United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office Of
Chief Financial Officer
(2732)
EPA 205-3-93-001
January 1 999
v*EPA Summary Of The 2000 Budget
EJBD
ARCHIVE
EPA
205-
S-
99-
001
Repository Material
Permanent Collection
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page#
Introduction
EPA Mission and Purpose 3
EPA Goals 5
Overview
Overview of the 2000 Budget 7
Goals
Goal 1: Clean Air 15
Goal 2: Clean and Safe Water 25
Goal 3: Safe Food 35
Goal 4: Preventing Pollution and Reducing Risk in
Communities, Homes, Workplaces and Ecosystems 41
Goal 5: Better Waste Management and Restoration of
Contaminated Waste Sites, and Emergency Response 53
Goal 6: Reduction of Global and Cross-Border Environmental
Risks 61
Goal 7: Expansion of Americans' Right to Know About
Their Environment 67
Goal 8: Sound Science, Improved Understanding of Environmental
Risk and Greater Innovation to Address Environmental Problems 75
Goal 9: A Credible Deterrent to Pollution and Greater Compliance
With the Law 87
Goal 10: Effective Management 91
Additional Information
Better America Bonds 99
State and Tribal Assistance Grants 101
Water and Air Infrastructure Financing 105
Trust Funds 109
21st Century Research Fund Ill
Budget Tables 113
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Cover Photo of Lake Tahoe: Courtesy of Susan Burris
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EPA Mission and Purpose
The mission of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is to
protect human health and to safeguard the natural environment — air,
water, and land — upon which life depends. EPA's purpose is to ensure
that:
All Americans are protected from
significant risks to human health and
the environment where they live,
learn, and work.
National efforts to reduce environ-
mental risk are based on the best
available scientific information.
Federal laws protecting human
health and the environment are
enforced fairly and effectively.
Environmental protection is an
integral consideration in U.S. pol-
icies concerning natural resources,
human health, economic growth,
energy, transportation, agriculture,
industry, and international trade, and
these factors are similarly considered
in establishing environmental policy.
All parts of society: communities,
individuals, business, state and local
governments, and tribal governments
have access to accurate information
sufficient to effectively participate in
man-aging human health and
environmental risks.
Environmental protection contributes
to making our communities and
ecosystems diverse, sustainable, and
economically productive.
The United States plays a leadership
role in working with other nations to
protect the global environment.
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EPA Goals
EPA has developed a series often strategic, long-term Goals in its Strategic
Plan. These goals, together with the underlying principles that will be used to
achieve them, define the Agency's planning, budgeting, analysis, and accountability
process.
Clean Air: The air in every American
community will be safe and healthy to
breathe. In particular, children, the elderly,
and people with respiratory ailments will
be protected from health risks of breathing
polluted air. Reducing air pollution will
also protect the environment, resulting in
many benefits, such as restoring life in
damaged ecosystems and reducing health
risks to those whose subsistence depends
directly on those ecosystems.
Clean and Safe Water: All Americans
will have drinking water that is clean and
safe to drink. Effective protection of
America's rivers, lakes, wetlands, aquifers,
and coastal and ocean waters will sustain
fish, plants, and wildlife, as well as
recreational, subsistence, and economic
activities. Watersheds and their aquatic
ecosystems will be restored and protected
to improve public health, enhance water
quality, reduce flooding, and provide
habitat for wildlife.
Safe Food: The foods Americans eat will
be free from unsafe pesticide residues.
Children will especially be protected from
the health threats posed by pesticide
residues, because they are among the most
vulnerable groups in our society.
Preventing Pollution and Reducing Risk
in Communities, Homes, Workplaces
and Ecosystems: Pollution prevention
and risk management strategies aimed at
cost-effectively eliminating, reducing, or
minimizing emissions and contamination
will result in cleaner and safer
environments in which all Americans can
reside, work, and enjoy life. EPA will
safeguard ecosystems and promote the
health of natural communities that are
integral to the quality of life in this Nation.
Better Waste Management, Restoration
of Contaminated Waste Sites, and
Emergency Response: America's wastes
will be stored, treated, and disposed of in
ways that prevent harm to people and to
the natural environment. EPA will work
to clean up previously polluted sites,
restoring them to uses appropriate for
surrounding communities, and respond to
and prevent waste-related or industrial
accidents.
Reduction of Global and Cross-Border
Environmental Risks: The United States
will lead other nations insuccessful,
multilateral efforts to reduce significant
risks to human health and ecosystems from
climate change, stratospheric ozone de-
pletion, and other hazards of international
concern.
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EPA Goals
Expansion of Americans' Right to
Know About Their Environment: Easy
access to a wealth of information about the
state of their local environment will expand
citizen involvement and give people tools
to protect their families and their
communities as they see fit. Increased
information exchange between scientists,
public health officials, businesses, citizens,
and all levels of government will foster
greater knowledge about the environment
and what can be done to protect it.
Sound Science, Improved Under-
standing of Environmental Risk, and
Greater Innovation to Address
Environmental Problems: EPA will
develop and apply the best available
science for addressing current and future
environmental hazards, as well as new
approaches toward improving environ-
mental protection.
A Credible Deterrent to Pollution and
Greater Compliance with the Law:
EPA will ensure full compliance with laws
intended to protect human health and the
environment.
Effective Management: EPA will
establish a management infrastructure that
will set and implement the highest quality
standards for effective internal manage-
ment and fiscal responsibility.
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Overview of the 2000 Budget
For nearly three decades, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and its
partners have made significant strides in controlling pollution and other
environmental risks to human health and the environment. The air, land, and water
are now safer for all Americans due to our Nation's investment in environmental
protection.
The 2000 Annual Plan and
Congressional Justification requests
$7.207* billion in discretionary budget
authority, and 18,406 FTE. In addition,
the President's 2000 request includes
$200.0 million in mandatory budgetary
authority for Superfund orphan shares,
and $1.9 billion in bond authority for
new "Better America Bonds." The 2000
budget request will help build strong,
healthy communities for the 21st
Century. This budget proposal is built
on the principle that a healthy environ-
ment and a healthy economy go hand in
hand.
Building Livable Communities
through "Better America Bonds"
EPA will play a key role in
implementing the "Better America
Bonds" program, which is a major
component of the Administration's Liv-
ability Initiative. These bonds will help
state and local governments take the
initiative in safeguarding their land and
water for future generations. Since
1960, urban sprawl has consumed 1.5
million acres of farmland annually. This
initiative will help state and local
governments to preserve open space,
protect water quality, and clean up
abandoned industrial sites.
This initiative will provide $9.5
billion in bond authority over five years
($1.9 billion in 2000) for investments by
state and local communities, resulting in
Federal tax credits of almost $700
million over the next five years. These
bonds will help communities preserve
green space for attractive, livable
communities and promote sustainable
economic development. This innovative
financial tool will be a model for future
environmental protection by giving
communities the flexibility they need to
direct resources to their most pressing
environmental needs.
Clean Air Partnership Fund
One of the Administration's most
important public health commitments is
to improve the air that Americans
breathe. Over one third of Americans
still live in areas where the air does not
meet the new air quality standards.
This budget includes $200.0 million in
new funding for a Clean Air Partnership
Fund. This fund will provide new grant
resources and opportunities for cities,
states and tribes to partner with the
private sector, the federal government
and each other to provide healthy, clean
air in the communities in which we live.
The Clean Air Partnership Fund
will demonstrate locally managed pro-
grams that achieve early integrated re-
ductions in soot, smog, air toxics and
greenhouse gases. The Fund will direct
new resources to state and local gov-
ernments to find the most innovative,
cost-effective and protective ways to
reduce soot, smog, air toxics and green-
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Overview of the 2000 Budget
house gases that contribute to climate
change.
The Air Toxics program will
develop tools and data that will allow the
Agency to move the program from an
almost exclusively technology based
program to a risk-based program with a
significant focus on urban air toxics.
The Air Toxics program has been
provided with approximately $18 million
in new funding. The recent Cumulative
Exposure Project (CEP) indicates that
concentrations of air toxics may be high
in almost every area of the country,
especially in and around urban areas.
The air toxics program is geared to
reduce risks for people who live and
work in urban areas, that include a
disproportionate number of poor and
minority Americans. It will bring
increased protection to a large number of
sensitive populations, such as children
and the elderly.
Meeting the Climate Change
Challenge
Furthermore, this budget invests
approximately $216 million for EPA's
portion of the Climate Change Tech-
nology Initiative (CCTI). This multi-
agency program continues the Admin-
istration's commitment to address the
significant threat that global warming
poses to public health and the
environment. This is the second year of
the Administration's five-year commit-
ment to reduce greenhouse gas
emissions through partnerships with
businesses, schools, state and local
governments, other organizations, and
investments in energy efficient
technologies and tax incentives for con-
sumers who purchase energy efficient
products.
Protecting Children's Health
One of the Clinton-Gore Admin-
istration's highest priorities has been,
and continues to be, protecting the health
of our children - giving them a healthier
start in life. Children are among the
most vulnerable members of society. As
part of the government-wide interagency
initiative on children's asthma, EPA is
taking a leadership role in reducing
children's exposure to asthma-causing
toxins in our environ-ment. President
Clinton has provided an additional $17
million dollars for children's asthma for
education, outreach, research, and air
monitoring activities. An increase of
$12 million dollars in funding is for
science activities that focus on other
chronic childhood afflictions and ail-
ments, such as cancer and developmental
disorders.
Ensuring Clean and Safe Water
This budget supports EPA's
efforts to clean up and restore our
Nation's rivers, lakes and coastal waters,
as well as its restoration of watersheds
across the country, with $630 million for
the Clean Water Action Plan (CWAP), a
multi-Agency initiative to protect the
Nation's watersheds and promote clean
water, and an additional $21 million in
related funding. A key focus of the Plan
is to reduce non-point source pollution,
and this budget includes $200 million for
non-point source grants.
EPA's 2000 President's Budget
also includes a proposal that will allow
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Overview of the 2000 Budget
states greater flexibility to address their
most pressing water quality problems.
The proposal will give states the
option to set aside up to 20 percent of
their 2000 Clean Water State Revolving
Fund (CWSRF) allotment for making
grants for implementation of non-point
source pollution and estuary manage-
ment projects. Pollution from non-point
sources is now the leading cause of
water pollution. These sources of pollu-
tion are harder to identify and control
than those associated with point sources.
In addition, although the CWSRF
shows a decrease from the previous year,
the Administration is still on track to
meet its goal for the CWSRF to provide
an average of $2.0 billion in annual
financial assistance. A total of almost
$16 billion has already been provided to
capitalize the CWSRF, almost 90
percent more than originally authorized
by Congress (the program was scheduled
to end in 1994).
The Administration is also on
track to meet its goal for the Drinking
Water State Revolving Fund (DWSRF),
to provide an average of $500 million a
year, and has proposed a $50 million
increase for the DWSRF in 2000.
A $50 million increase is pro-
vided for water and waste water projects
along the U.S./Mexico Border. With
these resources, the Agency provides
direct grant assistance to address the
environmental and public health pro-
blems associated with untreated in-
dustrial and municipal sewage on the
Border.
Empowering Citizens with Knowledge
about their Environment
The Agency is committed to
enabling citizens to assess the risks
posed by their specific environments and
allow them to make better decisions on
how to handle those risks. This budget
includes an investment of $13.5 million
additional dollars in the Chemical Right-
to-Know Initiative, which will ensure
that the public has basic health data for
industrial chemicals released in their
communities due to a voluntary part-
nership with industry. Through this and
other Right-to-Know programs sup-
ported by the Agency, Americans will
have unprecedented access to infor-
mation. As a further step in our
commitment to improving and ex-
panding access to information, we are
pioneering a new Information Office
which will advocate the use and
management of information as a
strategic resource to enhance public
health and environmental protection.
Cleaning up Toxic Waste Sites
The 2000 budget continues a
commitment to clean up toxic waste sites
with $1.5 billion for Superfund cleanups,
and $200 million in mandatory spending
authority for Superfund orphan snares, to
reduce the effect of uncontrolled releases
on local pop-ulations and sensitive
environments. The Agency will con-
tinue to address clean-up efforts at over
89 percent of Superfund sites.
Combined with continuing admin-
istrative reforms, these funds will help
meet the President's pledge to complete
the clean up of two-thirds of
Superfund hazardous waste sites by
2002.
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Overview of the 2000 Budget
Revitalizing Communities through the
Brownfields Initiative
The 2000 budget continues the
President's Brownfields initiative, which
promotes local cleanup and redevelop-
ment of industrial sites, bringing jobs to
blighted areas. This budget includes
$91.7 million for technical assistance
and grants to communities for site
assessment and redevelopment planning,
as well as revolving loan funds to
finance clean-up efforts at the local
level. Through 2000, EPA will have
funded Brownfields site assessment
pilots in 350 communities.
Strengthening Tribal Partnerships
The Agency continues its com-
mitment to tribal programs with a total
request of $165.8 million. New funding
will provide tribes with program and
technical assistance and will assure that
tribes have adequate information with
which to make environmental decisions.
In addition, the President's Budget
proposes to eliminate the current
statutory ceiling on grant funds that may
be awarded to tribes for non-point source
activities under the Clean Water Act
(CWA). This is especially significant
since there is increasing demand for the
limited pool of tribal grant funds.
Summary
EPA's 2000 President's Budget
moves our Nation forward with in-
novative, common sense, cost-effective
programs to ensure strong and healthy
communities in the 21st Century by
addressing environmental problems
through innovative programs and
focusing on high-risk areas. The budget
continues our commitment to partner-
ships, good stewardship and strong
leadership in the Nation's efforts for a
clean, safe and healthy environment.
1 Does not include a $20.0 million offset for user
fees.
10
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In 2000, The Agency's Budget Totals $7.4 Billion
Better America Bonds
Operating Programs
Trust Funds
Water and Air Infrastructure
/
$6,882M
/ /
$2,602
/
$1,728
/
$2,552
/ ,
/
/
/
7
$5,568M
/
$2,661
$1,763
$1,144
7
3)/,3351Vl
/ /
$2,662
f
$1,673
f
$3,223
7
$6,281M
/ /
$2,744
/
$1,517
/
$2,020
/
7
$6,799M
/ ,
$3,109
$1,454
$2,236
/
>
>
7
$7,363M
/ /
$3,330
$1,565
$2,468
/
/
/
7
U) ; ,«J^UI»A
/ ,
$3,491
$1,572
$2,527
/
1
t
7
$7,207M
/
$3,682
$1,572
$1,953
/
$1.9M
' / /
$1,900
h n
*
*
**Better America Bonds - In 2000 the Adminstration is proposing bond authority of $1.9 billion.
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The Agency's Workyear Increase in 2000
Operating Programs
Trust Funds
17,280 17,106 17,508 17,082 17,152 17,739 18,385 18,406
• • 13,575
. .
3,705
/
q
13,330
3,776
q
13,801
3,707
q
13,580
3,502
q
13,796
3,356
q
/ /
14,290
3,449
q
14,546
3,838
q
14,656
/
3,750
1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
NOTE: FY1993 through 1998 reflect actual FTE usage.
12
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GOALS
13
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14
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Clean Air
Strategic Goal: The air in every American community will be safe and healthy to
breathe. In particular, children, the elderly, and people with respiratory ailments will be
protected from health risks of breathing polluted air. Reducing air pollution will also
protect the environment, resulting in many benefits, such as restoring life in damaged
ecosystems and reducing health risks to those whose subsistence depends directly on
those ecosystems.
Resource Summary
(Dollars in Thousands)
Clean Air
Attain NAAQS for Ozone and PM
Reduce Emissions of Air Toxics
Attain NAAQS for CO, SO2, NO2, Lead
Acid Rain
Total Workyears:
FY 1999
Enacted
$536,368.0
$384,863.2
$90,700.3
$42,184.1
$18,620.4
1,762.3
FY 2000
Request
$722,058.8
$489,618.4
$175,485.3
$36,523.5
$20,431.6
1,802.6
FY 2000 - FY 1999
Difference
$185,690.8
$104,755.2
$84,785.0
($5,660.6)
$1,811.2
40.3
Means and Strategy:
Despite concerted efforts to
achieve cleaner, healthier air, air
pollution continues to be a widespread
public health and environmental problem
in the United States, contributing to
illnesses such as cancer, respiratory,
developmental, and reproductive
problems. In many cases, air pollutants
end up on the land or in rivers, lakes,
and streams, harming the life in them.
Air pollution also makes soil and
waterways more acidic, reduces
visibility, and corrodes buildings.
EPA is responding to air
pollution because the problem is national
and international in scope. The majority
of the population lives in expanding
urban areas, where air pollution crosses
local and state lines and, in some cases,
crosses our borders with Canada and
Mexico. Federal assistance and
leadership are essential for developing
cooperative state, local, tribal, regional,
and international programs to prevent
and control air pollution and for ensuring
that national standards are met.
Criteria pollutants.
EPA develops standards to
protect public health and the
environment that limit concentrations of
the most widespread pollutants (known
as criteria pollutants), which are linked
to many serious health and
environmental problems:
* Ground-level ozone. Causes res-
piratory illness, especially in active
children; aggravates respiratory
illnesses such as asthma: and causes
15
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Clean Air
damage to vegetation and visibility
problems.
* Carbon monoxide (CO). Interferes
with the delivery of oxygen to body
tissues, affecting particularly people
with cardiovascular diseases.
* Sulfur dioxide (802). Aggravates
the symptoms of asthma and is a
major contributor to acid rain.
* Nitrogen dioxide (NC^). Irritates the
lung and contributes to the formation
of ground-level ozone, acidic
deposition, and visibility problems.
* Lead. Causes nervous system
damage, especially in children,
leading to reduced intelligence.
* Particulate matter (PM). Linked to
premature death in the elderly and
people with cardiovascular disease
and to respiratory illness in children;
affects the environment through
visibility impairment.
Hazardous air pollutants.
Hazardous air pollutants (HAPs),
commonly referred to as air toxics or
toxic air pollutants, are pollutants that
cause, or may cause, adverse health
effects or ecosystem damage. The Clean
Air Act Amendments of 1990 list 188
pollutants or chemical groups as
hazardous air pollutants and target
sources emitting them for regulation.
Examples of air toxics include heavy
metals such as mercury and chromium,
dioxins, and pesticides such as chlordane
and toxaphene. HAPs are emitted from
literally thousands of sources including
stationary as well as mobile sources.
Adverse effects to human health and the
environment due to HAPs can result
from exposure to air toxics from
individual facilities, exposures to
mixtures of pollutants found in urban
settings, or exposure to pollutants
emitted from distant sources that are
transported through the atmosphere over
regional, national, or even global
airsheds.
Compared to information for the
criteria pollutants, the information about
the potential health effects of HAPs
(and their ambient concentrations) is
relatively incomplete. Most of the
information on potential health effects of
these pollutants is derived from
experimental animal data. Of the 188
HAPs mentioned above, almost 60
percent are classified by EPA as known,
probable, or possible carcinogens. One
of the more documented ecological
concerns associated with toxic air
pollutants is the potential for some to
damage aquatic ecosystems. Deposited
air pollutants can be significant
contributors to overall pollutant loadings
entering water bodies.
Acid rain.
The Clean Air Act Amendments
of 1990 established a program to control
emissions from electric power plants that
cause acid rain and other environmental
and public health problems. Emissions
of SO2 and nitrogen oxides (NOX) react
in the atmosphere and fall to earth as
acid rain, causing acidification of lakes
and streams and contributing to the
damage of trees at high elevations. NOX
emissions are a major precursor of
ozone, which affects public health and
damages crops, forests, and materials.
16
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Clean Air
NOX deposition also contributes to
eutrophication of coastal waters, such as
the Chesapeake and Tampa Bays.
Additionally, before falling to earth, SC>2
and NOX gases form fine particles that
affect public health by contributing to
premature mortality, chronic bronchitis,
and other respiratory problems. The fine
particles also contribute to reduced
visibility in national parks and
elsewhere. Acid deposition also
accelerates the decay of building
materials and paints and contributes to
degradation of irreplaceable cultural
objects such as statues and sculptures.
Percent Change in National Air Quality Concentrations and Emissions (1988-1997)
Percent Decrease in Percent Decrease
Concentration Emissions
1988-1997 1988-1997
in
Carbon Monoxide (CO)
Lead
Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)
Ozone (Pre-existing NAAQS) (1- hr)
Ozone (Revised NAAQS) (8 - hr)
PM10
Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)
38
67
14
19
16
26
39
25
44
1 (NOX)
20 (VOC)
12
12
The table above summarizes the 10-year
percent changes in national air quality
concentrations and emissions. It shows that
air quality has continued to improve during
the past 10 years for all six pollutants.
Nationally, air quality concentration data
taken from thousands of monitoring stations
across the country have continued to show
improvement since the 1980's for ozone,
PM, CO, NO2, SO2, and lead. In fact, all the
years throughout the 1990s have shown
better air quality than any of the years in the
1980s. This steady trend of improvement
resulted despite the fact that weather
conditions in the 1990s were generally more
conducive to higher pollution levels, such as
ground-level ozone formation.
The dramatic improvements in
emissions and air quality occurred
simultaneously with significant increases in
economic growth and population. The
improvements are a result of effective
implementation of clean air laws and
regulations, as well as improvements in the
efficiency of industrial technologies.
17
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Clean Air
Comparison of Growth Areas and Emissions Trends
While progress has been made, it is
important not to lose sight of the magnitude
of the air pollution problem that still
remains. Despite great progress in air
quality improvement, in 1997 there were
still approximately 107 million people
nationwide who lived in counties with
monitored air quality levels above the
primary national air quality standards.
To continue to reduce air
pollution, the Clean Air Act sets
specific targets for the mitigation
of each air pollution problem and
identifies specific activities and a
multi-year schedule for carrying
them out. The Act also requires
the air quality monitoring that
helps us measure progress. In
addition, the Act lays out a specific
roadmap for achieving those goals
- what we the Agency and our
partners — states, tribes, and local
governments — have to do to clean
up the air. One constant across the titles in
the Act is that the pollution control
strategies and programs it contains are all
designed to get the most cost-effective
reductions early on. The early reductions
program in toxics, Phase 1 of the Acid Rain
program, and the Maximum Achievable
Control Technology (MACT) program were
all designed to achieve early reductions,
making our air cleaner and safer to breathe.
The problems that remain are some of the
most difficult to solve.
Number of People Living in Counties with Air Quality
Concentrations Above the Level of the NAAQS in 1997
i.p'*« BViHir 3 1VA2.U;-!
^^^^•J ' S '
,i»*r*dNMf3B',
We have developed
strategies to address this
difficult increment and
overcome the barriers that
have hindered progress in
clean air in the past. We will
use the flexibility built into the
Clean Air Act, which is not
wedded to hard and fast
formulas or specific tech-
nological requirements.
We will focus our
efforts on:
18
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Clean Air
* Coupling ambitious goals with steady
progress - The emphasis will be on
near-term actions towards meeting the
standards, while giving states, tribes, and
local governments time to come up with
more difficult measures. We recognize
that it will be difficult for some areas of
the country to attain the new National
Ambient Air Quality Standards
(NAAQSs) for ozone and fine particles,
and we believe it will take more than
individual efforts to achieve the needed
emission reductions. We will work with
states, tribes, and local governments to
identify ways to achieve interim
reductions, principally through regional
strategies, national measures, and the air
toxics and acid rain programs by
building on cross-pollutant emission
reductions.
Using these strategies gets steady
progress toward the goal and for many areas
will achieve the goal. For those areas where
additional measures are required, this work
will allow steady progress toward the goal
while providing the time to identify
measures that will get that last increment to
fully achieve the goal.
* Maintaining accountability with
flexibility - Ensuring that there is no
backsliding in the progress already made
to meeting the Clean Air goal is critical.
We will also use the Act's flexibility to
develop innovative measures such as the
NOX trading program, which builds on
the acid rain program to help states,
tribes, and local governments reduce
emissions at the lowest cost.
* Fostering technical innovations where
they provide clear environmental
benefits - Market-based approaches
provide "niches" for many types oft
echnologies; no one size will fit all.
Sources can improvise, innovate, and
otherwise be creative in reducing
emissions. We will promote such
technological innovation and then
disseminate it to others to show how
they can get needed reductions.
* Building partnerships - There are
numerous forms of partnerships, all of
which we have used at one point or
another in implementing the Clean Air
Act: using public outreach to educate
people on the air problems and
encourage them to work to solve them;
involving groups, such as the multi-state
Ozone Transport Assessment Group, to
study a problem and provide
recommendations to EPA on ways to
solve it; working with organizations like
the National Academy of Sciences
(NAS) on both short-term and long-term
research priorities; and engaging in
regulatory negotiations to bring
stakeholders to work on a problem and
address a specific regulatory issue. We
will continue to use these types of
partnerships as appropriate to implement
the Clean Air Act.
Research
The Agency is seeking to understand
further the root causes of the air toxics
environmental and human health problems
in urban areas and, thereby improving the
ability to weigh alternative strategies for
solving those problems. Research will be
devoted to the development of currently
unavailable health effects and exposure
information to determine risk and develop
alternative strategies for maximizing risk
reductions. We will be able to model and
characterize not only the current toxics risk
and compare national program alternatives,
19
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Clean Air
but also identify regional and local "hot
spots" and model alternative strategies to
assist states and localities in solving their air
and water toxics problems.
