United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office of Air Quality
Planning and Standards
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
EPA 456/N-96-001
April 1996
&EPA Control Technology Center
NEWS
Volume 8 No. 1
A JOINT EPA / STAPPA / ALAPCO PROJECT
April 1996
CO$T-AIR CONTROL
COST SPREADSHEETS:
Novocaine for Number Crunchers
By Bill Vatavuk
ISEG/AQSSD/OAQPS
Anyone familiar with the OAQPS
Control Cost Manual (Manual) knows
that air pollution control costs depend
upon a variety of emission stream, con-
trol device, and financial parameters.
Often this dependency is quite com-
plex.1 Forthat reason, it is cumbersome
and time-consuming—if not downright
painful—to make these sizing and cost-
ing calculations by hand, especially if
costs are needed for a range of input
parameters (e.g., waste gas flowrate).
To enable the thousands of Manual
users to make these calculations more
efficiently, we developed 20 spread-
sheet programs, collectively named
"CO$T-AIR," to cover twelve control
devices and one category of
auxiliary equipment
(ductwork). Because the
spreadsheets allow for the
escalation of equipment
costs, they bridge the gap
between the Manual and the
VAPCCI (Vatavuk Air Pollu-
tion Control Cost Indexes),
the latter being documented
in a recent EPA report.2 The
CO$T-AIR programs are
written in Lotus 1-2-3® (ver-
sion 2.0). Each program outputs item-
ized total capital investment and total
annual costs for a given set of input
parameters. The devices and auxiliary
for which we wrote spreadsheets are
listed in the table (See page 2), along-
side the Lotus® file names and the
Manual chapters that correspond to
them.
In each of these file names, "TCI"
denotes "total capital investment," while
"WK1" is simply the Lo-
tus® version 2.0 file exten-
sion. Those file names
containing "2" are second
versions of the spread-
sheets in question. The
character "-L" signifies
that the spreadsheet is for
"large" units—i.e., those
devices whose sizes ex-
ceed the upper limits of
the cost correlations. As
the list indicates, we
wrote "large" spreadsheets for thermal
and catalytic incinerators, regenerative
thermal oxidizers, flares, mechanical
collectors, and wet impingement scrub-
bers.
Finally, for the refrigeration sys-
tems, "-C" and "-P" denote the spread-
sheets for "custom" and "packaged"
(continued page 2)
AIRWAVES
By Bob Blaszczak
CTC CO-Chair, OAQPS
Yes, the CTC is still around. A little leaner and not
necessarily firing on all cylinders, but still functional. I've lost
track of which continuing resolution (CR) we're being funded
under -1 think it's number 5 or 6. What ever the case, we're
pleased to be here and proud to serve. This year's Federal
budget process has certainly kept us focussed on the here
and now. CRs that last one to six weeks tend to do that to
you. Program planning, even within the current fiscal year,
has become an abstract concept.
TO PRINT OR NOT TO PRINT? That's really not a
question, because we really don't have a choice. I hope you
are enjoying this electronic version of the CTC NEWS. If not,
I hope itwill grow on you. Printing of newsletters is out during
the CRs, and maybe forever, depending on what the final
budget numbers look like. So, checkthe CTC HOME PAGE
on the World-Wide Web or the CTC BBS on the Technology
Transfer Network periodically for the latest copy of the
NEWS. New editions are scheduled quarterly (January,
April, July and October).
PROJECT IDEAS? The CTC still offers technical and
engineering assistance projects (i.e., projects requested by
staff at state and local agencies and funded, all or in part, by
the CTC). Times are lean but some funding may still be
available for critical projects. Don't procrastinate! Don't let
the budget situation stop you from thinking ahead. Be an
optimist! Get your request in now!!! If more money becomes
available, the CTC will have to put funds on appropriate
contracts in June 1996!
WHAT'S IN A NAME? Well, we think our name should
reflect what we do and the organizations that support us.
Our name, CTC, may be changing to the CP2TC - Control
and Pollution Prevention Technology Center. The CTC
has traditionally looked at both add-on controls and pollution
prevention measures in assisting you, and it's time that the
(continued page 4)
-------
CO$T-AIR
(continued from page 1)
units, respectively.
Most of the programs were
based on design and cost data and
procedures in the OAQPS Control
Cost Manual (Fourth Edition,
1990) and its supplements. The ex-
ceptions were the programs for me-
chanical collectors, venturi scrub-
bers, and wet impingement scrub-
bers. Spreadsheets for these three
devices were based on information in
the book Estimating Costs of Air Pol-
lution Control (ECAPC)5
Spreadsheet Components
Although there are significant
differences among the various
spreadsheets, some components
are common to all. First, each
spreadsheet consists of six sections:
(1)"Cost Base DateVVAPCCI," (2)
"Input Parameters," (3) "Design Pa-
rameters," (4) "Capital Costs," (5)
"Annual Cost Inputs," and (6) "Annual
Costs". In the first section, the "Cost
Base Date" is the date corresponding
to the equipment costs ("base costs"
the Manual or ECAPC. This date ranges
from third quarter 1986 (fabric filters) to
second quarter 1993 (ductwork).
Next, the "VAPCCI" is used by the
spreadsheet to escalate the equipment
costs from the base date to the quarter
and year selected by the user.6 Eleven
VAPCCI have been developed, one for
each of the control devices listed above.7
(The sole exceptions are the "venturi
scrubbers" and "wet impingement scrub-
bers" categories, which have been com-
bined into one index: "wet scrubbers".)
Each spreadsheet is written so that once
the user inputs the latest VAPCCI avail-
able, the total capital investment cost and
capital cost-dependent annual costs will
automatically be escalated.
