Day 3
               Proceedings of
     JAPAN - UNITED STATES JOINT
   CONFERENCE ON DRINKING WATER
      QUALITY MANAGEMENT AND
        WASTEWATER CONTROL
                March 2009
Sponsored by:
«EPA
             WATE
              FOUNDATION
   United States
   Environmental Protection
   Agency
             XWERF
             Water Environment Research Foundation
             Collaboration. Innovation. Results.
    WATER
    RESEARCH
    raUNDATION"
ADVANCING THE SCIENCE OF WATER*

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Water Reuse/ Indirect Potable Reuse

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          Water Reuse/ Indirect Potable Reuse
            Water Reuse in Japan
             Mr. Mizuhiko Minamiyama
   Head, Wastewater and Sludge Management Division
          Water Quality Control Department
National Institute for Land and Infrastructure Management
 Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism

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                           *
                         i
             ater Reuse in Japan
   National Institute for Land and Infrastructure Management
                 Hokkaido University
f
N I L I  M

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                    Outline
     Current status / future trend of water reuse
     in Japan
f
   • New roles of reclaimed water
     - Stable water supply in disaster by dual pipe
       system (tap & reclaimed water)
     - Heat island mitigation: Road sprinkling with
       water-retentive pavement.
     - Enhancement of environment:
       Restoring urban streams ("seseragi")

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     Current Status of Water Reuse in
                          ^    '
     ow recycle ratio of municipal wastewater:
      0.7 % of Municipal & Industrial Water
     >1.4 % of treated municipal wastewater
            f^Sr^         (2°°6)
           s*
    High recycle ratio of industrial water:
     >79
f
(2006)

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      Trend of Number of Treatment
  Plants Reusing  Treated Wastewater
500
450
| 400
| 350
"co
e soo
CD
| 250
o
1 200
° 150
CD
E 100
 50
 0
     2000
             2001
2003     2004
   year
2005
2006
                                           • Industrial Water supply
                                           • Industrial Water Works
                                           D Aggricultural Irrigation
                                           • Construction site cleaning
                                           D Roadside trees Irrigation
                                           • Snow Melting
                                           D River flow sustaining
                                           D Recreational Impoumdment
                                           • Landscape Irrigation
                                           D Toilet Flushing

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             Usage of Reclaimed Water
                   Industrial
                  Water Works
                    1.4%
            Aggricultural
              Irrigation
               6%
                                Toilet Flushing
                                   3.5%
f
 Industrial
Water supply
   8.8%
                                Quantity of
                                Recycled
                                Municipal
                              Wastewater in
                               Japan (2006)
      River flow
      sustaining
       32.5%
 :ecreational
Impoumdment
  2.7%

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                     ^^k
Water Quality and Facility Standards for
   Treated Wastewater Reuse (2005)

E. Coli
Turbidity
PH
Appearance
Chromaticity
Odor
Residual
Chlorine
Treatment
Level
Where are
Standards
Applied?
Exit of
treatment
facility
for reuse
Responsibility
demarcation
point

Flushing Water
ND(in 100ml)
(Control target)
2
5.8-8.6
Shall not be
unpleasant
-
Shall not be
unpleasant
(Control target)
free 0.1mg/l
combined 0.4mg/l
Sand Filtration
Sprinkling Water
ND(in 100ml)
(Control target)
2
5.8-8.6
Shall not be
unpleasant
/ -
Shall not be
unpleasant
(Control target)
free 0.1mg/l
combined 0.4mg/l
Sand Filtration
Water for
Landscape Use
Refer to remarks1'
(Control target)
2
5.8-8.6
Shall not be
unpleasant
40 degree
Shall not be
unpleasant
Refer to remarks 2)
Sand Filtration
Water for
Recreational Use
ND(in 100ml)
2
5.8-8.6
Shall not be
unpleasant
10 degree
Shall not be
unpleasant
(Control target)
free 0.1mg/l
combined 0.4mg/l
Coagulation &
Sand Filtration
1)The present standard (coliform groupes count: 1000 CPU /100ml) is adopted pro tempore.
2)This value shall not be stipulated as treatment other than chlorine disinfection is carried out case by case
from ecological correctness and as the water may be used according to the prerequisite that humans shall not
touch it.

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                                 ,
       Future Trend of Water Reuse
    Quantity for reclaimed water could be
    lower due to the population decrease.
f
Roles of reclaimed water are expanding
       -; wl mw
- Stable water supply in disaster

  (e.g., earthquake)

- Heat island mitigation
       •
- Needs for creating / restoring streams to

< enhance environment

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           New Roles
         Reclaimed Water

Stable water supply in disaster:
Dual water supply system (tap & reclaimed
water) Jf
    JJJ^F*^* M
Heat island mitigation: Road sprinkling
with water-retentive pavement.
Enhancement of environment:
Restoring urban streams ("seseragi")

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                      w  A
      Stable Water Supply in Disaster
        by Dual Water Supply System
   Reclaimed water is supplied for nonpotable
   use (e.g., toilet flushing) through dual water
   pipes in urban areas.*.
  • Even if tap water system was down in
   \          71
   disaster (e.g., earthquake),
   r-Toilet could work using reclaimed water.
   - Drinking water could be supplied by setting
• ~  temporary reverse osmosis (RO) treatment
W '  'System.

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       Onsite recycling system
         Toilet
POTW
                       ^ V
                              Tap water
                   Onsite treatment
                   system	
           Toilet
POTW
                              Tap water
                ^—'Onsite treatment
                   system
If tap water system was down,
drinking and toilet-flushing water
could not be supplied.
                                            *
                                         Municipal reclaimed water supply system
                                                 Toilet
                                         POTW
                                                  Toilet
                                         POTW
Tap water is used
for toilet flushing
if reclaimed water
,was down.
                                                                       Tap water
                                                                        Reclaimed
                                                                        water
                                                                       Tap water

                                                                       Reclaimed
                                                                       water
                                       Even if either drinking or reclaimed water
                                       supply system was down, another water
                                       system could work.