Using these strategies, we will work
with areas that have the worst problems to
develop strategies accounting for unique
local conditions that may hinder them from
reaching attainment. We will also work with
states/locals and tribes to ensure that work
they are doing on the PM and ozone
standards effectively targets both pollutants,
as well as regional haze, to maximize
control strategies. On the national level, we
will continue to target source
characterization work, especially emission
factors, that is essential for the states, tribes
and locals to development strategies to meet
the standards
Highlights:
This budget request includes a new
$200 million Clean Air Partnership Fund to
provide through grants an opportunity for
cities, states, and tribes to partner with the
private sector, the Federal government and
each other to provide healthy clean air to
local citizens. The Fund will demonstrate
smart multi-pollutant strategies that reduce
air toxics, soot and smog, as well as
greenhouse gases to protect our health and
climate. The Clean Air Partnership Fund
will bring the most creative ideas for
cleaning the air we breathe to where they are
needed most — local communities.
Innovative ideas for clean air — ideas that
save money and reduce pollution - can be
demonstrated to create a cleaner, more
efficient environment at the local level. The
Clean Air Partnership Fund will act as a
magnet for local innovation and investment.
As part of fulfilling the President's
mandate for common-sense, flexible
implementation of the new PM NAAQS,
OAR must provide Regions, states, and
tribes with new information and tools that
they need to characterize the PM2.5 problem
and develop cost-effective solutions.
Because PM2.5 is a newly regulated
pollutant, only very limited source and
emissions data are available. Development
of refined characterization and emission
inventory tools that relate mass and
speciated monitoring data to potential
emission sources will greatly enhance the
information gained from the PM2.5
monitoring network. Also, emissions
characterization will include information on
the chemical composition of directly emitted
particles, which is essential for developing
source signatures used in relating ambient
data to sources, as well as in conducting
source-related health risk assessments.
Initial results for this characterization effort
will be used in the next periodic review of
the PM2.5 NAAQS. Emission character-
ization will focus primarily on fugitive
emissions from area sources, diesel
emissions from mobile sources, and selected
major point source categories. The
characterization and activity data work will
be done in conjunction with states and
tribes.
EPA is also aware that in some cases
individual states, tribes, and local
governments cannot solve their air pollution
problems merely by analysis of problems
and development of solutions within their
own jurisdictions. For a number of
situations, upwind emissions from other
jurisdictions contribute significantly to
nonattainment — or interfere with
maintenance—of a NAAQS, or affect
visibility. In such cases, states, tribes, and
local governments will have to join together
20
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Clean Air
in multi-jurisdictional efforts to gather and
analyze data to document the degree of
transport and recommend and implement
strategies to reduce the transported
contributions. The Ozone Transport
Assessment Group, the Ozone Transport
Commission, and the Grand Canyon
Visibility Transport Commission are
examples of such efforts. EPA has been
actively involved in these efforts and intends
to become involved in any similar future
efforts that are needed.
Moreover, as some of these
programs move into the implementation
stage, EPA will provide the data system
infrastructure to operate emissions trading
programs. For example, EPA will operate
the allowance and emissions tracking
systems for the Ozone Transport
Commission's NOX trading program.
Ozone and PM Research
EPA's Tropospheric Ozone and PM
Research Programs are devoted to the
mission of providing an improved scientific
basis for: 1) periodic review and revision of
the NAAQS, as needed; and 2)
implementation and attainment of the
NAAQSs.
Under the Tropospheric Ozone
Research Program, the Agency develops
information, methods, models, and
assessments to support implementation of
the current ozone NAAQS and the required
review of the standard every five years.
Implementation-related research is
coordinated through NARSTO (the North
American Research Strategy for
Tropospheric Ozone) to improve the
scientific basis for future ozone attainment
strategies through the implementation and
attainment of NAAQS. The NAAQS review
efforts are closely coordinated within EPA
to ensure assessment documents are
produced in time to support policy
decisions.
Under the PM Research Program,
research focuses on areas recommended by
NAS that contribute to the NAAQS review
and implementation and attainment of the
NAAQS. Such areas include: outdoor
measures versus actual human exposures;
exposure of sensitive subpopulations to PM;
dosimetry; effects of PM and copollutants;
susceptible subpopulations; mechanisms of
injury; assessment of hazardous PM
components; source-receptor measurement
tools; application of methods and models;
and analysis and measurement. Research
will also aid in ensuring that the sites, which
were initially designed to support
implementation, are sufficient to meet the
health and exposure research needs.
Targeting Air Toxics Risks in Urban Areas
To date, our air toxics program
priority has been to reduce toxic emissions
through technology-based MACT standards.
Since 1990, EPA has issued 27 air standards
which, when fully implemented, will reduce
one million tons per year of toxic air
emissions. The next step is to begin to
identify and reduce the remaining risk. Our
plan is to build on current technical
capabilities and develop inventories,
modeling capability, and an air toxics
monitoring network to determine risk and
measure risk reduction on a national and
local scale. In addition, we plan to measure
risk and determine if additional regulations
are needed to address residual risk
remaining after the MACT standards are
promulgated.
21
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Clean Air
In 2000, EPA will promote a new
national regulatory strategy that targets the
highest risk toxics in the most populated
areas. The Agency will target both
stationary and mobile sources as well as the
interrelationships with the water and solid
waste media. EPA proposes to make a very
deliberate effort to use risk assessment tools
to set an agenda that provides a new focus
for the air toxics program. This includes
setting an alternative cross-media agenda
based on cumulative environmental risk.
The concept of making risk-based decisions
is not new to the Agency, but the technical
difficulty of determining risk has restricted
its use. When risk assessment is used, it is
generally applied very narrowly — for
example, in setting individual standards -
but has not been used to set a broad multi-
media program agenda. We believe that the
science of determining risk has advanced
sufficiently to enable the Agency to make
much better cross-Agency decisions on how
to protect public health and the environment.
Air Toxics Research
The Air Toxics Research Program
will provide the effects information, as well
as the exposure, source characterization, and
other data, to quantify existing emissions,
key pollutants, and strategies for cost
effective risk management. The program
will focus on the 30 most hazardous air
pollutants found in urban areas. Research
will focus on these areas: (1) health effects
characterization and methods; (2) exposure
assessment methods and models; (3)
assessments and assessment methods; and
(4) risk reduction and mobile emission
models.
Acid Rain
The Acid Rain program will begin
Phase II in the emissions reduction program
with calendar year 2000. In Phase II, the
allowance allocation for the Phase I plants is
to be reduced and all the remaining
powerplants, with limited exceptions, are to
be subjected to the allowance requirements.
There will be a cap on power plant 862
emissions. Regional reductions of nitrogen
oxide pollution from powerplants using an
emissions trading approach will get to clean
air faster and cheaper without imposing
unfair burdens on local communities.
Other Highlights
For all NAAQS pollutants, we will
continue area redesignations as they meet
the standard, carry out the regular review of
the NAAQS using the most current science,
and ensure that areas that have clean air stay
clean. For the CO, SO2, NO2 and lead
programs, there are some states that have
areas that cannot meet attainment because of
some particular, source-specific problem.
These sources are often high-profile and
critical to the local economy. We will work
cross-Agency to develop strategies that help
them to comply while being sensitive to the
economic and other issues.
EPA has established a permitting
program, run by the states, for air emission
sources to bring all the regulatory
requirements of a plant into one unified
operating permit document. There are also
permit programs preconstruction facilities.
EPA will continue to simplify and
streamline the rules and guidance in
implementing these programs to simplify
their use by the industrial sources.
EPA is responsible for operating the
Clean Air Status and Trends Network
(CASTNet) dry deposition network and for
providing support for operations of the
National Atmospheric Deposition Program
22
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Clean Air
(NADP) wet deposition network and for a
number of visibility monitoring sites. These
monitoring efforts play a crucial role in the
Acid Rain Program's ongoing assessment
activities, including reporting program
results for GPRA and fulfilling assessment
responsibilities under Title IX of the Clean
Air Act and the U.S.-Canada Air Quality
Agreement. In 2000, EPA will be analyzing
the costs and benefits of the program for
inclusion in NAPAP's 2000 Integrated
Assessment Report to Congress.
Assessment activities are critical to
determine what environmental and public
health results are being achieved as emission
reductions are realized. Assessing the
results of the Acid Rain Program will
involve analyses over various spatial scales
as well as over time to address the expected
lag times for seeing ecological responses to
large reductions in emissions and deposition.
2000 Annual Performance Goals
* In 2000 EPA will certify that 5 of the
estimated 30 remaining nonattainment
areas have achieved the one-hour
National Ambient Air Quality Standards
(NAAQS) for ozone.
* In 2000 Air Toxics emissions
nationwide from stationary and mobile
sources combined will be reduced by 5%
from 1999 (for a cumulative reduction of
30% from the 1993 level of 1.3 million
tons.
23
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Goal 1: Key Programs
Clean Air
FY 1999
Enacted
FY 2000
President's
Budget
Acid Rain -CASTNet
Acid Rain -Program Implementation
Air Toxics Research
Air,State,Local and Tribal Assistance Grants:
Other Air Grants
Clean Air Partnership Fund
Common Sense Initiative
EMPACT
Federal Air Toxics Standards
Mobile Sources
Particulate Matter Monitoring Network (non-grant)
Particulate Matter Monitoring Network Grants
Particulate Matter Research
Project XL
Tribal Capacity
Tropospheric Ozone Research
$4,000.00
$9,951.30
$19,681.70
$155,901.80
$0.00
$0.00
$2,750.40
$17,620.30
$47,824.50
$25,000.00
$50,700.00
$55,656.80
$0.00
$3,812.70
$20,083.40
$4,000.00
$12,183.30
$20,561.60
$167,222.00
$200,000.00
$635.60
$2,486.50
$14,902.90
$51,521.60
$14,613.00
$42,535.00
$61,855.60
$390.50
$3,894.90
$7,217.90
24
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Clean Water
Strategic Goal: All Americans will have drinking water that is clean and safe to drink.
Effective protection of America's rivers, lakes, wetlands, aquifers, and coastal and ocean
waters will sustain fish, plants, and wildlife, as well as recreational, subsistence, and
economic activities. Watersheds and their aquatic ecosystems will be restored and
protected to improve public health, enhance water quality, reduce flooding, and provide
habitat for wildlife.
Resource Summary
(Dollars in Thousands)
Clean and Safe Water
Safe Drinking Water, Fish and Recreational Waters
Conserve and Enhance Nation's Waters
Reduce Loadings and Air Deposition
Total Workyears:
FY 1999
Enacted
$3,418,339.7
$1,092,624.2
$339,236.8
$1,986,478.7
2,495.1
FY 2000
Request
$2,551,369.2
$1,079,342.0
$311,444.1
$1,160,583.1
2,522.0
FY 2000 -FY 1999
Difference.
($866,970.5)
($13,282.2)
($27,792.7)
($825,895.6)
26.9
Means and Strategy:
Safe and clean water is needed
for drinking, recreation, fishing, main-
taining ecosystem integrity, and com-
mercial uses such as agricultural and
industrial production. Our health,
economy, and quality of life depend on
reliable sources of clean and safe water.
Waterfowl, fish, and other aquatic life
that live in and on the water, as well as
plants, animals, and other life forms in
terrestrial ecosystems are dependent on
clean water.
While the nation has made
considerable progress over the past 25
years, some waters still do not meet
current Clean Water Act standards. The
National Water Quality Inventory 1996
Report to Congress indicates that 16
percent of assessed rivers and streams
and 35 percent of assessed lake acres are
not safe for fish consumption; 20 percent
of assessed rivers and streams and 25
percent of lake acres are not safe for
recreational activities (e.g, swimming);
and 16 percent of assessed rivers and
streams and 8 percent of lake acres are
not meeting drinking water uses. Many
of the remaining challenges require a
different approach to environmental
protection because they are not
amenable to traditional end-of-pipe
pollution controls. These problems
derive from the activities of people in
general. EPA must motivate people to
be responsible in their day-to-day
decisions that can affect the quality of
their rivers, streams, lakes, wetlands, and
estuaries.
To help achieve the nation's
clean and safe water goals, EPA will
expand implementation of the watershed
approach in carrying out its statutory
authorities under the Safe Drinking
Water Amendments of 1996 and the
25
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Clean Water
Clean Water Act. Protecting watersheds
involves participation by a wide variety
of stakeholders, a comprehensive as-
sessment of the condition of the
watershed, and implementation of sol-
utions based on the assessment of
conditions and stakeholder input. Full
involvement of stakeholders at all levels
of government, the regulated com-
munity, and the public are fundamental
to the watershed approach. The water-
shed approach helps EPA, its federal
partners, states, tribes, local govern-
ments, and other stakeholders to
implement tailored solutions and max-
imize the benefits gained from the use of
increasingly scarce resources.
EPA will continue to implement
the Safe Drinking Water Act Amend-
ments of 1996 which charted a new and
challenging course for EPA, states,
tribes, and water suppliers. One of the
central provisions of the Amendments
that remains an EPA priority is
significantly strengthening the source
water protection program, which builds
directly on the watershed approach.
Other provisions that EPA will continue
to support include establishing drinking
water safety standards, which place
emphasis on microbiological contam-
inants, disinfectant and disinfection
byproducts (DBFs), and other pollutants
identified as posing potentially high
risks; capitalizing and managing the
drinking water state revolving fund
(DWSRF) program to assist public water
systems in meeting drinking water
standards; providing assistance to small
systems to build or strengthen technical,
managerial, and financial capacity;
establishing an operator certification
program; and providing "right-to-know"
reports for all customers of public water
systems.
EPA has increased its efforts to
provide states and tribes tools and
information to assist them in protecting
their residents from health risks
associated with contaminated recre-
ational waters and noncommercially-
caught fish. These tools will help reduce
health risks, including risks to sensitive
populations such as children and
subsistence and recreational anglers.
EPA activities include development of
criteria, enhanced fish tissue monitoring,
risk assessment, and development offish
and shellfish consumption advisories.
EPA will also establish improved safety
guidelines and pollution indicators so
that local authorities can monitor their
recreational waters in a cost-effective
way and close them to public use when
necessary to protect human health. For
beaches, EPA's three-part strategy is to
U.S. POPULATION SERVED BY SECONDARY
TREATMENT OR BETTER
200
1972 1977 1982 1987 1992 1998 1999 2000
Year
strengthen beach standards and testing,
improve the scientific basis for beach
assessment, and develop methods to
inform the public about beach
conditions.
26
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Clean Water
Under the Clean Water Act, EPA
will continue to develop scientifically-
based water quality standards and
criteria and work with its partners to
apply them on a watershed basis. EPA
will work with states and tribes to
improve implementation of total
maximum daily load (TMDL) programs
that establish the analytical basis for
watershed-based decisions on the need
for additional pollution reductions where
standards are not being met. EPA will
continue to develop and revise national
effluent guideline limitations and
standards, capitalize and manage the
Clean Water State Revolving Fund
(CWSRF) program and other funding
mechanisms, and streamline the National
Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
(NPDES) permit program. The Agency
will continue implementing its strategy
for reducing the NPDES permit backlog.
The Agency, in partnership with States,
will develop strategies that target
permitting activities toward those
facilities posing the greatest risk to the
environment. This is particularly
important because the NPDES program
will be expanded with the completion of
the phase II storm water rule, new
strategy for animal feeding operations
and coverage of additional wet-weather
sources contributing to pollution
problems. EPA will also continue
reorienting all its point source programs
to focus and coordinate efforts on a
watershed basis.
The CWSRF is a significant fin-
ancial tool for achieving clean and safe
water, and for helping meet the
significant needs for wastewater
infrastructure over the next 20 years.
With approximately $16 billion worth of
capitalization grants (almost 90 percent,
which is more than originally authorized
by Congress) all 50 states and U.S.
territories have benefited from this and
other wastewater funding. To further
support the objectives of the Clean
Water Action Plan, the Agency proposes
for 2000 to allow states to reserve up to
an amount equal to 20 percent of their
CWSRF capitalization grants to provide
grants of no more than 60 percent of the
costs of implementing non-point source
and estuary management projects. Such
grant funds may not be used for
publicly-owned treatment works pro-
jects. Projects receiving grant assistance
must, to the maximum extent prac-
ticable, rank highest on the State's list
used to prioritize projects eligible for
assistance. States may make these
grants using either a portion of their
capitalization grant itself, or using other
funds in their state revolving fund (e.g,
state match, repayments, bond pro-
ceeds). Grants may also be used with
loans for eligible projects for com-
munities which might otherwise find
loans unaffordable.
EPA has stepped up efforts to
engage a variety of stakeholders to
reduce nutrients, pathogens, and other
pollutants from nontraditional categories
of point sources, including animal
feeding operations, storm water drains,
sanitary sewer overflows, and combined
sewer overflows.
EPA is assisting states and tribes
to characterize risks, rank priorities, and
implement a mix of voluntary and
regulatory approaches through state
nonpoint source management programs.
State and tribal nonpoint source pro-
27
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Clean Water
grams are being strengthened to ensure
that beneficial uses of water are achieved
and maintained. States will continue to
implement coastal nonpoint source
programs approved by EPA and the
National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration under the Coastal Zone
Act Reauthorization Amendments, and
to work with the U.S. Department of
Agriculture to promote implementation
of Farm Bill programs consistent with
state nonpoint source management needs
and priorities. EPA will also provide
tools to states to assess and strengthen
controls on air deposition sources of
nitrogen, mercury, and other toxics.
With respect to wetlands, EPA
will work with federal, state, tribal,
local, and private sector partners on
protection and community-based
restoration of wetlands, and with its
federal partners to avoid, minimize, and
compensate for wetland losses through
the Clean Water Act Section 404 and
Farm Bill programs.
The President's Clean Water
Action Plan, announced in February
1998, calls for more than 100 specific
key actions by EPA and by many other
federal agencies with either water
quality responsibilities or activities that
have an impact on water quality. These
key actions cover most aspects of the
water program at EPA. The Action Plan
mobilizes federal, state, and local
agencies to achieve the nation's clean
water goals through the watershed
approach, brings a sharp focus to the
critical actions that are required, and
establishes deadlines for meeting these
commitments over the next several
years.
Under the Clean Water Action
Plan in 2000, watershed restoration
action strategies will be completed in
high priority watersheds across the
nation that will enable local leaders to
take a stronger role in setting priorities
and solving water quality problems that
affect the quality of life in their
communities. States will finish
upgrading their nonpoint source
management programs to fully
incorporate all nine key elements of a
comprehensive solution to polluted
runoff problems and coastal states will
submit final plans with policies and
mechanisms to reduce polluted runoff in
coastal areas. EPA will work with
states, tribes, municipalities, and the
regulated community to ensure that the
Phase II rules for the stormwater
program are implemented to solve
problems caused by sediment and other
pollutants in our waters. EPA will also
establish criteria for nutrients (i.e.
nitrogen and phosphorus) so that states
can start developing water quality
standards for nutrients to protect waters
from harmful algal blooms, dead zones,
and fish kills.
Research
EPA's research efforts will
continue to strengthen the scientific
basis for drinking water standards
through the use of improved methods
and new data to better evaluate the risks
associated with exposure to chemical
and microbial contaminants in drinking
water. To support the Safe Drinking
Water Act (SOW A) and its 1996
Amendments, the Agency's drinking
water research will develop dose-
28
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Clean Water
response information on DBFs,
waterborne pathogens, arsenic and other
drinking water contaminants for
characterization of potential exposure
risks from consuming tap water,
including an increased focus on filling
key data gaps and developing methods
for chemicals and microbial pathogens
on the Contaminant Candidate List
(CCL). The Agency will develop and
evaluate cost-effective treatment tech-
nologies for removing pathogens from
water supplies while minimizing DBF
formation, and for maintaining the
quality of treated water in the
distribution system and preventing the
intrusion of microbial contamination.
Research to support the dev-
elopment of ecological criteria will
improve our understanding of the
structure, function and characteristics of
aquatic systems, and will evaluate
exposures to stressors and their effects
on those systems. This research can then
be used to improve risk assessment
methods to develop aquatic life, habitat,
and wildlife criteria. The Agency also
will develop cost-effective technologies
for managing contaminated sediments
with an emphasis on identifying
innovative in situ solutions. EPA will
continue to develop diagnostic tools to
evaluate the exposures to toxic
constituents of wet weather flows, and
develop and validate effective watershed
management strategies for controlling
wet weather flows, especially when they
are high volume and toxic. This
research will also develop effective
beach evaluation tools necessary to
make timely and informed decisions on
beach advisories and closures.
Highlights:
Contaminated water can cause illness
and even death, and exposure to
contaminated drinking water poses a
special risk to such populations as
children, the elderly, and people with
compromised immune systems. In 1994,
17 percent of those served by
community water systems were supplied
drinking water that violated health
standards at least once during the year.
In an effort to ensure that all Americans
have water that is safe to drink, EPA will
meet a vital milestone in 2000, by
ensuring that 91 percent of the pop-
96
-94
-92
-90
-•88
-•86
-84
-•82
-•80
-•78
VO
76
In 2000, 91 percent of the population served by
community water systems will receive drinking water
meeting all health based standards in effect as of
1994
29
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Clean Water
ulation served by community water
systems will receive drinking water
meeting all health-based standards in
effect as of 1994. In establishing new
contaminant protective levels, increased
resources will assist states in implement-
ing the requirements of two new health-
based rules - the Stage 1 D/DBP and
Interim Enhanced Surface Water
Treatment Rule. EPA will also increase
resources for drinking water rule-making
and data collection priorities, including
risk assessment and improved analytical
methods, on potential contaminants
identified in the 1998 Contaminant
Candidate List (CCL). EPA is also
using the 1998 CCL for determining
drinking water research priorities in
addition to establishing rule-making and
data collection priorities.
In February 1998, the Admin-
istration unveiled its Clean Water Action
Plan providing a comprehensive strategy
for assessing and restoring the Nation's
most impaired watersheds. Fundamental
to the Agency's efforts to conserve and
enhance the nation's waters is the
management of water quality resources
on a watershed basis, with the full
involvement of all stakeholders include-
ing communities, individuals, bus-
inesses, state and local governments, and
tribes. A key performance goal for
2000, and part of EPA's commitments
under the Clean Water Action Plan, is
for EPA, in conjunction with other
Federal agencies, to prepare a Watershed
Restoration Progress Report. In this
report, which will be presented to the
President, the nation's governors, tribal
leaders, and the public will evaluate
progress in implementing restoration
actions and recommend any actions
needed to improve progress towards
meeting clean water goals. Also in
2000, through EPA's Five Star Program,
the Agency commits to cooperate and
support wetland and river corridor
projects in 210 watersheds, with the
ultimate goal of supporting 500 water-
sheds by 2005.
A key element of the Agency's
effort to achieve its overarching goal of
clean and safe water is the reduction of
pollutant discharges from point sources
and nonpoint sources. The National
Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
(NPDES) program (which includes
NPDES permits, urban wet weather,
large animal feeding operation, mining,
pretreatment program for non-domestic
wastewater discharges into municipal
sanitary sewers, and biosolids manage-
ment controls), establishes controls on
pollutants discharged from point sources
into waters of the United States. Key
annual performance goals for 2000 are to
reduce industrial discharges of toxic
pollutants by 4 million pounds per year,
nonconventional pollutants by 1,551
million pounds per year, and conven-
tional pollutants by 388 million pounds
per year as compared to 1992 reduction
levels.
States report that pollution from
nonpoint sources is the largest cause of
water pollution, with agriculture as a
leading cause of impairment in 25
percent of the river miles surveyed. In
order to restore and maintain water
quality, significant loading reductions
from nonpoint sources (NPS) must be
achieved. Because EPA has limited
direct NPS authority under the Clean
Water Act, state NPS programs are
critical to our overall success. To
achieve reductions in loadings, it is
30
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Clean Water
essential to work with states to adopt and
expeditiously implement the nine key
program elements in their existing
nonpoint source programs. To provide
an incentive for states to upgrade their
NFS programs, EPA committed in the
CWAP that all states must have
incorporated all nine key elements into
an approved Section 319 Non-point
Source Management program to receive
any Section 319 funding exceeding $100
thousand beginning in 2000. In addition,
EPA will encourage states to make use
of Clean Water State Revolving Funds
(CWSRF) and other Federal resources to
finance projects that address polluted
runoff.
Research
In 2000, EPA's drinking water
research will include an increased focus
on filling key data gaps and developing
methods for contaminants on the CCL.
Research will also continue supporting
the 1996 Amendments to SDWA
priorities, emphasizing research on
sensitive subpopulations, adverse
reproductive effects of drinking water
contaminants, and disinfection by-
products (DBFs). Research efforts in
2000 will work towards improving
methods associated with the evaluation
and control of risks posed by exposure to
drinking water contaminants, such as
disinfection by-products, microbial
contaminants, and arsenic.
Research in support of
conserving and enhancing the nation's
waters will work to increase
understanding of landscape
characteristics and ecosystem structure
and function and will also reduce
uncertainty surrounding the effects of
chemical, biological and physical
stressors on aquatic ecosystems. This
work includes developing stressor-
response models for chemical
contaminants, improving the ability to
identify critical stressors, and predicting
impacts from increased nutrient run-off
that include an increase in harmful algal
blooms. Under the Clean Water Act,
states are required to develop designated
uses for their waters. Some of this
research will provide an improved
biological basis for these designated
uses, a longer-term direction identified
by the Office of Water for improving
existing water quality across the country.
Some of the modeling research in this
objective is related to activities in the
Clean Water Action Plan.
