,  EPA established the Children's
Health  Research Program.   In colla-
boration with  the National Institute for
Environmental     Health      Sciences
(NIEHS),  EPA  has established  eight
university-based   research  centers  to
study the  unique  environmental  risks
that threaten the health of our  children,
with research focusing on childhood
asthma  and  developmental disorders.
The  2000  research  program  includes
plans to establish one additional center
focused on  children's health research to
conduct basic and applied research  in
combination   with  community-based
prevention   efforts  that  focus   on
identifying   and   preventing   environ-
ment-related diseases in children.   This
center will  look at non-asthma related
research issues including developmental
disorders.   Agency research efforts for
asthma are part of the interagency work
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   Sound Science, Improved Understanding of Environmental
              Risk, and Greater Innovation to Address
                        Environmental Problems
under the  President's  Task  Force on
Environmental Health Risks and Safety
Risks to Children.

      The   Agency   will   establish
research  capability and  mechanisms to
anticipate and identify environmental or
other changes that may portend future
risk.     A   clear  vision  of  future
environmental risk will  enable  EPA to
manage  strategically  for tomorrow  and
tactically for today.   Substantial  cap-
ability  to discern early warnings  and
patterns   of  change will be  developed
through  work undertaken  on endocrine
disrupters.    Benefits will include an
improved  framework  for  decision-
making,  increased ability  to anticipate
and perhaps deter serious environmental
risks, and enhanced communication with
the public and other stakeholders.

      In order to promote decisions
which place pollution prevention as the
first solution among many, research will
focus on the development of methods
and  decision  tools  that  are  more
quantitative  and easier for stakeholders
and  decision-makers  to  use than those
currently  available.      Research  on
pollution  prevention  technology   and
approaches will accelerate the adoption
and  incorporation  of  pollution  preven-
tion   by   developing,   testing,   and
demonstrating  techniques   applicable
across economic  sectors. This research
will test the ability of risk assessors and
risk  managers  to develop  tools   and
methodologies  which  are  meaningful
and understandable to the public in terms
of the costs and benefits associated with
the  magnitude  of  the  risk reduction
options.
       A key element of EPA's strategy
for reinvention is testing  and adopting
innovative  policy  tools  designed  to
achieve better  protection  at  less  cost.
The Agency has a number of new tools
and approaches that are being tested or
implemented  in various environmental
programs, including: market trading and
banking,   third  party   certification  of
environmental performance,  and recog-
nition and incentives for environmental
stewardship.    In  each area, EPA is
looking to advance the application of the
innovative  tool or approach by  pro-
moting broader testing and incorporation
into   our  system  of  environmental
protection.  For example, EPA' s Permit
Action Plan outlines a broad strategy for
building  the  next generation of envir-
onmental permitting.  This strategy will
harmonize  requirements across  media,
and   will    make   permitting   more
accessible  to  the  public  and  more
flexible for facilities.

       Sector  strategies  complement
current EPA  activities by allowing the
Agency  to   approach  issues   more
holistically;  tailor efforts to  the  par-
ticular characteristics  of  each  sector;
identify related groups  of stakeholders
with interest in a  set  of issues;  link
EPA's  efforts  with  those  of  other
agencies; and craft new approaches to
environmental protection.

       Sustainable  industry  programs
serve  as  incubators and developers of
innovative  approaches to environmental
policy   making,   testing    alternative
regulatory and programmatic approaches
through regional  projects, and  multi-
stakeholder processes.  The  experience
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   Sound Science, Improved Understanding of Environmental
              Risk, and Greater Innovation to Address
                        Environmental Problems
gained in  working with  six  industry
sectors on the Common Sense Initiative
provides  the basis for moving forward
with   sector-based   approaches   to
environmental protection.

       Also, President  Clinton  created
Project XL in March 1995  to provide
regulated entities and other stakeholders
with  the  opportunity to develop  and
implement   alternative  environmental
management  strategies   that  achieve
superior  environmental performance in
exchange   for   regulatory   flexibility.
Sector-based   approaches   will   offer
valuable   supplements   to   traditional
environmental policy and may become
the predominant  means  for  environ-
mental protection in the 21st century.

       Nearly  7,000 businesses,  trade
association,  citizens  groups, state  and
local  governments, and universities are
volunteering to improve environmental
performance in a timely, cost-effective
way through an array of EPA  partnership
programs.  Known collectively as Part-
ners   for   the   Environment,   these
programs    complement    traditional
regulatory approaches to environmental
protection.

       Partners set practical,  meaningful
goals  to improve  and better  protect the
environment —  from conserving water
and   energy  to   reducing  hazardous
emissions,  waste,  and  pesticide risks.
These  efforts are  good  for  the  envir-
onment, make good business sense, and
prove that pollution prevention pays.
Highlights

       Research is an important aspect
of the  Agency's mission and ensures a
strong   scientific  foundation  for  the
process of identifying public health and
environmental issues and the approaches
taken to  address them.   EPA's  2000
Annual Plan proposes a robust program
which    continues   to   support   its
commitment to  developing and applying
the best available science for addressing
current    and    future    environmental
hazards,  as well  as  new  approaches
toward    improving     environmental
protection.

Ecosystems Protection Research

       Natural ecosystems provide valu-
able  services and resources to the public,
such as air and  water purification, flood
control, raw materials for manufacturing
and industrial processes, food, as well as
less tangible benefits  such as recreation.
Many human activities  alter or damage
ecosystems and their ability to provide
these goods and  services.  In order to
balance the growth of human activity
and the need to  protect the environment,
it is  important to  understand the current
condition of ecosystems,  what stressors
are changing that condition, what are the
consequences  of those  changes,  and
what can be done to prevent, mitigate, or
adapt  to  those  changes.    EPA's
ecosystems   protection   research  is
organized in four main  areas to address
these questions: ecological monitoring,
modeling,  risk  assessment,  and  risk
management.
                                      78

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   Sound Science, Improved Understanding of Environmental
              Risk, and Greater Innovation to Address
                        Environmental Problems
       Ecological  monitoring  research
addresses  the question,  "What  is  the
current  condition  of  the  environment,
and  what  stressors  are most closely
associated with that condition?"  To do
this,  researchers  develop  indicators,
monitoring  systems,  and  designs  for
measuring the exposures of ecosystems
to multiple stressors and the response of
ecosystems   at  local,  regional,  and
national scales.   In 2000,  the Coastal
Research  Initiative will provide EPA
with baseline and trend  analyses  for
important  data gaps such as the aquatic
health of our nation's estuaries.

       Process and Modeling  Research
addresses  the question, "What are  the
biological,   chemical,  and   physical
processes  affecting  the condition  of
ecosystems   and  their  response   to
stressors?"  Drawing  from information
gathered by monitoring efforts, process
and modeling research develops a basic
understanding of  the  processes  that
govern  ecosystem  function,  and  the
technology to model   those processes.
This   modeling    ability   allows   for
predictions of future landscapes, stressor
patterns,   ambient   conditions,   and
receptor  responses.     Predicting  the
impact of changes in  conditions  allows
resource managers to  address  problems
in  ways  that  will  more accurately
achieve the  environmental protection
goals they seek.

       Risk Assessment Research  ad-
dresses  the  question,  "What is  the
relative risk  posed to ecosystems by
stressors, alone and in  combination, now
and in the future?"  Ecological assess-
ments  can link  stressors  with  conse-
quences and  evaluate the potential for
damage to particular ecosystems.  This is
a valuable tool  for environmental risk
managers  at  local, state,  and  federal
levels,  enabling  them   to  link  high
priority ecosystems with ecosystems at
high  risk.   EPA's research  efforts  in
support of the  National  Science and
Technology     Council's     Integrated
Science  for   Sustainable  Ecosystems
Initiative  will  develop  methods  and
models   to   integrate  socioeconomic
analysis  with landscape  ecology  and
ecological  risk  assessment  and  give
EPA, state, and  local  community-based
environmental  partners  capability  to
identify the  most significant environ-
mental stress and  select risk reduction
alternatives   to  improve  or   sustain
biological and chemical water quality in
streams,  rivers,  and  estuaries.    This
program will  also develop a capacity to
evaluate  and measure the success  or
failure  of policies  in  sustaining  or
improving ecosystem health.

       Risk   Management  and   Res-
toration Research addresses the question,
"What options are available to manage
the  risk to,  or  to  restore,   degraded
ecosystems?"    Given  the  rate  of
development  of the man-made environ-
ment, present regulatory approaches may
not  always   limit  risks  to  vulnerable
ecosystems to tolerable levels. There is
a need  to  develop new,  cost-effective
prevention,  control,  and  remediation
approaches for sources of stressors, and
adaptation approaches for ecosystems.
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   Sound Science, Improved Understanding of Environmental
              Risk, and Greater Innovation to Address
                        Environmental Problems
Research to Improve Human Health Risk
 Assessment

       Advances   in  the   state   of
environmental science have  illustrated
that  new  risk assessment methods  are
needed to investigate complex environ-
mental and  human  health issues that
were   not    considered   by   early
environmental legislation.  Creating a
strong scientific  foundation   for  risk
assessment  and  for subsequent  risk
management decisions requires research
to reduce significant areas of scientific
uncertainty.  In recent years, a number of
national scientific advisory groups have
developed specific recommendations to
assist in  strengthening this foundation.
EPA has identified three major areas of
uncertainty as the focus for its Human
Health   Risk  Assessment    Research
Program:     1)    human     exposure
measurements   and    models;     2)
identifying/characterizing   hazards  and
assessing   dose  response;   and   3)
characterizing and assessing variation in
human exposure  and susceptibility  to
disease.  Because substantial  uncertain-
ties  are  associated  with these areas,
resolution  will  greatly  advance  the
science of human health risk assessment.