The second section, "Input Param-
eters," contains technical data that, in
nearly all cases, must be entered by the
user. Because these input parameters
vary so much according to control device
designs and applications, there are no
"default" values for them. Input param-
eters include standard stream param-
eters (e.g., waste gas volumetric
^ TABLE. CO$T-AIR SPREADSHEET PROGRAMS3 ^
Classification Control Device Type Manual Chapter Lotus'" File
Name(s)
Particulate emission
controls
Gaseous emission
controls
Auxiliary equipment
V
Electrostatic precipitators
Fabric filters
Mechanical collectors (cyclones)
Venturi scrubbers
Wet impingement scrubbers
Carbon adsorbers
Catalytic incinerators
Gas absorbers
Flares
Refrigeration systems
Regenerative thermal oxidizers
Thermal incinerators (recuperative)
Ductwork
6
5
None4
None1
None4
4
3
9
7
8
3
3
10
TCI-EP2.WK1
TCI-FF2.WK1
TCI-MC.WK1
TCI-MC-L.WK1
TCI-VS2.WK1
TCI-WIS.WK1
TCI-WI-L.WK1
TCI-CA.WK1
TCI-CI.WK1
TCI-CI-L.WK1
TCI-GA.WK1
TCI-FL.WK1
TCI-FL-L.WK1
TCI-RS-C.WK1
TCI-RS-P.WK1
TCI-RTO.WK1
TCI-RT-L.WK1
TCI-TI.WK1
TCI-TI-L.WK1
TCI-CTX.WK1
)
in
flowrate) and data specific to a device
(e.g., gas absorber packing param-
eters). The spreadsheet needs these
data to compute the design param-
eters, the costs, or both.
The "Design Parameters" section
lists data (such as ESP collecting area)
that are primarily calculated by the
spreadsheet based on the input pa-
rameters. The "Capital Costs" section
displays the control device total equip-
ment cost (itemized), the purchased
equipment cost, and the total capital
investment (TCI). Two values are
given forthe total equipment cost. The
first corresponds to the base date of
the costs (e.g., second quarter 1987);
the second, to the VAPCCI escalation
date.
The fifth section, "Annual Cost In-
puts," lists nearly all of the parameters
needed for the program to calculate
the various annual costs. These in-
clude the "operating factor" (the hours
per year the control device operates),
operating and maintenance labor
rates, utility prices, the interest rate,
and the control system life. As with the
"Input Parameters" section, the user
must provide all of these inputs. Never-
theless, typical values for the param-
eters are given in the Manual chapter
covering the device in question.
Given in dollars/year, the "Annual
Costs" are listed in the last section of the
program. These are itemized accord-
ing to: (1) direct annual costs (operat-
ing, maintenance, and supervisory la-
bor; maintenance materials; utilities;
operating materials (e.g., caustic soda);
replacement parts; and waste treat-
ment/disposal), (2) indirect annual
costs (overhead; capital recovery; and
taxes, insurance, and administrative
charges), and (3) recovery credits (if
any).
Obtaining the Spreadsheets
The CO$T-AIR spreadsheets are
installed on the OAQPS TTN, where it is
posted on both the Control Technology
Center (CTC) and the Clean Air Act
Amendments (CAAA) bulletin board
systems. Because the spreadsheets
are written in Lotus® (version 2.0), they
are in a format that is importable to later
versions of Lotus®, as well as to such
(continued page 3)
CTC News page 2
-------
MACT, CTG, NSPS, ACT AND TITLE I RULE SCHEDULES*
MACT STANDARD
Asbestos MACT/GACT
Asbestos Litigation
Ferroalloys
Flexible Polyurethane Foam
Gasoline Distribution
Haz. Waste Inc.
Mineral Wool
Off-site Waste & Recovery
Oil & Gas Production
Pharmaceutical Production
Polymers & Resins I
Polymers & Resins III
Polymers & Resins IV
Portland Cement
Primary Aluminum Prod.
Primary Copper Smelting
Printing/Publishing
Pulp & Paper (combustion)
Pulp & Paper (non-comb.)
Secondary Aluminum Prod.
Shipbuilding (coatings)
Steel Pickling-HC1 Process
Wood Furniture Coating
Wood Treatment
Wool Fiberglass Mfg.
CTG ****
Proposal
*1724/95***
*171/93
7/96
8/96
*12/8/95
*4/19/96
8/96
*10/13/94
1/97
6/96
*6/12/95
Final
11/95**
***
7/97
7/97
5/96
4/97
10/97
6/96
9/98
1/98
7/96
ACT
Final
Plywood/Particle Board (PM10) Schedule Under Dev.
NSPS
Proposal
Schedule under revision
*3/15/95
6/96
8/96
7/96
*3/1/95
*2/27/95
*10/29/95
8/96
*11/22/94
5/96
*11/21/94
5/96
11/97
9/97
8/97
5/96
8/96
8/96
10/97
* 12/15/95
5/97
* 12/7/95
Cold Cleaning *9/9/94
Degreaser NSPS *8/31/94
Elec. Utility Gen. Rev. (NOx) *5/30/94
Landfill NSPS & 111 (d) *5/30/91
Med. Waste Inc. NSPS & lll(d) *2/27/95
Mun. Waste Combustors II & III *9/20/94
NOx NSPS Revision (407(c)) *11/31/95
SOCMI Sec. Sources Suppl. 7/96
Starch Mfg. Industry NSPS *8/31/94
Other Rules Proposal
Arch./lnd. Coatings (§183e) 5/96
Auto Refinishing (§183e) *4/30/96
Consumer Products List (§183e)*8/31/95
Household Consumer Products *3/26/96
Haz. Waste TSDF, Phase II
(RCRA) *7/22/91
Haz. Waste TSDF Phase III
Final
9/96
on Hold
12/96
*3/12/96
8/96
*12/19/95
11/97
12/97
on Hold
Final
12/96
12/96
*9/29/95
9/96
*12/6/94
(RCRA)
Schedule under revision
Aerospace Coatings
Industrial Wastewater
Shipbuilding (coating)
Offset Lithography
Plastic Parts Coating
VOL Storage
Wood Furniture Coating
Proposal to be delisted
6/96 10/97
Proposal Final
6/96 4/97
*12/29/93 *****
*12/6/94(BACM)*****
*11/93 *****
*12/93
*9/7/95
NOTE:
* Indicates date completed.