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            Heat Island Mitigation:
     Road Sprinkling with Water Retentive
                    Pavement
     "Heat island": Urban aiift
     and surface temperatures
     are higher than nearby rural
     areas|P   *~Jk  )
f
            -*w
     Reclaimed wastewater is
     used for sprinkling roads
     to mitigate heat island in
     urban areas.
                                   Water retentive pavement
                                            Not sprinkled
   Evaporation
         Sjnlig
it
         Sprinklingwjtf|i
         reclaims
Water retentive pavement
         wastewateT
         Sprinkled

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Photo 1. View of a Road Surface Sprinkled with
Treated Wastewater ("Shio Site", Tokyo)

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    Effect of Road Sprinkling with

            Reclaimed Water
Sprinkling reclaimed wastewater decreased the road
surface temperature by 8 degrees during the daytime
by 3 degrees at night: temperatures equal to those on
and
planting zones.

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      Enhancement of Environment:
                        V|
     Restoring Urban Streams (Seseragi)
  Need for creating /
  restoring streams
  to enhance
  environment in
  urban areas
r

f
  Increase of creating
  artificial streams
  using reclaimed
  water     /

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       Benefit and Cost
to Create Artificial Streams
  Using Reclaimed Water
Benefits
  Ecological
habitats (firefly)
Hygienic safety
   andscape
 Environmental
  Education
                       Cost factor
                   Advanced treatment
                    •De-chlorination
                   Disinfection to allow
                     body contact
                  Maintenance of green
                      and stream
                  Providing opportunity
                  to learn environment

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f
                           ^^k
     Evaluation of Multiple Benefits of
              Artificial Streams

      To evaluate multiple benefits of artificial
 I
i
         streams ("seseragi") irrigated with
                 reclaimed water.
    Conjoint analysis was used to evaluate
      willingness-to-pay (WTP) for each
      attribute of the benefits (ecological
   habitats, hygienic safety, landscape and
    environmental education) of artificial
            streams ("seseragi").

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           Case Study

Artificial streams ("seseragi") irrigated with
reclaimed water in Tadotsu Town, Japan
                       Artificial stream
                 "Yawata-no-mori Hotaru-no-sato"

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      Multiple Benefits of Artificial
        Streams  in Tadotsu Town
              •Habitats for firefly was restored using tertiary-
              treated and dechlorinated wastewater.
              •Firefly is regarded as a symbol of "clean water"
  Hygienic
   safety
 Landscape
•Contact to w
disinfection.
                         ater is

allowed due to appropriate
  andscape was enhanced.
Environment
al Education

•Opportunity for environmental education
(firefly-watching, environment-learning seminar)
was provided.

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    Questionnaire Survey
             Zentsuji City |RailwayNf ''\

                        igh^ay
      Total households in study area:

      ,    13,588 households
      I
     •
  Distribution:     	^       Recovery :
1,000 households
                II
302 households

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         Result of Benefit Evaluation
                      Marginal Willingness To Pay : MWTP (yen/household/year)
0
1,000
2,000
3,
                                           000
                                                      4,000
5,000
   Restoring ecological
      habitats
Securing hygienic safet
                                                            4,419
     •nhancing landscape

  Providing opportunity for
  environmental education
                                1,375

                                                      4,094
                         918

   III
   p
           Benefit (Sum): 10,806 yen ($113) /household/year
r
               Numbers of surveyed households :  13,588 households
           Total benefit of "Yawata-no Mori Hotaru-no Sato":
                              About 150 million yen ($ 1.6 million )/year

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                 Conclus
Quantity of reclaimed wat
 > Low recycle ratio of municipal^astewater (1.4%)
 > Quantity for reclaimed water could be lower due to the
   population decrease in the future.
  xpanding usages of reclaimed water is needed to
promote water reuse.
           /   ^A          •
 - Landscape irrigation, river flow sustaining, snow melting,
   industrial, agricultural irrigation, nonpotable water use
   (toilet flushing), etc.
 - Roles  of reclaimed water are expanding.
    • Stable water supply in disaster (e.g., earthquake)
    • Heat island mitigation
 ^  * Needs for creating / restoring streams to enhance environment

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Thank you very much for your
           :ention.

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            Water Reuse/ Indirect Potable Reuse
Current Status, Trends, and Future Challenges of
        Water Reuse in the United States
                   Mr. Wade Miller
                   Executive Director
           WateReuse Association and Foundation

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    Current Status, Trends, and Future
 Challenges of Water Reuse in the U.S.
                 Presented at:
Japan-U.S. Joint Conference on Drinking Water Quality
       Mar aaement and Wastewater Control
                Las Vegas, NV
                March 4, 2009
                 Presented by:
                  Wade Miller
               Executive Director
             WateReuse Association
                     and
             WateReuse Foundation

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              Topics
 ome Basic Facts
Overview of Water Reuse in the U.S.
   Current Extent of Use and Potential
   Trends and Driving Forces
 - Technology, Applications, Benefits, Costs,
   Regulations
Issues and Challenges
The Future
Conclusions

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upply & Demand
            Population &
              Demand
                   Available Water
              Time

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o
f
                                                 Stress  in  2O2O
              V\Y,
                                                               (iv LV:
     Water Abunrfart
     WalerConDerns

     Water Stressed
     Water Scarce
     Water Crisis
     Sp-srsefy Populiiea
artment of the f nterior
^ay of Reclamation
nee and Technotogy Program