       Research on  human   exposure
measurements and models will focus on
demonstrating a model to assess, predict,
and diagnose the population distribution
of  multi-media,  multi-pathway  expo-
sures to major classes of environmental
agents.  Human exposure measurement
research   will  continue   to   develop,
demonstrate, and evaluate human expo-
sure  measurement   and   surveillance
through the National Human Exposure
       Assessment Survey  (NHEXAS)
program and the Borders XXI (NAFTA)
program.      Research  to   develop
multipathway exposure models will con-
tinue   to  develop,   demonstrate,  and
evaluate measurement-based models that
represent     multi-pathway     source-
exposure-biomarker-dose   relationships
and the physical  and chemical factors
that affect potential  and absorbed dose.
Research on  residential pesticides  will
continue   to   focus   on  methods  to
significantly improve our understanding
of the extent  of human exposure to
specific pesticides and toxic substances.

       Research to identify/characterize
hazards  and   assess  dose   response
addresses   both  qualitative   (hazard
identification)  and  quantitative  (dose-
response  analysis) concerns  associated
with  current risk  assessments.   This
research   will   focus   on   providing
mechanistically-based data,  tools,  and
approaches for more quantitative  and
biologically  defensible  human  health
risk assessments.

       Research to  characterize/assess
variation   in   human   exposure  and
susceptibility  to  disease  has  strong
support from national scientific advisory
organizations,  the  Administration  and
Congress.   EPA is also committed to
developing  and  verifying  innovative
methods and models  for assessing the
susceptibilities of populations to envir-
onmental  agents,  aimed at  enhancing
current risk assessment and management
strategies and guidance. In collaboration
with   the   National    Institute  for
Environmental     Health     Sciences
(NIEHS),  EPA has  established eight
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   Sound Science, Improved Understanding of Environmental
              Risk, and Greater Innovation to Address
                        Environmental Problems
university-based   research  centers   to
study the  unique environmental  risks
that threaten the health of our children,
with  research focusing  on  childhood
asthma  and  developmental  disorders.
The  2000  research  program  includes
plans to establish one additional center
focused on children's health research to
conduct basic and applied research  in
combination   with  community-based
prevention   efforts  that  focus   on
identifying   and  preventing   environ-
ment-related diseases in children.  This
center will look  at non-asthma related
research issues including  developmental
disorders.   Agency research efforts  for
asthma are  part of the interagency work
under the  President's  Task  Force  on
Environmental Health Risks and Safety
Risks to Children.

Emerging Risks Research

      In  2000,  research  on  emerging
environmental risk will  respond directly
to the recommendations  of  numerous
external advisory panels, including  the
Committee  on  Research Opportunities
and   Priorities   for  EPA  under   the
National     Academy    for     Public
Administration,    and  EPA's   Science
Advisory Board.  Our goal is to establish
a clear  vision of future  environmental
risk which  will enable  EPA to manage
strategically for tomorrow and tactically
for  today.    Benefits will include  an
improved   framework   for  decision-
making, increased ability to  anticipate
and perhaps deter serious environmental
risks, and enhanced communication with
the public and other stakeholders.
       Evidence has been accumulating
that humans and domestic and wildlife
species  have  suffered  adverse  health
consequences resulting from exposure to
environmental  chemicals  that interact
with the endocrine system,  known as
endocrine disrupters (EDC).   EPA has
developed  the  Endocrine   Disrupter
Research Strategy  for addressing areas
of major uncertainty.    In  2000, the
highest priority areas  of the Endocrine
Disrupter Research Strategy will be:
conducting integrated  toxicology  and
exposure studies in ecological systems
or human  populations  with  suspected
contamination   or   exposure;    the
development  of PBPK/BBDR models;
the identification of major  sources of
EDCs entering the  environment; and the
development  of tools  for  risk manage-
ment. The program will  also  continue to
investigate the  nature  and   extent to
which  environmentally  relevant  expo-
sures to chemicals are producing adverse
effects in humans and wildlife species.

       We will continue to  maintain a
strong   graduate   fellowship program
which  was  initiated in  1995 for the
purpose of training the  next generation
of  scientists   and  engineers.     By
providing  support for  masters  and
doctoral   students  in   environmental
sciences  and engineering, EPA helps to
develop the Nation's environmental and
technology  base  for   addressing  the
environmental  concerns in  the next
century.   The  Exploratory  Grants  re-
search program generates new ideas and
produces new scientific  information by
encouraging creativity  and innovation in
scientific  research.     Through  pub-
lication of an annual general solicitation,
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   Sound Science, Improved Understanding of Environmental
              Risk, and Greater Innovation to Address
                        Environmental Problems
the program  defines  general  areas in
which  there  exist significant  gaps in
scientific knowledge and understanding,
and allows individual investigators from
the academic research  community to
conceive,  define,  and propose  research
projects.

Pollution Prevention and New
 Technologies

       EPA  supports  pollution preven-
tion as a necessary and logical strategy
for dealing with high-risk human health
and  environmental  problems  that  are
addressed by Federal  environmental,
health, and safety regulations.  In order
to  promote   decisions   which   place
pollution prevention as the first solution
among many, research must begin to
focus on  the development  of  methods
and  decision  tools  that   are   more
quantitative and easier for stakeholders
and decision  makers to use  than those
currently  available.    Two  areas  of
research contributing to the achievement
of the  objective's  goals  are:   1)  the
Environmental Technology Verification
(ETV) program;  and 2) the  Mercury
Initiative.

       ETV was created to substantially
accelerate the introduction of new envir-
onmental technologies into the domestic
marketplace.  In 2000, the program will
support the development and implemen-
tation  of innovative  approaches  for
current    and  future  environmental
problems. As a result of  the interest in
the ETV program  abroad,  EPA  will
expand   the   application   of     U.S.
technologies,  verified under ETV, to the
international  marketplace.    ETV  will
also continue  in this  effort  under its
twelve pilots; complete the last year of
its 5 year pilot phase (1995-2000); and
begin preparation of a report to Congress
for 2001.   The report will  contain a
summary  of the major outputs of the
pilot phase, the costs of verification, the
results of verification in  moving better
technologies into use,  and recommen-
dations  for procedures  to  effectively
conduct an ongoing program.

       Mercury  research  will focus on
the speciation  and control of mercury
emissions from  coal-fired utilities and
other  combustors,   risk  management
alternatives for non-combustion sources
of mercury, and a continuing emphasis
on  collecting  and analyzing  data and
information  on  mercury  risks   and
mercury  risk communication.  Improved
techniques  for  controlling   mercury
emissions  into  the  environment  will
allow  the  Agency  to  achieve  its
programmatic and regulatory  goals and
meet  an  accelerated  time  table for
reducing mercury releases.

Increased Community-Based
 Approaches

       In 2000, EPA will continue to
strengthen  local partnerships  to address
serious  environmental  risks to human
health  or  ecosystems.     Regional
Geographic  Initiatives  (RGI)  are  an
approach EPA  Regional  offices use to
partner with states,  local  governments,
private organizations, and others.   The
work  targets   specific  environmental
problems  identified  as  high risk to
human health and ecosystems which are
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   Sound Science, Improved Understanding of Environmental
              Risk, and Greater Innovation to Address
                        Environmental Problems
not  adequately   addressed  by   other
Agency resources.

Increased Facility-and Sector-based
 Strategies

       EPA's strategy for reinvention is
testing and  adopting innovative  policy
tools   designed  to   achieve   better
protection at less cost.  The Agency has
a number of new tools and approaches
that are being tested or implemented  in
various  environmental   programs,  in-
cluding:  market trading  and banking,
third party certification of environmental
performance,  and   recognition   and
incentives for  environmental steward-
ship.