@ Indicates on a court ordered deadline.
** All schedules are tentative and subject to change without
notice. Only those rules with proposal or promulgation
dates within one year are included. Completed rules are
removed from list after six months.
***Schedule to be determined by litigation/negotiation
****ACT's were issued for most CTG categories in April 1995
*****Final CTG cancelled or no plans to finalize.
5/96
CO$T-AIR
(continued from page 2)
programs as Excel® and Quatro-Pro®.
Accompanying the spreadsheets is an
Introduction (in WordPerfect 5.1),
which provides background on the pro-
grams, describing their general and
specific features. Those with questions
or comments about CO$T-AIR should
contact William M. Vatavuk, at (919)-
541-5309 (fax: 919/541-0839). Read-
ers desiring copies of the OAQPS Con-
trol Cosf/Wanua/shouldphonethe Con-
trol Technology Center at (919)-541-
0800.
FOOTNOTES
1 Consider, for instance, the sizing and costing procedures for gas
absorbers, presented in Chapter 9 of the Manual.
2 Escalation Indexes for Air Pollution Control Costs (EPA-452/R-95-
006, October 1995). Both the report and quarterly VAPCCI updates are
posted on the OAQPS Technology Transfer Network ("Clean Air Act
Amendments" and "Control Technology Center" bulletin boards).
3 All programs are written in Lotus 1-2-3® (version 2.0).
4 Design and cost procedures and data for these devices may be found
in the book Estimating Costs of Air Pollution Control, by William M.
Vatavuk (Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press/Lewis Publishers, 1990).
5 Vatavuk, William M. Estimating Costs of Air Pollution Control. Boca
Raton, FL: CRC Press/Lewis Publishers, 1990.
6 As of this writing, the VAPCCI have been updated through first quarter
1996 (preliminary).
7 The ductwork costs are escalated via a Producer Price Index
published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, Department of Labor.
CTC News page 3
-------
AIRWAVES
(continued from page 1)
CTC got full recognition for what it does.
Also, one of the CTC's prime sponsors
has reorganized. The Air and Energy
Engineering Research Laboratory,
Office of Research and Development
(ORD) is now the Air Pollution Pre-
vention and Control Division (APPCD)
of the National Risk Management
Research Laboratory, ORD. This
change significantly strengthens and
expands the CTC's ability to provide
pollution prevention assistance. So
what do you think of CP2TC? It's not
chiseled in granite yet, but could be
soon. If you have a better option,
please let us know by BBS message,
FAX or E-MAIL (see page 7).
HAVE YOU TRIED THE CTC
HOME PAGE? The CTC now has a
HOME PAGE on the World-Wide Web.
You can access the CTC from the
OAQPS HOME PAGE. Our address is
http://www.epa.gov/oar/oaqps/
ctc.html. This initial CTC HOME PAGE
is kind of basic. We will upgrade this
page in July, shortly after TTN-2000
becomes operational. TTN-2000 will
give the Technology Transfer Network
(TTN) a fully operational World-Wide
Web site. As a result, all of the CTC
BBS functions now available on the
TTN BBS will be available on the World-
Wide Web through TTN-2000. Check
out the July edition of the CTC NEWS
for an update on CTC HOME PAGE
improvements and TTN- 2000.
You can also access the Centro de
Information sobre Contamination de
Aire (CICA) HOME PAGE from the
CTC's HOME PAGE. CICA is the CTC
sponsored program to help resolve air
pollution problems along the U.S.-
Mexico border. The direct address for
CICA is http//www.epa.gov/oar/oaqps/
cica.html.
Enjoy the NEWS!
NEW LANDFILL AIR
EMISSIONS MODEL
By Bob Blaszczak,
CTC/OAQPS
The Landfill Air Emission Model is
now available on the CTC BBS and
HOME PAGE. It provides an auto-
mated estimation tool for quantifying
emissions from municipal waste land-
fills. The model estimates emissions
of methane, carbon dioxide,
nonmethane organic compounds, and
toxic air pollutants. Information on the
assumptions used in the model can be
found in the background information
document (NTIS#PB91-197061) writ-
ten to support the Municipal Landfill
New Stationary Performance Stan-
dards (NSPS), 40CFR60 Subpart
WWW, and Guidelines for Control of
Existing Sources, 40CFR60 Subpart
CC, and in the public docket, Docket A-
88-09. This article contains informa-
tion on the beta release versions of the
Landfill Air Emissions Estimation
Model for DOS
(Version 2.0) and
Microsoft® Win-
dows (Version 1.0).
The Landfill Air
Emissions Model is
regarded as a
screening tool. It
can be used with
site-specific data,
or it can be used
with two different
sets of default val-
ues. The CAA
(Clean Air Act) de-
fault values reflect the expected maxi-
mum emissions and generally would
be used only for determining the appli-
cability of the landfill regulations and
guidelines. To estimate actual emis-
sions in the absence of site-specific
data, a second set of default values
(the AP-42 defaults) is provided in the
model. The AP-42 default values are
based on emission factors from the
EPA's Compilation of Air Pollutant
Emission Factors, Fifth Edition, AP-42
(EPA 1995). The AP-42 default values
provide emission estimates that should
reflect typical landfill emissions and are
the values suggested for use in devel-
oping estimates for state inventories.
An IBM-compatible personal com-
puter with at least one floppy disk drive
and 4 megabytes of memory is recom-
mended forthis program. The Windows
version requires Windows 3.1 or better.
The DOS version requires DOS 2.0 or
better. All software components of the
models for this beta release are fully
functional. As of this writing, the AP-42
values have been revised and are avail-
able for public comment. The beta
version of this software includes the
revised AP-42 suggested defaults.