In 2000, research efforts
supporting the reduction of pollutant
loadings will primarily focus on Wet
Weather Flows. EPA's March 1995
Report to Congress on stormwater
discharges, cited pollution from Wet
Weather Flows (WWFs) as the leading
cause of water-quality impairment. This
degradation of water quality poses
significant risks to human and ecological
health through the uncontrolled release
of pathogenic bacteria, protozoans and
viruses as well as a number of
potentially toxic, bioaccumulative
contaminants. WWF research will
continue to develop diagnostic tools to
evaluate the exposures to toxic
constituents of WWFs, and develop and
validate effective watershed
management strategies for controlling
WWFs, especially during high volume
and toxic WWFs. This research will
also develop and provide effective beach
evaluation tools necessary to make
31
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Clean Water
timely and informed decisions on beach
advisories and closures.
2000 Annual Performance Goals:
* In 2000, reduce uncertainties and
improve methods associated with the
by exposure to disinfection by-prod-
ucts in drinking water.
* In 2000, reduce uncertainties and
improve methods associated with the
evaluation and control of risks posed
by exposure to microbial contam-
inants in drinking water.
* In 2000, 91 percent of the population
served by community drinking water
systems will receive drinking water
meeting all health-based standards
that were in effect as of 1994, up
from 83 percent in 1994.
* In 2000, reduce consumption of
contaminated fish and exposure to
contaminated recreational waters by
increasing the information available
to the public and decision-makers.
(Supports CWAP).
* In 2000, identify the primary life
support functions of surface waters
that contribute to the management of
sustainability of watersheds.
* In 2000, assure that States and Tribes
have effective, up-to-date water
quality standards programs adopted
in accordance with the Water Quality
Standards regulation and the Water
Quality Standards program priorities.
* In 2000, environmental improvement
projects will be underway in 350
high priority watersheds as a result
of implementing activities under the
CWAP.
In 2000, working through the Five
Star Program, EPA will have co-
operated on and supported wetland
and river corridor projects in 210
watersheds. (Supports CWAP).
In 2000, another two million people
will receive the benefits of secondary
treatment of wastewater, for a total
of 181 million people.
In 2000, develop modeling, mon-
itoring and risk management
methods that enable planners and
regulatory officials to more accur-
ately characterize receiving and
recreational water quality and to
select appropriate control tech-
nologies.
In 2000, industrial discharges of
toxic pollutants will be reduced by 4
million pounds per year (a 14 percent
reduction) and conventional pollu-
tants will be reduced by 388 million
pounds per year (a 9 percent
reduction) as compared to 1992
discharges when considerations for
growth are considered.
In 2000, industrial discharges of non-
conventional pollutants will be
reduced by 1.5 billion pounds per
year (a 7 percent reduction) as
compared to 1992 discharges when
considerations for growth are con-
sidered.
32
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Goal 2: Key Programs
Clean and Safe Water
Chesapeake Bay (CWAP)
Clean Water Action Plan: Related Research
Common Sense Initiative
Drinking Water Implementation
Drinking Water Regulations
Effluent Guidelines (CWAP)
EMPACT
Great Lakes (CWAP)
Gulf of Mexico (CWAP)
Lake Champlain (CWAP)
Long Island Sound (CWAP)
National Estuaries Program/Coastal Watersheds (CWAP)
National Nonpoint Source Program Implementation (CWAP)
NPDES Program (CWAP)
Pacific Northwest (CWAP)
Pfiesteria (CWAP)
Project XL
Rural Water Technical Assistance
Safe Drinking Water Research
Source Water Protection (CWAP Related)
South Florida/Everglades (CWAP)
State Nonpoint Source Grants (CWAP)
State Pollution Control Grants (Section 106) (CWAP)
State PWSS Grants
State Underground Injection Control Grants
State Water Quality Cooperative Agreements (CWAP)
State Wetlands Program Grants (CWAP)
UIC Program
Water Infrastructure: Alaska Native Villages
Water Infrastructure: Boston Harbor
Water Infrastructure: Bristol County
Water Infrastructure: Clean Water State Revolving Fund (CWSRF)
Water Infrastructure: Drinking Water State Revolving Fund (DWSRF)
Water Infrastructure :New Orleans
Water Quality Criteria and Standards (CWAP)
Watershed Research
Wetlands (CWAP)
FY 1999
Enacted
$19,630.10
$0.00
$0.00
$31,688.00
$33,886.20
$22,365.80
$1,939.90
$5,381.60
$3,798.90
$2,000.00
$900.00
$16,544.30
$15,476.70
$35,142.80
$713.60
$2,500.00
$564.20
$13,050.00
$47,728.10
$11,685.80
$3,099.30
$200,000.00
$115,529.30
$93,780.50
$10,500.00
$19,000.00
$15,000.00
$11,744.70
$30,000.00
$50,000.00
$2,610.00
$1,350,000.00
$775,000.00
$6,525.00
$17,842.50
$8,376.10
$16,110.60
I
FY 2000
President's
Budget
$18,899.30
$2,068.50
$960.90
$31,803.80
$43,484.90
$23,193.00
$476.40
$4,366.30
$4,290.60
$1,000.00
$500.00
$17,048.80
$15,198.80
$46,338.80
$823.90
$500.00
$175.40
$688.00
$41,468.20
$11,501.90
$3,084.60
$200,000.00
$115,529.30
$93,780.50
$10,500.00
$19,000.00
$15,000.00
$11,815.90
$15,000.00
$0.00
$3,000.00
$800,000.00
$825,000.00
$10,000.00
$22,280.70
$8,478.60
$18,124.50
33
-------
34
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Safe Food
Strategic Goal: The foods Americans eat will be free from unsafe pesticide residues.
Children especially will be protected from the health threats posed by pesticide residues,
because they are among the most vulnerable groups in our society.
Resource Summary
(Dollars in Thousands)
Safe Food
Reduce Agricultural Pesticides Risk
Reduce Use on Food of Pesticides Not
Meeting Standards
FY 1999
Enacted
$67,546.4
$29,139.0
$38,407.4
FY 2000
Reauest
$78,583.2
$30,830.1
$47,753.1
FY 2000-FY 1999
Difference
$11,036.8
$1,691.1
$9,345.7
Total Workyears:
702.4
712.2
Means and Strategy:
The U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) plays a major
role in the lives of all Americans by
ensuring that agricultural use of
pesticides will not result in unsafe food.
EPA accomplishes this by working to
protect human health and the
environment from risks associated with
agricultural pesticide use, while ensuring
that exposure from any individual
agricultural pesticide use will not, with
reasonable certainty, cause harm.
EPA regulates pesticides under
two main statutes: the Federal
Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide
Act (FIFRA) and the Federal Food and
Drug Control Act (FFDCA). FIFRA
requires that pesticides be registered
(licensed) by EPA before they may be
sold or distributed in the United States,
and that they perform their intended
functions without causing unreasonable
adverse effects on people or the
environment when used according to
EPA-approved label directions.
FFDCA authorizes EPA to set
tolerances, or maximum legal limits, for
pesticide residues in or on food.
Tolerance requirements apply equally to
domestically-produced as well as
imported food. Any food with residues
not covered by a tolerance, or in
amounts that exceed an established
tolerance, may not be legally marketed
in the United States.
Both FIFRA and FFDCA have
been amended by the Food Quality
Protection Act (FQPA) of 1996, which
enhances protection of children and
other sensitive sub-populations.
Because of EPA's work under these
laws, Americans enjoy one of the safest,
most abundant, and most affordable food
supplies in the world.
Pesticides subject to EPA
regulation include insecticides, herb-
icides, fungicides, rodenticides, disinfec-
tants, plant growth regulators and other
substances intended to control pests.
The regulations directly affect pesticide
35
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Safe Food
producers, formulators, distributors, re-
tailers, commercial pest control firms,
farms, farm workers, industrial and
governmental users, and all households.
Pesticides are used in agriculture,
greenhouses, on lawns, in swimming
pools, industrial buildings, households,
and in hospitals and food service
establishments. Total U.S. pesticide
usage in 1995 was about 4.5 billion
pounds, and there are about 1.3 million
certified pesticide applicators in the U.S.
Herbicides are the most widely used
pesticides and account for the greatest
expenditure and volume. Biopesticides
and other non-conventional, or safer,
pesticides make up about 20 percent of
the total. Agriculture accounts for over
70 percent of all applications.
Through its food safety pro-
grams, EPA enhances health and
environmental protection in a number of
ways, including the following:
* Establishing a single, health-based
standard for pesticide residues in
food, and eliminating past inconsis-
tencies in the law which treated
residues in some processed foods
differently from residues in raw and
other processed foods.
* Providing for a more complete
assessment of potential risks, with
special protections for potentially
sensitive groups, such as infants and
children.
* Ensuring that pesticides are per-
iodically reassessed for con-sistency
with current safety standards and the
latest scientific and tech-nological
advances.
* Expanding consumers' "right to
know" about pesticide risks and
benefits.
* Expediting the approval of safer,
reduced risk pesticides.
Consumers are at risk for
potential adverse effects from pesticide
residues ingested either directly or
through processed foods. Pesticides also
"bioaccumulate" throughout the food
chain. A critical step in protecting the
public health is to evaluate food use
pesticides for potential toxic effects such
as birth defects, seizures, cancer,
disruption of the endocrine system,
changes in fertility, harmful effects to
the kidneys or liver, or short term effects
such as headaches or disorientation.
Ensuring that any residues on food are at
acceptable levels is the essence of the
Safe Food goal.
The Agency works toward a
twofold strategy for accomplishing the
objectives of the Safe Food goal:
* EPA encourages the introduction of
new, safer pesticide ingredients
(including new biological agents)
within the context of new pest-
management practices.
EPA's Pesticide Regulations Affect a Cross-Section
of the Population:
•30 major pesticide producers and another 100 smaller
2500 formulators
•29,000 distributors and other establishments
•40,000 commercial pest control firms
•One million farms
•Several million industry and government users
About 90 million households
36
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Safe Food
* At the same time, the Agency
systematically works toward
reducing the use of currently
registered pesticides with the highest
potential to cause adverse health
effects. FIFRA mandates Special
Review, reregi strati on reviews and
other risk-management measures
available in the registration
authority. FQPA mandates addition-
al screening for aggregate exposure,
common mechanisms of toxicity and
an additional tenfold safety factor to
ensure protection of children and
infants.
In 2000, the Agency will
accelerate the pace of new registrations
for pesticides that offer improved
prevention or risk reduction qualities
compared to those currently on the
market. Progressively replacing older,
higher-risk pesticides is one of the most
effective methods for curtailing adverse
impact on health and the ecosystem
while preserving food production rates.
Other priorities in 2000 include
evaluating existing tolerances for
currently registered pesticides to ensure
they meet the FQPA health standard and
to screen and require testing of certain
pesticides and chemicals to evaluate
their potential for disrupting endocrine
systems in animals or in humans. The
emphasis will be on balancing the need
for pesticides, and allowing for smooth
transitions to safer pesticide alternatives.
EPA uses its FIFRA registration
authorities and the FFDCA mechanism
in tandem to systematically manage the
risks of such exposures by establishing
legally permissible food-borne exposure
levels, or tolerances. EPA manages the 1
legal use of pesticides, up to and
including the elimination of pesticides
that present a danger to human health
and the environment. This task involves
a comprehensive review of existing
pesticide use as stipulated by the
reregi strati on provision, as well as a
comprehensive reassessment and update
of existing tolerances on a six-year
schedule, as required by FQPA.
An additional dimension is the
pursuit and incorporation of the latest
scientific advances in health-risk
assessment practices, ensuring current
uses meet the test of a reasonable
certainty of no harm, as stipulated by
FQPA. This includes the incorporation
of new scientific data relating to the
effects of endocrine disruption.
Finally, in addition to setting the
requirements of continued legal use of
agricultural pesticides, EPA works in
partnership with USDA, FDA and the
states toward the broader effort to
prevent the misuse of agricultural
pesticides.
More information about EPA's
food safety efforts is available on the
Office of Pesticides Program's website
at http://www.epa.gov/pesticides.
Research
FQPA identifies the need for
science to evaluate all potential routes
and pathways of human exposure to
pesticides and their effects. Research in
2000 will continue the program started
in 1998 and will center on such
initiatives as assessing the risk of
exposures of varying frequency and
duration. Research will also compare
37
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Safe Food
the effects of pesticide exposure to
mixtures of pesticides and other toxics
chemicals with exposure to the
individual chemicals.
Highlights
Reduce Agricultural Pesticides Risk
The Federal Food, Drug and
Cosmetic Act (FFDCA) and the
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and
Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) authorize
EPA to set terms and conditions of
pesticide registration, marketing and
use. EPA will use these authorities to
reduce the use of pesticides with the
highest potential to cause cancer or
neurotoxic effects, including those
which pose particular risks to children.
New food/feed-use pesticides are
registered after an extensive review
and evaluation of human health and
ecosystem studies and data. The
Registration program includes special
registration activities, tolerance setting,
and permits for experimental and
emergency use.
In 2000, the Agency will
continue to decrease the risk the public
faces from agricultural pesticides (from
1995 levels) through the regulatory
review and approval of new pesticide
chemicals, including reduced risk
pesticides and biopesticides. The
Reduced Risk Initiative, which began
in 1993, expedites the registration of
reduced risk pesticides. Under this
strategy, EPA will continue to provide
accelerated review of pesticides which
meet the criteria of reduced risk, i.e.,
reduced levels of acute toxicity,
reduced exposure to humans or
non-target organisms, and reduced
environmental burden, considering
comparisons with available alternative
pesticides. These accelerated pesticide
reviews provide an incentive for
industry to develop, register, and use
lower risk pesticides. Additionally, the
availability of these reduced risk
pesticides provide alternatives to older,
potentially more harmful products
currently on the market.
In addition to registering safer
pesticides, EPA reviews petitions for
temporary uses of pesticides to respond
to emergency situations, such as a pest
infestation on a crop, and exceptions
for research purposes. These actions,
provided for under FIFRA, include the
issuance of emergency exemptions
allowing the use for a limited time of a
pesticide not registered for that specific
purpose. Another provision addresses
special local needs which allow
registration of products by states for
specific uses not Federally registered;
experimental use permits allowing
pesticide producers to test new
pesticides uses outside the laboratory;
amendments to previously approved
pesticides (e.g., to reflect label
revisions or changed formulations for
products already registered);
applications for new uses of a pes-
ticide; and additional registrations for
new products containing a pesticide
already registered.
Reduce Use of Pesticides Not Meeting
Current Standards on Food
The Food Quality Protection Act
(FQPA) requires the Agency to revise
its risk-assessment practices to ensure
the adequate protection of children's
38
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Safe Food
health and other vulnerable groups, and
to reevaluate some 9,700 food residue
tolerances approved before the passage
of FQPA. To meet the tolerance
reassessment requirement, the Agency
will complete approximately 1,950
additional tolerance reassessments in
2000. The Agency will also screen and
test these pesticides for their potential
to disrupt the endocrine system.
In 2000, the Agency's Pesticide
Reregi strati on program is now in its
final phase. The Reregi strati on
program will enable EPA to review
pesticides currently on the market to
ensure they meet the FQPA health
standards. Pesticides found not in
compliance will be eliminated or
restricted in order to minimize harmful
exposure. The issuance of a Rereg-
istration Eligibility Decision (RED)
summarizes the health and
environmental effects findings of the
chemical reregistration. The findings
determine whether the products
registered under this chemical are
eligible for reregistration.
In 2000, EPA will complete 20
REDs and approximately 750 product
reregistrations. By 2002, active in-
gredient and product reregistration will
be complete for all pesticides
subject to reregistration under FIFRA
'88. By 2006, all 9,700 of the
reassessments of pesticide residue
tolerances mandated by FQPA will be
completed.
FQPA requires that EPA
establish a process for periodic review
of pesticide registrations. This requires
the updating of all pesticide re-
gistrations using current scientific data,
risk assessment methodology, program
policies and effective risk reduction
measures.
Research
To address uncertainties
associated with the Agency's ability to
assess risk from exposure to pesticides
and other toxic chemicals, research in
2000 will continue to focus on
developing new methods and models to
evaluate and assess exposures to
pesticides and toxic chemicals,
particularly cumulative/aggregate ex-
posures, and to evaluate and predict
potential human health effects of
exposures to pesticides and toxic
chemicals, emphasizing cumulative
exposure (e.g., multiple acute
exposures, exposure to chemical
mixtures, etc.). Methods will be
developed for integrating effects and
exposure data for use in assessing the
risks associated with chemicals
regulated under FQPA.
FY 2000 Annual Performance Goals
* In 2000, decrease adverse risk from
agricultural uses from 1995 levels
and assure that new pesticides are
safe by such actions as registering 6
new chemicals, 1,800
amendments, 500 me-toos, 100 new
uses, 45 inerts, 375 special
registrations, 105 tolerances and 13
reduced risk chemicals/biopesticides.
* In 2000, EPA will reassess 20% of
the existing 9,700 tolerances to
ensure that they meet the statutory
standard of "reasonable certainty of
no harm," achieving a cumulative
53% assessed.
39
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Goal 3: Key Programs
Safe Food
Endocrine Disrupter Screening Program
Pesticide Registration
Pesticide Reregistration
Pesticide Residue Tolerance Reassessments
FY 1999
Enacted
$2,581.60
$17,491.60
$24,971.50
$9,540.80
FY 2000
President's
Budget
$3,734.00
$19,868.00
$29,125.60
$10,844.00
40
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Preventing Pollution and Reducing Risk in Communities,
Homes, Workplaces and Ecosystems
Strategic Goal: Pollution prevention and risk management strategies aimed at cost-
effectively eliminating, reducing, or minimizing emissions and contamination will result
in cleaner and safer environments in which all Americans can reside, work, and enjoy
life. EPA will safeguard ecosystems and promote the health of natural communities that
are integral to the quality of life in this Nation.
Resource Summary
(Dollars in Thousands)
FY 1999
Enacted
FY 2000
Request
FY 2000-FY 1999
Difference
Preventing Pollution and Reducing Risk in
Communities, Homes, Workplaces and Ecosystems
Reduce Public and Ecosystem Exposure
Reduce Lead Poisoning
Safe Handling and Use of Commercial Chemicals
Healthier Indoor Air
Improve Pollution Prevention Strategies, Tools
Decrease Quantity and Toxicitiy of Waste
Assess Conditions in Indian Country
Total Workyears:
$237,789.8 $277,166.0 $39,376.2
$7,872.6
($1,603.9)
$14,430.9
$11,149.2
$3,232.1
$2,173.5
$2,121.8
-7.0
$43,178.2
$30,817.4
$42,443.2
$29,629.4
$21,884.0
$18,852.5
$50,985.1
1,124.9
$51,050.8
$29,213.5
$56,874.1
$40,778.6
$25,116.1
$21,026.0
$53,106.9
1,117.9
Means and Strategy:
The diversity and fragility of
America's environments (communities,
homes, workplaces and ecosystems)
requires EPA to adopt a multi-faceted
approach to protecting all Americans
from the threats posed by pesticide and
toxic chemicals. The underlying prin-
ciple of the activities incorporated under
this goal is the application of pollution
prevention. Preventing pollution before
it does damage to the environment is
cheaper and smarter than costly cleanup
and remediation, as evidenced with
Superfund and PCB cleanups. Pollution
prevention involves changing the
behavior of those that cause the pollution
and fostering the wider use of preventive
practices as a means to achieve cost
effective, sustainable results.
Under this Goal, EPA ensures
that pesticide use not only results in safe
food, but also causes no unnecessary
exposure either to human health or to
natural ecosystems. In addition to the
array of risk-management measures
entailed in the registration authorities
under FIFRA for individual pesticide
ingredients, EPA has specific programs
to foster worker and pesticide-user
safety as well as ground-water
41
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Preventing Pollution and Reducing Risk in Communities,
Homes, Workplaces and Ecosystems
protection, and the Agency fosters the
safe, effective use of antimicrobial
agents. These programs work to ensure
the comprehensive protection of non-
target organisms and endangered species
in particular, and to reduce the
contribution of particular pesticides to
specific ecological threats such as
endocrine disruption or pollutant loading
in precise geographic areas. Within this
context, EPA pursues a variety of field
activities at the regional, state and local
levels, including the promotion of
pesticide environmental stewardship
programs with user groups as partners.
Finally, EPA promotes the use of
sensible Integrated Pest Management
(IPM) and the prevention of misuse in
the panoply of uses within both the
urban and rural environments.
Much remains to be done to
safeguard our nation's communities,
homes, workplaces and ecosystems.
Preventing pollution through regulatory,
voluntary, and partnership actions -
educating and changing the behavior of
our citizens - is a sensible and effective
approach to sustainable development
while protecting our nation's health.
Preventing pollution through
partnerships is central to the Agency's
Chemical Right-to-Know initiative in
2000. This new initiative will provide
the public with information on the basic
health and environmental effects of the
2,800 chemicals produced at the highest
volumes in the U.S. Most Americans
come into daily contact with many of
these chemicals, yet relatively little is
known about their potential impacts.
Basic hazard testing information will be
the focus of a high visibility, voluntary
challenge program recognizing indus-
try's contribution to the public
knowledge base on these prevalent
chemicals. Risks to children is a partic-
ular focus, and the Agency will
supplement the information from
industry with additional testing to
identify and address any chemicals of
special concern for children's health.
Also central to the Agency's
work under this goal in 2000 will be
increased attention on documenting and
taking action to reduce risk from
chemicals that persist, bioaccumulate or
are highly toxic (PBT's) and from
chemicals that have endocrine disruption
effects. These chemicals have very high
potentials for causing long-term damage
to humans and to ecosystems.
Accumulating in the food chain, often
far from the source of initial exposure,
and disrupting the life cycle and creation
of healthy offspring, in essence these
chemicals produce a multiplier effect
that is difficult to halt once it is in action
in the environment. Pollution prevention
and controlling releases are the
mainstays of protection, once these
chemicals are correctly identified.
The Agency mixes both
regulatory and voluntary methods to
accomplish its job. For example, each
year the New Chemicals program
reviews and manages the risks of over
2,000 new chemicals and 40 products of
biotechnology that enter the market-
place. This new chemical review
process not only protects the public from
the immediate threats of harmful
chemicals, like PCBs, from entering the
marketplace but it has also contributed to
changing the behavior of the chemical
industry, making industry more aware
and responsible for the impact these
42
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Preventing Pollution and Reducing Risk in Communities,
Homes, Workplaces and Ecosystems
chemicals have on human health and the
environment. This awareness has led
industry to produce safer "greener"
alternative chemicals and pesticides.
Fewer harmful chemicals are entering
the marketplace and our environment
today because of the New Chemical
Program. Through our Design for the
Environment program, today's EPA
forms partnerships with industry to find
sensible solutions to prevent pollution.
In one example, taking a sector
approach, EPA has worked with the
electronics industry to reduce the use of
formaldehyde and other toxic chemicals
from the manufacture of printed wiring
boards.
In several cases achieving the
strategic objectives under this goal is a
shared responsibility with other federal
agencies. For example EPA's role in
reducing the levels of environmental
lead exposure involves promotion of
federal-state partnerships to lower
specific sources of environmental lead,
such as lead-based paint and other
lead-content products. These partner-
ships emphasize public education and
empowerment strategies, which fit into
companion federal efforts (e.g., HHS
and the Centers for Disease Control;
HUD) to monitor and reduce
environmental lead levels. Likewise, the
results of EPA's efforts to reduce indoor
air exposures are measured by
public-health agencies. EPA focuses on
specific agents (e.g., radon), on general
categories of indoor facilities (schools,
homes and workplaces), and on the
characteristic risks presented in each
category.
Intrinsic to the effort to prevent
pollution is the minimization of the
quantities of waste generated by
industry, municipalities and hazardous-
waste management operations. Strategies
range from fostering recycling and other
resource-recovery processes to broad-
based campaigns to re-engineer the
consumption and use of raw materials or
personal conservation of resources.
Since this Goal focuses on how
Americans live in communities, it
features the particular commitment of
promoting environmental protection in
Indian country, as consistent with our
trust relationship with tribes, and is
cognizant of the nation's interest in
conserving the cultural uses of natural
resources.
Research
The human health and
ecosystems research included in this
objective is designed to provide direct
support to EPA's regulatory program for
pesticides and toxic substances. The
information developed from application
of human health research will
significantly increase understanding of
the impacts of specific pesticides and
toxic substances on human health.
Ecosystems research will help EPA
develop the evaluative effects methods
that are used in the regulation of toxic
substances, including pesticides, in
ecosystems. Test methods developed
through this research program are
incorporated in the existing compendium
of test methods used to support Agency
regulatory requirements.
43
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Preventing Pollution and Reducing Risk in Communities,
Homes, Workplaces and Ecosystems
Highlights:
EPA seeks to prevent pollution at the
source as the first choice in managing
environmental risks to humans and
ecosystems. Where pollution prevention
at the source is not a viable alternative,
the Agency will employ risk
management and remediation strategies
in a cost effective manner. Reducing
pollution at the source will be carried out
using a multi-media approach in the
following manner:
Reduce Public and Ecosystem Exposure
to Pesticides
Reducing risk from exposure to
pesticides requires a multi-faceted
approach. Beyond being exposed
through the food we eat, the general
public, applicators, and farm workers
may be exposed through direct handling,
groundwater contamination or aerial
spray. One intent of the Food Quality
Protection Act (FQPA) is to protect the
public by shifting the nation toward safer
pesticide use. At the same time,
appropriate transition strategies are
important to the nation as well, to avoid
disruption of food supply or sudden
changes in the market that could result
from abrupt termination before well
targeted safer equivalents can be
identified and made available. For these
reasons, the Strategic Agricultural
Partnership initiative is an important
priority in 2000. The Strategic
Agricultural Partnership will assist in
developing alternative pest management
tools and effective implementation
approaches. The Agency will work
closely with industry, agricultural
pesticide users and other stakeholders to
develop an effective transition to the
safer pesticides required by the FQPA.