       Sector   strategies  complement
current EPA activities by  allowing the
Agency  to  approach   issues   more
holistically;   tailor   efforts   to  the
particular characteristics of each  sector;
identify related groups of stakeholders
with interest in a  set of issues;  link
EPA's  efforts  with  those  of  other
agencies; and craft  new approaches  to
environmental  protection.   Sustainable
industry  programs serve  as  incubators
and developers of innovative approaches
to environmental policy making,  testing
alternative regulatory and programmatic
approaches  through regional projects,
and multi-stakeholder processes.  Sector-
based  approaches  will  offer valuable
supplements to traditional environmental
policy  and may become the predominant
means for  environmental protection  in
the 21st century.
Science Advisory Board Peer Reviews

       The Agency plans to support the
activities of the Science Advisory Board
(SAB)  which  provides  independent
expert   advice   to   Congress,   the
Administrator,  and  the  Agency  on
scientific  and engineering  issues  that
serve as  the underpinnings  for Agency
regulatory decision making.  Each year,
the  Administrator and  EPA  program
offices nominate numerous issues to the
SAB for peer review.  The SAB selects
several of these issues  for review each
year, culminating in reports that help the
Agency make better use of science in its
decision-making  process.   The  issues
that  are not selected  for review can be
nominated  again  the  following  year.
The  SAB's  broad, objective review of
important scientific and technical issues
promotes  sound  science  within  the
Agency's   scientific   and   technical
programs. The use of the SAB for peer
reviews supports the  Agency-wide  peer
review evaluation  efforts, in response to
GAO findings in 1997.
2000 Annual Performance Goals:

*  In 2000, provide new information on
   the   atmospheric   concentrations,
   human exposure, and health effects
   of paniculate matter (PM), including
   PM2.5,  and incorporate it and other
   peer-reviewed research  findings in
   the second External Review.

*  In 2000, provide methods to estimate
   human exposure  and  health effects
   from  high priority urban air toxics,
   and complete health assessments for
                                      83

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Sound Science, Improved Understanding of Environmental
           Risk, and Greater Innovation to Address
                    Environmental Problems
 the  highest priority  hazardous  air
 pollutants    (including    fuel/fuel
 additives).

 In   2000,  report  on  monitoring
 findings in the Mid-Atlantic Region
 as   a   cost  effective  means  of
 measuring  the  condition  of  these
 systems.

 In  2000,  develop  risk assessment
 guidance and  regional  assessments
 concerning risks to  children exposed
 to environmental contaminants.

 In  2000, develop tools to identify
 hazards and formulate strategies to
 manage  risks  from  exposure  to
 endocrine disrupting chemicals cap-
 able of inducing adverse  effects in
 humans and wildlife.

 In  2000, complete development of
 one or more computer-based tools
 which  simulate product, process, or
 system design changes, and complete
 proof-of-process structure for one or
 more  generic  technologies  (ap-
 plicable  to  more   than  one  en-
 vironmental problem) to prevent or
 reduce pollution in chemicals and
 industrial processes.

 In: 2000, all 50 Project XL projects
 will be implemented.
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                          Goal 8:  Key Programs
                                                                           FY 2000
                                                           FY1999        President's
                                                           Enacted          Budget
Sound Science
Clean Water Action Plan: Related Research                         $1,406.00        $4,689.30
Coastal Environmental Monitoring                                     $0.00        $6,549.00
Common Sense Initiative                                         $4,679.50        $2,755.50
Endocrine Disrupter Research                                    $12,466.70      $12,735.20
Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program, EMAP          $33,255.00      $33,955.00
Environmental Technology Verification (ETV)                      $6,990.50        $7,749.50
Human Health Research                                        $50,323.80      $55,836.70
Project XL                                                     $3,359.90        $3,454.40
Regional Geographic Program                                     $8,070.60      $11,780.50
Regional Science and Technology                                 $6,021.00        $7,659.80
Reinvention Programs,  Development and Coordination               $4,334.10        $4,378.10
Sustainable Development Challenge Grants                         $4,701.80        $4,714.80
                                        85

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86

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           A Credible Deterrent to Pollution and Greater
                        Compliance with the Law
Strategic Goal: EPA will ensure full compliance with laws intended to protect human
health and the environment.

                                Resource Summary
                               (Dollars in Thousands)
                                          FY 1999       FY 2000    FY 2000 - FY 1999
                                          Enacted       Request        Difference
A Credible Deterrent to Pollution and Greater
Compliance with the Law

Enforcement Tools to Reduce Non-Compliance

Increase Use of Auditing, Self-Policing Policies

Total Workyears:
$319,390.3


$272,965.9

 $46,424.4

  2,554.4
$331,335.0


$292,917.6

 $38,417.4

  2,540.1
$11,944.7


$19,951.7

($8,007.0)

    -14.3
Means and Strategy:

       Many   of  the  environmental
improvements in this country during the
past three decades can be attributed to a
strong set of environmental  laws and
EPA's aggressive  enforcement of them.
Due  to  the  breadth   and  diversity  of
private,  public,  and   federal  facilities
regulated by EPA under various statutes,
the   Agency   needs   to   target   its
enforcement and compliance  assurance
activities  strategically  to  address  the
most  significant risks  to human health
and the environment and to ensure that
certain   populations  do  not  bear  a
disproportionate environmental  burden.
A strong enforcement program identifies
noncompliance   problems,    punishes
violators,  strives   to  secure  a  level
economic playing field for  law-abiding
companies, and deters future violations.
EPA's  continued  enforcement  efforts
will   be   strengthened   through   the
development of measures to assess the
 impact  of enforcement activities  and
 assist in targeting high priority areas.

        State,  Tribal  and local govern-
 ments bear much of the responsibility for
 ensuring compliance, and EPA works in
 partnership with them and other Federal
 agencies  to   promote  environmental
 protection.   Further,  EPA  cooperates
 with other nations to enforce  and ensure
 compliance  with  international  agree-
 ments affecting the environment. At the
 Federal  level, EPA addresses  its respon-
 sibilities under  the  National Environ-
 mental Policy Act (NEPA) by seeking
 remedies for potentially adverse impacts
 of major actions taken by EPA and other
 Federal  agencies.

        The Agency's  enforcement and
 compliance   assurance  program  uses
 compliance  assistance  and  incentives
 tools to  enhance voluntary compliance
 with regulatory requirements  and reduce
 adverse public health and environmental
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           A Credible Deterrent to Pollution and Greater
                        Compliance with the Law
problems.   Maximum  compliance re-
quires the active efforts  of the regulated
community  to  police  itself.     EPA
supports  the regulated  community by
assuring  that  requirements  are  clearly
understood and by helping industry find
cost-effective options to  comply through
the use  of  pollution  prevention and
innovative   technology.      EPA  will
continue    to   explore    options   for
encouraging  self-directed  audits  and
disclosure;  measuring and evaluating the
effectiveness of  Agency  programs  in
improving  compliance rates; providing
information and  compliance assistance
to  the  regulated  community;  and
developing  innovative  approaches  to
meeting     environmental    standards
through  better  communication,   co-
operative approaches and application of
new technologies.
Highlights:

Compliance Monitoring and Civil and
  Criminal Enforcement

       EPA will  continue  to  support
deterrence and compliance activities by
devoting  a   vast  majority   of  its
compliance monitoring resources for on-
site  inspections  including monitoring,
sampling  and emissions  testing.    In
2000,   the    compliance   monitoring
program will continue the cross-cutting,
multi-media initiative  begun  in  1999
which  make  full use of  the Agency's
statutory authorities.

       In  2000,  the  Agency's  enforce-
ment initiatives will  include support of
the Clean Water Action Plan (CWAP) in
terms  of  increased   enforcement  in
priority watersheds and the Children's
Health  Initiative  by   supporting  air
quality enforcement efforts. In 2000, the
Agency will provide funding to support
a tribal training program to assist tribal
regulatory officials in  effectively man-
aging  compliance  and   enforcement
programs.

Compliance Assistance and Incentives

       The  Agency  will   continue  to
support  compliance   assistance  and
incentive  tools  to enhance  voluntary
compliance with regulatory requirements
and reduce public health problems.  In
2000,   the    Compliance  Incentives
program will continue to implement the
policy  on Incentives for Self-Policing as
a core element of the  enforcement and
compliance assurance  program.    The
Compliance   Assistance program  will
continue  to  provide  information and
technical  assistance  to the  regulated
community to increase its understanding
of all  statutory  or regulatory  environ-
mental requirements.

State and Tribal Capacity

       In  2000, the Agency's enforce-
ment and compliance assurance program
will   work  with  and support   state
agencies    implementing    authorized,
delegated, or approved environmental
programs.  The Agency provides grant
funding, oversight, training and technical
assistance to  states and tribes.   We are
requesting additional   funds to develop
and implement compliance and enforce-
ment  programs  on  tribal lands.  The
increase will build upon a base program
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          A Credible Deterrent to Pollution and Greater
                       Compliance with the Law
which  assists  tribes in  implementing
pesticide compliance and enforcement
programs on tribal  lands where states
have no enforcement authority.
2000 Annual Performance Goals:

*  In  2000,  deter  &  reduce  non-
   compliance  and  achieve environ-
   mental and human  health improve-
   ments  by  maintaining  a  strong,
   timely   and   active   enforcement
   presence.  EPA will direct enforce-
   ment actions  to  maximum  com-
   pliance  and address environmental
   and  human  health  problems;   75
   percent  of concluded  enforcement
   actions will require environmental or
   human health improvements, such as
   pollution reduction.

*  In 2000, deter non-compliance  by
   maintaining  appropriate  levels  of
   compliance   monitoring   activity,
   particularly in  priority  areas.   In
   2000,  EPA  will  conduct  15,700
   inspections and  investigations,  50
   percent  of which  are  targeted  at
   priority areas.