Once the AP-42 revisions are published
as final, the defaults in these models will
be revised to reflect any changes.
The CTC BBS and HOME PAGE
have versions of the Landfill Air Emis-
sions Estimation Model for DOS and
Windows. Each model is provided in a
separate self-expanding ZIP file
(LAND_DOS.EXE for the DOS version
and LAND_WIN.EXE for the Windows
version). Just
download the ap-
propriate version
and put it in its own
directory. To ex-
tract the files, ei-
ther double-click
on the file name in
the Windows File
Manager or type
the file name in
DOS and hit enter.
(NOTE: All soft-
ware components
for each version
should be located in the same directory
prior to execution.)
For the DOS MODEL, go to the
directory that contains the expanded
files and type LANDFILL, to execute the
model. (SPECIAL NOTE: Hercules
graphics card users should execute the
MSHERC.COM program prior to run-
ning the model. This component is
required to view graphical output with
these cards).
For the WINDOWS MODEL, use
(continued page 6)
CTC News page 4
-------
SMALL BUSINESS UPDATE
Deborah M. Elmore, Federal SBAP Coordinator, CTC/OAQPS
S B A P FORUM
Welcome to the SBAP Forum. For each issue, we will invite one or more of our
State or local Small Business Assistance Programs to discuss successful and
innovative activities that may be of interest to their colleagues across the country.
MASSACHUSETTS
PRINTERS
PARTNERSHIP
PROGRAM (MP2)
by George Frantz,
Office of Technical Assistance/SBAP
The Massachusetts Printers Partner-
ship (MP2) is a joint project involving:
• Printers, consultants and vendors to
the printing industry
• Printing Industries of New England
(PINE)
• Massachusetts Department of Envi-
ronmental Protection (DEP)
• OTA's Small Business Assistance
Program (OTA/SBAP)
• EPA - New England Environmental
Assistance Team (NEEAT) .
• Screen and Graphic Imaging Associa-
tion.
The pilot program began last spring
with a series of meetings involving print-
ers and agency personnel, at which the
group identified both environmental
concerns in the printing industry and a
set of environmental criteria which
would indicate that best environmental
management practices were being fol-
lowed.
MP2 allows printers to come into
compliance with the new protocols sim-
ply, inexpensively and in multi-media
fashion. It imposes some additional
requirements, both in photo wastewa-
ter discharge and in air emissions,
which will assure industry-wide emis-
sions reductions based on pollution
prevention (P2). Pro-
gram elements follow:
Aggressive out-
reach, including the de-
velopment of a "plain
language workbook" or
printers, which will detail
compliance require-
ments to which printers are subject and
closely coordinated program materials
which will lead the individual printing
plant manager in a step-by-step self-
certification process. OTA is hosting a
series of six half-day workshops and
clinics at convenient sites across the
state, jointly funded by DEP, EPA-New
England and OTA.
Regulatory Reform,the Partnership
enrollment will replace virtually all envi-
ronmental permits typically required of
small and midsize printers and a six
month enforcement moratorium to al-
low Partnership members to come into
compliance.
Pre and post-program sampling to
determine level of improved environ-
mental performance, according to es-
tablished measures of success and a
carefully selected statistical sample.
EPA has placed a high priority on dem-
onstration projects which validate the
concept of improving environmental
performance by creating incentives for
voluntary compliance. There was resis-
tance to the concept of beginning a
cooperative program with inspections,
but this was deemed essential to estab-
lish a baseline. Fifty inspections were
agreed upon and conducted under en-
forcement discretion, there would be no
penalty except in extreme situations.
Strong public relations efforts, in-
volving key state officials and represen-
tatives of the printing industry, working
with statewide media to tout the pro-
gram and encourage consumers to pa-
tronize printers who display the
logo. Eg
Handy Dry Cleaners
Special - 5 Skirts
far One Dollar!
SMALL BUSINESS
CONFERENCE A BIG
SUCCESS!
Deborah M. Elmore
Federal SBAP Coordinator
CTC/OAQPS
The 1996 "State Small Business
Ombudsman and Small Business As-
sistance Program Conference," co-
sponsored by the Office of Air Quality
Planning and Standards (OAQPS)
Small Business Assistance Program
(SBAP) and EPA's Small Business
Ombudsman's Office, was held Febru-
ary 28 - March 1, 1996, in San Diego,
California. This annual event provides
an opportunity forthe State programs to
share information with each other, and
with EPA. The conference attracted
150 attendees, representing 44 States
and 2 territories; quite a good turn-out in
this era of downsizing and budget cuts.
This year, planning of the confer-
ence "content" was carried out primarily
by a group of State program represen-
tatives. The first day was devoted to
industry sector presentations (printing,
metal finishing, automotive service,
and painting & coatings), with many of
the speakers representing trade asso-
ciations or actual small businesses.
The second day had 16 different
breakout sessions related to more op-
erational issues of the State programs
(policy and process), with the vast ma-
jority of speakers from within the State
programs themselves. This combina-
tion of planning and presentation by the
target audience proved to be amazingly
successful; we literally had more volun-
teers to chair sessions or make presen-
tations than we could use.
The response to "learning
from your peers" was very
enthusiastic.
OAQPS had a small,
but visible, presence. In
addition to serving as the
Conference Co-Orga-
(continued page 6)
Clyde's
Copies
Color
Copies
Too!!!
CTC News page 5
-------
SMALL BUSINESS
CONFERENCE
(continued from page 5)
nizer, I introduced several recent
OAQPS small business assistance ac-
complishments, including the new
SBAP BBS on the OAQPS Technology
Transfer Network (TTN), as well as the
SBAP Home Page on the World Wide
Web. Janyce Riess lead an excellent
discussion on the series of small busi-
ness satellite seminars put on by
OAQPS's Education and Outreach
Group (EOG) in cooperation with the
University of Tennessee. In fact, the
session that Janyce participated in was
one of the most popular in the whole
conference.