In 2000, EPA will continue
increasing agricultural workers' aware-
ness and knowledge of pesticides and
worker safety through the Certification
and Training (C&T) and Worker
Protection (WP) programs. EPA will
continue to protect the nation's
ecosystems and reduce impacts to
endangered species through Pesticide
Environmental Stewardship Program
(PESP), and integrated pest management
(IPM). The Agency will emphasize
efforts with our tribal partners to address
pesticide issues and enhance the
development of tribal technical capacity,
particularly in the areas of risk
management, worker safety, training,
and pollution prevention.
Together, the WP and the C&T
programs address the problem of direct
exposure. These programs safeguard
workers from occupational exposure to
pesticides by providing training for
agricultural workers, employers, pest-
icide applicators and pesticide
applicators and handlers. Training and
certification of applicators of restricted
use pesticides further ensures that
workers and other vulnerable groups are
protected from undue pesticide exposure
and risk. The Groundwater Strategy, a
cooperative efforts with states and
Regions to develop Pesticide
Management Plans (PMPs), will further
efforts to prevent pesticide pollution of
this vital resource. The Endangered
Species program will enlist the support
of the agricultural community and other
interested groups to protect wildlife and
critical habitats from pesticides. This
44
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Preventing Pollution and Reducing Risk in Communities,
Homes, Workplaces and Ecosystems
voluntary program is carried out through
communications and outreach efforts
and in coordination with other federal
agencies. PESP and IPM play pivotal
roles in moving the nation to the use of
safer methods of pest control, including
reduced risk pesticides. These closely
related programs promote risk reduction
through collaborative efforts with
stakeholders to utilize safer alternatives
to traditional chemical methods of pest
control.
Antimicrobial sterilants and
disinfectants are used to kill
microorganisms on surfaces and objects
in hospitals, schools, restaurants and
homes. Antimicrobials require approp-
riate labeling and handling to ensure
safety and efficacy. EPA will remain
focused on concerns regarding product
labeling and product efficacy and on
meeting other requirements for
antimicrobial sterilants set forth by
FQPA.
Pesticide issues also affect our
tribal partners. The Agency will
emphasize efforts to address pesticide
issues and enhance the development of
tribal technical capacity, particularly in
the areas of risk management, worker
safety, training, and pollution
prevention.
Reduce Lead Poisoning
During 2000, EPA will imple-
ment the Lead Certification and Training
Program for lead-based paint
professionals. Most States choose to
establish their own programs, however,
in an estimated 15 to 20 states the
Agency will directly implement Lead
Certification and Training. EPA will
also promulgate two major lead rules,
the debris and lead hazard standards
rules. Lead-based paint is the primary
source of lead-poisoning in children in
the U.S. today. EPA contributes to
solving this environmental problem
primarily by assisting in, and in some
cases guiding, federal activities aimed at
reducing the exposure to children in
homes with lead-based paint.
EPA has promulgated regulations
to set up a federal infrastructure,
including the lead assessment and
abatement training and accreditation rule
for targeted housing, and the lead real
estate notification and disclosure rule
(with HUD and HHS). In 2000 the
Agency will promulgate final rules on
disposal of lead-based paint debris and
establishment of standards regarding
hazardous levels of lead in paint, dust
and soil. EPA will also develop 3
proposals, setting standards for training
and certification for lead-based paint
abatement activities in public and
commercial buildings, bridges, and
superstructures, and reconversion and
remodeling. These activities will make
significant contributions to the objective
of reducing the blood lead levels of our
nation's most vulnerable children.
Safe Handling and Use of Commercial
Chemicals and Microorganisms
Under TSCA, EPA identifies
and controls unreasonable risks
associated with chemicals. In 1999, the
Vice-President has called on EPA to
launch the Chemical Right-to-Know
Initiative, addressing a critical gap in
the nation's knowledge about the health
and environmental hazards of high
production volume chemicals. The
45
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Preventing Pollution and Reducing Risk in Communities,
Homes, Workplaces and Ecosystems
initiative will work with industry to put
information about those chemicals into
the hands of the public, communities,
environmental groups, States and the
Regions as quickly as possible, as well
as take action to mitigate the risks
identified during these efforts.
Another priority is working to
implement the recommendations of the
Endocrine Disrupter Screening and
Testing Advisory Committee
(EDSTAC), which provides advice and
counsel to the Agency on a strategy to
screen and test chemicals and pesticides
that may cause endocrine disruption in
humans, fish, and wildlife. EPA must
implement the strategy by August 1999
and report to Congress by August 2000.
In 1999, EPA will begin the
validation of an EDSTAC recommended
screening test protocol and will complete
it in 2000. EPA then will begin testing
chemicals in commerce for endocrine
disrupting potential. It is expected that
by 2005 all high production volume
chemicals will have been screened for
endocrine disrupting potential and the
resulting priority chemicals will have
been tested or testing initiated, using the
approach and test methods developed
from recommendations of the EDSTAC.
In 2000, EPA will also continue
efforts in four important program areas,
including: existing chemicals; new
chemicals; national program chemicals
(including lead, fibers, dioxin, and
PCB's); and the endocrine disrupter
testing program. The Agency reviews
chemicals already in commerce, along
with chemicals or microorganisms
before commercialization (i.e., "new"
chemicals) to determine whether they
can be handled and used safely. Another
focus is identifying opportunities for
increasing the introduction and use of
safer or "greener" chemicals.
For those chemicals whose
significant risks are well established
(such as PCBs, asbestos, and dioxin),
reductions in use and releases are
important to reducing exposure of the
general population and also of sensitive
sub-populations. EPA's PCB control
efforts will shift from enforcing PCB use
standards toward encouraging phase-out
of PCB electrical equipment, ensuring
proper waste disposal methods and
capacity, and fostering PCB site
cleanups. An Agency-wide dioxin
strategy will respond to the latest science
and address dioxin risk management in a
more comprehensive cross-media
approach. EPA is also continuing work
on its Dioxin Exposure Initiative which
focuses on identifying and quantifying
the link between dioxin sources and the
general population exposure.
EPA's research program will
support this effort by generating
scientific information used in improving
the test methods used to generate the
data. Research seeks to improve our
understanding of both the risks to human
health and adverse ecological effects.
To the extent that this research supports
testing guidelines that relate to both
toxic substances in general and to
pesticides, research under this objective
additionally supports EPA's goal to
reduce the risks to the nation's food
supply and the non-dietary pesticide
risks posed to human health and the
environment.
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Preventing Pollution and Reducing Risk in Communities,
Homes, Workplaces and Ecosystems
Achieving Healthier Indoor Air
The Indoor Environments
program will work on the education and
outreach activities which implement
portions of AAsthma and the
Environment: An Action Plan to Protect
Children,® the draft Inter-agency Plan
being developed under the President's
Task Force On Environmental Health
Risks and Safety Risks to Children. All
of the activities proposed for 2000 fall
within Recommendations 2 and 4 of the
inter-agency action plan. Recommend-
ation 2 calls for the implementation of
public health programs that improve the
use of scientific knowledge to prevent
and reduce the severity of asthma
symptoms in children by reducing
environmental exposures. Recommend-
ation 4 calls for implementation of
programs designed to eliminate the
disproportionate impact on minorities
and those living in poverty. EPA's
proposed activities will be conducted
with close collaboration among EPA
offices, as well as with the Centers for
Disease Control (CDC), and the National
Institutes of Health institutes to ensure
that the activities complement those
being conducted by the Department of
Health and Human Services. In support
of the President's Task Force on
Environmental Health Risks and Safety
Risks to Children, the Agency will
conduct a pilot program to expand air
pollution monitoring in up to two
communities downwind of industrialized
urban centers to better understand the
relationship between air pollution and
childhood asthma. Asthma highlights
include:
Asthma Management In and Through
Schools
EPA will expand the
implementation of its highly successful
indoor air quality ATools for Schools,® an
indoor air quality management plan for
schools, to several thousand more
schools by developing and implementing
an incentive/recognition program. The
Agency also will substantially increase
implementation of the AOpen Airways®
asthma management program to reach
several thousand more elementary
schools and expand the AA is for
Asthma® program for pre-school
children to 89 locations.
Increased Community Action
EPA will work with housing
groups, home health educators,
community groups, and building
operators to design and conduct pilots to
substantially reduce indoor environ-
mental triggers for asthma in
low-income housing. The Agency also
will convene five state-wide urban
environmental asthma summits, and a
National Environmental Asthma Caucus
for practitioners, researchers, industry,
and government to identify the most
effective ways to target and educate the
public about environmental triggers of
asthma. For the first time, EPA will
provide funding to local communities
through established programs to work
with doctors, health clinics, and civic
groups to reduce children's exposure to
environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), a
significant indoor environmental asthma
trigger.
47
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Preventing Pollution and Reducing Risk in Communities,
Homes, Workplaces and Ecosystems
Working with Managed Care to Get
Asthma Reduction
EPA will conduct economic
analyses to identify areas to provide
economic incentives for managed
care/health care organizations to help
reduce asthma attacks through patient
education about indoor environmental
triggers. Incentives for health care
providers to incorporate education into
their patient contacts could include
fewer doctor and urgent care visits,
lowered medication costs, etc. EPA will
join with other Federal agencies to
convene a cabinet level summit with
managed care CEO's to solicit their help
in addressing asthma prevention by
integrating strong messages about indoor
environmental triggers into health
education programs.
Significantly
Campaigns
Expand Multi-media
EPA will significantly expand to
several waves, national multi-media
campaigns on asthma and ETS. The
asthma campaign would be targeted to
children and urban residents, who need
to be educated about the indoor
environmental triggers of
asthma. The ETS campaigns
will target parents of small
children, counseling them not
expose children to smoke
inside the home. Research
indicates that multiple
messages are needed before the
public will act.
Pollution prevention (P2) is
designed to prevent contaminants from
entering the environment. To support
that principle, current EPA strategies are
to institutionalize preventive approaches
in EPA's regulatory, operating, and
compliance/ enforcement programs and
facilitate the adoption of pollution
prevention techniques by states, tribes
and industry. EPA is encouraging the
use of market incentives, environmental
management tools and new technologies
to promote wider adoption of P2
measures. Perhaps the fastest growing
opportunity for incorporating P2 into
basic business practices lie in private
sector partnerships, which enable EPA's
knowledge of P2 principles and
techniques to be combined with
industry-specific expertise in production
and process. These approaches provide
assistance and incentives to various
sectors of society (e.g., manufacturers,
product and service suppliers,
governments, consumers) to promote
behavioral change that is sustainable and
beneficial to the environment. These
activities promote greater ecological
efficiency and therefore help to reduce
the generation and release of production-
related waste.
Improve Pollution Prevention
Strategies, Tools
The Agency's Pollution Prevention Program can be described in five parts:
3.
4.
A guiding social principle to promote source reduction as the core
environmental ethic of society - through education
Sustainable business practices to incorporate P2 approaches and
techniques as an essential part of how successful businesses operate -
through programs like Energy Star, Waste Wise and Environmental
Accounting.
Core government actions, including EPA, other Federal and State
regulatory programs, grants reinvention, and enforcement activities.
Cleaner technologies and processes to help companies continuously
improve quality, competitiveness and environmental stewardship -
through partnerships like the Design for the Environment.
Safer products to ensure consumer and environmental protection -
through activities like the Consumer Labeling Initiative and
Environmentally Preferable Products.
48
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Preventing Pollution and Reducing Risk in Communities,
Homes, Workplaces and Ecosystems
Decrease the Quantity and Toxicity of
Waste
The Agency's work encompasses
many activities to decrease waste that
include reducing toxic chemicals in
industrial hazardous waste streams,
reducing the generation of municipal,
hazardous and other solid waste, and
recycling hazardous and municipal solid
waste.
Reducing toxic chemicals in
industrial waste streams will result in
more efficient use of natural resources,
and decrease human exposure to toxic
wastes. The Agency will further
develop partnerships with industry to
minimize hazardous wastes by building
on the tools and coordination activities
that were put in place in 1998 and 1999.
The RCRA program is focusing
reduction efforts on the most persistent,
bioaccumulative and toxic chemicals in
hazardous waste which is consistent with
the national and international priority on
reducing the presence of persistent,
bioaccumulative and toxic chemicals
(PBTs) in the environment.
As part of the national leadership
to reduce the amount of waste generated,
and to improve the recovery and
conservation of materials through source
reduction and recycling, RCRA re-
cycling and source reduction projects
will continue to move beyond the basics
in 2000. These efforts include
promoting financing and technology
opportunities for recycling/reuse
businesses and working with partners to
identify, analyze and share information
on waste reduction opportunities for
construction and demolition debris, food
wastes and other targeted waste streams.
The Agency will also continue working
to reduce the barriers to safe recycling of
hazardous waste, through changes to the
definition of solid waste, through
provisions in other regulatory standards
and through ongoing outreach to
stakeholders to explore additional
options. In 2000, the Agency will
initiate the hazardous waste recycling
strategy. Options being considered for
the strategy include outreach and
rulemakings that will reduce burden on
industry while ensuring safer recycling,
including some regulations stemming
from the Agency's Common Sense
Initiatives (CSI).
Assess Conditions in Indian Country
EPA places particular priority on
working with Federally recognized
Indian tribes on a government-
to-government basis to improve environ-
mental conditions in Indian country in a
manner that affirms the vital trust
responsibility that EPA has with the 554
tribal governments. The Agency will
concentrate on building Tribal
infrastructure and completing a
documented baseline assessment of
environmental conditions in Indian
Country to enable EPA/Tribes to
identify high priority human health and
environmental risks. These assessments
will provide a blueprint for planning
future activities through the development
of Tribal/EPA Environmental Agree-
ments (TEAs) or other similar tribal
environmental plans to address and
support priority environmental multi-
media concerns in Indian Country. EPA
will support innovative approaches for
implementation of tribal programs and
funding flexibility through participation
49
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Preventing Pollution and Reducing Risk in Communities,
Homes, Workplaces and Ecosystems
in Performance Partnership Grants
(PPGs).
2000 Annual Performance Goals:
* In 2000, protect homes,
communities, and workplaces from
harmful exposure to pesticides and
related pollutants through improved
cultural practices and enhanced
public education, resulting in a
reduction of 5%, or 20% cumulative
(from 1994 levels) in the number of
incidences of pesticide poisonings
reported nationwide.
* In 2000, administer federal programs
and oversee state implementation of
programs for lead-based paint
abatement certification and training
in 50 states, to reduce exposure to
lead-based paint and ensure
significant decreases in children's
blood lead levels by 2005.
* In 2000, provide methods and
models to evaluate the impact of
environmental stressors on human
health and ecological endpoints for
use in guidelines, assessments, and
strategies.
* In 2000, ensure that of the up to
1800 new chemicals and
microorganisms submitted by indus-
try each year, those that are
introduced in commerce are safe to
humans and the environment for
their intended uses.
* In 2000, 890,000 additional people
will be living in healthier residential
indoor environments.
In 2000, 2,580,000 students, faculty
and staff will experience improved
indoor air quality in their schools.
In 2000, the quantity of Toxic
Release Inventory (TRI) pollutants
released, treated or combusted for
energy recovery, will be reduced by
200 million pounds, or 2%, from
1999 reporting levels.
In 2000, divert an additional 1% (for
a cumulative total of 29% or 64
million tons) of municipal solid
waste from land filling and
combustion, and maintain per capita
generation of RCRA municipal solid
waste at 4.3 pounds per day.
In 2000, 20% of Tribal
environmental baseline information
will be collected and 20 additional
tribes (cumulative total of 65) will
have tribal/EPA environmental
agreements or identified environ-
mental priorities.
50
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Goal 4: Key Programs
Preventing Pollution
Agricultural Worker Protection
Common Sense Initiative
Design for the Environment
Endocrine Disrupter Screening Program
Existing Chemical Data, Screening, Testing
and Management
Grants to States for Lead Risk Reduction
Indoor Air Research
Indoor Environments : Asthma
Indoor Environments: Schools
Indoor Environments: ETS
Lead Risk Reduction Program
National Program chemicals: PCBs, Asbestos,
Fibers,and Dioxin
New Chemical Review
Pesticide Applicator Certification and Training
Pesticide Registration
Pesticide Reregistration
Pesticides Program Implementation Grant
Pollution Prevention Incentive Grants to States
Pollution Prevention Program
RCRA State Grants
Recycling
Source Reduction
State Radon Grants
Tribal Capacity
Tribal General Assistance Grants
Waste Minimization
FY 1999
Enacted
$4,365.20
$1,063.40
$4,554.00
$1,525.20
$12,870.00
$13,712.20
$2,836.10
$1,135.50
$2,921.00
$1,050.00
$16,911.30
$3,011.90
$13,409.60
$5,313.60
$7,451.40
$4,856.00
$13,114.60
$5,999.50
$8,872.30
$3,073.00
$4,980.80
$2,728.80
$8,158.00
$0.00
$42,585.40
$2,195.30
1
FY 2000
President's
Budget
$5,738.10
$979.60
$3,886.10
$3,934.90
$23,045.60
$13,712.20
$0.00
$12,323.70
$9,946.70
$2,194.30
$14,986.30
$3,289.20
$13,926.90
$6,765.60
$10,365.00
$4,865.70
$13,114.60
$5,999.50
$9,581.20
$3,073.00
$5,079.30
$3,073.40
$8,158.00
$300.00
$42,585.40
$2,943.20
51
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52
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Better Waste Management, Restoration of Contaminated
Waste Sites and Emergency Response
Strategic Goal: America's wastes will be stored, treated, and disposed of in ways that
prevent harm to people and to the natural environment. EPA will work to clean up
previously polluted sites, restoring them to uses appropriate for surrounding
communities, and respond to and prevent waste-related or industrial accidents.
Resource Summary
(Dollars in Thousands)
FY 1999
Enacted
FY 2000 FY 2000 - FY 1999
Request Difference
Better Waste Management, Restoration of
Contaminated Waste Sites, and Emergency
Response
Reduce or Control Risks to Human Health
Prevent, Reduce and Respond to Releases, Spills,
Accidents or Emergencies
Total Workyears:
$1,655,913.5 $1,656,719.5
$1,491,141.1
$164,772.4
4,316.9
$1,477,134.1
$179,585.4
4,246.1
$806.0
($14,007.0)
$14,813.0
-70.8
Means and Strategy
Improper waste management and
disposal threatens the health of people,
endangers wildlife, and harms vegetation
and natural resources. Uncontrolled
hazardous and toxic substances,
including radioactive waste, often
migrate to ground water, surface water,
and air. Consequently, they affect
streams, lakes, rivers, and water
supplies. Toxins bioaccumulate in fish
or accumulate in sediments. In 2000,
EPA will promote safe waste storage,
treatment, and disposal, clean up active
and inactive waste disposal sites, and
prevent the creation of new waste sites.
A principal objective of this goal
is to reduce or control the risks posed to
human health and the environment
through better waste management and
restoration of abandoned waste sites. In
partnership with states, tribal
governments, the public, and other
stakeholders, EPA will reduce or control
the risks to human health and the
environment at thousands of Superfund,
Brownfield, Resource Conservation and
Recovery Act (RCRA), and
Underground Storage Tank (UST) sites.
To achieve this goal, EPA strives to
apply the fastest, most effective waste
management and cleanup methods
available, while involving affected
communities in the decision making
process. Effective use of research and
enforcement strategies will also allow
the Agency to further reduce the risks
from exposures to hazardous waste.
Another principal objective of
this goal is to prevent, reduce, prepare
for, and respond to releases, spills,
accidents or emergencies. Through the
UST, RCRA, Chemical Preparedness
and Prevention, and Oil programs, the
Agency and its partners manage the
53
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Better Waste Management, Restoration of Contaminated
Waste Sites and Emergency Response
practices of thousands of facilities to
prevent dangerous releases to the
environment. When releases do occur,
EPA and its partners will have the
capabilities to successfully respond.
Research
Research efforts will continue to
focus on ground water and soils
research, which seeks to understand the
process that governs contaminant
transport and fate to improve
remediation and monitoring tech-
nologies, especially their cost
effectiveness.
The principle areas of
concentration are exposure to soil and
ground water contaminants, assessment
of the risks posed by these contaminants,
cost-effective management of these
risks, and the development of innovative
technologies to characterize and
remediate contaminated sites. Work will
also continue under active waste
management and combustion facilities.
Through the development of new and
improved methods and models to assess
exposure and effects, this research will
provide the fundamental science and
modeling backbone needed to conduct
truly multimedia, multipathway
exposure modeling and risk assessment.
Highlights
In 2000, actions taken to clean up
Superfund sites will reduce the effect of
uncontrolled releases on local pop-
ulations and sensitive environments.
EPA will complete construction at 85
Superfund sites and will take action to
address contamination at 300 sites using
removal authorities. EPA will also
obtain commitments from Potentially
Responsible Parties (PRPs) to start new
construction at National Priorities List
(NPL) sites.
The direction and emphasis of
the Superfund program in 2000 is to
build on past successes and maintain the
pace of site cleanups. Administrative
reforms will continue to provide
benefits, which include savings in the
cost and duration of Superfund actions.
Additionally, Administrative reforms
have improved the program's
effectiveness and enabled the Agency to
accomplish the following as of
September 30, 1998:
* Over 89% of Superfund's sites
(1,228 of 1,370) on the NPL are
either undergoing cleanup con-
struction (remedial or removal) or
are completed.
* 585 Superfund sites have had all
cleanup construction completed
(41% of sites on the NPL).
* Approximately 5,500 removal
actions have been taken at hazardous
waste sites to immediately reduce the
threat to public health and the
environment.
* Nearly 31,000 sites have been
removed from the CERCLIS waste
site list to help promote the
economic redevelopment of these
properties.
To accomplish Superfund's
objectives, EPA works with states,
Indian Tribes, and other Federal
54
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Better Waste Management, Restoration of Contaminated
Waste Sites and Emergency Response
agencies to protect human health and the
environment and to restore sites to uses
appropriate for the nearby communities.
The Agency also provides outreach and
education to the surrounding com-
munities to improve their direct
involvement in every phase of the
cleanup process and understanding of
potential site risks.
One of Superfund's major
program goals is to have potentially
responsible parties pay for and conduct
cleanups at abandoned or uncontrolled
hazardous waste sites. The Superfund
enforcement program maximizes PRP
participation and is committed to
reforms, which increase fairness, reduce
transactions costs and promote economic
redevelopment. The Agency also seeks
to recover costs associated with site
cleanup from responsible parties when
trust fund monies have been expended
Brownfields are abandoned,
idled, or under-used industrial and
commercial properties which are not
Superfund NPL sites. Economic
changes over several decades have left
thousands of communities with these
contaminated properties and abandoned
sites. Concerns about environmental
liability and cleanup, infrastructure de-
clines, and changing development
priorities have worsened the situation.
As with the Superfund program,
the Brownfields Initiative has a
coordinated federal approach to assist
our partners in better addressing
environmental site assessment and
cleanup. In 2000, the Agency will fund
50 additional assessment demonstration
pilots and supplement 50 existing
assessment pilots to communities. These
pilots provide EPA, States, local
governments, and Federally recognized
Tribes with useful information and new
strategies for promoting a unified
approach to environmental site
assessment and characterization, and
redevelopment. Beginning in 2000, the
Agency will provide funding to states for
Brownfields site assessment activities
and to facilitate communication between
Brownfields pilots and State environ-
mental authorities. To further enhance a
community's capacity to respond to
Brownfields redevelopment, the Agency
will also make 70 awards to capitalize
Brownfields Cleanup Revolving Loan
Fund Pilots (BCRLF) to communities
completing their Brown-fields Site
Assessment Demonstration Pilot activ-
ities. EPA will fund 10 job training
pilots for community residents and will
provide $3.0 million to NIEHS to
support minority worker training and
augment the communities' capacities to
cleanup Brownfields sites. In addition,
EPA will continue to explore
connections between RCRA low-priority
corrective action efforts and cleanup of
Brownfields properties.
In 2000, the RCRA Corrective
Action program will actively implement
the RCRA Cleanup Initiative. This
initiative targets active sites and is aimed
at reforming the current RCRA
Corrective Action Program. The
impetus of the RCRA Cleanup Initiative
is to remove barriers that would prevent
the Agency from achieving its GPRA
Objective of reducing risk to human
health and the environment. The RCRA
Cleanup Initiative has identified several
projects that are intended to: 1) reduce
impediments to achieving the Agency's
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Better Waste Management, Restoration of Contaminated
Waste Sites and Emergency Response
objective; 2) enhance State and
stakeholder involvement and; 3) promote
innovative approaches to cleanup
actions. It incorporates several longer
term efforts to enhance the program into
a more comprehensive, focused
approach.
In 2000, the RCRA hazardous
waste permits program will have permits
or other approved controls in place for
146 additional RCRA hazardous waste
management facilities for a cumulative
total of 3,380 facilities. These efforts
will minimize the threat of exposure to
hazardous substances because the RCRA
program's comprehensive framework
regulates the handling, transport,
treatment, storage, and disposal of
hazardous waste. To ensure that these
controls are more effective and efficient,
the Agency will streamline its permit
process for implementors and for the
regulated community.
