Dayl
Proceedings of
JAPAN - UNITED STATES JOINT
CONFERENCE ON DRINKING WATER
QUALITY MANAGEMENT AND
WASTEWATER CONTROL
March 2009
Sponsored by:
3-EPA
WATE
FOUNDATION
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
XWERF
Water Environment Research Foundation
Collaboration. Innovation. Results.
WATER
RESEARCH
FOUNDATION"
ADVANCING THE SCIENCE: OF WATER*
-------
Japan - United States Joint Conference on
Drinking Water Quality Management and Wastewater Control
Agenda
March 2-5, 2009
Monday, March 2
Presentations Moderator:
Ms. Sally Gutierrez, Director, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, ORD, U.S. EPA
8:00
Continental Breakfast
Welcome and Introductions
9:00
9:20
9:30
9:40
Welcome
Ms. Pat Mulroy, General Manager, Southern Nevada Water Authority
Welcome
Ms. Sally Gutierrez, Director, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, ORD, U.S.
EPA
Welcome
Mr. Akira Takimura, Director, Office of Drinking Water Quality Management, Water
Supply Division, Health Service Bureau, Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare
Welcome
Mr. Osamu Fujiki, Director, Wastewater and Sludge Management Division, Water Quality
Control Department, National Institute for Land and Infrastructure Management,
Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism
Energy Efficiency in Water Treatment (Energy /Water Nexus)
9:50
10:15
10:40
10:55
11:20
Applying Life Cycle Assessment to Drinking Water Treatment,
Mr. Wataru Takashima, Director, Water Treatment Engineering Department, Japan
Water Research Center
Energy Management Strategies at Metropolitan Water District, Dr. Roy Wolfe,
Manager, Corporate Resources, Metropolitan Water District of Southern California
Break
National Project Leading to the Recycling Society with Sewage Sludge in Japan - LOTUS
Project -, Mr. Yoshihiro Morishima, Deputy Director, Japan Institute of Wastewater
Engineering Technology
The Urban Water Resource Recovery Center - An Emerging Vision for Future Municipal
Sewage Treatment, Mr. Joseph Zuback, President, Global Water Advisors, Inc.
Climate Change - Mitigation and Adaptation
11:45
12:10
12:35
13:35
Impacts of Climate Change on Water Quality and Measures Against Future Issues, Dr.
Yukihisa Hosaka, Director in Charge of Water Quality, Purification Division, Bureau of
Waterworks, Tokyo Metropolitan Government
Climate Change and Energy, Mr. Robert Renner, Executive Director, Water Research
Foundation (formerly AwwaRF)
Lunch
Climate Change Mitigation in Sewerage - Biomass and Energy Technologies, Mr.
Hiromasa Yamashita, Senior Researcher, Recycling Research Team, Material and
-------
14:00
Geotechnical Engineering Research Group, Public Works Research Institute
The Plan for Mitigation of Global Warming by Tokyo Metropolitan Sewerage Bureau -
Earth Plan 2004, Mr. Kiyoshi Inoue, Director, Planning and Coordination Division, Bureau
of Sewerage, Tokyo Metropolitan Government
Emerging Contaminants
(Endocrine Disrupters, Pharmaceuticals, Personal Care Products, etc.)
14:25
14:50
15:15
15:30
15:55
Emerging Contaminants in Drinking Water and Future Directions,
Dr. Mari Asami, Chief, Division of Water Quality Management,
Department of Water Supply Engineering, National Institute of Public Health
Occurrence and Relevance of Trace Pharmaceuticals in Drinking Water, Dr. Shane
Snyder, R&D Project Manager, Applied Research and Development Center, Southern
Nevada Water Authority
Break
Status of Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products (PPCPs) in River Water and
Wastewater and Evaluation of their Effects on Aquatic Organisms, Dr. Yutaka Suzuki,
Team Leader, Water Quality Research Team, Water Environment Research Group, Public
Works Research Institute
Emerging Contaminants - State of the Science in the U.S.A., Dr. Rhodes Trussell,
President, Trussell Technologies Inc
Distribution System Water Quality/Integrity
16:20
16:45
18:00
Reduction of Residual Chlorine in the Drinking Water in Yokohama City, Mr. Shigeo
Hiramoto, Manager, Northern Area Construction Division, Yokohama Waterworks
Bureau
Overview of Distribution System Water Quality Issues and Research Activities, Mr.
Chris Rayburn, Director, Research Management, Water Research Foundation (formerly
AwwaRF)
Reception Hosted by U.S.
Tuesday, March 3
Presentations Moderators:
Prof. Yasumoto Magara, Professor, Environmental Nano and Bio-engineering Research Center,
Hokkaido University
Dr. Masahiro Takahashi, Professor, Division of Field Engineering for Environment, Hokkaido University
8:00
Continental Breakfast
Sustainability of Water Supply Systems, Wastewater Systems, and
Wastewater / Storm Water Treatments
9:00
9:25
Performance Assessment of Aging Drinking Water Infrastructure,
Mr. Yasuhiro Suzuki, Counselor, Japan Water Research Center
Sustainability: The Las Vegas Approach, Mr. Richard Holmes, Director of Environmental
Resources, Southern Nevada Water Authority
-------
9:50
10:15
10:40
10:55
11:20
11:45
Sewer Management in Japan - an Overview, Mr. Takashi Sakakibara, Head, Wastewater
and Sludge Management System Division, Water Quality Control Department, National
Institute for Land and Infrastructure Management, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure,
Transport and Tourism
Sustainable Water Infrastructure for the 21st Century, Dr. James Goodrich, Senior
Environmental Scientist, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, ORD, U.S. EPA
Break
Outline of Strategic Planning of Asset Management for Municipal Wastewater
Treatment Plants in Japan, Mr. Hiroki Matsui, Assistant Manager, Project Promotion
Division, Project Management Department, Japan Sewage Works Agency
One Utility's Approach to Wastewater Sustainability, Ms. Karen Pallansch, General
Manager, Alexandria Sanitation Authority
Current State and New Technologies for CSO Control in Japan, Mr. Hideki Hayashi,
Senior Research Engineer, Japan Institute of Wastewater Engineering Technology
"Water Safety Plan" Approach
12:10
12:35
Recent Progress in WSP Application in Japan, Dr. Shoichi Kunikane, Professor, Institute
for Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka
Lunch
Afternoon Tours
Reception Hosted by Las Vegas Valley Water District
Wednesday, March 4
Presentations Moderators:
Dr. Audrey Levine, National Program Director for Drinking Water, ORD, US EPA
Dr. Daniel Weltering, Director of Research, Water Environment Research Foundation
8:00
Continental Breakfast
Water Reuse/ Indirect Potable Reuse
9:00
9:25
9:50
10:15
10:40
10:55
Water Reuse in Japan, Mr. Mizuhiko Minamiyama, Head, Wastewater and Sludge
Management Division, Water Quality Control Department, National Institute for Land
and Infrastructure Management, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism
Current Status, Trends, and Future Challenges of Water Reuse in the U.S., Mr. Wade
Miller, Executive Director, WateReuse Association and Foundation
Source Water Protection of Yodo River and Water Quality Management in Osaka
Municipal Waterworks, Mr. Masayuki Miwa, Manager in Charge of Research, Water
Examination Laboratory, Osaka Municipal Waterworks Bureau
Potable Reuse for Water Supply Sustainability: Critical Today - Essential Tomorrow,
Mr. Tom Richardson, Principal, RMC Water and Environment
Break
Reuse of Water and Biosolids in Sakai City, Ms. Kumi Koyama, Chief, Project Team,
Sewerage Management Division, Sewerage Department, Waterworks and Sewerage
Bureau, Sakai City
Membrane Bioreactors
11:20
State of the Art of MBR Technology and Its Perspective in Japan, Dr. Hiroki Itokawa,
-------
11:45
12:10
12:35
13:35
14:00
14:25
14:50
15:15
15:30
15:55
16:20
16:45
17:10
18:00
Researcher, Research and Technology Development Division, Japan Sewage Works
Agency
Investigation of Membrane Bioreactor Effluent Water Quality and Technology, Ms.
Joan Oppenheimer, Vice President, MWH Technical Strategy and Research
Desalination
Status and Challenges for Desalination in the U.S., Mr. Andrew Shea, USA Development
Director, Acciona Agua Corporation
Lunch
Desalination Plant with Unique Methods in FUKUOKA,
Mr. Akira Shimokawa, Director, Facilities Division, FUKUOKA District Waterworks Agency
Pathogens/Microbes
Detection Methods of Enteric Viruses in a Large Volume of Water, Dr. Hiroyuki
Katayama, Associate Professor, Department of Urban Engineering, Graduate School of
Engineering, the University of Tokyo
Future Directions for Monitoring Pathogen Indicators/Surrogates: Linkages to Water
Quality Management and Public Health Protection, Dr. Audrey Levine, National
Program Director for Drinking Water, ORD, US EPA
Research for Pathogens in Water Environment and the Countermeasures in Sewerage,
Mr. Seiichiro Okamoto, Team Leader, Recycling Research Team, Material and
Geotechnical Engineering Research Group, Public Works Research Institute
Break
Future Design Techniques for Chemical Disinfection, Dr. Charles Haas, LD Betz
Professor of Environmental Engineering and Head, Civil, Architectural & Environmental
Engineering Department, Drexel University
Watershed Management
Measure for the Water Quality Improvement in Dam Basin, Mr. Hiroyuki Nakajima,
Chief, Management Section, Kizugawa Dams Integrated Operation & Management
Office, Japan Water Agency
Management of the Impact of Earthquake on Sewerage Services, Mr. Osamu Fujiki,
Director, Wastewater and Sludge Management Division, Water Quality Control
Department, National Institute for Land and Infrastructure Management, Ministry of
Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism
Understanding of Pollutant Behavior in River Basin, Mr. Yuji Okayasu, Senior
Researcher, Water Quality Research Team, Water Environment Research Group, Public
Works Research Institute
Closing Remarks/Meeting Summation
Reception Hosted by Japanese
-------
Welcome and Introductions
Ms. Patricia Mulroy
General Manager
Southern Nevada Water Authority
(Presentation not available)
Ms. Sally Gutierrez
Director
National Risk Management Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
(Presentation not available)
Mr. Akira Takimura
Director
Office of Drinking Water Quality Management
Water Supply Division, Health Service Bureau
Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare
Mr. Osamu Fujiki
Director
Wastewater and Sludge Management Division
Water Quality Control Department
National Institute for Land and Infrastructure Management
Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism
-------
Opening Remarks
Current Challenges and
Policy Directions of
Water Supply in Japan
March 2, 2009 Japan-U.S. Joint Conference
Akira TAKIMURA
Director, Office of Drinking Water Quality Management,
Water Supply Division, Health Service Bureau,
Ministry on Health, Labour & Welfare (MHLW), Japan
-------
Water Supply in Japan
Our Basic Concepts on Drinking Water
Water as Public Goods
Public bodies are responsible for securing clean and ample water supply
"Supply of water is directly related to the daily life of the people and
indispensable for the maintenance of their health"
- The Water Works Law, Japan
120 Years History of Modern Water Supply System
Rapid Pervasion during the Past 50 Years
POpUlatJOn Served! 97.3 % (Household connection) /1 00 % (Total improved access)
Very Low Leakage Rate : 7%
Safe Water : Drinkable without Boiling
Promotion of Disaster Resistance
Based on the Experiences of Severe Earthquakes
I—y Now providing one of the World's Highest Water Supply Service,
But can we continue to meet the people's expectation ?
-------
The Waterworks Vision" 2004
(revised in 2008)
^Established in June 2004
• As the National Vision of Policy Directions for future water supply in
Japan
• Target period is IQyears,
on long-term perspective of the middle of 21st century
4First review-process (2007-2008)
• By the Expert Committee for follow-up (Headed by Prof. Magara)
• Invitation of public opinions
Revised in July 2008
• Newly identified "Priority Items" of measures
for 5 main policies
1. Safety, 2. Stability, 3. Sustainability,
4. Environment, 5. Globalization
-------
Ideal water supply
service
Water supply
system that strives
to be a leading
player in the world
Setting higher goals and
making steady progress
Service that customers
are always satisfied with
and are willing to
support
Providing a world-
class service in
various contexts
< Stability >
< Sustainability >
< Environment >
< Globalization >
policy
Policy objectives
1) Safety
Supply people with safe and
good-tasting tap water
2) Stability
A stable supply of water for
domestic use anytime,
anywhere
3) Sustainability
• Strengthening the basis of
the water supply system
taking local characteristics
into account
• Preserving and developing
practices and skills
accumulated in the water
supply service
• Improving the water supply
service based on customer
needs
4) Environment
Contribute to environmental
conservation
5) Globalization
Contribute to the world by
transferring our experiences
to other countries
Measures
Promotion of
measures
(1) Strengthening the
basis of the water
supply system
(2) Ensuring a safe and
convenient water
supply
(3) Improving disaster
prevention
(4) Improving
environmental and
energy measures
(5) International
contributions in the
water supply service
through international
cooperation
-------
(1) Sustainability : Strengthening the
basis of the Water Supply Systems
> Sustainable water supply system with optimum basis;
Operational size & forms, human resource and facilities
• Integration to the wider-area operation of water supply systems
(hardware and/or software)
• Optimum forms of management; public-private / public-public
partnership, with transparent evaluation system for operational
performance
• Action fpr inheritance of technological know-how to the next
generations
• Systematic renewal of aged facilities with the Asset Management
approach
-------
(2) Safety
How about the Tap Water Quality ?
• Source water quality has been improved
• The overall situation is rather good
(more than 99.9% satisfying DWQS)
•*Recent Opinion poll indicates that people are
- Content for all use : 50%
- Content for other than drinking : 40%
- Drinking tap water directly : 37%
S) Current state depends on continuous efforts
© Further safety is expected
® Increasing awareness on comfort for drinking purpose
Require more efforts for reliable tap water quality!
(and also for effective "public relations"!)
-------
Drinking Water Quality Standards in Japan
Being kept up-to-date
by a "rolling revision"
('
Coir plementary Items
(27 items)
Items for Further Study
• Items that the Water Works Law
(§20) requires water suppliers to
monitor and meet standards
• Detected in purified water over
10% of the health based value
• 31 items for human health, 20 items for
Deteriorate
• MHLW requests to monitor and manage
(non-legally binding)
• Risk assessments are provisional or
detected at few points
• 15 items for human health (incl. 101 pesticides
12 items for Deteriorate
Risk assessments are provisional
Detected level and frequency in purified water is unclear
Further study, information and knowledge are needed
-------
Up-to-date of DWQSs
by Rolling Revision
Discussion Points
1. Revision of Health based value
• According to the Latest Scientific Knowledge,
Risk Assessment of Food Safety commission and WHO etc.
DWQSs
_ ....... (Slitems)
2. Detection Rate in purified Water * ^
- Feedback of Monitoring Results Complementary items
(27items)
Items for Further Study
3. Candidate Substances (40items)
• Buildup Database of Potential Items
- Add to "Items for Further Study"
(emerging pollutants: ex. Perchlorate, NDMA, PFOS/PFOA —)
-------
(2) Safety : Ensuring of Safe and Convenient
Water Supply
> DWQSs and "output monitoring" is indispensable .
> Keeping good operational process from source to tap
with hazardous analysis and multiple-barrier
approach is also important.
• Improvement of water quality management by integrated
approach from source water to tap
("Water Safety Plan" approach is ongoing)
• Improvement of water quality management measures for
unregulated and small-scale facilities
• Improvement of reliability of water service installation (in-building
water supply pipes and equipment)
• Introduction of advanced technologies for water quality
management
-------
(3) Stability : Improving disaster prevention
> Strengthen the anti-seismic measures
at the hardware / software side, pre / post disaster etc.
(4) Environment: Improving environmental
and energy conservation measures
> Win-Win approach to cost effectiveness and
environmental conservation in long-term perspective
(ex. mitigation and adaptation for climate change)
(5) Globalization : International contribution
with regard to water supply service
> Int. cooperation to support the MDG achievement
under public-private partnership
-------
Local Waterworks Vision
In order to attain the goals of National Waterworks Vision ;
>Each Local Water suppliers are recommended to
develop their own "Local Waterworks Vision"
based on the assessment of current situation
and future prospects
>MHLW provided the Guideline for LWWV in 2005
225 LWWVs were developed as of Dec. 2008
58% of pop. served
by Water Suppliers
72% of Max. daily
volume served by Bulk
Water Suppliers
-------
for your attention and cooperation!
Wishing for fruitful discussions
on this Japan-U.S. conference
toward safety and sustainabilityi
END
-------
Japan-U.S. Joint Conference
on Drinking Water Quality
Management and Wastewater
Control
Monday, March 2, 2009
Challenges
Works in Ja
Sewag
-------
Beijing Olympic Games in 2008
Tokyo Olympic Games in 1964
-------
Sumida River, Now
Heavily Polluted
Sumida River (a.1960)
-------
Progress in Sewerage Development and
the International Comparison
1QO
BQ
40
20
Water supply
Ribilc Sewerage
Coverage Rate or
sewered Population
Couerage Hale o( Sswerad Population
with Acfcnced Traahneot
100
*
CJ
2C-
13.2
E7
Sweden Holland Germany Canada America England
Change in Japan's coverage rates of population served Worldwide ranking of countries by coverage rate of sew-
with water supply and public sewerage ered population
-------
Symptom of Dying Tokyo Bay
Source: Dr. Ando, Tokyo Metropolis
-------
Control of Combined
Sewer Overflows
The Project "Revive Osaka, the Water
Capital" involves the development of
"Kitahama-Osaka Reservoir" to stop
the combined sewer overflows in usual
rainfall event.
IKitahama-Osaka Storage Pipeline
T#
*"
KiWvrairfp
5 m In dMrnttr K ebout 47 sm
(Stccage capacity. 140,000
Sov/or outkats
5ewaq,e treatmwn plants 12
;:iErt#
ttntkim 46
>/Jfl>
Overftow seww outlets 56
I Sewer Outfalte
-
served by a
sewer system fti#£
Aroa served by a separate
J sower system ^5&^l*i
Btonmyate-r Storage Pipelme
-------
Ever-worsening
Inundation due to
Torrential Rain
ifS-l irnes,')f«a- Hi fiscal 2CC4 (Ihs mosl Iraquent in fri« paslf
Frequency ol praoipilafcon
ftxwaang 50 mm/notir
HffiSOdnm h
SCO
100
— *' S S *. w ® -j S H- S — ' 35" S «.' !5i S -i«
HO KJ ro ty f\> l^> fO Kij
63 54 65 65 57 58 58 SO 61 S2a3 HI 2 3 I 5 6 7 8 5 JIO II 1213 1453 1516 1' 18 j
Recent increase in the frequency of precipitation exceeding
50 mm/hour
Underground shopping arcade
Fukuoka, 1999
Shinjuku, Tokyo, 2004
-------
Emerging needs of the Asset Management
Deteriorated sewer pipe
Bus stuck in a cave
Cave-in on a sidewalk
Collapse of Road Surface
-------
Impact of Climate Change on
Annual Precipitation Projected by
Multimodel Ensemble
Change in the annual mean precipitation (mm/day)
Greenhouse
Gas Emissions
from Sewage
Works
Older* (CH4|: 0.3%
Tow
$#IW[| nillia i tiais al
C0S(R*M JOMf
Power ccnsiirnplian by
pump slfllioiw (CO?)T 8%
60E
120E
120W
60W -0.
J \ 1 L
-1 -0.5 -0.2 -0.1 -O,03 0 0.05 0.1 0.2 0.5 I
(Meteorological Research Institute, MLIT)
-------
Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse
Reclaimed Water for Water Shortage!
jAgua reciclada para la escasez!
Clean Water Back!
iVuelve el agua limpia!
la
Tokyo Metropolis
Metropolis de Tokio
Reclaimed Water
Aqua reciclada
Membrane filtration
I'ituailo vo> membrana
Almost Drinkable!
Advanced wastewater treatment
TratamtentD avanzado de ayuas residuate*
Water cycle by technology
Ciclo de agua por tecnologia
Old waterway (Dried up)
Vie jo canal seco
Stream back I
jVuelve el rio!
reclaimed water
tutfitnJo en agua >
on Wastewater Treatment Plant
en Planla de imtamienlo de aguas rcsiduales
-------
Expanding Possibilities
of Biosolid Utilization
Sludge Composting
Roadbed
material
SlflStf
Water permeable
blocks
Soil quality
improvement
materials
Sludge Carbides
Lightweight
aggregate
Gardening soil
Granulation
Soil improvemwit
material
Electricity Heating
True Chart, of Sludge Resources
a«w5».^B w i«* s In Jspno iooi
-------
Quantitative Risk Assessment of Pathogens
Reduction
during treatment
Environmental
reduction
Exposure
frequency
Mortality
/Morbid itv/rate
Microbial cone, in sewage
Inactivation by
Disinfection, etc
Microbial cone.
in reclaimed water
Ingested water
amount
Ingested microbial #
Annual Infection Risk
)ose-response of
specific pathogen
Annual disease/death Risk
-------
Chemical risk to
human?/ecosystems?
1000001
10000.
1000.
"X"
T
n 7T
_,-o Chemicals in reclaimed water after biological treatment
\%
Y^ 3? Q- LLJ
Detergents
w ^ '
o E
1 o
i- "S
Y
^.|s l< || g
>^^ ™ ™ S < c
C — P S J^ Oi
QJ m
o _o _o _o
LJ 'F 4— C O o O
c E 2 =^ £c -o
E| - g-- §-- -
CD ^- C c
« 1-^
Endocrine disrupters L
Female hormones
Pharmaceuticals
(Takada et al, 2004)
•High attention to nitrogen are needed for human health
•Further attention may be necessary for risk of remaining
unregulated chemicals
-------
How to address the Global
Issues of Urban Sanitation
PAKISTAN
Ghaziabad
Hindon river
Drain
Sewerane treatment nlant
Aara nanal
YAMUNA
-------
Thank you for your attention!
-------
Energy Efficiency in Water Treatment
(Energy/Water Nexus)
-------
Energy Efficiency in Water Treatment
(Energy/Water Nexus)
Applying Life Cycle Assessment to Drinking Water
Treatment
Mr. Wataru Takashima
Director, Water Treatment Engineering Department
Japan Water Research Center
-------
-------
-------
-------
1 I
-------
-------
-------
-------
-------
-------
[Treatment]
Chemicals
Coagulant Intermediate Cl
(Abstraction)
Raw
water
Flocculation
+ Sedimentation
Sand-filtration
(Transmission)
[Discharge]
Washing
waste water
Thickening
[Common]
Electric equip.
lent)
-------
Law water
Flocclation
Sand-filter
Chemicals
Discharge
Electricity
0
20
LC-E (10MJ/58y)
40 60 80
100
120
Construction
Operation
Renewal
Disposal
-------
-
LC-C02 (10Kg-C02/58y)
0123456
Law water
Flocclation
Sand- filter
Chemicals
Discharge
Electricity
789
Construction
Operation
Renewal
Disposal
-------
'58y)
20
40
60
80
100
120
Raw water
Flocculation
Sediment atio
n
Sand
filtration
Chemicals
feeding
Sludge
treatment
Electric
Receiving well
Mixing basin
Buffle type flocculation
Horizontal- flow
sedimentation basin
with inclined plate settler
Sand filters
Feeding equipments
Drainage basin
Thickner
Receiving. .&-tr.aDs:i:Qx.mer
Monitoring & contorl
egipments
Receiving well
Pi pes. Valves
Floor pumps
\
Sub total ID
Mixing basin 1
Mixers
Flocculation basin
Weir
^
Sedimentation basin L
Inclined plate settlor IN
Scraper II
Discharge trough
Sludge equipments
1
II
Sub total f H
Sand filters
Discharge trough
Filter media 1
r
Collector 1
Inlet equipments L
Discharge equipments 1 1
w/ashing equipments | II
Pi pes, Valves III
E|ectri.c.....equipmeoLs. H. 1 1
Sub total 1
Feeding chamber
Sodium hypochlorite
Coagul ant ( PAC1 1
1
I
1
i i n
i
1
Pipes.Valves L
Plectrfc. squipmQots, II n
Sub total
Dranage basin
Pumps
Pi pes Valves
Racks
Thickner
Sludge scraper
Pumps
Pi pes. Valves
Racks
Sub total
Receiving & transformer
Monitoring equipments
,,l
1
,1
I
II
_l
1 1,
Insrumentation 1
Generator
Sub total M
i i
i
n
T~
1
1 H
i i
• Coi
•Op(
1=1 Rer
•Dis
nst ruction
3rat ion
lewal
oosal
-------
LC
3
(10bKg-C02/58y)
4 5
Raw water
Flocculation
Sediment atio
Sand
-filtration
Chemicals
feeding
Sludge
treatment
Electric
Receiving well
Mixing basin
Buffle type flocculation
Horizontal- flow
sedimentation basin
with inclined plate settler
Sand filters
Feeding equipments
Drainage basin
Thickner
Receiving & transformer
Monitoring & contorl
eqipments
Receiving well
Pipes, Valves
Oo.Q.r....p.umps.
Sub total
Mixing basin
Mixers
Flocculation basin
Weir
Sedimentation basin
Inclined plate settler
Scraper
Discharge trough
Sludge equipments
Sand filters
Discharge trough
Filter media
Collector
Inlet equipments
Discharge equipments
washing equipments
Pi pes. Valves
He.c..t.riG....e.q.uipme.nts.
Sub total
Feeding chamber
Sodium hypochlorite
CoaqulanUPACh
Pi pes. Valves
Sub total
Dranaoe basin
Pumps
Pi pes, Valves
Racks
Thickner
Sludge scraper
Pumps
Pi pes, Valves
Racks
Eie.c..t.rj.c....e.qujprTie.nt.s.
Sub total
Receiving & transformer
Monitoring equipments
Insru mentation
Sub total
Construction
Operation
Renewal
Disposal
J
-------
[Treatment ]
[Discharge]
Membrane
Chemical
tank
Chemical washing
Neutralization
Reducing
Chemical
Waste tank
Waste water tank
Thickener
Washing
water tank
Q
(Transmission)
Sodium
hypochlorite
(Sewer pipe)
r
Coagulant
Reducing agent
Conditioning
Electric eqip.
Buildings
-------
0
LC-C02 (10Kg-C02/58y)
6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Mem brane
D ischarge
E lectricity
Building
Construction
Operation
Renewal
Disposal
-------
LC-C02 (10DKg-C02/58y)
2345
Ozone
les
Exhaust ozone
Contact basin
Ozon generator unit
•compressor
Heat exchanger
Cooling water pump
Exahaust ventilation fan
Instrumentation
Monitoring panel
•Construction
D Operation
D Renewal
-------
LC-C02 (10Kg-C02/58y)
8
10
12
Adsorption basin
Adsorptionbasin
Trough
Avtivated carbon
Filter media
Collecting equipments
Inlet equipments
Discharge equipments
Vteir
VMiinq equipments
Pipesyalves
Exhaust ozone facilities
Incidental Facilities
Boilding
Total
I
1
[
1 1
Construction
u Operation
n n
u Renewal
\a ) QrVYQ?)
MOjJUOUl
-------
[Treatment]
Coagulant
Chemicals
Post Cl
Intermediate Cl
(Abstraction)
locculatioii
edimentati
m
Others
(Intermediate
pumps)
Sand-filtration
(Transmil
Waste water tank
[Discharge]
J.
[Common]
Thickener
Electric eqip.
(Sludge treatment)!
-------
(10
0
20
m
D
-------
LC-C02
Construction a Operation D Renewal D Disposal
Membrane HI.
Sand HI.
0
5
10
15
20
25
106Kg-C02/58Years
-------
-------
Co
-------
-------
Energy Efficiency in Water Treatment
(Energy/Water Nexus)
Energy Management Strategies at Metropolitan
Water District
Dr. Roy L. Wolfe
Manager, Corporate Resources
Metropolitan Water District of Southern California
-------
Energy Management Strategies
at
Metropolitan Water District
Roy L Wolfe, Ph.D.
Japan - U.S. Joint Conference on Drinking Water
Quality Management and Wastewater Control
March 2, 2009
-------
Topics
California Water & Energy
^j j
Energy Management at Water Agencies
Metropolitan Water District
Energy Management Program
Next Steps
-------
California
2006
Gross domestic product $1.6 (
trillion (11.5% of U.S. GDP)
\
Population exceeded 37.4 million
State added 462,000 residents
(1.2% growth rate)
Expected population in 2040:
more than 54 million
Largest growth in Central Valley
Population growth stresses energy
system
-------
California Water & Energy
Eight large water projects
Northern California has 2/3
of state's precipitation;
Southern California has 2/3
of the population
Energy demand grows with
water demand
Water use consumes
significant amounts of
electricity
State Water
Project
>s Angeles
educt
-------
California Gross System Power
2007
Nuclear
14.8%
Natural Gas
45.2%
Renewable
11.8%
Large Hydroelectric
11.7%
Coal
16.6%
California Total = 302,072 GWh
-------
California's Initiative to Reduce
Greenhouse Gas Emissions
AB32
Reduce state-wide
greenhouse gas emissions
to 1990 levels by 2020
-------
Energy Management
Importance to Water Agencies
Cost
Energy intensive water treatment
technologies
Greenhouse gas emissions related to
energy generation
-------
Electric Price Volatilit
2006-2013
Projected AGR = 5 -20%
California Historical Retail Electricity Rates
1996-2005
Historic AGR = 3%
(Annual Growth Rate) > -
•t 12
ra 11
_l l_
i i i_
1996 1998 2000 2002
2004
Year
2006 2008 2010 2012
Source: Energy Information Administration
-------
Energy Intensive Water
Treatment Technologies
Conventional Treatment (CT)
Ultraviolet Disinfection
Ozone
Microfiltration/Ultrafiltration
Nanofiltration/Reverse Osmosis
-------
Energy Intensive Water
Treatment Technologies
Est. Increase in Annual Energy Cost (100 MOD)
900%
800%
700%
600%
500%
400%
300%
200%
100%
Source: AWWA Research Foundation
-------
Metropolitan Water District
of Southern California
6 counties; 5,200 Sq. Miles
18+ million people
Regional economy: $600+
Billion
Projected growth:
-220,000 people / year
Metropolitan provides about
half of Southern California's
supply
-------
LOS ANGELES
QUEDUCTS
STATE WATE
PROJECT
METROPOLITAN
WATER DISTRICT
SERVICE AREA
LOCAL
AQUED
-------
Banks Pumping Plant
'••
EdmonstonPumping Plant
uiHiiiiimj -I
State Water Project
• Completed and Online 1972
• Owned and operated by Calif.
Dept. of Water Resources
• 29 Water Contractors
(including Metropolitan)
• Facilities include:
- 17 pumping plants
- 8 hydroelectric power plants
- 29 dams and reservoirs
- 675 miles of canals, tunnels, and
pipelines
- Highest lift: 1,900 ft (Edmonston)
-------
Intake Pumping Pla
Hinds Puffing Plant
",
^flAjyJ?.'...'
Colorado River
Aqueduct
Completed and Online 1941
Owned and operated by
Metropolitan
Facilities include:
- 5 pumping plants
- 2 reservoirs
- 242 miles of canals, tunnels,
and buried conduits
- Highest lift: 1,600ft
-------
SWP West Branch
MWD System
2.6 Billon Gal / Day
Treatment Capacity
SWP East Branch
SAN BERNARDINO
Colorado River
Aqueduct
sen 1972
LOS ANGE
Weymouth (19,4
iemer(1963)
RIVERSIDE
Skinner (1976)
SAN OIEGC
Major MWD Facilities:
242 mile aqueduct
775 miles of pipelines
7 major pumping stations
5 water treatment plants
16 hydroelectric plants
-------
Diemer Treatment Plant
Robert
-------
Water-Related Energy Use In California
% of Total GWH (2006)
Total California Electricity Water-Related
Use = 294,865 GWH Use
• Other Uses
End Users
0.4%
• State Water
Project
• MWD
-------
Metropolitan's Net Power Costs (2007)
CRA
$21.3 M
1.4 M MWh
713 TAP
Other
$8.6M
0.08 M MWh
SWP
$213.5 M
4.4 M MWh
52 MAP
Total Power Cost = $243.4 M
Total Net Energy Used = 5.9 M MWh
-------
Energy Management Program
Drivers
Climate change
Greenhouse gas emissions
Risk mitigation
Cost control
-------
Metropolitan's Energy Mgmt Program
• Goal:
- Design, Construct and Operate facilities in an
Energy Efficient, Cost-Effective and Sustainable
Manner
• Strategies:
- Reduce GHG emissions
Improve energy efficiency and energy
conservation
- Manage power resources in the most cost-
effective manner
- Implement renewable energy projects
-------
Reduce Greenhouse Gas
Emissions
Increase number of hybrid vehicles in
sedan fleet
Improve boiler operations & efficiency
at administration buildings
-------
Improve Energy Efficiency &
Promote Conservation
Retrofit lighting systems
Install Variable Frequency Drives
Promote energy and sustainability
-------
Manage Power Resources
MWD Small Hydro Power
Plants
- Energy sold through power
contracts
- Maximize power generation
CRA Energy Resources
- Hoover Dam (supplies ~ 50%
CRA power)
- Parker Dam (supplies ~ 20%
CRA power)
-------
Renewable Energy
Technologies
Hydroelectric
Solar
Wind
-------
Hydroelectric Generation
16 HEPs located
throughout distribution
system
122-MW dependable
capacity
523,000 MWh generated
(2006)
Generated $26M revenue
(2006)
All energy contracted or
sold on wholesale market
HEP Expansion
Assessment completed
Generator
Existing
Pressure
Control
Structure
YORBA LINDA
HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT
-------
Consumption & Renewable Generation
600,000
500,000
400,000
Treatment Plants, OC-88, and DVL
MWD Small Hydro Generation
300,000
200,000
100,000
Calendar Year
-------
Consumption & Renewable Generation
3,000,000
2,500,000
•-Treatment Plants, OC-88, and DVL
HVIWD Small Hydro Generation
CRA Energy Used
2,000,000
1,500,000
1,000,000
500,000
Calendar Year
-------
Solar Power
First 1-MW project in construction
- On-line April 2009
- Capital Cost: $8-10 Million
- Expect $5 Million rebate through California Solar Initiative
- Will generate 2,400 MWh / year (approx. 22% of annual use)
Studies underway for an additional 10-MW at various
facilities
Assessing Capital acquisition vs. Power Purchase Agreements
-------
Wind Power
Colorado River Aqueduct
- Meteorological data collected
- Analysis indicates average wind
speed too low for economical plant
- Further studies planned
Monitor wind turbine design
progress & efficiency
improvements
-------
Issues Impacting Development
of Renewable Energy
Cost
Transmission capacity & reliability
Intermittent/variable nature of solar
PV and wind energy
Technological advances
-------
Renewable/Low Emission
Power Costs
$9,000
$8,000
$7,000
$6,000
$5,000
$4,000
$3,000
$2,000
$1,000
$0
Solar PV Solar Clean Coal Nuclear
Thermal
Wind Natural Gas
-------
Next Steps for Metropolitan
Continue energy efficiency &
conservation activities
Continue implementation of cost effective
Renewable Energy projects:
- Solar PV
- Hydroelectric Power Plant Expansions
-Wind Energy
-------
Next Steps (cont'd.)
Develop Board policy to address
reduction of greenhouse gas emissions
-Short-term: 25% carbon reduction at all retail
energy facilities by 2013
-Intermediate: 100% carbon reduction at all
retail energy facilities by 2020
- Long-term: 100% carbon reduction at all
retail and wholesale energy facilities by 2020
-------
-------
Roy L Wolfe, Ph.D.
Metropolitan Water District
rwolfe@mwdh2o.com
-------
MWD Carbon Footprint
Colorado River Aqueduct & Water
Treatment Facilities
80o,oocEstmiated
700,000
Q) 600.000
>
'5 500,000
cr
U4
^ 400,000
O
^ 300,000
O
J2 200,000
O
.O 100,000
Total Emissions
1990 2006 2008 2010
2012
Year
2014 2016 2018 2020
-------
Colorado River Apportionmen
(Million acre - feet)
Upper Basin States
Lower Basin States
Wyoming
1.04
California
Arizona
Apportionment
New
.84 Mexico
Mexico
-------
MWD Electricity Use/Cost
Calendar Year 2007
Other
0.08M
SWP
4.4M
1.52
Other
$8.6M
SWP
$213.5M
.52 MAF
MWh
713 TAP
Total Electricity
5.9M MWh
$21.3...
713 TAF
Total Cost
$243.4M
Other includes:
Treatment Plants
•USHQ
• OC-88 PP
• Wadsworth PP
•Misc Facilities
-------
Southern California's Water Supplies
Water
Project
Imports
Colorado
River
Aqueduct
Imports
-------
California Water Today
State Water
Project
Local
west deliveries on record
eles
•jedu
ear drought
on record
Fishery conflicts
cause cutbacks
-------
Energy Efficiency in Water Treatment
(Energy/Water Nexus)
National Project Leading to the Recycling Society
with Sewage Sludge in Japan
-LOTUS Project-
Mr. Yoshihiro Morishima
Deputy Director
Japan Institute of Wastewater Engineering Technology (JIWET)
-------
National Project Leading to the Recycling
Society with Sewage Sludge in Japan
LOTUS Project
Japan Institute of Wastewater
Engineering Technology (JIWET)
Yoshihiro
Morishima
-------
Background of LOTUS Project.
Biomass Nippon Strategy
Kyoto Protocol
Problem in the sewage
- Lack of sludge dumping site
- Increasing cost for sludge recycling
MLIT started a new R&D Project in 2005
LOTUS Project
Chief purpose of technology development
Cost reduction for various productions and
energy utilizations from sewage sludge
-------
Development target (cost)
1.Sludge Zero-Discharge technology
enabling to recycle all sewage sludge at a
lower cost than its disposal.
Dewatered sludge : 16,000 yen/t or less
Incineration ash
2.Green Energy Source technoloi
enabling to generate power from sewage
sludge and other biomass such as garbage at
a lower cost than commercial electric power
cost in Japan.
9.32 yen/kWh or less
-------
The calculation method of the cost
(existing equipment
(b) remodeling cost
(d) increment of the running
cost
(e) decrease of the fuel cost
by the energy recoveries
new equipment
(a) building cost
(c) running cost
recycling product
(P*Q) value of produced
energy
(f) sell income for products
from sewage sludge and
others
(g) recycling cost
|disposal cost
(Z) before introduction
(z) after introduction
others
|(h) income for the disposal of
the other biomass
|(i) others
-------
Development technology
7 technologies in LOTUS Project
3 technologies for Zero-Discharge target
3 technologies for Energy Source target
1 technology for both targets
All technologies have accomplished their development
targets, and this project finished in fiscal 2007.
-------
1. Production of biosolid fuel from sewage sludge (Zero-Discharge)
Verification test plant
Dewatered
sludge piping
•>
Dewatered
sludge
hopper
chamber
Deodori- «
zation
furnace
Treatment capacity
1.7 t -cake/day
i
Dried sludge
circulation
elevator
Sludge mixer
Sludge dryer
Heat
medium
heater
-------
Equipment flow
Heat transfer oil
Gas
Sludge
Water
Scraper
Heat transfer oil
Heat-transfer
• (Digestion
: Heat ransfer
Thickened
sludge
Treat
water
Sending
back
water
j Dehydration
I sludge
Fuel
•Exha'
:gas
Exhaust
-------
2. The technology for recovery of phosphorus from sewage
sludge incineration ash (Zero-Discharge)
Verification test plant
Treatment capacity : t^lP
100 kg of incineration ash/day
Control
panel
Phosphat
washing
tank
Phosphat
atorage
tank
-------
Equipment flow
alkaline solution
NaOH
Solution]
o o
recycling as a reactive liquid.
r I [ Case of recovery of
I calcium phosphate]
liquid fertilizer raw
material]
O
Ca(OH)
2
o
De-P ash
Raw material for
liquid fertilizer
Phosphate
extraction
Recovered
phosphate
-------
3. Composition of activated carbon from sewage sludge and reduction
of the cost for sludge treatment by effective utilization (Zero-Discharge)
Verification test plant
Dryer unit
Drying
sludge
hopper
Treatment capacity :
7.2 to 9.6 tons/day
Stack
Heat recovery
1 device (heat
exchanger)
Carbonization
furnace unit
-------
Equipment flow
Sludge
Gas
Dryer unit
Activated carbon
product
Carburization
furnace unit
.ed slu'
laust g
Heat recovery
device (heat
exchanger)
ombustio
istga
"'
*
% *>••
•* ' *
1< (9RV ftl.*K I5,
-------
4. Energy recovery from sewage sludge and biomass with
synchronous digestion (Energy Source)
Verification test plant
Treatment capacity : 50kg/day
Control digestion
tank (without
receiving biomass)
i
SU lJ i
r- ± \-
Digestion
tank
Heat exchanger
-------
Eauioment flow
New
establishment
Supersonic wave
solubilization
equipment
Increase
Jjesi
Digestion
gas
Digestion gas
ower
Gas
Holder
Electric
powert
•[•i
Collection
heat
reprocessn
Digested
sludge
Digestion gas power
generating unit
-* Outside
-------
5. The Development of the Anaerobic Co-digestion System for
Power Generation with Low Running-cost (Energy Source)
Verification test plant
Bio desulfurization tower
Treatment capacity : 50kg/day
Weighting
measure
Mixing
tank
Digestion tank (1
m3)
pH adjusting facility
Heat exchanger
Sludge circulation
pump
Treatment capacity
20Nm3/hr
Mixed digestion facility
-------
Equipment flow
nckem
Warm water
Digestion gas
Sludge
geste
I I
13 I
£ I
(To the dehydration
equipment.)
(receipt outside
faction)
Food
Residue
Warr
Digestion gas
Range of proposal
equipment
I I
Warm water
heatcoNection
Electric power
collection
(To the existing
processing place.)
m
8"
. CD 'T3
I™ I
© Increase only of increase's worth
© replace with biological desulfurizer
(the whole quantity)
-------
6. Sludge reduction through accelerating digestion and
electrical generating system using digestion gas (Energy
Source'
Verification test plant
Treatment capacity : 30m3/day
J.SUI
Ozone generator
(max. 2kg O3/hr)
Ozone reaction tank
Anaerobic digestion tank
( 1,800 m3)
Centrifugal thickener
-------
Equipment flow
Water
Sludge
Digestion gas
icke
To the
wat
treatment
Thickened sludge
Ozonation sludgr
Atmospheric
A discharge
•
•
•Oxygen gas
Digestion
a
gas
Digestion
Ozone
Processor
Coagulant
Concentrated
machine
Recycle
Digested
(organic
richness)
Concentrated
machine
Digested
sludge
richness)
IEEE
VJH
Warm
water
discharge
tion
Digestion gas
Preprocessing
device
: Exhaust gas
Waste heat Power
recovery generating
Heat exchanger unit
Supplying
Electric power
-------
7. Methane fermentation system of sewage sludge and raw garbage, and
carbonization-activation for utilization (Both Zero-Discharge and Energy
Source'
Verification test plant
Treatment capacity : 1.0ton/day
Gas refmmi
equipment
Current dryer
Activated r
carbon furnace
Vertical
methane
fermentation
tank
Horizontal
methane
fermentation
tank
Crusher/separ
ator (raw
garbage, etc.)
-------
Equipment flow
Sludge and garbage
Digestion gas
r.ened slud
Garbage etc
Digestion gas
Fermentation
Residue
Dehydration
sludge
Digestion tank
rbonization
tivation uni
Range of evaluation of Zero-Discharge technology
Range of evaluation of Energy Source technology
-------
Private companies which developed each technology
1. Hitachi Zosen Corporation
http://www.hitachizosen.co.jp/english/index-e.html
2. METAWATERCo., Ltd.
3. Kawasaki Plant Systems. Ltd.
4. Tsukishima Kikai Co.,LTD.
JFE Engineering Corporation
Daiki Ataka Engineering Co .
5- Ltd .
Kajima Corporation
DAINEN Co., Ltd.
Hitachi Plant Technologies, Ltd.
http://www.metawater.co.jp/eng/index.html
http://www.khi.co.jp/kplant/english/index.html
http://www.tsk-g.co.jp/en/index.html
http://www.jfe-eng.co.jp/en/index.html
http://www.atk-dk.co.jp/english/index.html
http://www.kajima.co.jp/welcome.html
http://www.dainen.Jp/e/index.html
http ://www. h itach i-pt. com/
KURITA Water Industries Ltd.
http://www.kurita.co.jp/english/index.html
7. Kawasaki Plant Systems. Ltd.
http://www.khi.co.jp/kplant/english/index.html
-------
Thank you for your kind attention.
Japan Institute of Wastewater
> >;
Engineering Technology
-------
Energy Efficiency in Water Treatment
(Energy/Water Nexus)
The Urban Water Resource Recovery Center - An
Emerging Vision for Future Municipal Sewage
Treatment
Mr. Joseph E. Zuback
President
Global Water Advisors, Inc.
-------
global
water
advisors™
The Urban Water Resource Recovery Center
- An Emerging Vision for Future
Municipal Sewage Treatment
Japan - U.S. Joint Conference
On Drinking Water Quality Management and
Wastewater Control
March 2, 2009
March 2, 2009
Las Vegas, Nevada
Joe Zuback
President
Global Water Advisors, Inc.
Page 1
March 2, 2009
J. Zuback
Copyright © Global Water Advisors All rights reserved.
Global Water Advisors, Inc.
-------
Municipal wastewater treatment process R&D has
focused on incremental efficiency improvements for
individual unit operations
global
water
advisors™
The objective of conventional sewage treatment plant designs has historically
been compliance with environmental regulations for the lowest capital cost
Municipal WWTP
Unit Operations
Primary treatment
Secondary treatment
Tertiary treatment
Nutrient removal
Disinfection
Biosolids management
Waste-to-energy
Technology Trajectories
High rate solids separation processes
Efficient aeration, N & P removal
Effluent quality and space (membranes)
Bio removal, PO4 precipitation
UV, membranes, onsite NaOCI gen.
Low yield bio processes
Methanization, incineration, efficiency
Page 2
March 2, 2009
J. Zuback
Copyright © Global Water Advisors All rights reserved.
Global Water Advisors, Inc.
-------
Continuous improvements will enable new objectives
necessary to conform with societal megatrends
global
water
advisors™
Megatrends
Sustainability
Energy
Climate
change
Less tax
revenue
Resource
scarcity
Objectives
From net energy user
to net energy producer
Industrial and potable
reuse of effluent
Small carbon footprint
Recover inorganics
New revenue streams
Public perception of
"sewage treatment"
Development
Areas
Membranes
Nutrient recovery
Greenhouse gas
mitigation
Energy
management
Treated water
reuse experience
Page 3
March 2, 2009 J. Zuback
Copyright © Global Water Advisors All rights reserved.
Global Water Advisors, Inc.
-------
Future membrane innovations will enable shift from
net-energy-consumption to net-energy-production
global
water
advisors™
Improved reverse osmosis and nanofiltration solutions will capture and
concentrate organics for fuel value, while producing high quality treated
effluent suitable for any water need
-SR
BOD = X
TDS"^Y~1
Today
BOD=_X
TDS = Y
Future
Solids
Separation
BOD = 0.4 X
Salt removal
(RO, NF, EDI
TDS = Y
EA!
Waste-to-energy
ESR :
Combined solids
and salt removal
BOD = X
IDS =Y
Waste-to-energy
ESR + EA
•SR
Key Development Trends
and Challenges
- Improved membranes
+ Higher flux & rejection
+ Resistance to biological
and organic fouling
+ Wear resistance
- Backwashable RO/NF
+ Optimize configuration
+ Boundary layer control
+ Prefiltration
- Other enhancements
+ Functional/zed surfaces
+ Cleaning techniques
Page 4
March 2, 2009
J. Zuback
Copyright © Global Water Advisors All rights reserved.
Global Water Advisors, Inc.
-------
Innovative nitrogen and phosphorous removal will
reduce treatment costs and create new revenue sources
global
water
advisors™
P + N ^ High Value Fertilizer
Low Energy Nitrogen Removal
The Ostara Fluidized Bed Reactor
Nitrogen Cycle
Denitrification
Page 5
March 2, 2009 J. Zuback
Copyright © Global Water Advisors All rights reserved.
Global Water Advisors, Inc.
-------
Future treatment plants will integrate fuel, energy,
and carbon footprint management strategies
global
water
advisors™
Emerging alternative energy solutions will enable multiple solutions
Treatment Plant
Anaerobic
Digester
Waste sludge
Electricity""-^.
\
~\Methane
Electricity
Generation
Off-peak
Power
Storage
Sludge Disintegration
and recycle
C02
Algae Conversion
to Biodiesel
Heat
Incineration
Biodiesel
L.
o1
Sludge Disintegration Examples
Wet air oxidation
Sonification
Cavitation
Plasma arc
Future Development
Reduce energy
Reduce capital cost
Off Peak Storage Examples
Flow battery
Pumped water storage
Compressed air storage
Hydrogen production
Future Development
Reduce storage losses
Reduce capital cost
Algae Conversion Examples
Decommissioned basins
Ponds
High rate algae contactors
Algae Wheel
Future Development
Light capture strategies
Reduce capital cost
Simplify process
Page 6
March 2, 2009
J. Zuback
Copyright © Global Water Advisors All rights reserved.
Global Water Advisors, Inc.
-------
Experience and confidence with RO-treated effluent
will increase demand as a water supply source
global
water
advisors™
Industries especially benefit in terms of reduced costs, higher product
yields, assured availability, and reduced industrial wastewater discharge
RO units at Water Factory 21, Orange County (California) Water District
High Value Uses for RO-treated effluent
- potable water aquifer recharge
- make-up water for industrial cooling and
steam generation
- make-up for for ultrapure water systems
for semiconductor manufacturing
RO units B: i-:'3-_' l-ic/fate' P.'ac!
Page 7
March 2, 2009
J. Zuback
Copyright © Global Water Advisors All rights reserved.
Global Water Advisors, Inc.
-------
Combining R&D and experience factors into a single
holistic municipal wastewater management concept:
global
water
advisors™
The Urban Water Resource Recovery Center
Sewage
Urban food waste
Septage
Misc. organics
Electricity
Nutrient
Removal and
Recovery
Optimized
Anaerobic
Digester
Methane \ Efficient
Electricity
Generation
Algae Conversion
to Biodiesel
Biodiesel
Final
Filter
Primary Revenue
Enhancements
Ultrapure water for
industry makeup and
aquifer recharge
Peak electricity sales
to grid or local use
Other Revenue
Urban waste disposal
Carbon credits
Sewage treatment fees
Secondary Revenue
Enhancements
Brackish water for
cooling, irrigation
Fuel savings
Inorganic Fertilizer
Page 8
March 2, 2009
J. Zuback
Copyright © Global Water Advisors All rights reserved.
Global Water Advisors, Inc.
-------
Concluding remarks
global
water
advisors™
Today's energy, climate change, and
sustainability demands will influence the
future of municipal wastewater plant design
and operation
• Anticipated technology advancements will
soon allow WWTPs to improve efficiency,
perhaps very significantly
• The Urban Water Resource Recovery Center
concept illuminates one potential path forward
Page 9
March 2, 2009
J. Zuback
Copyright © Global Water Advisors All rights reserved.
Global Water Advisors, Inc.
-------
Thank you!