*  In 2000, improve capacity of states,
   localities  and  tribes  to  conduct
   enforcement and compliance  assur-
   ance programs.  EPA  will provide
   grants, guidance documents, training,
   classes and seminars, and assist with
   selected inspections.

*  In 2000,   ensure  compliance  with
   legal  requirements by assuring that
hazardous waste  exports from  the
United States are properly handled.
Implement  U.S.  international com-
mitments, and gain enforcement  and
compliance cooperation  with other
countries,  especially  along U.S.
borders (Mexico/Canada).

In  2000,  increase  entities self-
policing   and   self-correction   of
environmental problems through  use
of EPA  incentive policies:   small
business, small community and audit
policies over 1997 levels.
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                          Goal 9: Key Programs
                                                                    FY 2000
                                                  FY1999           President's
                                                  Enacted            Budget
Credible Deterrent
Civil Enforcement                                     $83,090.40         $89,863.60
Civil Enforcement - CWAP/AFO Related                       $0.00          $1,462.00
Common Sense Initiative                                  $1,082.80            $714.30
Compliance Assistance and Centers                       $23,215.40         $18,054.50
Compliance Incentives                                    $4,075.60          $3,646.00
Compliance Monitoring                                 $56,838.90         $64,170.30
Criminal Enforcement                                  $33,786.50         $35,635.40
Enforcement Training                                    $4,435.80          $5,117.20
NEPA Implementation                                    $9,401.60          $9,697.70
Project XL                                              $2,904.60          $3,008.50
RCRA State Grants                                    $43,222.70         $43,227.00
State Pesticides Enforcement Grants                       $19,511.40         $19,911.60
State Toxics Enforcement Grants                           $7,364.20          $7,364.20
                                        90

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                          Effective Management
Strategic  Goal:  EPA will establish a management infrastructure that will  set and
implement the  highest quality standards for effective internal management and fiscal
responsibility.
                               Summary Resource
                              (Dollars in Thousands)

Effective Management
Executive Leadership
Management Services, Administrative, and
Stewardship
Building Operations, Utilities and New
Construction
Provide Audit and Investigative
Products and Services
Total Workyears:
FY 1999
Enacted
$645,174.0
$31,112.6
$220,806.1
$353,366.1
$39,889.2

2,991.2
FY 2000 FY 2000 - FY 1999
Request Difference
$715,653.6
$32,155.4
$245,211.1
$397,485.1
$40,802.0

3,003.3
$70,479.6
$1,042.8
$24,405.0
$44,119.0
$912.8

12.1
Means and Strategy:

       Efforts under  this goal support
the full range of Agency activities for a
healthy  and  sustainable  environment
including:    effective   vision    and
leadership; sound management practices;
results-based planning  and  budgeting;
fiscal   accountability;   and   quality
customer  service.     Rational   policy
guidance and careful stewardship  of our
resources   form  the   foundation  for
everything EPA does.  The effectiveness
of EPA's management will determine, in
large measure, how successful we are in
telling the story  on our annual progress
toward  the  goals  identified in  the
Agency's  annual plan and the long-term
goals in  the  strategic  plan.   Agency
management systems and processes will
be supported by independent evaluations
that  promote  efficient  and  effective
programs in order to obtain the greatest
return on taxpayer investment.

       The Agency will  provide vision
and  leadership  as  well  as  executive
direction and  policy  oversight for  all
EPA  programs.   In  keeping with  its
commitment to protect children's health,
the Agency will target resources towards
its many diverse children's activities.  In
2000, the Agency will  evaluate health
outcomes   related  to   environmental
health   effects  for asthma  and  lead
addressed  in  11  Pilot  Child  Health
Champion  Communities.  The  Agency
will   provide   policy   direction  and
guidance    on   equal    employment
opportunity  and  civil   rights.    The
Agency's  Administrative Law  Judges
and  its  Environmental Appeals Board
                                       91

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                          Effective Management
Judges   will   issue    decisions   on
Administrative  complaints and environ-
mental adjudications,  respectively, in a
timely manner.

       The  Agency  will  provide the
management   services,  administrative
support and  operations  to  enable the
Agency to  achieve  its  environmental
mission while meeting its fiduciary and
workforce  responsibilities.    EPA  will
manage an integrated planning, budget-
ing, analysis, financial management and
accountability   process    to    ensure
effective stewardship of resources which
meets  statutory  requirements  of the
Government  Performance  and Results
Act (GPRA), Chief Financial Officers
(CFO) Act, and related legislation.   In
1999, the  Agency will  implement an
accountability system  that captures all
key performance measures, and develop
a  cost  accounting  system  to  enable
Agency managers and stakeholders to
know the full cost of Agency programs
and   the   resources   associated  with
achievement  of environmental  results.
The   strategy   for   ensuring   sound
management  of administrative services
will   be accomplished  by   managing
information     systems     effectively,
ensuring a high level of integrity and
accountability  in  the management of
grants and contracts, and investing in our
human  resources  to  ensure that the
Agency's  workforce  is  of the  highest
caliber and is fully prepared to deliver
national  leadership  and expertise  in
environmental protection.

       The   Agency   will  provide  a
quality work environment which  places
high  value  on employee  safety  and
security    and    the   design    and
establishment of  state-of-the-art lab-
oratories.   These facilities provide the
tools essential for researching innovative
solutions to current and future environ-
mental  problems  and  enhancing  our
under-standing  of environmental risks.
Plans for building  operations and new
construction  support   existing  infra-
structure   requirements   that  ensure
healthy,    safe   and    secure   work
environments that reflect the pollution
prevention values of EPA and help fulfill
the  scientific and  functional require-
ments  of  our   programs.    EPA  has
adopted an aggressive strategy to utilize
energy savings performance contracts to
reduce energy consumption significantly
over the next five years.  In 2000, EPA
makes major strides towards completing
the consolidated  new Headquarters, as
well as the consolidated  research lab at
Research   Triangle   Park   in   North
Carolina.

       The  Agency  will provide  audit
and investigative products and services,
all   of   which   can   facilitate   the
accomplishment of the Agency's mis-
sion.   The  Agency    will    increase
performance audit work with  a focus on
environmental  results,  and  assist the
Agency  in  implementing  performance
evaluation  to promote full compliance
with GPRA.  We will continue  empha-
sizing contract and assistance agreement
audits   and  investigations   to  ensure
integrity in the  application of Agency
resources.  The Agency plans  to increase
collaboration   between    audits   and
investigations to reduce the risk of fraud
and other improprieties.  EPA will also
increase   assistance   and   consulting
services to the  Agency to  help  resolve
significant management  problems  and
achieve   maximum   efficiency   and
effectiveness.   These   strategies  will
                                       92

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                          Effective Management
assist the Agency in accomplishing its
mission  and improve  the  performance
and  integrity  of  its  programs  and
operations.

       A major concern of Congress has
been the  federal  response  to the Year
2000   date  conversion  issue.    With
respect to this issue, it is anticipated that
all Agency mission-critical  systems will
be Year 2000 compliant by  March 1999.
In   2000,  the  Agency will  continue
operational  testing to  ensure  that  all
mission-critical  systems   continue  to
function   correctly  to  support  core
functions without interruption across the
Year 2000 date change.
Highlights:

       Agency  management  provides
vision and leadership,  and  conducts
policy   oversight   for   all   Agency
programs.  The effectiveness of EPA's
management  will determine,  in  large
measure, how successful we will be in
pursuit of  the other goals  identified in
the  Agency's  annual  plan.    Sound
management    principles,    practices,
results-based  planning  and budgeting,
fiscal accountability, quality  customer
service,  rational  policy  guidance  and
careful stewardship of our resources are
the foundation for everything EPA does
to  advance the  protection of  human
health and the environment.

       In keeping with our commitment
to protect children's health, the Agency
will  direct   resources    toward   the
programs that will  protect the  children
from  a  range of environmental hazards.
       In 2000, the  Agency  will focus
on  reducing  asthma through  reduction
and avoidance  of key asthma triggers,
including environmental tobacco smoke,
prevalent indoor  allergens  and ambient
air pollution.   The Agency will  employ
sound  science methods and proper data
management to assess risks to children.
This is achieved by measuring exposures
to  multiple  chemicals   in  a  national
sample of  infants and children  and  by
developing data on the physiological and
biological  characteristics of the young
that affect doses to target organs for use
in Agency  risk assessments.  EPA will
ensure  that its  standards  address  the
heightened risks faced by  children  and
that all covered regulations being revised
or developed in EPA address children's
environmental health issues.

       The Agency will  provide sound
management  of administrative services
throughout the Agency.   In  2000, the
Agency  will  take  a  systematic  and
rigorous approach toward  modernizing
its  information  systems.   A  systems
modernization fund will  be established
to provide resources to develop new and
upgrade  existing  information  systems
throughout the  Agency.   Initial funding
of  the modernization pool  has  been
provided by  Agency  offices.   Strict
criteria will be used in the distribution of
resources.  Modernization  projects will
be funded based on competitive  review,
be required to provide matching funds,
and will follow a planned and managed
schedule.