The Agency has also developed a
strategy to address hazardous waste
combustion facilities. Phase I of the
Maximum Achievable Control
Technology (MACT) standards under
the Clean Air Act, which will revise
standards for incinerators and cement
and lightweight aggregate kilns that burn
hazardous waste will be finalized in
1999. Thus, as the MACT standards are
implemented by 2003, the Agency will
reduce the emissions of dioxins, furans,
and particulate matter from these
sources. These efforts will further reduce
the indirect exposure (primarily through
the food chain) to hazardous constituents
in emissions, especially to children.
The Agency has several efforts to
better address risk in the RCRA Pro-
gram. The proposed Hazardous Waste
Identification Rule seeks to reg-ulate
lower risk wastes, such as those that
have already undergone treatment, under
alternative state non-hazardous waste
regulation programs. The Air
Characteristics Study will be enhanced
in 2000 to better answer the question
whether some industrial wastes should
be classified as hazardous because of
risks posed by their air emissions. In
2000, as part of the Agency's Air Toxics
Initiative, the RCRA program will
explore the need for regulatory changes
to focus on these risks from wastewater
treatment tanks, surface impoundments,
and landfills. The Agency is working to
improve test methods under its Toxic
Constituent Leaching Procedure (TCLP)
to better evaluate waste leaching
potential for assessing whether a waste
should be classified as hazardous, how
effective a treatment is, and whether
land disposal is an appropriate method
for managing particular wastes.
In 2000, the Agency will work
toward completing and implementing,
with states and industry, voluntary
guidelines for industrial non-hazardous
waste management. These voluntary
guidelines address a range of issues
including groundwater contamination,
air emissions, and alternatives to waste
disposal. Although the states implement
the municipal solid waste (MSW)
landfills regulatory programs, the
Agency establishes minimum national
standards for state compliance. The
Agency also reviews and approves state
MSW landfill permit programs.
Furthermore, the Agency will continue
working with states to ensure that an
additional 141 facilities for a cumulative
of 2,600 out of 3,536 RCRA municipal
56
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Better Waste Management, Restoration of Contaminated
Waste Sites and Emergency Response
solid waste facilities have approved
controls in place to prevent dangerous
releases to air, soil, groundwater, and
surface water. These activities will
provide a uniform application of
minimal safe management standards to
help ensure that sufficient controls are in
place.
The Agency conducts scientific
research to support its programs. Under
the RCRA program, the Agency will
conduct scientific research on active
hazardous waste management and
combustion facilities to ensure that our
regulatory approach will continue to be
successful in the future. The Agency
seeks innovative methods for stabilizing
and solidifying toxic constituents in
waste streams thereby reducing their
dispersion on the public and the
environment.
The Agency's highest priorities
in the Underground Storage Tank (UST)
program are to (1) promote and enforce
compliance with regulatory requirements
aimed at preventing and detecting UST
releases, thereby reducing releases to the
environment and (2) to address the
backlog of 168,000 cleanups of Leaking
Underground Storage Tanks (LUST).
The Agency anticipates additional
releases will be discovered as owners
and operators comply with the
December 1998 requirements for
upgrading, replacing, or closing USTs.
In 2000, the Agency's anticipates that
21,000 LUST cleanups will be
completed under the supervision of EPA
and its state, local, and tribal partners
and that approximately 90% of USTs
will be in compliance with the December
22, 1998 requirements.
Reducing chemical accidents is
vital to ensure that communities are not
exposed to hazardous materials. The
Agency continues its efforts to help
states and Local Emergency Planning
Committees (LEPCs) implement the
Risk Management Program (RMP).
EPA has made steady progress in this
area and in 2000, with additional
resources, will delegate the RMP to four
additional states for a cumulative total of
13. To assist in reaching this goal, EPA
will provide technical assistance grants,
as well as technical support outreach and
training to help both states and LEPCs
develop their accident prevention
capabilities. Through these activities,
States, local communities and
individuals will be better prepared to
prevent and prepare for chemical
accidents.
Every day oil spills pose risks to
human health, the environment and the
economy. EPA's Oil Spill program
responds to and monitors oil spills that
occur in the waters of the United States
and adjoining shorelines. Approx-
imately 20,000 oil spills are reported
annually. Over the past three years,
EPA has received and evaluated 35,000
oil spill notifications, served as lead
responder at 275 oil spills, and shared
responsibility with other parties at 475
responses. To prevent spills to the
greatest extent practicable, the Agency
will take preventive measures by
ensuring that 400 additional oil storage
facilities are in compliance with the
Spill Control and Countermeasures
(SPCC) regulations. In addition, the
Agency will improve the quality and
quantity of data provided in Area
Contingency Plans, especially con-
cerning environmentally sensitive and
57
-------
Better Waste Management, Restoration of Contaminated
Waste Sites and Emergency Response
economically important areas. By
working with state and local
governments and industry, EPA's Area
Planning activities ensure effective and
immediate cleanup of oil spills.
In the event of a terrorist act
where there is a threat to human health
or the environment, the Agency is
prepared to respond. The Agency has
begun to prepare and educate other
organizations such as our Federal
partners, and state and local planners
about the National Response System and
the National Domestic Preparedness
Program for terrorist events. In 2000,
the Agency will provide anti-terrorism
training to 19 of the most vulnerable
communities.
Research
In 2000, the Agency will
continue to focus its research efforts in
the exposure, risk assessment, and
remediation areas of waste research.
Developing field analytical methods for
characterizing groundwater and soils,
producing ecological soil screening
values for common soil contaminants,
and researching innovative uses of
abiotic treatment technologies continue
to be pivotal areas of focus in the
Agency's effort to support the
assessment and remediation of sites with
contaminated soil and groundwater.
Research in support of multi-
media science for the Hazardous Waste
Identification Rule (HWIR) will
continue in 2000. The intent of these
efforts is to develop a systems approach
to modeling and data management.
Such an approach will facilitate
scientifically credible assessments of
multimedia-based human and ecological
exposure to chemical stressors.
Combustion research will provide the
technical basis to determine risks and set
operational monitoring and controls for
individual combustion facilities.
2000 Annual Performance Goals:
* In 2000, 170 (for a cumulative total
of 408 or 24%) of high priority
RCRA facilities will have human
exposures controlled and 170 (for a
cumulative total of 289 or 17%) of
high priority RCRA facilities will
have groundwater releases con-
trolled.
* In 2000, complete 21,000 Leaking
Underground Storage Tank (LUST)
Cleanups for a cumulative total of
246,000 cleanups since 1987.
* In 2000, EPA will fund Brownfields
site assessments in 50 more
communities, thus reaching 350
communities by the end of 2000.
* In 2000, EPA will complete 85
Superfund cleanups (construction
completions), continuing on a path to
reach 925 completed cleanups by the
end of 2002.
* In 2000, enhance scientifically-
defensible decisions for site cleanup
by providing targeted research &
technical support.
* In 2000, ensure trust fund
stewardship by recovering costs from
PRPs when EPA expends trust fund
monies. Address cost recovery at all
NPL and non-NPL sites with a
58
-------
Better Waste Management, Restoration of Contaminated
Waste Sites and Emergency Response
statute of limitations on total past
costs equal to or greater than
$200,000.
In 2000, maximize all aspects of
PRP participation., including 70% of
the work conducted on new
construction starts at non-Federal
Facility sites on the NPL, and
emphasize fairness in the settlement
process. Result is timely and pro-
tective clean up of the Nation's worst
contaminated sites and other
significant threats to public health.
In 2000, ensure compliance with
Federal facility statutes and
CERCLA Agreements and ensure
completion of current NPL CERCLA
lAGs.
In 2000, 146 more hazardous waste
management facilities will have
approved controls in place to prevent
dangerous releases to air, soil, and
groundwater, for a total of 65 percent
of 3,380 facilities.
In 2000, 400 additional facilities will
be in compliance with the Spill
Prevention, Control and Counter-
measure (SPCC) provisions of the oil
pollution prevention regulations (for
a cumulative of 890 facilities since
1997).
In 2000, 90% of USTs will be in
compliance with the December 22,
1998, requirements, which improves
upon the estimated 65 percent as of
the December 22, 1998 deadline.
In 2000, enhance scientifically
defensible decisions for active
management of wastes, including
combustion, by providing targeted
research and technical support.
59
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Goal 5: Key Programs
Waste Management
Assessments
ATSDR Superfund Support
Brownfields
Civil Enforcement
Common Sense Initiative
Community Right to Know (Title III)
Compliance Assistance and Centers
EMPACT
Federal Facilities
Federal Preparedness
Hazardous Substance Research:Hazardous Substance Research
Centers
Hazardous Substance Research: Superfund Innovative
Technology Evaluation (SITE)
Hazardous Waste Research
Leaking Underground Storage Tanks (LUST) Cooperative
Agreements
NIEHS Superfund Support
Oil Spills Preparedness, Prevention and Response
Other Federal Agency Superfund Support
Project XL
RCRA Corrective Action
RCRA Permitting
RCRA State Grants
Risk Management Plans
Superfund - Cost Recovery
Superfund - Justice Support
Superfund - Maximize PRP Involvement (including reforms)
Superfund Remedial Actions
Superfund Removal Actions
Underground Storage Tanks (UST)
UST State Grants
Waste Combustion
FY 1999
Enacted
$87,738.80
$76,000.00
$91,538.90
$1,234.00
$265.60
$4,683.50
$274.80
$398.40
$28,641.60
$11,060.20
$1,067.20
$7,663.10
$6,619.30
$58,990.00
$60,000.00
$11,988.00
$10,000.00
$112.60
$18,167.40
$15,388.60
$52,302.50
$7,258.30
$30,494.10
$29,000.00
$89,109.20
$588,190.00
$199,419.10
$6,077.90
$10,544.70
$7,346.70
I
FY 2000
President's
Budget
$88,970.30
$64,000.00
$91,667.50
$1,334.70
$95.50
$5,099.40
$342.70
$440.20
$28,720.40
$11,060.20
$1,092.50
$7,114.60
$7,249.60
$57,750.00
$48,526.70
$12,437.50
$11,035.00
$114.30
$22,755.50
$16,773.00
$52,302.50
$11,804.60
$30,494.10
$28,663.50
$89,234.50
$592,842.50
$207,399.90
$6,345.30
$11,944.70
$7,297.70
60
-------
Reduction of Global and Cross-Border Environmental Risks
Strategic Goal: The United States will lead other nations in successful, multilateral
efforts to reduce significant risks to human health and ecosystems from climate
change, stratospheric ozone depletion, and other hazards of international concern.
Resource Summary
(Dollars in Thousands)
Reduction of Global and Cross-border Environmental
Risks
Reduce Transboundary Threats: Shared North
American Ecosystems
Climate Change
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
Protect Public Health and Ecosystems From
Persistent Toxics
Achieve Cleaner and More Cost-Effective
Practices
Total Workyears:
FY 1999
Enacted
$229,366.9
$71,025.9
$127,968.9
$17,033.8
$4,125.8
$9,212.5
522.4
FY 2000
Request
$407,414.2
$119,987.5
$242,765.0
$27,046.5
$6,943.1
$10,672.1
519.9
FY 2000 FY 1999
Difference
$178,047.3
$48,961.6
$114,796.1
$10,012.7
$2,817.3
$1,459.6
-2.5
Means and Strategy
Pollutants are oblivious to
geographic and political boundaries, and
their propensity to migrate threatens
human health and the environment,
demanding coordinated international
action. The United States addresses
global environmental problems, such as
climate change and stratospheric ozone
depletion, through bilateral and
multilateral consultations and agree-
ments. Other problems are not global
but cross borders, such as between the
US and Mexico, and between the US and
Canada. In the Great Lakes, and in our
marine and Arctic environments, EPA
uses a geographic approach to direct
environmental action.
EPA will use a variety of ap-
proaches to prevent harm to the global
environment and ecosystems including:
1) forming bilateral and multilateral
environmental agreements, environmen-
tal foreign policy initiatives, and
regional and global negotiations; 2)
cooperating with other countries to
ensure that domestic and international
environmental laws, policies, and
priorities are recognized and imple-
mented; 3) working with other Federal
agencies, states, business, and environ-
mental groups to promote the flow of
environmentally sustainable tech-
nologies and services worldwide;
facilitating cooperative research and
development programs; and international
technical assistance, training and infor-
mation exchange; and 4) promoting
public/private partnership programs to
reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
61
-------
Reduction of Global and Cross-Border Environmental Risks
Greenhouse gases, for example,
are produced by burning coal, oil, and
natural gas to heat our homes, power our
cars, and illuminate our cities.
Deforestation and land clearing also
contribute to the production of
greenhouse gases. These gases may
have several environmental effects:
raising atmospheric and ocean
temperatures, ultimately changing
weather patterns; increasing evaporation,
drying soil and increasing drought;
increasing precipitation and its intensity,
causing floods; increasing incidences of
heat waves; and raising sea levels.
Possible adverse consequences
for human health include: increasing
numbers of deaths associated with heat
waves; increasing incidence of allergic
disorders; and increasing diseases that
thrive in warmer climates, such as
malaria, yellow fever, dengue fever,
encephalitis, and cholera. Since the
early 1990s, EPA has been building
partnerships with businesses in all
sectors of the economy in order to meet
the 1990 Framework Convention on
Climate Change (FCCC) objective to
stabilize greenhouse gases emissions at
1990 levels. EPA also plays a major
role in the President's Climate Change
Technology Initiative (CCTI), launched
in October, 1997, and included in the
1999 Budget.
Research
EPA's research and assessment
activities will evaluate the potential
consequences of global change and
climate variability in the United States.
These assessments will focus on
evaluating the impacts of global change
on human health, ecosystems, and
economic systems at regional, state, and
local scales. Among the impacts the
agency will examine are the spread of
vector-borne and water-borne disease,
changes in landscape cover and the
migration of plant and animal species,
and changes in farm productivity and
food distribution. These research and
assessment activities are an integral part
of the U.S. National Assessment Process
of the U.S. Global Change Research
Program
Highlights
EPA's continued leadership is
necessary to build the international
cooperation and technical capacity that
are essential to prevent harm to the
global environment and ecosystems that
we share with other nations. In 2000,
EPA will use a variety of approaches to
prevent harm to the global environment
and ecosystems.
Recognizing that no single
country can resolve the problem of
global climate change, EPA will help
facilitate the international cooperation
necessary to achieve the stabilization of
greenhouse gas concentrations. The
1992 Framework Convention on Climate
Change (FCCC) set the objective of
stabilizing greenhouse gas concen-
trations at a level that would prevent
dangerous anthropogenic interference
with the climate system. On the
domestic side, EPA will encourage
voluntary partnerships, provide technical
assistance and promote State and local
efforts to achieve future green house gas
emission reductions. Administration-
wide, the programs launched in the 1993
Climate Change Action Plan have the
potential to reduce U.S. greenhouse gas
62
-------
Reduction of Global and Cross-Border Environmental Risks
emissions by over 160 million metric
tons of carbon equivalent (MMTCE)
annually by the year 2010.
The Agency will contribute to
the science underpinning U.S. policy,
including the assessment of conse-
quences of climate change and climate
variability. Particular attention will be
paid to the potential beneficial and
detrimental consequences of climate
variability and change for human health,
ecosystems, and economic systems at the
regional, state and local levels. EPA
will play a major part in peer-reviewed
economic and policy analyses that serve
U.S. policy-makers and international
negotiators.
To protect the earth's strato-
spheric ozone layer, EPA will continue
to regulate ozone-depleting compounds
and foster the development and use of
alternative chemicals in the U.S. and
abroad.
The United States response to the
harmful effects of stratospheric ozone
depletion is its commitment to honor the
Montreal Protocol by phasing out
domestic production of ozone-depleting
substances (ODSs). EPA's role stems
from the Protocol and Title VI of the
Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990.
EPA helps other countries find suitable
alternatives to ODSs , informs the public
about the dangers of overexposure to UV
radiation, and uses pollution prevention
strategies to require the recycling of
ODSs and hydroflourocarbons.
Reduced risks from toxics,
especially persistent organic pollutants
and selected metals that circulate in the
environment at global and regional
scales, will be achieved by working with
the Department of State and other
countries to control the production and
use or phaseout of targeted chemicals.
EPA is also working to reach agreement
on import and export requirements
applicable to certain chemicals, an
expansion of pollutant release and
transfer registers and the harmonization
of chemical testing, assessment and
labeling procedures. The goal of
international harmonization of test
guidelines is to reduce the burden on
chemical companies of repeated testing
in satisfying the regulatory requirements
of different jurisdictions both within the
United States and internationally.
Harmonization also expands the universe
of toxic chemicals for which needed
testing information is available, and
fosters efficiency in international
information exchange and mutual
international acceptance of chemical test
data. For test guideline harmonization,
EPA will continue to cooperate closely
with other Federal agencies and the
Organization for Economic Cooperation
and Development (OECD) in
harmonizing testing guidelines.
Internationally, the Agency will
oversee the implementation of the global
POPs convention and continue our
efforts in reducing the use of leaded
gasoline globally. Working with
Canada, we are moving to reduce
sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxide
emissions that cause acid rain, and
protect shared ecosystems along our
northern border. EPA will assess and
report on the state of key Great Lakes
ecosystem components, provide current
status and trend information and
coordinate measurement of environ-
mental indicators applicable to the entire
63
-------
Reduction of Global and Cross-Border Environmental Risks
Great Lakes Basin. Through open lake
and nearshore sediments monitoring, and
the joint Great Lakes National Program
Office (GLNPO) Canadian integrated
atmospheric deposition network reports
will be issued on, or developed for, the
15 GLNPO "Monitoring Indices."
The U.S. is working with other
OECD member countries to implement
the International Screening Information
Data Set (SIDS) program, a voluntary
international cooperative testing
program started in 1990. The program's
focus is on developing base-level test
information (including data on basic
chemistry, environmental fate,
environmental effects and health effects)
for international high production volume
chemicals. SIDS data will be used to
screen chemicals and to set priorities for
further testing and/or assessment. The
Agency will review testing needs for 50
SIDS chemicals in 2000.
To reduce environmental and
human health risks along the
U.S./Mexico Border, EPA is working
with the border states and Mexico in a
multi-media approach targeted at air and
water quality and hazardous waste
management and disposal. Nine
working groups will address key issues
working closely with state and local
agencies on both sides of the border.
EPA will also support the financing and
construction of wastewater treatment and
solid waste facilities.
The Agency will focus attention
on concern for children exposure to
environmental tobacco smoke. The
focus of the Agency's international
program is to improve the protection of
children's health from environmental
threats by: prioritizing the research
needs identified, seeking to allocate
research among countries and
international organizations, agreeing on
timelines, and developing international
reporting mechanisms. In addition, EPA
is focusing on those Sub-Saharan Africa
countries and specific sectors (i.e.,
refineries, mining companies, and
stockpilers of agricultural chemicals) in
those countries which are major
contributors to globally circulating
chemical/toxic risks, focusing on
pesticides, mercury and lead.
Research
Research and assessment
activities will examine the potential
consequences of climate change for
human health and ecosystems in three
regions in the United States: the Mid-
Atlantic, the Gulf of Mexico, and the
Great Lakes regions. EPA will assess
the possibility of changes in disease
patterns due to changing climate, the
impact of heat stress on populations,
especially the elderly and children, and
the socioeconomic consequences of
extreme weather events, such as
hurricanes, floods, and droughts.
Researchers will also analyze the impact
of climate change and variation on the
ability of ecosystems to provide services
that many of us rely on but often take for
granted, such as water filtration and air
purification. The outcome of these
assessments will help inform decision
making regarding strategies to address
possible changes and variations in
climate.
64
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Reduction of Global and Cross-Border Environmental Risks
FY 2000 Annual Performance Goals:
* In 2000, 9 additional water/waste
water projects along the Mexican
border will be certified for design-
construction for a cumulative total of
34 projects.
* In 2000, assess and report on the
state of key Great Lakes ecosystem
components, report current status
and trend information to Great Lakes
environmental managers, and coor-
dinate measurement of SOLEC
environmental indicators applicable
to the entire Great Lakes Basin.
* In 2000, assess the consequences of
global change and climate variability
at a regional scale.
* In 2000, greenhouse gas emissions
will be reduced from projected levels
by more than 50 million metric ton
carbon equivalent per year through
EPA partnerships with businesses,
schools, State and local govern-
ments, and other organiza-tions.
Reduction level will increase 10
million metric tons over 1999.
* In 2000, reduce energy consumption
from projected levels by more than
60 billion kilowatt hours, resulting in
over $8 billion in energy savings to
consumers and businesses that
participate in EPA's climate change
programs. Increase of 15 billion
kilowatt hours & $5 million in
annual energy savings over 1999.
* In 2000, demonstrate technology for
a 70 mpg mid-size family sedan that
has low emissions and is safe,
practical, and affordable.
In 2000, restrict domestic consump-
tion of class II HCFCs below
208,400 metric tonnes (MTs) and
restrict domestic exempted produc-
tion and import of newly produced
class I CFCs and halons below
130,000 MTs.
In 2000, successfully conclude
international negotiations on a global
convention on Persistent Organic
Pollutants (POPs) reaching agree-
ment on POPs selection criteria,
technical assistance, and risk
management commitments on speci-
fied POPs.
In 2000, deliver 30 international
training modules; implement 6
technical assistance/ technology
dissemination projects; implement 5
cooperative policy development
project; & disseminate info products
on US environmental technologies
and techniques to 2500 foreign
customers.
65
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Goal 6: Key Programs
FY 2000
FY1999 President's
Enacted Budget
Global and Cross Border
CCTI: Research $10,000.00 $0.00
Climate Change Research $16,670.50 $22,833.60
Climate Change Technology Initiative: Buildings $38,800.00 $80,100.00
Climate Change Technology Initiative: Carbon Removal $0.00 $3,400.00
Climate Change Technology Initiative: Industry $18,600.00 $55,600.00
Climate Change Technology Initiative: State and Local $2,900.00 $5,000.00
Climate Change Program
Climate Change Technology Initiative: Transportation $31,750.00 $61,900.00
EMPACT $671.40 $385.10
Environment and Trade $4,514.60 $4,236.80
Global Toxics $932.30 $2,967.00
Great Lakes National Program Office (CWAP) $14,614.60 $13,367.50
International Capacity Building $7,400.00 $10,400.00
Multilateral Fund $11,362.00 $21,000.00
Partnership with Industrial and Other Countries $6,176.40 $8,234.00
U.S. - Mexico Border $4,929.40 $5,056.30
Water Infrastructure Mexico Border $50,000.00 $100,000.00
66
-------
Expansion of Americans' Right-to Know About Their
Environment
Strategic Goal: Easy access to a wealth of information about the state of their local
environment will expand citizen involvement and give people tools to protect their
families and their communities as they see fit. Increased information exchange between
scientists, public health officials, businesses, citizens, and all levels of government will
foster greater knowledge about the environment and what can be done to protect it.
Resource Summary
(Dollars in Thousands)
Expansion of Americans
Environment
Increase Quality /Quantity
Availability
' Right to Know About their
of Education, Outreach, Data
FY 1999
Enacted
$133,467.2
$67,818.5
FY 2000
Request
$144,599.1
$77,487.5
FY 2000-FY 1999
Difference.
$11,131.9
$9,669.0
Improve Public's Ability to Reduce Exposure
Enhance Ability to Protect Public Health
Total Workyears:
$42,247.7
$23,401.0
720.8
$41,230.8
$25,880.8
754.3
($1,016.9)
$2,479.8
33.5
Means and Strategy
Providing all Americans with
access to sound environmental infor-
mation and involving the public in our
work are essential parts of a
comprehensive approach to protecting
the environment. This goal is premised
on the concept that all U.S. citizens have
a "right-to-know" about the pollutants in
their environment, including land, air
and water pollution as well as potential
health effects of the chemicals used in
the food they consume and everyday
products they purchase. This premise is
especially important to minority, low-
income, and Native American
communities that suffer a dispro-
portionate share of health effects from
poor environmental conditions. Access
to environmental information enables
American citizens to make informed
decisions about their local environment.
It also leads to creative and sustainable
solutions to environmental risks, as well
as opportunities for preventing pollution.
The Agency believes all U.S. citizens
have the right to knowledge and
representation in public policy and
environmental decision-making.
The purpose of this goal is to
empower the American public with
information, enabling them to make
informed decisions regarding environ-
mental issues in their communities.
EPA will expand environmental edu-
cation, outreach and data availability.
EPA will also expand the range of data it
collects and improve the quality and
usability of the data. The Agency will
also ensure the data are widely available
through the Internet, mass media and
other sources.
67
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Expansion of Americans' Right-to Know About Their
Environment
The right-to-know is fundamen-
tal to EPA's mission and the effective
management of our data is an important
aspect of measuring our progress in
protecting the American people and the
environment from toxic substances and
pollution. The Agency has accelerated
its efforts to improve the accuracy of its
data, and to reduce the burdens to
industry associated with reporting. Also
the Agency is working to enhance the
coordination of data collection activities
with states and to improve our data
collection methods and use the latest
technologies to consolidate information
on a single Internet site.
The Agency is working to
redesign its internal structure to better
meet the information demands of the 21st
century. EPA's new vision and
approach to information management
will involve the creation of a single
program manager and office responsible
for information management, policy and
information technology stewardship
across the Agency. This office would be
responsible for developing and
implementing information standards and
accountability systems that will improve
environmental information within the
Agency and the information provided to
the public. This office would oversee
data collection, assure data quality, and
make sure that data are appropriate for
intended uses. The office would also
work toward reducing information
collection and reporting burden; filling
significant data gaps; and providing
integrated environmental and public
health information and statistics to the
public.