Organizing a national meeting can
be an extremely time consuming and
frustrating experience. The rewards,
however, can be very satisfying. Some
comments we received on the evalua-
tion forms include:
-"Great meeting"
-"This was my first meeting and I en-
joyed every aspect"
-"I learned a lot and I am very grateful for
this experience"
-"We plan on using OAQPS resources
much more"
-"Annual conference should be consid-
ered as part of training for all States".
Somehow, in the end, it all seems worth
while!
NEWLANDFILL
(continued from page 4)
the FILE-RUN selections from the File
Manager menu to execute the
LANDWIN.EXE file to start the model.
(Additional Note: This program will
make a modificationtoyourWIN.INI file
to save setup information about the
model.)
More details about the design and
use of both the DOS and Windows
versions of the landfill model are pro-
vided in the "User's Manual, Landfill Air
Emissions Model." This manual is also
available on the CTC BBS and HOME
PAGE.
REPORTING PROBLEMS
If in the process of using the model
you have a question or problem, please
feel free to contact us. In the event of a
problem, please include the following
information:
- Your name, address, telephone (and
fax, if available), and E-MAIL address (if
applicable).
- Your computer type, brand, proces-
sor/CPU speed, installed RAM, HD size
and available space, operating system
version, operating mode (for Windows,
e.g. Enhanced), available memory
(physical and virtual), display adapter
type and settings, and attached printer
types.
- Description of problem in as much
detail as possible.
Also, suggested improvements to
the software and/or model are also en-
couraged. Future revisions will be con-
sidered as data and improved models
become available.
Send all reports or inquiries to
Susan Thorneloe of the U.S. EPA using
any one of the following methods:
EMAILthorneloe.susan@epamail.epa.gov
FAX: (919) 541-2382 or
(919) 541-7885
MAIL: U.S. EPA/APPCD,
MD-63, RTP, NC 27711
WHA T'S NEW ON THE
RBLC
By Jo Ann Kerrick
VfGYAN
Information in the RACT/BACT/
LAER Clearinghouse (RBLC) is up-
dated nearly every month as users sub-
mit new control technology determina-
tions to the data base. In addition to this
information, the RBLC support staff
continues to make changes to keep the
system current. If you haven't been on
the RBLC BBS lately, check the TTN
now for the updates described below.
New RBLC Data Fields in Standalone
Editor
As you may have noticed, we re-
cently changed the RBLC data base
structure by removing extraneous dates
at the facility level and adding newfields
for notes about compliance verification
at the process level. In addition, the
cost fields at the pollutant level were
expanded to accommodate larger num-
bers. In September we released a new
version of the RBLC standalone editor
designed to be compatible with these
changes.
The standalone editor is an alterna-
tive to online entry of new control tech-
nology information. You can input new
determinations locally on your PC and
then transfer the data to the RBLC
system administrator for inclusion in the
online data base. While we were chang-
ing the system to be compatible with the
new data base, we made some more
changes to simplify the editor. We
removed the edit menu and moved its
functions to the facility list screen. Now
you can make all up-
dates to your deter-
minations, including
adding new ones,
from a single screen.
Another new option
at the facility list
screen lets you delete all of your old
determinations and start with a blank
data base. (You would use this option
after you have sent your data to the
RBLC). We hope these changes make
the system easier and quickerto use. If
you are responsible for submitting your
agency's determinations, you might
want to try the standalone editor. All the
files you need and installation instruc-
tions can be downloaded from the
RBLC BBS.
Ranking Reports Updated
The RBLC ranking report compares
pollutant emissions for a single process
type and one pollutant. Typically you
perform a search for the target informa-
tion, and then download your results
using the ranking report format. Based
(continued page 7)
CTC News page 6
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RBLC
(continued from page 6)
on standard emission limits for each
applicable determination, the report
presents statistics based on these lim-
its and then reports them in rank order
listing from most to least stringent.
Because the RBLC Ranking report
can be a valuable reference for users
making RACT, BACT, or LAER deter-
minations, the RBLC staff has gener-
ated ranking reports for specific pro-
cess type and pollutant combinations.
The reports are available for download-
ing to your PC without doing a query. In
October all of these reports were up-
dated to reflect the latest information in
the then current RBLC data base. If you
want quick access to ranking informa-
tion, look for these reports in the Down-
load section of the RBLC BBS.
Regulation Data Base Updated
When it became available in late
1994, the regulation data base con-
tained summaries of New Source Per-
formance Standards (NSPS) and Na-
tional Emission Standards for Hazard-
ous Air Pollutants (NESHAP) rules then
in effect. Subsequently, we expanded
Control Technology Center NEWS
The CTC NEWS is a quarterly publication of
the U .S. E PA's Control Technology Center (CTC).
The CTC is an informal, easy-to-use, no cost,
technical assistance service forall State and local
(S/l) air pollution control agency and EPA Re-
gional Office staffs. For others, some services
may be on a cost reimbursable basis. The CTC
offers quick access to EPA expertsand expertise
via the CTC HOTLINE and the CTC Bulletin
Board, and in-depth technical support through
source specific Engineering Assistance Projects
or more generic Technical Guidance Projects.
The CTC is operated by the Air and Energy
Engineering Research Laboratory, Office of Re-
search and Development, and the Emission Stan-
dards Division, Office of AirQuality Planning and
Standards in Research Triangle Park, North
Carolina.
If you have any air pollution emission or
control questions, orwould like more information
about the CTC and the types of technical assis-
tance available, CALLTHE CTC HOTLINE!
(919)541-0800
Publication of the CTC NEWS does not signify
that the contents necessarily reflect the views and
policiesoftheU.S.EPA, nor does the mention of
trade names or commercial products constitute
endorsement or recommendation for use.
the data base to include entries for
Maximum Achievable Control Technol-
ogy (MACT) standards. As of Novem-
ber 1995, the data base contained 105
rules, with 21 of them updated to reflect
rules proposed or promulgated in 1995.