Phone:+1 805504-1347
Email: jz@gwa4h2o.com
Contact
Joseph Zuback
President
Global Water Advisors, Inc.
Camarillo, CA
global
water
advisors™
Page 10
March 2, 2009 J. Zuback
Copyright © Global Water Advisors All rights reserved.
Global Water Advisors, Inc.
-------
Climate Change
Mitigation and Adaptation
-------
Climate Change - Mitigation and Adaptation
Impacts of Climate Change on Water Quality and
Measures against Future Issues
Dr. Yukihisa Hosaka, Ph.D.
Director in Charge of Water Quality, Purification Division
Bureau of Waterworks, Tokyo Metropolitan Government
-------
Impacts of Climate Change on
Water Quality and Measures
against Future Issues
Yukihisa Hosaka, Ph.D.
Director in charge of Water Quality
Bureau of Waterworks,
Tokyo Metropolitan Government
-------
Contents:
Influence of climate change on water
quality
Measures in waterworks against climate
change
• Mitigation measures
• Adaptation measures
-------
Influence of Climate Change
on Water Quality
i. Increase in frequency of turbid water inflow
due to increase in heavy rain
2. Stagnation of circulation in reservoir due to
global warming
3. Increased risk of toxic chemicals in raw water
due to increase in vermin
4. Increase in production of trihalomethane due
to water temperature rise
5. Increased risk in pathogenic microorganisms
in tap water due to water temperature rise
-------
Heaviest Rain by Typhoon No.9
in September 2007
Course of Typhoon No.9 in September 2007
Weather map at 9 a.m. on September 6th
0759 mow
965hPa
iieoRefenencse
from Japan Meteorological Agency
-------
Water Resources for Water
Supply in Tokyo
w Sagami River
Ogochi Reservoir
Dam (completed)
D Dam (under construction])
-------
Ogochi Reservoir
and Ozaku Purification Plant
Ozaku Purification Plant
1\
Okutama-machi
\ Ohme-shi
Watershed Forests
Ogochi Reservoir
Hinode-machi
kiruno-shi
Fus
Hamura Intake
Weir
-------
Rainfall Status of Typhoon No.9
in September 2007
bO
F 50
E
<§> 40
-i— »
Q.
-g 30
~03
*£ 20
2
-^ 10
13
O
f\
Total amount of rainfall: 699 mm
in Ogochi Reservoir Maintenance
Office observation
•
J J. k
— i i— —i
n rrr^rn\ |H~ £
50
I
i
t
9
.
| 1 1 1 1 1 1
o
o
CN
O
o
o
CN
q
CO
o
o
CN
O
o
o
CN
O
o
CD
o
o
CN
O
CD
o
o
CN
O
q
CO
CD
o
o
CN
O
CD
o
o
CN
O
o
o
o
CN
O
o
o
CN
-------
Contour Map of Turbidity in Ogochi
Reservoir on September 18, 2007
525
Example of
effluent turbidity data in
front of the Dam
-------
in
400
300
I 200
ige in Turbidity of Raw Water
aku Purification Plant after
oon No.9
Highest value: 1900 deg.
Lower supply capacity
in Ozaku if turbidity is
200 degrees or more.
/ Annual average of turbidity of Ozaku raw water
9/1
9/16
10/1
10/16 10/31 11/15
-------
Stagnation of Circulation in
Reservoir due to Global Warming
Normal water circulation
If global warming advances
From spring to autumn
From spring to autumn
Winter
lobal warming
-------
Stagnation of Circulation in
Reservoir due to Global Warming
Winter
Jlobal warming
Nutrition salts eluting from sediments at
the reservoir bottom may cause
phenomena such as water-bloom even
in winter.
-------
Increased Risk of Toxic Chemicals in
Raw Water due to Increase in Vermin
Atmospheric temperature rise may have
an impact on terrestrial ecosystem.
The amount of agricultural chemicals is
expected to rise due to an increase in
the number of vermin.
-------
Increase in Production of
Trihalomethane due to Water
Temperature Rise
The reaction rate of production of
trihalomethane increases with water
temperature.
More consumption of residual chlorine
due to water temperature rise requires
more supply of chlorine in the water
purification plant.
Organic material
Chlorine
Trihalomethane
-------
Increased Risk of Pathogenic
Microorganisms in Tap Water due to
Water Temperature Rise
• Elevated water tanks affected by urban
warming will increase the risk of
pathogenic microorganisms in the tap
water.
-------
Measures in Waterworks
against Climate Change
• Mitigation measures in waterworks
i. Promotion of renewable energy
2. Promotion of measures for water leakage
prevention
• Adaptation measures in waterworks
i. Measures to mitigate water-bloom in
reservoir
2. Introduction of advanced purification
3. Proliferation/promotion of direct
connection water supply
-------
Promotion of Renewable Energy
in Waterworks
Solar power generation
(Asaka Purification Plant)
J 12,000
f 10,000
§ 8,000
2 6,000
O)
O)
Ol
a;
o
o_
4,000
2,000
0
10,OOOkW
6,803kW
At the end of FY2006 At the end of FY2016
(Record) (Target)
Target of power generation scale
of renewable energy in Tokyo
Waterworks
-------
Promotion of Measures for Water
Leakage Prevention
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
•Leakage rate ( % )
Systematic detection
Emergency repair
20% in 1955 J
OiOiOiOiOiOiOiOiOiOiOiOiOiOiOiOiOiOiOiOiOiOiOiOiOiOiOiOiOiOiOiOiOiOOOOOOOO
i—I i—I i—I i—I i—I i—I i—I i—I i—I i—I i—I i—I i—I i—I i—I i—I i—I i—I i—I i—I i—I i—I i—I i—I i—I i—I i—I i—I i—I i—I i—I i—I i—I C\l (7s! (7s! (7s! (7s! (7s! (7s! (7s!
-------
Effect of Water Leakage
Prevention
Leakage rate
20% in 1955
3.3% in 2007
Saving of approx. 340 million m3/year of
water (equivalent to water distribution in
a city with 2.5 million residents)
Saving of approx. 70 billion yen/year of
cost
Approx. 68 thousand tons/year reduction
of C02 emissions
-------
Measures to mitigate water-bloom in
reservoir againstxgJobal warming
»•/ >••/ *•/
Fences stop the flpw of algae toward the direction of
the dam in Ogochi Reservoir.
Influent
Fence
Fence
Water flow
Algae
-------
Measures to mitigate water-bloom in
reservoir against global warming
Algae between the fences is transferred to the
reservoir bottom with the pump system.
I
-------
Effect of measures to mitigate
water-bloom in Ogochi Reservoir
ro 300
Jj 250
Blue-green algae •others
Fences
Pumps
Installation of
equipment
-------
Introduction of Advanced Water
Purification Treatment to Reduce
Odors and Chlorine Supply
.Ozone generator
Ozone treating basin
Biological activated
carbon absorbing basin
Raw
water
-
Coagulation and
sedimentation
•>•
V
Ozone
treatment
cr
-
N
Biological activated
carbon absorbing
£^
•
advanced water purification
Rapid sand
filtering
-
Purified
water
-------
Proliferation/promotion of Direct
Connection Water Supply
Water supply system
with receiving tank
—i
— Elevated tank
Pressure water
service system
Water pressure
in distribution
pipe released at
receiving tank
^Effective use crP
the water
pressure in
distribution pipe
Booster pump unit
Pump
Receiving tank
-------
Waterworks in the Future: Preparing
for Risks Caused by Climate Change
Waterworks: Operations based on
past climate conditions
(patterns of rainfall and snowfall)
~4,8
.—Unprecedented
^J changes in the
environment
due to climate
r~"W change
Temperature rise after 100 years
f Analysis/research of risks associated with climate
V change and provision of appropriate information
Studies of approaches that are not bound to
V conventional ideas or frameworks
-------
Climate Change - Mitigation and Adaptation
Climate Change and Energy
Mr. Robert C. Renner
Executive Director
Water Research Foundation
(formerly AwwaRF)
-------
Climate Change
and
Energy
Robert C. Renner
Executive Director
Japan-U.S. Joint Conference on Drinking Water Quality
Management and Wastewater Control
March 2, 2009
Las Vegas, Nevada
WATER
RESEARCH
-------
About the
Water Research Foundation
The Water Research Foundation
(formerly known as AwwaRF) is the
world's largest nonprofit organization
dedicated to providing critical drinking
water research.
WATER
RESEARCH
© 2009 Waler Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
-------
Clarifying Our Mission
From "Awwa Research Foundation
(AwwaRF)"
Awwa
Research
Foundation
Advancing the Science of Water"!
To the "Water Research Foundation
(Foundation)"
WATER RESEARCH
FOUNDATION
ADVANCING THE SCIENCE or WATER'
WATER
RESEARCH
© 2009 Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
-------
New Name, Same Mission:
Advancing the science of water to
improve the quality of life
WATER
RESEARCH
© 2009 Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
-------
What the Foundation Does
Gathers input on and sponsors research to
understand, manage and solve water utilities'
most pressing problems
Serves as the global hub of water research
information
Provides data to help regulators establish
drinking water standards
Collaborates with global universities and water
organizations
WATER
RESEARCH
© 2009 Waler Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
-------
Foundation's Contribution to the
Water Community
Practical applications to help utilities optimize
operations and ensure customer satisfaction
Early alert and proactive solutions on future
issues
Direct, immediate benefits to utility subscribers
WATER
RESEARCH
F n . j i. n ,•>
© 2009 Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
-------
Climate Change
Climate change has evolved from a science
community issue to a global, public concern.
Water is the fundamental issue in climate
change.
Water utilities have mobilized to create strong
pressure for investment in research and
infrastructure.
WATER
RESEARCH
© 2009 Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
-------
Chief contributors
to the Greenhouse
Effect; \
-C02 \
* Metiraite
I Suddenly. Bob realizes that he's 'part of the problem
ITWASNT
HE...
WATER
RESEARCH
F n .j i. n ,•> T i o w
© 2009 Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
-------
Hydrological Impacts of Climate Change
Warming intensifies the hydrologic cycle
urface temperature increase
Increased water holding capacity
CQNDtNSATWN
ILATENIHEATING I
OF ATMOSPHERE I
Increased atmospheric moisture
BOUNDARY LAVE*
(AND EXCHANGE
W17XFREI ATMOSPHERE)
Changing
Frequency
Increased
Intensity
Droughts
Floods
© 2009 Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
WATER
RESEARCH
F n .j ». n ,•> r i o w
-------
Issues of Concern to Water Utilities
Water Availability
Water Quality
Rising Sea Levels
More Frequent Extreme Events
WATER
RESEARCH
F n .j ». n ,•> r i o w
© 2009 Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
-------
Issues of Concern to Water Utilities
(cont'd)
Operational Reliability
Energy & GHG Emissions
Financial and Institutional Impacts
WATER
RESEARCH
F n . j i. n ,•>
© 2009 Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
-------
Climate Change
Strategic Initiative
Water Research Foundation has undertaken the
Climate Change Strategic Initiative to establish a
research program focused on impacts of climate
change on water supplies.
i/ater Research Foundation will commit up to $1
million in funding per year for the initiative.
The target timeframe for the initiative is 5-7 years.
WATER
RESEARCH
© 2009 Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
-------
Climate Change
Strategic Initiative
Objectives:
• Enhance and improve water industry awareness
of climate change issues and impacts
• Provide water utilities with a set of tools to
identify and assess their vulnerabilities, and
develop effective adaptation strategies
• Provide water utilities with a set of tools to
assess and minimize their carbon footprint
• Communicate information to internal/external
stakeholders
WATER
RESEARCH
© 2009 Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
-------
Climate Change
Strategic Initiative
Research Needs Workshop
• Denver, January 8-9, 2008
• 57 participants from the US, UK, Canada and
Australia
• 50 project ideas with cumulative estimated
budget of $17.5M
Additional workshops
• Edinburgh, Scotland 2007
London, England 2008
WATER
RESEARCH
F n . i i. n ,•>
© 2009 Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
-------
Climate Change Planning Workshop
Outcomes
Focus areas:
Water resources
Water quality and treatment
Infrastructure
Energy and environment
Communications and management
WATER
RESEARCH
F n .j ». n ,•> r i o w
© 2009 Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
-------
Energy and Water are
Inextricably Linked
It takes water to produce energy
and
energy to produce water
WATER
RESEARCH
F n . j i. n ,•>
© 2009 Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
-------
ENERGY AND WATER RELATIONSHIPS
WATER FOR ENERGY
Extraction & Refining
Hydropower
Fuel Production
(Ethanol, hydrogen)
Thermo electric
Cooling
Waste Water
Treatment
Extraction and
Transmission
Energy Associated
with Uses of Water
Drinking Water
Treatment
ENERGY FOR WATER
© 2009 Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
WATER
RESEARCH
F n . j i. n ,•> r
-------
Water for Energy
Thermoelectric power requires 136 billion
gallons (515 million m3) of water per day in
the U.S.
- 39 % of freshwater withdrawals
- 3.3 billion gallons (12.5 million cubic meters)
per day consumptive use
Petroleum refining consumes 2 billion
gallons/day (7.6 million cubic meters/day)
of water
WATER
RESEARCH
© 2009 Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
-------
Energy for Water
Water/wastewater sector consumes
about 3% of US energy
10 % - 35 % of utility's total operating
costs is for energy
50% increase in energy use for water
in next 50 yrs
WATER
RESEARCH
F n .j ». n ,•> r i o w
© 2009 Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
-------
Percent Increase in Ener
Technology 3.8 37.8 •
3.8 37.8 189 378
km3 km3 km3 km3
Conventional
Conventional + UV
Conventional + O3.5 log
Conventional + O3 2 log
Conventional + MF/UF
N/A N/A N/A N/A
100 110 120
160 170 190
170 190 190
Conventional + NF/RO 210 700 780 830
WATER
RESEARCH
F O
© 2009 Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
-------
Existing Research
Climate Change and Water Resources:
A Primer for Municipal Water Providers
Effects of climate change on water utility planning
and design standards
Utility greenhouse gas emissions
Decision tool to incorporate climate change
information in water utility planning
Energy efficiency in the water industry: a
compendium of tools, case studies and best
practices
Toolbox of process models, performance
evaluation and impact assessment
WATER
RESEARCH
© 2009 Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
-------
Current RFP
Identifying And Developing Climate Change
Resources For Water Utilities: Content For A
Central Knowledge Repository Website (RFP
4208)
• The objective is to identify and develop
content for a central knowledge repository
website, or clearinghouse, to assist water
utilities in assessing and managing the
impacts of climate change.
WATER
RESEARCH
© 2009 Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
-------
Planned Research
Climate change impacts on the regulatory
landscape: evaluating opportunities for
regulatory change
Vulnerability assessment and risk management
tools for climate change: assessing potential
impacts and identifying adaptation options
Analysis of changes in water use under regional
climate change scenarios
Changing mindsets to promote design of
"sustainable infrastructure" under climate change
Carbon sequestration
WATER
RESEARCH
© 2009 Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
-------
Conclusions
Drinking water utilities are keenly aware of
climate change issues and are seeking
answers
Foundation climate change research has laid
the foundation but much work remains to be
done
The Foundation has a track record of
successful partnering with utility coalitions,
global research institutes, and federal and state
agencies on climate change research
WATER
RESEARCH
© 2009 Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
-------
Questions?
For more information on
Water Research Foundation's
Climate Change Program,
visit
www.waterresearchfoundation.org
Thanks!
THIS is THE: SOLUTION
WE'VE DEVISED FOR DEALING
WITH THE FLOODING CAUSED
Bf CLIMATE CHANGE.
WATER
RESEARCH
© 2009 Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
-------
Climate Change - Mitigation and Adaptation
Climate Change Mitigation in Sewerage - Biomass
and Energy Technologies
Mr. Hiromasa Yamashita
Senior Researcher, Recycling Research Team
Material and Geotechnical Engineering Research Group
Public Works Research Institute
-------
Japan - U.S. Joint Conference On Drinking Water Quality Management and Wastewater Control
March 2-5, 2009
Climate change mitigation in
sewerage
-biomass and energy technologies
Hiromasa YAMASHITA
Kensuke SAKURAI, Toyohisa MIYAMOTO, and
Seiichiro OKAMOTO
Recycling Research Team, Material and
Geotechnical Engineering Research Group,
Public Works Research Institute
-------
Climate change mitigation in sewerage
Outline
Trends surrounding biomass use
Wildly fluctuating price of crude oil
Climate Change mitigation (trial of emission trading)
o Potential of using biomass produced by public works
o Development of various utilization technologies
• Mixed methane fermentation, biogas utilization
technologies
• Energy conversion technologies (PFBI: Pressurized
Fluidized Bed Incinerator)
• Outlines of other technologies under development
o Toward implementing the developed technologies in
actual projects and policies
-------
Trends surrounding biomass use
Wildly fluctuating price of crude oil
o The price of crude oil is fluctuating more rapidly and broadly than
ever before.
o We must carefully watch medium to long term price trends.
o In conjunction with climate change mitigation, we are going to
strengthen policies to promote energy conservation and to use
alternative energies.
WTI spot price (daily data)
160
140
_g 100
I 80
O
° 60
40
20
0
WTI spot price (annual average)
(Note) 2008 data is average of Jan. to Oct. data
Z
Year
Source) Prepared based on Cusffifig, OK. WTI Spot Price FOB (Dollars per Barrel) http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/dnav/pet/hist/rwtcD.htm
-------
Trends surrounding biomass use
Soaring price of phosphorus
JA Group : Japan Agricultural Cooperative Association
~~>
Prices of raw materials of fertilizers are rising rapidly around the world.
Even in Japan, the prices of fertilizers are unavoidably rising.
Nitrogen, phosphoric acid, potassium carbonate, and all raw materials
which are part of fertilizers are at their highest prices in history, pushing
up the price of fertilizers around the world.
(Index assuming
2005=100)
600
2005 fertilization year
2007 fertilization year
Tripled over previous year
/^(Doubled over previous yearj
Urea (nitrogen)
Ammonium phosphate (phosphoric acid
Alum chloride (potassium carbonate)
oThe demand for bio-fuel on
top of rising world-wide food
demand, is rapidly pushing
up demand for fertilizers.
©International prices of
fertilizer raw materials are
rising at an accelerating
pace
OJA started raw materials
previous year] prices surcharge on fertilizer
prices in 2008
Attention is shifting
to the recovery of
phosphorus in
biosolids.
Survey by JA Zen-Noh
Source: 2008 Fertilization Year: Results of Fertilizer Price Negotiations: Attachment (JA Zen-Noh)
http://www.zennoh.or.jp/ZENNOH/TOPICS/release/20/06/200627.htm
-------
Trends surrounding biomass use
Strengthening Climate change mitigation
•ft,
°To achieve the Kyoto protocol reduction commitment (6% below 1990 level),
emissions must be cut by 9.3% in 2008-2012
Opriority on the use of biomass and other new energies
Emissions
(100 billion
13-
1.371 million tons (+2.3% compared with previous year)
(+8.7%)
12 -
11
10 -
OI UU2)
k
/
/
1 9R1
billion tons
^^^m
Z.4*
|
',
*
^^^
Z.4%
'
^^^m
4.3%
:-'
-- ,
t !X-
• *.
- -9
'• -1%
•-*
'., !''•::•
i .0-^ DMiion ions 17
*<++ (+6.3%) jX*^
' 'A ^^
~ - ±
5.0%
-:.3**i
""['"
^---^^
r • --i
(+0.5%
8.3%
)
Case assuming that electric power emissions unit was 1 .267
o.34kg-co2/kWh bj||jon tons
(The electric power emissions unit under the goal „ / g go/
achievement plan of the Kyoto Protocol was assumed to be
about 0.34kg-C02/kWh ' compared
with
previous
year)
V
\
\
\
1.254 "T?^
billion tons psx-
P
(-0.6%) t$$
1.186
billion tons I
(-6%)
I I I I I I I I I I I I
J I L
J L
Emissions must
be cut by 9.3%
Case where it is assumed1
to be 0.34kg-CO2/kWh
Must be cut 1.1%
3.8% by forest absorption source measures
1.6% by Kyoto mechanisms
Fiscal Year
Base year
(in principle, 1990)
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
2006 2007 Kyoto Protocol commitment
(Preliminary figures) period (2008 - 2012)
(Source) From the web site of the Ministry of the Environment
( http://www.env.go.jp/earth/ondanka/ghg/2007sokuho_gaiyo.pdf)
-------
Trends surrounding biomass use
Strengthening Climate change mitigation
o The Global Warming Prevention Headquarters (Oct.
12, 2008) decided to begin Trial Implementation of
the Integrated Domestic Market in Emissions Trading
1. Purpose of the scheme
• To construct rules which effectively encourage efforts to reduce
emissions and develop technologies
• Use of market mechanisms to induce technology development
and emissions reductions
2 . Basic framework
• Each corporation voluntarily sets its emission reduction
commitment, and takes emission reduction measures to achieve the
commitment.
• To achieve its commitment it can trade emission credits.
-------
Trends surrounding biomass use
Japan's Voluntary Emissions
Trading Scheme (JVETS)
o Two schemes of trial implementation
(1)Each corporation voluntarily sets its emission reduction commitment
and seeks to achieve it by trading the quantity it achieves above its
commitment (the emissions quota) or the credits in scheme (2).
(2) The corporation creates and trades credits which can be used in
scheme (1).
• Domestic credits (Based on the Kyoto Protocol Target Achievement
Plan, credits created as supplementary emission reductions by
medium and small corporations and through emission reduction
activities applying forest biomass etc.
• Kyoto Credits
Supplementary reduction of emissions can be traded in money
(potential for new incentives)
-------
Climate change mitigation in sewerage
Outline
o Trends surrounding biomass use
• Wildly fluctuating price of crude oil
• Climate change mitigation (trial of emissions trading)
Potential of using biomass produced by public works
Development of various utilization technologies
• Mixed methane fermentation, biogas utilization
technologies
• Energy conversion technologies (PFBI: Pressurized
Fluidized Bed Incinerator)
• Outlines of other technologies under development
o Toward implementing the developed technologies in
actual projects and policies
-------
Potential of using biomass
produced by public works
Nr ^^MWHM^^W
o What is biomass produced by public works?
• Pruned wood, grass clippings, driftwood etc.
collected along rivers and roads, in parks, at
airports and at other public places
Pruned wood and
grass clippings yard
(City of Yokohama)
9
-------
Potential of using biomass
produced by public works
o Biomass produced by public works is an extremely
valuable usable resource
• Its energy reserves are high
It is estimated to be almost equal to the quantity of biosolids
produced in Japan
• It exists in and around cities which consume large
quantities of energy.
Management systems are already in place.
-+At this time, it is processed and disposed of during
maintenance work.
-------
Potential of using biomass produced by public works
Establishment of a biomass inventory
•ft,
The quantity and quality of biomass produced, and available period
are summarized to establish the inventory
Average quantity produced: 0.2 to 0.4kg (dry weight)/m2
• Yield can be increased by improving control method
Hokkaido j river a
T river b
T river c
T riverd
T river e
T river f
T riverg
chubu S river a
S river b
S river c
S river d
chugoku O river a
O river b
shikoku y river a
shikoku Y river b
To Nat. highway a
To Nat. highway b
To Nat. highway c
Kyushu T river a
T river b
=1
iL,
n
=1
i
i
i
i
i
i
]
D
i
]
i
[R<
Gic
Ve
|
3feren
nt knotv\
tch's bar
i
ce]
eed (Po
nboo (S
i
ygonum
3sa veitc
1
sachalir
hii (Carr
/
ense) c<
)) comm
*•"
>mmunit
unity: (1
/
f. 1 .34 (I
1 1 kg-D
••^
X
;g-DS/m
S/m2)
^
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4
Production yield: (kg-DS/m2)
A resource
management
system is needed
in order to
manage it as a
biomass
resource and to
use it stably.
Examples of biomass
produced by management
of public green belts
1.6
1.8
2.0
11
-------
Climate change mitigation in sewerage
Outline
o Trends surrounding biomass use
• Wildly fluctuating price of crude oil
• Climate change mitigation (trial of emission trading)
o Potential of using biomass produced by public works
I o Development of various utilization technologies
• Mixed methane fermentation, biogas utilization
technologies
• Energy conversion technologies (PFBI: Pressurized
Fluidized Bed Incinerator)
• Outlines of other technologies under development
o Toward implementing the developed technologies in
actual projects and policies
12
-------
Development of various utilization technologies
Mixed methane fermentation with biosolids
o Steam explosion treatment
The raw material is compressed with high pressure steam,
maintained for between a few tens of seconds to more than ten
minutes, then instantaneously released
o Products of the steam explosion treatment of grass
clippings, pruned wood, driftwood, and other waste
plant biomass can be used for mixed methane
fermentation with biosolids.
Recovery of methane by mixed fermentation with waste plant biomass and biosolids (image diagram).
Plant biomass
Mowing and
pulverizing
Pre-processing (steam explosion treatment)
After pressurizing by high temperature and high
pressure water steam, it is instantaneously released and
depressurized, causing explosive pulverization and
reduction of molecular weight of the plant biomass.
Anaerobic digestion (methane
fermentation)
It is mixed with biosolids etc. then fermentation
decomposition occurs under anaerobic condition
to recover methane gas.
Energy use
It is used as fuel or
to generate
electricity.
13
-------
Development of various utilization technologies
Mixed methane fermentation with biosolids
o Transforming the state of woody chips by steam explosion
treatment.
Physical destruction Chemical transformation
The acetyl groups in the hemicellulose are separated by hydrolysis, forming
large quantities of acetic acid
Reduction of molecular weight of hemicelluloses and lignin
Photo 1. Steam explosion test apparatus
Photo 2. Example of steam explosion material of broad-leaved trees
14
-------
Development of various utilization technologies
Mixed methane fermentation with biosolids
o The quantity of gas produced increases approximately
proportionally to the quantity mixing ratio
.Q q
"o ^
-o (D
o w
&-S
$£
O) ^
-------
Development of various utilization technologies
Mixed methane fermentation with biosolids
o By using steam explosion treatment,
pruned wood, grass clippings, and
other plant biomass can be mixed with
biosolids and fermented in anaerobic
digestion tanks at sewage treatment
plants.
o Steam explosion treatment can use
waste heat from a biosolids incinerator.
o The challenge is to develop a high
volume steam explosion process.
16
-------
Development of various utilization technologies
Energy conversion technologies
(PFBI: Pressurized Fluidized Bed Incinerator)
o Next-generation technology to replace the fluidized bed incinerators now
the most widely used type in the sewerage treatment field
o Construction of energy saving and generating systems while taking
advantage of the benefits of a conventional fluidized bed incinerators.
Joint research by the PWRI,
Tsukishima Kikai Co. Ltd.,
Sanki Engineering Co. Ltd.,
and Advanced Industrial
Science and Technology
Moisture content
unsuited for incineration
is converted to energy.
i Energy saving
! (Conventional
I fluidizing blower is
unnecessary.)
Figure: Basic structure and
flow of the PFBI (pressurized
fluidized bed incinerator)
Surplus air
Smokestack
Tail gas treatment tower
T°
w
ore-heater
Pressurized fluid bed incinerator
Fixed quantity feeder
Dust Collector
White smoke prevention fan
17
-------
Development of various utilization technologies
Energy conversion technologies
(PFBI: Pressurized Fluidized Bed Incinerator)
o Good results are obtained by experiment of mixed combustion
with plant biomass
Supplementary fuel use is cut from that consumed when incinerating biosolids only
(self-sustaining combustion is possible)
r- 1000
^ 900
"re
o>
Q- 800
a>
700
600
500
M
xture of biosolids and chips ins
0.5
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1112131415161718
Elapsed time [hr]
1 Sand layer temperature (1) Sand layer temperature (2)
FB temperature (1) FB temperature (2)
Furnace outlet gas temperature ^^^_ Combustion air pressure
" Sand layer temperature (3)
. FB temperature (3)
Furnace outlet gas pressun
Also effective as
a climate change
mitigation
State of combustion during
mixed combustion of biosolids
and wood chips
(biosolids :chips = 1:1 (DS))
18
-------
Development of various utilization technologies
Energy conversion technologies
(PFBI: Pressurized Fluidized Bed Incinerator)
o Case of a 10Ot/day capacity system
o Electric power consumption reduced about 40% and fuel costs between
10 and 15%
o CO2 emissions cut between 40 and 45% from conventional type
o N2O emissions can also be cut by high temperature incineration
o Installation space cut to about 3/4 and construction cost by about 10%
below that for a conventional system
Combustion exhaust gas
Compressed/
fluidized bee
I
incinerator!
Superch
arger
Air intake
Energy saving
(Conventional fluidizing
blower is unnecessary.
Compressed air
•*/,•.•;;,
(Used for aeration etc.)
! New-Energy
Outline of PFBI (pressurized fluidized bed incinerator)
19
-------
Development of various utilization technologies
Strong points of PFBI
_.
Strong point 1
• Pressurized combustion improves
combustion efficiency. Volume of
incinerator is cut to about 1/3 of that
of a conventional type.
*'••.
Strong point 2
• Supercharger is powered by
exhaust gas energy, producing
compressed air
PFBI: Pressurized Fluidized Bed Incinerator
PFBI: Pressurized Fluidized Bed Indicator
Fixed quantity feeder
Strong point 3
• A conventional
fluidizing blower and
inducing fan are
unnecessary, saving
electric power
CO2 emissions are
cut by more than
40%.
20
-------
Development of various utilization technologies
Biogas utilization technologies
Gas refining methods, siloxane removal,
storage technologies (adsorption storage)
• Technology for more efficient methane
fermentation
Nr ^^MWHM^^W
Kobe City biogas
station
(Supplied as fuel for city
busses etc.)
21
-------
Development of various utilization technologies
Biogas utilization technologies
o Use of biomass to fuel CNG vehicles
• The high pressure water absorption method, which
can achieve a high recovery rate and high density
refining of methane gas is applied.
• Treated wastewater is used for refinement.
•ft,
Joint research by City of Kobe, PWRI, and Kobelco Eco-Solutions Co. Ltd.
Refining method
Absorption water supply method
Rated treatment quantity
Maximum pressure during use
Absorption tower dimensions
Dehumidifying method
Type of absorption water
High pressure absorption method
Transient or cyclical mode (switching possible)
Digestion gas (not desulphurized) 80m3N/h
0.99MPa
Interior diameter: 400mm, full height: about 14m
Two-tower type PSA
Absorption agent and molecular sieve
Sand filtered water
22
-------
Development of various utilization technologies
Technologies now under development
(Outline)
•ft,
o Stable storage of plant biomass
• Development of technology to carbonize large
quantities of grass clippings
• Dry distillation gas constituent countermeasure -> study
of extremely low temperature carbonization
o Biogas engine
Development of systems
which can be easily introduced to
medium and small scale facilities
o Others (use as material)
• Storage technologies for phosphorus contained in
biomass incineration ash
23
-------
Climate change mitigation in sewerage
Outline
o Trends surrounding biomass use
• Wildly fluctuating price of crude oil
• Climate change mitigation (trial of emissions trading)
o Potential of using biomass produced by public works
o Development of various utilization technologies
• Mixed methane fermentation, biogas utilization
technologies
• Energy conversion technologies (PFBI: Pressurized
Fluidized Bed Incinerator)
• Outlines of other technologies under development
Toward implementing the developed technologies in
actual projects and policies
24
-------
Toward implementing the developed technologies in actual projects
and policies
Japan's Voluntary Emissions ^™
Trading Scheme (JVETS)
o Two schemes of trial implementation
(1)Each corporation voluntarily sets its emission reduction
commitment and seeks to achieve it by trading the
quantity it achieves above its commitment (the emissions
quota) or the credits in (2).
(1) The corporation creates and trades credits which can
be used in (1).
Domestic credits (Based on the Kyoto Protocol Target
Achievement Plan, credits created as supplementary
emission reductions by medium and small corporations
and through emission reduction activities applying
forest biomass etc.
• Kyoto Credits
25
-------
Toward implementing the developed technologies in actual projects
and policies
Image of the creation of domestic credits using
biomass produced by public works
Integrated Domestic Market in Emissions trading
Certification/verification body
Domestic emissions^V
trading .^
©Application
project credits
rtification
edits
ale of credits
Corporate enterprises
emitting CO2
urchase price
Electric power generation
Sale of electric power or use on site
Public green belt
managers
(Grass clippings, pruning
trees, and gathering
driftwood on roads and
rivers, at dams, in parks
and airports, at ports, and
along railway lines)
Sewerage treatment
plant managers
(Use of biosolids for methane
fermentation, electric power
production, and conversion to
fuel)
Factories etc. converting
biomass to fuel
Electric power
companies etc.
Biomass powered
electric power plants
Coal powered thermal
electric power plants
Others
Delivery of grass
clippings etc.
Delivery of bio-fuel
£1
$
o
u
+J
0)
01
re
re
o
o
o
o
(/)
£1
re
u
o
re
o
+j
o
'•5
.n
O
Prepared by the Public Works Research Institute with reference to
documents from the Ministry of the Environment and Forestry Agency
26
-------
Toward implementing the developed technologies in actual projects
and policies
Technologies needed
With priority on the development and implementation of
technology for the efficient use of biomass energy;
• Minimizing initial investment and maintenance costs (by using
existing facilities, etc.)
• Minimizing emission of CO2 in converting biomass to energy
(Evaluation based on LCCO2)
o Methane fermentation (mixed fermentation with biosolids)
o Solid fuel production
o Gasification
o Use of heat and electric power production by direct combustion
o Technology to convert more unused biomass to energy
27
-------
Toward implementing the developed technologies in actual projects
and policies
Technologies considered necessary
o Social systems and infrastructure which can
efficiently utilize biomass energy are needed.
• Increasing efficiency by expansion and integration
(large cities)
Efficient use of local biomass (regional biomass
utilization centers)
(Regional cities, agricultural villages)
o Control systems for optimized use of biomass
in terms of cost and energy (CO2 reduction) are
needed.
28
-------
Toward implementing the developed technologies in actual projects
and policies
(Example case) Recycling of resources
centered on sewage treatment facilities
o Introducing other forms of biomass at an existing
sewage treatment plant to produce resources and
energy (Suzu City in Ishikawa Prefecture)
_.
Kitchen garbage etc. are recycled as new resources along with
biosolids!
• The residue produced is fermented and
dried, then used as fertilizer.
• The methane gas produced is recovered
as energy by boiler combustion.
• The energy is used to heat the methane
fermentation tank and for drying during the
manufacture of the fertilizer.
• Construction completed in July 2007
• Total project cost: 1.39 billion yen (around 140
billion U.S. dollar)
• Subsidized by Ministry of Land, Infrastructure
and Transport, and Ministry of the Environment
Source: Document from the Ministry of Land,
Infrastructure and Transport
-------
Climate change mitigation in
sewerage
-biomass and energy technologies
_.
Thank you all very much for your
kind attention.
30
-------
Climate Change - Mitigation and Adaptation
The Plan for Mitigation of Global Warming by
Tokyo Metropolitan Sewerage Bureau
-Earth Plan 2004-
Mr. Kiyoshi Inoue
Director, Planning and Coordination Division
Bureau of Sewerage, Tokyo Metropolitan Government
-------
The Plan for Mitigation of Global Warming
by Tokyo Metropolitan Sewerage Bureau
- Earth Plan 2004 -
Kiyoshi Inoue
Bureau of Sewerage
Tokyo Metropolitan Government
*
-------
Tokyo Metropolitan Government
Business & Industry
CO2 emission
Approx. 2.3 million tons
Household
ewerage
Bureau
Transport
CO2 emission
Approx. 60 million tons
Tokyo Metropolita
FY2000
Earth Plan 2004
Target Reduction Rate
6%
10-Year Project
for a Carbon-Minus Tokyo
Target Reduction Rate
25% with Emission Trading
-------
Tokyo Ward Area Sewerage
• Projected area 57,839ha
Tokyo * Projected population- • • 9,093,000 people
• Total length of sewers 15,700km
• Number of pumping stations 82
• Number of Water Reclamation Centers • 13
• Volume treated 4,800,000 m3/day
• Annual power consumption- 800 million kWh
-------
Basic Policy of "Earth Plan 2004"
-Reference fiscal
year-
1990
1,018,000 t-
Reduction level
6% or above
-Target fiscal
year-
2009
956,000 t-CO2
-------
Estimation of greenhouse gas emission and
target of Earth Plan 2004
(10:OOOt-GO2)
120
110
100
95.6
90
80
0
101.8
,.
•* -111 - -
1990FY
Reference Year
Speculated volume without
counter-measure implementation
110.1
Earth Plan 2004
6% reduction
target line
Speculated
volume with
counter-measure
implementation
2004FY 2009FY
Plan drafted Year Target Year
-------
Outline of Measures for Mitigation of Global
Warming in "Earth Plan 2004"
Global warming mitigation
Reduction of
greenhouse
gas generated
in waste water
treatment
Switching to
energy source
with less
greenhouse
gas emission
Cooperation
with various
activities etc.
-------
Measures for Mitigation of Global Warming in
"Earth Plan 2004"
r .\
Reduction of
greenhouse gas
emission due to
wastewater
treatment
V J
• Reduction of power consumption in wastewater
treatment process
•Reduction of dinitrogen monoxide (N2O) generated in
sludge treatment process
•Well-managed maintenance
.
Switching to
energy sources
with less
greenhouse gas
emission
• Utilization of renewable energy
• Introduction of new power source
•Promotion of fuel switching
-------
Reduction of power consumption in wastewater
treatment process (1/2)
(a) Introduction of fine-bubble diffuser
Illustration of reduction by improvement of air diffuser
Blower
0
o
0 00
Reaction tank
Conventional
diffuser
Power consumption
20% reduction
Oxygen transfer
efficiency
Low=> High
Blower
-• I.WJ:
Reaction tank
Fine-bubble air
diffuser
-------
Reduction of power consumption in wastewater
treatment process (2/2)
(b) Development and introduction of energy-saving agitator
Advanced treatment facilities A2/O process
Reaction tank
Primary
sedimentation
tank
Anaerobic
tank
Anoxic
tank
Agitator
Aero
Tan
O
0°o°
o'
0 0
O
n_l
Secondary
sedimentation
tank
Diffuser Circulating pump
8
-------
(Ref.) Energy-saving agitator
-------
Reduction of N2O generated in sludge
treatment process (1/2)
(a) High-temperature sludge incineration
Incineration temperature and N2O emission
N2O emission
kg/DS-t
70% reduction
810 820 830 840
Incineration temperature (deg C)
850 C •••
86°
10
-------
Reduction of N2O generated in sludge
treatment process (2/2)
(b) Sludge carbonization
Illustration of carbonization process
Dewatered
sludge
Dryer
Carbonization
furnace
Incinerator
Supplemental
fuel
[city gas]
Heat
\ .
t
Recovery of gases generated during
carbonization
Carbonized
material
Facilities capacity:
100wt/dayx3 lines
11
-------
Sludge carbonization project scheme
Selection of enterprise : Public proposal
Project term: 20 years
Tokyo Sewerage Bureau
nDewatered
Carbonization
process j
Carbonized
material
Sales
Enterprise
Batch consignment (Facility design,
construction and operation plus carbonized
material sales)
Thermal
power plant
Alternative
fuel to coal
12
-------
Sludge carbonization facility
Carbonized
material
Capacity
Sludge treatment capacity: 300 t/day [100 w t/day x 3 lines]
Treated sludge volume : 99,000 t/year
Carbonized material fuel generation volume: 8,700 t/year
13
-------
Utilization of renewable energy (1/2)
(a) Micro-hydro power generation
f ~~\
Illustration of micro-hydro power generation
ost reduction
Adoption of
siphon system
~~
n
Simplified
construction
Utilization of
universal products
Realization of
cost down
Siphon system
Discharge
14
-------
Utilization of renewable energy (2/2)
(b) Biomass power generation
~~"\
Illustration of biomass power generation
Biomass energy
Methane gas
^
Sludge treatment
Digestion
Wastewater
treatment
facilities
^—-^
Gas engine generator
15
-------
Coordination with various activities
Coordination for
town building
Introduction of
private-sector
activities
Reclaimed water
and wastewater heat
V..
Green electric
jDOwer
Reduction of
greenhouse
gas emission
Utilization of new
system
PFI project
Joint research
introduction of new
technology
-------
Contribution to
the 10-Year Project for a
Carbon-Minus Tokyo
17
-------
Outline of the 10-Year Project for a
Carbon-Minus Tokyo
What is the 10-Year Project for a Carbon-Minus Tokyo
>"The 10-Year Project for a Carbon-Minus Tokyo" is an approach
aiming at realization of a leading-edge environmental city with the least
environmental load in the world, looking toward an Olympic candidate
city and reformed society
~ Aiming at handing down a rich environment to the next generation
through world top countermeasures against global warming ~
>lt is an approach to grade up the city model to a top class level in the
world, and to dispatch the information not only to Asia but also to the
whole world.
Target of CO2 reduction
>Reducing the emission by 25% of the level of 2000 by the year 2020.
18
-------
City-wide Countermeasures against Global Warming
Introduction of "obligation of reduction of
total emission" to large-scale corporations
CO2 emission
level in Tokyo
• Obligation of reducing the total emission of greenhouse
large- § anc| introduction Of emissions trading system
scale
Business
and
industry :
44%
Household
24%
Transport:
30%
upport to energy-saving measures t
small-and-medium scale corporations
Promotion of power-saving and energy-
saving in household
corporations
(1300)
60% small- * Large scale promotion of renewal of cooling/heating
and medium facilities in factories, buildings, etc.
scale
corporations
(700,000)
• Thorough saving power
• Promotion of installation of high-efficiency hot water
supply units
• Utilization of 1-million kW Solar Power
Improvement in fuel consumption of
automobiles and transportation
Approximately
60 million ton
(As of FY2000)
• Promotion of eco-drive in corporations
• Promotion of bio-fuel utilization
To ensure 25% reduction of 2000 level
by the year 2020
19
-------
Obligation for reduction and means of execution
• Gas requiring reduction in emission
Emission of CO2 while using fuel, heat, electricity, etc.
(ex.) Case of general
corporations
10,000 t-
CO2/year
Reference
emission
level
For instance, when 10% reduction is obliged
9,000 t-
CO2/year
1 (Basic) Self reduction
o The introduction of the latest high-
efficiency equipment, etc.
2 (Complementary)
Procurement of other party's
"reduced volume" (Emissions
trade)
Reduction
plan period
.o The volume beyond the emission
reduction level obliged to the party
o Purchase of green power certificate, etc.
20
-------
Target Reduction Level in the 10-Year Project for a
Carbon-Minus Tokyo
The 10-Year Project for a Carbon-
Minus Tokyo
The year 2000
Overall Tokyo:
Approx. 61.8 million
Tokyo Sewerage
Bureau
Approx. 1 million ton-CO
(43% of the total emission for
administrative works and projects
of Tokyo Metropolitan Government)
2
25% reduction of the 2000 level
by the year 2020
The year 2020
Target emission level
Arox463 ™'
Target emission level
Approx. 750,000 t-CO2
Realization of a city model with the least environmental load in the world
21
-------
Contents of greenhouse gas emission in FY2006
in Tokyo Metropolitan Sewerage Bureau
N,O etc. from
Others
wastewater treatment (100,000 t-CO;
(140,000 t-CO2)
•"••M
Power consumption
iZQ.OOO t- CO2)
N2O etc. from
sludge incineration
(300,000 t-CO2)
Total emission in FY2006 :
916,000 t-CO?
22
-------
Reduction of power consumption
Power consumption
Approx. 370,000 t-CO:
(Emission level for FY2006)
Development and
introduction of
energy-saving
system of the
entire sewerage
facilities in
coordination with
private sectors
i Development and introduction
i of energy-saving technology
j for aeration system
ithat consumes huge power
: Development and introduction
i of low-power sludge thickening
i and dewatering facilities for
j realization of drastic energy
i saving
23
-------
Reduction of N2O generated in sludge
incineration process
N2O emission due to
sludge incineration
Approx. 300,000 t-CO2
(Emission level for FY2006) Switching to
• *
• *
I Carbonizing furnace
i Here, carbonized material is
I produced from sludge for use as
jan alternative fuel in coal-burned
i thermal power plants.
incineration
\ \ Gasification furnace
new technology j Here, the organic content of sludge
™™™e^°nf iis gasified (CO • H2) to generate
i electric power.
i Woody biomass co-incineration
facility
Here, wooden chips are used as
i auxiliary fuel for incinerator, etc.
24
-------
Gasification furnace
Image of Gasification furnace
Dewatere
sludge
^ ' Furnace of making Reforming
to sludge gas furnace
Gas
engine
Generator
Electric power
25
-------
Greenhouse gas emission from
sludge incineration processing
Normal incineration of 800 deg C
High temperature incineration of 850 deg C
Sludge carbonization
Sludge gasification
26
-------
Joint Research on New Solar-Photovoltaic
Generation System
Experimental power
generation scale: 1 kW
Interlocked with
solar orientation
Experimental facility above
wastewater treatment facility
Uniaxial tracking type Fixed-mount type
[Outline of the research]
We conducted demonstration experiment of the "new photovoltaic generation
system" by combining "uniaxial tracking" type with thin-film solar battery,
aiming at improving the power generation efficiency.
27
-------
Effect of Global Warming Mitigation
and Energy-saving measures
^ Improvement in ^
sewerage service
• Creation of more safe and comfortable urban
space for the next generation through mitigation of
global warming and energy saving
High-efficiency of work
• Power and fuel cost reduction by switching to energy-
saving system (aeration, dewatering, gasification furnace,
etc.)
• Improvement in sludge recycling rate through
installation of sludge carbonization facility 28
-------
Thank You
http://www.gesui.metro.tokyo.jp/
'Earth-kim" is the Mascot of
Tokyo Sewerage Bureau
29
-------
Emerging Contaminants
(Endocrine Disrupters, Pharmaceuticals, Personal Care Products, etc)
-------
Emerging Contaminants
(Endocrine Disrupters, Pharmaceuticals, Personal Care Products, etc)
Emerging Contaminants in Drinking Water and
Future Directions
Dr. MariAsami
Chief, Division of Water Quality Management
Department of Water Supply Engineering
National Institute of Public Health
-------
Emerging Contaminants
in Drinking Water and
Future Directions
Japan - U.S. Joint Conference
On Drinking Water Quality Management
and Wastewater Control
March 2-5, 2009
Mari ASAMI
National Institute of Public Health
National Institute of Public Health
-------
Japanese Water Quality Standard
and Related Items
Water Quality Standard
(Water Works Law)
Management Items
(Director Notice, 2003)
Items for Further Study
(Advisory Council, 2003)
^Undefined toxicological evaluation
>No sufficient data in purified water
KO items listed for investigation
•Water works' responsibility for analysis
•Compulsory periodical investigation
•Heavy metals and chemicals detected above
10% of target values
•31 Health related items + 20 Deteriorates
• Director's request for analysis
•Subsidiary to the Water Quality Standard
•Items of provisional target values and low
level detection
•Important items for water quality
management
• 15 Health related items including total of
102 agricultural chemicals + 12 Deteriorates
Subject to Rolling Revision
-------
Japanese Water Quality Standard -Health Related Items
No
Item
(mg/l)
No
Item
(mg/l)
1 Standard Plate Count
2 E Co//
3 Cadmium
4 Chromium (IV)
5 Mercury
6 Selenium
7 Lead
8 Arsenic
9 Cyanide ion and Cyanogen Chloride
10 Nitrate and Nitrite
11 Fluoride
12 Boron
13 Carbon tetrachloride
14 1,4-dioxane
15 1,1-dichloroethylene
100 colonies/ml
Not to be detected
0.01
0.05
0.0005
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
10
0.8
1
0.002
0.05
0.02
16 c/5-l,2-Dichloroethylene
17 Dichloromethane
18 Tetrachloroethylene
19 Trichloroethylene
20 Benzene
21 Chlorate
22 Bromate
23 Chloroform
24 Dibromochloromethane
25 Bromodichloromethane
26 Bromoform
27 Total trihalomethanes
28 Chloroacetic acid
29 Dichloroacetic acid
30 Trichloroacetis acid
31 Formaldehyde
0.04
0.02
0.01
0.03
0.01
0.6
0.01
0.06
0.1
0.03
0.09
0.1
0.02
0.04
0.2
0.08
-------
Japanese Water Quality Standard -Deteriorates
No Item
32 Zinc
33 Aluminum
34 Chloride Ion
35 Hardness (Ca,Mg)
36 Iron
37 Copper
38 Sodium
39 Manganese
40 Anionic surfactants
41 Geosmin
(mg/l)
1
0.2
200
300
0.3
1
200
0.05
0.2
0.00001
Item
Nonionic surfactants
43 Phenols
2-Methylisobolneol
Organic substances (TOC)
46 Taste
47 Color
48 Odor
49 Total residue
50 Turbidity
51 pH
(mg/l)
0.02
0.005
0.00001
5
Not abnormal
5 unit
Not abnormal
500
2 unit
5.8-8.6
\ National Institute of Public Health
-------
Chlorate ( C I O3- )
First thought as a DBFs in chlorine dioxide, but
found as a major DBP in hypochlorite.
Chlorate is introduced to a new standard in Apr.
2008. The target value is 0.6mg/L
cf. WHO 0.7mg/L, CA 0.2mg/L
Standard for Water Supply Chemicals is
0.5mg/L at the maximum dose expected,
which would be lower to 0.4mg/L.
National Institute of Public Health
-------
Items exceeding 10, 50 and 100% of
the Standard value
Cases
/
Year 100°
DO
00
00
00
00
00
»^/-v.
V-/-X.
20
15
10
5
0
S
id
~
i
i
:
!
—
elenium Nitrate Bon
Arsenic Fluoride
>n Brc
Chlorate
-
n n 1 n%
1-1 U~ 1 U /O
n >50%
_ v.1 nn%
n -•* i uu /o
mate BDCM
THM Aluminum
National Institute of Public Health
-------
Chlorate in Bottled Water
Water supply
Natural*
Bottled
Tea
Soft drink
Detec
tion
5/5
34/49
9/10
23/25
14/17
Max
120
100
110
700
310
Chlorate (uq/L
<10
46
8
23
<100
4
2
1
1
1
<600
1
1
1
0
7
.)
600<
0
0
0
1
0
"Natural water" includes 3 supplied water containing >10 mg/L of
chlorate, which should have labeled "water supply" water
i National Institute of Public Health
1
-------
Chlorate in soft drinks according to their
production company
400
300
ro
_o
6
200
100
0
AAAAAABBBCDDDEMNO
Production company
8
: National Institute of Public Health
-------
Management of Agricultural Chemicals
Water Quality Standard(O)
Management Items (102)
Second candidate group(27)
Third candidate group(79)
•Chemicals detected above 10% of target
values
•None of agricultural chemicals categorized
as water quality standard
•Available analytical methods
•Domestic shipping over 50 tons/year or
detection history
•Management as
"Total Agricultural Chemicals"
-total sum of detected values £)y
divided by target values ^=: / A
•No available analytical methods for water
•Estimated domestic shipping over 50 tons/year
•Estimated domestic shipping below 50 tons/year
i National Institute of Public Health
MHLW Advisory Council, 2003
-------
Agricultural chemicals (Dl: total sum of
detected values divided by each target value)
1.0
U.B
O 0,6
"co
O
0)
•5
0)
-i—•
0)
Q
0.4
0.2
0.0
River
Raw water
Finished Water
Isoproturon
Fenthione and oxides
Mefenacet
Phenthoate
Cafenstrole
2004 2005
I National Institute of Public Health
2006
10
-------
Perchlorate in dairy milk
12,1-14.0
14.1-15.4
Dyke, J. V., Ito, K., Obitsu, T., Hisamatsu, Y., Dasgupta, P. K., Blount,
B. C.: Perchlorate in dairy milk. Comparison of Japan versus the
United States, Environ. Sci. Technol., Vol.41, No.1, pp.88-92 (2007)
-------
Perchlorate concentration in raw and
finished water in Japan
CD
"03
_o
o
CD
Q_
20
15
10
Raw
Finished
0
\°
National Institute oj Public Health
12
-------
Perchlorate in the Tone River
Perchlorate (|ng/L )
Tone River
Ara
River
1-10
10-20
20-100
100-1,000
1,000<
13
• ; National Institute of Public Health
-------
NDMA, dimethylnitrosoamine in Raw
Water in Winter
N;N-Dimethylnitr o s o amine
CH3
South
Kyushu
Okinawa -
Other Islands
NDMA
USEPA : 7ng/L
( 10~5 cancer risk
WHOGL : 100ng/L
O North
• East
Cent rail
x Central2
•West
°CS
+ South'!