Research
The President's Environmental
Monitoring for Public Access and
Community Tracking (EMPACT) pro-
gram will continue research to provide
the public with information regarding
local environmental conditions (e.g.
toxic pollutants, water and air quality).
EMPACT will provide at least 75 of the
nation's largest metropolitan areas with
access to information regarding the
quality of their local environments, and
relevant scientific and technical tools to
interpret and evaluate potential impacts
and risks to these environments. Citizen
involvement in protecting the environ-
ment will also be expanded through the
Integrated Risk Information System
(IRIS). IRIS is a database of consensus
health information on environmental
contaminants and is used extensively by
EPA Program Offices and Regions
where consistent, reliable toxicity
information is needed for credible risk
assessments.
Highlights
The increasing easy availability
of public access to electronic media
offers unprecedented opportunities for
EPA to provide citizens with the
information necessary to effect substan-
tial environmental improve-ments. In
support of this objective and the
President's "Right-to-Know" goals, EPA
will continue to increase the amount and
quality of publicly available information
on environmental programs. EPA also
realizes that while it is important to
provide up-to-date, accurate information,
it must also ensure the public finds the
information useful. The Agency
collects data in a variety of systems, on a
68
-------
Expansion of Americans' Right-to Know About Their
Environment
variety of environmental pollutants that
impact land, air, water as well as data on
potential health effects of chemicals in
food and manufactured products. EPA
is aggressively seeking to integrate all
relevant sources of data and information
to enhance user-friendliness for the non-
technical user and to support compre-
hensive approaches to environmental
protection.
In partnership with states, the
Agency will pursue efforts to expand
publicly available information. This
includes the One-Stop Reporting
initiative, the Reinventing Environ-
mental Information (REI) initiative, and
the Envirofacts database. The Center for
Environmental Information and
Statistics (CEIS) will serve as the
Agency's point of internal focus and
convenient point of external public
access for integrated, multimedia
information. Data integration will be
promoted through such projects in 2000
as Integrated Data for Enforcement
Analysis (IDEA) and the Sector Facility
Indexing Project (SFIP) and
Environmental Monitoring for Public
Access and Community Tracking
(EMPACT).
The Agency-wide Enhanced
Public Access Project will make all
significant Agency guidance and policy
statements electronically accessible
along with site-specific interpretations of
the regulated entities' environmental
management practices. In 2000, 90
percent of Agency policy and guidance
documents will be available via the
Internet to regions, states, industry, and
the public. EPA will also work to
develop and improve existing tools to
identify communities most dispropor-
tionately affected by toxic releases and
hazards. The Agency will focus on
collaboration and coordination of efforts
to address environmental justice issues
within EPA and with other Federal
agencies.
The Agency is working to ensure
that small business (and other small
entities, such as communities and
non-profit organizations) have easy
access to information and may
participate appropriately in regulatory
activities that affect them. EPA is
seeking as well to reduce paperwork
burden on small business. The Agency's
Small Business Advocacy Chair has
moved aggressively to implement not
only the letter, but the spirit of the Small
Business Regulatory Enforcement
Fairness Act (SBREFA); the Agency has
completed 13 Small Business Advocacy
Panels to date, which have noticeably
reduced potential burdens on small
entities. The Agency's Small Business
Ombudsman serves as EPA's focal point
for small business outreach and
information; it also conducts oversight
and reports annually to Congress on state
assistance to small businesses under
Section 507 of the Clean Air Act.
In 2000, EPA will continue to
coordinate with the National Advisory
Council on Environmental Policy and
Technology (NACEPT) and its standing
committees to identify and foster new
environmental technologies. Other
activities include facilitating and
monitoring the Agency's response to
NACEPT recommendations that are
accepted by the Administrator, and
managing statutorily-mandated advisory
committees dealing with North
American Free Trade Agreement
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(NAFTA) implementation and U.S./
Mexico border issues. The advisory
committees are: the National Advisory
Committee/ Governmental Advisory
Committee and the Good Neighbor
Environmental Board.
The Agency will implement the
Electronic Data Interchange for
Discharge Monitoring Reports (DMR)
which will allow National Pollutant Dis-
charge Elimination Systems (NPDES)
permittees to submit monitoring data
electronically to EPA, rather than filing
quarterly paper reports. As part of the
Agency's integration efforts, drinking
water systems will provide customers an
annual consumer confidence report that
contains information about the quality
and source(s) of their drinking water
beginning in 2000. EPA's watershed-
related electronic outreach efforts,
including Surf Your Watershed and the
Index of Watershed Indicators, will
directly support efforts to implement the
President's "Right-to-Know" goal by
providing up-to-date, accurate pictures
of the conditions and stressors.
Under the Emergency Planning
and Community Right-To-Know Act
(EPCRA), EPA is committed to
expanding environmental release infor-
mation gathered under the Toxic Release
Inventory (TRI) by increasing the
chemicals covered and expanding the
industrial sectors required to report.
Examples include: adding to the TRI
reporting list approximately 40
chemicals deferred from earlier
rulemakings, assessing the need to
include additional industrial sectors, and
evaluating the need for more in-depth
chemical use data. In 2000, EPA also
will process 110,000 facility reports and
issue the TRI Public Data Release for
reporting year 1998. EPA will continue
to expand the use of the Internet for
delivering this information and we are
making information available by zip
code, and facility. Over time, there has
been a significant decrease in the amount
of toxic materials released into the
environment, according to TRI reporting
by facilities.
The Pesticides program em-
phasizes effective public outreach as
well as extensive interaction with
stakeholders to ensure that the
information provided keeps pace with
the latest scientific developments.
Public access tools are selected for
convenience to a broad audience -
industry, farmers and agricultural
workers, and the public at large.
Websites, databases and risk modeling
programs are available along with
brochures, fact sheets, public meetings
and training sessions, and information
hotlines.
To help communities identify
information needs and devise methods to
collect environmental data, EPA is
developing and piloting risk-based
screening tools to help communities
understand environmental data. These
tools will be pilot-tested and then
disseminated to other communities
across the nation, enhancing the public's
ability to address the areas of greatest
concern for their communities. To help
the public have adequate access to
timely and credible risk assessment
information, EPA will apply new and
upgraded technology that will
incorporate a systematic approach to
automated sampling, real-time analysis
and communication of environmental
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data, and provide timely, reliable and
consistent environmental information in
a meaningful format that is easily
accessible by the public.
As a guiding principle, EMPACT
will strive to break new ground in the
use of updated technology solutions as
well as communication of environmental
information that the public needs to
know as part of their day-to-day
decision-making. EPA will coordinate
EMPACT activities among federal, state,
Tribal, and local governments as well as
stakeholders, such as community health
officials, businesses, industries, schools
and environmental organizations. The
Integrated Risk Information System
(IRIS) supports EPA's community-based
environmental research which is used
extensively by EPA Program Offices
and Regions where consistent, reliable
toxicity information is needed for
credible risk assessments. Guidance and
support will be provided to risk assessors
through the provision of risk assessment
guidelines, expert consultation and
support, and risk assessment training.
Currently in development is a
state-of-the-art scientific information
system that will facilitate com-
munication and increase efficiency to do
research among Agency staff and
stakeholder partners. It will be access-
ible on public world wide networks. Use
of web-enabled technology will provide
agency scientists and professionals easy
access for retrieval, analysis and archival
of data and documentation to support
human health and environmental
research using a standard desktop
Internet browser. The system will
improve scientists' operations, reduce
research costs and facilitate new
analyses as teams of scientists will be
able to integrate research data. By 2000,
the system will be compatible with the
National Spatial Data Infrastructure
(NSDI) services.
Efforts to allow better integration
with our state and local partners will
continue, including support to the Local
Government Advisory Committee and
the Small Town Advisory Sub-
committee. In addition, EPA will design
and manage meetings and conference
calls and work with states and state
associations to ensure that state concerns
are considered in Agency policies,
guidance, and regulations.
Finally, EPA will provide
technical assistance to both Headquarters
and Regional program office personnel
to ensure that small, minority and
women-owned businesses receive a "fair
share" of Agency procurement dollars.
This "fair share" may be received either
directly or indirectly through EPA
grants, contracts, cooperative agree-
ments, or interagency agreements.
Pursuant to P.L. No. 102-389, the
Agency has a national goal of 8%
utilization of minority and women-
owned businesses in the total value of
Agency procurements and financial
assistance agreements. This activity will
enhance the ability of small, minority
and women-owned businesses to
participate in the Agency's objective to
protect public health.
2000 Annual Performance Goals:
* In 2000, the Agency will streamline
and improve the information
reporting process between state
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Expansion of Americans' Right-to Know About Their
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partners and EPA by increasing the
number of state participants in the
One Stop Reporting program from
29 to 38.
In 2000, ensure that EPA's policies,
programs and activities including
public meetings, address minority
and low income community issues so
that no segment of the population
suffers disproportionately from
adverse health or environmental
effects, and that all people live in
clean, healthy and sustainable
communities consistent with
Executive Order 12898.
In 2000, improve public access to
compliance and enforcement docu-
ments and data, particularly to high
risk communities, through multi-
media data integration projects and
other studies, analyses and
communication/outreach activities.
In 2000, all community water
systems will issue annual consumer
confidence reports according to the
rule promulgated in August 1998.
In 2000, process all submitted
facility chemical release reports;
publish annual summary of TRI data;
provide improved information to the
public about TRI chemicals; and
maximize public access to TRI
information.
In 2000 75% of EMPACT com-
munities have in place, or have
initiated, community-based strategies
or time relevant environmental
monitoring, information manage-
ment and communication that will
result in sustained community
capacity to deliver timely environ-
mental information.
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Goal 7: Key Programs
FY 2000
FY1999 President's
Enacted Budget
Right-to-Know
Center for Environmental Statistics (CEIS) $3,965.80 $8,054.40
Drinking Water Consumer Awareness $1,365.80 $1,467.90
EMPACT $8,206.30 $13,630.70
Environmental Education $7,767.60 $8,426.10
GLOBE $0.00 $1,000.00
Information Technology Management $4,234.80 $6,743.50
Pesticide Registration $5,214.20 $4,454.10
Pesticide Reregistration $5,461.70 $4,111.40
Reinventing Environmental Information (REI) $12,547.80 $15,731.80
SBREFA $760.30 $777.30
Small Business Ombudsman $1,110.30 $1,120.30
Small, Minority, Women-Owned Business Assistance $2,064.40 $2,338.40
Superfund - Maximize PRP Involvement (including $364.40 $0.00
reforms)
Toxic Release Inventory / Right-to-Know (RtK) $19,799.60 $18,811.50
Urban Environmental Quality and Human Health $0.00 $3,395.00
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Sound Science, Improved Understanding of Environmental
Risk, and Greater Innovation to Address
Environmental Problems
Strategic Goal: EPA will develop and apply the best available science for addressing
current and future environmental hazards, as well as new approaches toward improving
environmental protection.
Resource Summary
(Dollars in Thousands)
FY 1999
Enacted
Sound Science, Improved Understanding of Env. Risk
and Greater Innovation to Address Env. Problems
Research for Ecosystem Assessment and
Restoration
Research for Human Health Risk Assessment
Research to Detect Emerging Risk Issues
Pollution Prevention and New Technology for
Environmental Protections
Increase Use of Integrated, Holistic, Partnership
Approaches
Increase Opportunities for Sector Based
Approaches
Regional Enhancement of Ability to Quantify
Environmental Outcomes
Science Advisory Board Peer Review
Incorporate Innovative Approaches to
$346,996.2
$111,978.7
$50,573.7
$56,648.8
$77,286.3
$16,390.5
$21,091.9
$6,505.5
$2,486.7
$4,034.1
FY 2000 FY 2000 vs FY 1999
Request Difference
$321,747.4
$118,553.3
$56,229.1
$49,806.9
$55,801.7
$16,663.8
$10,018.5
$7,659.8
$2,636.2
$4,378.1
($25,248.8)
$6,574.6
$5,655.4
($6,841.9)
($21,484.6)
$273.3
($11,073.4)
$1,154.3
$149.5
$344.0
Environmental Management
Total Workyears:
1,194.2
1,187.3
-6.9
Means and Strategy:
EPA has several strategies to
strengthen the scientific basis for
environmental protection and develop
innovations that will allow achievement
of our strategic objectives. The Agency
has implemented a risk-based research
planning process to use risk assessment
and risk management as principal
priority-setting criteria. EPA conducts
annual research program reviews to both
evaluate the status and accomplishments
of its research and determine strategic
planning priorities.
In 2000, EPA will continue the
Agency's Postdoctoral Initiative, begun
in 1998, to enhance our intramural
research program. These positions will
provide a constant stream of
highly-trained postdoctoral candidates
who can apply state-of-the-science
training to EPA research issues. For
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Sound Science, Improved Understanding of Environmental
Risk, and Greater Innovation to Address
Environmental Problems
2000, new post-doctoral candidates will
be recruited to: (1) strengthen our
ability to meet the scientific challenges
of the next several years; (2) bring a
fresh scientific perspective and new
energy to our highest priority research
and development programs by working
with experienced ORD Principal
Investigators; (3) work in critically
important areas such as human exposure
modeling in particulate matter and
ecological risk assessment; and,(4)
improve our workforce diversity. Post-
doctoral resources are spread throughout
the 2000 budget.
To better draw upon expertise of
the environmental academic community,
EPA created the Science to Achieve
Results (STAR) Program of peer
reviewed, mission-driven extramural
grants. The Agency is also working with
the National Research Council to
identify emerging environmental issues
for which we must begin planning the
necessary research. EPA's research
program will increase the understanding
of environmental processes and the
capability to assess environmental risks
not only to human health, but also to
ecosystems.
The emphasis of ecological
monitoring research will shift from a
Mid-Atlantic integrated assessment of
ecosystem health to a Western Pilot
demonstration of methods developed in
the Mid-Atlantic. In addition, the
Coastal Monitoring Initiative beginning
in 2000 will fund the first national
demonstration of the status and trends
monitoring of the health of U.S.
estuaries. Knowing the current condi-
tions of these ecosystems, how best to
measure those conditions, and what
problems exist are important parts of this
effort and will provide essential input to
the modeling and assessment elements
of the program. Process and modeling
research will seek to explain stressors
and their effect on an ecosystem, as well
as the way in which they cause that
effect.
EPA is also committed to
developing and verifying innovative
methods and models for assessing the
susceptibilities of populations to envir-
onmental agents, aimed at enhancing
current risk assessment and management
strategies and guidance. In response to
the heightened awareness and concern
over children's health risks and the
provisions of the new legislation on food
safety, EPA established the Children's
Health Research Program. In colla-
boration with the National Institute for
Environmental Health Sciences
(NIEHS), EPA has established eight
university-based research centers to
study the unique environmental risks
that threaten the health of our children,
with research focusing on childhood
asthma and developmental disorders.
The 2000 research program includes
plans to establish one additional center
focused on children's health research to
conduct basic and applied research in
combination with community-based
prevention efforts that focus on
identifying and preventing environ-
ment-related diseases in children. This
center will look at non-asthma related
research issues including developmental
disorders. Agency research efforts for
asthma are part of the interagency work
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Environmental Problems
under the President's Task Force on
Environmental Health Risks and Safety
Risks to Children.
The Agency will establish
research capability and mechanisms to
anticipate and identify environmental or
other changes that may portend future
risk. A clear vision of future
environmental risk will enable EPA to
manage strategically for tomorrow and
tactically for today. Substantial cap-
ability to discern early warnings and
patterns of change will be developed
through work undertaken on endocrine
disrupters. Benefits will include an
improved framework for decision-
making, increased ability to anticipate
and perhaps deter serious environmental
risks, and enhanced communication with
the public and other stakeholders.
In order to promote decisions
which place pollution prevention as the
first solution among many, research will
focus on the development of methods
and decision tools that are more
quantitative and easier for stakeholders
and decision-makers to use than those
currently available. Research on
pollution prevention technology and
approaches will accelerate the adoption
and incorporation of pollution preven-
tion by developing, testing, and
demonstrating techniques applicable
across economic sectors. This research
will test the ability of risk assessors and
risk managers to develop tools and
methodologies which are meaningful
and understandable to the public in terms
of the costs and benefits associated with
the magnitude of the risk reduction
options.
A key element of EPA's strategy
for reinvention is testing and adopting
innovative policy tools designed to
achieve better protection at less cost.
The Agency has a number of new tools
and approaches that are being tested or
implemented in various environmental
programs, including: market trading and
banking, third party certification of
environmental performance, and recog-
nition and incentives for environmental
stewardship. In each area, EPA is
looking to advance the application of the
innovative tool or approach by pro-
moting broader testing and incorporation
into our system of environmental
protection. For example, EPA' s Permit
Action Plan outlines a broad strategy for
building the next generation of envir-
onmental permitting. This strategy will
harmonize requirements across media,
and will make permitting more
accessible to the public and more
flexible for facilities.
Sector strategies complement
current EPA activities by allowing the
Agency to approach issues more
holistically; tailor efforts to the par-
ticular characteristics of each sector;
identify related groups of stakeholders
with interest in a set of issues; link
EPA's efforts with those of other
agencies; and craft new approaches to
environmental protection.
Sustainable industry programs
serve as incubators and developers of
innovative approaches to environmental
policy making, testing alternative
regulatory and programmatic approaches
through regional projects, and multi-
stakeholder processes. The experience
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Sound Science, Improved Understanding of Environmental
Risk, and Greater Innovation to Address
Environmental Problems
gained in working with six industry
sectors on the Common Sense Initiative
provides the basis for moving forward
with sector-based approaches to
environmental protection.
Also, President Clinton created
Project XL in March 1995 to provide
regulated entities and other stakeholders
with the opportunity to develop and
implement alternative environmental
management strategies that achieve
superior environmental performance in
exchange for regulatory flexibility.
Sector-based approaches will offer
valuable supplements to traditional
environmental policy and may become
the predominant means for environ-
mental protection in the 21st century.
Nearly 7,000 businesses, trade
association, citizens groups, state and
local governments, and universities are
volunteering to improve environmental
performance in a timely, cost-effective
way through an array of EPA partnership
programs. Known collectively as Part-
ners for the Environment, these
programs complement traditional
regulatory approaches to environmental
protection.
Partners set practical, meaningful
goals to improve and better protect the
environment — from conserving water
and energy to reducing hazardous
emissions, waste, and pesticide risks.
These efforts are good for the envir-
onment, make good business sense, and
prove that pollution prevention pays.
Highlights
Research is an important aspect
of the Agency's mission and ensures a
strong scientific foundation for the
process of identifying public health and
environmental issues and the approaches
taken to address them. EPA's 2000
Annual Plan proposes a robust program
which continues to support its
commitment to developing and applying
the best available science for addressing
current and future environmental
hazards, as well as new approaches
toward improving environmental
protection.
Ecosystems Protection Research
Natural ecosystems provide valu-
able services and resources to the public,
such as air and water purification, flood
control, raw materials for manufacturing
and industrial processes, food, as well as
less tangible benefits such as recreation.
Many human activities alter or damage
ecosystems and their ability to provide
these goods and services. In order to
balance the growth of human activity
and the need to protect the environment,
it is important to understand the current
condition of ecosystems, what stressors
are changing that condition, what are the
consequences of those changes, and
what can be done to prevent, mitigate, or
adapt to those changes. EPA's
ecosystems protection research is
organized in four main areas to address
these questions: ecological monitoring,
modeling, risk assessment, and risk
management.
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Risk, and Greater Innovation to Address
Environmental Problems
Ecological monitoring research
addresses the question, "What is the
current condition of the environment,
and what stressors are most closely
associated with that condition?" To do
this, researchers develop indicators,
monitoring systems, and designs for
measuring the exposures of ecosystems
to multiple stressors and the response of
ecosystems at local, regional, and
national scales. In 2000, the Coastal
Research Initiative will provide EPA
with baseline and trend analyses for
important data gaps such as the aquatic
health of our nation's estuaries.
Process and Modeling Research
addresses the question, "What are the
biological, chemical, and physical
processes affecting the condition of
ecosystems and their response to
stressors?" Drawing from information
gathered by monitoring efforts, process
and modeling research develops a basic
understanding of the processes that
govern ecosystem function, and the
technology to model those processes.
This modeling ability allows for
predictions of future landscapes, stressor
patterns, ambient conditions, and
receptor responses. Predicting the
impact of changes in conditions allows
resource managers to address problems
in ways that will more accurately
achieve the environmental protection
goals they seek.
Risk Assessment Research ad-
dresses the question, "What is the
relative risk posed to ecosystems by
stressors, alone and in combination, now
and in the future?" Ecological assess-
ments can link stressors with conse-
quences and evaluate the potential for
damage to particular ecosystems. This is
a valuable tool for environmental risk
managers at local, state, and federal
levels, enabling them to link high
priority ecosystems with ecosystems at
high risk. EPA's research efforts in
support of the National Science and
Technology Council's Integrated
Science for Sustainable Ecosystems
Initiative will develop methods and
models to integrate socioeconomic
analysis with landscape ecology and
ecological risk assessment and give
EPA, state, and local community-based
environmental partners capability to
identify the most significant environ-
mental stress and select risk reduction
alternatives to improve or sustain
biological and chemical water quality in
streams, rivers, and estuaries. This
program will also develop a capacity to
evaluate and measure the success or
failure of policies in sustaining or
improving ecosystem health.
Risk Management and Res-
toration Research addresses the question,
"What options are available to manage
the risk to, or to restore, degraded
ecosystems?" Given the rate of
development of the man-made environ-
ment, present regulatory approaches may
not always limit risks to vulnerable
ecosystems to tolerable levels. There is
a need to develop new, cost-effective
prevention, control, and remediation
approaches for sources of stressors, and
adaptation approaches for ecosystems.
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Risk, and Greater Innovation to Address
Environmental Problems
Research to Improve Human Health Risk
Assessment
Advances in the state of
environmental science have illustrated
that new risk assessment methods are
needed to investigate complex environ-
mental and human health issues that
were not considered by early
environmental legislation. Creating a
strong scientific foundation for risk
assessment and for subsequent risk
management decisions requires research
to reduce significant areas of scientific
uncertainty. In recent years, a number of
national scientific advisory groups have
developed specific recommendations to
assist in strengthening this foundation.
EPA has identified three major areas of
uncertainty as the focus for its Human
Health Risk Assessment Research
Program: 1) human exposure
measurements and models; 2)
identifying/characterizing hazards and
assessing dose response; and 3)
characterizing and assessing variation in
human exposure and susceptibility to
disease. Because substantial uncertain-
ties are associated with these areas,
resolution will greatly advance the
science of human health risk assessment.
Research on human exposure
measurements and models will focus on
demonstrating a model to assess, predict,
and diagnose the population distribution
of multi-media, multi-pathway expo-
sures to major classes of environmental
agents. Human exposure measurement
research will continue to develop,
demonstrate, and evaluate human expo-
sure measurement and surveillance
through the National Human Exposure
Assessment Survey (NHEXAS)
program and the Borders XXI (NAFTA)
program. Research to develop
multipathway exposure models will con-
tinue to develop, demonstrate, and
evaluate measurement-based models that
represent multi-pathway source-
exposure-biomarker-dose relationships
and the physical and chemical factors
that affect potential and absorbed dose.
Research on residential pesticides will
continue to focus on methods to
significantly improve our understanding
of the extent of human exposure to
specific pesticides and toxic substances.
Research to identify/characterize
hazards and assess dose response
addresses both qualitative (hazard
identification) and quantitative (dose-
response analysis) concerns associated
with current risk assessments. This
research will focus on providing
mechanistically-based data, tools, and
approaches for more quantitative and
biologically defensible human health
risk assessments.
Research to characterize/assess
variation in human exposure and
susceptibility to disease has strong
support from national scientific advisory
organizations, the Administration and
Congress. EPA is also committed to
developing and verifying innovative
methods and models for assessing the
susceptibilities of populations to envir-
onmental agents, aimed at enhancing
current risk assessment and management
strategies and guidance. In collaboration
with the National Institute for
Environmental Health Sciences
(NIEHS), EPA has established eight
80
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Sound Science, Improved Understanding of Environmental
Risk, and Greater Innovation to Address
Environmental Problems
university-based research centers to
study the unique environmental risks
that threaten the health of our children,
with research focusing on childhood
asthma and developmental disorders.
The 2000 research program includes
plans to establish one additional center
focused on children's health research to
conduct basic and applied research in
combination with community-based
prevention efforts that focus on
identifying and preventing environ-
ment-related diseases in children. This
center will look at non-asthma related
research issues including developmental
disorders. Agency research efforts for
asthma are part of the interagency work
under the President's Task Force on
Environmental Health Risks and Safety
Risks to Children.
Emerging Risks Research
In 2000, research on emerging
environmental risk will respond directly
to the recommendations of numerous
external advisory panels, including the
Committee on Research Opportunities
and Priorities for EPA under the
National Academy for Public
Administration, and EPA's Science
Advisory Board. Our goal is to establish
a clear vision of future environmental
risk which will enable EPA to manage
strategically for tomorrow and tactically
for today. Benefits will include an
improved framework for decision-
making, increased ability to anticipate
and perhaps deter serious environmental
risks, and enhanced communication with
the public and other stakeholders.