                                                            United Slates Filtor Ccarporsticn, l9@B

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U.S.  Drought  Monitor
   D1(A}-
     D1(A,H)

     D2(A,
    DO Abnormally Dry
    D1 Drought—Moderate
    D2 Drought—Severe
    DG Drought—Bdreme
    D4 Drought—Exceptional
A= Agricultural (crops, pastures,
  grasslands)
H= Hydro logical (water)
Ho type = both impacts
/** Delineates dominant impacts
  TheD roug ht Monitor focuses o n broad- scale con dition s.
  LocaV conditions may vary. See accompanying text summary
  for forecast statement.
            http: //droiig ht.u nl. ed u/d m
                           Ln1^—-^*%^^'
               j*" "*+,
               /v\
                                                     \55/
                                                      ^^hBi-T^
/?e/easeof Thursday, August 7, 2003
  Author: Dotigl9sLeComte,NOAA/CPC

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U.S. Drought Monitor
                                                   November 11, 2008
                                                        Valid 8 a.m, EST
 	              Drought tm&act Tvoes:
   DO Abnormally Dry      r-' Delineates dominant impacts
O D1 Drought - Moderate   A = Agricultural (crops, pastures,
H D2 Drought - Severe                grasslands)
   D3 Drought - Extreme    H = Hydrological (water)
   D4 Drought • Exceptional
Tne Drought Monitor focuses on broad-scale conditions.
Local conditions may vary. See accompanying text summary
for forecast statements.
                                          USDA
                                                HriDr.nl CTDUJM MttifiUen CE-.III
   http://dTOUg ht. U nI edU/d m
      Released Thursday, November 13, 2008
Author: Mark $vobodat National Drought Mitigation Center

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      Some Basic Facts
     ater.
 ,'here is Substantial Unplanned Reuse (e.g., the
Mississippi River, Thames, Rhine, Seine, etc.)
Water is a Manufactured Product
"Purity" of Water Should be Matched to its
Intended Use
History of Water is of Little Importance
In Planned Water Reuse, we Emulate "Mother
Nature" - With Technology, can do it better and
faster
Water reuse is "green" and "eco-friendly"

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Factors Driving Water Reuse
     fand Desalination)
 I Hi?
-Population growth
-Increased municipal, industrial, and
 agricultural demand
-Dependence on single source of supply
-TMDLs/Nutrient load caps
       "Water scarcity"

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Significant Trends in Water Reuse
       .onwiae uroughts Lead to New Paradigm
    Water Scarcity
    Reuse is Gaining in Prominence Around the
    Globe (e.g., Australia, Singapore, South
    Africa, Israel, Spain, Belgium)
   • Potable Reuse Being Discussed as Possibility
   • Research Focus is  Now Global
   • Climate Change --  It's Mostly About Water
   • Public Acceptance  Continues as Most Vexing
    Challenge:  Brisbane is Latest Example

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 Relevant Developments
           ...lulus Legislation for Title XVI
Projects
Australia Launching Reuse Projects in Every
Major City
Singapore PUB's NEWater Facility a Showcase
Water Reuse is in Vogue: "Green" and "Eco-
Friendly
Thames Water, Antwerp Engaged in Indirect
Potable Reuse

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What is Possible with Water
              Reuse?
 	 	/ Anything Given
Current Technology
With MF/RO/UV/AOP, Can Produce
Water that is Virtually Pure Dihydrogen
Monoxide
Problem is that Technology has
Surpassed our Ability to Communicate
Effectively with Public

Need to Resolve Issues with
EDCs/PPCPs

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 Potential for Water Reuse
 ipproximately
5-6% of
municipal
waste water
effluent in the
U.S. is
reclaimed and
beneficially
reused
                   bout 34.9 bgd Municipal Effluent in the U.S.
5-6% Reclaimed

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    ion of Water Reuse
levels through 2015
                         2.70
    2.02
        2,12
           2.22
              2.33
                  2.45
                     2.57
 2008  2009  2010  2011  2012  2013  2014  2015

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       fo  OT  water Reuse  Occurs  in  Four States
 Washington
—^~^-

Oregon
                      Montana
            Idaho
                       Wyoming
      Nevada
                                 North Dakota
                                 South Dakota
                                   Nebraska
                                          i Minnesota]1
                Utah
California
                         Colorado
             Arizona
                      New Mexico
> Wisconsin,
         .Michigan
                                              Iowa
                                         X
                                                     Illinois
                          Vermont
    New York
   ——A
        i
Pennsylvania
                                                                                   Maine
                                                                                New Hampshire
                                                                                ^ Massachusetts
                                                                                Rhode Island
                                                                               'Connecticut
                                                          Indiana!
                                                                Ohio
                              New Jersey
                             Delaware
                            f Maryland
                                      Kansas
                                       Oklahoma
                                               Missouri
                                                            Kentucky
                                                           __	•
                                                         Tennessee
                                                                    Virginia'
                                                                    North
                                                                   Carolina
                                            Arkansas
                                                     Mississippi
                                                [Louisiana*
                    South
                   _ Carolina
                                                          Alabama) Georgia

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      ...but  it  is  growing   in  other  states
    Washington

    ~-v_^_


   Oregon
Montana
            Idaho
                      Wyoming
      Nevada
           North Dakota
                               South Dakota
                                 Nebraska
                    .Minnesota I
                                                .Wisconsin
                Utah
California
                        Colorado
            Arizona
                     New Mexico
                                    .Michigan
Vermont
                                                 New York
                                                           Maine
        New Hampshire

        k , Massachusetts

        Rhode Island
      'Connecticut
                                            Iowa
                                                                   Pennsylvania
                                                   Illinois
                                                       Indiana!
                                                             Ohio
                                    Kansas
                                     Oklahoma
                                           /West.
                                           * Virginij!
    , New Jersey