South2
i National Institute of Public Health
01234
TN concentration in RawV\feter (mg/ L) 14
-------
Detection of NDMA in raw and
finished water
c
g
IS
c
CD
o
o
10.0
8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0
0.0
Summer
10.0
8.0
6-0
CD
O
§ 4.0
o
2.0
0.0
Writer
AWTPin
the West
using
Ozonation
Raw Finished
Raw
Finished
National Institute of Public Health
15
-------
Fate of NDMA during ozonation in WTPs
25
20
15
-------
NDMA and NDMAFP in Ozonation in the Yodo River Basin in the West
Cone. Load
(ng/L) (g/day)
Upper: NDMA
Lower: NDMA-OFP
Cone. Load
(ng/L) (g/day)
1.2 1.2
*\ • x- ..
JK1
2.4 2.3
Katsura
River
I
11 16 c
JK9 -
I\Z
| 36 54
Uji
River
I
Yodo
River
I
Y1<
Cone. Load
(ng/L) (g/day)
20
37
24
30
1.8 23
16 200
17
i National Institute of Public Health
-------
NDMA and NDMAFP in Ozonation in a Sewage Treatment Plant
Cone. Load
(ng/L) (g/day)
42 2.2
100 5.4
71 2.1
460 13
83 2.4
470 14
• Sampling point
Upper: NDMA
Lower: NDMA-OFP
Influent 1
r
I
Primary
sedimentation 1
I
Biological
treatment 1
Second
sedimentation 1
1
Cl7r
Influent 2
T 1
1
Primary
sedimentation 2
I
Biological
treatment 2
Second
sedimentation 2
I
nation |
Effluent
Cone. Load
(ng/L) (g/day)
^* 710 3.8
k 10,000 54
N
130 4.0
1,800 55
130 3.8
450 14
450 26
— ""
18
National Institute of Public Health
-------
Formation of NDMA during ozonation
of the Yodo River water
"c
c
.g
CD
O
c
O
O
20
15
10
0
0
NDMA
Residual Ozone
0.6
0.4
0
5 10 15
Ozonation (min)
National Institute of Public Health
20
CD
I
CO
0.2 1
Ozonation Condition
-Water Volume 1 litter
-Water Temp. 20 °C
-Ozone Gas 5mg/L
-Ozone Gas Flow 0.5L/min
19
-------
Identification of Anti-Yellow Agents as a
precursor of NDMA in ozonation
tu
35
^
§30
c
§ 25
+=
2
c 20
-------
Chemicals found in aquatic environment,
6 chemicals detected
among 33 chemicals in
the Broadrange Survey
• 17p-estradiol
• Estron
• 2,4,6-Tribromophenol
• Polyoxyethylene
alkylether
• Polyoxyethylene
nonylphenylether
• 2-Methoxy-5-methyl
aniline
8 chemicals detected
among 13 chemicals in
the Detailed Survey
• Bisphenol A
• EDTA
• p-Octylphenol
• p-Dichlorobenzene
• N,N-Dimethylformamide
• Nonylphenol
• PFOA
• PFOS
i National Institute of Public Health
Ministry of Environment 2006
21
-------
PFOA and PFOS in Japan, 2007
-10-20-30-70(ng/l)
South
Kyushu
Okinawa -
Other Islands
North
Hokkaido
Tohoku
entral
Chubu
East
Kanto
Summer/Winter
/
Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, 2007
-------
Distribution of the PPCPs in 37 major Japanese
rivers and population density of the catchments
»- «N
ririV
-0- Population density
n Cretfiinitan
• Ibup-'olen
Q Nsproxen
Fl Fsnoprofeo
t_J Mefenamic ackt
U Ketc proton
D Prapyphenazone
Ethenazamide
Tridosan
Thymol
Dtethyliotuamide
Cfjrl:-;-:ri:i,'i2f..iiic
10,000
fl.OOO ,---
e,ooo g a)
S
75
4,000 b
a
2,000
Nakada et al., Environ. Sci. Techno!.,
42(17), 6347-6353, 2008
National Institute of Public Health
CVI « Td- Lf> «O N-
m ft «• n- fO c*»
o: a a f> o: QC
-------
Examples of the
at drinking water
Pharmaceuticals detected
treatment plants in Japan
Pharmaceuticals
Aspirin
Ibuprofen
Acetaminophen
Ketoprofen
Indometacin
lopamidol
lopromide
Sulfisozole Sodium
Sulfamethoxazole
Sulfadimethoxine
LoD
(ng/L)
2
0.4
4
0.8
0.4
8
8
1
0.6
2
LoQ
(ng/L)
6
2
20
3
2
30
30
3
2
6
Concentration in raw water
at drinking water treatment plants
(ng/L)
A B C D E F G
784825 N.D.
1.7 2 N.D. N.D. 0.7 2.8 N.D.
8 N.D. 7 N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D.
N.D. N.D. 5.7 N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D.
4.9 4.4 33 0.9 1.1 8.3 N.D.
32 9 25 N.D. N.D. 15 N.D.
N.D. 9 12 N.D. N.D. 14 N.D.
N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. 4 7 N.D.
3 3.4 10 0.8 N.D. 5 9
N.D. N.D. 45 N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D.
27 out of 60 Pharmaceuticals were detected from raw water.
Most of the Pharmaceuticals were removed by advanced drinking water treatments.
24
National Institute of Public Health
-------
Pharmaceuticals detected* in
finished water (2005-2007)
Fenofibrate
Diclofenac
Carbamazepine
Detection
Limit
(ng/L)
0.2
2.5
0.2
Max
Cone
C(ng/
31
16
25
Minimum
Daily
Dose
D(mg)
100
25
200
Max
Relative
Intake**
(C/D)
1.6X10-7
3.2X1 0-7
6.2X10-8
These are only Pharmaceuticals detected out of 60 Pharmaceuticals investigated in
finished water of 6 WTPs during 2005-2007. **Max relative intake was calculated using
the maximum concentration among the data obtained 2005-2007, that was divided by the
Minimum Daily Dose in the literature, assuming 2 litter of daily water consumption.
ii National Institute of Public Health
25
-------
Priority setting for Pharmaceuticals
=detected in
environment
Haloperidol
Tetracycline
Hydralazine
Ephedrine
Dichlofenac
Valproic acid
Caffeine
Pantethine
Production
1
1
2
1
2
4
3
3
Urinary
excretion
1
1
4
5
1
4
1
Solubility
2
5
5
5
4
5
4
5
Biodegradation
4
4
3
3
4
3
3
4
Reduction
1
1
5
O)
c
8
12
14
14
12
16
16
12
?!
CD 3'
§1
o
03
1
2
3
3
3
4
4
3
73
9*
o'
"55
8.0
6.0
4.7
4.7
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
26
National Institute of Public Health
-------
=detected in
environment
Furosemide
Chlorpheniramine
Maleate
Acetaminophen
Ketoprofen
Sulpiride
Sulpyrine
Sotalol
Bezafibrate
Levofloxacin
Production
1
4
3
3
3
Urinary
excretion
5
1
1
5
4
4
4
5
Solubility
3
5
4
3
4
5
4
2
5
Biodegradation
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
Reduction
3
5
5
0)
c
3
&
12
8
15
15
15
15
11
14
14
of
C/) ^.
CD 3
si
D
Q)
*<"
3
2
4
4
4
4
3
4
4
73
^
o"
'o?
5
4.0
4.0
3.8
3.8
3.8
3.8
3.7
3.5
3.5
27
National Institute of Public Health
-------
Priority Setting for Chemical Management
for Water Supply
Area Specific
Exposure/
Standard
(Reference
Value)
Perchlorate
NDMA
PFOA PFOS
Nitrate Nitrite
Arsenic
Fluoride
Relative to Water
Supply Chemicals
Chlorate
THMs HAAs
Bromate
Aluminum
Lead
Physiologically
Active
Agri Chem, PPCPs
Hydrophobia, Highly Toxic
BisA, POPs, Dioxins, PAHs
28
National Institute of Public Health
-------
Priority Setting for Chemical Management
in Water Source
Area Specific
Existence/
Standard
(Target
Value)
Perchlorate
NDMA
PFOA PFOS
Nitrate Nitrite
Arsenic Physiologically Active
Fluoride Agri Chem, PPCPs
Hydrophobia, Highly Toxic
BisA, POPs, Dioxins, PAHs
Hydrophilic
= Must be Controlled in Water Source
i National Institute of Public Health
Hydrophobic
= Rather Reductive
29
-------
Emerging Contaminants in Drinking Water
and Future Directions
• Few chemicals of large quantity
-»• Many chemicals of small quantity
• Hydrophobic chemicals ( Dioxin, Halogenated
Organics) -»• Hydrophilic, polar chemicals
(Chlorate, Perchlorate, NDMA)
• Intensive evaluation of exposure and reference
value is needed !!
Strategic Approach is needed for management of
Industrial Chemicals, Water Supply Chemicals including
By-products, Natural Substances and PPCPs.
30
i National Institute of Public Health
-------
Emerging Contaminants
(Endocrine Disrupters, Pharmaceuticals, Personal Care Products, etc)
Occurrence and Relevance of Trace Pharmaceuticals
in Drinking Water
Dr. Shane Snyder
R&D Project Manager
Applied Research and Development Center
Southern Nevada Water Authority
-------
Occurrence and Relevance of Trace
Pharmaceuticals in Drinking Water
Shane Snyder, Ph.D.
Applied R&D Center - SNWA
LAS VEGAS VALLEY
WATER DISTRICT
Southern Nevada
Water Authority
PEOPIE
LEADING
COMMUNITY SERVICE ENVIRONMLKT
-------
R&D Manager
David Rexing
Administrative Support
Linda Parker
Research Chemists
Doug Mawhinney, Ph.D.
Oscar Quinones
Rebecca Trenholm
Brett Vanderford
Janie Zeigler
Analysts
Jasmin Koster
Shannon Ferguson
-------
Post-Doctoral Researchers
Mark Benotti, Ph.D. (SUNY)
Daniel Gerrity, Ph.D. (ASU)
Ben Stanford, Ph.D. (UNC)
Yongrui Tan, Ph.D. (Rensselear)
Research Student Interns
Susanna Blunt (UNLV-DRI)
Deborah Dryer (U of Wash)
Elaine Go (UNLV)
Christy Meza (UNLV)
Aleks Pisarenko (Miami U OH)
Sarper Sarp (GIST)
Richard Stein (Colorado State)
Engineering
Julia Lew
Samantha Stoughtenberg, P.E.
EricWert, P.E.
-------
Former Team Members
Post-Doctoral Researchers
Hongxia Lei (Golden State W)
Fernando Rosario (UC Boulder)
Research Student Interns
Tony Baik(U. of Buffalo)
Spencer Porter (Oregon SU)
Fernando Rosario (UCLA)
Yixin Wei (UNLV)
Mei Xin (UNR)
Partnerships
Applied Biosystems
AquaPure
General Electric
Hydranautics
SeaAIR
Trojan Technologies
SeaHERO - Korea
SE Queensland - Australia
-------
I . i.i
1 •
•••••». *.—•
-
-•- ••
-------
I
-------
-------
Las Vegas - 1985
Return Flow Credit Established:
Water returned to the Colorado earns credit to
withdraw an equivalent amount of drinking water
40%
-------
-------
-------
U.S. Department of the Interior—U.S. Geological Survey
SYNTHETIC ORGANIC COMPOUNDS AND
CARP ENDOCRINOLOGY AND HISTOLOGY
IN LAS VEGAS WASH AND LAS VEGAS AND
_ OF LAKE MEAD, NEVADA.
AND ^
Nevada Basin and Range Study Unii
ter-Reaourees investigations Meport 96-4266 National Water-Quality Assessment Program
By Hugh E. Bevans1. Steven L. Goodbre-rF. John F. Miesner3, Sharon A. Watkins1, Timothy S. Gross4. Nancy D. Denslow4.
and Trenton Schoeb"
ABSTRACT
The Nevada Basin and Range study unit of the National
Waler-QuaKly Assessment Program. LT.S. Geological Survey,
in cooperation wilh the National Park Service. National
Biological Service, and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.,
investigated the occurrence of organocrhlorin ilian in Callville Bay (the reference site) for the
three media lluii were sampled. Results of n carp-li&sue bio-
assay indicated the presence of dioxins or funtns with low
loxic-equivalent factors relative 10 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorod3henzo-
fi-dio.\in in Las Vegas Wash and Las Vegas and Callville Bays.
Patterns of necrosis observed in hcpailopanereas and kidney
samples from earp are consistent with long-term suhchronic
exposure to Toxicants. Polycyclic aromaiic hydrocarbons,
phthaJatcs. and phenols Lilso were delected ai higher concen-
trations in bottom -sediment samples from Las Vegas Bay than
ill a comparable: sample front Cailvilte Bay. MntycycNc
aromitlic hydnL»carbun> were delected in samples from seini-
pcrmeable nvembranc devices from all sitcs.
Endocrine disruption in carp from Las Vega^ %\'ash
Bay. H-S eompared to Callville Ba%. is evktenced by high con-
centration b. of 1 l-ketertestnsferotie levels in blood-plasma
sample* of female carp in l.;is Vfgas Wnsli. low
in malt- csirp from I.JL* Vegn% Bay. and low l~[J-eMradiol
cenlralions in male cam from l^ss Vejias Bay. Tine most com-
pelling evidence of endocrine disruption is ihe prw.venve of
vitellogenin in hlood-plasma samples of male carp from I .as
Vegas Wash and Bay and elevated concentrations in fem;iK'
carp from 1 -ts Vegas Bay.
Many of the omanoehlorincs and ^emivolatile induslrial
compound-Si detected in semipemieahle membrane devices,
bottom sediment, ami carp tissue from Las Vega* Wash anil
Bay have been linked to endocrine disruption in fish by pre-
vious investigations of olher areas. The endocrine disruption
nhi-erved in carp front 1-as Vegas Wash and Bay could he due
to the presence of (hese compounds.
F
Aerial view of lower Las Vegas Wash and Las Vegas Bay of
Lake Mead. View to the northwest. Oct. 12, 1995. Photograph
by A.S. VanD-enburgh.
-------
cnviflonnienTflLT
S A • JAN. 1, 1998 / ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY / NEWS
I Human estrogens linked to endocrine disruption
For the first time in North
America, high levels of natu-
ral and synthetic hormones
in municipal wastewater treat-
ment plant effluent have been
linked with endocrine disruption
in fish. The study by researchers
at Michigan State University's De-
partment of Zoology indicates
that human hormones, not indus-
trial chemicals, in the effluent
caused male fish to produce vitel-
logenin, a well-accepted indicator
of endocrine disruption.
"This is a significant, if not a
surprising, result," commented
Gary Ankley, an EPA toxicologist
who studies endocrine disrupters.
The results were similar to find-
ings published last year by U.K.
researchers that identified hor-
mones secreted in women's urine
as the cause of vitellogenesis in
caged fish exposed to sewage ef-
fluent in U.K. waters.
High levels of a female protein in male fish found in Lake Mead, Nev., led to a search
for the cause in the effluent-dominated waters of the Las Vegas Wash. (Courtesy Shane
Snyder, Michigan State University)
the compounds that were likely
to act like estrogens in the fish.
They also used an innovative
method that involves solid-phase
extraction and in vitro cellular
bioassays to detect endocrine-
modulating compounds in com-
plex aqueous mixtures. Of the
the highest level of estrogen ic ac-
tivity in effluent downstream from
a small plant (55,000 gal/day) vvith
relatively few treatment processes.
Results from a companion
Michigan State study, in which
caged fish were exposed to Mich-
igan wastewater effluent, suggest
-------
1999 Environ. Sci. Tech. 33(16) 2814-2829
Analytical Methods for Detection of
Selected Estrogenic Compounds in
Aqueous Mixtures
SHANE A. SNYDER.'-t
TIMOTHY L. KEITH.t
DAVID A. VERB RUG GE.t
ERIN M. SNYDER.t TIMOTHY S, GROSS,*
KURUNTH ACH ALAM KANNAN,* AND
JOHN P. GIESY*
National Food Safety and Toxicology Center, Department of
Zoology, and Institute of Environmental Toxicology, Michigan
State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1311, and
can operate through a number of both direct and Indirect
mechanisms of action, of particular concern are those
compounds that mimic endogenous estrogens. The Safe
Drinking Water Act Amendments of 1995 (Bill No. 5,1316)
and the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996 (Bill No. P.L
104-170). which mandate comprehensive screening for
estrogenic and anti-estrogenic chemicals, are examples of
the increasing public concern regarding endocrine disrup-
tion. While it Is known that many natural and synthetic
chemicals are estrogenic, it is unclear whether the concen-
trations of estrogenic agents present in the environment are
sufficient to cause adverse physiological effects. One aspect
of conducting human or wildlife risk assessments is an
exposure assessment. This suggests the need for assays and
techniques to monitor the quantity and effects of endocrine
TABLE 3. Concentrations of Selected Kenoestrogens in Water Samples (Corrected for Recovery)
location date NPIngJLl OP(ng/L) NPE{ng/L)
LV Wash3
LVBay
LV Marina
Saddle Island5
CallvilleBay
4/30/97
4/30/97*
9/5/97
9/5/97
4/30/97
9/5/97
1140 ±28
750 ±34
160
nd
nd
nd
Lake Mead
43±9
27 ±7
ndc
nd
nd
nd
8990 ±230
4850 ±122
3180
nd
nd
nd
E2(pg/L)
2670 ± 152
2210 ±175
188
270
nd
nd
EE2(pg/L)
480 ±68
520±117
253
nd
nd
nd
-------
LAS^EGAS SUN
*, MONDAY, OCTOBER IB
CONTAMINANTS
Toxicology studies of the Las
Vegas Wash and the las Vegas
Bay have revealed traces of;
• Pesticides such as DOT and
• Boat fuel compounds
• Oral contraceptives
• Seizure drugs such as
Dllantin
• Pain medication such as
hydrocodone and codeine
• Valium
• Robitussln
• Blood thinner such as
Trental
Traces of drugs found in LV Wash
Effects on area's water supply unknown
By Mary Manning
LAS VEGAS SUN
Pill-popping, sun screen-smearing
people living in and visiting Southern
Nevada are leaving traces of drugs, de-
tergents and DDT in the Las Vegas
Wash.
The good news is that the contami-
nant levels discovered in the wash and
the Las Vegas Bay are so low they
might not disrupt human health. But
scientists are still concerned over what
they don't know about the new discov-
ery — how it might affect the environ-
ment and water supplies.
The Las Vegas Wash runs into Lake
Mead, where Southern Nevada draws
most of its drinking water.
Scientists had found pestiddes and
detergents in the wash before, but this
is the first time the presence of pre-
scription and nonprescription drugs -
as well as one pesticide previously
only suspected, tindane - - has been
confirmed.
'Ilie Southern Nevada Water Au-
thority first guessed drugs may be
finding their way into the Las Vegas
Valley's wastewater after German and
British studies found evidence of pre-
scription and over-the-counter drugs in
the water supplies of their countries.
But now research by University of
Michigan lexicologist Shane Snyder,
hired by the water authority to test
See Drugs, 4A
-------
Wastewater Treatment
Cities
^Cincinnati
^Kansas City
^-New York City
^Boston
Cities
*-Chicago
-^Salt Lake City
->• Dayton, OH
^Charlotte, NC
Cities
^Atlanta
->• Denver
^Washington, DC
>- Phoenix
Cities
'-Minneapolis
^Greenville, SC
^Hagerstown, MD
>-Escambia County, FL
z:
32%
25%
Better Treatment
Secondary, Carbonaceous only
Secondary, w/ nitrification
Advanced secondary w/ NO3 OR P rem
Advanced secondary w/ full BNR
Advanced trtmt targeting parameters in addn to N&P
Only 2 Areas
->• Las Vegas
>~Scottsdale, AZ
-------
Wastewater Treatment Plant Effluents
Analyte
Hydrocodone
Trimethoprim
Acetaminophen
Caffeine
Erythromycin-H2O
Sulfamethoxazole
Fluoxetine
Meprobamate
Dilantin
TCEP
Carbamazepine
DEET
Atrazine
lopromide
Naproxen
Ibuprofen
Diclofenac
Triclosan
ppt
256
37
<5.0
51
144
878
19
351
167
388
221
193
<5.0
27
13
19
59
101
ppt
232
33
<5.0
50
128
831
18
333
153
376
205
191
<5.0
18
13
18
52
78
ppt
14
10
7.8
362
8.9
3.8
<1.0
<1.0
8.8
92
73
6.4
<1.0
1340
118
82
8.8
6.3
ppt
<10
44
19
776
33
<10
<10
<10
20
205
147
21
<10
4030
483
137
11
<10
ppt
83
1.0
<1.0
<10
39
24
52
444
685
213
433
39
601
4.9
<1.0
103
<1.0
<1.0
-------
Awwa
Research
Foundation
Advancing the Science of Water*
Removal of EDCs
and Pharmaceuticals
in Drinking and Reuse
Treatment Processes
moval of EDCs
d Pharmaceuticals
Drinking and Reuse
>atment Processes
A. Snydar, Eric C. Weft and Hongxia (Dawn) Lei
Xiality Researdh and Development Dvision
n Nevada Water Authority. Henderson, NV 39015
eelerhoff and Yeomin Yoon
of Orvil and Environmental Englne«rirg
I State Urilversity, Tempe, AZ 85287
Subject Area:
High-Quality VUater
Sid by:
Research Foundation
lest Qulncy Avenue. Denver. CO 80235-3098
I by:
Awwa
Research
L. Foundation
4\\
American Water Works
Association
Publishing
-------
-------
Awwa
Research
. Foundation
Aavlnc-ng lh« ttluxx of VV«tsr»
California Urban
Water Agencies
Tailored Collaboration
Toxicological Relevance
of EDCs and Pharmaceuticals
in Drinking Water
Subject Area:
Environmental Leadership
Toxicological Relevance
of EDCs and Pharmaceuticals
in Drinking Water
Prepared by:
Shane A. Snyder and Rebecca A. Trenholm
Southern Nevada Water Authority
Applied Research and Development Center, Henderson, NV 89015
Erin NL Snyder, Gretchen M. Bruce, and Richard C. Pleus
Intertox, Inc , Seattle, WA 98121
and
Jocelyn D.C. Hemming
Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene
2601 Agnoltire Drive, Madison, Wl 63718
Jointly sponsored by:
Awwa Research Foundation
6666 West Quincy Avenue, Denver, CO 80235-3098
WaleReuse Foundation
California Urban Water Agencies
and
Tailored Collaboration partners;
Southern Nevada Water Authority and otneroo-fundlng utilities
Distnbuted by:
Awwa
Research
Foundation
Amtfluin Wiite-r Wena
PubisNng
-------
Environ. Sci. Technol. 2006, 40, 7312-7320
Analysis of Pharmaceuticals in
Water by Isotope Dilution Liquid
Chromatography/Tandem Mass
Spectrometiy*
BRETT J. VANDERFORD* AND
SHANE A. SNYDER
Southern Nevada Water Authority, 1350 Richard Bunker
Avenue, Henderson, Nevada 89015
pensate for matrix effects by using different calibration
techniques, including standard addition (13,17,22), surrogate
monitoring (15,20), and various forms of internal calibration
(14—16,19,23). Still more have been developed to minimize
matrix effects using different extraction, cleanup and elution
techniques, including size-exclusion chromatography (18,
24), solid-phase extraction (22), LC chromatographic pro-
cedures (14,22), ultra performance liquid chromatography
(25), hollow fiber liquid-phase microextraction (26), flow-
splitting and reduced eluent flow rates (24, 27). However,
most become problematic when applied to the simultaneous
analysis of a broad range of compounds that encompass
many different classes and structures in matrices having
varying degrees of suppression and enhancement.
CHEMOSPHERE
ELSEVIER
Chemosphcrc 65 (2006) I99O 1998
Broad range analysis of endocrine disrupters and pharmaceuticals
using gas chromatography and liquid chromatography tandem
mass spectrometry
Rebecca A. I renholtn *, Brett J. Vanderford, Janie C. Holady,
David J. Rexing, Shane A. Snyder
-------
ADI = Highest NOAEL or lowest LOAEL
Uncertainty factors
t
Dose
NOAEL
UFof 10 for animal to
UF of 3 for
"normal" to
sensitive
human
F of 10 for
database
-------
Samples collected per time zone
AwwaRF #3085 "Tox. Relevance of EDCs and Pharms in Drinking Water"
-------
US Drinking Water Project - Target Compound List
Pharmaceuticals (20) Potential EDCs (26) Steroid Hormones (5) Phytoestrogens (11)
Atenolol
Atorvastatin
o-Hydroxy atorvastatin
p-Hydroxy atorvastatin
Carbarn azepine
Diazepam
Diclofenac
Dilantin
Enalapril
Fluoxetine
Norfluoxetine
Gemfibrozil
Me pro bam ate
Naproxen
Risperidone
Simvastatin
Simvastatin hydroxy acid
Sulfamethoxazole
Triclosan
Trimethoprim
Atrazine
Benzophenone
BHA
BHT
cc-BHC
P-BHC
y-BHC
8-BHC
Bisphenol A
Butylbenzyl phthalate
DEBT
Diazinon
Dioctyl phthalate
Galaxolide
Linuron
Methoxychlor
Metolachlor
Musk ketone
Nonylphenol
Octachlorostyrene
Octylphenol
TCEP
TCPP
Tonalide
Traseolide
Vinclozolin
Estradiol
Estrone
Ethinylestradiol
Progesterone
Testosterone
Apigenin
Biochanin A
Chrysin
Coumestrol
Daidzein
Equol
Formononetin
Genistein
Glycitein
Matairesinol
Naringenin
-------
Recent History
Meds lurk in drinking water
AP probe- found traces of i
MM
10
A V.1
hOTT
tea:
Tot
bill:
Mutated fish
PharmaoEutic-als. in di
BY J«l' Ocinn,
The
1M3 b n P- Hw
LAKE
Crithl
Few rules f
No notarial star
BY J*l' Bonn, Mirfch
The .i i>u'.id1«; J f
n P- Ti*
PHILADELPHIA • li
these rls'tn: as put
cholera and typhal
^i i ng to n p o 5 ic om
AP Warei Probe Prompts Senate
By MAJOT-CA
TfeLr
I ],
:21 .
-- Two
-, q
J ."
ro
E ic. respciLie ^D o AisocLaied
Ji'G :h.€-p-es5ace of raze
s of
ie> c-f ?.r
it - L milkoi:
Tracts at 5G human ard vcbErinarp- pharmaceuticals or thdr byproducts — like the actlyc Ingredients
In mcdclnci tor pah, Intectlnn.. high crvDlcstcrol, arthma. cplcpsy, n~icntal Illness end heart problcrrc
beer, detected In PhlladeJpNa?£ drlnMng natcr. Starting their Mrirdha -(ourncY In mcdsclnc
-------
Recent History
Major water sources positive for Pharmaceuticals
A1 hfisf rnp ptarmKVirilicDl •««. d?Becl.wi rt
ol insert! dfrirtong wife* tt*p*es tar
mfllrqpc4*Mi drams. dcc^-rditg to en
al
Pharmaceutlcal-i In drinking water
... : •. • -i - AH =i ..-••-. ., • i- -I Iv I
bun n*9*lr** but (ha AP
Is^Std pcairr? m p-lunraceulEata • V¥ala teakU r«geftifC l:r ph-mrtctulc-sl;
',•",',• ;• r-M !??Kil!:»'jhairrvk^titi.1:;^. Tf A1
S.F.'s tap water best in tests, chemists say
Jura hJv, OrinicJfi Enrironrvini Wtuir
11. 2DDE
tested driDkiog v.-atei from 10 utilities natioan,idfi said the\r did not detect am^
a: ill at San Fcandseo's tap. despite HBWE report :o the
' Wfe didn t de^&z: ioythk..z '^Jutsce'.-ei.' said SiLine Sorter, researcia nanag€i a: lie SouthEni
Xe%-a,da TA^tei Authcril^ who helped coordinate a study "br iae research, aro of the Da^Da s ^Ti
utilhies.
* ki VI«nflMft.EfflnNHm
ir.Gnuu-^dM'axiul niwi
••C-*-r-rvmwwv*irr tt-iM ^mxnrritovv, HU .Maa^."**** RXMM fi** Uw«Eueh QJ';LaiJj^Ut
• -,...-.-•. ItaiiJi:. T«rfi; IWii/O-dbVii. HPM hb* 2qy
trf mi nh< Pina ifj«Klu« ffm*mm ef
-------
JOSEPH) .':REHV
THOMAS P CWEft
'.'1RVAM1
•.IflifPMOTT
WUi. :.i a''" W.W4SOTH
SwiLQOfJ W«l1Waj5E. PHCDE ISiAND
JGHM ft, 'AMMO Vl
GEORGE'iUaiMWiCM. CUB
JtWNWV SA' ', ' .nOiA
. iTTT^- LOLiGLWJA
.AY^'
United States
' ''.'IMl '' ' 1
R, sr/vf DWECTOH
ANDRt W WHEELER. JWWWTY 5W F ftlKCrDfl
COMMIHEE ON ENyiRONMENT AND PUBLIC WORKS
WASHINGTON, DC 20510-6175
il, 2008
Shane Snyder,
R&D Project Manager
Applied Research and Development Center
Southern Nevada Water Authority
1350 Richard Bunker Ave.
Henderson. Nevada 8901:
Dear Dr Snyder:
On behalf of the Senale Committee on Environment and Public Works, we invite you lo testily before the
Subcommittee on Transportation Safety, Infrastructure Security, and Water Quality at a hearing entitled,
"Pharmaceuticals in the Nation's Water: Assessing Potential Risks and Actions to Address the Issue1' on
Tuesday, April 15.2008, beginning at 3:00 p.m. in Room 406 of the Dirksen Senate Office Building,
In order to maximize the opportunity to discuss this matter with you, we ask that your oral testimony be limited
-------
"Contrary to recent media reports that characterize
Pharmaceuticals in water as an entirely new issue,
Pharmaceuticals were first reported in US waters by the
EPA in 1975"
CHAPTER 30
CC/MS ANALYSIS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
IN DOMESTIC WASTEWATERS
A. W. Garrison, J. D, Pope and F, R, Allen
U,S. Environ mental Protection Agency
Southeast Environmental Research Laboratory
Athens, Georgia
INTRODUCTION
\n 1971 this laboratory began a program lo identify extractable> vola-
tile organic compounds in domestic waste waters. Objectives were to
develop analytical techniques for such analyses, to identify compounds
intrv snrfflf!R waters after fieCondarv or advanced treat-
-------
.1t Continued
Concentration ijt Wasttwj'.er.
(•*• = Prejffnt, not quantified)
Physicd-
Liwe-
Compound by CJass
Effluent
8/73 12/73 fl/72 12/73
Raw
Btfore
Chiori- Cbiori-
li/73 nation nation
lrl ,2,2 Tetrach lows tfiane
1 .1 , i,2Tet wch toroet Jiane
Steroid?
CholtUero-l
Coptosianof
Dru^s ajnj Drug Metabolites
Caffeine *
ifitthyfpropionlc ackf9
[Cloflbiite
Nicotine
Saficyik flcida
0,8
2,0
V
0.1
-------
"The fact that more
Pharmaceuticals are detected
today is not due to greater
contamination of our nation's
-------
"Decades ago, we could only detect contaminants at parts per
million levels. Years ago, we advanced to parts per billion. We
are now able to detect compounds at the parts-per-trillion level,
and are breaching the parts-per-quadrillion boundary..."
300
250
to
75 200
o
1
n
3
Q_
3
15°
50
Pharmaceuticals in Water
Estrogen and Water
Endocrine Disrupting
Compounds
f f
t-« cy
I I
-------
Awwa
Research
, Foundation
Advancing the Science of Water*
State of Knowledge
of Endocrine Disruptors
and Pharmaceuticals
in Drinking Water
State of Knowledge
of Endocrine Disruptors
and Pharmaceuticals
in Drinking Water
Prepared by:
Shane A, Snyder and Brett J. Vandarf ord
Southern Nevada WalerAuthority
Henderson. NV &9Q15
J6rg Drewes and Eric Dickensoo
Calorado School of Mines, ErfoiTQflmerrtal Science and Engineering Division
Gotten. CO SOW
and
Erin M, Snyder" Gretchen M. Bruce", *nrf Richard C Plena'
"Inlertox, Inc . Seattle, VW9S121
1 BlftCk £ Vealcti Coq}., Kans^ Qty, MO 64114
Subject Area:
High-Quality V\feter
Sponsored by:
r Foundation
Quncy Avanue Denver. CO SD235-3Q9S
Published by:
by:
Awwa
RHSBarth
Fojndation
*\\.
Ararlun Wtier Wwti
-------
"The fact is, the cities that participated in our study by
submitting water samples for our analysis did so in the
absence of any regulatory requirement, going well above
and beyond the regulations in the interest of furthering
understanding of this issue."
Cities rarely release water test results
PTPH
.?- providers flr-i ^-ismacs-xcals In zlrnKrg h\-='Mr1 Ihey •arty:?!
u:-Jily
-------
"Our decision as humans to improve and extend our lives by
using Pharmaceuticals dictates that some infinitely small
amount of these products can and will make their way into
the environment."
Raw Intake for 19 Drinking Water Facilities (>50% Freq.)
Compound
Sulfamethoxazole
Meprobamate
Atrazine
Carbamazepine
Estrone
Dilantin
Atenolol
Gemfibrozil
Naproxen
Trimethoprim
TCEP
Max (ng/L)
110
73
870
51
0.94
29
36
24
32
11
530
Median (ng/L)
12
8.2
32
4.1
0.33
5.0
2.2
2.2
0.93
0.75
120
Frequency (%)
89
84
79
79
79
74
63
58
58
58
53
-------
"A more central point about our studies is that the few
Pharmaceuticals we did detect in US drinking waters
occurred at unfathomably low concentrations."
Finished Water for 18 Drinking Water Treatment Facilities
Compound
Atrazine*
Meprobamate
Dilantin
Atenolol
Carbamazepine
Gemfibrozil
TCEP
DEBT
Metolachlor
TCPP (Fyrol PCF)
Sulfamethoxazole
Max (ng/L)
870
42
19
18
18
2.1
470
93
27
510
3.0
Median (ng/L)
49
5.7
6.2
1.2
6.0
0.48
120
63
16
210
0.39
Frequency (%)
83
78
56
44
44
39
39
33
33
28
22
"Atrazine regulated under the Safe Drinking Water Act with an MCL of 3000 ng/L
-------
"If our study had been constrained by the ability to find
these compounds at parts-per-billion levels instead of
delving into the parts-per-trillion range, none of them—not
a single one—would have been found."
Finished Water for 18 Drinking Water Treatment Facilities
Compound
Max (ng/L) Median (ng/L) Frequency (%)
MRL> 1000 ng/L
MRL > 50 ng/L
MRL > 20 ng/L
MRL > 20 ng/L
MRL > 20 ng/L
MRL > 10 ng/L
MRL > 500 ng/L
MRL > 100 ng/L
MRL > 50 ng/L
MRL > 1000 ng/L
MRL > 10 ng/L
-------
"The truth is that the concentrations of Pharmaceuticals
found in water supplies are millions of times lower than a
medical dose. Consider that the highest concentration of
any pharmaceutical we detected in US drinking waters is
approximately 5,000,000 times lower than the therapeutic
dose."
-------
"This concentration is roughly equivalent
to 1/2 of an inch in the distance between the
earth and the moon..."
^\,-ȣ
r^
-------
"...or in terms of time, this concentration would be
equivalent to approximately one second in approximately
750 years."
-------
"I can tell you that the bottom-line conclusion is that the
concentrations of Pharmaceuticals we studied are orders of
magnitude lower than would pose a public health threat."
Pharmaceutical DWELs with max. drinking water concentrations
Drug
Risperidone
Phenytoin
Carbamazepine
Fluoxetine
Norfluoxetine
Diazepam
Gemfibrozil
Atenolol
Meprobamate
Triclosan
Sulfamethoxazole
Class
Antipsychotic
Anticonvulsant
Anticonvulsant
SSRI
antidepressant
Metabolite
Benzodiazepine
tranquilizer
Antilipidemic
Beta-blocker
Antianxiety agent
Antibacterial
Anti-infective
DWEL
(ug/L)
0.49
6.8
12
34
34
35
45
70
260
2,600
18,000
Max.
cone.
(ug/L)
0.0029
0.032
0.018
0.00082
0.00077
0.00033
0.0021
0.026
0.043
0.0012
0.003
Margin of
safety
170
210
670
41,000
44,000
110,000
21,000
2,700
6,000
2,200,000
6,000,000
No. of 8-oz
glasses to
exceed DWEL
1,400
1,800
5,600
350,000
370,000
900,000
180,000
23,000
51,000
18,000,000
51,000,000
-------
"Based upon our four-year study of the health relevance
of trace Pharmaceuticals... one could safely consume
more than 50,000 eight-ounce glasses of this water per
day without any health effects."
-------
"The fact that we can detect trace contaminants does not
alone imply risk."
WHO - Drinking Water Quality Guidelines
8,2.9 Mixtures
Chemical contaminants of drinking-water supplies are present with numerous other
inorganic and/or organic constituents. The guideline values are calculated separately
for individual substances, without specific consideration of the potential for interac-
tion of each substance with other compounds present. The large margin of uncer-
tainty incorporated in the majority of the guideline values is considered to be
sufficient to account tor potential interactions. In addition, the majority ot contami-
nants will not be continuously present at concentrations at or near their guideline
value,
Schwab et al. 2005 - Reg. Tox. & Pharm.
"Two intrinsic characteristics of most Pharmaceuticals
explain why exposures to hLImtins are below the pre-
dicted no effect concentrations. First, safe exposure lev-
els for APIs are normally directly related to therapeutic
i.l ose. SeconxU because many APIs or their metabolites
me Lome compounds. bio
-------
"...the Safe Drinking Water Act already has established
processes for identifying and regulating drinking water
contaminants to protect human health."
Federal Register/ Vol. 73, No. 35 /Thursday, February 21, 2008 /Notices
A . Ph arm aceu ticals
The Agency evaluated data sources to
identify phamiaceu ticals and personal
care products that have the potential to
occur in PWSs, The primary source of
health effects information on
phannaceu ticals in the universe was the
Food and Drug Administration Database
on Maximum Recommended Daily
Doses [MRDD), This database includes
the recommended adult doses for over
1,200 pharmaceutical agents.
STEP 1
Universe
STEP 2
Screening
to— D/"^r*i
a POUL
STEPS
Selecting the
CCL
[
1 1 fniverse »
1 PCCL h-
Evaluation ^_
Expert Review
i '
Proposed CCL
~ I
1
., „. ,„,„»_„, ,„, , .,..,, ,,„,,,
I
r* 'it
bur/eillance
And
Nomination
1
1
•—""— f-«--..-—
I
occurrence parameters, Nitroglycerin is
the only ph arm aceut leal that is Included
on the draft CCL 3. EPA is aware of
concerns regarding the potential
presence of pharmaceutical^ in water
-------
"I would caution against regulating Pharmaceuticals any
differently than the scores of contaminants currently
covered by the Safe Drinking Water Act, because in reality
they are no different."
Contaminant
Toluene
Chlorobenzene
2,4-D
Methoxychlor
Glyphosate
Benzene
Simazine
Atrazine
Endrin
PCBs
Lindane
Benzo(a)pyrene
Ethylene Bromide
Dioxin
MCL (ng/L)
1000000
100000
70000
40000
7000
5000
4000
3000
2000
500
200
200
50
0.03
Pharmaceutical Max. (ng/L)
Meprobamate
Dilantin
Atenolol
Carbamazepine
Sulfamethoxazole
Gemfibrozil
Atorva statin
Diazepam
Diclofenac
Enalapril
Fluoxetine
Simvastin
Trimethoprim
Ethynylestradiol
42
19
18
18
3.0
2.1
<0.25
<0.25
<0.25
<0.25
<0.50
<0.25
<0.25
-------
"With regard to removing these compounds... be certain,
some technologies are more effective than others."
Caffeine
Fluoxetine
Meprobamate
Diazepam
Dilantin
Carbamazepine
UV 40 m J Chlorine 3.5 mg/L Ozone 2.5 mg/L
20
40 60
% Removal
80
100
-------
"In an age where we are concerned about greenhouse
gas emissions and minimizing our nation's energy
demands, is it wise to dictate energy-intensive water
treatment systems when there is no evidence of public
health benefits?"
Wounded Waters
The Hidden Side of
Power Plant Pollution
THE COMPLETE BRIEFING
-------
.
anna
-------
Drought
Effect on Pharmaceutical and EDC Concentrations
2> 100
Q.
M—
O
E
c/j
80 -
60 -
c
o
"ro
"c
CD
o
c
o
o
O
Q
LJJ
c
CD
75 40 H
o
§
CD
E
CD
20 -
o
source water concentration
Lake Mead Volume
18
- 17
- 15
h 14
- 13
12
Q)
;*•
(D
16 CD
0)
Q.
O.
C
3
CD
O
en
0)
q
CD
-------
"I can tell you with absolute certainty that, if we regulate
contaminants based upon detection rather than health
effects, we are embarking on a futile journey without end."
-------
"The critical question we must address is not 'Do they
exist?,' but rather, 'At what concentration are these
compounds harmful to human health?'"
-------
"...focus on research related to health effects... in order
to determine whether there is in fact a problem to solve. "
Method Reporting Limits based on 100x
-------
October 20.2006
LAS VEGA
Chemicals cause changes in fish and raise
concerns for humans
Bv Launce Rake
* ^=>—
LasVeeasSun
There's something wrong with the fish,
It's been confounding scientists for years: Male fish are developing female sexual characteristics in Lake
Mead and other freshwater sources around the country.
On Thursday, the U,S, Geological Survey released a four-page summary of more than a decade of
studies linking wastewater chemicals to those changes,
-------
-------
II
I
iijiij
?
-------
Global Population Growth & Density
1800: 2% of world lived in cities
1900: 12% of world lived in cities
2000: 47% of world lived in cities
2007: >50% of world lives in cities
2000: 19 cities >10,000,000 population
- Only 4 of these were from developed
nations
• Tokyo, Osaka, New York, Los Angeles
The population density per unit of arable
land will be approximately 10 times
greater in 2050 than it was in 2000
-------
"It is imperative that the nation do a better job of protecting
its waters, and especially sources of drinking water, from
contamination."
-------
ViP
11 111
it Ms
* * *..
" t. t- w
V-- - V
Dr. Shane Snyder
Applied R&D Center
Las Vegas, Nevada
shane.snyder@snwa.com
(702) 856-3668
SOUTHERN NEVADA
WATER AUTHORITY
-------
Emerging Contaminants
(Endocrine Disrupters, Pharmaceuticals, Personal Care Products, etc)
Status of Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care
Products (PPCPs) in River Water and Wastewater
and Evaluation of their Effects on Aquatic Organisms
Dr. Yutaka Suzuki
Team Leader, Water Quality Research Team
Water Environment Research Group
Public Works Research Institute
-------
Status of Pharmaceuticals and Personal
Care Products (PPCPs) in River Water
and Wastewater and Evaluation of their
Effects on Aquatic Organisms
Yutaka SUZUKI, Koya KOMORI, Norihide NAKADA
and Arata HARADA
Water Quality Research Team
Water Environment Research Group
Public Works Research Institute
Public Works Research Institute
-------
1. Introduction
- Growing public concern about the environment
pollution of Pharmaceuticals and personal care
products (PPCPs).
-For assessing the risk of PPCPs on aquatic lives,
information about environmental fates and
ecotoxicological data of PPCPs is still limited.
-In this study, we investigated
- the occurrence and fate of PPCPs in rivers
affected by different wastewater loads
- the biological effects of PPCPs using
bioassays.
-------
-Based on the results, the river water was
evaluated from the viewpoint of the effects
of PPCPs on aquatic lives.
-------
2. Methods
2.1 PPCPs in river water and wastewater
-River with a large basin (16,840 km2)
Mainstream ¥ Tributary A Distributary D WWTPs
V V V V
Upstream
Downstream
Intake
Distributary
0
Summer survey
Winter survey
250
190 130
Distance from the River mouth ;km)
70
receiving a
variety of
wastewaters
from
households,
farmland,
stockbreeders
and
manufactures
-------
- Urban river with a small basin (37 km2)
Lake Tega
Population
37,345 peoples
Sewage system is
well developed
Ootsu River
0
St.1
Population
11,841 peoples
On-site treatment
facilities are
mostly used
having some small
tributaries
In downstream
river basin, the
sewage system is
well developed
Upstream river
basin does not yet
have a developed
sewerage system
-------
Target PPCPs
Use
Non-steroadal anti-
inflammatory dmg
Antibiotic
Antiarrhythrnic
Bronchodi later
Vasodilator
Psychoneurot'c agent
Antihyperlipidernic
Anticonvulsant
Antichor^rck scii-nt
Other
Name
acetaminophen, antfpyrine, emenzamide, ibuprofen, indomethacin, mefenamtc
acid, naproxen, diclofenac, fenopiofen, isopropylantipynne, rnepirizole,
cnotamiton, ketopi'ofen
nalfdixic acid, trimethoprim, 2-qumoxafnecarboxyllc acid*', azithromycin,
benzylpenfdllin*, chloramphenlcd*, dailttiromycin, danofloxadn*, levofroxacin,
nojfloxacin*, oxytetracydine*, tetracydine*, thiamphenicol*r tilmicosin*,
suHadimethoxfne*, sutfadimfzfne*, aiffamethoxazole*, sutfamonomethoxine*
atenolol, disopyi'annjde, metop'ofo^, propranolotsotalol
clenbuterol.. salbutamolr terbutaline, theophyllre
diltiaziem, dipyrfdamole, Verapam'l
chlorpromazine, arnitriptyime, imipramfner halopeildol, sulpiride
bezafibrate.r dofibric acid*, gemfibrozil
carbamazepiner primidone
diphenidol, scopcrfamine, toJperfsone
caffeine (stimulants), cyclophosphamide (Imrnunosuppressant),
promethazine (antihistamines), carbazochiome (hemostatics),
dextromethoiphan (antitusslvedrug), ifenprodil (cerebral circulation imp'over),
metocJopramide (dopamine receptor antagonist), tdbutarnide (anti-diabetics),
pentxifVllJne (blood viscosity-deducing agent), prednisotone (cortcosteraid drug)j
N,N-dietiiyt-m-tolarmde (insect-repellent), gn'seofulvfn (antiflingal drug),
furosemide (diuretics), pSrenzepine (peptic ulcer agent)
*.
: veterinary dmg; #: rnetabotite
-------
2.2 Ecotoxicity evaluation of PPCPs
• Bacteria (Microtox®) Bio-liminescent inhibition (EC50)
Algae
Algal Growth Inhibition Test
(EC50, NOEC)
Crustaceans
Acute toxicity test: DaphToxkit
(EC50)
Amphibians • Protozoa
Toxicity on development of embryo Growth inhibition test
(LC50) (EC50)
-------
11 substances for bioassays
Anti-inflammatoris
hUC
CH
CQ,H
HOOC
CH,
Ibuprofen
COOH
N
CH.
HiC
Mefenamic acid
COOH
Fenoprofen
H CHa
CH3O
coo-
Ketoprofen
V
Naproxen
Insect repellent
O CHa
Diethyltoluamide
( DEBT )
Antipruritic
CH,
CH,
CH
0
Crotamiton
-------
Antibacterial, Antibiotic
OH
Cl
Triclosan
(TCS)
CH
H * ^^ ^0
, OH!_O o f-,,_
Clarithromycin
V (CAM )
Azithromycin
(AZM)
Anticonvulsant
Carbamazepine
(CBZ)
Maximum
concentration on
bioassay
= 10mg/L
-------
3, Results
- PPCP concentration in river with a large basin
-57 PPCPs were detected in one or more samples
-Concentration : Effluent > Tributary > Mainstream
10000
-^000
100
U
C
O
U
0.1
Winter survey
&
Summer survey
o Wastewater effluent
o Tributary
• Mainstream en Under limits of quantification
-------
Source distribution of PPCPs
-The tributaries were dominant as PPCPs source.
-Large load of caffeine (easily biodegradable) suggests that
sewerage systems in the tributaries are insufficient.
WWTP
Surveyed area
... [150 km in length)
Downstream
Hi••••••••!••••i•iiimf
Water flow
utaries
Mass load
Sources W[nter
Upstream •[—Summer
Tributaries
WWTP
15 1
1 5"
LT
0 J
ffl
S.O-i
4.0-
o-
1.0
0.5H
0
0.25-
0
^ X
? ^
-------
- PPCP concentration in urban small river
10
D)
0.1
0.01
0.001
St.1
St.2
G*
St.1: without a developed sewerage system
^20-1600ng/L
St.2: the sewerage system is well developed
=>n.d. - 50ng/L
-------
- Bioassays of PPCPs
0.001
0.01 0.1 1
Concentration (mg/L)
10
Bacteria
-Algae
- - A - - Crustaceans
—— Amphibians —o— Protozoa
Concentration-response curve of each bioassay on triclosan
-------
Bioassay results
r
Anti-
inflammatory
Insect
repellent
Antipruritic
Anticonvulsant
[
Antibacterial
Antibiotic
^^
[
Ibuprofen
Fenoprofen
Naproxen
Mefenamic acid
Ketoprofen
Diethyltoluamide
Crotamiton
Carbamazepine
Triclosan
Clarithromycin
Bacteria
15min
EC50
% 11.3*
10.4*
18.5*
10.2*
I 20.4*
21.2*
19.6*
28.3*
0.52
N.E.
Algae
96H
EC50
i 1
2.3
5.7
3.7
5.4
2.0
4.1
3.5
48.9*
0.012
0.012
Azithromycin JJ N.E. 0.019
NOEC
0.52
2.1
0.52
2.1
1.0
0.52
2.1
0.52
0.0083
0.0052
0.0052
urusta
ceans
48H
EC50
N.E.
N.E.
N.E.
N.E.
2.3
N.E.
N.E.
N.E.
0.26
N.E.
N.E.
Amphibian
96H
_ LC50 _
N.E.
N.E.
N.E.
5.2
N.E.
N.E.
N.E.
N.E.
0.82
N.E.
N.E.
Protozoa
96H
EC50
-
2.4
N.E.