       The  Agency's   building  oper-
ations   and new  construction  budget
ensures a healthy, safe and secure work
environment  for  its  employees,  and
integrates pollution prevention and state-
                                       93

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                          Effective Management
of-the-art  technology    into  its  daily
activities.    New    construction   and
renovation activities will continue at the
consolidated   complex   at   Research
Triangle   Park    (RTF),    National
Enforcement    Investigations   Center
(NEIC)  and  the  New  Headquarters
project.   This  request  funds the final
construction phase of the RTF project as
well as transition costs  for RTF  and
HQs.    EPA  will  also  address  critical
repairs  in EPA  facilities   related to
employee  health  and  safety.    These
facilities provide the tools essential for
researching   innovative   solutions  to
current  and   future    environ-mental
problems  and   enhancing our  under-
standing of environmental risks.

       The  Agency  will  continue to
manage its  integrated  planning,  bud-
geting,   analysis  and   accountability
process. In 2000, efforts will continue to
link annual plans to the long-term goals
and objectives of the Agency  in order to
deliver the  best environmental  results
possible    given    the     resources
appropriated by Congress.  The Agency
will  provide  more  accurate financial
reporting  through cost  accounting for
improved     environmental    decision
making.  The Agency will also continue
to increase consultation  with the EPA
Science Advisory Board and  external
parties.

       The Agency will  strengthen pre-
award  and post-award  management of
assistance agreements.  For example, by
July 2000, EPA will  eliminate the entire
close-out  backlog for  non-construction
grants  that ended before September 30,
1997.   In the contracts  area, Agency
efforts  will  focus  on   selecting  the
appropriate contract  vehicle  to deliver
best value for the agency's mission and
taxpayer, including  reducing  the use of
cost-reimbursable contracts.   All  con-
tracts will  be evaluated  for  possible
award  or  conversion to  performance
based contracts.  In addition, the Agency
will put increased emphasis on contract
oversight,   including   speeding    up
contract  processes  through  fast-tract
system  enhancements and  automation
efforts.

       In  2000,   the   Agency   will
implement its  workforce  development
strategy.  The purpose of this initiative is
to attract, recruit,  develop,  and deploy
EPA's employees to address the critical
environmental issues of the 21st century.
This initiative will implement a support
staff development  pilot to improve the
professionalism and performance of our
clerical  workforce;  will  identify  and
develop  career  tracks  for  employees
skills and tools requirements needed to
fully develop in their chosen occupation;
and  will  develop  leadership skills in
people throughout the organization while
improving the managerial competencies
of  our  line  managers.    A  significant
component of the initiative is the  EPA
intern program which is designed to hire
diverse,  high  performing  individuals
who will become  part of the Agency
future leader-ship.

       The  Agency  will  continue to
bring  cases  to   settlement.      The
Environmental Appeals Board will  issue
final Agency decisions in environmental
adjudications on  appeal to the Board.
These decisions are the end point in the
Agency's  administrative   enforcement
and   permitting    programs.       The
Administrative Law Judges (ALJs) who
provide  hearings  to those  accused of
                                        94

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                          Effective Management
environmental   violations    are    in-
creasingly   using   alternative   dispute
resolution techniques in  bringing cases
to settlement and thereby, avoiding more
costly litigation.

       EPA  will   provide  audit  and
investigative products  and services, all
of    which   can   facilitate     the
accomplishment of its mission. Reviews
will be performed  on Agency  contracts.
EPA will also start reviews of Agency
compliance   with   the   Government
Performance and Results Act through
selective verification and validation of
the process.  The Agency will continue
investigations  of alleged  fraud, waste,
abuse,  or other illegal activities to detect
and  deter  fraud,   abuse,  and  other
improprieties,  and  help  promote  cost-
effective programs  and the  integrity of
contractors and employees.
2000 Annual Performance Goals:

*  In  2000,  evaluate  health  outcomes
   related   to  environmental  health
   effects for asthma and lead addressed
   in  11 Pilot Child  Health Champion
   Communities.

*  In 2000, 100 percent of EPAs GPRA
   implementation  components (plan-
   ning, budgeting, financial manage-
   ment,  accountability,  and program
   analysis) are completed on time and
   meet customer needs.

*  In  2000,  EPA  will  improve  the
   capability   of   its   workforce  by:
   formalizing  a   leadership develop-
   ment approach; rolling out a training
   curriculum  to   enhance  necessary
cross-functional  skills; clearly iden-
tifying  and defining  support  staff
career paths; and continuing  to hire
talented and diverse individuals.

In  2000,  all   58  mission-critical
systems will continue to support core
Agency  functions  without   inter-
ruption   across   Year  2000  date
change.

In 2000, EPA will  ensure  that  all
new  and   ongoing   construction
projects are progressing  and com-
pleted as scheduled.

In  2000,   the  OIG   will  provide
objective,  timely, and  independent
auditing, consulting, and  investiga-
tive services.
                                       95

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Goal 10: Key Programs



Effective Management
Administrative Law
Assistance Agreement Audits
Assistance Agreement Investigations
Childrens Health, Program Development and Coordination
Civil Rights/Title VI Compliance
Contract and Procurement Investigations
Contract Audits
Contracts Management
EMPACT
Employee Integrity Investigations
Environmental Finance Center Grants (EFC)
Facility Operations: Agency Rental/ Direct Lease
Facility Operations: Agency Utilities
Facility Operations: Repairs and Improvements
Facility Operations: Security
Financial Statement Audits
Grants Management
Human Resources Management
Immediate Office of the Administrator
Information Technology Management
New Construction :RTP New Building Project
New Construction: New Headquarters Project
Planning and Resource Management
Program Audits
Program Integrity Investigations
Regional Management
Regional Program Infrastructure
Reinventing Environmental Information (REI)


FY 1999
Enacted

$2,324.30
$6,830.50
$2,650.40
$6,157.50
$1,637.10
$2,913.00
$4,950.60
$24,986.00
$81.30
$953.40
$1,065.00
$170,571.80
$10,015.20
$15,428.00
$12,962.20
$4,187.50
$8,568.80
$21,932.00
$2,791.30
$21,975.10
$36,000.00
$15,945.30
$69,120.10
$10,264.40
$911.50
$42,535.00
$66,532.20
$2,507.10
I
FY 2000
President's
Budget

$2,193.40
$6,632.00
$2,728.40
$5,744.80
$1,331.70
$2,975.80
$5,381.60
$27,503.90
$563.60
$981.60
$940.00
$193,223.60
$12,414.80
$20,410.50
$13,162.20
$4,296.20
$9,455.70
$24,139.30
$3,729.80
$22,282.50
$49,040.50
$17,496.30
$71,581.60
$10,509.60
$927.80
$42,818.40
$67,954.20
$250.00
96

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 ADDITIONAL
INFORMATION  ,
      97

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98

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                          Better America Bonds
       As    one    feature   of    the
Administration's   comprehensive  Liv-
ability Agenda,  Better  America Bonds
will help communities grow in ways that
ensure  sustainable  economic growth.
The President's budget proposes a new,
innovative, financing tool providing $9.5
billion in  bonding  authority to  state,
local, and tribal governments over five
years through the  use  of Federal  tax
credits instead of bond interest.  In liew
of interest payments from state and local
governments, the Better American  Bond
program  will  provide  to  bond  holders
approximately $1.2 billion in tax credits
over the 15  year life  of bonds issued
using the $1.9 billion in proposed 2000
bond authority.

       EPA will  be at  the forefront of
giving  local  communities   maximum
flexibility and resources to address  the
most   pressing   environmental  needs.
This new tool will allow communities to
preserve  green space, create  or restore
urban parks,  protect water quality, and
clean up Brownfields.    Communities
will, for instance, be able to protect land
either by acquiring title or  purchasing
permanent  easements.   Bond proceeds
can also be used for reforestation, and
replanting.   Pressure to develop  green
space  from   previously   undeveloped
properties can be lessened by  enhancing
alternative land for redevelopment such
as Brownfields for new economic uses.
Rivers,   lakes,   coastal  waters,   and
wetlands can  be restored  or protected
from   polluted  runoff  through  land
acquisition and/or other measures.

       To become  eligible  for  a  bond
allocation,   state,   local    and   tribal
governments  will submit  proposals  to
EPA  for initial  review in consultation
with other Agencies.  EPA will award
bond allocations in conjunction with the
Vice President's Community Empower-
ment   Board  and   other  Agencies.
Preferences  will  be given  to  regional
proposals  that  reflect   collaborative
planning by  neighboring communities,
particularly  partnerships among cities,
suburbs, and rural areas.