   Delaware
  t Maryland
                                             Missouri
                                                         Kentucky
                                                         _	•

                                                       Tennessee
                                               Virginia'
                                                North
                                               Carolina
                                             Arkansas
                                                  Mississippi
                                              [Louisiana,
                                              South
                                             Carolina
                                                        Alabama) Georgia

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Best Available Technology
	.
 Membranes are the technology of choice
 around the world today as the "best available
 technology" for water purification.
       Singapore, Japan, China, Australia, Spain
      K Orange County, California
      K Tampa Bay, Florida
      K Trinidad & Tobago, Wl

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Reverse Osmosis Costs
$/l,OOOgal.
          1950 1960 1970 1980 1990  2000
                      AWWARF Study, 2001

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                  r\
 (OCWD and OCSD)
    itment  Flow Diagram
Enhanced
 Source
 Control
Secondary
Treatment
Secondary
 Effluent
               86 mgd

             Microfiltration
              Backwash
             OCSD Plant 1
  70 mgd
 Reverse
 Osmosis
   (RO)
   Brine
OCSD Outfall
 70 mgd

Ultraviolet
  Light
  (AOP)

                                                 '

                                               with hydrogen
                                                 peroxide
                               Purified
                                Water
                                 Natural soil
                                  filtration

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  asm  water  Kecycling Plant
     Conventional Process
 Flocculation
   Basin
Title 2
 Filter
  Membrane 1
 Micr
filtrati
                             ifection
                           Disinfection
To Distribution
  30 mgd
                                  To Sea Water Barrier
                                      5.0 mgd


                                  To Sea Water Barrier
                                      2.5 mgd
                To Chevron
                Boiler Feed
                 5.0 mgd

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                pplications
               ion
Agricultural Irrigation (Edible & Non-Edible Crops)
Industrial and Commercial
Environmental Uses
Non-Potable Urban Uses (Urinal Flushing in High
Rise Buildings)
Ground water Recharge
Potable Water Supply Augmentation

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Locally Controlled
Environmentally Friendly
Low or No Capital Costs
Augments Existing Supplies

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   Regulation
d  Criteria
                 rtions
28 States Have Water Reuse Regulations

2004 U.S. EPA Guidelines for Water Reuse:
 - Recommended treatment processes
 - Water quality limits
 - Monitoring frequencies
 - Setback distances
 - Other controls
www.eDa.aov/ORD/NRMRL/Dubs/625r04108/625r04108.htm

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          in  Water Reuse
   >lic Acceptance
 jnknowns about Chemical Risks
Poor Differentiation by Public and Politicians of
Planned vs. Unplanned Reuse
The Media
Lack of Political Support
More Cost-Effective Technologies
Funding
Better Understanding of Economics
Energy/Water Nexus
Climate Change

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Public Acceptance of Water Reuse
    Public generally strongly supports nonpotable uses
    Uses involving no or minimal contact with
    reclaimed water (e.g., irrigation) are favored
    Acceptance related to knowledge of reuse (e.g.,
    public education and participation programs)
    Acceptance of indirect potable reuse has been
    problematic in recent years
    Proposed projects in San Diego, East Valley, Dublin
    San Ramon, and Tampa have been unsuccessful

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Information Most Relevant to Help
     Foster Reuse Applications
   . "md a Way to Assure the Public that
   Reclaimed Water is Safe from Medical
   Wastes, etc.
  i Find a Way to Convince the Public that All
   Water is Reused and that an Environmental
   Barrier is Unnecessary Given Efficacy of
   Technologies
   Convince the Public that Water Technologies
   are as Safe as Those Used in Elevators, 747s,
   etc.

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              e Future
	:ct Potable Reuse is Inevitable
Increased Desalination - both Brackish
Groundwater and Seawater - Also is Inevitable
Education & Outreach/Stakeholder Involvement
is Key to Acceptance of Water Reuse
Public Should Not Hold Water Reuse to Higher
Standard than Drinking Water
Efficacy of Technology is Not an Issue
Concerns About EDCs/PPCPs Must be Addressed
Research is Key Component

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Tha
   Wade Miller
   Executive Director
   WateReuse Association & Foundation
   703-548-0880
   wmiller@watereuse.org

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            Water Reuse/ Indirect Potable Reuse
Source Water Protection of Yodo River and Water
    Quality Management in Osaka Municipal
                   Waterworks
                  Mr. Masayuki Miwa
              Manager in Charge of Research
              Water Examination Laboratory
            Osaka Municipal Waterworks Bureau

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Source Water Protection
      of Yodo River
        ^Quality Management
       Municipal Waterworks

         Masayuki MIWA

         Manager in Charge of Research
         Water Examination Laboratory
         Osaka Municipal Waterworks Bureau
         (OMWB)

               Japan-U.S. Joint Conference
        On Drinking Water Quality Management
                  and Wastewater Control

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Lake Biwa and
  Yodo River
    System
                  Kyoto City
                 Yodo River
  Japan
(Kansai area)
                      Osaka

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Lake Biwa & Yodo
River System *•*
        • if
  ake Bi

                    yoio
               tsura R.

                             iR.


          isaka City
 Catchment area
                                izu R.
                                   :Vf

Nara Pi
 Km2
     Air Port.