-
-
" I
0.21
^™
[N.E.]: no effects for setting concentration, [*]: extrapolation value
[-]: no data, [yellow letter]: additional data
(mg/L)
-------
- First approach for risk evaluation for PPCPs
• The predicted no-effect concentration (PNEC) was
calculated from the values of NOEC examined by AGI
test using an assessment factor of 100.
[PNEC = NOEO100]
• The concentration of PPCPs actually measured at each
observation station as
Measured Environmental Concentration (MEC).
• MEC/PNEC<0.1 ; Acceptable
0.1<=MEC/PNEC <1 ; Needs further survey
1<=MEC/PNEC ; Needs detailed evaluation
-------
Results of First approach for risk evaluation
for PPCPs
^
Ibuprofen
Fenoprofen
Naproxen
Mefenamic acid
Ketoprofen
Diethyltoluamide
Crotamiton
Carbamazepine
Triclosan
Clarithromycin
Azithromycin
PNEC
[NOEC/100]
(H9/L)
5.21
20.83
5.21
20.83
10.41
5.21
20.83
5.21
0.08
0.05
0.05
I
MEC
(ng/L)
0.22
0.00
0.01
0.05
0.13
0.03
1.60
0.03
0.36
0.28
0.09
1
St.1
vlEC/PNEC
0.042
0.000
0.001
0.002
0.012
0.007
0.077
0.005
4.322
5.378
1.671
Assessment!
Acceptable
Acceptable
Acceptable
Acceptable
Acceptable
Acceptable
Acceptable
Acceptable
Needs
detailec
evaluatior
Needs
detailec
evaluatior
Needs
detailec
evaluatior
I
MEC
(ng/L)
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.05
0.00
0.03
0.03
0.00
^_
St. 2
MEC/PNEC
0.002
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.002
0.002
0.001
0.372
0.653
0.000
Assessment
-(
Acceptable ^
Acceptable I
Acceptable
Acceptable
Acceptable
Acceptable
Acceptable
Acceptable [
Needs
further
survey
Needs
further
survey
Acceptable
-------
4. Conclusion
In a river with a large basin, PPCP concentrations were in
the order of effluents > tributaries > mainstream. Major
load of PPCPs was estimated to come from the tributaries.
In the urban small river, concentrations of PPCPs were
different according to the watershed conditions, higher
concentration in the watershed with lower sewerage ratio..
The antibiotics "Clarithromycin and Azithromycin" affected
the algae but did not affect the other lives.
Triclosan had affected all lives. The sensitivity of these
lives to Triclosan was in the order of algae > protozoa >
crustaceans > bacteria > amphibians.
Thus the effects of PPCPs varied according to species of
lives.
-------
Three PPCPs (Triclosan, Clarithromycin and Azithromycin)
posed an eco-toxiclogical risk in this observed rivers.
The eco-toxicological risk in the water basin that does not
yet have a developed sewerage system is higher than that
well developed the sewerage system.
-------
Emerging Contaminants
(Endocrine Disrupters, Pharmaceuticals, Personal Care Products, etc)
Emerging Contaminants - State of Science in the
United States
Dr. Rhodes Truss ell
President
Trussell Technologies, Inc.
-------
Emerging Contaminants - State of the
Science in The U.S.A.
R. Rhodes Trussell, Ph.D.
Trussell Technologies, Inc.
Pasadena, CA
Japan - U.S. Joint Conference
On Drinking Water Quality Management and Wastewater Control
March 2-5, 2009
Trussell
TECHNOLOGIES INC
-------
Outline
Historical Perspective
Constituents Currently Emerging
Future Perspective
What Should be Done to Manage Our Risk
-------
Our concern about the unintended
consequences of chemicals has
deep roots
-------
• In 1798 Thomas Malthus predicted we were running
out of food (The world population at the time was ~ 950
million)
• In 1969, Paul Erlich predicted we were running out of
resources, including food, and that, by 1985 the world
population would be reduced to a sustainable level of
1.5 billion people (The world population was then 3.6
billion. Today it is 6.7 billion)
-------
We have overcome these predictions
through the application of technology
• Yet many worry about the unintended
consequences of that technology
• The more powerful the technology, the
greater are the unintended consequences
implied
• Chemistry has been at the heart of our
technological advance
• So it is probably appropriate that the focus
has been on the unintended consequences of
those chemicals
-------
Our chemical revolution began, in
earnest, between 1920 and 1950
-------
Modern living through chemistry
Alkylbenzene Sulfonate
Polystyrene
Penicillin
1920 1930
Erythromycin
DDT
1940
1
950
I
TNT
Bakelite pCBs
Nylon
I
Toxaphene
Tetracycline
Chlordane
Polyurethane
-------
Truly, these chemicals have
changed our standard of living
-------
Concerns about unintended
consequences, to public health, and to
the environment, began in the 1950s
-------
Early work
In the late 1950s, the USPHS did
extensive work trying to find a way to
assess the level of hydrocarbon
pesticides in drinking water sources
They developed a gravimetric method
the Carbon chloroform extract (CCE)
Gordon Robeck, Keith Carswell & Jim
Symons
-------
1962 was a big year
1970 1980 1990 2000
-------
1962 was a big year
1970
1980
1990
2000
The USPHS issued 1962 drinking water
standards which recommended
the carbon chloroform extract (CCE) at ^ 0.2
mg/L
-------
1962 was a big year
1970
Bf!9 ^B^^l
1980
I
1990
I
2000
I
-------
1962 was a big year
1970
1980
1990
2000
Ms. Carson wrote about the dangers
of pesticides like dieldrin, toxaphene,
heptachlor and DDT
-------
1962 was a big year
1970
1980
1990
2000
The book was very controversial
President Kennedy had a Science
Advisory Committee review the issue
The Committee supported Carson
-------
1962 was a big year
1970
1980
1990
2000
I
I
I
"Sometimes, technological progress is so
fundamentally at odds with natural processes that it
must be curtailed" - R Carson
-------
1962 was a big year
1970
^^^^B '
1980
I
1990
I
2000
I
And so began the struggle between:
-people concerned about the unintended consequences of
new technologies ... and
-people seeking a higher standard of living through
technical innovation
That struggle now begins its 47th year
-------
So emerging constitutents is not a
new issue
-------
Emerging constituents is not a
new issue
47 year history:
1970 1980 1990 2000
1 1974 ' ' '
National Organics Reconnaissance Survey (NORS) -
continuing to look for organics in drinking water - but with
GC/MS
-------
Emerging constituents is not a
new issue
47 year history:
1970 1980 1990 2000
' 1974 ' ' '
NORS
SDWA - protect our drinking water from man-
made chemicals
-------
Emerging constituents is not a
new issue
47 year history:
1970 1980 1990 2000
1 1974 '
NORS
SDWA
Discovery of THMs - (U.S. & Holland)
SOC's created during chlorination of drinking water
-------
Emerging constituents is not a
new issue
• 47 year history:
• The Disinfection By-Products Story
1970
1980
1990
2000
1974
Discover
THMs
1982
THM
Rule
1998 2001
DBP Rule NDMA
Stage I
2006
DBP Rule
Stage II
-------
Emerging constituents is not a
new issue
• 47 year history:
• 1977 - Manufactured chemicals: start
showing up where they aren't supposed to be
1970 1980 1990 2000
1980
CERCLA
1976
NRDC Consen
Decree
65 "class.
1977
DBCP
Amendments 129
Priority Pollutants
NPDES
«f^
Lai€
VOC's
Everywhere
2001
Stockholm
Convention
Dirty dozen
1997
Perchlorate
Superfund
-------
Emerging constituents is not a
new issue
• 47 year history:
• Manufactured chemicals: new implications?
1995
_ "
2000
1
2005
I
Colburn et al., Endocrine Distrupters
1996 new moc'e' f°r *ne ecologic impact of
chemicals
:
••••
FOTILin,
-------
Emerging constituents is not a
new issue
• 47 year history:
• Manufactured chemicals: new implications?
1995 2000 2005
I I I
Research has shown Pharmaceuticals
-In the environment
-In our water supplies
-In our drinking water
-------
Emerging constituents is not a
new issue
• 47 year history:
• Manufactured chemicals: new implications?
1995 2000 2005
I I I
As in Rachel Carson's day, this seems to be
less an issue for our drinking water supplies
and more an issue for the ecological
environment that supports us
-------
Emerging constituents is not a
new issue
• 47 year history:
• Manufactured chemicals: new implications?
1995 2000 2005
I I I
As in Rachel Carson's day, this seems to be
less an issue for our drinking water supplies
and more an issue for the ecological
environment that supports us
But the public is not sanguine
-------
A quick look at today's list
-------
Some Classes of Today's Emerging
Constituents of Concern
Herbicides (Atrazine, Metolachlor)
Person care products (DEBT,
Triclosan)
Household chemicals (Caffiene,
detergents)
Industrial chemicals (EDTA,
Bisphenol a)
-------
Some Classes of Today's Emerging
Constituents of Concern (cont'd)
Pharmacueticals
- Metabolic regulators (Diclofenac, Gemfibrozil)
- Hormone substitutes (EE2)
— Antibiotics (Sulfamethoxychlor, Erythromycin)
— Others (Carbazmazepine, lopromide)
Microbes (parasites, adenovirus, norovirus)DD
Nanoparticles
-------
List of 100 Compounds Often Found
in U.S. Effluents & Surface Waters
1,4-dichlorobenzene, 1,7-dimethylxanthine,
17a-ethinylestradiol, 17p-estradiol, 2,6-di-
f-butyl 1.4-benzoquinone, 2,6-di-f-butyl
phenol, 3-f-butyl-4-hydroxy anisole, 4-
methyl phenol, 5-methyl-1 H-benzotriazole
Acetominophen, Amoxicillin,
Androstenedione, Atenolol, Atrazine,
Azithromycin, Benzo(a)pyrene,
Bezafibrate, Bisphenol-A, Brominated
Diphenyl Ether (BDPE), Butylated
hydroxyanisole (BHA), Butylated
hydroxytoluene (BHT), Caffiene,
Carbamazepine, Chloropyrifos,
Chlorotetracycline, cholesterol,
Ciprofloxacin, Clarithromycin, Clofobric
acid, Coprostanol, Cotinine,
DDT, Dehydronifedipine, diatrozate,
Diazenon, Diazepam, Di-N-
butylphthalate, Diclofenac, Dilantin,
Diphenhydrmine, Enroflaxicin,
erythromycin, Estriol, Estrone, Ethanol, 2-
butoxy-phosphate, Ethinyl Estradiol
Ethylenediamine tetra acetic aid (EDTA),
Fluoranthene, Fluoxetine, Galaxolide,
Gemfibrozil, Hydrocone, Ibuprofen,
Indometacine, lopromide, Ketrprofen,
Lincomycin, Lipitor, Meprobamate,
Metolachlor,Methadone, Metro pro lol,
Monesin, Morphine, Musk Ketone,
Naphthalene, Naproxen, N-N-
diethyltoluamide (DEET), Nitrilotriacetate
(NTA), Nonylphenol, Nonylphenol poly
ethoxylate, Norfloxacin, NDMA,
Octylphenol, Octylphenol Poly ethoxylate,
Ofloxacin, Oxybenzene,
Pentoxifyline, Phenytoin, Phthalic anhydride,
Phenacetine, Polybrominated diphenyl
ethers (PBDE), Predisone, Primadone,
Progesterone, Propranolol, Pyrene
Roxithromycin, Salicycllic acid,
Sulfadimethoxine, Sulfamethazine,
Sulfathomethoxazole, Sulfathiozole,
TCEP, TCPP, Testosterone, Tonalide,
Triclosan, Trimethoprim & Virginiamycin
-------
Of the 100, there are 31 compounds we see or expect
to see with some regularity in raw drinking water
Acetominophen, Atenolol,
Atrazine, Azithromycin,
Bisphenol-A, Caffiene,
Carbamazepine,
Ciprofloxacin,
Erythromycin, Estrone
Ethylenediamine tetra
acetic aid (EDTA),
Galaxolide, Gemfibrozil,
Ibuprofen, lopromide,
Meprobamate,
Naproxen
N-N-diethyltoluamide
(DEET), nonylphenol,
nonylphenol
polyethoxylate,
Phenytoin, Octylphenol,
Octylphenol
polyethoxylate,
Primidone,
Sulfamethoxazole,
TCEP, Triclosan, &
Trimethoprim
-------
Of these 31, the 11 highlighted in blue were
those most frequently found in recent
WRF/SNWA surveys of U.S.tap waters
Acetominophen, Atenolol,
Atrazine, Azithromycin,
Bisphenol-A, Caffiene,
Carbamazepine,
Ciprofloxacin,
Erythromycin, Estrone
Ethylenediamine tetra
acetic aid (EDTA),
Galaxolide, Gemfibrozil,
Ibuprofen, lopromide,
Meprobamate,
Naproxen
N-N-diethyltoluamide
(DEET), nonylphenol,
nonylphenol
polyethoxylate,
Phenytoin, Octylphenol,
Octylphenol
polyethoxylate,
Primidone,
Sulfamethoxazole,
TCEP, Triclosan, &
Trimethoprim
-------
Of the 31, there are also 13 compounds that are
particularly persistent (candidates in groundwater)
Acetominophen, Atenolol,
Atrazine, Azithromycin,
Bisphenol-A, Caffiene,
Carbamazepine,
Ciprofloxacin,
Erythromycin, Estrone
Ethylenediamine tetra
acetic aid (EDTA),
Galaxolide, Gemfibrozil,
Ibuprofen, lopromide,
Meprobamate,
Naproxen
N-N-diethyltoluamide
(DEET), nonylphenol,
nonylphenol
polyethoxylate,
Phenytoin, Octylphenol,
Octylphenol
polyethoxylate,
Primidone,
Sulfamethoxazole,
TCEP, Triclosan, &
Trimethoprim
-------
So how do we manage this issue?
-------
The Current U.S. Model Follows the
Advice of the NRC in the 1980s
Hazard
Identification
Dose-
Response
Risk
Management
(action)
Risk
Characterization
Exposure
Assessment
-------
The Current U.S. Model Follows the
Advice of the NRC in the 1980s
Hazard
Identification
Dose-
Response
AQQpQQmpnt
Risk
Management
(action)
Risk
Characterization
Exposure
Assessment
To use this process we have to get data:
* Dose-response
* Occurrence
-------
The Current U.S. Model Follows the
Advice of the NRC in the 1980s
Hazard
Identification
Dose-
Response
AQQpQQmpnt
Risk
Management
(action)
Risk
Characterization
Exposure
Assessment
Note: Risk management is the last step
-------
But problems have developed in the
NRC Risk Management Process
' Hard, scientific data are not available (and won't be)
- We chose not to directly measure health-effects in humans
• So we test outcomes in other animals
- We cannot observe effects at low doses
• So we give the animals high doses
- And we use cross-species safety factors and multi-stage
models to understand what the results mean
• both are logical, neither can be verified
- We suspect that impacts resulting from exposure to one
chemical may be affected by exposure to another
• but we don't understand these complexities well enough to include
them in our risk assessments
-------
But problems have developed in the
NRC Risk Management Process
Most of the analytical methods we use to assess
occurrence are target-specific
x i.e. we only find what we look for
H Hence, we don't know what we don't know
The analytical methods we do have are becoming
increasingly sensitive
x Increasingly we know something is present without
knowing if its presence, at that level, is significant
-------
But problems have developed in the
NRC Risk Management Process
• It is not surprising that disagreements exist
among members of the scientific community
about how the data we do have should be
interpreted
• Nor is it surprising that people don't agree
about the significance of the risks identified
• The problem is even more complex when we
expand our horizon to consider impacts on the
entire eco-sysytem
-------
But problems have developed in the
NRC Risk Management Process
Change is coming at an increasingly
rapid pace
- Driven by population growth
- Driven by economic growth
Potential new problems are out-stripping
the resources we have to address them
-------
A Plot of the World's Population
llustrates the Pace of Change
Source: Wikipedia
500
1000
Year
1500
2000
-------
But the increase during my lifetime
has been particularly profound
Source: Wikipedia
500
1000
Year
1500
2000
-------
But the increase during my lifetime
has been particularly profound
Source: Wikipedia
500
1000
Year
1500
2000
-------
But the increase during my lifetime
has been particularly profound
Source: Wikipedia
Today
.2 5
-4—'
.03
E. 4
O
I 2
1
194i5-RTborn
500
1000
Year
1500
2000
-------
But the increase during my lifetime
has been particularly profound
Source: Wikipedia
Today
.2 5
-4—'
.03
E. 4
O
194i5-RTborn
500
1000
1500
2000
Driven by technological innovation the world
economy has grown faster yet
-------
As the Scale of Man's Activities Have Increased, The
Scale of their Impact Has Increased as well
7
6
Source: Wikipedia
Hole in
03 layer
Global
warming
Acid rain
LA Smog
.
O
12
1
Oxygen depletion
in major rivers
i
Waterborne disease
500
1000
Year
1500
2000
-------
We need a new scheme
It is time we (the U.S.) re-examined our
approach
A dialogue about the proper design of
preventative action may be the right place to
start (early moves in risk management)
Possible guidelines for precaution
- Substance is known to be toxic
- Evidence of adverse effects is accumulating
- Substance is not removed by secondary treatment
- Substance is persistent in the environment
- Substance accumulates in the food chain
-------
How might this work?
-------
Elements of an Appropriate
Response
1. Essential tenant: On-going investment is required
(no illusion that the "problem" will soon be "solved")
2. Monitor Monitor, Monitor
- Develop & maintain lists of compounds
- Develop & maintain standard methods of analysis
- Conduct regular national surveys
- On-going requirements for monitoring by water and wastewater
utilities and industry (effluents, influents, groundwater, biota)
-------
Elements of an Appropriate
Response
3. Cradle to grave management
- National program on habits of disposal
- On-going research on removal in water and wastewater
treatment
- Upgrade treatment when affordable (both water & wastewater)
4. Find the Bad Actors and Fix them
- Identify compounds that: persist in the environment, accumulate
in the biota, are resistant to treatment, show evidence of toxicity,
etc.
- Study their toxicity
- Find replacements for problem compounds
-------
finis
-------
Distribution System Water
Quality/Integrity
-------
Distribution System Water Quality/Integrity
Reduction of Residual Chlorine in the Drinking
Water in Yokohama City
Mr. Shigeo Himmoto
Manager, Northern Area Construction Division
Yokohama Waterworks Bureau
The City of Yokohama
-------
YOKOHAMA
H I N O f N f K C V
Reduction of Residual Chlorine in the
Drinking Water in Yokohama City
Shigeo Hiramoto
&
Manager, Northern Area Construction Division,
Waterworks Bureau, The city of Yokohama
-------
Map of Japan
TOKYO
YOKOHAMA
2
-------
View of Central Yokohama
MtFuji
Landmark Tower
Port of Yokohama
-------
Minato Mirai 21 Area
-------
Chinatown
Kaikoukinenkaikan
-------
Topography of YOKOHAMA CITY
Hill
-------
Overview of The Waterworks Facility
• Area 435 km2
• Population 3.65 million
• Water filtration plant 4
• Pipelines 9,000km
• Amount of water supply
1.2 million m3/ day.
-------
Schematic Chart of Improvements
Required to Obtain
Supply of safe, high-quality
drinking water
Incorporation of advanced filtration
technologies (i.e. membrane filtration and
advanced water treatment)
Removal of chlorine odour by
reducing level of chlorine
Direct feed from the the city'sdistribution system instead of
storage tank system
Regular inspection of water storage tanks
by waterworks personnel
Replacement of exisiting lead pipes
Instruction on the maintenance of water
supply equipment.
8
-------
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
n
Residual Chlorine Concentration
Average of 6400 Points in Yokohama City
2007
2003
2001
1999
1997
1995
- 0.2- 0.3- 0.4- 0.5- 0.6- 0.7- 0.8- 0.9-
Residual chlorine
1.0- Concentration
(mg/1)
-------
Efforts for Eliminating The Chlorine Odour
1) Improvement of chlorination facilities
2) Replacement of aged pipes
3) Installation of automatic water quality
analyzers at consumers' taps
10
-------
Outline of Residual Chlorine Reduction
Water Quality Monitoring
System
Analyzers are installed at water taps for
monitoring residual chlorine levels
Automatic water quality analyzer
amtenance section for wa
Monthly & daily crata
rends graph
FOMA Network
Water intake opening
auction of residual chlorine
at distribution reservoirs
Water filtration plant
Automatic water quality analyzer
Distribution reservoir
-------
Installation of Water Quality Analyzers
Water HiQtrihntinn hlnr.k.Q nf Ynknhama
area with water
Tsurugamine blo<
area for future installation
12
-------
Water Quality Analyzer
exterior
interior
Fig. 4 Water quality analyzer
13
-------
The Locations of Automatic Water
Quality Analyzers were determined by
Locations allowing the units to homogeneously cover
the whole testing area.
Existence of pipe types with a high possibility of
reducing residual chlorine levels
The results of the residual chlorine survey conducted
in summer months.
The results of residual chlorine simulation using a
distribution network analysis
Areas with low residual chlorine levels confirmed by
local water supply maintenance sections
14
-------
Area Selection for Unit Installation
P res s ure
distribution
istributi
G ravity flow
distribution
Unit No37
reser
^ ^ Prnnr>c;p>rl i
-------
Specifications of Pipes Connected
to Unit No.37
Water service pipes
Pipe type
VLGP
Diameter
20mm
Year installed
1983
Distribution pipes
Pipe type
DP
Diameter
150mm
Yeat installed
1977
16
-------
Residual Chlorine Value Chart
Residual chlorine
concentration
(mg/l)
1.4
Residual chlorine at reservoir
' Residual chlorine measured
by unit No 37
Unit No. 37
Data for 017 017 08 - 297 027 08
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
214 Reduce chlorine
residual level
-------
Decrease in Residual Chlorine Concentration
No32 ~ No40
Average value of
9 units
0 66
\j .\j\j
(mg/l)
Reduction of residual chlorine
concentration
[February 4, 2008]
U 0.08mg/l)
No32 ~ No40
Average value of
9 units
0 S8
\J .~J O
Cms/0
18
-------
Monitoring Display for Unit No.37
2008/08/05 07:52:00-2008/09/05 13:52:00
Period of 1 Month: 057 087 08 ~ 057 09
100
70
60
50
40
20
10
wat pr t pmpprat i irp
(iu/1)
2.00
low temperatures in
late August
.--.._.'- -.-'•-- - ' -
i.eo
1.40
1.20
o.eo
0.40
0.20
08/08 10:62 08/11 13:52 08/14 16:52 08/17 13:52 08/20 22:52 08/24 01:52 08/27 04:52 08/30 07:52 09/02 10:52
2008/08/05 |4| Ml 2008/09/05
07:62:00 _I_U LU I_1J 13:52:00
ro
:, '"lit: M1A2006
<•
••
TIWOGB
-------
Challenges Lying Ahead
The issues and tasks to be undertaken in furtherance
to the project:
• Improved and reliable performance of water
quality analyzers
• Surveys on the water in storage tanks atop or
inside buildings as well as the provision of
guidance on their proper maintenance.
20
-------
Thank You for Your Attention
Character of
Yokohama water works Bureau
Hamapyon
21 .-SSL 21
-------
Distribution System Water Quality/Integrity
Overview of Distribution System Water Quality
Issues and Research Activities
Mr. Chris Rayburn
Director, Research Management
Water Research Foundation
(formerly AwwaRF)
-------
Overview of Distribution System
Vater Quality Issues and
Research Activities
Japan-U.S. Joint Conference on Drinking Water
Quality Management and Wastewater Control
March 2, 2009
Las Vegas, Nevada
E R
RESEARCH
-
© 2009 Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this presentation may be copied, reproduced or otherwise utilized without permission.
-------
Presentation Overview
Why is DSWQ important?
What are DSWQ issues?
Water Research Foundation:
Results and Ongoing Activities
Closing Thoughts
WATER
RESEARCH
F n . j i. n ,•>
© 2009 Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
-------
Why is DSWQ Important?
Public health implications
Key benchmark of customer
satisfaction
Regulatory attention
Aging infrastructure
Aging population—increasingly
immunocompromised
WATER
RESEARCH
F n . j i. n ,•>
© 2009 Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
-------
M
elOO
£= 80
£ f 70
gX 60
2 5 50
DO 40
oi tj 30
l-ga 20
t Q
0
Number of outbreaks in CWS
% due to distribution system
Years
Waterborne disease outbreaks in community water systems
associated with distribution system deficiencies
SOURCE: National Research Council, "Public Water Supply Distribution
Systems: Assessing and Reducing Risks" (2005) —-
WATER
RESEARCH
© 2009 Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
-------
DSWQ Issues and Vulnerabilities
Hiah Priorit
Cross connection and backflow
Contamination during main installation, repair
or rehabilitation
Storage facility operation and maintenance
Premise plumbing water quality
Distribution system operation / operator
training
Source: National Research Council, "Public Water Supply Distribution
Systems: Assessing and Reducing Risks" (2005)
WATER
RESEARCH
F n . j ». n .1
© 2009 Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
-------
DSWQ Issues and Vulnerabilities
Medium Priorit
Biofilm and microbial regrowth
Loss of disinfectant residual
Pressure transients and pathogen intrusion
Source: National Research Council, "Public Water Supply Distribution
Systems: Assessing and Reducing Risks" (2005)
WATER
RESEARCH
F n . j i. n ,•>
© 2009 Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
-------
DSWQ Issues and Vulnerabilities
Lower Priorit
Effects of water age (e.g. DBF formation,
increased corrosion)
Nitrification
Permeation
Leaching
Post-sedimentation
Source: National Research Council, "Public Water Supply Distribution
Systems: Assessing and Reducing Risks" (2005)
WATER
RESEARCH
F n .j ». n ,•> r i o w
© 2009 Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
-------
Water Research Foundation
Involvement in DSWQ
• Pioneer in U.S. DSWQ research
• >130 related projects dating to
mid-1980s
• Completed research in all risk /
vulnerability areas identified in
2005 NRC study
WATER
RESEARCH
F n .j ». n ,•> r i o w
© 2009 Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
-------
Foundation Research Highlights:
Pressure Transients and Pathogen Intrusion
• Contaminant intrusion into mains due to sudden,
temporary drop in water pressure
• Issue little recognized prior to Foundation
research
• Key projects illustrate typical research response
to new issue
- Proof of concept (is problem real, and what causes it?)
- Assess magnitude (how big is the problem?)
- Develop control and management techniques (how do
we address the problem?)
WATER
RESEARCH
© 2009 Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
-------
A bad day at the office.
Source: AWWA, "Opflow" (1999)
WATER
RESEARCH
F n . j i. n ,•>
© 2009 Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
-------
Foundation Research Highlights:
Pressure Transients and Pathogen Intrusion
Project 2686: Verification and Control of Pressure
Transients and Intrusion in Distribution Systems (2004)
• Pressure monitoring of seven full-scale
distribution systems
• Pilot testing to measure intrusion volume
I under various conditions
• Evaluation of full-scale hydraulic surge
models
WATER
RESEARCH
F n . j i. n ,•>
© 2009 Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
-------
Foundation Research Highlights:
Pressure Transients and Pathogen Intrusion
Project 2686: Verification and Control of Pressure
Transients and Intrusion in Distribution Systems (2004)
• Verified that pressure transients (including negative
pressure events) occur in full-scale systems during
surge events
• Showed that surge events are most commonly
associated with sudden shutdown of pumps
• Successfully measured intrusion volumes at pilot
scale
> Verified surge models as useful tools for evaluating
effectiveness of surge control devices (e.g. surge
tanks, vacuum valves)
WATER
RESEARCH
© 2009 Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
-------
Negative for ~24 sec.
As low as -4.4 psi
n "x ,••
n
• .••'•
-mr m
i •
Distribution system pressure following a pump
station power outage
Source: Water Research Foundation 91101F, "Verification and Control of
Pressure Transients and Intrusion in Distribution Systems" (2004)
WATER
RESEARCH
© 2009 Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
F n .1 ». n ••
-------
Foundation Research Highlights:
Pressure Transients and Pathogen Intrusion
Project 3008: Susceptibility of Distribution Systems to
Negative Pressure Transients (2006)
• Developed surge models for sixteen full-scale
distribution systems
• Three key simulations for each model:
- Complete loss of pumping (e.g. power outage)
- Main break in a key trunk line
- Opening a hydrant to fire flow
WATER
RESEARCH
F n . j i. n ,•>
© 2009 Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
-------
Foundation Research Highlights:
Pressure Transients and Pathogen Intrusion
Project 3008: Susceptibility of Distribution Systems to
Negative Pressure Transients (2006)
• Identified and evaluated characteristics that
I make distribution systems more susceptible
to pressure transients
I* Showed that floating storage facilities help
reduce pressure transient magnitude and
severity
Developed utility guidance on conducting
pressure monitoring and developing surge
models
WATER
RESEARCH
© 2009 Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
-------
Foundation Research Highlights:
Pressure Transients and Pathogen Intrusion
Project 4152: Managing Distribution System Pressures to
Protect Water Quality (Ongoing)
• Began early 2008
• Objectives
- Further assess distribution system pathogen
intrusion risk factors
- Quantify the relationship between pressure
transients and DSWQ (e.g. pathogen
concentration, disinfectant residual)
- Develop best practices for protecting DSWQ
through pressure management
WATER
RESEARCH
© 2009 Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
-------
Foundation Research Highlights:
Online Monitoring and Early Warning Systems
• Primary challenges
- Low contaminant concentrations
- False positives
Research focus areas
- Optimizing existing sensors (pH, Cl, particle counting,
etc.)—reliability, placement, O&M
- Developing new sensor technologies
- Data capture, processing, analysis
Surge of interest after 9/11 although applications
go well beyond security
WATER
RESEARCH
© 2009 Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
-------
Foundation Research Highlights:
Online Monitoring and Early Warning Systems
Project 3035: Data Processing and Analysis for Online
Distribution System Monitoring (2008 - partnership with CSIRO)
• Rigorous, systematic approach for identifying
and distinguishing DSWQ anomalies from
background noise—establishing background
conditions and variability is key
• Developed unique method for fingerprinting
and tracking movement of water "parcels"
Demonstrated in three full-scale systems
WATER
RESEARCH
© 2009 Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
-------
"
/ ' f f
/>'/••'-
'-'-'.-' • -'
Is*
I K
I!
;-
M
Diurnal variation in pH, ORP and T at City West Water
Melbourne, Victoria AU
Source: Water Research Foundation 91226, "Data Processing and Analysis
for On-Line Distribution System Monitoring" (2008)
© 2009 Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
WATER
RESEARCH
-------
Foundation Research Highlights:
Online Monitoring and Early Warning Systems
Project 3086: Distribution System Security and Water Quality
Improvement Through Data Mining (2008 - TC with Charleston SC)
I* Innovative computer algorithms for defining background
and measuring anomalies from conventional sensor data
(pH, conductivity, Cl, TOC)—again, knowing baseline is
key
Detected onset of nitrification event in full-scale system
• Valuable lessons-learned on sensor placement (readings
affected by pressure transients)
Follow-on project 4182 will further develop algorithms and
data processing/analysis methodology
WATER
RESEARCH
© 2009 Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
-------
Ongoing Foundation Activities
DSWQ Strategic Initiative
Began in 2007
• Three key objectives
- Premise plumbing water quality
- Multiple barrier approach to DSWQ
- Chloramine knowledge gaps
• Multiple year, multiple project commitment
• Eight ongoing projects
WATER
RESEARCH
F n . j i. n ,•>
© 2009 Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
-------
Ongoing Foundation Activities
Research and Information Collection
Partnership
• Collaboration between Foundation and EPA
• Underway early 2009
• Seven key focus areas aligned with NRC
Report priority issues
• Developing analytical frameworks for each
focus area—consistent approach for
identifying and prioritizing research needs
WATER
RESEARCH
F n . j i. n ,•>
© 2009 Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
-------
Closing Thoughts
DSWQ is not an emerging issue; it's an old
issue receiving fresh attention for a variety of
reasons
Need for greater infrastructure RRR in
coming years presents an opportunity to "do
it right" and help optimize DSWQ
Connection between DSWQ and public health
is still poorly understood
WATER
RESEARCH
F n . j i. n ,•>
© 2009 Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
-------
Thank You!
Chris Rayburn
Director, Research Management
Water Research Foundation
(303) 347-618f
crayburn@wata|^^^^^^ndation,org
-------
Day 2
Proceedings of
JAPAN - UNITED STATES JOINT
CONFERENCE ON DRINKING WATER
QUALITY MANAGEMENT AND
WASTEWATER CONTROL
March 2009
Sponsored by:
3-EPA
WATE
FOUNDATION
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
XWERF
Water Environment Research Foundation
Collaboration. Innovation. Results.
WATER
RESEARCH
FOUNDATION"
ADVANCING THE SCIENCE: OF WATER*
-------
Sustainability of Water Supply Systems,
Wastewater Systems, and
Wastewater / Storm Water Treatments
-------
Sustainability of Water Supply Systems, Wastewater Systems, and
Wastewater / Storm Water Treatments
Performance Assessment of Aging
Drinking Water Infrastructure
Mr. Yasuhiro Suzuki
Counselor
Japan Water Research Center
-------
5th Japan-U.S. Governmental Conference on Drinking Water Quality Management
and Wastewater Control
Performance Assessment
of Aging Drinking Water
Infrastructure
Yasuhiro Suzuki, Counselor
Japan Water Research Center
March 2-5, 2009, Las Vegas, NV
-------
Today's Topics
Rapidly aging drinking water
infrastructure in Japan
Stagnation of infrastructure renewal
and future needs
Performance assessment and
improvement strategies
Brief outline of performance
assessment methods
-------
Much of the Drinking Water Infrastructure
was Implemented in the 1960s & '70s
1 ,800,000
1 ,600,000
f 1,400,000
>*
g 1,200,000
[§, 1 ,000,000
(/>
c 800,000
TZ 600,000
-------
Many Purification Plants were
Constructed in the Same Era
20
cE
£ §10
«J =
i= E
" ~ 5
0
Total capacity: 59.5 million m3/day
-------
160,000
-§140,000
~120,000
!>100,000
0 80,000
"I 60,000
^ 40,000
20,000
0
Aging Pipelines were
Partially Replaced
-1940 41-50 51-60 61-7071-80 81-90 1991-
Year of pipeline installation
-------
The risk of breakdown and
dysfunction in the drinking water
infrastructure increases with time.
A well-planned improvement
program must be implemented to
sustain a high level of trust in the
drinking water supply.
-------
Investments for Construction are Declining
and Renewal of the Aging Infrastructure
has Stagnated
2,000
1,500
1,000
£ 500
0) O
£ <° ^
£00
co ^
1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006
Year
-------
By 2025, the Cost of Renewal
Will Exceed Investments
(Assuming that Investments decrease by 1% each year)
0
c
o
0
0
c
1.80
1.60
1.40
1.20
1.00
0.80
0.60
0.40
0.20
0.00
(Investments
1
Stock
Cost of Renewal
65 70
80 85 90 95
05 10 15 20
30 35 40 45
0
50
40 c
O
30
2
0
10
O
<
o
o
-------
Performance assessment of the aging
infrastructure is indispensable
The renewal of the drinking water infrastructure
has stagnated due to:
-A severe financial strain caused by declining
water demand/income and a weak economy
Considering these factors, we have to:
- Implement a we 11-structured program to
improve the infrastructure
- Invest capital efficiently to improve the
infrastructure
- Understand clearly the current infrastructure
performance levels
-------
The Japan Water Research
Center (JWRC) has
,tsMsa developed methods to:
• Assess the performance
of the drinking water
infrastructure
•Determine the framework
for improvements
The guidance manual was
published in 2005, and
distributed to the water
utilities by the Ministry of
Health, Labour and Welfare.
10
-------
Required Functions
Required functions
Main scope of function(s)
Basic functions
Water quality, pressure, quantity, etc.
Structural functions
Construction, material quality, performance
efficiency methods
Operative functions
Control, operation
Maintenance functions
Maintenance activities
Safety functions
Safety policies
Environmental
functions
Environmental protection, conservation
11
-------
05
E
I
0
0.
Declining Performance
and Improvements
Performance levels
at installation
Perrowjiance
decline
Required performance
desirable levels
y Improved
performance levels
o
«
Performance
assessment and
improvements
E
t 2
m o.
E
Installation
Present
Future
12
-------
Procedure to Assess Performance
and Improvements
Overall Plant Performance
Assessment
Individual Facility
Performance Assessment
Results of performance
assessment
Judge improvement
needs
Are
required performance
Jevels being
No
Select optimal measure(s) to
improve performance
Implement improvement
measures
Yes
13
-------
Overall Plant Performance Assessment
Prepare
data sheet
Calculate
assessment indices
Calculate
assessment scores
Obtain data from daily
operation and management
Judge earthquake resistance
using check sheets
Convert to scores
based on indices
Identify weak functions and
areas of poor performance
Benchmark scores
14
-------
Detail of the Overall Plant
Performance Assessment
Enter the necessary data in the data-sheet.
e.g. Average amount of purified water per day (A)
= 138,000m3/d
Maximum amount of purified water per day (B)
= 180,000 m3/d
Calculate various evaluation indices based
on the data
e.g. Loading rate of Purification Plant
= (A)/(B)X100%
= 138,000/180,000X100 = 76.7
-------
Apply these indices to the standard tables
below to obtain a score for each item.
Evaluation index
coring criteria
1
0
Loading rate (%
80 - 100
60-69
Outside these ranges
Effective Operating
Rate %
70-89
90 - 100
60-69
Outside these ranges
Available Operating
Rate %
120 - 129
110- 119
100-109
130-149
Outside these ranges
•Lower scores indicate poor performance.
•The sum of all scores provides an overall
score for a particular purification plant.
•These scores allow different plants to be
compared. 1
-------
Example of Overall Plant Performance
Assessment Results
Score
1
CO
CM
if if
if if
V V
if if
Indices
| | |
TV
I » i
Miia -fe< Mh
M"
46
m
Loading rate of the purification plant
Score = 2
17
-------
Individual Facility
Performance Assessment
Answer several prepared questions
about performance for each of
the facilities and/or equipment
Calculate
evaluative scores
Identify facilities/equipment
with poor performance
18
-------
Example of Facilities to be Assessed
Cate-
gory
Facility/equipment
Cate-
gory
Facility/equipment
Cate-
gory
Facility/equipment
(0
o
ts
o
Intake weir,
intake tower ,
intake gate,
intake culvert, crib
Submerged
catchment pipes,
shallow well,
deep well
Grit chamber
Receiving well
Chemical feeder
Coagulation basin
Sedimentation basin
Rapid sand filter
Slow sand filter
Membrane filtration
facility
CD
o
Clear water reservoir
Sludge drying bed
Disinfecting facility
Dehydration facility
Aeration facility
Powdered activated
carbon facility
Granular activated
carbon facility
Ozonation facility
Biological treatment
facility
Iron and manganese
removal facility
Drained water basin,
sludge basin
Thickener
« i o
CO « *-
•- <*"» 3
I- Q -0
Regulating reservoir
Distribution
reservoir
CO
•*-•
c
CD
CO
Pump
Voltage transforming
equipment
Emergency power
generator
CD
Q.
"3
CJ
LU
o
"l_
+•«
o
ED
Power control
equipment
Instrumentation
equipment
Monitoring & control
equipment
-------
Detail of the Individual Facility
Performance Assessment
There are predetermined questions (about
20 questions for each facility), which cover
four areas of performance. The score for
each question depends on the answer.
Questions
Answers
Scores
Is the amount of chlorine injection
adjusted appropriately for the
amount and quality of water?
Noproblem
__ _^ (100)
be sufficient, but generajT£goSr3> (50)
Sometimes causes problems. _ (0)
5 0
Are there any problems in injection,
such as leaks and scale buildup?
Noproblem (100)
Maynot be sufficient, but generally good (50)
Sometimes causes problems. " ^> (0)
0
20
-------
The scores for the questions in each
performance area are summed, and used
as the overall score for the performance
area. The score of the lowest performance
area provides a representative value for
the performance evaluation score of the
facility. Facilities with lower scores mean
that the performance of the facility has
deteriorated.
This method allows different types of
facilities to be directly compared.
21
-------
Example of Individual Facility
Performance Assessment Results (1)
100
80
CD 60
o
O40
CO
20
Average score
m
>H
Fff
SB
0*
Jfi
Disinfection
facility
Equipment
and/or facility
II SB SB
SB
PAC adsorption
facility
-------
Example of Individual Facility
Performance Assessment Results (2)
Disinfection facility
PAC adsorption facility
Overall score
Overall score
100
Basic
performance
Technical
level
Basic
performance
Aging
Management
conditions
Aging
Management
conditions
23
-------
Determining the Improvement Needs
and Framework
Identify the reasons for declining performance
\7
Impact of functional breakdown =
(Affected peoplexperiodxfrequency)
Judge improvement needs
Select optimal
improvement strategies
Formulate a framework
for improvements
Efficiency, rationality,
and financial impact of
proposed strategies
24
-------
Conclusions
The current performance assessment method
is not adaptable to assess pipeline
performance.
A comparable method to assess pipeline
performance is greatly needed.
Since 2008 JWRC has been developing a
performance assessment method specifically
for the pipeline, as part of research
subsidized by the Ministry of Health, Labour
and Welfare.
JWRC is also improving the current
performance assessment method using
several case-study analyses. 25
-------
Thank you very much
for your attention
Japan Water Research Center
http://www.jwrc-net. or.jp/
26
-------
Additional Slides
27
-------
How did two peaks
in the investment chart occur?
The first peak was due to facility
construction in response to combining
and integrating the existing water
supply areas. This was triggered by the
national subsidy program.
The second peak was due to active
facility construction funded by the
national subsidy program again for
Advanced Treatment Facilities.
28
-------
Serviceable lifetime of
purification plants and pipelines
Local Public Enterprise Law specifies:
40 years for pipelines
60 years for reinforced concrete
structures
20 years for electrical facilities
15 years for pumping facilities and
chemical injection facilities
10 years for disinfection facilities
29
-------
The major improvements in the existing
performance assessment manual
• Clear definitions of the terminology
used in the manual
• Detailed explanations on the
implementation of assessment
• Examples of data entries and
calculations in the forms
30
-------
Required number of data and
evaluation items to evaluate
different types of facilities
Type of facility
Required data
(number of data to be
entered in data sheet)
Number of
evaluation items
Intake station
65
17
Water conveyance
pumping station
16
10
Water purification
plant
79
22
Water transmission
station
16
10
Water distribution
pumping station
47
26
31
-------
Determining the improvement
needs and framework
First, possible causes for performance
degradation are considered.
e.g. Broken or deteriorated components,
out- of-date technology, etc.
The magnitude of the impact is estimated in
the case of breakdown.
- Number of affected people
- Duration of the event
- Frequency of the event
32
-------
• Improvement strategies and methods are
proposed.
e.g. Updating facilities, replacement of
component parts, consolidating with
similar facilities, etc.
• Then to determine the final improvement
measure, the following is evaluated for each
strategy/method:
- Efficiency
- Rationality
- Financial impact
• It is also necessary to determine beforehand
which evaluation criteria is the most important.
33
-------
Sustainability of Water Supply Systems, Wastewater Systems, and
Wastewater / Storm Water Treatments
Sustainability: The Las Vegas Approach
Mr. Richard B. Holmes
Director of Environmental Resources
Southern Nevada Water Authority
-------
SOUTHERN NEVADA WATER AUTHORITY
Sustainability:
The Las Vegas Approach
Richard B. Holmes,
Director of Environmental Resources
March, 2009
-------
Mission, Vision and Values
Mission
- Partner to provide reliable, quality water, ensuring the sustainability
of our desert community and serving our customers responsibly.
Vision: "People Leading the Way"
- Partnering with our diverse community in sustaining water resources
- Partnering to provide quality service that exceeds expectations
- Partnering to be stewards of resources for future generations
Values
- Respect for People
- Integrity
- Service
- Excellence
- Sustainability
-------
Sustainability Strategic Plan
Water
Energy
Public education, outreach and
partnerships
Organizational and individual behavior
-------
Southern Nevada
Desert Environment
1 Average rainfall of 4.5"
• Peak temps of 110+
1 13 rain events annually
1 250 new residents daily
1 40 million visitors yearly
-------
Metered Water Consumption
2006 SNWA Service Area Municipal Metered Water Consumption
2006 Municipal Metered Water Consumption
Use By Customer Type
Common Areas
4.9%
Other
4.1%
Schools/Govt/Rarks
4.8%
Golf Courses
7.4%
Resorts
6.8%
Commercial / Industrial
13.5%
Residential (MF)
14.7%
Residential (SF)
43.8%
-------
Single Family Household Water Use
80.0%
70.0%
60.0%
50.0%
40.0%
30.0%
20.0%
10.0%
0.0%
69.2%
Cons
>umptive Us 6
Non- Consumptive Uses
8-2% 6.7% 51% 4 oo/ .y.
*^. l /O t.O/0 *l.fc/0
i 1 n 7% n 5% 0 4%
i i ii
-------
Water Conservation
The SNWA's aggressive mix of incentives, regulations,
education and pricing has created one of the most
recognized conservation programs in the nation.
Conservation Toolbox
-------
Water Conservation
Key Policies
• Seasonally-restricted watering schedules
Turf conversion & restrictions
Golf course water budgets
Incentive programs
Water waste enforcement
Rates to encourage conservation
-------
Water Conservation
The Water Smart Landscape Program provides a cash
incentive to commercial and residential customers to
convert grass to water efficient landscaping.
-------
Water Conservation
From inception of SNWA Water Smart Landscape program in 1999:
• More than 11 million square meters of turf has been removed
• More than 25 billion litres of water saved annually
-------
Water Conservation
The SNWA's conservation programs
have demonstrated real results.
There has been a cultural change
in the way Southern Nevadans use water.
-------
Conservation Achievements
400,000
300,000
2
o
200,000 -
co
100,000 -
0
/
_
325,000
1
_
_
270,000 265,000 265.000 265,000
/•
>79,000
1
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
Southern Nevada's consumptive water use declined approximately
15 percent between 2002 and 2007, despite the fact that there were
nearly 400,000 new residents and nearly 40 million annual visitors.
-------
Conservation Achievements
1990 - 2008 Gallons Per Capita Per Day (GPCD)
Water Usage
400]
347 344 339 337
329 327 329
322 317 315 315 318 314
GOAL 250 GPCD BY 2010
] GOAL 199 GPCD BY 2035
294
274 269 264
——|r-—-| 255
Tflnn
249
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 Est.
Calendar Year
-------
WaterSmart Innovations Conference
First-of-its-kind event held annually
World's largest conference on urban water management
and efficiency
More than 1,300 participants
Attendees from 17 different nations
More than 160 professional sessions
More than 140 exhibits
* 4
watersmartOS
I N N O VAT IONS
-------
Energy - Fleet
Goal: 100 percent alternative-fueled vehicle fleet by 2015
• Currently, 79 percent alternative-fueled fleet
- Biodiesel
- Compressed natural gas
- Hybrid
2008 Alternative Fuel Vehicle Institute
(AFVI) Green Ribbon Award
Named the seventh best "green" fleet in
North America by Government Fleet
Magazine
In 2007, completed construction of a solar-
driven hydrogen refueling station
-------
Energy - Power Supply
Silverhawk Power Generation Facility
SNWA holds 25 percent interest
570-megawatt power plant
"Dry cooled" power plant that produces
electricity using one-tenth of the water
consumed by traditional "wet-cooled"
power plants
-------
Energy - Power Supply
LVVWD Distributed Solar Array project
- Solar panels at six LVVWD storage and
distribution sites
- 3.1 megawatt sites will collectively produce
about 5.3 million kWh (kilowatt hours) per
year
SNWA designing 450 kW of solar photovoltaic
systems to power two water treatment facilities
- Combined, will generate approximately
920,000 kWh (kilowatt hours) per year
- Equivalent energy usage of more than 60
Las Vegas households
-------
Energy - Power Supply
Approximately 10 percent of SNWA's annual
power supply comes from Hoover Dam
hydro power
SNWA has developed hydropower projects at
three Rate of Flow Control Stations (ROFCS)
- Generate more than 2 megawatts combined
Ground water Project
- Potential for half of power requirements to be
generated by in-line turbines (more than 30
megawatts)
- Remainder of power requirements to be
provided from renewable energy sources
(solar, wind, geothermal)
-------
Environmental Stewardship
Development of new resources can not come at the
expense of the surrounding environment.
The SNWA is proactively engaged in a
number of efforts to safeguard Nevada
and protect the environment.
Examples:
- Las Vegas Wash
- Development of in-state groundwater resources
-------
Las Vegas Wash
Primary discharge point for treated wastewater flows
Critical in protecting the region's primary water supply
$165 million effort among local, state and federal
agencies
Revegetated nearly 80 hectares of wetlands habitat
Constructed 11 erosion control structures
Stabilized more than 8.8 km of embankment
Removed more than 225,000 Kg of trash
50 percent decrease in total suspended solids
Significant reductions in other contaminants
Increased habitat for bird, fish, mammal and reptilian
species
-------
Groundwater Development Project
NT->
MARK
Spring Valley
Snake Valley
Cave Valley
Dry Lake Valley
Delamar Valley
Coyote Spring Valley
-------
Groundwater Development Project
When granting applications, the State Engineer
considers:
- Is there water available from the proposed source
(perennial yield of groundwater basin)?
- Will the application conflict with existing rights?
- Will granting the applications be in the public interest?
- Will it interfere with domestic wells?
-------
Groundwater Development Project
Hydrological Monitoring
Developing highly
sophisticated ground and
surface water monitoring
network
Installed real-time data
collection at various sites
Installed evapotranspiration
stations
-------
Groundwater Development Project
Hydrological Monitoring
Partnered with USGS and Desert
Research Institute
Developing comprehensive
groundwater model characterizing
aquifer
SNWA will have more than 180 groundwater
and surface water monitoring locations,
providing an early warning system to avoid
adverse impacts.
-------
Groundwater Development Project
Biological Monitoring
Conducted pedestrian surveys of
400 miles of proposed alignment
and alternatives
Logged each sensitive plant species
within the proposed alignment
(GPS)
Documented all flora and fauna
within the proposed alignment
Conducted regional studies of areas
outside the alignment to better
understand the characteristics of
the basins
-------
Groundwater Development Project
Biological Monitoring
Conducted extensive bird, reptile and
small mammal surveys
Conducted a comprehensive invasive
weed survey of 23,000 acres
Partnered with the Smithsonian
Institute to study spring snails
Characterized ecological conditions of
over 100 springs in project area
The SNWA hired expert botanists in the
region to assist with the gathering of
sensitive plant species information
-------
Sustainability - The Las Vegas Approach
Water
- Conservation
Energy
- Fleet
- Power Supply
Environmental Stewardship
"Las Vegas Wash
- Ground water Development Project
-------
SOUTHERN NEVADA WATER AUTHORITY
-------
Sustainability of Water Supply Systems, Wastewater Systems, and
Wastewater / Storm Water Treatments
Sewer Management in Japan - an Overview
Mr. Takashi Sakakibara
Head, Wastewater and Sludge Management System Division
Water Quality Control Department
National Institute for Land and Infrastructure Management (NILIM)
Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Tourism
-------
Sewer Management in Japan
-an overview
I L I
Takashi SAKAKIBARA, Yosuke MATSUMIYA,
Yasuo FUKUDA
Wastewater System Division, NILIM, MLIT
-------
Introduction of NILIM - Wastewater System Div.