Evidence has been accumulating
that humans and domestic and wildlife
species have suffered adverse health
consequences resulting from exposure to
environmental chemicals that interact
with the endocrine system, known as
endocrine disrupters (EDC). EPA has
developed the Endocrine Disrupter
Research Strategy for addressing areas
of major uncertainty. In 2000, the
highest priority areas of the Endocrine
Disrupter Research Strategy will be:
conducting integrated toxicology and
exposure studies in ecological systems
or human populations with suspected
contamination or exposure; the
development of PBPK/BBDR models;
the identification of major sources of
EDCs entering the environment; and the
development of tools for risk manage-
ment. The program will also continue to
investigate the nature and extent to
which environmentally relevant expo-
sures to chemicals are producing adverse
effects in humans and wildlife species.
We will continue to maintain a
strong graduate fellowship program
which was initiated in 1995 for the
purpose of training the next generation
of scientists and engineers. By
providing support for masters and
doctoral students in environmental
sciences and engineering, EPA helps to
develop the Nation's environmental and
technology base for addressing the
environmental concerns in the next
century. The Exploratory Grants re-
search program generates new ideas and
produces new scientific information by
encouraging creativity and innovation in
scientific research. Through pub-
lication of an annual general solicitation,
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Environmental Problems
the program defines general areas in
which there exist significant gaps in
scientific knowledge and understanding,
and allows individual investigators from
the academic research community to
conceive, define, and propose research
projects.
Pollution Prevention and New
Technologies
EPA supports pollution preven-
tion as a necessary and logical strategy
for dealing with high-risk human health
and environmental problems that are
addressed by Federal environmental,
health, and safety regulations. In order
to promote decisions which place
pollution prevention as the first solution
among many, research must begin to
focus on the development of methods
and decision tools that are more
quantitative and easier for stakeholders
and decision makers to use than those
currently available. Two areas of
research contributing to the achievement
of the objective's goals are: 1) the
Environmental Technology Verification
(ETV) program; and 2) the Mercury
Initiative.
ETV was created to substantially
accelerate the introduction of new envir-
onmental technologies into the domestic
marketplace. In 2000, the program will
support the development and implemen-
tation of innovative approaches for
current and future environmental
problems. As a result of the interest in
the ETV program abroad, EPA will
expand the application of U.S.
technologies, verified under ETV, to the
international marketplace. ETV will
also continue in this effort under its
twelve pilots; complete the last year of
its 5 year pilot phase (1995-2000); and
begin preparation of a report to Congress
for 2001. The report will contain a
summary of the major outputs of the
pilot phase, the costs of verification, the
results of verification in moving better
technologies into use, and recommen-
dations for procedures to effectively
conduct an ongoing program.
Mercury research will focus on
the speciation and control of mercury
emissions from coal-fired utilities and
other combustors, risk management
alternatives for non-combustion sources
of mercury, and a continuing emphasis
on collecting and analyzing data and
information on mercury risks and
mercury risk communication. Improved
techniques for controlling mercury
emissions into the environment will
allow the Agency to achieve its
programmatic and regulatory goals and
meet an accelerated time table for
reducing mercury releases.
Increased Community-Based
Approaches
In 2000, EPA will continue to
strengthen local partnerships to address
serious environmental risks to human
health or ecosystems. Regional
Geographic Initiatives (RGI) are an
approach EPA Regional offices use to
partner with states, local governments,
private organizations, and others. The
work targets specific environmental
problems identified as high risk to
human health and ecosystems which are
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Sound Science, Improved Understanding of Environmental
Risk, and Greater Innovation to Address
Environmental Problems
not adequately addressed by other
Agency resources.
Increased Facility-and Sector-based
Strategies
EPA's strategy for reinvention is
testing and adopting innovative policy
tools designed to achieve better
protection at less cost. The Agency has
a number of new tools and approaches
that are being tested or implemented in
various environmental programs, in-
cluding: market trading and banking,
third party certification of environmental
performance, and recognition and
incentives for environmental steward-
ship.
Sector strategies complement
current EPA activities by allowing the
Agency to approach issues more
holistically; tailor efforts to the
particular characteristics of each sector;
identify related groups of stakeholders
with interest in a set of issues; link
EPA's efforts with those of other
agencies; and craft new approaches to
environmental protection. Sustainable
industry programs serve as incubators
and developers of innovative approaches
to environmental policy making, testing
alternative regulatory and programmatic
approaches through regional projects,
and multi-stakeholder processes. Sector-
based approaches will offer valuable
supplements to traditional environmental
policy and may become the predominant
means for environmental protection in
the 21st century.
Science Advisory Board Peer Reviews
The Agency plans to support the
activities of the Science Advisory Board
(SAB) which provides independent
expert advice to Congress, the
Administrator, and the Agency on
scientific and engineering issues that
serve as the underpinnings for Agency
regulatory decision making. Each year,
the Administrator and EPA program
offices nominate numerous issues to the
SAB for peer review. The SAB selects
several of these issues for review each
year, culminating in reports that help the
Agency make better use of science in its
decision-making process. The issues
that are not selected for review can be
nominated again the following year.
The SAB's broad, objective review of
important scientific and technical issues
promotes sound science within the
Agency's scientific and technical
programs. The use of the SAB for peer
reviews supports the Agency-wide peer
review evaluation efforts, in response to
GAO findings in 1997.
2000 Annual Performance Goals:
* In 2000, provide new information on
the atmospheric concentrations,
human exposure, and health effects
of paniculate matter (PM), including
PM2.5, and incorporate it and other
peer-reviewed research findings in
the second External Review.
* In 2000, provide methods to estimate
human exposure and health effects
from high priority urban air toxics,
and complete health assessments for
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Sound Science, Improved Understanding of Environmental
Risk, and Greater Innovation to Address
Environmental Problems
the highest priority hazardous air
pollutants (including fuel/fuel
additives).
In 2000, report on monitoring
findings in the Mid-Atlantic Region
as a cost effective means of
measuring the condition of these
systems.
In 2000, develop risk assessment
guidance and regional assessments
concerning risks to children exposed
to environmental contaminants.
In 2000, develop tools to identify
hazards and formulate strategies to
manage risks from exposure to
endocrine disrupting chemicals cap-
able of inducing adverse effects in
humans and wildlife.
In 2000, complete development of
one or more computer-based tools
which simulate product, process, or
system design changes, and complete
proof-of-process structure for one or
more generic technologies (ap-
plicable to more than one en-
vironmental problem) to prevent or
reduce pollution in chemicals and
industrial processes.
In: 2000, all 50 Project XL projects
will be implemented.
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Goal 8: Key Programs
FY 2000
FY1999 President's
Enacted Budget
Sound Science
Clean Water Action Plan: Related Research $1,406.00 $4,689.30
Coastal Environmental Monitoring $0.00 $6,549.00
Common Sense Initiative $4,679.50 $2,755.50
Endocrine Disrupter Research $12,466.70 $12,735.20
Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program, EMAP $33,255.00 $33,955.00
Environmental Technology Verification (ETV) $6,990.50 $7,749.50
Human Health Research $50,323.80 $55,836.70
Project XL $3,359.90 $3,454.40
Regional Geographic Program $8,070.60 $11,780.50
Regional Science and Technology $6,021.00 $7,659.80
Reinvention Programs, Development and Coordination $4,334.10 $4,378.10
Sustainable Development Challenge Grants $4,701.80 $4,714.80
85
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86
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A Credible Deterrent to Pollution and Greater
Compliance with the Law
Strategic Goal: EPA will ensure full compliance with laws intended to protect human
health and the environment.
Resource Summary
(Dollars in Thousands)
FY 1999 FY 2000 FY 2000 - FY 1999
Enacted Request Difference
A Credible Deterrent to Pollution and Greater
Compliance with the Law
Enforcement Tools to Reduce Non-Compliance
Increase Use of Auditing, Self-Policing Policies
Total Workyears:
$319,390.3
$272,965.9
$46,424.4
2,554.4
$331,335.0
$292,917.6
$38,417.4
2,540.1
$11,944.7
$19,951.7
($8,007.0)
-14.3
Means and Strategy:
Many of the environmental
improvements in this country during the
past three decades can be attributed to a
strong set of environmental laws and
EPA's aggressive enforcement of them.
Due to the breadth and diversity of
private, public, and federal facilities
regulated by EPA under various statutes,
the Agency needs to target its
enforcement and compliance assurance
activities strategically to address the
most significant risks to human health
and the environment and to ensure that
certain populations do not bear a
disproportionate environmental burden.
A strong enforcement program identifies
noncompliance problems, punishes
violators, strives to secure a level
economic playing field for law-abiding
companies, and deters future violations.
EPA's continued enforcement efforts
will be strengthened through the
development of measures to assess the
impact of enforcement activities and
assist in targeting high priority areas.
State, Tribal and local govern-
ments bear much of the responsibility for
ensuring compliance, and EPA works in
partnership with them and other Federal
agencies to promote environmental
protection. Further, EPA cooperates
with other nations to enforce and ensure
compliance with international agree-
ments affecting the environment. At the
Federal level, EPA addresses its respon-
sibilities under the National Environ-
mental Policy Act (NEPA) by seeking
remedies for potentially adverse impacts
of major actions taken by EPA and other
Federal agencies.
The Agency's enforcement and
compliance assurance program uses
compliance assistance and incentives
tools to enhance voluntary compliance
with regulatory requirements and reduce
adverse public health and environmental
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A Credible Deterrent to Pollution and Greater
Compliance with the Law
problems. Maximum compliance re-
quires the active efforts of the regulated
community to police itself. EPA
supports the regulated community by
assuring that requirements are clearly
understood and by helping industry find
cost-effective options to comply through
the use of pollution prevention and
innovative technology. EPA will
continue to explore options for
encouraging self-directed audits and
disclosure; measuring and evaluating the
effectiveness of Agency programs in
improving compliance rates; providing
information and compliance assistance
to the regulated community; and
developing innovative approaches to
meeting environmental standards
through better communication, co-
operative approaches and application of
new technologies.
Highlights:
Compliance Monitoring and Civil and
Criminal Enforcement
EPA will continue to support
deterrence and compliance activities by
devoting a vast majority of its
compliance monitoring resources for on-
site inspections including monitoring,
sampling and emissions testing. In
2000, the compliance monitoring
program will continue the cross-cutting,
multi-media initiative begun in 1999
which make full use of the Agency's
statutory authorities.
In 2000, the Agency's enforce-
ment initiatives will include support of
the Clean Water Action Plan (CWAP) in
terms of increased enforcement in
priority watersheds and the Children's
Health Initiative by supporting air
quality enforcement efforts. In 2000, the
Agency will provide funding to support
a tribal training program to assist tribal
regulatory officials in effectively man-
aging compliance and enforcement
programs.
Compliance Assistance and Incentives
The Agency will continue to
support compliance assistance and
incentive tools to enhance voluntary
compliance with regulatory requirements
and reduce public health problems. In
2000, the Compliance Incentives
program will continue to implement the
policy on Incentives for Self-Policing as
a core element of the enforcement and
compliance assurance program. The
Compliance Assistance program will
continue to provide information and
technical assistance to the regulated
community to increase its understanding
of all statutory or regulatory environ-
mental requirements.
State and Tribal Capacity
In 2000, the Agency's enforce-
ment and compliance assurance program
will work with and support state
agencies implementing authorized,
delegated, or approved environmental
programs. The Agency provides grant
funding, oversight, training and technical
assistance to states and tribes. We are
requesting additional funds to develop
and implement compliance and enforce-
ment programs on tribal lands. The
increase will build upon a base program
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A Credible Deterrent to Pollution and Greater
Compliance with the Law
which assists tribes in implementing
pesticide compliance and enforcement
programs on tribal lands where states
have no enforcement authority.
2000 Annual Performance Goals:
* In 2000, deter & reduce non-
compliance and achieve environ-
mental and human health improve-
ments by maintaining a strong,
timely and active enforcement
presence. EPA will direct enforce-
ment actions to maximum com-
pliance and address environmental
and human health problems; 75
percent of concluded enforcement
actions will require environmental or
human health improvements, such as
pollution reduction.
* In 2000, deter non-compliance by
maintaining appropriate levels of
compliance monitoring activity,
particularly in priority areas. In
2000, EPA will conduct 15,700
inspections and investigations, 50
percent of which are targeted at
priority areas.
* In 2000, improve capacity of states,
localities and tribes to conduct
enforcement and compliance assur-
ance programs. EPA will provide
grants, guidance documents, training,
classes and seminars, and assist with
selected inspections.
* In 2000, ensure compliance with
legal requirements by assuring that
hazardous waste exports from the
United States are properly handled.
Implement U.S. international com-
mitments, and gain enforcement and
compliance cooperation with other
countries, especially along U.S.
borders (Mexico/Canada).
In 2000, increase entities self-
policing and self-correction of
environmental problems through use
of EPA incentive policies: small
business, small community and audit
policies over 1997 levels.
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Goal 9: Key Programs
FY 2000
FY1999 President's
Enacted Budget
Credible Deterrent
Civil Enforcement $83,090.40 $89,863.60
Civil Enforcement - CWAP/AFO Related $0.00 $1,462.00
Common Sense Initiative $1,082.80 $714.30
Compliance Assistance and Centers $23,215.40 $18,054.50
Compliance Incentives $4,075.60 $3,646.00
Compliance Monitoring $56,838.90 $64,170.30
Criminal Enforcement $33,786.50 $35,635.40
Enforcement Training $4,435.80 $5,117.20
NEPA Implementation $9,401.60 $9,697.70
Project XL $2,904.60 $3,008.50
RCRA State Grants $43,222.70 $43,227.00
State Pesticides Enforcement Grants $19,511.40 $19,911.60
State Toxics Enforcement Grants $7,364.20 $7,364.20
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Effective Management
Strategic Goal: EPA will establish a management infrastructure that will set and
implement the highest quality standards for effective internal management and fiscal
responsibility.
Summary Resource
(Dollars in Thousands)
Effective Management
Executive Leadership
Management Services, Administrative, and
Stewardship
Building Operations, Utilities and New
Construction
Provide Audit and Investigative
Products and Services
Total Workyears:
FY 1999
Enacted
$645,174.0
$31,112.6
$220,806.1
$353,366.1
$39,889.2
2,991.2
FY 2000 FY 2000 - FY 1999
Request Difference
$715,653.6
$32,155.4
$245,211.1
$397,485.1
$40,802.0
3,003.3
$70,479.6
$1,042.8
$24,405.0
$44,119.0
$912.8
12.1
Means and Strategy:
Efforts under this goal support
the full range of Agency activities for a
healthy and sustainable environment
including: effective vision and
leadership; sound management practices;
results-based planning and budgeting;
fiscal accountability; and quality
customer service. Rational policy
guidance and careful stewardship of our
resources form the foundation for
everything EPA does. The effectiveness
of EPA's management will determine, in
large measure, how successful we are in
telling the story on our annual progress
toward the goals identified in the
Agency's annual plan and the long-term
goals in the strategic plan. Agency
management systems and processes will
be supported by independent evaluations
that promote efficient and effective
programs in order to obtain the greatest
return on taxpayer investment.
The Agency will provide vision
and leadership as well as executive
direction and policy oversight for all
EPA programs. In keeping with its
commitment to protect children's health,
the Agency will target resources towards
its many diverse children's activities. In
2000, the Agency will evaluate health
outcomes related to environmental
health effects for asthma and lead
addressed in 11 Pilot Child Health
Champion Communities. The Agency
will provide policy direction and
guidance on equal employment
opportunity and civil rights. The
Agency's Administrative Law Judges
and its Environmental Appeals Board
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Effective Management
Judges will issue decisions on
Administrative complaints and environ-
mental adjudications, respectively, in a
timely manner.
The Agency will provide the
management services, administrative
support and operations to enable the
Agency to achieve its environmental
mission while meeting its fiduciary and
workforce responsibilities. EPA will
manage an integrated planning, budget-
ing, analysis, financial management and
accountability process to ensure
effective stewardship of resources which
meets statutory requirements of the
Government Performance and Results
Act (GPRA), Chief Financial Officers
(CFO) Act, and related legislation. In
1999, the Agency will implement an
accountability system that captures all
key performance measures, and develop
a cost accounting system to enable
Agency managers and stakeholders to
know the full cost of Agency programs
and the resources associated with
achievement of environmental results.
The strategy for ensuring sound
management of administrative services
will be accomplished by managing
information systems effectively,
ensuring a high level of integrity and
accountability in the management of
grants and contracts, and investing in our
human resources to ensure that the
Agency's workforce is of the highest
caliber and is fully prepared to deliver
national leadership and expertise in
environmental protection.
The Agency will provide a
quality work environment which places
high value on employee safety and
security and the design and
establishment of state-of-the-art lab-
oratories. These facilities provide the
tools essential for researching innovative
solutions to current and future environ-
mental problems and enhancing our
under-standing of environmental risks.
Plans for building operations and new
construction support existing infra-
structure requirements that ensure
healthy, safe and secure work
environments that reflect the pollution
prevention values of EPA and help fulfill
the scientific and functional require-
ments of our programs. EPA has
adopted an aggressive strategy to utilize
energy savings performance contracts to
reduce energy consumption significantly
over the next five years. In 2000, EPA
makes major strides towards completing
the consolidated new Headquarters, as
well as the consolidated research lab at
Research Triangle Park in North
Carolina.
The Agency will provide audit
and investigative products and services,
all of which can facilitate the
accomplishment of the Agency's mis-
sion. The Agency will increase
performance audit work with a focus on
environmental results, and assist the
Agency in implementing performance
evaluation to promote full compliance
with GPRA. We will continue empha-
sizing contract and assistance agreement
audits and investigations to ensure
integrity in the application of Agency
resources. The Agency plans to increase
collaboration between audits and
investigations to reduce the risk of fraud
and other improprieties. EPA will also
increase assistance and consulting
services to the Agency to help resolve
significant management problems and
achieve maximum efficiency and
effectiveness. These strategies will
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Effective Management
assist the Agency in accomplishing its
mission and improve the performance
and integrity of its programs and
operations.
A major concern of Congress has
been the federal response to the Year
2000 date conversion issue. With
respect to this issue, it is anticipated that
all Agency mission-critical systems will
be Year 2000 compliant by March 1999.
In 2000, the Agency will continue
operational testing to ensure that all
mission-critical systems continue to
function correctly to support core
functions without interruption across the
Year 2000 date change.
Highlights:
Agency management provides
vision and leadership, and conducts
policy oversight for all Agency
programs. The effectiveness of EPA's
management will determine, in large
measure, how successful we will be in
pursuit of the other goals identified in
the Agency's annual plan. Sound
management principles, practices,
results-based planning and budgeting,
fiscal accountability, quality customer
service, rational policy guidance and
careful stewardship of our resources are
the foundation for everything EPA does
to advance the protection of human
health and the environment.
In keeping with our commitment
to protect children's health, the Agency
will direct resources toward the
programs that will protect the children
from a range of environmental hazards.
In 2000, the Agency will focus
on reducing asthma through reduction
and avoidance of key asthma triggers,
including environmental tobacco smoke,
prevalent indoor allergens and ambient
air pollution. The Agency will employ
sound science methods and proper data
management to assess risks to children.
This is achieved by measuring exposures
to multiple chemicals in a national
sample of infants and children and by
developing data on the physiological and
biological characteristics of the young
that affect doses to target organs for use
in Agency risk assessments. EPA will
ensure that its standards address the
heightened risks faced by children and
that all covered regulations being revised
or developed in EPA address children's
environmental health issues.
The Agency will provide sound
management of administrative services
throughout the Agency. In 2000, the
Agency will take a systematic and
rigorous approach toward modernizing
its information systems. A systems
modernization fund will be established
to provide resources to develop new and
upgrade existing information systems
throughout the Agency. Initial funding
of the modernization pool has been
provided by Agency offices. Strict
criteria will be used in the distribution of
resources. Modernization projects will
be funded based on competitive review,
be required to provide matching funds,
and will follow a planned and managed
schedule.
The Agency's building oper-
ations and new construction budget
ensures a healthy, safe and secure work
environment for its employees, and
integrates pollution prevention and state-
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Effective Management
of-the-art technology into its daily
activities. New construction and
renovation activities will continue at the
consolidated complex at Research
Triangle Park (RTF), National
Enforcement Investigations Center
(NEIC) and the New Headquarters
project. This request funds the final
construction phase of the RTF project as
well as transition costs for RTF and
HQs. EPA will also address critical
repairs in EPA facilities related to
employee health and safety. These
facilities provide the tools essential for
researching innovative solutions to
current and future environ-mental
problems and enhancing our under-
standing of environmental risks.
The Agency will continue to
manage its integrated planning, bud-
geting, analysis and accountability
process. In 2000, efforts will continue to
link annual plans to the long-term goals
and objectives of the Agency in order to
deliver the best environmental results
possible given the resources
appropriated by Congress. The Agency
will provide more accurate financial
reporting through cost accounting for
improved environmental decision
making. The Agency will also continue
to increase consultation with the EPA
Science Advisory Board and external
parties.
The Agency will strengthen pre-
award and post-award management of
assistance agreements. For example, by
July 2000, EPA will eliminate the entire
close-out backlog for non-construction
grants that ended before September 30,
1997. In the contracts area, Agency
efforts will focus on selecting the
appropriate contract vehicle to deliver
best value for the agency's mission and
taxpayer, including reducing the use of
cost-reimbursable contracts. All con-
tracts will be evaluated for possible
award or conversion to performance
based contracts. In addition, the Agency
will put increased emphasis on contract
oversight, including speeding up
contract processes through fast-tract
system enhancements and automation
efforts.
In 2000, the Agency will
implement its workforce development
strategy. The purpose of this initiative is
to attract, recruit, develop, and deploy
EPA's employees to address the critical
environmental issues of the 21st century.
This initiative will implement a support
staff development pilot to improve the
professionalism and performance of our
clerical workforce; will identify and
develop career tracks for employees
skills and tools requirements needed to
fully develop in their chosen occupation;
and will develop leadership skills in
people throughout the organization while
improving the managerial competencies
of our line managers. A significant
component of the initiative is the EPA
intern program which is designed to hire
diverse, high performing individuals
who will become part of the Agency
future leader-ship.
The Agency will continue to
bring cases to settlement. The
Environmental Appeals Board will issue
final Agency decisions in environmental
adjudications on appeal to the Board.
These decisions are the end point in the
Agency's administrative enforcement
and permitting programs. The
Administrative Law Judges (ALJs) who
provide hearings to those accused of
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Effective Management
environmental violations are in-
creasingly using alternative dispute
resolution techniques in bringing cases
to settlement and thereby, avoiding more
costly litigation.
EPA will provide audit and
investigative products and services, all
of which can facilitate the
accomplishment of its mission. Reviews
will be performed on Agency contracts.
EPA will also start reviews of Agency
compliance with the Government
Performance and Results Act through
selective verification and validation of
the process. The Agency will continue
investigations of alleged fraud, waste,
abuse, or other illegal activities to detect
and deter fraud, abuse, and other
improprieties, and help promote cost-
effective programs and the integrity of
contractors and employees.
2000 Annual Performance Goals:
* In 2000, evaluate health outcomes
related to environmental health
effects for asthma and lead addressed
in 11 Pilot Child Health Champion
Communities.
* In 2000, 100 percent of EPAs GPRA
implementation components (plan-
ning, budgeting, financial manage-
ment, accountability, and program
analysis) are completed on time and
meet customer needs.
* In 2000, EPA will improve the
capability of its workforce by:
formalizing a leadership develop-
ment approach; rolling out a training
curriculum to enhance necessary
cross-functional skills; clearly iden-
tifying and defining support staff
career paths; and continuing to hire
talented and diverse individuals.
In 2000, all 58 mission-critical
systems will continue to support core
Agency functions without inter-
ruption across Year 2000 date
change.
In 2000, EPA will ensure that all
new and ongoing construction
projects are progressing and com-
pleted as scheduled.
In 2000, the OIG will provide
objective, timely, and independent
auditing, consulting, and investiga-
tive services.
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Goal 10: Key Programs
Effective Management
Administrative Law
Assistance Agreement Audits
Assistance Agreement Investigations
Childrens Health, Program Development and Coordination
Civil Rights/Title VI Compliance
Contract and Procurement Investigations
Contract Audits
Contracts Management
EMPACT
Employee Integrity Investigations
Environmental Finance Center Grants (EFC)
Facility Operations: Agency Rental/ Direct Lease
Facility Operations: Agency Utilities
Facility Operations: Repairs and Improvements
Facility Operations: Security
Financial Statement Audits
Grants Management
Human Resources Management
Immediate Office of the Administrator
Information Technology Management
New Construction :RTP New Building Project
New Construction: New Headquarters Project
Planning and Resource Management
Program Audits
Program Integrity Investigations
Regional Management
Regional Program Infrastructure
Reinventing Environmental Information (REI)
FY 1999
Enacted
$2,324.30
$6,830.50
$2,650.40
$6,157.50
$1,637.10
$2,913.00
$4,950.60
$24,986.00
$81.30
$953.40
$1,065.00
$170,571.80
$10,015.20
$15,428.00
$12,962.20
$4,187.50
$8,568.80
$21,932.00
$2,791.30
$21,975.10
$36,000.00
$15,945.30
$69,120.10
$10,264.40
$911.50
$42,535.00
$66,532.20
$2,507.10
I
FY 2000
President's
Budget
$2,193.40
$6,632.00
$2,728.40
$5,744.80
$1,331.70
$2,975.80
$5,381.60
$27,503.90
$563.60
$981.60
$940.00
$193,223.60
$12,414.80
$20,410.50
$13,162.20
$4,296.20
$9,455.70
$24,139.30
$3,729.80
$22,282.50
$49,040.50
$17,496.30
$71,581.60
$10,509.60
$927.80
$42,818.40
$67,954.20
$250.00
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ADDITIONAL
INFORMATION ,
97
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98
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Better America Bonds
As one feature of the
Administration's comprehensive Liv-
ability Agenda, Better America Bonds
will help communities grow in ways that
ensure sustainable economic growth.