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                      Population living in
   9.0

   6.0

   3.0
 (Million
 parsons)

   3.0

   6.0

   9.0

   12.0
Yodo River basin
caicnmenis area
Osaka Arakawa River basin







s~




\



N




)





Tokyo
3.5
7.2

Kiso River basin
Nagoya




Population
water supt
downstrea

1.8
6.1



i served by
Dly in
m area

     —^^^^^^™
  Population Distribution in River
Water Basin in Three Metropolitan
         Districts of Japan

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Sewerage Treatment'
           Lake Biwa
    rater flow rate
    (172m3/sec)
                Katsura River
                             }iver
                                   Seta River
                             Kizu River
                 Toyorio
             Niwakubfo
Effluent amount of sewerage
and human waste treatment
    plants (18m3/sec)
                _ewerage treatment plant
                Monitoring point
                Intake point for water supply

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Transition in the Quality of Raw
           Water Taken
          Water Taken
at Kunijima Purification Plant
                (aier Pollution Control Law
KMnO4 consumption (mg/L)
      — KMnO4 consumption
       Bacteria count
                          Bacteria count (cfu/mL)

                                 200000
                                  150000
                                  100000
                                  50000
   1900 10
                               Year

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National  Policy and Overall Coordination
 on Conservation of Water Environment
    Ministry of the Environment
    Conservation of Water Quality in Public
     Water Resources
     - Environmental Quality Standards
     - Factory Effluent Control
     - Household Waste Water Control
Ministry of Land,
 Infrastructure and Transport
Master Plans for River Environment
 Management
Diffusion of Sewerage System and
 Advanced Sewerage Treatment
               Measures for Conservation of Water Quality
    Ministry of Health, Labour and
     Welfare
    Execution of Preservation of Water
     Resource Quality for Water Supply

Ministry of Agriculture,
  Forestry and Fisheries
Conservation of Water Quality in Public
  Water Resources
  - Rural Community Sewerage
  - Conservation of Forest

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  Legislative System  on  Conservation  of
Water Quality in Public Water Resources
    7958
  The Water Quality Control Law and the
  Factory Effluent Control Law  j
                 1970 The Environmental Quality Standards
                         ater Pol
                    trol La
                   1971 The Effluent Standards
                    1971 The Law Concerning Special Measures for
                                he Preservation of Lake Water Quality
      The Law Concerning Special Measures for The
      Prevention of Vj/ater Quality in Headwaters Areas fpr
      the Purpose of preventing Specific Trouble in the I
      Drinking WaterjSupply      \
                         1994
    1958
    Sewerage Law
 1970 Sewerage Law (Revision on Conservation of Water Quality)
          The Lawjof Execution of Preservation Project
          of WateHResource for Water Supply
                          7994
    1960
1970
1980
1990
2000

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Diffusion of Sewerage Treatment
         in Kyoto City and
 BOD Change in Three Branches
BOD(mg/L)

         -
Kizu  • • • Sewerage

  Diffusion Rate of Sewerage

        - - • 100%
        -_.


         - 80%
  i

       .  - 60%
                              40%
    1965 1970  1975-71980  1985 1990  1995  2000

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  400 r
  30°
  200
Q
§ 100
Original data series
Moving average
Trend
   0
    57  62  67  72  77  82  87  92  97  02  07
                   Year
    Change of BOD Load into
          the Yodo River

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05
  1000
800
"as  600
•-  400
0)
              Original data series
              Moving average
              Trend
-§  200
O
    0
     57  62  67 72 77  82  87  92 97 02  07
                   Year
 Change of Chloride Ion Load
       into the Yodo River

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 Measures for Conservation
        -A Case of OMW-

[1]  Lobbying Activity (Administrative
     Bodies)                    *
  - To Promote Construction of P
     Water Treatment Plant
ublic Waste
         Including subsidizing for the source water
         conservation in Lake Biwa area
  - To Improve Effluent Water Qual
     Sewerage Treatment Plants
         Reduction of ammonia concentration

-------
 Measures for Conservation
      -A Case of OMWB-

[2]  Water Quality Monitoring in Water
    Sources
   Monthly Monitoring at Fixed Stations
    through the Yodo River
   Overall Parameters for Drinking Water
    Quality Control
   Report the Data to Public and the
    Administrative Bodies

-------
  1500 r
e 1000 -
c

2  500
    0
     60
                Dyeing factory


                Brewery
                Year
  BOD Change of Industrial
           Effluents

-------
 Measures for Conservation
      -A Case of OMWB-

[3]  Regional Association on Water
    Quality Conservation
  - Participation in the Yodo River System
    Liaison Council for Prevention of Water
  - Participation in the Yodo River Water
    Quality Consultative Committee
    (YRWQCC)

-------
Water Utilities of YRWQCC
           Name
Osaka Municipal Waterworks
Osaka Prefectural Waterworks
Hanshin Water Supply Authority
Moriguchi City Waterworks
Hirakata City Waterworks
Neyagawa City Waterworks
Amagasaki City Waterworks
Suita City Waterworks
Nishinomiya City Waterworks
Itami City Waterworks
Water Supply Capacity (m ID)
        2,430,000
        2,330,000
        1,128,000
         103,500
         191,317
         129,000
         351,486
         208,000
         275,691
         94,600

-------
  30
05
  20
05
05
o 10
E
E
  0
Original data series

Moving avsrage
Trend
   57 62  67  72  77  82  87  92  97  02 07
                  Year

   Change of Ammonia Load
       into the Yodo River

-------
   Water Treatment Method in
                 OMWB
KMnO4 consumption (mg/L,
icteri
                              Bfc
it (cfu/mL)

         KMnO4 consumption
         Bacteria count
   1900  10
        Slow sand filtration
                                         200000
                                         150000
                                         100000
     Year
                       Rapid sand filtration
                     Advanced water treatment

-------
  Mid
Ozonation
              rpNaOH, Alum
           Coagulation Sedimentation
   Raw Water
                          aOH, Cl
             post
           Ozonation
G. A. C.
Finished
 Water

Advanced Water Treatment

-------
Measures for the Improvement
of Water Quality Management
             in OMWB
[2]  Risk assessment and management of
  the hazards
   Evaluating contaminant removal efficacy of