H I L I
I
Wastewater Planning
Asset Management, Quick-construction project
Technical strategy for wastewater engineering
Sewer System Maintenance
Road cave-in problem v storage pit problem
Stormwater Control
CSO control, rainfall infiltration enhancement
Communication method in heavy rainfall
| Watershed Management
Northwest Pacific Sea Marine Env. Protection
National Institute for Land and Infrastructure Management
-------
Presentation Outline
I L I
1. Sewers in Japan
- statistical overview
2. Sewers Asset Management
-current status in Japan
3. Research Topics
- for better Sewer
Asset Management Plan
1 180,000
! 160,000
: _ 140,000
! -6,120,000
| | 100,000
I | 80,000
I g 60,000
! 40,000
!
• 20,000
0
i
!
Annual c ave-in case
P
• .•i.i.n.n.n.n. .,v
1870 1890 1910 1930 1950 197
rfl ''
i El =
t:;;: !
0 1990
— HI Annual Cave-in case _•_ Total sewer
M\\\\IMC\\
nil j'j)'
(Inn,
— Ji
& <#• # <#> ^ ^ ^ ^
year
length T 420 :
J "0 '
XL li
n li
1|
|i
fe •
u :
ift :
3 :
^ ^
March 3,2009
National Institute for Land and Infrastraure Management
-------
Presentation Outline
N I L I M
1. Sewers in Japan
- statistical overview
2. Sewers Asset Management
-current status in Japan
3. Research Topics
"for better Sewer Asset Management Plan
March 3,2009
National Institute for Land and Infrastructure Management
-------
Closing Gap on SPR, JP-US
so
0s-
^
&
C
0
« i-H
^— >
J3
3
dn
O
PLH
-G
00
100
80
60
40
20
0
J
-£©
^ Tar\ar| T 7
JdLJClll
• us • • o*
^
•
84% of
sanitary
treatment
;rat(
1960
1970 1980
1990 2000
2010
Source; US data: Needs Survey, JP data: Budget Request Outline 2008
March 3,2009
National Institute for Land and Infrastructure Management
-------
A
I L I M
14,000
12,000
10,000
c 8,000
o
6,000
4,000
2,000
0
Declining Capital Expenditure, JP
Sewerage Capital Expenditure
60,000
50,000
40,000
30,000
20,000
10,000
0
.
§
Source; US data: A retrospective Assessment of the Costs of the Clean Water Act 1972 to 1997,
JP data: Sewerage Budget Request Outline 2008 MLIT
March 3,2009 6
National Institute for Land and Infrastructure Management
-------
I L I
180,000
160,000
_ 140,000
^120,000
I 100,000
° 80,000
tb
g 60,000
40,000
20,000
0
1870
Sewer of JP is younger
n ,n ,n ,n
1890
1910
1930
1950
1970
1990
Histogram of Sewer Installation Length per decade
Source; US data: Gap Analysis, JP data: New Info by Our Research
March 3,2009
National Institute for Land and Infrastructure Management
-------
Presentation Outline
M 1 L I M
1. Sewers in Japan
- statistical overview
2. Sewers Asset Management
-current status in Japan
3. Research Topics
"for better Sewer Asset Management Plan
March 3,2009
8
National Institute for Land and Infrastructure Management
-------
A
Current Sewer O&M
Experience based approach by big cities
Baby boomers retirement & downsizing
Neglected O&M by Small/Medium Cities, due
to insufficient resource; human & finance
Need for AM approach for all cities
March 3,2009
National Institute for Land and Infrastructure Management
-------
I I I M
7000
6000
GO 5000
eg
S 4000
u
^ 3000
2000
1000
0
March 3,2009
Increasing Road Cave-Ins,
as Consequence of Failure
Annual Cave-in case
\
Total sewer length
420
360^
E
_^
300 ^
cd
240 o
180
W)
120 ft
£
60 13
-(—>
o
-<—>
0
year
Source: Sewerage Budget Request Outline 2008
National Institute for Land and Infrastructure Management
10
-------
Source: Sewerage Budget Request
Outline 2008 (left) & Tokyo
Metropolitan Gov website (right)
March 3,2009
• I L I M
11
National Institute for Land and Infrastructure Management
-------
Where do thev ha
public sewer g.] = [©public sewer] + [©joint between PS. & M.] + [©Joint between^
PS.&Lat]
[lateral g.] = [©lateral] + [©Joint between PS. & Lat] + [©joint between Lat. &
M.]
+ [©joint between Lat. & CO.]
[manhole g.] = [©manhole] + [© joint between PS. & M.] + [©joint between Lat.
[clean out g.]
ioint between T jtf. &
si
March 3,2009
12
National Ing£itut^for/.and and Infrastructure Management
-------
25
0)
w
E 20
Laterals Blamed Most,
Exponential Increase
Source: Proceedings of Research
Conference 2008, JSWA
* Public Sewer related
• Lateral related
A Manhole related
x Cleanout related
y = 0.0497e
.___R?__=_QjB6Q3.
0.09C3x
y = 0.0751e
=0.8671
0.0607>
0.078
y = 0.0144e
-^-=0.8275
0.051
= 0.0334e
R2 = 0.7121
3x
0 10
March 3,2009
20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
age
National Institute for Land and Infrastructure Management
13
-------
A
Flat or Downward O&M Expenditure
2,000
1600
CD
>^
a
o
o
o
C/3
o
u
1,200
800
400
0
Sewer Length -A- Expenditure on Sewer O&M
Sour
Pr
>ceeding
sofR
search Con fen nc
e2
ILIM
500
400
o
o
o
300
60
200^
o5
CD
100^
0
National Institute for Land and Infrastructure Management
14
-------
A
^^•^
N I L I I
mno
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
^7
&>
What are Major Cities doing for AM?
March 3,2009
v
4?
D Not Planed
D Considering
• Underway
D Completed
Source: New Info by Our Research
15
National Institute for Land and Infrastructure Management
-------
A
Presentation Outline
1. Sewers in Japan
- statistical overview
2. Sewers Asset Management
-current status in Japan
3. Research Topics
"for better Sewer Asset Management Plan
March 3,2009
National Institute for Land and Infrastructure Management
16
-------
Our research goal for Sewer AM
Average Survival Curve (ASC)
=>Long term budget planning for financial sustainability
• How many kilometers of failed sewers that need rehabilitation
exist now?
• How fast do those sewers increase in future?
• How many kilometers of sewers need survey every year?
Risk Evaluation Tool on Failed Sewers for Prioritization of
Necessary Actions
=>Long term work program for sewer service sustainability
• Which sewers should be surveyed & rehabilitated first?
• Which sewers are likely to be failing ?
• How big are the consequences of failed sewers? How much is
a sewer collapse damage?
March 3,2009
17
National Institute for Land and Infrastructure Management
-------
How to draw ASC ?
I L t
3) ASC by integration of SCS&SCR
=>Shows ASC with no rehab
Survival Curve using Survey data (SCS) ^^^^^^^
^Collect CCTV & Eye Inspection data from 2,700 km
Sewers. Death defined by deterioration level. ||||||||
Survival Curve using Rehab incl. Repair &
Replacement
=> Use rehab length data for 400,000km of entire |1||1
nationwide sewers in 2006. Death defined by Rehab &
Replacement
18
National Institute for Land and Infrastructure Management
-------
Grading Criteria for Sewer Span
I L t
Emergency category Criteria of Assessment
Timing of Necessary Action
critical A doimnant
bad few A & B dominant
immediate
Wthin 5 years after makeshift repair
not well No A, few B & C dominant [njafrears or later after makBshift
Definition of 'Dead' sewers for SCS
Dead: Emergency 1+2, most municipalities rehabilitate EM
1 +2 sewers
Alive: Emergency 3 & No Problem
Underestimate for physical decay
March 3,2009
2008/10/7
19
National Institute for Land and Infrastructure Management
-------
CCTV Survey of Sewer Span
• I L
M
Criteria of Sewer Condition Assessment,
Example
Mode by Span Basis
B
corrosion
sag
exposed metal bar
Diameter or over
exposed gravel
Half Diameter or over
rough wall
below half diameter
Mode by Pipe Basis
fracture
crack circumferential
joint
leak
lateral projection
root intrusion
grease slime
Mortar.
Marr.h 3 ?OOQ
partially missing or
longitudal crack of 5mm or
5mm or over 2mm or over
longitudal crack of 2mm or over
displaced
splashing
Half Diameter or over
Half Diameter or over
blocked
30% diameter or over
blocked
70mm open or over
runnig
1/10 Diameter or over
below Half Diameter blocked
10% diameter or over blocked
longitudal crack of below 2mm
below 2mm
below 70mm open
surface stain
below 1/10 Diameter
na
below 10% diameter blocked
20
National Institute for Land and Infrastructure Management
-------
Survival Curve bv Survev data: SCS
I L t
100
90
« 80
(S 70
£ 60
= 50
40
S 30
X 20
« 10
Source: Proceedings of Research Conference 2008, JS WA
Age
March 3,2009
National Institute for Land and Infrastructure Management
• • *••--
.V, fV
^^^ HH IJ
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
21
-------
Survival Curve bv Rehab: SCR
0
March 3,2009
10
20 30
40
Age
Source: Proceedings of Research Conference 2008, JSWA
National Institute for Land and Infrastructure Management
• I L I M
50 60 70 80
22
-------
Actual Survival Curve
13 yrs
• I L I M
82 yrs
March 3,2009
Source: Proceedings of Research Conference 2008, JSWA
National Institute for Land and Infrastructure Management
23
-------
Conclusion & Necessary Research
• i L i
3) Average Survival Curve for the estimate of work
volume of Survey & Rehabilitation was gained.
1.44 % of sewers over age 13 added each year to the
work volume.
Necessary to draw ASC by sewer material type as it is
influential
March 3,2009
24
National Institute for Land and Infrastructure Management
-------
Risk evaluation based on sewer cave-in events
L I
Sewer cave-ins are increasing, especially in major cities, totaling
more than 4000 cases each year. Prevention of the cave-ins is
requested socially.
MLIT HQs & NILIM conduct national survey on sewer cave-ins
every year. ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Using the data, cave-in frequency prediction formula was
developed as part of risk evaluation tool, gill 11111
© Currently, working on prediction model of damage magnitude by
failed sewers to develop prioritization method for survey & |1111
rehabilitation
March 3,2009
25
National Institute for Land and Infrastructure Management
-------
Future necessary research
[Valuated Risk ] = [Cave-in damage cost] x [frequecy] x [sewer
lengthl
1.56(WlOOkm
0
2008/10/7
^ Risk Valuation N\
By span or Area
Prioritization of
action; survey &
V mhah J
Damage cost
prediction
Possible parameters;
time & cost for repair
work, traffic density,
depth of sewers
Under Research
National Institute for Land and Infrastructure Management
26
-------
Thank you for your attention
March 3,2009
National Institute for Land and Infrastructure Management
-------
Image of Budget Annuity
• I L I H
March 3,200
28
National Institute for Land and Infrastructure Management
-------
Sustainability of Water Supply Systems, Wastewater Systems, and
Wastewater / Storm Water Treatments
st
Sustainable Water Infrastructure for the 21 Century
Dr. James A. Goodrich
Senior Environmental Scientist
National Risk Management Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
-------
&EPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Sustainable Water
Infrastructure for the
21st Century (Total
Water Management)
James A. Goodrich, Ph.D.
Nicholas J. Ashbolt, Ph.D.
Office of Research and Development
National Risk Management Research Laboratory
March 3, 2009
-------
&EPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Developed Countries with Decaying
Infrastructure and Developing Regions
Appear to be on Unsustainable Pathways
•Systems are aging
•Populations are increasing and shifting
geographically
•Current treatment may not be sufficient
•Research investment has declined
•Central vs. decentralized approaches
•Climate change
-------
&EPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Water Infrastructure Sustainability and
Adaptation in the 21st Century Requires a
Paradigm Shift towards:
Integration of water, energy and transport services
Technological and institutional changes to orient the
systems towards more sustainable water services
Flexible and feasible tools that are able to
holistically consider water quality, water quantity,
management and reuse of separated 'waste'
including wastewater streams, and the energy
utilization efficiencies
-------
vvEPA
Likely trends / Implications
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
•Aging Infrastructure/Climate Change/Population
Shifts:
-Flood, drought, more intense storms, sewer overflows, power
outages
-Aging population, more prone to respiratory diseases
(Legionellosis etc.)
• Need to reduce greenhouse gases:
-Move less water over shorter distances/recycle, particularly reuse
of grey water with in homes
-Water footprint vs. Carbon footprint
• Renewable energy/recovery:
-Utilize energy within 'wastes' / energy recovery
-Urban agriculture / recycle of local nutrients
-------
&EPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Urban Water Cycle is no longer
Sustainable
1. Big-Pipe-In/Big-Pipe-Out approach of
the last 150 years not adequate to
address future needs
2. Need for nutrient recycling to
agriculture
3. Water-energy nexus
-------
vvEPA
The Formidable Challenges
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Do we know enough to adapt?
What is the uncertainty in predictions? And how
to deal with it?
What methods and techniques are available?
What science and engineering can do?
Success of our efforts in meeting the challenge
hinges on two essential elements:
- Our ability to identify the natural variation
components for adaptation;
- Our ability to determine the anthropogenic
causes of climate change for mitigation
-------
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
vvEPA
Research Questions
and Topics
1. Downscaling, and how to use it in local
applications
2. Predictions of impacts on hydrology and
water quality in watershed scales
3. Engineering information and tools
4. Planning and engineering of water
infrastructure for sustainability
-------
Cone of Relative Uncertainty
Potential
Scenarios
Future Horizon
Increasing Uncertainty
-------
&EPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
The nation's demographic pattern
35
_ro
5^
o> f.
(/).=
CD
o
0
f _ s _ ^ _ / ^x ^> ^y ^y ^> ^> ^y
-------
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Water Use Trends in the U.S.
300
U Public supply
I RuraI domestic and livestock
Q Irrigation
Q Thermoelectric power
• Other industrial use
— Total withdrawals
400
O
1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Source: USGS Circular 1268
-------
&EPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Population shifts
Mean Center of Population for the United States 1790 to 2000
-------
&EPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
» 9SO 1 9&O
People per square mile of land
ipolna
••••'
'- ' • ••" • ; ' ' : •
-
.
•SO I9&O
dvcennial
~O
of c«-p
MO
• •
-------
&EPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Changing patterns in land use density
Average
opulation p<
square mile
10,000
* P-Q n HA
8nnn -
7r\fin
6rtrtrt
4nnn
2nnn
Ir'irt A
n -
fhe average density of the urban population
started a dramatic decline after 1 950
(The 1 OO largest cities)
— ~~ ' v
\
_i^^^r
—
191Q 192O 193O 194O 195O 19SO
Years
197O 198O 1990
-------
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
A particular situation is a reflection of the
demographic patterns of the specific region
Seven Metropolitan Regions That Currently Have Similar Service
Populations
O
O
01
a
Q_
O
a.
-------
&EPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
2.0%
T I I I I I I I
1870 1890 1910 1930 1950 1970 1990
Year Installed
10: A}
-------
&EPA
United Slates
Environmental Protection
Agency
-------
&EPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
More pipe in lower condition levels
will impact costs and performance
Excellent
Good
Fair
1980
2000
Poor
| | Very Poor
Life Elapsed
2020
Approximately 2 - 2.5 Million Miles Woter /
Wastewater: Public / Private
-------
&EPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Water / wastewater systems are capital intensive
Net Plant /
Revenue
Water Divers. Local Gas Gas
Tel, Exch. Tel, Pipelines Distrib.
Electric
Purvenas, T.J., "Infrastructure Replacement -Credit Quality Concerns" Water, Spring 1998,
•ional Association of Water Companies, Washington, D»C.
-------
&EPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Water, sewerage and drainage (30 to 35%)
of All Capital Investment in an urban lot
Education
Rec
Health
Transport
T el ecomtriuni ca tio
re and Postal
Electricity and Gas
An Austraian study on the relative capital
costs of all forms of infrastructure investment
to serve a typical lot rn Melbourne.
Roads
Water Supply
Drainage
Sewerage
Water Resource
-------
&EPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
The projected growth alone, could produce
BODj loadings similar to the mid-1970s
25000
20000
15000
10000
5000
Source: USE PA, Progress in Water
Quality: An Evaluation of the
Notional Investment in Municipal
Wastewater Treatment, June 20CXX
1968 1972 1978 1996 2016
BODu (Metric Tons Per Day)
2O25
-------
&EPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Water Resource Integrity
Source Water Quality Integrity
• Treatment and maintenance of finished water quality
Hydraulic Integrity
• Refers to the maintenance of a desirable water flow, water
pressure and water age while providing potable drinking water
and fire flow
Physical Integrity
• Maintenance of physical barrier between the distribution,
collection, and wastewater treatment system and the external
environment
-------
&EPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Water resources are vulnerable to
contamination through:
• Contaminated source water
• Backflow
• Intrusion
• Tanks,
• Cross-connections
• Deliberate injection
• Treatment by-pass
-------
&EPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Climate Change DBF Precursor Impacts
NOM
Algae
Bromide
PH
Temperature
THMs Increased
DHANs Increased
Brominated
Increased/TTHM shift
Variable by DBP class
and pH
Increase most in high
temperature sources
-------
&EPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Unregulated (Emerging) DBFs
More than 600 DBFs have been identified
Little known about occurrence and toxicity of
unregulated DBFs
Mostly in vitrocyto-and genotoxicitytests in current
thrust of health effects research
Still considerable need to link these tests to
carcinogenicity and human health effects
-------
&EPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Health Effects Data for Emerging DBFs
Brominated DBFs are more cytotoxic and genotoxic than the
chlorinated analogues
Indication that the iodo-substituted DBFs (iodoacids) are of
health concern (cytotoxic and genotoxic) (in-vitro studies)
Nitrogenous DBFs (N-DBPs) may be of greater health concern
than the carbonaceous DBFs
Iodo-substituted DBFs and N-DBPs occur at significantly lower
concentrations ,but some toxicity indices suggest orders of
magnitude greater potency
-------
&EPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
^EPANET 2 - Net3.inp
File E.dit View Project .Report Window H
IZ1
] Network Map
LEI
RIVER
Day 1, 12:00 AM
LAKE
TRACE LAKE
20.00
40.00
60.00
80.00
percent
Flow Units: GPM
Zoom: 1 00
Run Status:
-------
&EPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
-------
The Distribution System as Reactor
PIPE SURFACE
Red ox
Reactions
Detachment
Heterotcophs Conforms
¥77777777
L / / / / / / /
Biofilm/regrowth
(g) 1996 CENTER FOR BIOFILM ENGINEERING, MSU-BOZEMAN
14/B96CS
-------
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Need for water / nutrient
recycling
Urban waters: resource or risk?
-------
I States
Environmental Protection
Agency
We need a paradigm shift
Current: use water once & disposal
http://www.ecosanservices.org
Resource recycle instead of disposal
-------
Fnuirnnmental
Drinking water
Household wat
Rain water
Options for households
Water fit-for-purpose
Source separation
Irrigation
Yellow water
treatment
Energy
recovery
www.urbanwater.org
Ashbolt et a/. (2006) In: 2nd IWA Leading-Edge on Sustainability in
Water-Limited Environments. WEMS vol 10, IWA Publishing, London,
-------
&EPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Aspect
Human waste
Stormwater / used
water
Demand & Supply
Quality
Cycle
Treatment
infrastructure
Scale
Diversity
Integration (physical)
Integration
(institutional)
Old Paradigm
Nuisance (odorous, pathogens)
Nuisance (flooding, should be removed quickly)
Build supply capacity to meet growing demand
Treat all to drinking quality
Once through
'Grey' - i.e., unnatural, engineered systems
Centralized: bigger is better (economies of scale)
Standardize: limit complexity
Water, stormwater, sewage separated physically
Water, stormwater and sewage managed by
different authorities / departments, under
different budgets
New Paradigm
Resource (nutrients back to agriculture)
Resource (alternate water source, should be
retained, reused or allowed to infiltrate where
possible)
Manage demand in line with resource (supply)
limits.
Supply water Tit-for-purpose'
Reuse, reclaim, recycle
Mimic or include use of natural ecosystem
services to purify water
Decentralized is an option (diseconomies of
scale); avoidance of inter-basin transfers
Allow diverse solutions, determined by local
needs and situations
Separation of water cycle is reduced because
'waste' water is reused not discharged
All phases of urban water cycle managed in
coordination, allowing physical integration
and reuse
-------
&EPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Aging Water Infrastructure Research
Program
National Infrastructure Assessments
Economics and Life Cycle Cost Condition
Assessment
Technology Demonstration and
Verification
Outreach
Advanced
Concepts
Rehabilitation
Innovative Wastewater Treatment Technologies
Integrated Management and Decision
Support Systems
-------
Major Accomplishments
State of the Technology reviews and Technology
forums for CA-DW, CA-WW, Rehab
State of the Technology review report for nutrient
control technologies
Cooperative agreement RFA and eleven proposals
STAR Grant RFP for $6M leveraged with $1.5M
National infrastructure assess and adaptation report
and national experts/stakeholder workshop with OW
(Jan. 09)
Asset management workshop with OW
-------
&EPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
National and Regional Infrastructure Assessment
•Multi-scale infrastructure assessment
- Focus on future infrastructure planning and management
considering future climates, land use and socioeconomic
developments
- National and Regional assessment and adaptation reports
(FY09-12)
- Water availability forecasting platform, methods and
technologies in water reuse, water conservation and
sustainable energy productions
- Climate prediction uncertainty management in infrastructure
and water resources management
- Five tool boxes for end users: engineering analysis, water
availability forecasting, water reuse, water conservation, and
sustainable energy
-------
&EPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
CONCLUSIONS
Asset Management Key to Sustainability
-Must consider:
•Aging infrastructure
•Climate Change
•Population Change
•Institutional Impacts
•Water and Energy Footprints
-------
^m
I
thoug
111
I!
T.T1T
a k:
7fte sewer is the conscience of the city
Victor Hugo, Les Miserables
-------
&EPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
THANK YOU
Jim Goodrich
(513)569-7605
Goodrich.iames@epa.gov
-------
Sustainability of Water Supply Systems, Wastewater Systems, and
Wastewater / Storm Water Treatments
Outline of Strategic Planning of Asset Management
for Public Wastewater Treatment Plants in Japan
Mr. Hiroki Matsui
Assistant Manager, Project Promotion Division
Project Management Department
Japan Sewage Works Agency (JS)
-------
Outline of Strategic Planning of
Asset Management for Public
Wastewater Treatment Plants in
Japan
Hiroki MATSUI
Project Promotion Division,
Project Management Department
Japan Sewage Works Agency (JS)
Mar.2009
-------
Outline of Contents
Needs of Sewage Systems in Japan
JS's Contribution to development of the
standard method of AM for WWTPs
Advantages of AM for WWTPs
Future plans of AM for WWTP
-------
Water Pollution of Tokyo
in 1960's
Tokyo Bay in 1960's
A river of Tokyo
in 1960's
A river of Tokyo
in 1960's
*Rapid urbanization and economic growth occurred in 1960's.
* Wastewater was discharged into rivers and sea without
Optimal treatment.
Photo CreditEnvironmental Bureau of the Tokyo Metropolitan Government
-------
Needs of Sewage Systems in Japan
Needs of Sewage systems in urban area in
Japan
But, lack of engineers in local governments
(especially, middle and small cities)
Establishment of Japan Sewage
Works Agency (JS) based on a
special law in 1972, sponsored by
central & local governments
(a kind of public company)
-------
Increase of the number of Wastewater
Treatment Plants Supported by JS
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
Number of WWTP Supported by JS
• Total Number of WWTP in Japan
Over 60% of All public WWTPs in
Japan were constructed by JS.
Replacement / improvement of old
facilities are needed for ensuring their
reliability and safety
oo
oo
oo
oo
(N
(N
-------
Contribution to a Method of AM for
Public WWTPs by JS (1)
JS has a lot of experience and essential
knowledge about sewage planning, design,
construction management, and maintenance.
JS has developed a method of AM for Public
WWTPs in Japan, including a practical manual
for checking and predicting facilities' condition
at WWTPs.
-------
Contribution to a Method of AM for
Public WWTPs by JS (2)
Developement this AM method for WWTPs
(2005-2007)
Actually used for 9 WWTPs. (2007-2008)
the 1st edition of technical recommendation for
AM (2008)
* At the moment, target facilities are WWTPs and
Pumping stations.
-------
PDCA Cycle in the AM
Predict future
condition of the
facilities
ACT
PLAN
Make/Revise a plan for
replacement/ improvement of
target facilities.
DB
DO
Check present condition
of all facilities
CHECK
Perform the plan
replacing / improving
target facilities
"Repeated PDCA cycle" is useful and important
-------
How we check facilities.
(Example of parts of sludge collector(l))
Main shaft (in water)
Checkpoints
Factor of evaluation
' rust, damage, vibration, etc.
Class of Condition is Class 3.5
Class of condition
5 (good)
-------
How we check facilities.
(Example of parts of sludge collector(2))
1 (bad)
Reduction gear
Class of
Condition
is Class 4.2
Class of condition
5 (good)
-------
Importance of PDCA Cycle (1)
start
U
A deterioration curve
Actually evaluated data
Legal
durable period
0 5 10 15 20
Operating duration
1) Current situation
25
0
change a deterioration
5 10 15 20 25
Operating duration
2) Syears passed
-------
Importance of PDCA Cycle (2)
u
0
Actually evaluated data
5 10 15 20
Operating duration
25
3) 10 and 15 years passed
U 2
0
A deterioration curve
5 10 15 20
Operating duration
25
3) 20 and 23 years passed
As the number of the plots increase, we can
make more reliable curve.
-------
Importance of "Micro" and "Macro"
Management of WWTP
Both Micro and Macro management are very important to
make a strategic future plan with AM.
Micro Management
Macro Management
-------
Advantages of AM for WWTPs
Reduce asset ownership costs.
Decision making tool for O&M chief officers
Ex. Possible to know easily when to replace or
improve old facilities.
• Enhancing accountability.
-------
Future Plans of AM for WWTPs
Collection and Analysis of effective Data
for improving the deterioration curves
for all facilities in typical WWTPs.
• Make the 2nd edition of technical
recommendation
-------
Conclusions
Advantages of AM for WWTPs :
1. Reduce asset ownership costs.
2. Decision making tool for O&M chief officers.
S.Enh
„
ancing accountability.
Repeated PDCA cycle is important
and efficient
-------
Thank you for your attention
for more information
Hiroki-Matsui@j swa.go. j
-------
Sustainability of Water Supply Systems, Wastewater Systems, and
Wastewater / Storm Water Treatments
One Utility's Approach to Wastewater Sustainability
Ms. Karen Pallansch
General Manager
Alexandria Sanitation Authority
-------
One Utility's Approach to
Wastewater Sustainability
Karen Pallansch, General Manager, Alexandria Sanitation Authority
Japan-US Joint Conference on Drinking Water Quality Management and
Wastewater Control
March 3, 2009
-------
Today s Presentation
Who We Are at ASA...
What does Sustainability Mean?
Our Approach to the Triple Bottom Line
What About the Future?
asa
-------
54 MGD Advance
Wastewater Treatment
Facility
Located on 30 acres in
Alexandria, Virginia
Five Member Citizen
Board
Staff of 128
Discharge to
Chesapeake Bay
Facing stricter nutrient
discharge limits
V '
as a"
JH.ilMUm <*H««H1H *WOM»y?
-------
p
Global warm!
EMS
It can be many different
things -
A Motto
An Ideal
A Way to do Business
A Way to Live Your Life
A Call to Action
-------
Sustainability - Wh
The term "SUSTAINABILITY" is often misunderstood and
misused...
Not everyone agrees on a definition -
In 1 997, there were an estimated 350 plus definitions of
'sustainability' and 'sustainable development'
The most popular recent definition is traced from the
Brundtland Commission, 1987:
"meeting the needs of the present generation without
compromising the ability of future generations to
meet their own needs."
asa
-------
Sustainability
does it Mea
-------
Sustainability
does it Mea
For ASA...
Living and working like we plan to
stay here for generations!
asa
-------
5 Our Purpose:
To produce
clean, safe
waiter & Our 9°a'
exceptional
quality
.. ...
biosohds
To provide
sanitation
services to a
growing
population Sustainability
decreasing
natural
resources.
asa
-------
-------
Our Approach to the
People
Product
or Service
aterials^W Business
\ Process
$
Energy
Waste
Products
Inputs = Outputs
Sustainable?
-------
Our Approach to th
ASA Board anc
Leadership Team [
Environment & People
The best of both!
asa
-------
Our Approach
Tech Services
•sen Fields
trategic Resource
(location
Four Integrated Functional Divisions
who...
Implement Strategic Plan
Set Objectives
Monitor Performance Metrics
-------
Define Business Elements
o
Engineering
Operations
Maintenance
Environmental
Compliance
Management
Legal
Administration
Real Property
Audit
Human Resources
Public Outreach
Finance
IT
Purchasing
Board
-------
Our Approach to the
SKI
Examples of Sust
Hybrid vehicles
Low flush toilets
Energy efficient lighting
Teleconference instead of travel
Workforce succession planning
Meet & exceed regulatory
requirements
> Asset management
> Strategic Planning
-------
Our Approach to the
Why:
• Speak the same language
• Consistent understanding
• Have some fun - neuroscien
proves that you retain more..
• Motivates & involves everyor
• Everyone has an idea - who
knows what successful idea is
out there?
-------
Our Approach t
What should
ASA
KEEP doing
to be more
sustainable?"
"What should
ASA
START doing
to be more
sustainable?
"What should
ASA
STOP doing
to be more
sustainable?"
Carousel Brainstor
-------
Green
Fields
Economic (PROFIT) Concepts:
lie
mrce
location
o Financial Advisor
o New Revenue Sources
> Asset Management
o Green Fleet
o Green Purchasing
O environmentally preferable products
o Reduce & Reuse First
o Life Cycle Costing
-------
Green
Fields
Social (PEOPLE) concepts:
•: , ' •
lie
ce
location
o Succession Planning
> Learning Culture
3 Wellness Programs
o Strategic Planning
o Engagement Programs
o Community Programs
o Regional Training
o"100 Year Leadership"
o "Green Team" started
-------
Our Approach to t
Cleai
Services
Green
Fields
isource
location
Environmental (PLANET) Concepts:
o Environmental Management Systems
o Net Zero Energy Use
Net Zero Chemical Use
; No Impact Construction
o Water Reuse
o Methane Capture and Reuse
o Deammonification Research
o Design for the Environment
-------
Our Approach to the
ASA Criteria for Project & 'rogram Planning
Weigh
asa
People
Ease of
Operation
Staff
Engagement
Weight:
Environmental
Leadership
Current
Permit
Compliance
Flexibility to
Adapt to
Changing
Regulations
Manage
Environment
al Footprint
Efficiency
Community Fiscal
Awareness Responsibility
Reliability of
System
Neighborhood/
City Relations
Capital Cost
Management
Weight: 5 t: 3 Weight: 10 Weight: 11
Weight: 4
Partnering
Weight: 6
Site Open
Space
Embed
Sustainable
practices
Weight: 3
Weight: 11
-------
Our Approach to the
Use Your Performance Metric System to Track
Progress:
• Waste Reduction
• Renewable Energy
• Carbon Emissions
• Water Usage and Reuse
• Energy Use
• Percent of Recycled Materials in products
• Safety
• Training, Development & Volunteer Hours
• Hiring Practices/Employee Support
asa
-------
Our Approach to
Has Led to Success:
• No net increase in O&M budget for last 3 years
• 28% reduction in natural gas usage
• 33% reduction in use of process chemicals in 3 years
• 5 years of being accident free
• Joint venture with City of Alexandria for Water
Reclamation Program
• 100% Preventive Maintenance completion record
asa
-------
What About tbs FLJ
tur
-------
At ASA, 'green is j
urrbe FLJ
e begi
Developing a long term commitment to
sustainability that focuses on a 'systems'
based perspective
Every employee impacts our environmental
footprint and every employee contributes to
minimizing that same footprint
-------
not just a plan or a project...
Guides Executive
Leadership Decisions
Affects Maintenance &
Repair/Replace
Activities
Influences Our Relationships
with Our Board & Customers »
Guides Every Employee's
Day to Day Decisions
Touches Operations
and Compliance
Influences Our Relationships
:^ with Our Vendors, Suppliers
& Consultants
asa
-------
The Journey Forward...for ASA:
• Hire a Sustainability Coordinator
•Continue to build sustainable
thinking into day to day through
the small sustainability steps take
to date
•Develop and monitor sound
performance metrics
•Be a sustainable utility leader
\-
-------
at A
Future?
The Journey fo
because we can't dt
Revamp how we train our engineering
students; focus on systems approaches
rather than current silos of thinking
Vendors & consultants must rethink how
they do business and focus on
environmentally preferable products ani
projects
Fund research, not bail outs
The US must be advocates, not
adversaries, in sustaining our planet
-------
Thank You
Karen Pallansch
General Manager
Alexandria Sanitation Authority
karen.pallansch@alexsan.com
-------
Sustainability of Water Supply Systems, Wastewater Systems, and
Wastewater / Storm Water Treatments
Current State and New Technologies for CSO
Control in Japan
Mr. Hideki Hay as hi
Senior Research Engineer
Japan Institute of Wastewater Engineering Technology (JIWET)
-------
Current state and new technologies
for CSO control in Japan
Japan Institute of Wastewater Engineering Technology
(JIWET)
Hideki Hayashi
-------
1. Introduction
191 cities all over Japan"
the combined sewer syst*
About 20% of the area covered
by the sewer system 0<
About 30% of the population
served by the sewer system
-Before 1944
-Byl944
-Byl954
-Byl964
-Byl974
-Byl984
-------
Many oil balls washed ashore at Odaiba marine park
in September 2000.
Sunny day
Rainy day
Oil ball
• The incident made the headlines and became a public issue.
-> The Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism set up
the Combined Sewer System Improvement Measures Review
Committee composed of experts, local governments and related
organizations.
-------
2. Current Status of CSO
700
600
- 500
"3
° 400
a
o
M 300
200
100
670
-
-
-
-
-
-
260
143
51
1 1
< 1 1-2 2-3 3-4 4
Intercepted rainfall sewage (mm/hr)
213
or more
•BOD
(maximum):
1,310 mg/1
• Coliform count
(maximum):
1,600,000/ml
• Natural outfalls: 2,420
• Pumping stations: 544
• Locations with less than 1 mm/hr
intercepted rainfall sewage: 670
Type of
facility
Sewage
plant
Pump
station
Storm
outfall
Water quality range
Primary
effluent
Untreated
sewage
Untreated
sewage
BOD 10 . 251 mg/1
SS 12 . 348 mg/1
COD 4.1 . 165 mg/1
BOD 3 . 330 mg/1
SS 3 . 160 mg/1
COD 11 . 8 10 mg/1
Coliform count 160 _ 500,000 /ml
BOD 5 . 1,3 10 mg/1
SS 7 . 445 mg/1
COD 11 . 1,440 mg/1
Coliform count 900 _ 1,600,000 /ml
Remark
Interception
rate:3times
ilntercepted
rainfall
sewage :0.7to4. 8
mm/hr
ilntercepted
rainfall
sewage:1.0to4.2
mm/hr
-------
3. Goals of the Combined Sewer System
Improvement
(1) Reduction in pollution loads
The pollution load of the combined sewer system should be
reduced to the same level as or lower than the pollution load
expected to occur if the combined sewer system was replaced
by the separate sewer system.
(2) Safety assurance of public sanitation
The number of releases of untreated sewage should be at
least halved for all outfalls.
(3) Removal of grit
Outflow of grit should be minimized for all outfalls.
-------
4. Tasks for Improvement
(1) Treatment of a large and varying amount of sewage is necessary.
(2) A large area is necessary for a stormwater reservoir for pollution
control.
(3) Existing treatment plants cannot handle sewage even if additional
intercepting sewers are installed.
• New techniques should be developed to address those tasks.
• Private corporations are commercializing new techniques.
• A framework for comprehensively evaluating techniques is necessary.
-> A new technological development project of experts, local
governments and relevant organizations was launched: SPIRIT 21.
-------
5 .Framework to new technological development
SPIRIT Committee
Private companies
Selection of technological development
Public solicitation for participating
researchers
Selection of participating researchers
Private companies replying to the
offer
Joint research
Examination of and advice on research
Examination and technical evaluation of
research results
Reflection in measures
Formulation of research plans
Execution of research
-------
6. Techniques Solicited from the Public and
Development Targets
(1) Removal of grit
The new technique should improve removal of grit by over 30%.
(2) Removal of pollutants
The new technique should remove >30% of pollution in terms of
BOD and SS.
(3) Disinfection
• Coliform count <3,000 per ml
• Reaction time and genetic toxicity equivalent to the existing
technique
• Affordable running cost
(4) Measurement and control
• The new technique should be able to accurately and continuously
measure water quality.
-------
T.List of CSO control technologies
Technology category
Debris Removal
(Screen)
High Rate Filtration
Coagulation /
Separation
Disinfection
Measurement /
Control
NO.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
Technology
Hydroclean Brush Screen
Rotamat RMK1 Screen
CSO Screen
Disc Screen
Storm Screen
Ultra Fine Screen using perforated panel with tapered holes
The Copa Raked Bar Screen
Rotary Screen
Wet-weather high-speed wastewater filtration system
High-Rate Filtration with a Synthetic Media
CDS Screen and the high-rate filtration method using specially-processed fibers of a material.
Super-High-Speed Fiber Filtration for Untreated Combined Sewage Water Overflow
on Rainy Days
High Rate Filtration Process
ACTIFLO PROCESS
High Rate Coagulation System using CDS Screen(FSS System)
Effective disinfection system with chlorine dioxide
CSO DISINFECTION SYSTEM BY MEDIUM-PRESSURE UV LAMPS
Rapid Disinfection of Combined Sewer Overflow using Chlorine Dioxide
Rapid Disinfection Technique Using High Concentration Ozone for Combined Sewer
Overflow
BCDMH Disinfection
The economical ozone disinfection system by using ozone adsorbing technology
Ultraviolet disinfection system
Organic pollutant monitor(UV meter)
Automatic coliform counter
-------
(1) Removal of impurities
) Pry
weather
HWL
LWL
Overflow
weir
Inflow Pipe and
Interceptor side
M
Baffle Plate
Discharge Pipe side
Inflow Pipe and
Interceptor side
Discharge Pipe side
Rotamat RMK1 Screen
-------
100
^ 90
80
.« 70
£60
1 50
1 4°
^H
^ 30
13
g 20
1 10
0
(
Results of exreiment
^
i
) 0.1 0.2 0.3 0
amount of overflow m3/sec
4
-------
(2) Removal of pollutants
:High-speed filtering technique
Existing public works structure
Special filter media
Wet-weather high-speed waste water
filtration system
-------
1
•
ft
1
QA
50
sP'TA
o\70
Q
O/-A
60
PQ
i
•>_ CA
& 50
c
o A i
,— , -30
<3
l^ on
§ ^0
s
-------
(3) Removal of pollutants
:Coagulation and separation technique
Polymer
Micro-sand collect
device
Raw water
Sludge
discharge
pump
Effluent
water
coagulant
pH adjusting
ckmicnl
Screening
chamber
Rapid Injection
mixin chamber
chamber
Maturation
chamber
lamellar
settler
Raw water conveying pump
ACTIFLO PROCESS
Recirculation
pump
-------
oval efficiency
e
100
90
I 80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0
Results of exreiment
+ SS
A COD
X T-P
• BOD
X T-N
Targe(SS,BOD)
A
X
A
X
X X
10
20
rainfall
30
(mm)
40
50
-------
(4) Disinfection technique
C1O2 generator
Chemical storage facility
Special NaClO2
tank HC1 tank
Scrubber
Dilution water supply system
O
Strainer
Grit chamber
Effective disinfection system with chlorine dioxide
-------
RUN
Rainfall(mm)
Reaction time(min)
Coliform
group
Influent
after
disinfection
1
96.5
5
1,300-
310,000
25-
2,600
2
15
5
160,000-
370,000
460-
3,000
3
15
5
96,000-
260,000
75-
2,150
4
19.5
5
110,000-
240,000
185-
2,420
-------
(5) Measurement and control technique
air pump
converter
recorder
detector
Visible light signal
amplifier
i
L i
L
uv-s£
detector '
VIS-S
detector
nl N
UV signal amplif
[correction filte:
•\
Built-in cleaning
mechanism
/
s~
±
t
X.
J
-\
k
^VIS-R
1 detector
,|h
UV-R detectc
c
\
measurement sidey \ /^\jeference
.7 ^
air outlet
parallel cell windows
exterior
cleaning
mechanisn
Organic pollutant monitor (UV meter)
-------
200
^ 150
J3 100
03
^ 50
0
(
COD
y=0.95x
R2 = 0.94
^
* tfK»
S
\
) 50 100 150 200
analysis value(mg/l)
500
400
^
bC
^,300
200
C/5
H H
>
100
0
(
ss
y=1.06x /
R2 = 0.9 !/ *
*x"^
** ^x*
• >*
* >*
**x^
• v4* *
J^*
*«
X
* * *
ii
) 100 200 300 400 500
analysis value(mg/l)
-------
8. Conclusion
New techniques for combined sewage systems have been
developed.
Improvement measurement programs are being reviewed
at many cities to incorporate the new techniques in
practice.
For details of each technique, please visit:
http ://www.j iwet. or .j p/
-------
"Water Safety Plan" Approach
-------
"Water Safety Plan" Approach
Recent Progress in WSP Application in Japan
Dr. Shoichi Kunikane
Professor, Institute for Environmental Sciences
University ofShizuoka
-------
Recent progress in
WSP application in Japan
US-Japan Governmental Conference
2-5 March 2009, Las Vegas
Shoichi Kunikane
Institute for Environmental Sciences
University of Shizuoka
Japan
-------
WSP application in the world
IWA website: WSPortal
"Bonn Charter" (IWA, 2004)
Incorporation in the regulatory framework
in New Zealand
>As Public Health Risk Management Plan
Under discussions in EL)
WSP development in UK companies
Application in many developing countries
-------
"Guidelines for
WSP development"
Issued by MHLW in May 2008
>Not as a regulation but as a recommendation
Drafted by a JWWA committee
Small/Medium water suppliers as main target
audience
Reference to New Zealand's approach
Hazard identification utilizing water quality
monitoring data
-------
Annexes of
"Guidelines for WSP development"
> Computer software with pull-down menus and
templates (in Japanese)
> A WSP format (Word file)
> A file for hazard analysis (Excel file)
» Examples of WSP development case studies for
small water supplies (in Japanese)
> Rapid sand filtration system
> Slow sand filtration system
> Disinfection only (two cases)
-------
Procedure of hazard analysis
Start
Prepare a risk level matrix
1
Select potential hazardous events along with
each step of water supply from source to tap
Prepare a hazard control sheet
A table on control measures, a monitoring method and
a control limit for each hazardous event
relating it with its risk level and water quality parameters
Rearrange the above table according to
each water quality parameter
End
-------
WSP application
in Tokyo Metropolitan Water Supply
In FY2006
• Development of a WSP for one water
treatment plant (Misato WTP)
In FY2007
• Practical application of a WSP to Misato WTP
• Development of WSPs for the whole system,
including 71 WTPs
In FY2008
• Practical application of WSPs to the whole
system
-------
"Tokyo High Quality
Water Management Program"
WSPs for the whole system
>incl. 71 water treatment plants/stations and
distribution network
ISO 9001
>for quality management at water treatment
plants
ISO/IEC 17025
>for analytical quality control at a water quality
examination laboratory
-------
Water Sources of
Tokyo Metropolitan Water Supply
Dam (completed)
t> Dam (under construction)
-------
Purification plants and stations of
Tokyo Metropolitan Water Supply
Misato P.P.
D
P.P.
ashimurayama P
Ozaku
71 purification
plants/stations
-------
Purification plants and stations of
Tokyo Metropolitan Water Supply
Source type
Surface water
Groundwater
with direct
influence of
surface water
Groundwater
Total
Treatment method
Rapid
sand
filtration
8
3
1
12
Slow
sand
filtration
1
3
-
4
Membrane
filtration
2
5
1
8
Disinfection
only
-
-
47
47
-------
Reference chart of risk levels
(Tokyo MWS1
Frequency of occurrence
Once a week or more
Degree of impact
f Control criteria Quality standard
Below
Above Below i Above
Not more than once a week
but once a month or more
1
Not more than once a month
but once a year or more
1
Not more than once a year
1
-------
Control measures according to
risk levels (Tokyo MWS)
Risk ~ , ,
. . Control response measures
level r
Water intake, transmission/distribution or supply
shall be suspended, in principle.
Control shall be stepped up. In addition, permanent
measures such as facilities improvements shall be
considered.
Control shall be stepped up.
Normal control shall be continued. In addition,
permanent measures such as facilities
improvements shall be considered.
1
Normal control shall be continued.
-------
A comprehensive water safety
management program in Osaka
City Water Supply
WSP
ISO 9001
>for quality management in water treatment
plants (already obtained) and water
distribution network (to be obtained)
ISO 22000
>for water safety management (to be obtained)
-------
WSP application
in Osaka City Water Supply
Documentation
Hazards
Control
measures
Management
plan
Supporting
programs
Verification
Source
Treatment Distribution
Emergency response manual, etc.
Water quality testing
i
c
Q)
^•~
^<
O
o
3
(/)
0
3
03
^^
^
Q)
«— i-
0
— \
(/)
O
c
o
0
«— i-
o'
3
Hazarc
i identification
1
7n
O
CD
0
O
-^
H
— \
0
Q)
«— i-
0
3
«— i-
o
Q)
3
«—i-
(/)
?75
O
CD
0
O
-^ '
c7)
«— i-
^^
a1
c
<— t-
^^
__>
CO
<
CD
\/»
«— i-
0
3
)
Public
relations
customers
Accountability
-------
WSP application in
Kobe City Water Supply
A WSP for the whole system
>Under development
A WSP for Sengari Water Treatment Plant
> Already developed, but being revised and
incorporated in the above
-------
Conclusions
WSP is essential for ensuring drinking
water safety.
Hazard identification is a key of WSP.
It is expected that WSP will be widely
applied in water supplies, especially small
ones.
-------
Acknowledgement
The author thanks Tokyo, Osaka and Kobe
Water Supplies for their kind offer of
information on their WSP application.
-------
Day 3
Proceedings of
JAPAN - UNITED STATES JOINT
CONFERENCE ON DRINKING WATER
QUALITY MANAGEMENT AND
WASTEWATER CONTROL
March 2009
Sponsored by:
3-EPA
WATE
FOUNDATION
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
XWERF
Water Environment Research Foundation
Collaboration. Innovation. Results.
WATER
RESEARCH
FOUNDATION"
ADVANCING THE SCIENCE: OF WATER*
-------
Water Reuse/ Indirect Potable Reuse
-------
Water Reuse/ Indirect Potable Reuse
Water Reuse in Japan
Mr. Mizuhiko Minamiyama
Head, Wastewater and Sludge Management Division
Water Quality Control Department
National Institute for Land and Infrastructure Management
Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism
-------
ater Reuse in Japan
National Institute for Land and Ir
'™ Hokkaido University
Infrastructure Management
\
I M
-------
Outline
Current status / future trend of water reuse
in Japan
f
• New roles of reclaimed water
- Stable water supply in disaster by dual pipe
system (tap & reclaimed water)
- Heat island mitigation: Road sprinkling with
water-retentive pavement.
- Enhancement of environment:
Restoring urban streams ("seseragi")
-------
Current Status of Water Reuse in
^ '
ow recycle ratio of municipal wastewater:
0.7 % of Municipal & Industrial Water
>1.4 % of treated municipal wastewater
f^Sr^ (2°°6)
s*
High recycle ratio of industrial water:
>79
f
(2006)
-------
Trend of Number of Treatment
Plants Reusing Treated Wastewater
500
450
| 400
| 350
"co
e soo
CD
| 250
o
1 200
° 150
CD
E 100
50
0
2000
2001
2003 2004
year
2005
2006
• Industrial Water supply
• Industrial Water Works
D Aggricultural Irrigation
• Construction site cleaning
D Roadside trees Irrigation
• Snow Melting
D River flow sustaining
D Recreational Impoumdment
• Landscape Irrigation
D Toilet Flushing
-------
Usage of Reclaimed Water
Industrial
Water Works
1.4%
Aggricultural
Irrigation
6%
Toilet Flushing
3.5%
f
Industrial
Water supply
8.8%
Quantity of
Recycled
Municipal
Wastewater in
Japan (2006)
River flow
sustaining
32.5%
:ecreational
Impoumdment
2.7%
-------
Water Quality and Facility Standards for
Treated Wastewater Reuse (2005)
E. Coli
Turbidity
PH
Appearance
Chromaticity
Odor
Residual
Chlorine
Treatment
Level
Where are
Standards
Applied?
Exit of
treatment
facility
for reuse
Responsibility
demarcation
point
Flushing Water
ND(in 100ml)
(Control target)
2
5.8-8.6
Shall not be
unpleasant
-
Shall not be
unpleasant
(Control target)
free 0.1mg/l
combined 0.4mg/l
Sand Filtration
Sprinkling Water
ND(in 100ml)
(Control target)
2
5.8-8.6
Shall not be
unpleasant
-
Shall not be
unpleasant
(Control target)
free 0.1mg/l
combined 0.4mg/l
Sand Filtration
Water for
Landscape Use
Refer to remarks1'
(Control target)
2
5.8-8.6
Shall not be
unpleasant
40 degree
Shall not be
unpleasant
Refer to remarks 2)
Sand Filtration
Water for
Recreational Use
ND(in 100ml)
2
5.8-8.6
Shall not be
unpleasant
10 degree
Shall not be
unpleasant
(Control target)
free 0.1mg/l
combined 0.4mg/l
Coagulation &
Sand Filtration
1)The present standard (coliform groupes count: 1000 CPU /100ml) is adopted pro tempore.
2)This value shall not be stipulated as treatment other than chlorine disinfection is carried out case by case
from ecological correctness and as the water may be used according to the prerequisite that humans shall not
touch it.
-------
,
Future Trend of Water Reuse
Quantity for reclaimed water could be
lower due to the population decrease.
f
Roles of reclaimed water are expanding
-; wl mw
- Stable water supply in disaster
(e.g., earthquake)
- Heat island mitigation
•
- Needs for creating / restoring streams to
< enhance environment
-------
New Roles
Reclaimed Water
Stable water supply in disaster:
Dual water supply system (tap & reclaimed
water) Jf
JJJ^F*^* M
Heat island mitigation: Road sprinkling
with water-retentive pavement.
Enhancement of environment:
Restoring urban streams ("seseragi")
-------
A
Stable Water Supply in Disaster
by Dual Water Supply System
W^ ffr
Reclaimed water is supplied for nonpotable
use (e.g., toilet flushing) through dual water
ipes in urban areas.*.
• Even if tap water system was down in
\ 71
disaster (e.g., earthquake),
r-Toilet could work using reclaimed water.
- Drinking water could be supplied by setting
• ~ temporary reverse osmosis (RO) treatment
W ' 'System.
-------
Onsite recycling system
POTW
POTW
Toilet
Tap water
Onsite treatment
system
Toilet
water
Onsite treatment
system
If tap water system was down,
drinking and toilet-flushing water
could not be supplied.