The President's budget proposes a new,
innovative, financing tool providing $9.5
billion in bonding authority to state,
local, and tribal governments over five
years through the use of Federal tax
credits instead of bond interest. In liew
of interest payments from state and local
governments, the Better American Bond
program will provide to bond holders
approximately $1.2 billion in tax credits
over the 15 year life of bonds issued
using the $1.9 billion in proposed 2000
bond authority.
EPA will be at the forefront of
giving local communities maximum
flexibility and resources to address the
most pressing environmental needs.
This new tool will allow communities to
preserve green space, create or restore
urban parks, protect water quality, and
clean up Brownfields. Communities
will, for instance, be able to protect land
either by acquiring title or purchasing
permanent easements. Bond proceeds
can also be used for reforestation, and
replanting. Pressure to develop green
space from previously undeveloped
properties can be lessened by enhancing
alternative land for redevelopment such
as Brownfields for new economic uses.
Rivers, lakes, coastal waters, and
wetlands can be restored or protected
from polluted runoff through land
acquisition and/or other measures.
To become eligible for a bond
allocation, state, local and tribal
governments will submit proposals to
EPA for initial review in consultation
with other Agencies. EPA will award
bond allocations in conjunction with the
Vice President's Community Empower-
ment Board and other Agencies.
Preferences will be given to regional
proposals that reflect collaborative
planning by neighboring communities,
particularly partnerships among cities,
suburbs, and rural areas.
Through the availability of these
bonds, and the support of federal tax
credits, EPA will assist in building
healthy, livable communities for the 21st
century. Better America Bonds will
enable states, tribes and local govern-
ments to reconnect with their land and
water, preserve green space and provide
attractive settings for economic
development.
99
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100
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State, Local and Tribal Grants
(dollars in millions)
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
In 2000, the President's Budget
requests a total of $885.0 million for 16
'categorical' program grants for state
and tribal governments. This is an
increase of $5.0 million over 1999.
These grants are part of EPA's
Operating Programs even though they
are funded in the State and Tribal
Assistance Grant (STAG) appropriation
account. EPA will continue to pursue its
strategy of building and supporting state,
local and tribal capacity to implement,
operate, and enforce the Nation's
environmental laws. Most environ-
mental laws envision establishment of a
decentralized nationwide structure to
protect public health and the
environment. In this way, environ-
mental goals will ultimately be achieved
through the actions, programs, and
commitments of state, tribal and local
governments, organizations and citizens.
In 2000, EPA will continue to
give more flexibility to state and tribal
governments to manage their environ-
mental programs as well as provide
technical and financial assistance. First,
EPA and its state and tribal partners will
continue implementing the National
Environmental Performance Partnership
System (NEPPS). NEPPS is designed to
allow states more flexibility to operate
their programs with less interference
from the Federal government, while
increasing emphasis on measuring and
reporting environmental improvements.
Second, Performance Partnership Grants
(PPGs) will continue to allow states and
tribes funding flexibility to combine
categorical program grants to address
environmental priorities.
HIGHLIGHTS:
Air and Radiation Program Grants
In 2000, the President's Budget
requests a total of $217.9 million for Air
and Radiation Program grants to help
state and tribal governments address air
and radiation program requirements.
This amount represents a net increase of
$3.2 million over 1999. Specific
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State, Local and Tribal Grants
increases include: (1) a $13.7 million
investment to meet requirements
mandated by the ISTEA; and (2) a $3.0
million investment for additional
ambient monitoring of air toxics in urban
areas.
Underground Storage Tanks Grants
In 2000, the President's Budget
requests a total of $11.9 million for the
Underground Storage Tanks (UST) grant
program. The UST program will
continue to support partnerships with
state and tribal governments. The
President's Budget request includes an
increase of $1.4 million for grants to
Indian tribes to assist them in developing
the capability to administer and
implement the UST program.
Enforcement Program Grants
In 2000, the President's Budget
requests a total of $27.3 million for
Pesticides and Toxic Substances
Enforcement grants. An increase of $0.4
million is requested to provide training
to senior Tribal regulatory officials in
the latest theories and techniques for
effective compliance and compliance
programs under the FIFRA Cooperative
Agreements.
Elimination of Tribal Cap on
Non-point Sources
In 2000, the President's Budget
is proposing to eliminate the statutory
one-third of one percent cap on Clean
Water Act section 319 Non-point Source
Pollution grant funds that may be
awarded to Tribes. This proposal is in
recognition of a clear gap between tribal
non-point source program needs and
available funds. The number of tribes
applying for and receiving section 319
Non-point Source Pollution (NPS) grants
have steadily increased from two in
1991 to eleven in 1999. Currently, 20
tribes have met the eligibility require-
ments to receive section 319(h) program
grants. This number is expected to
increase annually as more of the 554
federally recognized tribes become
eligible to participate in this program (23
tribes are working to become program
eligible). In 1999, because of the
statutory cap, only $0.7 million of the
$200.0 million total appropriated for
Section 319 grants is available to the
tribes.
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State and Tribal Assistance Grants
(dollars in thousands)
FY 1998
Enacted
FY 1999
Enacted
FY 2000
President's
Budget
Grant
Air & Radiation
State and Local Assistance $181,933.0 $195,533.0 $198,690.0
Tribal Assistance $10,168.8 $11,068.8 $11,068.8
Radon $8.158.0 $8.158.0 $8.158.0
Subtotal: $200,259.8 $214,759.8 $217,916.8
Water
Pollution Control (Section 106) $95,529.3 $115,529.3 $115,529.3
Non-point Source $105,000.0 $200,000.0 $200,000.0
Wetlands Program $15,000.0 $15,000.0 $15,000.0
Water Quality Cooperative Agreements $20.000.0 $19.000.0 $19.000.0
Subtotal: $235,529.30 $349,529.3 $349,529.3
Drinking Water
PWSS
UIC
Subtotal:
Hazardous Waste
H.W. Financial Assistance $98,598.2 $98,598.2 $98,598.2
Underground Storage Tanks $10.544.7 $10.544.7 $11.944.7
Subtotal: $109,142.9 $109,142.9 $110,542.9
Pesticides & Toxics
Pesticides Program Implementation $13,114.6 $13,114.6 $13,114.6
Lead Grants $13.712.2 $13.712.2 $13.712.2
Subtotal: $26,826.8 $26,826.8 $26,826.8
Multimedia
Pollution Prevention $5,999.5 $5,999.5 $5,999.5
Pesticides Enforcement $17,511.6 $19,511.7 $19,911.6
Toxics Enforcement $6,864.2 $7,364.2 $7,364.2
Indian General Assistance Program $38.585.4 $42.585.3 $42.585.4
Subtotal: $68,960.7 $75,460.7 $75,860.7
GRAND TOTAL: $745,000.0 $880,000.0 $884,957.0
$93,780.5
$10.500.0
$104,280.5
$93,780.5
$10.500.0
$104,280.5
$93,780.5
$10.500.0
$104,280.5
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Water and Air Infrastructure Financing
(dollars in millions)
FY 2000
FY1999 President's
Water and Air Infrastructure Financing Enacted Budget
Clean Water State Revolving Fund (CWSRF) $1,350.0 $800.0
Drinking Water State Revolving Fund (DWSRF) $775.0 $825.0
Mexican Border Projects $50.0 $100.0
Special Needs Projects $351.7 $28.0
Clean Air Partnership Fund $0.0 $200.0
TOTAL: $2,526.7 $1,953.0
Water and Air Infrastructure Funds
EPA's Clean Air Partnership Fund
and Water Infrastructure Financing request
totals $1,953.0 million. Funds in these
programs support three goals in 2000: Clean
Air, Clean and Safe Water, and Reducing
Cross-Border Environmental Threats.
Clean Air Partnership Fund
In 2000 the Administration is
launching an investment of $200 million for
the Clean Air Partnership Fund - a program
that provides financing for smart, multi-
pollutant control strategies that will reduce
air pollution as well as greenhouse gases,
and provide healthy clean air to local
citizens as soon as possible. Funds will be
for projects demonstrating simultaneous
early reductions in smog, soot or air toxics,
as well as greenhouse gases.
Recognizing that cost restraints often
play a part in businesses and municipalities
investing in short-term, single pollutant
strategies, the Clean Air Partnership Fund
will encourage many industries demonstrate
long-range comprehensive pollution reduc-
tion strategies. The Fund extends to electric
utilities and the transportation sector, and
grants will be made available to states, local
governments, and tribes.
Water Infrastructure Financing
EPA's water infrastructure financing
efforts support two of EPA's strategic goals:
Clean and Safe Water, and Reducing Global
and Cross-border Environmental Risks.
With significant needs over the next 20
years for wastewater infrastructure alone,
the Nation's cities are faced a major price
tag for keeping our rivers, streams, and
beaches free from untreated sewage. Vast
quantities of pollution contaminate res-
idential areas and wildlife habitats along our
border with Mexico. In Alaska native
villages, more than 20,000 households lack
even the most rudimentary 20th century
sanitation facilities and technology.
In hundreds of cities and towns, the
systems for ensuring safe drinking water lag
behind modern demands. In some cases, the
costs associated with meeting national
standards for drinking water quality
('maximum contaminant levels') have
outstripped a community's investment in
drinking water treatment and distributions
systems. In other cases, aging and
deteriorated systems need to be restored to
ensure continued protection of public health.
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Water and Air Infrastructure Financing
The State and Tribal Assistance
Grants (STAG) Appropriation provides
financial assistance to states, municipalities
and tribal governments to fund a variety of
drinking water, water, and wastewater
infrastructure projects. These funds are
essential to fulfill the federal government's
commitment to help our state, tribal and
local partners obtain adequate funding to
construct the facilities required to comply
with federal environmental requirements.
States and localities rely on a variety of
revenue sources to finance their environ-
mental programs and to pay for the facilities
needed to keep the water clean and safe
from harmful contaminants.
Providing STAG funds through State
Revolving Fund (SRF) programs, EPA
works in partnership with the states to
provide low-cost financial assistance to
municipalities for infrastructure construc-
tion. SRF funds are also provided as grants
to tribal governments to help them address
their water, drinking water, and wastewater
needs. Special Needs projects also provide
focused wastewater grant assistance to local
areas facing extraordinary needs.
The President's Budget requests a
total of $1,753.0 million in 2000 for EPA's
Water Infrastructure programs, a decrease of
$773.8 million from 1999. Of the total
water infrastructure request, $1,653.0
million will support EPA's Goal 2: Clean
and Safe Water, and $100.0 million will
support EPA's Goal 6: Reduction of Global
and Cross-border Environmental Risks. The
$773.8 million decrease is the net result of a
$500.0 million reduction in the Clean Water
State Revolving Fund (CWSRF) and
Drinking Water State Revolving Fund
(DWSRF) programs, a $262.6 million
reduction in 1999 Congressional earmarks, a
net $61.1 million decrease for Special Needs
projects, and a $50.0 million increase for the
U.S./Mexico Border Fund.
The resources requested in this
budget will enable the Agency, in
conjunction with EPA's state, local, and
Tribal partners, to achieve several important
goals for 2000. Some of these goals
include:
91 percent of the population served
by community water systems will
receive drinking water meeting all
health-based standards in effect since
1994, up from 83% in 1994;
Another two million people will
receive the benefits of secondary
treatment of wastewater, for a total
of 181 million.
Goal 2: Enhancing Human Health
through Clean and Safe Water
Capitalizing Clean Water and Drinking
Water State Revolving Funds
The Clean Water and Drinking
Water State Revolving Fund programs
demonstrate a true partnership between
states, localities, and the federal
government. These programs provide
Federal financial assistance to states,
localities, and tribal governments to protect
the nation's water resources by providing
funds for the construction of drinking water
and wastewater treatment facilities. The
SRFs are two of the Agency's premier tools
for building the financial capacity of our
partners. The President's 2000 Budget
provides a total of $1.63 billion for the SRFs
within the STAG Appropriation, a net
decrease of $500.0 million from 1999.
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Water and Air Infrastructure Financing
Capitalizing the CWSRF
As part of the President's environ-
mental initiatives, the Administration will
continue to capitalize the CWSRF, which
has almost $16.0 billion in capitalization
grants for the 50 states and Puerto Rico, or
almost 90 percent more than originally
authorized by Congress (the program was
scheduled to end in 1994). Through this
program, the federal government provides
financial assistance for wastewater and other
water projects, including nonpoint sources,
estuaries, stormwater, and combined sewer
overflows. Water infrastructure projects
contribute to direct ecosystem improvements
by lowering the amount of nutrients and
toxic pollutants in all types of surface
waters.
In 2000, the President is requesting
$800.0 million for the CWSRF. This $550.0
million decrease from 1999 will have a
limited impact on this fund that now has
approximately $27.0 billion in assets. The
2000 CWSRF request, combined with future
requests, will still allow the Agency to meet
its long-term capitalization goal of providing
an average amount of $2.0 billion in annual
financial assistance.
Using the CWSRF to Address the Highest
Priority Threats to our Waters
Pollution from nonpoint sources is
the largest cause of water pollution. In order
to better address the Nation's most pressing
water quality problems, the Federal
government needs to provide incentives to
encourage more SRF resources to high
priority non-point projects.
In the Clean Water Action Plan
(CWAP), EPA committed to continue its
work with states to increase the number and
dollar amount of loans made through the
CWSRF for priority projects to prevent
polluted runoff. In 2000, the Agency is
proposing to allow states the option to
reserve up to 20 percent of their annual
CWSRF capitalization grants to provide
grant funding for implementation of non-
point source and estuary management
projects. Projects receiving grants assist-
ance must, to the maximum extent
practicable, rank highest on the state's list of
prioritized projects eligible for funding
assistance. Grants may also be combined
with loans for eligible projects to help
communities which might otherwise find
loans unaffordable.
Capitalizing the DWSRF
In 2000, the President is requesting
$825.0 million for the DWSRF, which is an
increase of $50.0 million over 1999.
Through the DWSRF program, states will
provide loans to finance improvements to
community water systems and to restructure
small systems so that they can achieve
compliance with the mandates of the Safe
Drinking Water Act (SOWA) Amendments.
Some non-state recipients, such as the
District of Columbia and the tribes, will
receive their DWSRF allocations in the form
of grants. The DWSRFs will be
self-sustaining in the long run and will
directly help offset the rising costs of
ensuring safe drinking water supplies and
assist small communities in meeting their
responsibilities. The Administration's goal
for the DWSRF is for the fund to provide an
average of $500.0 million in annual
financial assistance.
Supporting Alaska Native Villages
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Water and Air Infrastructure Financing
The President's Budget requests
$15.0 million for Alaska native villages for
the construction of wastewater and drinking
water facilities to address very serious
sanitation problems. EPA will continue to
work with the Department of Health and
Human Services' Indian Health Service, the
State of Alaska, and local communities to
provide needed financial and technical
assistance.
Assisting Needy Communities
The President's Budget requests
$13.0 million for the construction of
wastewater treatment facilities for Bristol
County, MA, and New Orleans, LA. Funds
are targeted to these areas because of special
circumstances including financial hardship
and unique sewer system problems.
Goal 6: Reducing Cross-border
Environmental Risks - U.S./Mexico
Border
The President's Budget requests a
total of $100.0 million for water
infrastructure projects along the U.S./
Mexico Border — an increase of $50.0
million from 1999. The goal of this
program is to reduce the incidence of
waterborne diseases and enhance water
quality along the Mexico border. The
communities along both sides of the Border
are facing unusual human health and
environmental threats because of the lack of
adequate wastewater and drinking water
facilities. EPA's U.S./Mexico Border
program provides funds to support the
planning, design and construction of high
priority water and wastewater treatment
projects along the U.S./Mexico Border and
for wastewater projects.
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Trust Funds
(dollars in millions)
FY 1999
Enacted
Budget
FY 2000
President's
Budget
Response
Enforcement
Management & Support
Other Federal Agencies
Transfers:
IG
R&D
Total Discretionary:
Superfund Orphan Share
(Mandatory)
Superfund Total:
Workyears:
LUST:
Workyears:
TRUST FUNDS TOTAL:
WORKYEAR TOTAL:
$1,005.2
$145.0
$122.6
$175.0
$12.2
$40.0
$1,500.0
$1,500.0
3,752.5
$72.5
85.8
$1,572.5
3,838.3
$1019.4
$147.8
$132.5
$152.2
$10.8
$37.3
$1,500.0
$200.0
$1,700.0
3,663.5
$71.6
86.8
$1,771.6
3,705.3
SUPERFUND
In 2000, the President's Budget
requests a total of $1,500.0 million in
discretionary budget authority, $200.0
million in mandatory budget authority
and 3,663.5 workyears for Superfund.
The 2000 Budget provides $1,019.4
million and 1,530.8 workyears for
Superfund cleanups and redevelopment
of Brownfields sites. Superfund
clean-up addresses public health and
environmental threats from uncontrolled
releases of hazardous substances. To
help address Brownfield sites, which are
abandoned, idled, or under-used
industrial and commercial facilities
where expansion or redevelopment is
complicated by real or perceived
environmental contamination, the
Agency will empower States,
communities, and other stakeholders in
economic redevelopment to work
together in a timely manner to assess,
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Trust Funds
safely clean up, and sustainably reuse
Brownfields.
The 2000 President's Budget
requests $147.8 million and 1,206.4
workyears for the Superfund Enforce-
ment program. The Agency will
continue its efforts to obtain potentially
responsible party (PRP) response actions
to ensure that responsible parties
cooperatively contribute their equitable
share toward cleaning up Superfund
hazardous waste sites. Where PRP
negotiations fail, the Agency will either
pursue enforcement action to compel
PRP cleanup or use Trust Fund dollars to
remediate sites.
In 2000, there are several other
functions funded in the President's
Budget. For instance, the President's
Budget requests $132.5 million and
558.4 workyears for Management and
Support activities to perform Agency-
wide resource management and control
functions including budget develop-
ment, budget utilization, financial
accounting and fiscal operations. The
President's Budget requests $152.2
million for our Federal Agency Partners.
The Agency works with several Federal
agencies to perform essential services in
areas where the Agency does not posses
the specialized expertise. The Agency
for Toxic Substances and Disease
Registry (ATSDR), National Institute of
Environmental Health Services
(NIEHS), Department of Justice (DOJ)
receive 93% of Superfund resources
allocated to other Federal Agencies. The
Presidents's Budget requests $52.4
million and 224.9 workyears transferred
to the Inspector General for program
auditing and to Research and
Development for innovative cleanup
technology testing.
LUST
The 2000 President's Budget re-
quests $71.6 million and 86.8 workyears
for the Leaking Underground Storage
Tank (LUST) program, a decrease of 1%
in resources and an increase of 1.0
workyear over 1999. Approximately
85% of this will be used for state
cooperative agreements and support for
tribal cleanup. The highest priority, over
the next several years will be to address
the backlog of 168,000 cleanups (as of
September 1998) yet to be completed.
In FY 2000 the Agency's goal is to
complete 21,000 cleanups under the
supervision of EPA and its State, local,
and tribal partners.
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st
21 Century Research Fund
The President's Budget proposes
the establishment of the 21st Century
Research Fund to demonstrate the
Administration's commitment to science
and technology and to enhance high-
priority civilian research and development
activities.
BACKGROUND:
* This Fund supports key environmental
and research programs, and promotes
stability and growth for the highest
priority research efforts.
* EPA's entire research and
development program and the Climate
Change Technology Initiative are
included in the 21st Century Research
Fund.
* The Fund includes major research and
development performed by Federal
agencies and includes National
Science and Technology Council
initiatives.
Ill
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st
21 Century Research Fund
(dollars in millions)
FY 1999 FY 2000
Enacted Pres Bud
Goal 1: Clean Air
Attain NAAQS for Ozone and PM $75.7 $69.1
Reduce Emissions of Air Toxics $19.7 $20.6
Goal 2: Clean and Safe Water
Safe Drinking Water, Fish and Recreational Waters $47.7 $41.5
Conserve and Enhance Nation's Waters $19.5 $20.0
Reduce Loadings and Air Deposition $8.4 $8.7
Goal 3: Safe Food
Reduce Use on Food of Pesticides Not Meeting Standards $6.4 $6.6
Goal 4: Preventing Pollution and Reducing Risk in
Communities, Homes, Workplaces and Ecosystems
Safe Handling and Use of Commercial Chemicals & Microorganisms $11.2 $11.5
Healthier Indoor Air $2.8 $0.0
Goal 5: Better Waste Management, Restoration of
Contaminated Waste Sites, and Emergency Response
Reduce or Control Risks to Human Health $48.4 $41.5
Prevent, Reduce and Respond to Releases, Spills,
Accidents or Emergencies $6.6 $7.2
Goal 6: Reduction of Global and Cross-border
Environmental Risks
Climate Change $16.7 $22.8
Goal 7: Expansion of Americans' Right to Know About
their Environment
Enhance Ability to Protect Public Health $11.5 $12.9
Goal 8: Sound Science, Improved Understanding of
Environmental Risk and Greater Innovation to Address
Environmental Problems
Research for Ecosystem Assessment and Restoration $111.4 $118.5
Research for Human Health Risk Assessment $50.3 $56.2
Research to Detect Emerging Risk Issues $49.2 $42.3
Pollution Prevention and New Technology for Environmental
Protections $76.6 $55.4
Office of Research & Development $562.3 $534.8
Climate Change Technology Initiative $109.5 $216.4
Total $671.8 $751.2
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Environmental Protection Agency
Summary of Agency Resources
Agency Programs by Goal
1 Clean Air
2 Clean & Safe Water
3 Safe Food
4 Preventing Pollution
5 Better Waste Management
6 Global and Cross Border
7 Right-to-Know
8 Sound Science
9 Credible Deterrent
10 Effective Management
Subtotal Operating Programs:
5 Better Waste Management
7 Right-to-Know
8 Sound Science
9 Credible Deterrent
10 Effective Management
Subtotal Trust Funds:
1 Clean Air
2 Clean & Safe Water
6 Global & Cross Border
Subtotal Water and Air
Infrastructure Financing:
(dollars in thousands)
FY 1999
Enacted
$536,368.0
$941,589.7
$67,546.4
$237,789.8
$234,501.5
$179,366.9
$131,153.5
$341,660.5
$304,466.8
$516,658.9
$3,491,102.0
$1,572,500.0
$2,526,750.0
GRAND TOTAL DISCRETIONARY: $7,590,352.0
Superfund Orphan Share (Mandatory)
GRAND TOTAL BUDGET
AUTHORITY: $7,590,352.0
BOND AUTHORITY:
BETTER AMERICA BONDS $0.0
* Does not include a $20 million offset for user fees.
FY 2000
President's
Budget Request
$522,058.8
$898,369.2
$78,583.2
$277,166.0
$245,433.5
$307,414.2
$141,834.1
$316,162.6
$316,086.2
$578,982.2
$3,682,090.0
FY 2000 - FY 1999
Difference
Total Dollars
($14,309.2)
($43,220.5)
$11,036.8
$39,376.2
$10,932.0
$128,047.3
$10,680.6
($25,497.9)
$11,619.4
$62,323.3
$190,988.0
$1,421,412.0
$2,313.7
$5,335.7
$14,923.5
$128,515.1
$1,411,286.0
$2,765.0
$5,584.8
$15,248.8
$136,671.4
($10,126.0)
$451.3
$249.1
$325.3
$8,156.3
$1,571,556.0
$1,953,000.0
$1,900,000.0
($944.0)
$0.0
$2,476,750.0
$50,000.0
$200,000.0
$1,653,000.0
$100,000.0
$200,000.0
($823,750.0)
$50,000.0
($573,350.0)
$7,206,646.0* ($383,706.0)
$200,000.0 $200,000.0
$7,406,646.0* ($183,706.0)
$1,900,000.0
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Environmental Protection Agency 1
Summary of Agency Resources |
Agency Programs by Goal
Clean Air
Clean & Safe Water
Safe Food
Preventing Pollution
Better Waste Management
Global & Cross Border
Right-to-Know
Sound Science
Credible Deterrent
) Effective Management
Subtotal Operating Programs:
Better Waste Management
Right-to-Know
Sound Science
Credible Deterrent
) Effective Management
Subtotal Trust Funds:
Clean Air
Clean & Safe Water
Global & Cross Border
Workyears
FY 1999
Enacted
1,762.3
2,495.1
702.4
1,124.9
1,213.3
522.4
708.6
1,184.9
2,475.1
2,357.3
14,546.3
3,103.6
12.2
9.3
79.3
633.9
3,838.3
0.0
0.0
0.0
FY 2000
President's
Budget Request
1,802.6
2,522.0
712.2
1,117.9
1,219.5
519.9
741.9
1,178.0
2,461.0
2,380.4
14,655.4
3,026.6
12.4
9.3
79.1
622.9
3,750.3
0.0
0.0
0.0
FY 2000 - FY 1999
Difference
Total Dollars
40.3
26.9
9.8
(7.0)
6.2
(2.5)
33.3
(6.9)
(14.1)
23.1
(109.1)
(67.0)
0.2
2.5
(0.2)
(11.0)
(78.0)
0.0
0.0
0.0
Subtotal Water and Air
Infrastructure Financing:
0.0
0.0
0.0
GRAND TOTAL:
18,384.6
18,405.7
31.1
114
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