Starting in 1996, we plan to add summa-
ries of Control Technology Guidance
(CTG) documents. If you need sum-
mary information about current federal
rules, the regulation data base is a good
place to start.
Help Rearranged for Process Type
The RBLC uses numeric codes to
group processes by category, such as
combustion, surface coating, mineral
processing, etc. In fact, searching for
the appropriate process type code can
be the quickest way to get the control
technology information you need. Per-
forming these searches with the menu-
driven search just became a little easier.
You still choose a major category from
a two-page display of 2-digit process
type codes from 10 to 99. Now, how-
ever, the system displays the list of
available detail codes in alphabetical
order by the process name, rather than
in numeric order. You can quickly scan
the listforthe process you want and find
the appropriate code for it. We hope this
improvement makes the RBLC easier
to use.
CTC ASSISTANCE
No cost assistance to staff of State and Local agencies, EPA Regional Offices, and others on air pollution
control technology issues.
CTC HOTLIN E: CALL (919) 541 -0800 to access E PA expert staff for consultations, references to pertinent
literature, oraccessto EPAtechnical data and analyses. No question is too simple!
CTC FAX: You can send a request for any CTC service listed here by FAX. Our Fax numbers are: (919)
541 -0242 or (919) 541-0361.
CTC BBS: Call (919) 541-5742 for up to 14400 baud modem to access the CTC Bulletin Board. Set
communications parameters to 8 data bits, N parity, and 1 stop bit, and use a terminal emulation of VT100
or VT/ANSI. You may leave HOTLINE requests, order documents, suggest projects, and download
documents and software. The BBS is part of the OAQPS Technology Transfer Network (TTN). In addition,
the TTN may be accessed via the Internet at TELNETttnbbs.rtpnc.epa.gov' or through the EPA Home
Page on the World Wide Web. TheTTN also has an FTP site for downloading files at'ttnftp.rtpnc.epa.gov'.
FEDERAL SMALL BUSINESS ASSISTANCE PROGRAM (FSBAP): The FSBAPis available through
the SBAP BBS on the TTN (see CTC BBS for connection information), orthe CTC HOTLINE or FAX.
The FSBAP provides supportto State Small Business Assistance Programs.
US-MEXICO INFORMATION CENTER ON AIR POLLUTION (CICA - Centre de Information sobre
Contamination deAire). Call the CICA Information line (919) 541-1800 (Spanish) orthe CTC HOTLINE
(English) to access technical support and assistance in evaluating air pollution problems along the Mexico-
US Border.
INTERNET/WORLD-WIDE WEB ACCESS: Send E-Mailto'blaszczak.bob@epamail.epa.gov'. Inaddi-
tion, you may access our services through the following sites:
ForCTC-'http://www.epa.gov/oar/oaqps/ctc.html'
For FSBAP -'http://www.epa.gov/oar/oaqps/sbap.html
ForCICA-'http://www.epa.gov/oar/oaqps/cica.html'
RACT/BACT/LAER CLEARINGHOUSE (RBLC): The RBLCdata base is available on the OAQPS TTN
BBS (see CTC BBS for connection information). The Clearinghouse provides summary information on
control technology and pollution prevention (P2) determinations made by permitting agencies, and on EPA
emission standards and control techniques guidelines.
ENGINEERING ASSISTANCE PROJECTS: If you need in-depth assistance concerning a specific
control technology or pollution prevention problem, contact the CTC. EPA staff and contractors are
available for short-term projects such as review of pro posed or existing control or prevention measures.
Projects are subject to CTC Steering Committee approval.
TECHNICAL GUIDANCE PROJECTS: The CTC may also respond to a number of similar requests on
issues of national orregional interest by undertaking broad, long-term projects. The result may be a
control technology document, PC software, seminar, orworkshop.
INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER CENTER FOR GLOBAL GREENHOUSE GASES
(ITTCGGG): Call the CTC HOTLINE to access ITTCGGG information on greenhouse gas emissions,
prevention, mitigation, and control strategies.
MAIL: Address conventional mail inquiries to: CTC (MD-12), U.S. EPA, RTP, NC 27711.
CTC News page 7
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TECHNOLOGY NOTEBOOK
REFRIGERATED
CONDENSERS INHAP-PRO
Lyndon S. Cox
Senior Environmental Employee
There are two types of condensers:
the surface type and the contact type.
The Control Cost Manual (CCM) and
HAP-PRO (type 1) calculate only the
surface type. HAP-PRO defines a type
tion. And, if there is too much moisture
in the air, the ice on the tubes can impair
heat transfer, and the condenser will
have a lower control efficiency than
calculated. Therefore, in emission
streams that are known to have a high
moisture content, a precooler is neces-
sary. The precooler operates at about
35°F to condense most of the water.
The input data for the design of this
refrigeration unit is in Table 1:
HAP-PRO erroneously callsforthe spe-
cific heat of the coolant to be in Btu/hr-
ft2-°F; it should be in Btu/lb-°F.
However,
TABLE 1: In
Data
Inlet Stream Flow Rate
Inlet Stream Temperature
VOC Inlet Volume Fraction
VOC Removal Efficiency
Antoine Equation Constants
Heat of Condensation (VOC)
Heat Capacity of VOC
Specific Heat of Coolant
Heat Capacity of Air
Mnlpr flnw rptp
I IVII_>IOI lll_>vv ICHC
put Data K
Symbol
\
y .
J voc, in
5
A, B, C
AHVOC
p,voc
Q
p,cool
Cp,air
[ey
Units
scfm (77°F, 1 atm)
°F
dimensionless ratio
percent as decimal
Btu/lb-mole
Btu/lb-mole-°F
Btu/lb-°F
Btu/lb-mole-°F
^
as long as the
correct numeri-
cal value is
given, it will
compute prop-
erly.
The air is con-
sidered to be
noncondensible,
which is true at
these tempera-
tures. Since
the partial pres-
2 unit as one in which the area of the
heat exchanger is defined, not calcu-
lated.