K
Municipal reclaimed water supply system
Toilet
POTW
Toilet
POTW
-x
Tap water is used
for toilet flushing
if reclaimed water
l^was down.
Tap water
Reclaimed
water
Tap water
Reclaimed
water
Even if either drinking or reclaimed water
supply system was down, another water
system could work.
-------
Heat Island Mitigation:
Road Sprinkling with Water Retentive
Pavement
"Heat island": Urban airlL
and surface temperatures
are higher than nearby rural
areas|P ^-JlP
> '<_,,
Reclaimed wastewater is
used for sprinkling roads
to mitigate heat island in
urban areas.
Water retentive pavement
Not sprinkled
Sprinklingwitf|i
reclaim
Water retentive pavement
Sprinkled
-------
. „, Photo 1. View of a Road Surface Sprinkled with
Treated Wastewater ("Shio Site", Tokyo)
-------
Effect of Road Sprinkling with
Reclaimed Water
Sprinkling reclaimed wastewater decreased the road
surface temperature by 8 degrees during the daytime and
by 3 degrees at night: temperatures equal to those on
planting zones.
!C, 1 & 1 QD SC HOTM 03WiS3f
lis&ca
ooao
-------
Enhancement of Environment:
V|
Restoring Urban Streams (Seseragi)
Need for creating /
restoring streams
to enhance
environment in
urban areas
r
f
Increase of creating
artificial streams
using reclaimed
water /
-------
Benefit and Cost
to Create Artificial Streams
Using Reclaimed Water
Benefits
Ecological
habitats (firefly)
Cost factor
•Advanced treatment
•De-chlorination
Hygienic safety
Disinfection to allow
body contact
andscape
Maintenance of green
and stream
Environmental
Education
A ( 'Providing opportunity
N—1 to
learn environment
-------
f
^^k
Evaluation of Multiple Benefits of
Artificial Streams
To evaluate multiple benefits of artificial
I
i
streams ("seseragi") irrigated with
reclaimed water.
Conjoint analysis was used to evaluate
willingness-to-pay (WTP) for each
attribute of the benefits (ecological
habitats, hygienic safety, landscape and
environmental education) of artificial
streams ("seseragi").
-------
Case Study
Artificial streams ("seseragi") irrigated with
reclaimed water in Tadotsu Town, Japan
Artificial stream
"Yawata-no-mori Hotaru-no-sato"
-------
Multiple Benefits of Artificial
Streams in Tadotsu Town
•Habitats for firefly was restored using tertiary-
treated and dechlorinated wastewater.
•Firefly is regarded as a symbol of "clean water"
Hygienic
safety
Landscape
•Contact to w
disinfection.
ater is
allowed due to appropriate
andscape was enhanced.
Environment
al Education
•Opportunity for environmental education
(firefly-watching, environment-learning seminar)
was provided.
-------
Questionnaire Survey
Zentsuji City |RailwayNf ''\
igh^ay
Total households in study area:
, 13,588 households
I
•
Distribution: ^ Recovery :
1,000 households
II
302 households
-------
Result of Benefit Evaluation
Marginal Willingness To Pay : MWTP (yen/household/year)
0
1,000
2,000
3,
000
4,000
5,000
Restoring ecological
habitats
Securing hygienic safet
4,419
•nhancing landscape
Providing opportunity for
environmental education
1,375
4,094
918
III
p
Benefit (Sum): 10,806 yen ($113) /household/year
r
Numbers of surveyed households : 13,588 households
Total benefit of "Yawata-no Mori Hotaru-no Sato":
About 150 million yen ($ 1.6 million )/year
-------
Conclus
Quantity of reclaimed wat
> Low recycle ratio of municipal^astewater (1.4%)
> Quantity for reclaimed water could be lower due to the
population decrease in the future.
xpanding usages of reclaimed water is needed to
promote water reuse.
/ ^A •
- Landscape irrigation, river flow sustaining, snow melting,
industrial, agricultural irrigation, nonpotable water use
(toilet flushing), etc.
- Roles of reclaimed water are expanding.
• Stable water supply in disaster (e.g., earthquake)
• Heat island mitigation
^ * Needs for creating / restoring streams to enhance environment
-------
Thank you very much for your
ention.
-------
Water Reuse/ Indirect Potable Reuse
Current Status, Trends, and Future Challenges of
Water Reuse in the United States
Mr. Wade Miller
Executive Director
WateReuse Association and Foundation
-------
Current Status, Trends, and Future
Challenges of Water Reuse in the U.S.
Presented at:
Japan-U.S. Joint Conference on Drinking Water Quality
Mar aaement and Wastewater Control
•HI?1.
Las Vegas, NV
March 4, 2009
Presented by:
Wade Miller
Executive Director
WateReuse Association
and
WateReuse Foundation
-------
Topics
ome Basic Facts
Overview of Water Reuse in the U.S.
Current Extent of Use and Potential
Trends and Driving Forces
- Technology, Applications, Benefits, Costs,
Regulations
Issues and Challenges
The Future
Conclusions
-------
upply & Demand
Population &
Demand
Available Water
Time
-------
o
f
Stress \n 2-Q2.Q
\AVik r ;Av, .l
IK
Water Abundant
W£er Concerns
Scarce
Wal;er Crisis
Sparsely Populatec
artment of the Interior
tau of Rec tarn at ion
snce and Technology Program
UnitodSlates Fittor Corporsticn, l9@§
-------
U.S. Drought Monitor
D1(A,H)
D2(A,H)
DO .Abnormally Dry
D1 Drought—Moderate
D2 Drought—Severe
D3 Drought—Extreme
D4 Drought—Exceptional
Drought Impact Types:
A= Agricultural (crops, pastures.
grasslands)
H= Hydro logical (water)
Ho type = both impact
Delineates dominant impacts
The D roug ht Monitor focuses o n broad- scale con dition s.
Local conditions may vary. See accompanying text summary
for forecast state me nte.
imp: //droug ht.u nl. ed u/d in
USDA ^m. f$:\
x35*^
Released Thursday, August 7, 2003
Author: DottglasLeComte,NOAA/CPC
-------
U.S. Drought Monitor
November 11, 2008
Valid 8 am EST
Drought Impact Types;
DO Abnormally Dry r-' Delineates dorninaniim pacts
D1 Drought - Moderate A = Agricultural (crops, pastures,
grasslands)
H = Hydrological (water)
D2 Drought -
D3 Drought - Extreme
D4 Drought • Exceptional
Tfte Drought Monitor focuses on broad-scats conditions.
Local conditions may vary. See accompanying text summary
for forecast s/ateiTWffte.
USDA
:-.'< I
ririnr.nT DtimjM MRi^iUen
httD"//droLidht llnI edlU/dm
Released Thursday, November 13, 2008
Author: Mark Svoboda. National Drought Mitigation
-------
Some Basic Facts
ater i
There is Substantial Unplanned Reuse (e.g., the
Mississippi River, Thames, Rhine, Seine, etc.)
Water is a Manufactured Product
"Purity" of Water Should be Matched to its
Intended Use
History of Water is of Little Importance
In Planned Water Reuse, we Emulate "Mother
Nature" - With Technology, can do it better and
faster
Water reuse is "green" and "eco-friendly"
-------
Factors Driving Water Reuse
(and Desalination)
i HI?
-Population growth
-Increased municipal, industrial, and
agricultural demand
-Dependence on single source of supply
-TMDLs/Nutrient load caps
"Water scarcity"
-------
Significant Trends in Water Reuse
.onwiae Droughts Lead to New Paradigm
Water Scarcity
Reuse is Gaining in Prominence Around the
Globe (e.g., Australia, Singapore, South
Africa, Israel, Spain, Belgium)
• Potable Reuse Being Discussed as Possibility
• Research Focus is Now Global
• Climate Change ~ It's Mostly About Water
• Public Acceptance Continues as Most Vexing
Challenge: Brisbane is Latest Example
-------
Relevant D
niulus Legislation for Title XVI
Projects
Australia Launching Reuse Projects in Every
Major City
Singapore PUB's NEWater Facility a Showcase
Water Reuse is in Vogue: "Green" and "Eco-
Friendly
Thames Water, Antwerp Engaged in Indirect
Potable Reuse
-------
What is Possible with Water
Reuse?
/ Anything Given
Current Technology
With MF/RO/UV/AOP, Can Produce
Water that is Virtually Pure Dihydrogen
Monoxide
Problem is that Technology has
Surpassed our Ability to Communicate
Effectively with Public
Need to Resolve Issues with
EDCs/PPCPs
-------
Potential for Water Reuse
ipproximately
5-6% of
municipal
waste water
effluent in the
U.S. is
reclaimed and
beneficially
reused
bout 34.9 bgd Municipal Effluent in the U.S.
5-6% Reclaimed
-------
ion of Water Reuse
levels through 2015
2.70
2.02
2,12
2.22
2.33
2.45
2.57
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
-------
water Reuse Occurs in Four States
Washington
—•*-^-
Oregon
Montana
Idaho
Wyoming
Nevada
Utah
North Dakota
South Dakota
Nebraska
, Minnesotaf
California
Colorado
Arizona
New Mexico
.Wisconsin,
.Michigan
Iowa
X
Illinois
Vermont
New York
——A
Pennsylvania
Maine
New Hampshire
^, Massachusetts
1 Rhode Island
'Connecticut
Indiana!
Ohio
New Jersey
Delaware
Kansas
Oklahoma
/West,
'Virgin/
Missouri
Kentucky
_ •
Tennessee
Arkansas
Mississippi
[Louisiana*
Virginia*
North
Carolina
V N
South
.Carolina
Alabama) Georgia
Florida
-------
...but it is growing in other states
Washington
Oregon
Montana
Idaho
Wyoming
Nevada
North Dakota
South Dakota
Nebraska
.Minnesota I
.Wisconsin
Utah
California
Colorado
Arizona
New Mexico
.Michigan
Vermont
New York
Maine
New Hampshire
k , Massachusetts
Rhode Island
'Connecticut
Iowa
Pennsylvania
Illinois
Indiana!
Ohio
Kansas
Oklahoma
/West.
* Virginij!
, New Jersey
Delaware
t Maryland
Missouri
Kentucky
Tennessee
Virginia'
North
Carolina
Arkansas
Mississippi
[Louisiana,
South
Carolina
Alabama) Georgia
-------
Best Available Technology
Membranes are the technology of choice
around the world today as the "best available
technology" for water purification.
Singapore, Japan, China, Australia, Spain
K Orange County, California
K Tampa Bay, Florida
K Trinidad & Tobago, Wl
-------
Reverse Osmosis Costs
15
$/l,OOOgal.
5.50
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
AWWARF Study, 2001
-------
(OCWD and OCSD)
itment Flow Diagram
Enhanced
Source
Control
Secondary
Treatment
86 mgd
Microfiltration
70 mgd
Reverse
Osmosis
(RO)
70 mgd
Ultraviolet
Light
(AOP)
Purified
Water
Secondary
Effluent
Backwash
OCSD Plant 1
Brine
OCSD Outfall
with hydrogen
peroxide
Natural soil
filtration
-------
asm water Recycling Plant
Conventional Process
Flocculatioi
Basin
Disinfection
Membrane 1
To Distribution
30 mgd
To Sea Water Barrier
5.0 mgd
To Sea Water Barrier
2.5 mgd
To Chevron
Boiler Feed
5.0 mgd
-------
pplications
ion
Agricultural Irrigation (Edible & Non-Edible Crops)
Industrial and Commercial
Environmental Uses
Non-Potable Urban Uses (Urinal Flushing in High
Rise Buildings)
Ground water Recharge
Potable Water Supply Augmentation
-------
Locally Controlled
Environmentally Friendly
Low or No Capital Costs
Augments Existing Supplies
-------
d Criteria
rtions
28 States Have Water Reuse Regulations
2004 U.S. EPA Guidelines for Water Reuse:
- Recommended treatment processes
- Water quality limits
- Monitoring frequencies
- Setback distances
- Other controls
www.eDa.aov/ORD/NRMRL/Dubs/625r04108/625r04108.htm
-------
in Water Reuse
>lic Acceptance
jnknowns about Chemical Risks
Poor Differentiation by Public and Politicians of
Planned vs. Unplanned Reuse
The Media
Lack of Political Support
More Cost-Effective Technologies
Funding
Better Understanding of Economics
Energy/Water Nexus
Climate Change
-------
Public Acceptance of Water Reuse
Public generally strongly supports nonpotable uses
Uses involving no or minimal contact with
reclaimed water (e.g., irrigation) are favored
Acceptance related to knowledge of reuse (e.g.,
public education and participation programs)
Acceptance of indirect potable reuse has been
problematic in recent years
Proposed projects in San Diego, East Valley, Dublin
San Ramon, and Tampa have been unsuccessful
-------
Information Most Relevant to Help
" "3r Reuse Applications
. "md a Way to Assure the Public that
Reclaimed Water is Safe from Medical
Wastes, etc.
i Find a Way to Convince the Public that All
Water is Reused and that an Environmental
Barrier is Unnecessary Given Efficacy of
Technologies
Convince the Public that Water Technologies
are as Safe as Those Used in Elevators, 747s,
etc.
-------
The Future
;ct Potable Reuse is Inevitable
Increased Desalination - both Brackish
Groundwater and Seawater - Also is Inevitable
Education & Outreach/Stakeholder Involvement
is Key to Acceptance of Water Reuse
Public Should Not Hold Water Reuse to Higher
Standard than Drinking Water
Efficacy of Technology is Not an Issue
Concerns About EDCs/PPCPs Must be Addressed
Research is Key Component
-------
Than
Wade Miller
Executive Director
WateReuse Association & Foundation
703-548-0880
wmiller@watereuse.org
-------
Water Reuse/ Indirect Potable Reuse
Source Water Protection of Yodo River and Water
Quality Management in Osaka Municipal
Waterworks
Mr. Masayuki Miwa
Manager in Charge of Research
Water Examination Laboratory
Osaka Municipal Waterworks Bureau
-------
Source Water Protection
of Yodo River
^Quality Management
Municipal Waterworks
Masayuki MIWA
Manager in Charge of Research
Water Examination Laboratory
Osaka Municipal Waterworks Bureau
(OMWB)
Japan-U.S. Joint Conference
On Drinking Water Quality Management
and Wastewater Control
-------
Lake Biwa and
Yodo River
System
Kyoto City
Yodo River
Japan
(Kansai area)
Osaka
-------
Lake Biwa & Yodo
River System *•*
•* ^
yoip rrei,
tsura R.
Yod
rl
»
f
isaka City
Catchment area
Km2
Nara Pi
Air Port,
-------
Population living in
9.0
6.0
3.0
(Million
parsons)
3.0
6.0
9.0
12.0
Yodo River basin
caicnmenis area
Osaka Arakawa River basin
s~
\*
\
J
Tokyo
3.5
7.2
Kiso River basin
Nagoya
Population
water supi
downstrea
1.8
6.1
i served by
Dly in
m area
~^^^^^^^m
Population Distribution in River
Water Basin in Three Metropolitan
Districts of Japan
-------
Lake Biwa
rater flow rate
(172m3/sec)
Katsura River
}iver
Seta River
Kizu River
Toyorio
Niwakubfo
Effluent amount of sewerage
and human waste treatment
plants (18m3/sec)
.ewerage treatment plant
Monitoring point
Intake point for water supply
-------
Transition in the Quality of Raw
.& Water Taken
at Kuniji
f *. ^^^
Purification Plant
feter Pollution Control Law
KMnO4 consumption (mg/L)
— KMnO4 consumption
Bacteria count
Bacteria count (cfu/mL)
200000
150000
100000
50000
1900 10
Year
*..-*?
-------
National Policy and Overall Coordination
on Conservation of Water Environment
Ministry of the Environment
Conservation of Water Quality in Public
Water Resources
- Environmental Quality Standards
- Factory Effluent Control
- Household Waste Water Control
Ministry of Land,
Infrastructure and Transport
Master Plans for River Environment
Management
Diffusion of Sewerage System and
Advanced Sewerage Treatment
Measures for Conservation of Water Quality
Ministry of Health, Labour and
Welfare
Execution of Preservation of Water
Resource Quality for Water Supply
J
Ministry of Agriculture,
Forestry and Fisheries
Conservation of Water Quality in Public
Water Resources
- Rural Community Sewerage
- Conservation of Forest
-------
Legislative System on Conservation of
Water Quality in Public Water Resources
7958
The Water Quality Control Law and the
Factory Effluent Control Law j
•j- 1970 The Environmental Quality Standards
1970 The Water Pollution Control Law
1971 The Effluent Standards
ncerning Special Measures for
Preservation of Lake Water Qualit
The Law Concerning Special Measures for The I
Prevention of Vj/ater Quality in Headwaters Areas fpr
the Purpose of preventing Specific Trouble in the I
Drinking WaterjSupply j
1994
1958
Sewerage Law
1970 Sewerage Law (Revision on Conservation of Water Quality)
The Law!of Execution of Preservation Project
of WateHResource for Water Supply j
7994
1960
! 1970
! 1980
! 1990
2000
-------
Diffusion of Sewerage Treatment
in Kyoto City and
BOD Change in Three Branches
Kafsura
BOD(mg/L)
Kizu • Sewerage
Diffusion Rate of Sewerage
- - • 100%
• 80%
i
. . - 60%
40%
1965 1970 1975^-y 1980 1985 1990 1995
-------
400 r
300
200
Q
§ 100
Original data series
Moving average
Trend
0
57 62 67 72 77 82 87 92 97 02 07
Year
Change of BOD Load into
the Yodo River
-------
05
05
O
1000
800
600
•- 400
0
2
6
Original data series
Moving average
Trend
-i 200
0
57 62 67 72 77 82 87 92 97 02 07
Year
Change of Chloride Ion Load
into the Yodo River
-------
Measures for Conservation
-A Case of OMW-
[1] Lobbying Activity (Administrative
Bodies)
- To Promote Construction of P
Water Treatment Plant
ublic Waste
Including subsidizing for the source water
conservation in Lake Biwa area
- To Improve Effluent Water Qual
Sewerage Treatment Plants
Reduction of ammonia concentratio
-------
easures for Conservation
-A Case of OMWB-
[2] Water Quality Monitoring in Water
Sources
Monthly Monitoring at Fixed Stations
through the Yodo River
Overall Parameters for Drinking Water
Quality Control
Report the Data to Public and the
Administrative Bodies
-------
1500 r
e 1000 -
Q
§ 500
0
60
Dyeing factory
Brewery
Year
BOD Change of Industrial
Effluents
-------
Measures for Conservation
-A Case of OMWB-
[3] Regional Association on Water
Quality Conservation
- Participation in the Yodo River System
Liaison Council for Prevention of Water
- Participation in the Yodo River Water
Quality Consultative Committee
(YRWQCC)
-------
Water Utilities of YRWQCC
Name
Osaka Municipal Waterworks
Osaka Prefectural Waterworks
Hanshin Water Supply Authority
Moriguchi City Waterworks
Hirakata City Waterworks
Neyagawa City Waterworks
Amagasaki City Waterworks
Suita City Waterworks
Nishinomiya City Waterworks
Itami City Waterworks
Water Supply Capacity (m ID)
2,430,000
2,330,000
1,128,000
103,500
191,317
129,000
351,486
208,000
275,691
94,600
-------
30
05
20
05
05
O 10
E
0
Original data series
Moving avsrage
Trend
57 62 67 72 77 82 87 92 97 02 07
Year
Change of Ammonia Load
into the Yodo River
-------
Water Treatment Method in
* OMWB "
KMnO4 consumption (mg/L,
cteria count (cfu/mL)
— KMnO4 consumption
Bacteria count
200000
150000
100000
50000
1900 10
Year
Slow sand filtration
Rapid sand filtration
Advanced water treatment
-------
, Alum
Coagulation Sedimentation
Raw Water
aOH, Cl
Mid
Ozonation
Post
Ozonation
G.A. C.
Finished
Water
Advanced Water Treatment
-------
Measures for the Improvement
of Water Quality Management
in OMWB
[2] Risk assessment and management of
the hazards
Evaluating contaminant removal efficacy of
AWT
Hazard analysis in raw water
Enhancement of raw water contaminant
monitoring
Bio-assay systems by monitoring fish activity and
.
•>rn
nitrobacteria respiration
Introducing Water Safety Plan
HACCP system and ISO 22000:2005
-------
Contaminant removal efficacy
of AWT
Contaminant
Mutagenisity
i Pesticides (99 chemicals)
Endocrine disruptor
Pharmaceuticals
3-chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5-
hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone (MX)
Removal
by AWT
Effective
#
Effective
Effective
Effective
Effective
Analytical method
Ames assay
(TA98, TA100)
GC/MS, LC/MS
Yeast two-hybrid assay,
LC/MS/MS, GC/MS
LC/MS/MS, GC/MS
LC/MS/MS
# also after disinfection
-------
Risk assessment procedure
based on the PRTR* data
Estimating the total daily volume of designated
chemicals transferred in the basin
As the components of waste in the upstream area of the Yodo River
Estimating chemical concentration in downstream
Total volume / daily downstream water flow rate (m3)
Assessing the possibility of hazards to
reach at intake point
Based on the Drinking Water Quality Standards
PRTR : Pollutant Release and Transfer Register
-------
Outline of the WSP in OMWB
Hazard
Control
Measures
Identification
Monitoring and
Operation
Management
Pfan
Supporting
Programs
Verification
Water
Source
Treatment
Distribution
Hazards Identification
-•-«
•(
• {
• f
»{
• !
• f
BS
• f
• f
• 4
• ?
• 5
• !
• f
• S
• «
S O c
<""o
HACCP
r
O-PRP
[
|SO22000
Walter Safety Management Plan
Public Relations,
Complaints
iCustomers
PRP
»••«••
,**•
Water Quality Management Plan (Examination)
_
O-PRP: Operation Prerequisite Programs
PRP: Prerequisite Programs (infrastructure, management, service, etc.)
-------
Conservation of Drinking
Water Sources
Water Quality Parameters
CD
E
CD
O
O
O
C/l
.ti
nS
'^
O
£
=3
^C
•inistry of the Environment
nistry of Land, Infrastructure and Transp*
1Z
Ministry of Health,
.abour and Welfare
Desirable Drinking Water Quality
-------
pWat
Safe
pensive
Whoever
\
Wherever
Whenever
\
-------
Water Reuse/ Indirect Potable Reuse
Potable Reuse for Water Supply Sustainability:
Critical Today - Essential Tomorrow
Mr. Tom Richardson
Principal
RMC Water and Environment
-------
Potable Reuse for Water Supply
Sustainability
Critical Today, Essential Tomorrow!
Presenter
n, Principal
JC Water and Environment
.-
September 2008
Innovative Solutions for Water and the Environment
-------
Topics
What is Potable Reuse?
Potable Reuse Drivers
Potable Reuse Benefits
Where is it Happening?
What are the Lingering Barriers?
How Do We Overcome These Barriers?
-------
-*^ *
> • v1 7^919 • j
What is Potable Reuse?
-------
Introducing Recycled Water into the
Regional Groundwater Supply
Tertiary Treatment Plant
Advanced Treatment Plant
Blend Water Supply
Blend
Water I S
Recharge via
Spreading Basins
Recharge via
Injection Wells
/- A
\
V
7
V
^
^Y
r
(6?
L
Potable Uses
Groundwater
-------
Introducing Recycled Water into a Local
Surface Water
Tertiary Treatment Plant
Advanced Treatment Plant
Lake / Reservoir
Augmentation
Local Runoff
Potable
Uses
Lake
Potable Water
Treatment Plant
-------
Advanced Treatment Helps to Secure
Regulatory and Public Support
Recycled
Water
Membrane
Filtration
Reverse
Osmosis
Replenishment
Water
Pathogens
Pharmaceuticals
WWTP
Soil
Aquifer
Treatment
-------
-*^ *
> • v1 7^919 • j
Potable Reuse Drivers
-------
Global Water Challenges
Trend in global average surface temperature
urtHfi*KWHj
I | | 11111 11 | 111111111111111111111111111111111111 m 11 1
1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
PnsitivB deviation {in' C) Negal.vs deviE-.cn (In "Cj
SCUTS; Stfool of enwlravnemij sd&nces, ctma'ic reaaBrc^ urtt Lfrvsral^ o3 East An^B, Nww«ti, uYilafl Wngdop, 1999,
IGIRHIDI
-------
> ! V-
Local Water Supply Challenges
Environment (Delta Smelt)
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
Population Growth
Drought (Lake Mead)
-------
-*^ *
> • v1 7^919 • j
Potable Reuse Benefits
-------
> • v1 7^919 • j
Reliable Year-Round Supply Enables
Maximizing Beneficial Use of Effluent
20
15 -
O
o
10 -
5 -
Available Recycled Water
Typical RW (Irrigation) Demand
i i
J FMAMJ JASOND
-------
Potable Reuse Uses Less Energy than Water
Importation
6000
50 DO
O 4000
.o
O
ro
3000
2000 •-
1000
0
From The Role of Recycled Water in Energy
Efficiency and Greenhouse Gas Reduction
(California Sustainability Alliance, 2008)
-------
Advanced Treatment Provides Regional Salt
Management Strategy
Water Importation Brings
Additional Salt Load
RO Removes Salt from
Potable Reuse Systems
RO Provides Salt Export
Pathway
Tons/Yr
Salt Load
Salt Export
Urban Non-Potable Reuse
IPR
-------
Potable Reuse Makes Economic Sense
Comparison of Costs for Antelope Valley GWR
$14.0
$12.0
$10.0
$8.0
$6.0
$4.0
$2.0
$0.0
WW Disposal
Recycled
Water
Imported
Water
Purchase
Contingency
Imported
Water
Incremental Cost
Avoided Cost
-------
-*^ *
> • v1 7^919 • j
is it Happening
-------
Potable Reuse is Global
fc*=
S33teds(e Water
Carraizk Atizcma USA
F Wtyno mil WaiiK
ResoLTte Cerflar Gwinneti
CcurV Gutrgia, USA
ffc
, Englanu
Torretfe, Wulpen, Baltfum,
-------
Groundwater
Replenishment System
A Pure Solution to Orange County's Water Needs
fv>^.
^
A project jointly sponsored by:
Orange County
Water District (OCWD)
e^^
' v.
lit
-M< -J '
* . "•
-and -
Orange County
Sanitation District (OCSD)
V
-------
GWR System (OCWD and OCSD)
Advanced Water Treatment Flow Diagram
Enhanced
Source
Control
\
Secondary
Treatment
1
OCSD
Secondary
Effluent
86 mgd
Backwash
OCSD Plant 1
70 mgd
(HO)
70 mgd
Llcjhi
(AOP)
Purified
Water
with hydrogen
peroxide
Natural soil
filtration
Brine
OCSD Outfall
-------
NEWater Production Process
Reverse Osmosis
Treated
Used Water
r
NEWater
Microfiltration /
Ultrafiltration
Ultra-Violet
-------
Western Corridor
Recycled Water
Project, Brisbane-
The "Multiple Barrier"
concept
AUD$2.4 Billion, due to be
completed October 2008.
Purified Recycled Water
Process Cycle
Blending of purified
recycled water into
Wiverthoe Dam
Barrier
Residential/industrial
source control
Barrier 2
istewater treatment plants -
', GoodfB. Burvdambd.
:ol, Luspige Point and
ibson Island
Luggage Point
Gibson I stand
-------
AWA
'UATEK Pty. Ltd,
AUSTBALIAN
WAtEB
ASSOCIATION
New Goreangab Water Reclamation Plant
PAG (optional)
Rojorvolr Water
Q • 24,000 m»/d
Secondary Effluent
Pro OzonatJon
Coagulation Flotation (DAF)
Ultraflltratlon
GAG BAG
Activated Carbon Filtration
Dual Madia
Filtration
Main Ozonation
AQUA SERVICES & ENGINEERING
-------
^ ^tfTSL
^
> v1 T^W^^T'^LV
f
Lingering Challenges to Potable Reuse
-------
Contaminants of Emerging Concern (CEC)
Prompts Vigilance Among Regulators
Pharmaceuticals lurking in U.S. drinking water
AP probe found traces of meds in water supplies of 41 million Americans
-------
Public Perception
Sunday, April 16,2000
San Fernando Valley
CotwjoVflJffjy
Antelope Viltey, Santa Oarlla
Senda*. Burtomk
Humcn
|
Mostly sunny
Hiqhs: 69-73
lows; 5D-54
Baekol
Viewpoint
Online: www.clBllyiews.com
SUNDAY. APRIL 16. 2000
Tapping toilet water
Wki
you
* Would you IX!
ximtorteWe
Irlnking recycled
sewfif water?
See below
Treated sewage to recharge underground aquifers
and Harrison Shcpprd
i >am
•• ,ige water Hushed by San I LT-
darido Vitl..
end up Itowiftg Irnm buccts
ihnmuhinn tin.-1 JIM Valley aiidmuch
"toilti •• i,rl» IIA
TliecoiiccfHScciTth rtpulsi^ cat first
glance — mid some Valley leaders
I'Timkctlu11 • I'ieagfi
— hui Mate licjlih ^fliaals must the
recocted walcf gna through a
OUi fivc-yc.tr piirificalii.^ .tin
iloringproctHthal
INSIDE >-Aslep-by-step(ool<
(drinking. Ualso is mixed with
regular j^r.-
i comitlgout
of tile lap lu low lhan 20 pcrccnl.
Ths dinccpl -- embraced h>
at the recycling process. Page 17
mutiiucs iti St'uii- :NJI —
w.i% ii i LI-, '\imelc'.'
trc'in the Mono Lake watershed,
City and Hniax
the vintics (if
-------
> • v1 r^9!9 • j
How to Address These Challenges
-------
Advancements in Treatment Technology
Expand Potable Reuse Opportunities
Microfiltration: Tiny, straw-like plastic
membranes filter out bacteria, particles
and protozoa
Reverse Osmosis: Water is forced
through the molecular structure of the
RO membranes where dissolved
minerals, Pharmaceuticals, etc. are
removed
Ultraviolet Light + Hydrogen Peroxide:
As a safety barrier, water is exposed to
UV and H202 that destroys potential
harmful constituents
-------
Informing the Public is Essential
432 on-line surveys
y
lephone survey
.
icnthly e-newslett(
Educational video shown on
City TV
^\ ^^ ^f "w*." i ^n_~ ^- ^ - • •.! > v - "**
67-membar shareholder
Wf&fi"
group-
s
Innovative Solutions for Water and the Environment
-------
^^^^^^VUv V- ^» .JTJ -J- • v ^^^^^^^•^^^^^^^^^^^•nB^^^^B^^^HHB^^^^^^^^^^^H^^^^^^^^^H^^^H
Potable Reuse Provides Water Supply
Sustainability: It's Time has Cornel
Enhanced Supply Reliability
Trend in global average surface temperature
Smaller Environmental Footprint
Maximizes Local Resource
FMAM ASON
$0.0
Incremental Cost
Avoided Cost
Cost Competitive with Desal &
Imported Water
-------
Potable Reuse for Water Supply
Sustainability
Critical Today, Essential Tomorrow!
Presenter
n, Principal
JC Water and Environment
.-
September 2008
Innovative Solutions for Water and the Environment
-------
Water Reuse/ Indirect Potable Reuse
Reuse of Water and Biosolids in Sakai City
Ms. Kumi Koyama
Chief, Project Team
Sewerage Management Division, Sewerage Department
Waterworks and Sewerage Bureau, Sakai City
-------
Reuse of Water and Biosolids in Sakai City
Japan
,
Sakai
r
Kumi Koyama
Sewerage Management Division
Sewerage Department
Waterworks and Sewerage Bureau
Sakai City
Nintoku-ryo Tumulus Sen-no-Rikyu
-------
Sewage Works of Sakai City
. "•' •. . . ' • ' ; I ':
Sambo
Sewage
Treatment Plant
-------
Water Environment Restoration Plan of Nintoku-ryo
Tumulus and Uchikawa River
\
Sayama Pond
.
Irrigation ponds Cluster
O
VI
Improvement of water environment
Supply of seawater
Nintoku-ryo ??
Tumulus
\
F
\
\
Doigawa River IV
r^ \ \
A network to
connect the history
Old Port of Sakai
r
Uchikawa River
Pir5t&
Supply of Treated wastewater
imm*
Yamato River
Gulf of Osaka
-------
Basic Revival Plan of Channel between Sayama Pond
And Nintoku-ryo Tumulus
Old
Sakai
Port
•-
—
Uchikawa River
Doigawa River
^~~J
s
Nintoku-ryo
Tumulus
Sayama
pond
*Tr- *•"
The protection of the
cultural heritage
The improvement of the
scene
Maintenance of the
ecosystem
The security of the
hydrophilic function
The improvement of the
disaster prevention
function
The improvement of the
river improvement
function
Water purification
-------
"Cool City Sakai" ( conceptual image )
( Cool Spot)
Anti-heat island
measure I irrigation ponds
Restraint of
passage traffic Transit
Bicycle
road
•~i
«*
Mt. village
( Cool Dam )
Solar power
generation
Urban Channel!^ 1
•c
(Cool Line)
LRT(low carbon type
mobility)
nergy
enaissan
ar1
Low carbon type
sidential quarter
ulation of the
clean energy creation
institution
Environment
advanced
lodel complex
of the
symbiosis
( Cool Dam )
Large-scale solar
power station
( Mega solar) 5
-------
Treatment plant where hydrangeas Blooms
prinkling Pipe
Ground plan of Sambo Sewage Treatment Plant
-------
25,000
20,000
b
> 15,000
10,000
5,000
0
ooooooooo
ooooooooo
CMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCM
Year
7
-------
Sakaihama Treated Wastewater Supply Project
Aria
Sakai Hama district (aboutSOOha)
Purpose
Returning to health of water circulation system by reusing
treated wastewater
Ensuring the sustainability by acquiring water resource
Facilities
A water supply pumping station
Two satellite treatment plant (Ozonation)
Pipe (About12km)
Sakai Hai
Sambo t / p
'^ ' •«&»»C*
«•]•••
bi station
/
ity hall
8
-------
Treated wastewater supply
User
NIC
Disaster prevention foothold
Refuse disposal plant
Local industry business cluster
Large companies
Total
Quantity
(m3/d)
400
500
20
80
33,000
34,000
Use
Sprinklings
Sprinkling
Sprinklings
Restroom water, sprinkling
Coolants
NIC
Satellite up
Wide a
saster
Large
companies
al indus
iness cluster
lant
Pipeline network
-------
Quality of Supplied Water
E.coli
Hydrogen ion concentration
Oder
Residual chlorine
Appearance
Fiber filtration water
-
Less than 8.6
More than 5.8
Do not be unpleasant
-
Do not be unpleasant
Ozonation water
Do not be detected
Less than 8.6
More than 5.8
Do not be unpleasant
What is maintained
Do not be unpleasant
10
-------
Composting Process at Ishizu Plant
Ventilation Blois
Track scale
r~r~s
A mixed Fermentation
tub tub
I
Product
stuffing
equipment
Product
stuffing
equipment
Super-high temperature aerobic fermentation flow
1%
concentration
sluge I
Concen
tration
Fermentation
and
Cutback
Product
processing
-------
Manufacturing process at Ishizu compost
Pressurization
dehydrator
Pressurization
dehydrator
Fermentation
situation
Fermentation tub
Full ripeness
manure
12
-------
Fermentation temperature , outside temperature, and
moisture change at Ishizu compost
Fermentation Temperature, Outside
Temperature, and Moisture Change
•the temperature of 50cm under the surface
-Outside temperature
-Moisture
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Fermentation days (day)
-------
Volume and pH change of Ishizu compost
Capacity Change and PH Change
[^Capacity
-a-
PH
250.0
200.0
^ 150.0
£
u
(0 100.0
o.
CO
o
50.0
0.0
231.00 223.70 218.
90
210.50 209.40 199i80
190.20
12
11
10
9
8 ;
6
5
0123456
The number of times of a cutback (time)
14
-------
Contents of Ishizu compost
An examination item
Arsenic or the compound
cadmium
mercury
nickel
chromium
lead
copper
zinc
calcium
nitrogen
phosphoric acid gross
quantity
Potassium
The C / N ratio
PH
Water
A unit
mg/kg
mg/kg
mg/kg
mg/kg
mg/kg
mg/kg
mg/kg
mg/kg
%
%
%
%
-
-
%
A test
result
<1
<2
<0.5
53
50
16
300
460
18.7
1.5
3.01
0.08
6.3
7.8
28.5
The maximum of
the harmful
ingredient
50
5
2
300
500
100
About the
heavy metal
such as arsenic,
cadmium,
mercurial nickel,
chrome, the
lead, there is it
-• / within the
standard value
of the national
law.
15
-------
onclusi
The composting of sludge has already reached practical use.
The reuse of treated wastewater develops to the usage in the city,
We are going to push forward investigation.
We would like to build a sustainable recycling society system.
16
-------
Membrane Bioreactors
-------
Membrane Bioreactors
State of the Art of MBR Technology and Its
Perspective in Japan
Dr. Hiroki Itokawa
Researcher
Research and Technology Development Division
Japan Sewage Works Agency (JS)
-------
5th US/Japan Joint Conference, March 2-5, 2009
State-of-the-art ofMBR
Technology and Its
Perspective in Japan
1
Hiroki ITOKAWA
R&TD Division,
Japan Sewage Works Agency (JS),
Japan
Japan Sewage Works Agency
-------
IVlDrx! A combination of biological WWT (e.g. activated sludge)
and membrane filtration as a measure for solid-liquid separation.
> Advantages over CAS processes:
- Complete rejection of suspended solids.
- Higher MLSS (>10 g/L).
- Smaller footprint (< 6hr for BNR).
- Smaller sludge production.
- Simple monitoring parameters (e.g. IMP).
> Installed worldwide, from small-scale on-site
WWTPs to large-scale municipal WWTPs.
> Full-scale application to municipal WWTPs has
just around ten years history.
-------
MBR - Growing market
Rodingen (GER)
3,240 m3/d
Brescia (ITA)
42,000 m3/d
Porlock(UK)
1,900m3/d
Swanage (UK)
12,700 m3/d
-*.
Nordkanal (GER)
45,000 m3/d
50,000
40,000 I?
30,000
20,000
o
10,000 *
0
98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05
Year
- Mean : 3,780 m3/d
Development of municipal
MBR installations in Europe
- Median : 1,300m3/d
Others
France
Spain
Italy
Germany
UK
Max.
Capacity
-------
Large MBR projects worldwide
WWTP name
Jumeirah Golf Estates
Palm Jebel AH
Brightwater
Jebel AH Free Zone
International City
Johns Creek
Beixiaohe
AI-Ansab
Peoria
Lusail
Qinghe
Syndial
Location I Commissioning I Hydraulic capacity
Dubai
Dubai
USA
Dubai
Dubai
USA
China
Oman
USA
Qatar
China
Italy
2010
2010
2010
2007
2007
2007
2007
2006
2007
2007
200
2007
220,000 m3/d
220,000 m3/d
144,000 m3/d
140,000 m3/d
110,000 m3/d
93,500 m3/d
80,000 m3/d
78,000 m3/d
75,700 m3/d
60,200 m3/d
60,000 m3/d
47,300 m3/d
-------
Building-scale on-site WWTPs (1981-)
On-site household WWTPs "johkaso" (1985-)
^ Night soil treatment plants (7988-)
WWTPs for "rural sewerage project" (2001-)
Municipal WWTPs (2005-)
MBRfor"/o/?/caso"
JS Pilot-scale
studies
(1st phase)
Feasibility
Design parameters
- Operating cost
reduction
JS Pilot-scale
studies
(2nd phase)
^ ^
JSMBR
Evaluation Report
*
JS Design Recommendations
*
1st
installation
JS Pilot-scale
studies
(3rd phase)
Night soil TP
- Larger-scale
application
*
9MBRs
in operation
WWTP for rural
sewerage project
-------
JS pilot-scale studies (1st phase)
> Pilot-scale study with 4 private companies
(1998-2001)
- Four membranes (Kubota, Zenon, Mitsubishi Rayon and
Hitachi Plant).
- Process evaluation.
- Design and operating parameters.
-------
> Pilot-scale study with 6 private companies
(2001-2004)
- Five membranes (Kubota, Zenon, Mitsubishi Rayon, Hitachi
Plant, and Asahi Kasei Chemicals).
- Reduction of operating cost by 30%.
-------
Design guideline for municipal MBR
8
> JS Design Recommendations for MBR (2003)
- Fixed process configuration and design parameters.
- Even plant layout is "standardized" regardless of
membrane type used.
* Capacity: 200 - 3,000 m3/d after flow equalization.
Influent
Fine
screen
Coagulant
(P removal)
Cleaning
chemicals
Equalization
tank
Mixer
1)
•
i
1 •-
Anoxic
^^tank
©
{
..j
^
w
Oxic
tank
AA
_m
f D •
» r •
»«*•
L L
X
[£>
AA/
1
\
i
\/ '\"7:
v :
•^ •/%-:
•mmmmm'm
. np t-inlf
\ Membrane
units
(B)
Internal recycle
Excess
sludge
Blower
-------
Design guideline for municipal MBR
> JS Design Recommendations for MBR (2003)
- Universal design parameters.
Flow equalization
Fine screen
Bioreactor configuration
Anoxic HRT
Aerobic HRT
MLSS
Internal recycle
Prerequisite (4.6 hr, typically)
1 mm
Pre-denitrification (MLE)
3hr
3 hr (membrane submerged)
10g/L
200 % of influent
-------
Municipal MBR installations
10
Name
1
Fukusaki
Kobugahara
Yusuhara
Okutsu
Daitocho
Tohro
7 Kaietsu
8 Jousai
Heda
Commissioning I Capacity [m3/d]* I Supplier
Mar 2005
Apr 2005
Dec 2005
Apr 2006
ep 2006
Mar 2007
Apr 2007
Mar 2008
Mar 2008
4,200(12,600)
240
400 (800)
600
1,000(2,000)
125
2,140(3,200)
Kubota
Kubota
Kubota
Zenon
Kubota
Kubota
Mitsubishi
Asahi-Kasei
itachi
A value in the parentheses indicates a full-capacity in future.
-------
11
Fukusaki WWTP - 2,100 m3/d; to be expanded to 12,600 m3/d
- Kubota FS membrane
-------
Municipal MBRs installations
12
Okutsu WWTP
- 600 m3/d
- GE-Zenon HF membrane
-------
13
Kaietsu WWTP
- 230 m3/d
- Mitsubishi HF membrane
-------
Ongoing project
14
> 3rd phase pilot-scale study with 4 private
companies (2006-2009)
Four membranes (Kubota, Hitachi Plant, Asahi Kasei
Chemicals, and M eta water).
Demonstrating systems for larger-scale installation.
Asahi Kasei
Chemicals (HF)
Metawater
(Ceramics)
Kubota (FS)
Hitachi Plant (FS)
-------
Toward larger-scale installations
15
Small-scale MBR
- Less than 3,000 m3/d
- New construction
_
- Standardized system
configuration
e
Influpnt i — *
H_
• — »
Flow
squalization
Anoxic
V
i_
4"
I
-------
16
> It is important to design the system fit to existing facilities.
> A standardized approach is no longer efficient; a variety of
system configurations is required.
Biological treatment
- N removal (MLE)
- N&P removal (A2O, UCT)
Membrane filtration
- Integrated
- Separated
- External
-izr
Quality control/evaluation
Design manual development
Computer simulation
Membranes
- Flat sheet
- Hollow fibre
- Ceramics
-------
17
> In the 3rd phase pilot-scale studies, the following points are
particularly concerned.
New membranes/modules (modules with hig
packing density, ceramic membrane...).
Membrane systems other than integrated on
(separated or external system).
Optimized internal recycle.
Incorporation of EBPR.
Gravity filtration for FS membranes.
Use of primary sedimentation.
Improved chemical cleaning
(automated RC, optimized doze...).
Post RO treatment for effluent reuse
effluent concentra
-------
> What is necessary for the FUTURE of MBR in Japan
- Cost reduction (construction & operation)
- Acceptance of the technology
- Motivation for improving effluent quality/safety
- Innovation in urban water management
> Current topics
ne for r
- Preparation of a guideline for membrane technology
by MLIT (2008 -).
- Design of 60,000 m3/d MBR (2009 -).
- Evaluation of existing small-scale MBRs (2009 -).
18
-------
Thank you for
your kind attentionJ
-------
Membrane Bioreactors
Investigation of Membrane Bioreactor Effluent Water
Quality and Technology
Ms. Joan Oppenheimer
Vice President
MWH Technical Strategy and Research
-------
Investigation of Membrane Bioreactor
Effluent Water Quality and Technology
(WRF- 06-007)
Joan Oppenheimer
James DeCarolis
Zakir Hirani
Japan - U.S. Joint Conference
On Drinking Water Quality Management and Wastewater Control
March 2-5, 2009
MWH
FOUNDATION
-------
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
• WateReuse Foundation & Funding Partners
(USBR & GWRC Members)
• Utility Advisory Panel
• Technical Advisory Panel
• Arizona State University
• Participating MBR Vendors, Kruger/Toray, Norit/X-
flow, Parkson Corporation, Huber Technologies, Koch/Puron,
GE/Zenon, Siemens/US Filter, Enviroquip/Kubota, Asahi
Kaesi/Pall
-------
Overview
Acknowledgments
Project Background & Objectives
Technical Approach
Project Status
Future Work Tasks
-------
MUNICIPAL MBR
MARKET GROWTH (U.S.)
-------
INCREASED MBR INSTALLATIONS
0)
n
E
3
50
40
30
0)
I 20
3
E
« 10
0
Municipal MBR Installations in the U.S.
1 -5 MGD
5 - 10 MGD
10 MGD
From 2004 to 2007
215% Increase
2004
2005
2006
2007
Upcoming
* Cumulative number for 1-MGD or greater installations only; revised March 2007.
Data compiled from information obtained from MBR vendors
-------
INCREASED MBR CAPACITY
Facility Name (Location)
Capacity
(MGD)
Supplier
Start Up
Traverse City WWTP
(Traverse City, Ml)
7.1
GE Water / Zenon
2004
Tempe-Keyne
(Tempe, AZ)
GE Water/Zenon
2006
Bright Water
(King County, WA)
31
GE Water/Zenon
2007
Johns Creek Env. Campus
(GA)
10.9
GE Water/Zenon
2007
Tri Cities
(Clackamas County, OR)
10
TBD
2009
Cape Coral North
(Cape Coral, FL)
10-20
TBD
2010
Clear Spring Ranch
(Colorado Springs, CO)
8-32
TBD
2012
-------
INCREASED MBR SUPPLIERS
1
10
8
6
fl 2
0
2001
2004
2007
California Department of Public Health Services (CDPH), Treatment
Technology Report for Recycled Water, Jan. 2007.
-------
Challenges Facing MBRs from a
"Water Quality Perspective"
Dispersed Amount of Water Quality Performance Data
Increasing low nutrient requirements
Future requirements for EDC/PPCP removal
Energy Increasing Water Quality Requirements
Impact of Peaking on Water Quality Performance
-------
Project Objectives
To capture global water quality
performance data of municipal MBR
systems
Assess the impact of various key
operational and desiqn conditions to
achieve specific water quality criteria
Identify Knowledge Gaps related to MBR
technology
-------
Technical Approach
Phase I
Conduct Comprehensive Survey
Phase II
Data Analysis / Visualization
Phase III
Project Workshop / Final Product
-------
Phase I
Conduct Comprehensive Survey
RELEVANCE:
Rapid growth of global industry has led to
dispersed amount of data on MBR effluent water
quality performance
- Industry sectors: Research, Vendor/system
suppliers, and full-scale implementation
-------
Phase I
Conduct Comprehensive Survey
APPROACH:
- Survey of Literature / Case Studies
- Survey of MBR Vendors
- Worldwide Survey of MBR Plant Owners and
Operators
-------
Survey of Literature / Case Studies
• 11dentify Removal Mechanisms for Various
Wastewater Contaminants
Assess Global Trends with Regard to Water
Quality Requirements and Drivers
Review Recent Research (published / grey) to
Capture MBR Performance Data
1 Includes Development of Predictive Model
-------
MOD (-4000 m3/d)
MKOC
MEMBRANE SYSTEM!
Includes all Vendors offering
MBR Systems for municipal
wastewater treatment
in US & abroad
Requested Basic Information:
location, capacity, start-up year,
driver for selection, etc
PARKSON CORPORATION
... ihe environmental technology company
X-Flow
IEMIEI
KM boh
Enviroquip, Inc.
-------
Survey of Plant Owner and Operators
Targeting Key Parameters related
to design, operation and water quality
performance
• Survey web-based to provide *
easy access and downloading of data MBR Plant: 9 MGD AZ USA
• Target Plant List based
on Key Selection Criteria
7
MBR Plant: 11.9 MGD Germany
-------
Phase II - Data Analysis /
Visualization
RELEVANCE:
Goal of the Data translation is to demonstrate
the impact of operational / design choices on
MBR performance and product water quality
-------
Phase II - Data Analysis /
Visualization
APPROACH:
- Review Survey Data (Team Consensus)
- Bin Data into appropriate performance
classifications
- Team Consensus on Data Analysis / Presentation
-------
Phase II - Data Analysis /
Visualization
Assessment of Survey Data to ID Key issues
• Define MBR Water quality capabilities
• Define Operating Conditions Required to meet specific water
quality objectives
• Identify strengths/weaknesses of MBR for the removal of
specific contaminants
Assess nutrient removal limitations of MBR
Define optimized operating conditions for EDC/PPCP
removal
Determine the theoretical operational limits of MBR
-------
Phase
- Project Workshop and
Final Product
RELEVANCE
-Validate Project Findings
- Confirm knowledge/technical gaps to identify
future research needs
- Identify best way to present the final product of
the project to maximize use by MBR industry
-------
Phase
- Project Workshop and
Final Product
APPROACH
- Conduct Project Workshop
- Review of Project Goals and Preliminary Data
- Work Groups to focus on Specific Topics
- Finalize Planned Format and Project Deliverable
-------
Project Status
(Phase I)
Prepared write-up on basic removal
mechanisms & MBR removal performance
related to targeted water quality
contaminants
Completed survey of eight MBR system
vendors
Developed and Launched Worldwide MBR
Survey to identified plants
-------
Summary of MBR Removal Mechanisms
Contaminant B
Contaminant A
Contaminant B
Contaminant
C,D,E
Contaminant
A,B,C
Contaminant
A,B,C,D,E,F
Removal Mechanism
D Biotransformation
• Size exclusion
D Sorption to solids
D Complexation
D Inertial impaction
n Sorption to membrane
biofilm
Contaminant Type
A = inorganic micro-constituent
B = microbial
C = organic micro-constituent
D = nutrients
E = aggregate organics
F = suspended solids
-------
Example of Vendor Survey Results
Drivers / Process Selection Criterias
11%
1%
46%
D Footprint Limitation
D Pretreatment for RO
D Disinfection Credit
D Improved Water Quality &
Reliability
• Low Nutrient Requirement
D Cost-effectiveness
• Others
-------
Example of MBR Predictive
Model Output
o
o
35
30
25
c 20
o
1 15
0)
o
c
o
o
10
O
O
0
0
MBR Effluent Quality Depending On SRT
10
20 30
SRT (days)
40
50
60
-------
IV.