       Through the availability of these
bonds, and  the support of federal  tax
credits,  EPA  will  assist  in  building
healthy, livable communities for the 21st
century.   Better America Bonds  will
enable states, tribes and local  govern-
ments to reconnect with their land and
water, preserve green space and provide
attractive    settings    for   economic
development.
                                        99

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100

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                State,  Local and Tribal Grants
                                 (dollars in millions)
          1992
                 1993
                        1994
                               1995
                                       1996
                                              1997
                                                     1998
                                                             1999
                                                                    2000
       In  2000,  the President's Budget
requests a total of $885.0 million for 16
'categorical'  program  grants for  state
and  tribal  governments.   This is  an
increase  of  $5.0  million  over  1999.
These   grants   are   part   of   EPA's
Operating Programs  even though  they
are  funded   in  the  State  and  Tribal
Assistance Grant (STAG) appropriation
account.  EPA will continue to pursue its
strategy of building and supporting state,
local and  tribal  capacity to  implement,
operate,  and  enforce  the  Nation's
environmental laws.    Most  environ-
mental laws envision establishment of a
decentralized  nationwide structure  to
protect    public   health   and    the
environment.   In  this  way,  environ-
mental goals will ultimately be achieved
through  the  actions,   programs,   and
commitments  of state, tribal and local
governments, organizations and citizens.

       In  2000,  EPA will  continue to
give more flexibility to state and tribal
governments to  manage their environ-
mental  programs as  well  as  provide
technical and financial assistance.  First,
EPA and its state and tribal partners will
continue  implementing  the  National
Environmental Performance Partnership
System (NEPPS). NEPPS is designed to
allow states more  flexibility to operate
their  programs  with  less  interference
from  the  Federal  government,  while
increasing  emphasis  on measuring and
reporting  environmental  improvements.
Second, Performance Partnership Grants
(PPGs) will continue to allow states and
tribes  funding   flexibility  to  combine
categorical program  grants to address
environmental priorities.
HIGHLIGHTS:
Air and Radiation Program Grants

       In 2000,  the President's Budget
requests a total of $217.9 million for Air
and  Radiation Program  grants to  help
state and tribal governments address air
and  radiation  program  requirements.
This amount represents a net increase of
$3.2 million over 1999. Specific
                                      101

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                State,  Local and Tribal Grants
increases  include:  (1)  a $13.7 million
investment   to   meet   requirements
mandated by the ISTEA; and (2) a $3.0
million    investment   for   additional
ambient monitoring of air toxics in urban
areas.
Underground Storage Tanks Grants

       In 2000,  the President's Budget
requests a total of $11.9 million for the
Underground Storage Tanks (UST) grant
program.    The  UST  program  will
continue to  support partnerships  with
state  and  tribal  governments.    The
President's Budget request includes  an
increase  of $1.4 million  for grants  to
Indian tribes to assist them in developing
the   capability   to    administer   and
implement the UST program.
Enforcement Program Grants

       In 2000,  the President's Budget
requests  a total  of  $27.3 million for
Pesticides   and   Toxic   Substances
Enforcement grants. An increase of $0.4
million is requested to provide training
to senior Tribal regulatory  officials in
the latest theories and techniques for
effective   compliance  and  compliance
programs under the FIFRA Cooperative
Agreements.
Elimination of Tribal Cap on
 Non-point Sources

       In 2000,  the  President's Budget
is  proposing  to  eliminate the statutory
one-third  of one percent cap on  Clean
Water Act section 319 Non-point Source
Pollution  grant  funds  that  may   be
awarded to Tribes.  This proposal is in
recognition of a clear gap between tribal
non-point  source  program  needs  and
available funds.   The number of tribes
applying for  and receiving section  319
Non-point Source Pollution (NPS) grants
have  steadily  increased from  two in
1991 to eleven   in 1999.  Currently, 20
tribes have met the eligibility  require-
ments to receive section 319(h) program
grants.   This number  is  expected to
increase annually  as more of the  554
federally  recognized   tribes   become
eligible to participate in this program (23
tribes are  working to become program
eligible).  In  1999,  because  of  the
statutory cap, only $0.7 million of the
$200.0  million  total  appropriated  for
Section 319  grants is  available to  the
tribes.
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                    State and Tribal Assistance Grants
                                  (dollars in thousands)
FY 1998
Enacted
FY 1999
Enacted
FY 2000
President's
Budget
                 Grant

Air & Radiation
State and Local Assistance                   $181,933.0     $195,533.0      $198,690.0
Tribal Assistance                             $10,168.8      $11,068.8       $11,068.8
Radon                                       $8.158.0       $8.158.0        $8.158.0
Subtotal:                                  $200,259.8     $214,759.8      $217,916.8

Water
Pollution Control (Section 106)                $95,529.3     $115,529.3      $115,529.3
Non-point Source                           $105,000.0     $200,000.0      $200,000.0
Wetlands Program                            $15,000.0      $15,000.0       $15,000.0
Water Quality Cooperative Agreements         $20.000.0      $19.000.0       $19.000.0
Subtotal:                                 $235,529.30     $349,529.3      $349,529.3

Drinking Water
PWSS
UIC
Subtotal:

Hazardous Waste
H.W. Financial Assistance                     $98,598.2      $98,598.2       $98,598.2
Underground Storage Tanks                   $10.544.7      $10.544.7       $11.944.7
Subtotal:                                  $109,142.9     $109,142.9      $110,542.9

Pesticides & Toxics
Pesticides Program Implementation             $13,114.6      $13,114.6       $13,114.6
Lead Grants                                 $13.712.2      $13.712.2       $13.712.2
Subtotal:                                   $26,826.8      $26,826.8       $26,826.8

Multimedia
Pollution Prevention                           $5,999.5       $5,999.5        $5,999.5
Pesticides Enforcement                       $17,511.6      $19,511.7       $19,911.6
Toxics Enforcement                           $6,864.2       $7,364.2        $7,364.2
Indian General Assistance Program             $38.585.4      $42.585.3       $42.585.4
Subtotal:                                    $68,960.7      $75,460.7       $75,860.7

GRAND TOTAL:                          $745,000.0     $880,000.0      $884,957.0
$93,780.5
$10.500.0
$104,280.5
$93,780.5
$10.500.0
$104,280.5
$93,780.5
$10.500.0
$104,280.5
                                        103

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104

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                  Water and Air Infrastructure Financing
                                     (dollars in millions)

                                                                         FY 2000
                                                         FY1999       President's
     Water and Air Infrastructure Financing             Enacted         Budget
     Clean Water State Revolving Fund (CWSRF)              $1,350.0          $800.0
     Drinking Water State Revolving Fund (DWSRF)             $775.0          $825.0
     Mexican Border Projects                                   $50.0          $100.0
     Special Needs Projects                                    $351.7           $28.0
     Clean Air Partnership Fund                                   $0.0          $200.0
     TOTAL:                                              $2,526.7        $1,953.0
Water and Air Infrastructure Funds

       EPA's Clean Air  Partnership Fund
and Water Infrastructure Financing request
totals $1,953.0  million.   Funds  in these
programs support three goals in 2000: Clean
Air,  Clean and  Safe Water,  and Reducing
Cross-Border Environmental Threats.

Clean Air Partnership Fund

       In   2000  the   Administration  is
launching an investment of $200 million for
the Clean  Air Partnership Fund - a program
that  provides financing for  smart, multi-
pollutant control  strategies that will reduce
air pollution as  well  as greenhouse gases,
and  provide  healthy  clean  air  to local
citizens as soon  as possible.  Funds will be
for  projects  demonstrating   simultaneous
early  reductions  in smog,  soot or air toxics,
as well as greenhouse gases.

       Recognizing that cost restraints often
play  a part in businesses and municipalities
investing  in  short-term,   single  pollutant
strategies, the Clean Air  Partnership Fund
will encourage many industries demonstrate
long-range comprehensive pollution reduc-
tion strategies. The Fund extends to electric
utilities  and  the  transportation sector, and
grants will be made available to states, local
governments, and tribes.

Water Infrastructure Financing

       EPA's water infrastructure financing
efforts  support two of EPA's strategic goals:
Clean and Safe Water, and Reducing Global
and  Cross-border  Environmental  Risks.
With  significant  needs  over the  next 20
years  for wastewater  infrastructure alone,
the Nation's cities  are faced a major price
tag for keeping  our rivers,  streams, and
beaches free from untreated  sewage. Vast
quantities  of   pollution  contaminate  res-
idential areas and wildlife habitats along our
border  with  Mexico.    In   Alaska native
villages, more than 20,000 households lack
even the  most rudimentary  20th  century
sanitation facilities and technology.

       In hundreds of cities and towns, the
systems for ensuring safe drinking water lag
behind modern  demands.  In some cases, the
costs   associated  with  meeting   national
standards   for   drinking   water   quality
('maximum   contaminant   levels')  have
outstripped a   community's  investment  in
drinking  water treatment and distributions
systems.     In  other  cases,  aging  and
deteriorated systems need to be restored to
ensure  continued protection of public health.
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                  Water and Air Infrastructure Financing
       The  State  and  Tribal  Assistance
Grants  (STAG)  Appropriation  provides
financial assistance to states, municipalities
and tribal  governments to fund a variety of
drinking  water,  water,  and   wastewater
infrastructure  projects.    These funds  are
essential to fulfill the federal government's
commitment to  help our state, tribal  and
local  partners  obtain adequate  funding to
construct  the  facilities required to comply
with  federal  environmental  requirements.
States  and localities rely on  a variety of
revenue sources  to  finance their environ-
mental programs and to pay for the facilities
needed  to keep  the water clean  and safe
from harmful contaminants.