In a contact condenser (not ad-
dressed in either CCM or HAP-PRO) a
refrigeration unit chills volatile organic
compounds (VOCs), similar to those
being removed. Chilled VOCs are
sprayed into the emission stream to
condense the vapors. Again, the CCM
and HAP-PRO do not address this type
of condenser.
The CCM and HAP-PRO do ad-
dress the surface type of condenser,
also known as the shell-and-tube type.
This type of condenser has the emission
stream directed into a shell. Within the
shell, there are tubes which are main-
tained at a low enough temperature to
reduce the vapor pressure of the VOCs.
Condensation of VOC vapor reduces
the concentration. The emission
stream is then exhausted. Part of the
design data is the level of VOC which is
acceptable in the exhaust.
The refrigeration system must be
capable of handling the heat load given
up by the VOCs as heat of condensa-
sure of the VOC can be raised by either
compression or cooling, it is a given in
the calculations that the condenser op-
erates at atmospheric pressure. We
must calculate the temperature at which
condensation occurs.
First we use the equation:
HAP-PRO uses the less obvious, but
equivalent, calculation:
where
RE = Removal Efficiency
HAPe = HAP concentration in the
emission stream, ppm
AHcon = enthalpy change of
condensed VOC
AHuncon= enthalpy change of
uncondensed VOC
This assumes that at the outlet the
gas stream is at equilibrium with the
VOC condensate.
In the CCM, this leads to the equa-
tion :Tcon = (B -C)
Now we know the temperatures we
must obtain. The heat load is then equal
where:
con voc,conL voc p,voc* in con'J
M =M .-M
voc,con voc,in voc,out
M =M . (1-Ti)
voc,out voc,in ' '
uncon voc,out p,vocA in con'
' Hnoncon= [(60Qin/392)-MvocJn]CMr(Tin-TcJ
HAP-PRO computes the number of
moles in the inlet stream:
HAP.. =
_(0,HAPe.10-6)*60
392
Then the number of moles in the
outlet stream: HAPom= HAPem*[i-(RE)]
100
Then the number of moles con-
densed is: HAPcon= HAPem-HAPom
Then HAP-PRO computes the heat
load just as the CCM does it, but errone-
ously uses the Cpair instead of the Cpvoc
in computation of the enthalpy change
in the uncondensed VOC. This minor
error was not previously discovered
because it is negligible.
Next, the CCM addresses the heat
exchanger or condenser. The Chemi-
cal Engineers Handbook gives values
of 20 to 60 Btu/hr-ft2-°F for examples of
brine cooled tubes condensing VOC.
The CCM uses a conservative heat
transfer estimate of U = 20 Btu/hr-ft2-°F.
HAP-PRO uses this as the default
value, but allows other values to be
entered.
The coolant is brine, which must be
chilled to about 15 °F belowthe conden-
sation temperature. The temperature
of the brine will rise to 25 °F above the
condensation temperature in a properly
sized counterflow heat exchanger.
These values must be used in the fol-
lowing equations.
The condenser then becomes de-
fined by:
Acon=H|oad/U.T|m
The coolant flow rate is given by:
Wcoo,=H,oad/Cp,coo,(T
cool,out cool,in/
And the refrigeration capacity is defined
as:
R = H, 712,000 tons
load '
The flaws that have been detected
will be corrected.
to: H, =
AH,
CTC News page 8
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CTC RESOURCES ORDER FORM
The CTC provides reports and software resulting from its efforts to government personnel free of charge. (Others may order them from the National
Technical Information Service using the "PB" numbers shown here.) Below is a list of CTC resources published in the past two years. The CTC is happy
to provide its resources to government personnel. However, because of the large response we anticipate to this list, we ask that you limit your request to
the resources for which you have an immediate need and the quantity to one. To order CTC resources, COMPLETE FORM AND MAIL INFORMATION
(no reverse side), CUT OUT FORM, FOLD, STAPLE/TAPE CLOSED, APPLY POSTAGE AND MAIL TOTHE CTC.
REF NO. AIR TOXICS
94 () "Analysis of Atmospheric Deposition Samples from Easton, PA," EPA-600/R-93-057, PB93-181600
95 ( ) "Alternative Control Technology Document - Carbon Reactivation Processes," EPA-453/R-92-019, PB93-180826
100 () "Air Emissions and Control Technology for Leather Tanning and Finishing Operations," EPA-453/R-93-025, PB94-120219
106 () "Evaluation of Mercury Emissions from Fluorescent Lamp Crushing," EPA-453/R-94-018, PB94-175932
114 () "Evaluation of Emissions from Paving Asphalts," EPA-600/R-94-135, PB95-129110
133 () "HAP-PRO Model User's Manual, Version 2.0," EPA-456/B-94-002, PB95-503181 (software and user manual);
PB95-172987 (manual only)
141 () "New Regulation Controlling Air Emissions from Chromium Electroplating and Anodizing Tanks," EPA-453/F-95-001
142 () "New Regulation Controlling Air Emissions from Solvent Cleaning Machines (Degreasers)," EPA-453/F-94-083
143 () "A Guidebook on How to Comply with the Chromium Electroplating and Anodizing NESHAP," EPA-453/B-95- 001
PB95-220604
144 ( ) "Guidance Document for the Halogenated Solvent Cleaner NESHAP," EPA-453/R-94-081, PB95-216412
COMBUSTION
66 ( ) "Characterization of Emissions from the Simulated Open-Burning of Non-Metallic Automobile Shredder Residue,"
EPA-600/R-93-044, PB93-172914
78 ( ) "Evaluation Costing of NOx Controls for Existing Utility Boilers in the NESCAUM Region," EPA-453/R-92-010, PB93-142016