Worldwide MBR Web Survey
Online Surveys | Zoomerane;
Background
Preliminary / Primary Treatment
Bioreactor Design & Operation
Membrane Design & Operation
Water Quality Goals &
Performance
Investigation of Membrane Bioreactor Effluent
Water Quality and Technology
Welcome to the Online Survey "Investigation of Membrane Biore actor Effluent Walter Quality and
Technology*. The overaM goal of this project is to investigate (he effluent water quality of municipal
MBR facilities designed for product flows 2 1 million gallons per day (3,785 m3 I day). Information
received from this survey will be analyzed collectively and presented anonymously in the final project
report
The survey contains 51 questions and is estimated to lake 15-30 minutes to complete. We know your
time is valuable and appreciate your participation in this important project Upon completion of the
survey all participants will receive a $20 Gift Certificate to Amazon.com
ff you have any questions regarding this survey, please contact James DeCarolis @ +1 319 204 2537
or by &mai ^ JBmgs.deearolislgimwtijlQbal MMTI
Onim& Survey* | OuKtomwlatisructHm Surwya | SMS MMMle Surveys | Oitiln* Panels
CQjjyrtgf![e{999-2DD3 HarfcafToc*me. A3RJ*rsReeswa PrtncyPoltey | TwimMuw | Help
VI. Lesson Learned
g.com;Sim'ev/smvev-mtto.zn?p=WEB228HV'MP'N4JH
-------
Facility Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
Country
USA
USA
Italy
UK
USA
Germany
UK
USA
Singapore
USA
Spain
USA
USA
USA
USA
UK
Dubai
China
Netherlands
Dubai
China
USA
Australia
Region
Americas
Americas
Europe
Europe
Americas
Europe
Europe
Americas
Asia-Pacific
Americas
Europe
Americas
Americas
Americas
Americas
Europe
Asia-Pacific
Asia-Pacific
Europe
Asia-Pacific
Asia-Pacific
Americas
Asia-Pacific
Design
Capacity
(MGD)
1.1
2.5
11.1
2.6
6.0
11.9
1.9
4.1
6.0
9.0
1.1
1.5
1.8
6.0
1.0
1.5
4.8
26.4
1.0
5.0
3.2
2.0
11.6
Plant Start
Up (Year)
2001
2002
2002
2004
2004
2004
2005
2006
2006
2006
2006
2005
2005
2006
2008
—
2007
2007
2007
2008
2006
2009
Manufacturer
GE/Zenon
GE/Zenon
GE/Zenon
GE/Zenon
GE/Zenon
GE/Zenon
GE/Zenon
GE/Zenon
GE/Zenon
GE/Zenon
Huber
Enivroquip/Kubota
Enivroquip/Kubota
Enivroquip/Kubota
Enivroquip/Kubota
Enivroquip/Kubota
Kubota
Microza
Norit
Norit
Puron
Siemens
Siemens
Drivers
C&D
A
D
E
D
D
A&F
A&F
A&F |
A&D&F |
C |
A&D
D |
A&D |
D |
A&G
-------
Future Work Tasks
Complete MBR Plant Survey
Conduct Data Analysis and Visualization
Convene Project Workshop
Prepare Draft Final Product for submittal to
WateReuse Foundation Summer 2009
-------
Desalination
-------
Desalination
Status and Challenges for Desalination in the
United States
Mr. Andrew L. Shea
USA Development Director
AccionaAgua Corporation
-------
Status and Challenges for Desalination
in the United States
Andrew L. Shea
USA Development Director
March 4, 2008
Japan - U.S. Joint Conference On Drinking Water Quality
Management and Wastewater Control rf\
(dacciona
Agua
-------
Topics for Discussion
US Desalination Historical Perspective
Global and US Desal Capacity
A Tale of Two Countries- US and Spain
Representative Existing and New
Projects
Institutional Barriers to Development
Stakeholder Commitment to Research
Concluding Comments
acciona
^-J Ajua
-------
ACCIONA Agua
Design and build water treatment plants
Desalination by reverse osmosis
Drinking water treatment plant
Wastewater treatment plant
Sludge treatment plant
Operation and maintenance
Integrated water supply & sanitation services
100 treatment plants operated + maintained by acciona agua
30 cities/towns managed by acciona agua
over 11 million people served
70 RO desalination plants
1.6 million m3/d fresh water
230 wastewater treatment plants
100 potable water treatment plants
•i**g
/Jacciona
Agua
-------
US Desalination Historical Perspective
DEMONSTRATION PLANTS
i llrpjrtmntl u/ tin luttriar Sullar Itv/rr < mn-rniua Dfmiwtlrjlioii Pl,tul.
Prruhtg a iprcial kallta OK ka
,tnt I'M Ibt Wltftt llamr. PrniJcHI
Ktrmnis figHals tf>, i/-ir/-jrp aj ihr
Fretptrl, Tex. iftint u-*ltr conetf
lisa ilfaiaattrjtiaH plant.
Federal Office of Saline
Water Demonstrates
1 MGD Thermal Desal
in Freeport, TX-1960
Plant Operated at Dow
Chemical until Critical
Maintenance Issues
Occurred
Program Confirmed
Role of Public and
Private Sector using
MSF Thermal Desal
Technology
Source: Saline Water Conversion/DOl
acciona
^J Agua
-------
US Desalination Historical Perspective
RO Membrane invented
at UCLA-1959
RO Membranes
Commercialized at
General Atomic Labs in
San Diego- 1960's
Early Use on Brackish
Waters in South Florida
Primary RO market was
DOD and Industry
How Did the US Get So Far Behind?
acciona
v-) Agua
-------
Global Desalination Capacity
More than Doubled in the Last 10 years!
18:494
63.6 m3/d - 16,800 mgd
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008
Cumulative Contracted Desalination Capacity-
WDR vol. 44. no. 33 - Sept 08
acciona
^J Agua
-------
Global Desalination Capacity by Technology
4% ED
2,220,133 m3/d
9% MED 587MGD
5.629,368 nrr/d
1487MGD
1% Other
901,233m3/d
238 MOD
27% MSF
17,300,196 m3/d
4,571 MOD
59% RO
37,066,568 m3/d
9,790 MOD
A majority of recent
capacity additions
have been RO
systems, including
hybrid RO/Thermal
systems
Contracted Capacity' By Technology
WDR vol.44, no. 33 - Sept 08
acciona
^J Agua
-------
Worldwide Installed and Forecasted Capacity by Significant Country
> ^ •
-'I I
5
• II
2006 2010 2025
Spain
Algeria
8,2
2,6
0,7
2006 2010 2025
2006 2010 2025
Middle
East
(capacity in million m3/day)
2006 2010 2025
•|r
Australia
Source: GWI Desal Database 10/06
acciona
^J Agua
-------
Hydrologic Profile of Spain
Available water reserves overexploted in Spain and in US
Use of Water Reserves in Different Regions
Overexploited
Heavy exploited
Moderatly exploited
Slightly exploited
Source: Global Water
Intelligence 10/06
acciona
^J Agua
-------
A Tale of Two Countries - Hydrologic Profile of Spain
Mar Cantttbrico
Mar
Mediterraneo
OC£ANO
ATLANTICO
OCCANO ATLANTICO
Litres / m2
I I <300
_ 300-400
D 400-600
I I 600-800
^ >soo
Spain is one
of the driest
European
Countries
Costal Zones
Receive 11 -
15 inches per
year of Rain
Source: INM Spain
acciona
^J Agua
-------
A Tale of Two Countries - Hydraulic Profile of the US
U.S. Drought Monitor
December 30, 2008
Vaiil ft a.m. EST
Q2A'
tattnsif-i'-
I DO Abrormally Dry f* Dwtrwaw*
1 D1 Drought - Moderate A =• Agrcurtw rai itrops oasrturea
H D2 Droughl - Smvmrm grasslands)
• P3 Drought - EKlraiiio H Hydrologlc-al iwalefi
• D4
Local
orj
h-o.'K may vary See
U5DA
littp Jj'd naught, u n I .eduftlm
Rcteas&d Wednesctay, December 31, 2008
BiiHt) Fticfts, Hsirdttal DffiurQtll MilrgjlfCirt
acciona
Agua
-------
Spanish Desalination Market - General Overview
Spain is one of the largest users of SWRO in the world
First desalination plant commissioned more than 40 years ago in Canary Islands
Demographic concentration in coastal areas and tourism have contributed to
RO market growth with a large resistance to interbasin water transfers
More than 50 projects in the planning or construction stage with 700 mgd ( 2.6
billion m3/d) proposed
Almost 740 projects online or presumed online producing 1020 mgd (3.8 billion
m3/d) of desal capacity. (www.DesalData.com )
Spain has become a pioneer in the use of Reverse Osmosis and in the
implementation of new energy recovery technologies in RO facilities
Most contracts awarded through Design-Build-Operate procurement approach
Central Government responsible for establishing country's water policy and
financing major water infrastructure projects but local governments responsible
for determining water tariffs
(dacciona
Agua
-------
Spanish Desalination Market-A Doubling of Capacity
1,600,000
1,400,000
;*
Q 1,200,000
l_
0
L 1,000,000
(ft
t_
800,000
s
.2 600,000
3
dnn nun
200,000
0.
/
/
> /*
•^ / >•
^*^*^^
T 1 1 1 1 1
1980 1986 1990 1996 2000 2006
• Total Production The productjon of desalinated water in Spain
I Urban Usage doubled from 2000 to 2004. The Spanish gov-
• Agricultural Usage ernment predicts that production will double
• again in another five years.
Industrial Usage
| Source: AEDYR
MIT Technology Review 2006
2008 Planning
and construction
stage - 700 mgd
(2.6 billion m3/d)
Online Capacity
1019 mgd
(3.8 billion m3/d)
acciona
^J Agua
-------
US Desalination Market - General Overview
• Large Federal Government presence in water allocation and pricing
• Strong focus on low cost water withdrawals and imported water
supply
• 47 projects in the planning stage with 811 mgd ( 3.07 billion m3/d)
proposed
• 29 plants in construction with 205 mgd (779 million m3/d)
• 1432 plants online or presumed online with 2132 mgd (8.07 billion)
production
• Of the 2008 capacity, 11% is SWRO, 75% is brackish water, and 14%
is industrial high purity water supply.
• SWRO has increased 10% per annum while Brackish RO increased 3-
5% and Industrial/other has increased 4%
• Most contracts awarded through Design-Bid-Build procurement
approach rather than DBO
Source: www.DesalData.com/WDR
(dacciona
Agua
-------
Cumulative U.S. Desalting Capacity Has Doubled in Last Decade
c nnn nnn _, ,_1 Rdfl
D,UlX),UUUl jffl.DUU
5,000,000 -
1
E 4,000,000-
i
'o
£3,000,000-
1
IB
V
Cumulative Installed Capacity /
____„____„. ,____*___
«
•
,*#
*#
«— __ UM. UUI. -«>- — — — •- — -"- —"- ^ -..- ..-.. ._- . «M. -.™ ...— -"— "—
XX . t i. 1 1
•:*, T TTr. TTT i.ll Li Mi hi
•1,400
•1,200
Q
•1,000 i
0
Ml
-800 |
^n
iU
0
-600 S
1
-400 -
•200
•0
1952 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
2008 Data
"47 projects in the
planning stage with 81 1
mgd (3.07 billion m3/d)
proposed
"29 plants in
construction with 205
mgd (779 million m3/d)
under contract
- 1432 plants online
with 21 32 mgd (8.07
billion) production
Source: GWI 10/06 and DesalData 1/09
^dacciona
Agua
-------
Representative Existing and Proposed US Desal Projects
Proposing Entity
California
Marin Municipal WD
SF Bay Area Regional
Santa Cruz/Soquel Creek
California American
Sand City
City of Santa Barbara
Los Angeles DWP
West Basin MWD
Long Beach Water Dept
Poseidon
MWD Orange County
Poseidon
Location
SF Bay Area
SF Bay Area
Santa Cruz
Monterey
Monterey
Barbara County
Los Angeles
Los Angeles
Haynes P. Plant
Huntington Beach
Dana Point
Carlsbad/ Encina
Water Type
SWRO
Brackish/SWRO
SWRO
SWRO
SWRO
SWRO
SWRO
SWRO
Nano/Nano
SWRO
SWRO
SWRO
Cap. mgd
5-15
71
2.5
10
0.3
5-10
25
20
9
50
15
50
acciona
^-J Ajua
-------
Representative Existing and Proposed US Desal Projects
Texas
El Paso Utilities/Fort Bliss
Brownsville PUB
San Antonio Water Siystem.
Brazos River Authority
Florida
Tampa Bay Water
City of Tarpon Springs
City of Hialeah/Miami
Coquina Coast
Other Areas
United Water of NY
Taunton Mass
El Paso
Brownsville
San Antonio
Lake Granbury
Big Bend/Tampa
Tarpon Springs
Miami Bade County.
Palm Coast
Rocklin County
Taunton River
Brackish RO
SWRO
Brackish RO
Surface BRO
SWRO
Brackish RO
Brackish RO
SWRO
Brackish RO
Brackish RO
27.4
2.5/25
20
15.5
25-28
6
17.5
50
4
5
(dacciona
AjU»
-------
Representative BRO and SWRO Projects
U.S. Drought Monitor
December 30, 2008
Vaiil ft a.m. EST
^ DO Abrornnally Dry
] D1 DrougM - Moderate
H CO1 Oroughl - S*wm
• D3 Drought - Exlraiiia
• D4 DrxujQHt - Exceptional
f* O»lr*a»s
A - Agrcuttufal itfops pastures
grasslands}
H Hydrologies) r*ater'i
Local can&itio.is may vary See
littp jVd rough! u n I .edui'dm
Proposed
Projects
Released Wednesctay, December 31, 2008
Auittor- Brian Fhiefts, Hsifottal Dffiogtii Miirgjifort
Florida leads existing capacity over CA, AZ, and TX
California proposes 400 - 500 mgd from 20 Projects
acciona
Agua
-------
Proposed Seawater Desalination Projects in CA
Proposed
Seawater
Desalination
Plants in
California
Yamada/AMTA 3/08
Northern California
* Moss Landing
" San Francisco Bay Area
? Cambria
«* Sand City
9 Santa Cruz
* San Rafeal (Marin)
* LEAD Project
* Southern California
* Carlsbad
3 Camp Pendleton
* Dana Point
J Long Beach
" ElSegundo
«* Scattergood
acciona
^J Agua
-------
CA - Bay Area Regional Desalination Project
Joint effort among:
- East Bay Municipal Utility
District
- San Francisco Public Utilities
- Commission. Contra Costa
- WD Santa Clara Valley WD
Pilot Study at Mallard Slough
- 100gpm
- Testing to have started July
2008
Feasibility Study leading to
permitting of 71 mgd (270,000
m3/d BRO/SWRO facility
Expected construction in 2012
acciona
^J Agua
-------
CA - Moss Landing Seawater Desalination Project
Coastal Water Project need
based on groundwater
overdrafts off Carmel River
Cal-Am Water developing 12
mgd facility at Moss Landing
Power Plant site
Solves SWRCB 95-10 Order
to Reduce Carmel River
Withdrawals
Pilot study using existing
power plant cooling water
system
CPUC regulated permitting
process for water utility
Allows for River Restoration
of 11370AFY
acciona
^J Agua
-------
CA - MWDOC - Dana Point
State Sponsored
Study found 15 mgd
capacity is feasible
Slant well subsurface
intake
Supply-13% of
South Orange County
demands
CEQA/NEPAand
permitting expected to
begin this year
Project anticipated
online date of 2015
acciona
Agua
-------
CA - Camp Pendleton/San Diego County
Northern San Diego
County U.S. Marine
Corps Base Camp
Pendleton
Possible Subsurface or
open intake options
Potential integration with
existing Camp Pendleton
utilities
Proposed capacity
between 50 and 150 mgd
(189-567,000 m3/d)
Study completion in 2009
acciona
^J Agua
-------
CA - Carlsbad Seawater Desalination Project
50 mgd (189,000 m3/d) desalination
project being developed by Poseidon
Resources at the Encina Power
Station in Carlsbad
Water purchase agreements with
nine Water Authority member
agencies
Major Project Permits Completed
Project
- EIR certified
- NPDES Discharge permit with
Regional Water Quality Control
Board
- Coastal development permit with
Coastal Commission approved w/
conditions and mitigation
- Lease amendment application
approved by State Lands
Commission with mitigation
measures
Lawsuits Pending by Surfrider and
Planning & Conservation League
challenging the Coastal Development
Permit, NPDES Conditions
acciona
^J Agua
-------
Brackish Groundwater Projects in CA
Santa Ana
Arlington
Chino
Ferris
Irvine Desalter
Deep Aquifer
Menifee Basin
Alameda
Beverly Hills
Oxnard
Port Hueneme
Temescal
West Basin
Monterey
Morro Bay
Reynolds
San Luis Rey
Yamada/AMTA 3/08
acciona
Agua
-------
CA - Chino Basin Brackish Desalter
JPA with seven agencies
manages Chino Basin
Total production of Chino
Basin -134 mgd (507,000
m3/d)
Chino I Desalter and Chino
II Desalter produce 22 mgd
(83,280 m3/d)
Treatment process RO and
ion exchange
Expand production 22 mgd
(83,280 m3/d) by 2015
Regional Brine line to
Ocean outfall in Orange
County
acciona
^J Agua
-------
TX - San Antonio BRO
B
20 mgd (75,700 m3/d)
proposed capacity
Brackish RO with well
field and disposal
Well testing from
Wilcox Aquifer
Feasibility Study 2008
RFQ/RFP in 2009
Supply to supplement
Edwards Aquifer and
conservation
Atascoss
/Well
Upper Wilcox —
Muddy .*i|n i.n.i
Fresh Water
Carriio Aquifer
Lower Wilcox
Brackish
Aquitar
WILCOX
• Tost sites In Bexar and
Atascosa Counties
• Sites 1 and 2 completed
• Site 3 near completion
acciona
Agua
-------
TX - El Paso Water Utilities/Ft. Bliss
27.5 mgd output from
brackish Hueco Bolson
Joint Fort Bliss strategic
supply
Increased recovery
strategies to limit discharge
to disposal wells
15.5 mgd (58,670 m3/d)
permeate blended with 12
mgd (45,424 m3/d) new
groundwater wells
Complements water reuse
and conservation program
Integrated Community and
R&D Center
acciona
^J Agua
-------
TX - Brownsville Seawater Desalination
One of three sites selected
for feasibility studies
Funded by TWDB and
Brownsville PUB
One acre plant site in Port
of Brownsville -Ship
channel intake
Pilot plant Operated for 12
months with varied water
conditions
Current request for 2.5
mgd (9463 m3/d)
demonstration at $29
million public funds
Target 25 mgd (94,630
m3/d) full scale plant
Lower Rio Grande Regional
dacciona
Agua
-------
FL - Tampa Seawater Desalination Facility
25-28mgd(108
million m3/d) co-
located at power plant
10% of regional supply
Remediated process
with long-term
operations under DBO
contract
Total Environmental
compliance in sensitive
eco system
acciona
Agua
-------
FL - City of Hialeah BRO
17.5 mgd brackish RO
in 3 phases
3 DBO consortia
selected for RFP
Phase in 2009
Groundwater wells,
RO plant, Disposal
wells in Miami-Dade
County
Pilot Testing by mid-
2009
Completion by end of
2011
acciona
^J Agua
-------
MA - Taunton Brackish River Water Desal
Initial withdrawal from the
coastal basin to produce
5mgd(18,927m3/d),
expandable to 10 mgd
(37,854 m3/d)
Plant process: ultra-
filtration followed by
reserve osmosis
Tidal intake with 16 mile,
20 inch diameter
transmission pipeline
Entrainment and
impingement control
Discharge concentrate
during high tides
acciona
Agua
-------
Institutional Barriers to Desalination in the US
Within California, the primary impediment is
Permitting, Permitting, Permitting
Project Development Phase Funding and
Locating Developable Land are also
Stumbling Blocks
"New" Desal Water seen as Growth
Inducing
Large-scale Projects at Power Plant sites
inherit Power Plant Baggage and CWA
316b entrainment and impingement issues
acciona
^-J Ajua
-------
CA - Seawater Desalination Permitting Issues
The 50 mgd Carlsbad Project has set a Precedent for most, if
not all, California Coastal [Desalination
Carbon Footprint - The State Lands Commission has required
the net power consumed to be "Carbon Neutral"
CA Coastal Commission also requiring mitigation for potential
impact on marine environment due to power plant once-through
cooling system - CWA 316b issues
Greenhouse Gas Mitigation
- Lower energy consumption from better membranes and
Improved energy recovery devices
- High efficiency pumps
- Renewable energy sources - wind energy, solar
- Carbon credits
- Reforestation
- CO2 Sequestration in Product Water
- LEED "Green Building" Design
Commitment to 57 acres of wetlands as Marine Mitigation
acciona
^-J Agua
-------
Commitment to Research
Desalination stakeholder community has
proposed a substantive road map for
desalination research
National Research Council's report,
Desalination - A National Perspective,
delineates a summary research Agenda:
- Intake and discharge evaluations
- Concentrate management and disposal
- Entrainment and impingement issues
- Water Quality Constituent Impacts
- Energy Efficiency/Energy Recovery
- Methods for Cost Reduction
(dacciona
Agua
-------
Concluding Remarks
As low cost alternatives to seawater and
brackish water desalination diminish in the US,
we will see desalination properly valued -
reflecting supply, delivery, and water quality.
We can anticipate a continued struggle to accept
desalination into the portfolio of supply options
until stakeholders realize that proper pricing of
treated and desalinated water complements
water conservation and water reuse strategies.
We can expect SWRO and Brackish RO to
become 10% to 20% of the Regional Supply as
desal starts to take hold in areas such as Tampa
and in El Paso
(dacciona
Agua
-------
Concluding Remarks
Similar to incrementally more expensive
"green power" supply options, we can expect
the marginally more expensive desalination
supply costs to be amortized across a larger
supply base using either direct subsidy from
regional suppliers and or directly reflected in
user rates.
We can anticipate nominal technical
improvements offset by continued increases in
materials, component, and energy costs
As good planners, we should strive to properly
integrate desalination to complement existing
water resources and conservation rather than
waiting for a crisis to make decisions
(dacciona
Agua
-------
Where Can I Find More Desal Information?
Water Desalination Report www.waterdesalreport.com
Global Water Intelligence www.qlobalwaterintel.com
AEDYR (Spanish Desalination and Water Reuse
Association) www.aedyr.com
IDA http://www.idadesal.org/t-dwr.aspx
AMTA www.membranes-amta.org
California Coastal Commission
http://documents.coastal.ca.gov/reports
California State Lands Commission,
http://archives.slc.ca.gov/
National Academies Press
- http://www.nap.edu/catalog php?record id = 12184
(dacciona
Agua
-------
acciona
Agua
Pioneers in development and sustainability
acciona
^J Agua
-------
Desalination
Desalination Plant with Unique Methods in
FUKUOKA
Mr. Akira Shimokawa
Director, Facilities Division
FUKUOKA District Waterworks Agency
-------
-------
-------
Drought experience
*2 times big drought experience
(1978year 287 days, 1994year 295days)
:Every 2year cut the intake amount from the
mam river
* prediction of water demand increase
*Save water rules
*Develop water resource
dams
reclamation water
desalination plant
Water supply by tank in 1978
-------
UMINONAKAMICHI NATA SEA WATER DESALINATION PLANT
PRODUCT CAPACITY 50,OOOm3/DAY (MAX)
INTAKE SEA WATER VOLUME 103,OOOm3/DAY
SITE AREA 46,000m2
BUIDING AREA 16,000m2
ELECTRIC DEMAND 12,OOOKW
-------
Schematic Flow Diagram
Infiltration
Intake
Slaked Lime
Intaked
Seawater
Tant
Product
Water Tank
Discharge
Pelton Wheel
Effluent from Municipal Sewage Treatment Plant
-------
Unique method 1
Natural sand filter
-------
Unique method 2
UF membrane Pretreatment
Conventional dual media filter
UF membrane Pretreatment
SWtype by NITTO DENKO
Perfect removal of turbidit
Consistent low SDI
Easy operation
Easy maintenance
Reducing cleaning frequency
-------
Unique method 3
High recovery RO module
High pressure
hollow-fiber
membrane
by TOYOBO
60% recovery
(desalinated pure water)
Save plant area
Save amount of intake sea water
Decrease plant largeness
Decrease cost
-------
Unique method 4
Secondly low pressure RO
Standard of
water quality
Boron
=<1.0mg/l
Pure water after first
High pressure RO
Boron 4mg/l
Secondly low
pressure RO
Boron
=<1.5mg/l
Mix with
purified
river water
Boron =<1.0mg/l
-------
Unique method 5
Discharge Brine water
HAKATA BAY
SALT 3.5%
SEWAGE
TREATMENT
PLANT
CONSENTRATED SEA
WATER
SALT 7%
GENKAI OPEN SEA
'
Water intake system
(FukuokaCity)
i ^Uminonakamichj Nata
discharge tank if Sea Water Desalination
Center
Discharge facilities
Shi
HAKATA BAY
-------
PRIVATE COMPANY
KYOWAKIDEN INDUSTRY
MANAGEMENT
FUKUOKA DISTRICT
WATERWARKS
AGENCY
DESINE AND CONSTRUCTION
OPERATE AND MAINTENANCE
GUALANTEE 15YEARS
-------
WATER QUALITY in 2007FY
Total Dissolved Solids
Chloride Ion
Sodium and its
compounds
Sulfate Ion
Hardness
Electric conductivity
Boron an its
compounds
water
40,200
20,300
10,800
6,580
51,700
4.5
desalted water
108
42.1
26.1
2.5
19.1
178
1.4
mixed water standard
138 =<500mg/l
32.0 =<200mg/l
23.7 =<200mg/l
50.5 =<300mg/l
225
0.61 =<1.0mg/l
-------
BoronCmg/L)
30,000 40,000
1.6 '
Product water quality
1.5
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.1
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
Seawatertemp.
(C)
uuu
*
n n™
i ffi
D C
on
n
D
n
ss
\
* *
n
D :
D D
n ° i
n
i 01
P D CD
: D D D
D nn
nnn p
DP
n
n
A.
AA
A
*
* *
n
SP
n
n
n
p nn
n nn
n n
Ci
n
n
A A
w
%
**M
*****
*
n
nn
n nn
D rTmnn
n n n n npz
n ii 1 1 nn n i n 1 1 m n i
nn n n p
n n n n n n
n n rm DET n n on n
nn MM ri n n
D D DD
P P n
n n
n n
n n
n
n n
g
]
At
A
A
A
AA
4 A * "^ ^
A
1^ ^^^
V**^
ou.uuurn / q
*
max. allowable boron Conc[1.5mg/L]
n
p P
n n
n P nn nn n n
n n n p_ nn p rrn n
mn D DD D D D D DD D
D n n n n _n n _QP _p D CD CD rm m p
DDDH n n DD D D rri n D irm n n n n n n n n
mi i in n n n i mi i n on nn n n n nn p i HIM p
p P n n n nn PH nn n n rnn CD p n p c
p n n n nn P n p nn E
nnn n n n i r n n D mn n
D nnn n n
p n n n n
n P [m
n
n
p
n Boron Cone, of product water
r* • ^r
Sea water Temp.
A EC of product water
\
/ *^^%
-'^WA.. ^ ._ ,^.->.*A> T
A A
55
EC
MS/cm
40
35
400
350
30 300
25 250
20 200
15 150
10 100
12/1 12/31 1/30 2/29
2007year 2008year
3/30 4/29
5/29
9/26 10/26 11/25
-------
COST ANALYSIS
Personnel.
Expenses
77MY
2%
Maintenance
579MY
19%
Chemicals
52MY
Electricity
770MY
25%
Total 3,133million yen
Unit cost 213yen/m3
(2007 fiscal year)
Depreciation
1,547MY
49%
-------
EFFECTIVE USE of CONCENTRATED SEA WATER
DESALINATION PLANT
UNDER SURVEY
*use for food (tofu,miso,soy
sauce,bread)
*thalassa therapy
*bring up fish
*penetrate pressure power
lant etc.
NATUNAL SEA SALT
-------
EFFECTIVE USE of pure water and others
Bottled pure
water
Free distribution
Under survey
*reuse membrane
*selling bottled pure water
-------
-------
Pathogens/Microbes
-------
Pathogens/ Microbes
Detection Methods of Enteric Viruses in a Large
Volume of Water
Dr. Hiroyuki Katayama
Associate Professor, Department of Urban Engineering
Graduate School of Engineering
University of Tokyo
-------
Japan-US Joint Conference in Las Vegas Mar 3-6, 2009
Detection methods of enteric
viruses in a large volume of water
© Katayama Hiroyuki
Ohgaki Shinichiro
Department of Urban Engineering, University of Tokyo, Japan
Email: katayama@env.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp
X \
-------
Today's Topic
1. Importance of viruses in water safety
2. Literature review of virus concentration
method
3. Development of a virus concentration
method
4. Detection of viruses in a large volume of
water
-------
1. Importance of viruses in water
safety
-------
Increase in a warm-blooded animal body
Hands
Water supply
Immune
system
Feces
Sewer system
Wastewater Treatment
Flies
Foods
Water
Mouth
Heat
Water treatment
Diffuse and Decrease in Environment
10io
10°
Life cycle of pathogens of Fecal-oral infection
-------
Enteric Viruses
cp20 ~ 100nm in size, RNA or DMA coated with protein
Propagate in animal intestine, emitted as feaces
More than 100 types identified human as a host.
Symptoms: Diarrhea, Vomit, fever, head ache, (Hepatitis, paralysis)
Route of Infection : Food
ng ,
Contact with infected individual
Enterovirus
Adenovirus
Norovirus
-------
2. Literature review of virus
concentration method
-------
History of Virus Concentration
Method from Water
Pad method
• Dipping a pad in water overnight, recover
viruses adsorbed on the pad.
Negatively charged membrane method
Wallisetal., 1967
• Viruses are adsorbed onto negatively charged
membrane under 25-50mM Mg2+ condition,
then eluted with beef extract solution pH 9.5
• Volume of water increased, known amount.
-------
Cont'd
Negatively charged membrane method
using acid in place of Mg2+ (Sobsey et al.,
1973).
Positively charged membrane method
(Sobsey etal., 1979)
• Viruses adsorbed to positive charged
membrane without addition of either Mg or
acid.
• Viruses are eluted with beef extract solution.
-------
Adsorption to Elution from
Cellulose coagulation method (Yano et a/.,
1993)
Glass wool and glass powder are also used as
the adsorbent of viruses.
Membranes are also used as the adsorbent.
-------
Elution of viruses
4> Beef extract solution ( 3% N 1 % ) pH 9 ~
11
• Sometimes glycine buffer
Based on adsorption due to hydrophobia
interaction.
Extracting viruses by competition of site
with viruses.
Good for following cultivation with
mammalian cell.
-------
Mechanism of adsorption and
desorption of viruses
Applied and Theoretical aspects of Virus
Adsorption to Surfaces (Gerba C.P. 1984)
• Hydrophobic interaction for elution of viruses
• Competitive extraction with beef extract
• Electrostatic interaction for adsorption of viruses
• Under neutral pH condition, viruses are negatively
charged.
• Viruses are positively charged under acid condition
• Multivalent cation can change the surface charge of
viruses
-------
Reconcentration and purification
Acid precipitation for beef extract eluate
(Katzenelson et al., 1976)
PEG precipitation
Pro-Cipitate for selective precipitation of viruses.
Ultrafiltration method usign centrifugation
Fleon/chloroform purification
Gel filtration ( Sephadex, or Sephacryl)
Antigen-antibody purification method
-------
Needs of new virus
concentration method
Inhibitory effect of beef extract eluate on
PCR detection of viruses.
Inorganic eluant for following detection of
PCR.
Electrostatic interaction should be
considered.
• Resulted in good recovery from seawater
-------
3, Development of a virus
concentration method
and Its Application to Detection of Enterovirus
and Norwalk Virus from Coastal Seawater
Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 68: 1033-1039,
2002.
X \
14
-------
State of the art of virus
concentration methods
Adsorption is easy, elution is difficult
Lack of consideration of following virus
detection by PCR
• More severe condition can be applicable
because of no need of maintaining virus
culturability.
• Avoid use of beef extract due to inhibitory
effect on PCR
• New acid or alkali condition for elution from
membrane?
-------
New Virus Concentration Method
Sample Acid rinse, Alkaline elution
(+Mg2+, 25mM) pH 3.0(H2SO4) pH 10.5(NaOH)
200ml 5ml
Negatively-char
membrane
Millipore HA,
pore size 0.45mm,
diameter 47|um
o o
Neutralization with
Cone. TE buffer 0.05ml
and H2SO4 0.025ml
Katayama et al., 2002, Appl. and Environ. Microbiol., 68: 1033-103.
-------
How acid rinse works?
Adsorption
f I 9 \ membrane
Virus A X
Cation
Acid rinse
Virus
Alkarine Elution
Virus
-------
Recovery ( % )
Pure
water
Sea
water
Virus
type
Qp
Polio
Qp
Polio
+ve
filter
(1MDS)
No
40
50
0
6
-ve filter
( Millipore HA, 0.45um )
Beef extract
Acid
9
83
4
94
no
0
79
7
42
NaOH
Acid
35
95
89
no
3.9
33
38
-------
Improvement of the virus
concentration method
Pretreatment of membrane with AICI3, for
the membrane positively charged.
• Pre-sorption of A] enable viruses adsorb onto
the membrane without addition of Mg.
• Acid rinse works in a same manner as Mg
method.
Modification for field survey.
• Concentrate viruses outside of laboratory.
Increase the area of the membrane
• Disk filter to cartridge filter.
-------
Pre-sorption of Al
1.AI3+ Sorption on Membrane 2. Virus Adsorption
Sample
:©,;-
Repulsive
interaction
Al3
®
Millipore HA Virus
L ( pore 0.45|jm ) Negatively charged
3. Acid rinse to remove AI3+ 4. Elution of Virus in Alkali
\
H2SO4 ( pH 3.0 )
NaOH ( pH 10.5 )
positively
charged to
attach directly
to membrane
Repulsiv
iteracti
©
Concentrate
-------
Other methods developed
Cultivate viruses without elution from
membrane
• Coliphage detection (Sobsey et al., 1995)
• on host bacteria E. coli.
• Enteric virus detection (Papageorgiou et al.,
2000)
• on mammalian cell layer
Concentrate viruses, bacteria and
protozoa at once by UF (Hill et al., 2007)
• PCR inhibition is problem
-------
Research work of Katayama's
Development of virus concentration method from water
(Katayama et al., Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 68: 1033-1039, 2002)
+ Field survey
• Tap Water and river Water ( Applied and Environmental Microbiology 70: 2154-
2160,2004. )
• River in Tokyo ( Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 71 (5):2403-2411,2005. )
• Tokyo bay area ( Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 68: 1033-1039, 2002,
Water Science and Technology: Water Supply, Vol 4, No 2 pp73-77, 2004. )
• Combined sewer overflow at storm rain ( CSO) ( water science &
Technology Vo\ 50 No 1 pp 259-262, 2004. )
• Southeast Asian Water Environment ( water science & Technology vo\ 54
No 3 pp 203-210, 2006. )
• Wastewater treatment plants in Japan ( Water Research, 42:1441 -
1448,2008 )
22
-------
4. Detection of viruses in a large
volume of water
Occurrence of Norovirus genomes in
Tap water in Tokyo
Applied and Environmental Microbiology 70: 2154-2160,
2004
X \
23
-------
Outline of Tap Water Survey
Sample Volume: 100-500 L
98 samples
from January 2002 to February 2003
All the concentrate was subjected for virus
detection (9 portion each).
Virus genome was detected by real time
PCR.
24
-------
Noroviruses were found in Tokyo
tap water
Season
Spring
(Mar-May)
Summer
(Jun-Aug)
Autumn
(Sep-Nov)
Winter
(Dec-Feb)
Total
Positive/tested
NV-G1
0/29
(0.0%)
1/18
(5.6%)
0/19
(0.0%)
3/32
(9.4%)
4/98
(4.1%)
NV-G2
3/29
(10.3%)
0/18
(0.0%)
3/19
(15.8%)
1/32
(3.1%)
7/98
(7.1%)
Norovirus genome was
detected from tap water in
Tokyo.
PCR tubes were never opened
to prevent carry-over
contamination.
Average concentration should
be 1 genome/2800L.
Infectious risk was calculated to
be 1 infection / 200 people-year
in the worst scenario, though
there are a lot of unknown
factors.
-------
Norovirus concentration in Japan
E. co//
(CFU/ml)
NV
(PDU/
Tap water
0
10'6 5
Raw sewage
105
10s±i
Treated
wastewater
103
Coastal seawater
101±
1
10
-2+2
-------
Virus concentration in wastewater
in Asian countries
Japan
(sewage)
Beijing, China
(sewage)
Ho Chiminh,
Viet nam
(canal)
Jakarta,
Indonesia
(Flood
water)
(CFU/mL)
E. coli
105
104'5
103
104
(PDU/mL)
NVG1
1Q2-4
1Q2-3
101
io-1
NV
G2
1Q2-4
1Q2-4
10o-i
101
AdV
1Q3-4
1Q2-3
1Q1-2
102
EV
1Q2-3
102
1Q1-2
101
HAV
0
some
0
102
27
-------
Transport of Pathogen via Water
-Comprehensive Approach for Risk Management-
|Y Monitoring
From Upstream
Risk from drinking water
By human,
from human
WTP —
Barrier agains
Pathogens
WWTP
Recreational activity
Risks via fishery
-------
Pathogens/ Microbes
Future Directions for Monitoring Pathogen
Indicators/Surrogates: Linkages to Water Quality
Management and Public Health Protection
Dr. Audrey Levine
National Program Director for Drinking Water
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
-------
£EPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Future Directions for Monitoring Pathogen
Indicators/Surrogates:
Linkages to water quality management and
I public health protection
Dr. Audrey D. Levine, P.E.
National Program Director for Drinking Water Research
Office of Research and Development
National Program for Drinking Water Research
Treasure Island Hotel, Las Vegas, NV
March 4, 2009
-------
xvEPA
DRINKING WATER RESEARCH PROGRAM
Monitoring pathogens and indicators
Goals
• Public Health protection
• Water quality management
• Regulatory compliance/oversight
Context
• Drinking water
• Discharge permits
• Storm water
• Recreational water
Future directions to link monitoring and
monitoring with public health protection and
water quality management
-------
oEPA
DRINKING WATER RESEARCH PROGRAM
Monitoring goals and challenges
1 Goals
• Rapid, low-cost detection of potential health threats
• Ability to develop timely response
• Identify source
• Develop and implement risk management strategy
1 Challenges for monitoring pathogens
• Wide array of potential pathogens
• Detection limits
• Costs, Turn-around time
Challenges for monitoring indicators
• Lack of direct correlation with pathogens
• Occurrence, concentration
• Viability, infectivity
• Health risks
• Fate/transport mechanisms
Campylobacterjejuni
-------
oEPA
DRINKING WATER RESEARCH PROGRAM
Trends in waterborne disease outbreaks associated with
United States drinking water 1971-2006
o
1971 1974 1977 1980 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995 1998 2001 2004
Parasitic
Unidentified
Year
Bacterial D Viral D Chemical
Legionella spp. ^ Mixed agents
Yoder JS etal. 2008. MMWR 57(SS-9):39-69.
-------
oEPA
DRINKING WATER RESEARCH PROGRAM
2 year period
65 outbreaks
2536 people sick
8 deaths
(Naegleria
fowleri)
Dominant agents:
Cryptosporidium,
toxigenie E. coli,
noroviruses
Recreational Water Outbreaks
20fiT
No. of No. ol
oubreaks 8tates
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/SS/SS5308.pdf
-------
£EPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Pathogens associated
with waterborne disease
Fewer than 1 % of enteric pathogens have been cultivated and studied
Bacteria
Strep, pyogenes
cysts
Fazio and Fishchetti
ruses
n
Free-living
amoebae
Polio virus
Williams, USEPA
Cryptospohdium parvum
oocysts
Lindquist, USEPA
Giardia lamblia
cysts
Lindquist,USEPA
Hi effects include acute AGI; urinary tract, eye, skin, ear, or respiratory infections
Norovirus—highly infectious, resistant to chlorine
-------
oEPA
DRINKING WATER RESEARCH PROGRAM
Indicator Organisms
Types and concentrations vary with
source, hydrology, land-use, season,
weather, etc.
Sources • •*, • -*
N $*•«*•*%•*
• Wastewater •& ^
• Stormwater
• Stagnant water
• Soil
• Sediments
• Warm-blooded animals
x*' ^-- -Ji
1 %—-^'
^ : -• s^
^ ; jisfr. - \
*'
-------
&EPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Bacterial Indicators
Indicator
Characteristics
Growth
conditions
Size,
jim
Application
Total coliform
Escherichia, Klebsiella.
Citrobacter, Enterobacter
Fecal coliform
Escherichia, Klebsiella
Rod shaped;
Gram negative;
non-spore
forming
Facultative
anaerobe
0.5 to 2
Drinking
Water (TCR)
NPDES,
TMDLs,
Reclaimed
water,
Shellfish
Enterococci
E. faecalis,E.faecium
Cocci,
Gram positive,
non-spore
forming
Aerotolerant
anaerobe
0.5 to 1
Recreational
water
Clostridium
perfringens
Opportunistic pathogen
Rod shaped,
Gram positive,
spore forming
Obligate
anaerobe
0.6 to 1.3Potential
by surrogate for
2.4 to 19Protozoan
pathogens
-------
&EPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Viral Indicators
Indicator
Characteristics
Host
Size,
nm
Application
Enteroviruses
Genus within the family
Picornaviridae includes
poliovirus,
coxsackievirus,
echovirus, etc.
No cell wall;
Non-enveloped protein
Icosahedral capsid
Single strand (ss) RNA
genome
Human
25- Periodic
30 monitoring
for
reclaimed
water
Coliphages
Somatic and male-
specific viruses
Icosahedral protein
shell
E. co//.
and other
coliform
bacteria
25 Virus
surrogate for
UV testing
-------
&EPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Applications for
pathogen/indicator monitoring
Source Water Protection ,
-Prevalence/persistence of
pathogens
-Effectiveness of
management practices
-Permitting
-Source tracking
Treatment
-Treatment efficacy
-Optimization of disinfection
-Monitoring approaches to
ensure safe drinking water
Distribution systems
-Role of biofilms, inorganic
deposits, particles
-Effectiveness of disinfectant
residuals
-Effect of hydraulics and
water age on pathogen
survival
-Intrusion, pipeline integrity
-Free-living amoebae
-------
&EPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Research focus for
pathogens and indicators
Screenin
Indicators
Occurrence
Prioritization
Sample
Collection
and
Processing
I
Measurement
Virulence, Infectivity,
Exposure,
Dose-Response,
Health Effects
-------
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
&EPA Research activities on
pathogen detection
Sample handling and processing
Potential interferences
-Microbial
-Chemical: Salts, Metals, Organics
-Particulate matter (organic, inorganic, nanoparticles)
Analytical issues
-Viability/I nfectivity
-Detection limits
-Relationship to indicators (microbial, chemical)
-Simultaneous detection of multiple pathogens
-Rapid turn-around time
-------
&EPA Molecular Detection coupled
with viability evaluation
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
^Molecular methods
•PCR/qPCR: PCR-based amplification detection assays fora
wide variety of organisms
•Mic roar rays: Microarrays for typing and for multiple pathogen
detection.
•Proteomics: MALDI-TOF analysis for typing and
characterization.
'Viability
•Bacterial culture methods.
• Viable viruses and
•Protozoan parasites.
integrated Cell Culture/PCR and enrichments
•Cell culture enrichments for viable organisms
•Strategic use of pretreatments to limit PCR amplification by
non-viable organisms.
-------
&EPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Integrated Cell Culture/RT-
PCR Method
-;' ' :f\ ' /' I Tl-t ; >-V"- C.-rT'i
,>,0^:. . V <.:%{&•
Sample Collection
& Elution
oncentrauon
Tissue Culture
-------
£EPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Proteomics for Better Pathogen Characterization_
MAUD I-MS was used to create a mass spectral fingerprint (3000 m/z-30,000 mfz) for each
strain/isolate studied. The mass values observed were used to differentiate between the
species of Aeromonas as well as other related genera (Vibrio and Piesiomonas). This
comparison is possible because different species of bacteria express different proteins. Below
is an example of the spectra observed for different microorganisms.
Microorganisms
Spectra
&
, .,!,.
1
A
B
MALDI-MS
5000 10OOO 1SOO€ 2OOOO 25000
m/z
NERL Project-Dr. Maura Donohue
-------
xvEPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Exposure analysis using
Micro bead immunoassay
1. Microscopic beads are coated with
one specific protein (Cryptosporidium,
norovirus or rotavirus)
2. Saliva samples are incubated
with beads in microplate wells;
salivary antibodies react with the
protein
3. Samples are incubated
with labeled anti-human
detection antibody
-------
£EPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Oral fluid sampling
Oracol™ oral fluid samplers
Immunoglobin responses (IgA, IgG and IgM) to
Cryptosporidum, norovirus and rotavirus
Sharp increase in antibody (immunoconversion)
indicates infection during a specific month
-------
£EPA
Source tracking approaches
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Phylogenetic Analysis: > 2500 clones
Automated Sequencing
Confirm inserts using Ml3 primers
Cloning
Ligation of PCR products to vector and
3 transformation of plasmid into £.
competent cells
Sample collection and filtration (5L) of
water samples
Extract total DNA
from polycarbonate filters
Universal Primers
(8F and 787R)
-------
DRINKING WATER RESEARCH PROGRAM
Draft Contaminant Candidate List microbes
BACTERIA
• Campylobacter jejuni
• Escherichia coli (0157)
• Helicobacter pylori
• Legionella pneumophila
• Salmonella enterica
• Shigella sonnei
• Mycobacterium avium
VIRUSES
• Caliciviruses (includes
norovirus,sapovirus)
• Hepatitis A virus
• Entero virus
PROTOZOA
• Entamoeba histolytica
• Naegleria fowleri
Regulatory Decision Criteria:
•Occurrence
•Health Effects
•Policy, Regulation, or Risk Management Opportunities
http://www.epa.gov/nerlcwww/
graphics/norwalk.jpg
-------
&EPA
Comparison of a qPCR and Culture Method
for Enterococcus
Real Time PCR vs. Culture Based Fecal
Indicator Bacteria Measurements
to Determine
Beach Water Quality
Pathogens too diluted
& varied to measure
at beach. Indicator
bacteria still measurable.
Filter
Water Sample
BE^B
Grow Indicators
on Filter Membranes
Count indicator colonies on T
filter to determine water quality.
24 Hours
X"\
Cti
*Q Filter
Water Sample
.) Extract DMA
from Filter
Pathogen (virus,
parasite,or bacteria)
Indicator
(fecal bacteria)
)Amplify& measure
indicator DMA by PCR
to determine water quality.
uiii v.ri
.vi'
• — ", ,— ~
.ii.ir
—7",
•a:a yiji
I
11 '2 II « 1=3 a 22 2-1 26
fajn
2 Hours
-------
xvEPA
DRINKING WATER RESEARCH PROGRAM
Conclusions
• Tools and methods are evolving to
better link monitoring approaches for
pathogens and indicators to public
health protection and water quality
monitoring
• Future directions will build upon
historical approaches and provide
opportunities for more comprehensive
characterization of sources of
microbial contaminants, impacts of
risk management
-------
Pathogens/ Microbes
Research for Pathogens in Water Environment and
the Countermeasures in Sewerage
Mr. Seiichiro Okamoto
Team Leader, Recycling Research Team
Material and Geotechnical Engineering Research Group
Public Works Research Institute
-------
5th Japan - U.S. Joint Conference on Drinking Water Quality Management
and Wastewater Control
March 2-5, 2009
Research for Pathogens in
Water Environment and
the Countermeasures in Sewerage
Seiichiro Okamoto
Recycling Research Team
Public Works Research Institute
-------
Research for Pathogens in Water Environment and the Countermeasures in Sewerage
Outline ~
Background
Study of cryptosporidium measures in
sewage systems
State of norovirus (NV) in wastewater, treated
wastewater and river water
Characteristics of removal of NV from
wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs)
-------
State of infectious diseases caused
by pathogens in Japan
In Japan, cryptosporidium, norovirus, and
other antibiotic resistant bacteria cause
frequent infectious diseases
a cryptosporidium outbreak in Ogose town (JPN)
(1996)
• More than 9,000 people were infected
a Spread of norovirus (NV) nationwide in recent
years
First in terms of food poisoning cases (2006)
• Second in number of cases (2006)
-------
Cryptosporidiosis outbreak in Ogose £
town (1996)
• A large-scale outbreak caused 9,000 people
to suffer from diarrhea and stomach pain.
• Cryptosporidium gets mixed with the tap
water from the contaminated river water.
• There was a wastewater treatment facility
upstream from water intake.
• Cryptosporidium propagated in the water
cycle (wastewater - Intake ) .
-------
Study of cryptosporidium measures
for sewage systems
• In response to Ogose outbreak,
cryptosporidium for sewage systems were
also studied.
• The Study Committee on cryptosporidium in
Sewage Systems completed and announced
its final report (2000)
-------
Study of cryptosporidium measures
for sewage systems
cryptosporidm
Adding flocculant
(10mg/L)
1/1000 of the
concentration
(activated sludge treatment)
Outline of the final report
• State of cryptosporidium concentration/
in wastewater and treated wastewater
• Evaluation of cryptosporidium removaT
effectiveness of the wastewater and sludge treatment
processes
• Methods of measures for cryptosporidium in sewage
systems
a Ensuring safety of water bodies receiving effluent of treated
wastewater (normal times and during an outbreak)
a Ensuring safety of sewage system employees
-------
State of norovirus (NV)
in river water, waste water and
treated wastewater
-------
Food poisoning caused by NV
• In Japan, food poisoning caused by NV is the leading
cause: 27,616 patients out of total of 39,026 patients (71.0%)
• Of a total of 1,491 outbreaks, 449 outbreaks (33.5%),
second to campylobacterjejuni/campylobactercoli ( 645
outbreaks )
Occurrence during the past 6 years.
Total outbreaks
Total patients
Fatalities
2001
269
7,358
0
2002
268
7,961
0
2003
278
10,603
0
2004
277
12,537
0
2005
274
8,727
0
2006
499
27,616
0
(Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare Web Site: quoted from norovirus Questions and Answers )
-------
Characteristics of NV
An extremely small round structured virus
with diameter of about 38nm, discovered in
victims of a 1968 gastroenteritis epidemic
Heating at 60°C for 30 minutes does not
destroy its infectiousness.
Its genotypes are classified as G1 and G2,
which are communicated to people.
It cannot be detected by the cell culture
method. ^ difficult to judge the activity
-------
Characteristics of NV (cont'd)
Symptoms continue for only 1 to 3 days, but
include violent vomiting, and later diarrhea
and fever etc.
It is known to be a virus which is a major
cause of food poisoning and gastroenteritis
through raw oysters (now rare) in the winter
In recent years, a high percentage of cases
have been caused by person to person
infection.
10
-------
NV measurement method:
Why the real time PCR method?
cell culture method
a impossible to measure the infectious capacity of NV
electronic microscope, antigen-antibody reaction
a sensitivity is low and quantitative evaluation is impossible
methods of rapidly and easily detecting and measuring
it with high sensitivity should be developed.
-------
Real time PCR equipment
Real time PCR —
Technology which amplifies, monitors in real time, and
analyzes (quantifies) a specified gene
(Benefits)
(1) Can accurately quantify a specified gene.