       Providing STAG funds through State
Revolving Fund  (SRF)  programs,  EPA
works  in  partnership  with  the states  to
provide low-cost financial  assistance  to
municipalities  for  infrastructure construc-
tion.  SRF funds are also provided as grants
to tribal governments to help them address
their water, drinking water, and wastewater
needs.   Special Needs projects  also provide
focused wastewater grant assistance to local
areas facing extraordinary needs.

       The President's Budget requests  a
total of $1,753.0  million in 2000 for EPA's
Water Infrastructure programs, a decrease of
$773.8 million from  1999.    Of the total
water   infrastructure   request,   $1,653.0
million  will support EPA's Goal  2: Clean
and  Safe  Water, and  $100.0  million will
support EPA's Goal 6: Reduction of Global
and Cross-border Environmental Risks. The
$773.8 million decrease is the net result of a
$500.0 million reduction in the Clean Water
State   Revolving  Fund   (CWSRF)   and
Drinking  Water  State   Revolving  Fund
(DWSRF)  programs,   a  $262.6  million
reduction in 1999 Congressional earmarks, a
net $61.1 million decrease for Special Needs
projects, and a $50.0 million increase for the
U.S./Mexico Border Fund.

       The  resources  requested   in  this
budget   will   enable  the   Agency,   in
conjunction  with EPA's  state,  local, and
Tribal partners, to achieve several important
goals for 2000.    Some  of these  goals
include:

       91 percent of  the population served
       by community water  systems will
       receive  drinking water meeting all
       health-based standards in effect since
       1994, up from  83% in 1994;

       Another  two  million  people  will
       receive  the  benefits  of secondary
       treatment of wastewater, for a total
       of 181 million.

Goal  2:    Enhancing  Human  Health
through Clean and Safe Water

Capitalizing Clean Water and Drinking
 Water State Revolving Funds

       The  Clean  Water  and  Drinking
Water  State  Revolving  Fund  programs
demonstrate  a true  partnership  between
states,    localities,    and   the   federal
government.   These   programs   provide
Federal  financial  assistance  to   states,
localities, and tribal governments to protect
the nation's water  resources  by  providing
funds for the  construction of drinking water
and  wastewater treatment facilities.   The
SRFs are two of the Agency's  premier tools
for building the financial  capacity  of our
partners.    The President's  2000  Budget
provides a total of $1.63 billion for the SRFs
within the  STAG  Appropriation,  a  net
decrease of $500.0 million from 1999.
                                          106

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                  Water and Air Infrastructure Financing
Capitalizing the CWSRF

       As part of the President's environ-
mental initiatives, the Administration will
continue  to  capitalize the  CWSRF, which
has almost  $16.0 billion  in  capitalization
grants for the  50  states and Puerto Rico, or
almost 90  percent  more  than  originally
authorized by Congress  (the  program was
scheduled to end in  1994).   Through this
program, the  federal  government provides
financial  assistance for wastewater and other
water projects, including nonpoint  sources,
estuaries, stormwater,  and  combined sewer
overflows.    Water  infrastructure  projects
contribute to direct ecosystem improvements
by  lowering  the  amount of  nutrients and
toxic  pollutants  in  all  types  of surface
waters.

       In 2000, the President is  requesting
$800.0 million for the CWSRF. This $550.0
million  decrease  from 1999  will  have  a
limited impact on this fund that now  has
approximately $27.0 billion in assets. The
2000 CWSRF request,  combined with future
requests,  will still allow the Agency to meet
its long-term capitalization goal of providing
an average amount of $2.0  billion in annual
financial  assistance.
Using the CWSRF to Address the Highest
 Priority Threats to our Waters

       Pollution  from nonpoint sources is
the largest cause of water pollution. In order
to better address the Nation's most pressing
water   quality   problems,   the   Federal
government needs to  provide  incentives to
encourage  more SRF  resources  to  high
priority non-point projects.

       In the  Clean  Water  Action  Plan
(CWAP), EPA committed to continue its
work with states to increase the number and
dollar  amount  of loans  made  through the
CWSRF  for priority  projects  to  prevent
polluted  runoff.  In 2000, the Agency is
proposing  to  allow states the  option  to
reserve up to  20 percent of their  annual
CWSRF  capitalization  grants   to  provide
grant funding for implementation of  non-
point  source  and  estuary  management
projects.   Projects  receiving grants assist-
ance   must,   to  the   maximum   extent
practicable, rank highest on the state's list of
prioritized  projects  eligible  for  funding
assistance.   Grants  may also be combined
with  loans  for  eligible  projects to  help
communities  which might otherwise  find
loans unaffordable.

Capitalizing the DWSRF

       In 2000, the President is requesting
$825.0 million for the DWSRF, which  is an
increase  of  $50.0 million   over   1999.
Through the  DWSRF  program, states will
provide loans to finance improvements to
community water systems and to restructure
small  systems  so  that  they  can  achieve
compliance with  the mandates  of the  Safe
Drinking Water Act (SOWA) Amendments.
Some  non-state  recipients,  such  as  the
District of Columbia  and the  tribes,  will
receive their DWSRF allocations in the  form
of   grants.     The  DWSRFs  will   be
self-sustaining  in the  long  run and  will
directly  help  offset  the  rising costs  of
ensuring safe  drinking  water supplies and
assist small communities in meeting  their
responsibilities.   The Administration's goal
for the DWSRF is for the fund to provide an
average  of  $500.0   million   in   annual
financial assistance.
Supporting Alaska Native Villages
                                           107

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                  Water and Air Infrastructure Financing
       The  President's  Budget  requests
$15.0 million for Alaska native villages for
the construction of wastewater and drinking
water  facilities  to  address  very  serious
sanitation problems.  EPA will continue to
work with the Department  of Health and
Human Services' Indian Health Service, the
State of Alaska, and local  communities to
provide  needed  financial   and  technical
assistance.

Assisting Needy Communities

       The  President's  Budget  requests
$13.0  million  for  the  construction  of
wastewater treatment facilities for Bristol
County, MA, and New Orleans, LA.  Funds
are targeted to these areas because of special
circumstances  including  financial  hardship
and unique sewer system problems.

Goal 6: Reducing Cross-border
 Environmental Risks - U.S./Mexico
 Border

       The President's  Budget  requests  a
total   of  $100.0   million   for  water
infrastructure  projects   along   the   U.S./
Mexico  Border  —   an  increase  of  $50.0
million from  1999.    The  goal of  this
program is  to  reduce  the  incidence of
waterborne  diseases  and  enhance  water
quality  along the  Mexico  border.    The
communities along both sides of the Border
are  facing  unusual  human   health  and
environmental threats because of the lack of
adequate  wastewater and  drinking  water
facilities.    EPA's  U.S./Mexico  Border
program provides  funds to  support the
planning,  design  and construction of high
priority  water and  wastewater  treatment
projects along the U.S./Mexico Border and
for wastewater projects.
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                               Trust Funds
                                (dollars in millions)
                                          FY 1999
                                          Enacted
                                           Budget
                 FY 2000
                 President's
                   Budget
       Response
       Enforcement
       Management & Support
       Other Federal Agencies

       Transfers:
         IG
         R&D

       Total Discretionary:

       Superfund Orphan Share
         (Mandatory)

       Superfund Total:
       Workyears:

       LUST:
       Workyears:

       TRUST FUNDS TOTAL:
       WORKYEAR TOTAL:
 $1,005.2
  $145.0
  $122.6
  $175.0
   $12.2
   $40.0

 $1,500.0
 $1,500.0
 3,752.5

   $72.5
    85.8

$1,572.5
 3,838.3
 $1019.4
  $147.8
  $132.5
  $152.2
   $10.8
   $37.3

$1,500.0
 $200.0

$1,700.0
 3,663.5

   $71.6
    86.8

$1,771.6
 3,705.3
SUPERFUND

      In 2000, the President's Budget
requests a total of $1,500.0 million  in
discretionary  budget authority, $200.0
million in mandatory  budget  authority
and 3,663.5  workyears for Superfund.
The  2000  Budget  provides  $1,019.4
million  and   1,530.8  workyears  for
Superfund cleanups and redevelopment
of  Brownfields   sites.    Superfund
clean-up  addresses  public health and
environmental threats from uncontrolled
releases of hazardous substances.   To
help address Brownfield sites, which are
abandoned,   idled,   or   under-used
industrial   and   commercial  facilities
where  expansion  or redevelopment is
complicated  by   real   or  perceived
environmental    contamination,    the
Agency    will    empower    States,
communities,  and other stakeholders in
economic   redevelopment   to   work
together in a timely manner to assess,
                                     109

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                                Trust Funds
safely  clean up,  and sustainably reuse
Brownfields.