   Hazard analysis in raw water

   Enhancement of raw water contaminant
    monitoring
         Bio-assay systems by monitoring fish activity and
             nitrobacteria respiration

   Introducing Water Safety Plan
         HACCP system and ISO 22000:2005

-------
 Contaminant removal efficacy
                   of AWT
       Contaminant
Removal
by AWT
 Analytical method
       Mutagenisity
Effective
   #
    Ames assay
   (TA98, TA100)
  Pesticides (99 chemicals)
Effective
   GC/MS, LC/MS
    Endocrine disruptor
Effective
Yeast two-hybrid assay,
 LC/MS/MS, GC/MS
                                                 ~
     Pharmaceuticals
Effective
 LC/MS/MS, GC/MS
3-chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5-
hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone (MX)
Effective
    LC/MS/MS
 # also after disinfection

-------
Risk assessment procedure
  based on the PRTR* data
    Estimating the total daily volume of designated
         chemicals transferred in the basin
  As the components of waste in the upstream area of the Yodo River
   Estimating chemical concentration in downstream
       Total volume / daily downstream water flow rate (m3)
       Assessing the possibility of hazards to
              reach at intake point
        Based on the Drinking Water Quality Standards
            PRTR : Pollutant Release and Transfer Register

-------
  Outline of the  WSP in OMWB
  Hazard
  Control
 Measures

  Identification

 Monitoring and

    Operation
Management
    Pfan
 Supporting
 Programs
 Verification
               Water

               Source
             Treatment
                        Distribution
             * i
          Hazards Identification
• t
• c
• f
• (
• i
• (
•f
•4
• S
• f
• E
M
" i
(1)
o
o ±i
co
0)
    c
    o
    CO

                  HACCP

O-PRP

	f
                      	
. L
    O j   .    ...........


   Water Safety Management Plan
                                        ISO22000
Public Relations,

  Complaints
                                      ICustomers!
                 PRP
             ••a-


Water Quality Management Plan (Examination)
                      _
                                    ••••	
 O-PRP: Operation Prerequisite Programs

 PRP: Prerequisite Programs (infrastructure, management, service, etc.)


-------
  Conservation of Drinking
         Water Sources
Water Quality Parameters
CD

E
CD
O

O
O
C/l
.ti
H^
'^
O

£
=3
^C
      •inistry of the Environment
nistry of Land, Infrastructure and Transp*
   \Z
            \Z
                    Ministry of Health,

                    .abour and Welfare
       Desirable Drinking Water Quality


-------
pWat

    Safe
        pensive
      Whoever
      Wherever
      Whenever


-------
           Water Reuse/ Indirect Potable Reuse
Potable Reuse for Water Supply Sustainability:
     Critical Today - Essential Tomorrow
                Mr. Tom Richardson
                     Principal
             RMC Water and Environment

-------
Potable Reuse for Water Supply
           Sustainability
Critical Today, Essential Tomorrow!
                     .* *•    ^
                 *  "v     >c
                         . •*
           Presenter
_        n, Principal
JC Water and Environment




                                September 2008
   Innovative Solutions for Water and the Environment

-------
Topics
  What is Potable Reuse?
  Potable Reuse Drivers
  Potable Reuse Benefits
  Where is it Happening?
  What are the Lingering Barriers?
  How Do We Overcome These Barriers?
                    .

-------
What is Potable Reuse?
                 .

-------
Introducing Recycled Water into the
Regional Groundwater Supply
   Tertiary Treatment Plant
Advanced Treatment Plant
                                        Blend Water Supply
Blend
Water  I	S
Supply      /^
                 Recharge via
               Spreading Basins
         Recharge via
        Injection Wells
                          ^
                    \7
            &
                                                Potable Uses
                 Groundwater

-------
Introducing Recycled Water into a Local
Surface Water         	
   Tertiary Treatment Plant
Advanced Treatment Plant
                  Lake / Reservoir
                   Augmentation
Local Runoff
                                                   Potable
                                                   Uses
                     Lake
             Potable Water
            Treatment Plant

-------
Advanced Treatment Helps to Secure
Regulatory and Public Support
  Recycled
   Water
Membrane
Filtration
           _rs
      Pathogens
      Pharmaceuticals
            WWTP
                  Title 22
                 Treatment
Reverse
Osmosis
Replenishment
   Water

-------
Potable Reuse Drivers
                  .

-------
  Global  Water Challenges
                      Trend in global average surface temperature
                                                    i [ill ii 1111 [mil III l|lllll III l|l IIII mi |  I
  1860  1870  1880  1890  1900  1910  1920   1930   1940  1950  1960   1970  1980  1990  2000
     Positive 2avistiD'i (In' C)     Negative deviation (In "Cj

Sours; fcfoo of enrdravTBrrlaJ silences, cl tralc reaaenct-i urvt, LOVSrally orf 6estAngl-a, N&tw ch, LTilstf KJ^jncrr, 1999.

                                       .

-------
Local Water Supply Challenges
 60

 50-

 40
S
 30"
 10-
Environment (Delta Smelt)
  2000 2010 2020 2030  2040 2050
    Population Growth
                   Drought (Lake Mead)

-------
Potable Reuse Benefits
                  .

-------
Reliable Year-Round Supply Enables

Maximizing Beneficial Use of Effluent
  20
  15 -
O
o
  10 -
  5 -
Available Recycled Water
                 Typical RW (Irrigation) Demand
           i    i
   J    FMAMJ    JASOND
                       .