102 () "Emissions from Burning Cabinet Making Scraps," EPA-600/R-93-213, PB94-130408
105 () "Characterization of Air Emissions from Simulated Open Combustion of Fiberglass Materials," EPA-600/R-93-239,
PB94-136231
108 () "Pilot-Scale Evaluation of the Potential for Emissions of Hazardous Air Pollutants from Combustion of Tire-Derived Fuel,"
EPA-600/R-94-070, PB94-169463
138 () "Used Oil Analysis and Waste Oil Furnace Emissions Study," EPA-456/R-95-001, PB95-240412
RACT/BACT/LAER Clearinghouse
104 () RACT/BACT/LAER: A Compilation of Control Technology Determinations, "Volume 1-Third Supplement to the 1990
Edition," EPA 453/R-93-037a, PB94-111234
RACT/BACT/LAER: A Compilation of Control Technology Determinations, "Volume 2-Third Supplement to the 1990
Edition," EPA 453/R-93-037b, PB94-111572
145 () RACT/BACT/LAER Clearinghouse Information System (BLIS) User's Manual, EPA-456/B-95-003
146 () RACT/BACT/LAER: A Compilation of Control Technology Determinations," Fifth Supplement to the 1990 Edition,
EPA 453/R- 95-005
148 () RACT/BACT/LAER Clearinghouse Flyer, October 1995
VOC - Other Source Categories
75 ( ) "Alternate VOC Control Technique Options for Small Rotogravure and Flexography Facilities"
EPA-600/R-92-201, PB93-122307
93 ( ) "Alternative Control Technology Document for Bakery Oven Emissions," EPA-453/R-92-017,PB93-157618
96 ( ) "Automobile Plant Spray Booth Cleaning Emission Reduction Technology Review," EPA-453/R-94-029, PB94-206257
101 () "Initial Assessment of Emissions from Heat Setting Carpet Yarn," EPA-600/R-93-161, PB93-229862
110 () Lithographic Printing ACT
111 ( ) DRAFT Model Rule for Wood Furniture
134 () "Survey of Control Technologies for Low Concentration Organic Vapor Gas Streams," EPA-456/R-95-003, PB95-241626
139 () "Beyond VOC RACT CTG Requirements," EPA-453/R-95-010, PB95-239497
MISCELLANEOUS
Complete List of CTC Documents
"Managing Chemicals Safely, Putting It All Together," EPA-510/K-92-001
"The Clean Air Act of 1990: A Guide for Small Businesses," EPA 450/K-92-001
"OAQPS Cost Control Manual—Supplement 2, Gas Absorbers" EPA/450/3-90-006b, PB93-138147
"A Guidebook for Explaining Environmental Regulations to Small Businesses," EPA-453/B-93-023, PB94-120334
"Evaluation of the Polyad® Wth FB Air Purification & Solvent Recovery Process for Styrene Removal," EPA-600/R-93-212,
PB94-130317
"OAQPS Cost Manual - Supplement 3, Hoods, Duct Work, Stacks," EPA-450/3-90-006c, PB94-177565
"Oil Suppression of Particulate Matter at Grain Elevators," EPA-453/R-94-049,
(continued page 10)
CTC News page 9
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118 () "Evaluation of a Liquid Chemical Scrubber System for Styrene Removal," EPA-600/R-94-211, PB95-167359
137 ( ) SAGE 2.1, "Solvent Alternatives Guide, User's Guide," EPA/R-95-049a
140 () "Control and Pollution Prevention Option for Ammonia Emissions," EPA-456/R-95-002, PB95-241790
147 () "Escalation Indexes for Air Pollution Control Costs," EPA-452/R-95-006
Global
80
82
84
86
88
120 (
121 ( )
123()
124()
125 ()
126 ()
127()
128()
129 ()
130 ()
131 ( )
132 ()
135()
136 ( )
Greenhouse Gases Technology Transfer Center
"Development of an Empirical Model of Methane Emissions From Landfills," EPA-600/R-92-037, PB92-152875
"Landfill Gas Energy Utilization: Technology Options and Case Studies," EPA-600/R-92-116, PB92-203116
"List of Papers and Reports for EPA's Research Program on Air Emissions from Landfills and Other Waste Management
Processes," updated 11/94
"Landfill Gas Recovery/Utilization - Options and Economics," EPA-600/A-92-170, PB92-217066
"Emissions and Mitigation at Landfills and Other Waste Management Facilities," EPA-600/R-92-116 (also
EPA-600/R-94-008), PB94-132180
"The Coprocessing of Fossil Fuels and Biomass for CO2 Emission Reduction in the Transportation Sector," 1993,
EPA-600/A-93-109, PB93-194165
"Methane Emissions from Industrial Sources," 1993, EPA-600/A-94-089, PB94-174760
"Landfill Gas Utilization - Technical and Non-Technical Considerations," March 1994, EPA-600/A-94-139, PB94-189651
"Estimate of Methane Emissions from Coal Mines," 1993, EPA-600/J-93-249, PB93-212553
"Landfill Gas and Its Influence on Global Climate Change," October 1993, EPA-600/A-93-240, PB94-113784
"Methane Emissions from Landfills and Open Dumps," EPA-230/R-93-010
"Methane Emissions from Wastewater Treatment and Disposal," EPA-230/R-93-010
"Biomass Gasification Pilot Plant Study; Final Report," EPA-600/R-93-170, PB94-114766
"Demonstration of Fuel Cells to Recover Energy from Landfill Gas Phase I Final Report: Conceptual Study,"
EPA-600/R-92-007, PB92-137520
"Proceedings: The 1992 Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Mitigation Research Symposium," EPA-600/R-94-008,
PB94-132180
"Estimate of Methane Emissions from U.S. Landfills," EPA-600/R-94-166, PB94-213519
"Estimate of Methane Emissions from U.S. Natural Gas Operations," March 1994
"Landfill Gas Utilization-Database of North American Projects," EPA-600/A-94-064, PB94-162773
"Technological Considerations for Planning the Global Carbon Future," EPA-600/A-93-182, PB93-222008
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CTC News page 10
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