       The  2000  President's   Budget
requests  $147.8  million  and   1,206.4
workyears  for the  Superfund Enforce-
ment   program.     The  Agency  will
continue  its efforts  to obtain  potentially
responsible party (PRP) response actions
to  ensure  that   responsible   parties
cooperatively contribute their equitable
share   toward  cleaning up  Superfund
hazardous  waste   sites.   Where  PRP
negotiations fail, the Agency  will either
pursue enforcement action  to  compel
PRP cleanup or use  Trust Fund dollars to
remediate sites.

       In 2000,  there are several other
functions  funded  in  the  President's
Budget.  For  instance,  the President's
Budget requests $132.5  million  and
558.4  workyears for Management  and
Support  activities to perform Agency-
wide resource  management and  control
functions  including  budget  develop-
ment,   budget   utilization,   financial
accounting  and fiscal operations.  The
President's   Budget  requests   $152.2
million for our Federal Agency Partners.
The Agency works  with several  Federal
agencies  to perform essential  services in
areas where the Agency does  not posses
the specialized expertise.  The Agency
for  Toxic  Substances  and  Disease
Registry  (ATSDR),  National Institute of
Environmental      Health     Services
(NIEHS), Department of Justice (DOJ)
receive 93%  of Superfund  resources
allocated to other Federal Agencies. The
Presidents's  Budget  requests   $52.4
million and 224.9 workyears transferred
to the Inspector General for program
auditing and to Research and
Development  for  innovative  cleanup
technology testing.
LUST

       The 2000 President's Budget re-
quests $71.6 million and 86.8 workyears
for the Leaking  Underground Storage
Tank (LUST) program, a decrease of 1%
in resources and  an  increase  of  1.0
workyear  over 1999.   Approximately
85%  of this  will  be  used  for  state
cooperative agreements and support for
tribal cleanup.  The highest priority, over
the next several years will be to address
the backlog  of 168,000 cleanups  (as of
September  1998)  yet to  be completed.
In FY 2000 the  Agency's goal is to
complete  21,000  cleanups under  the
supervision of EPA and its State, local,
and tribal partners.
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                          st
                       21  Century Research Fund
       The President's Budget proposes
the establishment  of the 21st  Century
Research  Fund  to  demonstrate  the
Administration's commitment to  science
and  technology  and  to  enhance high-
priority civilian research and development
activities.

BACKGROUND:

*  This Fund supports key environmental
   and research  programs, and promotes
   stability  and  growth for the  highest
   priority research efforts.

*  EPA's    entire    research     and
   development program and the Climate
   Change  Technology   Initiative  are
   included  in the 21st Century Research
   Fund.

*  The Fund includes major research and
   development  performed  by  Federal
   agencies    and    includes  National
   Science  and  Technology  Council
   initiatives.
                                       Ill

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                             st
                         21   Century Research Fund
                                      (dollars in millions)

                                                                 FY 1999      FY 2000
                                                                 Enacted      Pres Bud
Goal 1:  Clean Air
 Attain NAAQS for Ozone and PM                                        $75.7         $69.1
 Reduce Emissions of Air Toxics                                          $19.7         $20.6

Goal 2:  Clean and Safe Water
 Safe Drinking Water, Fish and Recreational Waters                           $47.7         $41.5
 Conserve and Enhance Nation's Waters                                    $19.5         $20.0
 Reduce Loadings and Air Deposition                                       $8.4           $8.7

Goal 3:  Safe Food
 Reduce Use on Food of Pesticides Not Meeting Standards                      $6.4           $6.6

Goal 4:  Preventing Pollution and Reducing Risk in
   Communities, Homes, Workplaces and Ecosystems
  Safe Handling and Use of Commercial Chemicals & Microorganisms           $11.2          $11.5
  Healthier Indoor Air                                                    $2.8           $0.0

Goal 5:  Better Waste Management, Restoration of
   Contaminated Waste Sites, and Emergency Response
 Reduce or Control Risks to Human Health                                  $48.4          $41.5
 Prevent, Reduce and Respond to Releases, Spills,
   Accidents or Emergencies                                               $6.6           $7.2

Goal 6: Reduction of Global and Cross-border
   Environmental Risks
 Climate Change                                                       $16.7         $22.8

Goal 7: Expansion of Americans' Right to Know About
   their Environment
 Enhance Ability to Protect Public Health                                   $11.5         $12.9

Goal 8:  Sound Science, Improved Understanding of
   Environmental Risk and Greater Innovation to Address
   Environmental Problems
 Research for Ecosystem Assessment and Restoration                         $111.4         $118.5
 Research for Human Health Risk Assessment                               $50.3          $56.2
 Research to Detect Emerging Risk Issues                                   $49.2          $42.3
 Pollution Prevention and New Technology for Environmental
  Protections                                                          $76.6          $55.4

Office of Research & Development                                $562.3       $534.8

Climate Change Technology Initiative                            $109.5        $216.4

Total                                                              $671.8       $751.2
                                           112

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                        Environmental Protection Agency
                         Summary of Agency Resources
        Agency Programs by Goal

 1  Clean Air
 2  Clean & Safe Water
 3  Safe Food
 4  Preventing Pollution
 5  Better Waste Management
 6  Global and Cross Border
 7  Right-to-Know
 8  Sound Science
 9  Credible Deterrent
10 Effective Management

   Subtotal Operating Programs:

 5  Better Waste Management
 7  Right-to-Know
 8  Sound Science
 9  Credible Deterrent
10 Effective Management

   Subtotal Trust Funds:

 1  Clean Air
 2  Clean & Safe Water
 6  Global & Cross Border

   Subtotal Water and Air
   Infrastructure Financing:
                                   (dollars in thousands)
                                       FY 1999
                                       Enacted

                                        $536,368.0
                                        $941,589.7
                                         $67,546.4
                                        $237,789.8
                                        $234,501.5
                                        $179,366.9
                                        $131,153.5
                                        $341,660.5
                                        $304,466.8
                                        $516,658.9

                                       $3,491,102.0
                                       $1,572,500.0
                                       $2,526,750.0
 GRAND TOTAL DISCRETIONARY:   $7,590,352.0

 Superfund Orphan Share (Mandatory)

 GRAND TOTAL BUDGET
 AUTHORITY:                        $7,590,352.0

 BOND AUTHORITY:

      BETTER AMERICA BONDS             $0.0

* Does not include a $20 million offset for user fees.
   FY 2000
  President's
Budget Request

   $522,058.8
   $898,369.2
    $78,583.2
   $277,166.0
   $245,433.5
   $307,414.2
   $141,834.1
   $316,162.6
   $316,086.2
   $578,982.2

  $3,682,090.0
              FY 2000 - FY 1999
                 Difference
                 Total Dollars

                  ($14,309.2)
                  ($43,220.5)
                   $11,036.8
                   $39,376.2
                   $10,932.0
                  $128,047.3
                   $10,680.6
                  ($25,497.9)
                   $11,619.4
                   $62,323.3

                  $190,988.0
$1,421,412.0
$2,313.7
$5,335.7
$14,923.5
$128,515.1
$1,411,286.0
$2,765.0
$5,584.8
$15,248.8
$136,671.4
($10,126.0)
$451.3
$249.1
$325.3
$8,156.3
  $1,571,556.0
  $1,953,000.0
$1,900,000.0
                    ($944.0)
$0.0
$2,476,750.0
$50,000.0
$200,000.0
$1,653,000.0
$100,000.0
$200,000.0
($823,750.0)
$50,000.0
                 ($573,350.0)
  $7,206,646.0*      ($383,706.0)

    $200,000.0        $200,000.0


  $7,406,646.0*      ($183,706.0)
                   $1,900,000.0
                                         113

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Environmental Protection Agency 1
Summary of Agency Resources |


Agency Programs by Goal
Clean Air
Clean & Safe Water
Safe Food
Preventing Pollution
Better Waste Management
Global & Cross Border
Right-to-Know
Sound Science
Credible Deterrent
) Effective Management
Subtotal Operating Programs:
Better Waste Management
Right-to-Know
Sound Science
Credible Deterrent
) Effective Management
Subtotal Trust Funds:
Clean Air
Clean & Safe Water
Global & Cross Border
Workyears
FY 1999
Enacted
1,762.3
2,495.1
702.4
1,124.9
1,213.3
522.4
708.6
1,184.9
2,475.1
2,357.3
14,546.3
3,103.6
12.2
9.3
79.3
633.9
3,838.3
0.0
0.0
0.0
FY 2000
President's
Budget Request
1,802.6
2,522.0
712.2
1,117.9
1,219.5
519.9
741.9
1,178.0
2,461.0
2,380.4
14,655.4
3,026.6
12.4
9.3
79.1
622.9
3,750.3
0.0
0.0
0.0
FY 2000 - FY 1999
Difference
Total Dollars
40.3
26.9
9.8
(7.0)
6.2
(2.5)
33.3
(6.9)
(14.1)
23.1
(109.1)
(67.0)
0.2
2.5
(0.2)
(11.0)
(78.0)
0.0
0.0
0.0
Subtotal Water and Air
 Infrastructure Financing:
    0.0
     0.0
 0.0
GRAND TOTAL:
18,384.6
18,405.7
31.1
                                      114

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