-------
Potable Reuse Uses Less Energy than Water
Importation
  6000
  50 DO
0 4000
.o
o
ro
  3000
  2000
  1000
   0
                     *//v/>yyf/
From The Role of Recycled Water in Energy
Efficiency and Greenhouse Gas Reduction
(California Sustainability Alliance, 2008)

-------
 Advanced Treatment Provides Regional Salt
 Management Strategy
Water Importation Brings
  Additional Salt Load
 RO Removes Salt from
 Potable Reuse Systems
                 ••••r
                               RO Provides Salt Export
                                    Pathway
                           Tons/Yr
                             Salt Load
                                       Salt Export
                           Urban Non-Potable Reuse
IPR

-------
 Potable Reuse Makes Economic Sense
$14.0

$12.0

$10.0

 $8.0

 $6.0

 $4.0

 $2.0

 $0.0
           Comparison of Costs for Antelope Valley GWR
                         Imported
                          Water
                         Purchase
                       Contini
WW Disposal
 Recycled
  Water
Imported
 Water
           Incremental Cost
                       Avoided Cost
                         .

-------
Where is it Happening?
                 .

-------
                                         *
Potable Reuse is Global
 «=
  S^alEdaie Water
Carr?ii& Arizona USA
i wayio HIII waief
ResoLtce Cerflar G
Ctwrty Gisrgia, USA
f?
                                           b!:OH:ri.: V-.'CS'U',i
                                           Cariidor Project
                                              Am:ral a
                             .

-------
         Ground water
         Replenishment System
         A Pure Solution to Orange County's Water Needs
A project jointly sponsored by:
     Orange County
  Water District (OCWD)
         -and -
     Orange County
 Sanitation District (OCSD)

-------
 GWR System (OCWD and OCSD)
 Advanced Water Treatment Flow Diagram
 <
Enhanced
 Source
 Control

Secondary
Treatment
  I
 OCSD
Secondary
 Effluent
             86 mgd
            Backwash
           OCSD Plant 1
                           70 mgd
                           (HO)
70 mgd
                                        Llgh
                                                   Purified
                                                   Water
                                                         1
                                        with hydrogen
                                         peroxide
                                                     Natural soil
                                                     filtration
                           Brine
                         OCSD Outfall

-------
NEWater Production Process

                                       Reverse Osmosis


   Treated
  Used Water
             r
    NEWater
Microfiltration /
Ultrafiltration
       Ultra-Violet

-------
Western Corridor
Recycled Water
Project, Brisbane-
The "Multiple Barrier"
concept
AUD$2.4 Billion, due to be
completed October 2008.
                              Purified Recycled Water
                              Process Cycle
                                                         Blending of purified
                                                         recycled water into
                                                         Wivwihoc Dam
                                                            Barrier I
                                                            Residential/industrial
                                                            source control
                                                        Barrier 2
                                                         istewater treatment plants -
                                                         ', Goodra, Burvdaniba.
                                                         :ol, Luggage Point and
                                                        ibson Island
                                    inibii
                                  Luggage Point

-------
AWA
                                                 'UATEK Pty. Ltd,
AUSTBALIAN
 WAtEtt
ASSOCIATION
New Goreangab Water Reclamation Plant

                                                         I
             PAG (optional)
    Raaarvolr Water
            Pra OzonotJon
                            Coagulation    Flotation (DAF)
    Dual Madia
    Filtration
   Q • 24,000 m»/d


   Secondary Effluant
         Ultraflltratlon
                    GAG           BAG

                   Activated Carbon Filtration
Main Ozonation

                                                 AQUA SERVICES & ENGINEERING

-------
                       . 	 _ • • *^ V
Lingering Challenges to Potable Reuse
            	
             •

-------
Contaminants of Emerging Concern (CEC)
Prompts Vigilance Among Regulators


 Pharmaceuticals lurking in U.S. drinking water
 AP probe found traces of meds in water supplies of 41 million Americans
                       .

-------
  Public Perception
                                              Sunday, April 16,2000
     SERVING
    Son Fernando Vptley
     CotwjoVaHay
    9mi Volley. Mowjwk
   Antelope Valtey, Santa Ctorlla

                                                   WEATHER
                                                    "I Mostly sunny
                                                     1 H>qh$: 69-73
                                                     Lows:5D-54
                                                      Backol
                                                      Viewpoint
Online: www.dBJtyTOWB.com
                     SUNDAY. APRIL 16. 2000
Tapping  toilet  water
       Treated sewage to recharge underground aquifers
  "think?
  .'•SHED
• Would you IX)
Irlnking recycled
BfcWBf water?
  See below
and llurrison Shtppurd
  i > urn

  •. ,

I'rorn the Mono lake watershed,
the vitmts dl' ttKuring ilic

       II l,)»rw imd
iT)d»5tr>' Drink,i;i    •*•»!«•
was mostly discussed as a fm

  rtowlhal it u close ti

where the irfiited water wouldlwfirsl
      unconvinced Ihc

See WATER / Page 17
                                 .

-------
How to Address These Challenges
                 .

-------
Advancements in Treatment Technology
Expand Potable Reuse Opportunities
   Microfiltration: Tiny, straw-like plastic
   membranes filter out bacteria, particles
   and protozoa
   Reverse Osmosis: Water is forced
   through the molecular structure of the
   RO membranes where dissolved
   minerals, Pharmaceuticals, etc. are
   removed
   Ultraviolet Light + Hydrogen Peroxide:
   As a safety barrier, water is exposed to
   UV and H202 that destroys potential
   harmful constituents
                           .