(2) Can perform analysis quickly and easily.
Example of a real time PCR System
Applied Biosystems 7500
LightCycler
Smart Cycler
-------
Procedure for quantification
concentration
- negatively charged membrane
"polyethylene glycol (PEG)
extract RNA, refine
reverse transcriptase reaction
convert the RNA to DMA
real time PCR (quantification)
amplifies and quantifies
a specified gene
13
-------
State of NV in river water
- Example of a survey by the PWRI -
The coverage ratio of sewage
systems varied between the rivers
a At NT2, the coverage ratio of sewage
systems is almost 100 %, and the
river water is mainly spring water.
a At OT2 and OT5, the coverage ratio is •
low and domestic wastewater is
treated in septic tanks then
discharged into the river
Every six hours, water was sampled
from 3 small rivers then analyzed
Teganuma Marsh
(Chiba pref.)
Flush toilet wastewater
treatment tank
D individual sewage treatment
tank
D Night soil treatment plant
Teganuma Marsh
(Chiba pref.)
14
-------
Ife
State of NV in river water
- Example of a survey by the PWRI -
During the non-epidemic period (July), both G1 and G2 were
below the quantification limits (3.8 x 103 copies/L )
During the epidemic period (Jan.) both G1 and G2 were
detected at concentrations of 105 copies/L at OT2.
The detected concentration varies greatly between the
epidemic and non-epidemic periods
NV (copies/L)
cryptosporidium, giardia (numbers/L)
E. coli (cfu/mL)
Name Date / time
norovirus
G1
OTZ 7/10 9:00 N. D.
_ Quantification limit '< ;-:nn:-;
OTZ 1 22
1/22
1/22
1/23
TJT^
NT2
1/22
1/22
1/23
1/23
1/22
1 /22
1/23
1/23
9:00
15:00
21:00
3:00
12:00
18:00
0:00
6:00
13:10
19:00
t:00
6:40
3. 1E+05
2. 3E+05
4. 2E+05
1 . QE+05
N. D
N. D.
N. D.
N. D.
N. D.
N. D.
N. D.
N. D.
norovirus
G2
N. D.
3 BF+03
3. 1E+05
1.3E+Q5
3.3E+05
1 . 6E+05
^^^K
N. D.
N. D.
N. D.
N. D.
N. D.
N. D.
N. D.
t Name Date / time crypto-
I sporidium
giardia
Name Date / time
E. coli
OTZ
OT5
I, 22
1/22
1/22
1/23
1/22
1/22
1/23
1/23
9:00
15:00
21:00
3:00
12:00
18:00
0:00
6:00
N.
N
N
N.
N,
N.
N.
N.
D.
D
D.
D.
D.
D.
D
D.
5. OE-02
N. D.
5. OE-02
N. D.
N. D.
N. D.
N. D.
N. D.
NTZ
1/22 13:10
1/22 19:00
1/23 1:00
1/23 6:40
N. D
N. D.
N. D
N. D.
N. D.
N. D.
N. D.
N. D.
OTZ
OT5
NTZ
1 ,22
1/22
1/22
1/23
1 - 22
1/22
1/23
1/23
1/22
1/22
1/23
1 ; 23
9:00
15:00
21:00
3:00
12:00
18:00
0:00
6:00
13:10
19:00
1:00
6:40
8.0E+01
7. OE+01
8. OE+01
5.0E+01
9 OE+00
1.8E+01
1.0E+01
3 OE+OO
2. OE+01
8. OE+01
1.8E+02
4. OE+01
-------
Relationship of NV with chemical 4j*
markers
• A correlation of NV with caffeine and total sterol
a Correlation coefficients for G1 are 0.86 and 0.73 for caffeine and total sterol
respectively , and for G2, 0.80 and 0.67 for caffeine and total sterol respectively
The NV concentration can be estimated based on the
concentrations of the chemical markers: caffeine and total
sterol. (h During the epidemic period
o
(U
-I— •
(/)
"CD
-I— •
o
il
CD
O
10
10° 1CT 10"
NV(G1)copies/L
10C
107
O)
c
"o
Q)
"oo
£
CD
O
10
10° 10" 10°
NV (G2) copies/L
106 107
-------
NV Removal Tests
at the Pilot Plant
Continuous removal test of the activated
sludge treatment method
a A pilot plant consisting of an aeration tank
(capacity 100 L) and primary and secondary
sedimentation tanks (capacities 50 L) etc. was
used for the tests.
17
-------
NV Removal Tests
at the Pilot Plant
Influent wastewater was
supplied continuously
primary
clarifier
Chemical added (poly-aluminum
chloride (PAC)), at a rate of 5 and
10mg-AL/L (System 1)
Secondary
v clarifier
Aeration tank
Sampling
point
MLSS 2,000 mg/L
HRT 8 hours
- Activated sludge method with
chemical addition (System 1)
- Standard activated sludge
method (System 2)
filtration rate : 200m/day
- Sand filtration (Run1)
- Sand filtration with
chemical addition (Run2)
Sampling
point
Secondary
effluent
Sand
filtration
I
Sampling
point
PAC added at a rate of
3mg-AL/L (Run 2)
Schematic of the Pilot Plant
-------
Results of testing
Changes of NV concentration
(measures of NV started in late December)
Quantity of PAC added increased from 5 mg/L to 10
mg/L (System I)
_
o
o
o
o
1.E+08
1.E+07
1.E+06
(1.E+05
1.E+04
> 1.E+03
1.E+02
Dec.20 Jan. 10 Jan. 31 Feb. 21 Mar. 13
Changing NV (G1) concentration
1.E+08
1 .E+02
Dec.20 Jan. 10 Jan. 31 Feb. 21 Mar.
Changing NV (G2) concentration
19
-------
Results Of testing (removal rates)
Standard activated sludge treatment
— removal rate from 0.6 log to 2.1 log
Chemical addition (10mg-AI/L)
— removal rate rose to about 3 log
13
O
CM
C3
J] Chemical
addition
^Standard
-
\
•
•
•
•.
\
•.
1
AL 5mg/L * ' *
:|TT
:
.*
\
•:.
•-... Ul
i
•
\
\
*.
:
:
f
:
;
L111J'
=
i
•J
r-.
|
NV (G2)
AL
""""im
"• • IU
10mg/L
\
/
/
m\
\
;
:
•
;
.*
:
:
;
/
Dec.26 Jan. 17 J?n__29 Feb. 14 Feb. 28
Effect of NV (G1) removal by chemical addition
0
Dec.26 Jan. 17 Jan. 29 Feb. 14 Feb. 28
Effect of NV (G2) removal by chemical addition
20
-------
Improving NV removal
effectiveness by sand filtration
Sand filtration at filtration rate of 200 m/day achieved G2
removal of 0.6 log (74%)
Sand filtration with chemical addition (3 mg-AL/L)
achieved removal rate from 1 .4 to 2.4 log or higher
Addition of PAC achieved removal rate from 1 .4 log to
2.4 log.
Sand filtration
(Run 1)
Sand filtration with
chemical addition
(Run 2)
removal rates ( log )
NV ( G1 )
0.05
1.4-2.7
NV ( G2 )
0.6
1.9 -2.4 or higher
Average removal rate (%)
Turbidity
90
98
SS
79
96
E. Coli
74
99
21
-------
Conclusion
(Removal tests at the Pilot Plant)
a The NV concentration in influent wastewater was 106
to 107 copies/L
The NV removal rates
a Activated sludge method — 0.6 log to 2.1 log.
a Activated sludge with chemical addition
0.6 log to 2.9 log (5 mg-AL/L)
2.1 log to 3.5 log (10 mg-AL/L)
a Sand filtration — about 0.6 log (G2)
a Sand filtration with chemical addition (3 mg-AL/L)
1.4 log to 2.4 log
22
-------
Future challenges
In Japan there are no final effluent standards for
viruses in sewage systems.
a Present detection methods cannot quantitatively
detect the presence or absence of pollutants.
a The state of viruses in wastewater and in treated
wastewater are not fully understood.
The MLIT* established the Study Committee on
viruses in Sewage Systems (2008)
a To perform studies focused on the preparation of
guidelines concerning NV removal technologies etc.
*MLIT : Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism
23
-------
Future survey challenges
ft
Clarifying the state of pathogens
surveys of the removal of p
wastewater treatment plants
Evaluations of/cne safety pf \
risk evaluation/method.
Disinfection
diactivates NV?
and conduct
hogens in
iruses using the
Combined Sewer
Overflows (CSOs)
concentration of NV?
24
-------
Research for Pathogens in Water Environment and
the Countermeasures in Sewerage
Thank you
for ygur kind attention
-------
Pathogens/ Microbes
Future Design Techniques for Chemical Disinfection
Dr. Charles N. Haas
LD Betz Professor of Environmental Engineering, and
Head, Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering Dept.
Drexel University
-------
*
Betz Professor of
^yironmental Engineering
Dept. of Civil. Architectural an
vZrffi 'i^??%
-------
Outline
Continuing motivation for better
methods for design
Historical evolution of design methods
Vision for future framework
What we have and what we need
-------
Motivation
DBP/Recalcitrant
pathogens (water
^Balancing for
competing risks
^Rational design to
meet multiple
criteria
Wastewater
^Balancing for
ecological effects
(as well as DBFs)
microbial
process
cost
byproduct
risk
ismtection Level
-------
Disinfection 0 (1820's-
1900)
Miasmatic Theory
Dose for deodorization
fc Averill (1832) -"When it is
desirable to destroy the
effluvia from drains, &c, or
to purify the water of a
cistern—dissolve about eight
ounces of the chloride of
lime in a pail full of water,
and disperse it into them.
Repeat the operation until
the object is effected/'
- 5 g/L
-------
Disinfection 1 (1900
1930's)
Dose to give inactivation (some
realization of demand, timp^i
1900-1930's
fc Hooker(1913)
"The exact amounts of chloride of lime
required for water from different
sources, etc., vary considerably. The
average quantity employed in most
cases lies between 5 and 12 Ibs. per
million gallons of water... Even larger
quantities up to 25 Ibs. have been
employed."
Ca 0.5-3 mg/L
AN INVESTIGATION OF THE LAWS
OF DISINFECTION.
BY HARRIETTE CHICK, D.So. LONDON.
Jennff Research St'udent, Lister Institute of Preventive Medicine.
INTRODUCTION,
THE work of Pasteur, showing the action of preservatives to be due
to their toxic effect upon micro-organisms, and the extension of the same
explanation, by the work of Lister, to cover the case of disinfectants and
disease germs, was followed by a considerable amount of successful work
dealing with the disinfectant action of vast numbers of substances upon
putrefying matter. (Buchholtz 1875 ; Jalan de la Croix 1881.)
Robert Koch (1886), however, is responsible for the first systematic
experiments on disinfection, using pure cultures of bacteria. By
means of his " thread" method he investigated the effect on anthrax
spores of the then popular disinfectants, carbolic acid and sulphur dioxide,
and of many substances previously uninvestigated. He confirmed
previous work, demonstrating the powerful disinfectant, and even
greater antiseptic, properties of mercuric chloride, and the great
reputation of this salt may be said to date from these experiments.
Shortly afterwards much interest was excited by the appearance of
the first of many emulsified disinfectants, creolin, and thin substance
-was investigated by many contributors to the study of disinfection, e.g.t
Esmarch (1887) working with putrefying liquids, and Henle (1889), who
worked with cholera and typhoid. The latter also showed that creolin
contained higher homologues of phenol (crcsols, etc.) which, themselves
only slightly soluble in water, are conveniently emulsified by the
adfci&n of soap; these higher phenols are at the same time more
powerful disinfectants and less poisonous than carbolic acid. Fraenkel
(1889) showed that the extra disinfecting power of crude over pure
carbolic acid was due also to the admixture of higher phenols; he
-------
Disinfection 2 (1930's-
1970's)
Application of kinetic theories,
dependency on demand, temperature
New England Water Works Association
ORGANIZED 1882
IVoL. LXI
DECEMBER, 1947
| Mir Association, al a badi, ii no: rtlfomible for Me llatentnU it opinion! at «r "I "'
THE DYNAMICS OF WATER CHLORINATION*
BY GORDON M. FAIR.t J. CARRELL MORRIS^ AND SHIH LU CHANG**
\.Ktad September 16, 1947.]
Time Killed Not Killed
15 min
SO nil
45 min
60 min
pH«-l09[H*]
FIG, 3.—DESTRUCTION or SPORES or B. antkracis BV CHLORINE AKD HTH IN BUFFEIIED|
DISTILLED AND TAP WATER AT 25° C.
(950 to 2050 spores per ml)
-------
Recognition of a Problem
5 Full Scale Disinfection Contactors
have non-ideal flow
.-•*
-------
Disinfection 2.5 (1980,
SWTR)
and use c*t = fCoH temperature
TABLE 1
CT Values for Disinfectants to Inactivate 99,99%of Giardia Lamblia Cysts
USEPA Guidance Manual to the SWIFT
Disinfectant
Free Chlorine at 2 mg/l3
Ozone
Chlorine Dioxide
Chloramine (performed4)
pH
6
7
8
9
6-9
6-9
6-9
<1 C
165
236
346
500
2.9
63
3800
5"C
116
165
243
353
1.9
26
2200
10 C
87
124
182
265
1.43
23
1 850
20 C
44
62
91
132
0,72
15
1100
25 €
29
41
61
88
0,48
11
750
-------
Problems with 2.5
All have mean=30 mm
andtlO=10min
o.oo
o
20
40 60.
time (mm)
80
100
-------
Disinfection 3 - Integrated
Disinfection Design
Framework (1977-current)
Trussell & Chao
& Application of
chemical reaction
engineering theory
fc Assumption of
complete segregated
flow
Maior improvement
over 2/2.5
But there are still
•roblems
batch C(t)
continuous flow - f(t)
time
residence time
prediction of continuous
flow performance
-------
Problems with 3
Q f(T)dr
I I iii
Also, need RTD to
design - which may
not be available if
system is not built
Utility ID
-------
Disinfection 4 - Vision
Given
4> Water quality information
*> Design dose
*> Contactor geometry and
flow
Predict a priori
4> Inactivation performance
4> DBP production
Optimize aeometrv. dose.
We need
That minimize cost &
Satisfy the multiple (and
increasing) regulatory
concerns
Predictive model of
inactivation kinetics
Predictive model of
disinfectant demand
Predictive model of
DBP formation
kinetics
Predictive model of
continuous flow
reactor performance
(hydraulics and
concentrations)
Remainder of presentation
-------
Inactivation Model Incorporating
Water Quality
Time,
residual
temperatur
e, pH,
alkalinity
Crypuosporildium
o.oi
0.001
0.0001
0.0001
0.001
0.01
Predicted Survival
Calibrated System M
Neural Network Mode
in progress
-------
Direct CFD Model -
Chlorination
Direct CFD solution
^Eulerian-Eulerian disinfection model
^Simultaneous solution of continuity,
momentum and mass transfer equations
^Accounting for reaction terms of disinfectant (1st
order with immediate demand) and inactivation
(Horn)
^Use of k-e model for turbulence closure
(small Reynolds number option)
^Use of commercial package (CFX)
-------
Pilot Chlorine Contactor
?Three-oass serpentine reactor
3 gpm (11.4 liter/min)
theoretical hydraulic detention
time=3hr
NaOCI was added to the contactor
through an in-line static mixer
8 intermediate taps
Funding - AWWARF, Collaborators - Montgomery-
Watson
-------
RTD Prediction (not fitting)
Predicted Tracer Curve
Experimental
\ r
Experimental and Predicted Tracer Curves for Pass 1
Monitor Location
-------
Residual Prediction (not fitting)
Representative Chlorine Concentration
Plot for Reactor - Run Rl (a) Plan at
Mid-Depth; (b) Profile at Mid-Width.
K4
•L
x
Experimental Value = 46 rng/L
6.00
5.00
4.00
3.00
2.00
1.00
Bull Run - MC
• Willamette - MC
Bull Run - FC
Willamette - FC
0.00
Y
•L*
CHLORINE
(m^L)
5.0OOOE+OO
4.9GG7E + OO
4.7783E+OO
4.65OOE-I.OO
4.5217E + QO
4.3933EH-OO
4.3OOOE-I-OO
0.00 2.00 4.00
Predicted Chlorine (mg/L)
6.00
-------
Inactivation Prediction (not fitting)
QuickTime™ and a Photo - JPEG decompressor are needed to see this picture
QuickTime™ and a Photo - JPEG decompressor are needed to see this picture
Representative Viable
Microorganism Density Plot for
Reactor - Run Rl, (a) Plan at
Mid-Depth; (b) Profile at Mid-
Width
100°/
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
IDDF
CFD
In (OBSERVED) - In (PREDICTED)
-------
Countercurrent
Pilot O3 Column
CFD captures
gradual
consumption of
indigo
CFD images
provide greater
resolution of
bubble plume than
photographs
(averaging)
Bartrand, 2006
(b) CFD, Color Contours
-------
Full scale reactor - Alameda County Water
DiStriCt (ACWD) ntng.tal.2006)
gassing boundary at water surface
Water inlet
(specified normal
velocity and
Cryptospoiid'um
pcffvum num.
density)
Q,,,= 9.5MGD
Symmetry plane
Water discharge
(specified
pressure)
Gas inlet (specified
normal velocrty and
O3 concentration)
= -| 80 SCmh
O "Rough " grid (700,000
elements)
O First order ozone decay
O First order Cryptosporidium
parvum inactivation
O First order bromate formation
52
Demonstration of
Full Scale
Feasibility
(Bartrand, 2006)
Dissolved ozone concentration
Ozone decays rapidly;
almost no residual
when water reaches the
third chamber
1 m
Predicted inactivation
matches gross
measurements made in
full scale contactors
Cryptoiporidurn pwum Nunber Density (org/U
Bromate formation rate
Bromate formation hot
spots coincide with
regions of high ozone
concentration
Predicted bromate
concentration matches
gross measurements
made in full scale
contactors
Bromate Concentration fug/L)
-------
Needs for Future R&D
More extensive tests of NN kinetic
model fittin<
^Data gathering to fill in gaps (rich
spectrum of water characteristics)
Exploration of NN for predictive
DBP and demand models
Validation of CFD a
full scale
roaches in
-------
Current state of art
Obtain kinetic
parameters,
decay, in batch
Vision for future
state of art
Kinetics from
expert system data
base
Run pilot studies
under different
conditions
Engineering
evaluation of
performance,
reliability
Simulation of many
design alternatives
Role of
Metamodeling
Full scale design
and construction
-------
Oh and by the way
If we can do this for disinfection ...
^ Why not for
^ Coagulation/flocculation
-^Filter performance...
And we can build self-learnin< "
treatment plants
-------
Acknowledgements
(partial)
Sponsors
us EPA
AWWARF
IOA
Phila. Water Dept.
Montgomery-Watson
LD Betz Endowment
Collaborators
fcG. Finch (U Alberta)
^Former Students
^Dr. Dennis Greene
(M&E/AECOM)
^Dr. Tim Bart rand
(Clancy)
^R Trussell, J Jacangelo, J
Oppenheimer
(Montgomery)
^Dr. B Farouk (Mech. E.,
Drexel)
-------
Watershed Management
-------
Watershed Management
Measure for the Water Quality Improvement in
Dam Basin
Mr. Hiroyuki Nakajima
Chief, Management Section
Kizugawa Dams Integrated Operation and Management Office
Japan Water Agency
-------
Measure for the water quality improvement in dam basin
Hiroyuki NAKAJIMA
Japan Water Agency (JWA)
-------
Contents
1. Introduction
2.The situation of eutrophication in JWA dams reservoirs
3.Water quality improvement facilities and their effects
4.Conclusions
-------
1.Introduction
Target Areas of JWA
-------
1.Introduction
Eutrophication phenomenon (Algal blooms)
Blue-green algae
Fresh water red tide
-------
2.The situation of eutrophication in JWA dams reservoirs
Total Phosphorus (T-P) and Chlorophyll-a and Classification of the
Degree of Eutrophication
Item Oligotrophy Mesotrophy Eutrophy Remarks
Annual average total
Af\ / 3 Ar\s o^ / 3 o^ / 3 Vollenweider
phosphorus levels < 10 mg/rrr 10 to 30 mg/rrr > 30 mg/rrr
/ / ?\
(mg/m3)
Annual average
chlorophyll a levels < 2.5 mg/m3 2.5 to 8 mg/m3 > 8 mg/m3 OECD 1982
(mg/m3) ^ ^^
-------
2.The situation of eutrophication in JWA dams reservoirs
Number of facilities by eutrophication classification
Annual average T- P in the surface layer of
dam reservoirs (27 facilities)
CO
CD
O
CO
E
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
'96 '97 '98 '99 '00 '01 '02 '03 '04 '05
^ _> Year
Annual average chlorophyll- a in the surface layer of
dam reservoirs (27 facilities)
25
20
00
15 I
CL
O
10 I
o
30mg/ m3
<10mg/m3
10 ~ 30mg/ m3
'Average
>8.0mg/ m3
<2.5mg/ m3
2.5 ~ 8.0mg/ m3
'Average
-------
2.The situation of eutrophication in JWA dams reservoirs
Monthly and yearly changes in the number of facilities
where had blue-green algae and fresh water red tide
20
V)
CD
o
CO
CD
_Q
E
10
CD ^
i- «J
0
Blue- green algae m Freashwater red tide
co
CD
6
i5
o
TO
0
Blue- areen alaae • Freashwater red tide
PI
"
III
-
—
J— 1
-1
i
1
j—
I!
PI
'96 '97 '98 '99 '00 '01 '02 '03 '04 '05
Year
1234567
Month
9 10 11
-------
S.Water quality improvement facilities and their effects
N
Algal bloom Sunlight^
Bypass
The measure against eutrophication in dam reservoir;
-------
(1) Selective Intakes
Discharge from low layer
=^ Hotwater
Cold water
Lower a water level
Cold water discharge (The decline of the water temperature)
Inflow
\
Lower a water level
Hot water
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^m
Cold water
Inflow
Algal bloom
-Hot water
Discharge low layer with lower a water level Deep water depth ^j
(abiods Algal boom depth)
-------
(2) Aerating circulation facilities
Mechanism
(1) Effect of keeping blue-green algae in the darkness
(2) Effect of nullifying the ability of blue-green algae to regulate
buoyancy through control of water temperature gradient and vertical
mixing of the upper layer
(3) Effects of spreading nutrient salts throughout the shallow
(4) Effect of encouraging the growth of diatoms and other types of
algae
-------
(2) Aerating circulation facilities
Outline
Sunlight
Inflow of nutrient
salts
Aerating circulation
Eupnoticzone
Place of
darkness
Release
of water
-------
(2) Aerating circulation facilities
l)Overview of the aeration circulation
• The purpose of the aeration circulation is to restrain the explosive-
occurrence of the algae (phyto-plankton) such as blue-green alge
by vertical-circulation on the dam lake with the air foam from the
about 15-20 meter water depth.
Figure
f
Water flow
The depth of no sunlight
6200
The depth of sunlight reach
Air tube
1HH Water flow
vertical movement
tf
-------
(2) Aerating circulation facilities
2) Vertical distribution of water temperature
• Until 2002 when waterbloom was seen,water temperature of surface
influence by outside temperature and thermocline is formed
• But since 2004, waterbloom was not seen with aeration circuration
thermocline is not formed
is high
,and
16.0
18.0
20.0
Vteter Tenrrerature ( °C )
22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0
18-July-OO 10:23
12-July-01 10: 11
22-July-02 10:27
15-July-2003 10:36
20-j uly-2004 9:42
19-July-2005 10:44
Vertical water temperature distribution ( July 2000 ~ 2005)
Notes:Aba(standard point) field survey
-------
(2) Aerating circulation facilities
3)Relation between Water temperature of dam lake surface(O.Sm)
and Microcystis number of cells
• When water temperature of surface becomes high,Microcystis number of
cells become more than 10,000 cells
Microcystis number of cells and WateTemperature
D<1,000(cells/ml)
n<100,000(cells/ml)
<10,000(cells/ml)
>100,000(cells/ml)
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Times (time
- 15
75(times)
-20
38(times) 38(times)
Water temrerature (°C )
Water temperature and Microcystis number of cells
Notes: result of regular water survey(per month) 1989-2004(standard point surface 0.
f
9*
-------
(2) Aerating circulation facilities
4)The installation site of the aeration
• Aeration installs about 1km interval from damsite to 3km of upper.
• And operating the aeration from about 20m depi
Kizu river
Nol
Tkayama
bridge .
Aeration Tukigas
~ bridge
Hachiman ^
Aeration
1km No4
Dam site -> upper
Aeration install site
Takavama dam ^riverbed level :measures in 2002
140
135
130
125
•§• 120
[j 115
- 110
CD 105
-1 100
95
90
85
Full water lebel (E.L.1 35.00m)
btj
'
nd
)
ard mint TakaVama brid9e
: D$pth
20m
5E
lisc
har
T3e
or
ptr
\
"IP
Je
^
v^
<
>
Ae rat io n No 1 Ae rat jfiaJ
>a
sjo:
^er
I-
LI
Depth
^ 15m 5
atin h
. r
o3
A(
^^
mit water level in flood seas
r\n /P I 117 nHm\ h
lachiman bridge Tsu
kigase bridge
Depth
-I cimLow water levelCF 1 04
sra
••^
[tja
o-t
*?z
r^
••^*
^ ^
**— "
***'**'
^^ T i ^ ^
fWfn)
•• —
---
^— -
*— —
__i»
. —
— — .
^
— I — ..»-
^—
H
o
o
•si"
o
o
oo
o
o
o
o
CD
o
o
o
CM
o
o
•si"
CM
o
o
oo
c\r
o
o
CO
o
o
CD
oo"
o
o
o
•sf
o
o
•si"
•st
o
o
oo
•sf
o
o
UO
o
o
CD
UO"
o
o
o
CD"
o
o
•si-
CD
o
o
oo
CD"
o
o
o
o
CD
o
o
o
oo"
o
o
•si"
oo
o
o
oo
o
o
o
o
CD
o
o
O
-------
(2) Aerating circulation facilities
5)The operation of Aeration circulation
Four(4) aeration circulation were introduced from 2000 to 2003
Operated one(l) aeration in 2002,two(2) aeration in 2003,and four(4) aeration
continues since 2004
1 tern
1 nst al 1 at i on year
of aeration
Aer at on ISb 1
Aer at on ISb 2
Aer at on ISb 3
Aer at on N3 4
1 ni t i al cost ( one aer at i on)
» \ —• '• •/
r unni ng cost ( el ect lie f ee )
* ( i nspect i on )
Aerat i on dent h A r vol urne
cont ent s
2001
2002
2003
2003
About 65 000 000 ven
About 2 700 000 ven
About 600 000 ven
0- 20met er 5 6rrfi/ rri n
year
2002
2003
2004
Jan
F
M
L
Feb
F
M
L
Mar
F
M
L
Aip
F
^
^9
M
L
May
F
M
L
F
^
One(1)
Jun
M
L
F
Jul
M
L
F
Aug
M
L
aeration operates (No. 1 )
Sep
F
M
Two(2) aeration
operates (No.
1 No.2 f
Four(4) aeration operates (No.
1- No.4 )
L
Oct
F
M
w
K
L
Nov
F
M
L
Dec
F
M
L
_
Mntoc- P -Pirct ton rla\/c M • Mirlrllo ton rla\/c
I • I act ton rla\/«
-------
(2) Aerating circulation facilities
6)Number of cells about Microcystis in Takayama Dam
• Before 2002, Microcystis number of cells was always 10,000cells/ml or
more, but since 2003, Microcystis number of cells decrease
The cell number of Microcystis dam site (surface )
^100,000
E 90,000
^ 80,000
® 70,000
;» 60,000
a) 50,000
" 40,000
° 30,000
& 20,000
I 10,000
0
Aeration set up
_ j _ _ _ j _ _ j j
'95 '96 '97 '98 '99 '00 '01 '02 '03 '04 '05 '06
The cell number of Phormidium in dam site (surface )
60,000
^ 55,000
E 50 000
1 45,000
o 40,000
w 35,000
0 30,000
o ^ ,- ^ ^ ^
^ 25,000
° 20,000
B 15,000
| 10,000
c 5,000
0
I I I
I I I
I I I
I I I
I I I
I I I
I I I
I I I
I I I
I I I
I I I
L L LI
:::::.::
1
• 1 II
11
•
i
i
i
1,
r
i i
i i
" i "i ^_
i 1 1
i i~i
i 1 1
i i
i i
i i
APT
r^^±
i i
*
i i
1
I
"^
US*
'95 '96 '97 '98 '99 '00
'01
'02 '03 '04 '05 '06 '07
-------
(2) Aerating circulation facilities
6)Number of cells about Microcystis in Takayama Dam
• A lot of number of cells about Microcystis was seen on surface at 2000-2002,
but since 2003, is not seen from surface to deep bottom
5,000
Microcystis number of cells (cells/ ml)
10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000
16-Aug-OO
13-Aug-03
16-Aug-OI
30- Aug- 04
13-Aug-02
24- Aug- 05
^Displayed with overlap at 2003 - 2005
Vertical distribution of number of Microcystis cells
(August, 2000-2005)standard point 0.5, 2.5, 5.0, 10, and 25m
8,527,200cells/ml
265,032cells/ml
-------
(2) Aerating circulation facilities
7) Annual occurrence fresh water red tide and blue-green algewater bloom
• Water bloom was seen every year in summer (from July to September),
but since 2003 which two aeration operates , water bloom isn't seen
Fresh water red tide
Blue-green alg
1
¥3fc
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
?000
?001
?00?
2QQ3
?nn4
?005
?00fi
9007
Jar
F
M
|
F
Feb
M
I
Mar
F
M
|
Aor
F
M
|
F
May
M
|
Jun
F
M
|
Jul
F
M
|
Auc
F
M
|
Sen
F
M
|
Oct
F
M
|
F
Nov
M
|
F
Dec
M
|
>x< Observation by watching
-------
(2) Aerating circulation facilities
8)Status of blue-green alge(Dam site point 2000-2005)
• Waterbloom was seen in 2000-2002 ,but was not seen in 2003-2005
^Photograph (Dam site point August 2000 - 2005 )
August 17 2000 waterbloom
Auqust 15 2001 v\at erbloom
August 2003 No v\at er bloom Aunust 18 ?004 No v\flt er bl oorr
August 24 2005 No v\at er bloom
-------
(3)Separative curtain
1) Outline of separative curtain in Shourenji dam
Funou river
Separative curtain
„ Funou river
Dam site -» upper
Dam site
Separative curtain
Kaochi
1)
88888888888
Dam site -> upper
300
Shourenji river Xwater bed level :measure in 2004
Full water level E.L277.0m
Sepflrative curtain
Limit water level in flood season E.L273.0m
r->OOOoOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
oooooooooooooooooooooooooooo
"
Shourenji
Kajika
bridge
-------
(S)Separative curtain
© The measure against
eutrophication in dam reservoirs
inflow
@ The measure against turbidity
in dam reservoirs
-------
(3)Separative curtain
2)Function and effect of fractionation fences
D Prevention of expansion of blue-green algae and freshwater red tide
D Reduction of nutrient flowing into the surface layer on the lower stream side of
the curtain
Inflow of nutrient salts
Reservoir fractionation fence
Depletion of nutrient salts in the
production layer of algae
Bypassing of nutrient salts by selective intake
Release
££££££# water
-------
(3)Separative curtain
3) effects of curtain
Numbers of Peridinium cells
10000
1000
Is
100
10
Peridinium
1
1
'94 '95 '96 '97 '98 '99 '00 '01
Changes over Time in the Numbers of Peridinium Cells
Upstream side of the fence
lowerstream side of the fence
Q
Installation of a reservoir
fractionation fence
'02 '03
2000 4000 6000 8000
Numbers of Peridinium cells
(Numberof cells/ml)
10000
Vertical Distribution of Numbers of Peridinium Cells (2002)
-------
4.Conclusions
l.Measures,such as selective intakes,aeration
circulation,separative curtain are effective for conservation
of water quality in reservoirs.
2.1t is necessary for dam management to effort for better
operation over monitoring of effects.
3.We have to progress the technical innovation to
people with good quality water.
sup
-------
Thank you
-------
Watershed Management
Management of the Impact of Earthquake on
Sewerage Services
Mr. Osamu Fujiki
Director, Wastewater and Sludge Management Division
Water Quality Control Department
National Institute for Land and Infrastructure Management (NILIM)
Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism
-------
<"?>;
Management of the Impact
of Earthquake on Sewerage Services
i
Osamu FUJIKI
Director of Water Quality Control Department
National Institute for Land and Infrastructure Management
"*"
~~~~~
:
:-".
<£->•
' - -• " :&
^l^^^BBK^MB^i^MMi^^^H^H-H^H^P^IM^
Km^^^^t^^^^^^^^^^^^Umn^Kn^^^flA^f^^^fS^^Kn^^fui^^^^^^^^^^^^X^^^^KuJiT^^S^^^^K^^^I^^^m^^XU I '
U.S.-Japan Joint Conference on Drinking Water Quality Management and Wastewater Control
••-
-------
Distribution map of earthquake's epicenter
80*N
40"N
- h
North Ann rican Plate
South Amerrtan Plato
40*S
eo's
10'E SO'E 90"E 130'E ITO'E
Earthquake's epicenter
1991-2001
magnitude: >5
depth < 100km
Source : the Japan Meteorological Agency
-------
The Niigata-Ken Chuetsu Earthquake
(2004.Oct.23) M6.8
Seismic Intensity Distribution
j 37.3 degrees north latitude, 138.9 degrees of east longitude,
depth 13km M6.8
Source: Japan Meteorological Agency
-------
-------
-------
-------
-------
soil
accumulat
3.4%
being
buried in
water
3.9%
stagnant
water
31.1%
Classification of damage of
Sewer pipes and manholes
out break of crack
2.6%
invasion
water
.8%
breakdown
of damage
of sewer pipes
others
19.9°'
road
surface
caving
holes
58.2%
float i
manhole
41.8%
cover
1.9%
breakdown
of damage
of manholes
body
17.4%
earth and
sand
5.0%
failure of
pipe
connection
3.9%
8
-------
Process of manhole uplift
4) ground settlement
2) Uplifted MH
by buoyancy
soil liquefaction
\
i
i
High
groundwater
level
3) Flow liquefied sand under MH
-------
-------
-------
*•> *
-------
-------
Concept of damage estimation method
for sewer pipes
Output: damage
estimation map
i Amount of damage ($)
: Length of
i damage pipe (Km)
iPipe damage rate (%)
Calculation
and estimation,
Input
Location ,type, diameter, and
length of a sewer pipe
seismic intensity
PL value
Data from Central Disaster Prevention Council
Data of digital
topographical map
14
-------
Potential of Liquefaction (PL)
PL is the weighted sum of the strength against
the sharing stress toward depth at the ground in
question.
PL is used as an indicator of liquefaction.
value
potential of liquefaction
0
0
-------
Concept of damage estimation method
for WWTP & Pumping Station
Output: damage
estimation map
Amount of damage ($)
Classification by
degree of damage
Damage rate (%)
I--
i
M
•I
-.1
Calculation
and estimation
Input
Location and earthquake
safety type of WWTP &
Pumping st
seismic intensity
PL value
Data from Central Disaster Prevention Council
Data of digital
topographical map
16
-------
Target :
Expected North Tokyo Bay Earthquake
simulated by Central Disaster Prevention Council
• Estimated earth quake center
Northern Tokyo Bay (located immediately below
Tokyo Metropolitan Area)
• Target magnitude 7.3 based on earthquake record/
ancient writing in Japan since 1600
• According to earthquake record/ ancient writing in Japan since 1600,
-> Over Magnitude 8.0 : 2 earthquakes in 1703 and 1922
-> Over Magnitude 8.0 : Low- frequency in next 100 years
-> Magnitude 7.0-8.0 : 10++ earthquakes since 1600
-> Magnitude 7.0-8.0 : a couple of earthquakes in last 200 years
-> Magnitude 7.0-8.0 : Possibility in next 100 year
17 (Source: Central Disaster Prevention Council)
-------
Seismic Intensity Distribution Map
of the North Tokyo Bay Earthquake
Seismic Intensity
0.5
• 4,s-s:o
• 5.0~S. S
5.5-6.0
• 6,0-S 5
• >S 5
18
Source : the Central Disaster Prevention Council
-------
PL value distribution map of the
North Tokyo Bay Earthquake
19
—^ -
S-ni
•' 1
w
V p
C^* T
PL Index
0
• D-50
fl 5.0-18.0
Source : the Central Disaster Prevention Council
-------
Damage rate estimation map of
sewer pipe under the North Tokyo
Bay Earthquake
.
N
W E
S
Damage Rate
of Sewer (I)
o
i-il
• 2.5-5.0
• SO-IO 0
10 0~» 0
• ra 0-300
20
-------
Classification Map of WWTP damage
under the North Tokyo Bay Earthquake
••
•
, a i - ". .
7
•
Type
W
Capaeity(m3/d)
•,".' 0-5,000
& S.000-10.000
10,000-25,000
,'V 25,000-50,000
50.000-'100. QCQ
> 100,000
21
Type-1
Damage by ground
lateral flow with
liquefaction
Type-2
Damage by
liquefaction
Type-3
Damage by seismic
force
Type-4
Slight damage
-------
Estimation of Damage of Pipe
Average
Max
Km of damaged pipe
Km of current pipe
2.9%
22.0%
Amount of
damage
(million US $)
5,343 million
38,888 million
1 US$=100JPN
Area: Saitama pref, Chiba pref .Tokyo metropolitan area .Kanagawa pref
22
-------
Estimation of Damage of
WWTP & Pumping station
Average
Max
Amount of
damage
(million US $)
1,590 million
4,056 million
1 US$= 100 JPN
Area: Saitama pref, Chiba pref .Tokyo metropolitan area .Kanagawa pref
122 WWTPs and 537 Pumping stations
23
-------
Estimation of the Number of people who
can't access sewage system
Average
Max
Number of people
As daytime population
961,000
6,431,000
Area: Saitama pref, Chiba pref ,Tokyo metropolitan area ,Kanagawa pref
122 WWTPs and 537 Pumping stations
24
-------
Answer to the Questionnaire on the Survival
after a Huge Earthquake
225 (male:89, female: 136) out of 700 nominated office workers replied to the
questions on the supposition that they have to stay at office without water supply
for flush toilet for 3 days after a huge earthquake
How do you relieve yourself in case of no toiret service
for 3 days in your office after a huge earthquake ?
-29
30-39
OX)
40-49
50-
0°
50.0
-
46.2
-
48.4
-
35.0
1 I
/o 20% 40%
33.3 16.7
44.0 | 9.9
40.6 10.9
55.0 | 10.0
1 I
60% 80% 100%
D relieve myself outdoors D relieve myself indoors, wrapping D stand waiting for toiret service
e.g. in blind alleies it in paper or plastic bags for 3 days
25
Survey field : Central Business District around Tokyo Station
-------
Scenario Analysis
for Biwako-Yodogawa River water system
• Wastewater Treatment Plant
• Damaged Wastewater Treatment Plant
• Intake for Drinking Water
Kyoto
Katsura River-v O
Osaka /~O Osaka
Bay
26
Suppositions
Large scale earthquake of
maximum seismic intensity six-odd
on the Japanese scale attacks
Biwa upriver area of Yodogawa River
basin in winter when the river flow
rate is relatively small.
6 wastewater plants are damaged
and cease to work. The influent
raw sewage is discharges into
Yodogawa River without treatment
but simple clarifier and chlorination
facility resume their functions on
the 5 day after the earthquake.
Water supply is cut off just after
the earthquake. But 25 % of the
capacity is restored on the 5th day
after the earthquake and total
capacity is completely restored on
the 46th day.
-------
Estimated Change in
the Concentrations of
Coliform Bacteria and
Cryptosporidium
at the water intake point
of 26 km upstream from
the river mouth
3.0E+04
-5
hJ
VI
-M
VI
VI
O
4*
u
O
U
-5
Coliform bacteria (Winter)
No treatment
Clarification and chlorination
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 5C
Pays after the earthquake
Cryptosporidium (Winter)
No treatment
Clarification and chlorination
10
15 20 25 30 35
Days after the earthquake
40
45
50
27
-------
Estimated Variation
in the Concentration of Toxic Substances in Drinking Water
Limit for drinking water
0.0
^ ^ ^ ~- — M CM
Removal Rate in the Process
of Water Purification
I 8ft I
— — — — e^i CM
80V
U.UJ
0.02
y
*
*
X
:
Targeted Toxic Substances
(1) Lead and its compounds (as the concentration of lead) (2) Arsenic and its compounds (as the
concentration of arsenic) (3) Hexavalent chromium and its compounds (as the concentration of
hexavalent chromium) (4) Phenols (as the concentration of phenol) (5) Cyanide ion and cyanogen
chloride (as the concentration of cyanogen) (6) Toluene
Suppositions
Damaged area is caught in a
shower of 25mm in total for 6
hours.
The storm water washes toxic
substances out of the damaged
factories and other business
facilities and conveys them into
Yodogawa River.
The damage ratio is set at 0.23.
Half amount of every stored toxic
substance in damaged facilities
is assumed to be washed out
into the river.
The storage amount is set at
2weeks / 52 weeks (a year) of
the annual dealing amount which
is estimated from the data
registered in the PRTR
(Pollutant Release and Transfer
Register) System.
28
-------
Example of the Earthquake-proof Reinforcement
in a Wastewater Treatment Plant
29
(Facility that needs quakeproof neasures)
D : Faci I i ty t hat ray st rongl y be
daraged by eart hquake
El : Faci I i t y t hat ray be daraged by eart hquake
— : j oi nt
(D sast er prevent i on measures)
HI : Fjcpansi on j oi nt s
M : A new bypass pipe
-------
Disasters occur because they
come too late to remember
30
-------
Watershed Management
Understanding of Pollutant Behavior in a River Basin
Mr. Yuji Okayasu
Senior Researcher, Water Quality Research Team
Water Environment Research Group
Public Works Research Institute (PWRI)
-------
Title
Understanding of Pollutant Behavior
in a River Basin
Yuji Okavasu. Yutaka Suzuki
Water quality research division,
Public Works Research Institute
00/20
-------
Introduction
>The Water Pollution Control Law legislated in 1970
defined Environmental Water Quality Standards (EWQS)
as targets for water quality management, and effulent
standards for industries were established.
> In order to effectively meet EWQSs, comprehensive
watershed-wide sewerage master plans have been
prepared and updated.
> River water quality parameters for living environments
improved, however, there has been little improvement in
lake, inner bay and estuary water quality.
01 720
-------
Introduction
Trend of share of types of
domestic wastewater treatment systems
c
i 100
c
o
I 50
Q.
O
Q_
0
No treatment
Vault toilet
(nightsoil collection
and treatment)
Sewage system
Onsite treatment
system
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
02/20
-------
Introduction
Trend of percentage of water quality monitoring station
where water quality standard is achieved
100
CD
D)
CD
O
CD
CL
80
60
40
20
0
River
(BOD)
Lake
(COD)
I nner bay
and estuary
(COD)
O)
CO CN CD
l^- CO CO
O) O) O)
O
O) O)
O) O)
CO
O)
O)
CN
O
O
CN
CD
O
O
CN
03/20
-------
Method 1 : Watershed Modeling
> Major contributors to water quality pollution
in lake, inner bay and estuary
1) Excessive algal production
2) Release from sediment
I 1 3) Storm water runoff
^ Delivered loads from a river catchment were
estimated and compared by two methods.
>Method 1 : Watershed Modeling
Commercially available watershed model
(InfoWorks CS )
>Method 2 : Unit Load Approach
04/20
-------
Method 1 : Watershed Modeling
> Location of study catchment
Hiroshima
Fukuoka
a
0
Sapporo,
CowriehKC) 2007 TSUKUI International Inc. AH %hts Reserved
Nagoya
Kyoto
Osaka
Kobe
Tokyo
Kawasaki
Pacific
Ocean
50km
i
05/20
-------
Method 1 : Watershed Modeling
> General information about the study catchment
> Name of catchment
Otsu River catchment
Otsu River runs into the lake Tega
Tone River sub-catchment
>Area
36.798km2
> Annual rainfall
Average 1,302 mm / year
2003 1,751 mm/year
> Population / Population density
216,459* / 5,854/km2*
> Percentage of sewered population
58.5%'
f(2003)
06/20
-------
Method 1 : Watershed Modeling
Geography
Hydraulic conditions
Base flow discharge
Flow rate
simulation
Wastewater
characteristics
Land use
Monitored
precipitation
data
Monitored
flow rate
data
> Model validation procedure
Water quality
simulation
Monitored
water quality
data
07/20
-------
Method 1 : Watershed Modeling
15
5/31 6/1
D 12 0
T
L
i^aic 6/2
12 0 12
6/3
0
_: ' u ' a ' ' ' ' i i i i
-
• Rainfall (mm/h)
CO
ou
40
n
Monitored
— Simulated
if^^-iM iii
D)
400
200
0
Monitored
Simulated
Examples of validation results
rate and water quality monitoring
at 10 sites (3 times^§r site) during dry weather
at 3 sites (3 times per site) during rainfall events
08/20
-------
Method 1 : Watershed Modeling
Model run results
>Annual average specific discharge
2,627m3/d/km2 ( = 959 mm/year)
>Annual delivered loads
from the Otsu River catchment to the lake Tega
estimated by the watershed model (InfoWorks
CS)
( Unit : t / year)
BOD
645
COD
791
T-N
293
T-P
32
09/20
-------
Method 2 : Unit Load Approach
> Major contributors to water quality pollution
in lake, inner bay and estuary
1) Excessive algal production
2) Release from sediment
I - 1 3) Storm water runoff
^ Delivered loads from a river catchment were
estimated and compared by two methods.
>Method 1 : Watershed modeling
Commercially available watershed model
(InfoWorks CS
I ^Method 2 : Unit load approach
10/20
-------
Method 2 : Unit Load Approach
Channel,
Stream
Sedimentation
Adsorption
Decomposition
Denitrification
etc
Pollution source
Treatment
facility
Generated load
Discharged load
Pollutant delivery ratio =
Delivered load
Discharged load
Delivered load
Receiving water
11/20
-------
Method 2 : Unit Load Approach
> Estimation of discharged loads
*On-site wastewater treatment facility
On-site nightsoil treatment facility
Category
Domestic
Livestock
Industrial
Non-point
source
Total
Pollutant
source
Sewer
On-site WTF*
On-site NTF**
Vault toilet
Paddy field
Dry field
Forest
Urban
Number
126,627
23,453
43,585
22,794
162
229.0
1046.6
362.9
2059.3
Unit load Value
Unit
g
/capita
/day
g
/head
/day
g
/ha
/day
BOD
COD
T-N
T-P
Discharged load [ t / y ]
BOD
COD
T-N
T-P
(Diversion)
10.9
44.3
40
6.0
88
88
8.42
8.42
7.7
21.7
17
4.4
119
33.1
34.9
103
6.5
7.9
2
1.4
3.27
69.2
5.8
30.2
5
1.03
0.40
0.85
3.33
0.86
0.80
1.53
93
705
333
0.4
34
7.4
34
1.1
6.3
1214
66
344
141
0.3
34
9.9
13
4.6
77.4
691
56
126
17
0.1
40
2.7
26
0.8
22.7
288
6.4
16
3.3
0.1
6.6
0.3
0.3
0.1
1.2
35
12/20
-------
Method 2 : Unit Load Approach
> Estimation of discharged loads
*On-site wastewater treatment facility
** On-site nightsoil treatment facility
DC
Liv
Inc
Nd
so
To
Relative pollutant source contribution
On-site WTF
On-site NTF
Vault toilet
Industrial
Livestock
Paddy field
Dry field
Forest
Urban
Discharged Load (COD)
:691 t/year
-p
Discharged load [ t / y ]
BOD
COD
Diversion)
.03
).40
.85
5.33
.86
.80
.53
93
705
333
0.4
34
7.4
34
1.1
6.3
1214
T-N
66
344
141
0.3
34
9.9
13
4.6
77.4
691
56
126
17
0.1
40
2.7
26
0.8
22.7
288
T-P
6.4
16
3.3
0.1
6.6
0.3
0.3
0.1
1.2
35
13/20
-------
Method 2 : Unit Load Approach
> Pollutant delivery ratio
Specific
discharge
( m3/d/km2 )
< 2,000
2,000 - 3,000
3,000 - 4,000
4,000 - 5,000
5,000 - 6,000
> 6,000
BOD
annual
delivery
ratio
about 1 0%
15%
30%
45%
75%
1 00%
COD
annual
delivery
ratio
about 20%
30%
60%
90%
1 00%
1 00%
03
O
Q_
246
[103m3/d/km2]
Annual ave. specific discharge
14/20
-------
Method 2 : Unit Load Approach
> Distribution of annual average
specific discharge
( m3 /d /km2)
O < 2,592
O 2,592-4,320
O 4,320-6,048
O > 6,048
15/20
-------
Method 2 : Unit Load Approach
> Delivered load
= Discharged load * Pollutant delivery ratio
> Annual delivered loads
from the Otsu River catchment to the lake Tega
estimated by the unit load approach
( Unit : t / year)
BOD
138
COD
199
T-N
-
T-P
-
16/20
-------
Summary
> Results of discharged loads, delivered loads, pollution delivery ratios
Method
Watershed
Model
( Info Work
sCS)
Unit load
approach
Item
©Delivered
load
©Pollution
delivery ratio
©Delivered
load
©Pollution
delivery ratio
©Discharged
load
Unit
t- y1
%
t- y-1
%
t- y1
BOD
645
53
138
15
1214
COD
791
114
199
30
691
T-N
293
102
(86)
(30)
288
T-P
32
91
(11)
(30)
35
©/©
©x0
17/20
-------
Summary
> Annual delivered loads from a catchment, where on-site treatment
facilities are major contributors of water pollution, were estimated
using the watershed model (InfoWorks CS) .
> Annual pollutant delivery ratios of BOD, COD, T-N, T-P, were
calculated as 53%, 114%, 102%, 91%, respectively, by dividing the
delivered loads by the discharged loads.
> Annual pollutant delivery ratios of BOD, COD were estimated to be
15%, 30%, respectively according to the guideline.
Thus, the result indicates that annual delivered load has been
underestimated by the unit load approach (using unit load values
and pollutant delivery ratios)
18/20
-------
Future Challenges
> While this study has dealt with the impact of on-
site domestic wastewater treatment facilities on
water pollution, impact of on-site livestock
wastewater treatment facilities should also be
dealt with by a future study.
>Monitoring programs must be designed with full
consideration given to the updating of information
and to the pollutant delivery ratio.
19/20
-------
Thank you for your kind attention !
20/20
-------
> Basic concept of components of flow in a river
Rainfall
Flow rate
Stormwater
Wastewater
Base flow discharge
Ex.01
-------
> Results of discharged loads, delivered loads, pollution delivery ratios
Method
Watershed
model
Watershed
model
( Vertical
dry
weather )
Unit load
approach
Item
(1) Delivered
load
(2) Pollution
delivery ratio
(3) Delivered
load
(4) Pollution
delivery ratio
(5) Discharged
load
Unit
t/y
%
t/y
%
t/y
BOD
645
53
142
12
1214
COD
791
114
123
18
691
T-N
293
102
154
53
288
T-P
32
91
27
9.4
35
(1)/(5)
(3)/(5)
Ex.02
------- |