-------
Informing the Public is Essential
                            432 on-  n
                              .onthly e-newslett

                          > Educational video shown on
                            City TV     K««(
                               y
                            67-mfembaF stafceholdeN '
                           .
        Innovative Solutions for Water and the Environment

-------
 ^^^^^^v«jv v ^^ .jtrj'f • ..  _ ^^^^^^^•^^^^^^^^^^^•^•^^^^•^^^•HH^^^^^^^^^^^H^^^^^^^^^H^^^H
Potable Reuse Provides Water Supply
Sustainability: It's Time has Cornel
   Enhanced Supply Reliability
Maximizes Local Resource
        Trend in global average surface temperature
    •	' •' '  ! 	    	 ,' " ' l> ' ' !	limn-in
1B«0 1373 1880 1690 1900 1910 1020 1930 1«0 1950 I960 1970 1960 I9W 2000
 i -.-:••• i -]  |wffMiaMinfBi-i             xasriffi"1 ^
                                   FMAM       ASON
                               $0.0
                                     Incremental Cost
                Avoided Cost
 Smaller Environmental Footprint
Cost Competitive with Desal &
      Imported Water

-------
Potable Reuse for Water Supply
          Sustainability
Critical Today, Essential Tomorrow!
                         *
                                    Presenter
                                  n, Principal
                          C Water and Environmen


                                September 2008
   Innovative Solutions for Water and the Environment

-------
          Water Reuse/ Indirect Potable Reuse
Reuse of Water and Biosolids in Sakai City
                 Ms. Kumi Koyama
                Chief, Project Team
  Sewerage Management Division, Sewerage Department
      Waterworks and Sewerage Bureau, Sakai City

-------
  Reuse of Water and Biosolids in Sakai City
Japan

         t


     Sakai  City
     I~+J       *
Kumi Koyama
Sewerage Management Division
Sewerage Department
Waterworks and Sewerage Bureau
Sakai City
              Nintoku-ryo Tumulus     Sen-no-Rikyu

-------
                      Sewage Works of Sakai City
                    .- .F , "•' ••   •'    • '; I':
                  Sambo
                  Sewage
                  Treatment Plant
Sambo
     *  £
processing
ward
         processtfi
 I shizu Sewage
Treatment Plant
      ,
   / . y
Hokubu  ;
processing
ward
                      /* Imaike pfopessing wa
                   Semboku
                   Sewage
                   Treatment Plant
                                                Name
                                              Sambo
                                               Ishizu
Semboku
        Operation
                                                         1963.8
                                                         1972.2
1969.3
                                                               Ccapacity  (m3/day)
                                                                 Plan
                  138,500
                  102,400
204,700
                          Current
                123,150
                 76,400
                                                           90,100
                         Method
               conventional
               activated
               sludge
               process
               conventional
               activated
               sludge
               process
conventional
activated
sludge
Process/
A2O

-------
   Water Environment Restoration Plan of Nintoku-ryo

               Tumulus and Uchikawa River
                             \
              WSF/H

       Sayama Pond
                   /•Bs
                                      ,
Irrigation ponds Cluster


      ffcl

                           Improvement of water environment
                                           Supply of seawater
                                         f

                      Nintoku-ryo  ^ *        Doigawa River
                       Tumulus
A network to
connect the history

            \
             \
        Old Port of Sakai
  	/:
Uchikawa River
                                          Supply of Treated wastewater
                    Yamato River
                                                      Gulf of Osaka


-------
Basic Revival Plan of Channel between Sayama Pond
               And Nintoku-ryo Tumulus
 Old
Sakai
 Port

            Uchikawa River
             Doigawa River

                         Nintoku-ryo
                          Tumulus
                          Sayama
                            pond

                                  \
                                            • The protection of the
                                            cultural heritage
                                             The improvement of the
                                            scene
                                             Maintenance of the
                                            ecosystem
                                             The security of the
                                            hydrophilic function
                                             The improvement of the
                                            disaster prevention
                                            function
                                             The improvement of the
                                            river improvement
                                            function
                                             Water purification

-------
            "Cool City  Sakai" ( conceptual image )
                     Anti-heat island
                        measure
    Restraint of
   passage traffic   Transit
•*r3n^lf^%:_  mall  f£
                                            irrigation ponds
                                              Cool Spot)
                                      Mt. village
                                     ( Cool Dam )
      Bicycle
       road
                             Solar power
                              generation

                                              ^    /
      Urban Channel
        (Cool Line)
LRT(low carbon type
     mobility)
               nergy
            Renaissance
               park
                                  Low carbon type
                                    idential quarter
                                                             ulation of the
                                                     clean energy creation
                                                          institution
     Environment
      advanced
      del complex
Forest of the
 symbiosis
( Cool Dam )
                                                 Large-scale solar
                                                  power station
                                                  ( Mega solar) 5

-------
      Treatment plant where hydrangeas Blooms

                    prinkling Pipe
Ground plan of Sambo Sewage Treatment Plant

-------
  25,000
  20,000
b
> 15,000
  10,000
   5,000
       0
                                      Year

-------
     Sakaihama Treated Wastewater Supply Project
Aria
Sakai Hama district (aboutSOOha)
Purpose
Returning to health of water circulation system by reusing
treated wastewater
Ensuring the sustainability by acquiring water resource
Facilities
A water supply pumping station
Two satellite treatment plant (Ozonation)
Pipe (About12km)
                                               Sambo t / p
                                                      - - "i
                                                      •*•••
                                                   i station
                                                       ity hall
                                                              8

-------
              Treated wastewater supply
User
NIC
Disaster prevention foothold
Refuse disposal plant
Local industry business cluster
Large companies
Total
Quantity
(m3/d)
400
500
20
80
33,000
34,000
Use
Sprinklings
Sprinkling
Sprinklings
Restroom water, sprinkling
Coolants

Wid
prevention foothold
                          /
                   al indust
                   iness cluster
                                lant
Pipeline  network

-------
Quality of Supplied Water

E.coli
Hydrogen ion concentration
Oder
Residual chlorine
Appearance
Fiber filtration water
-
Less than 8.6
More than 5.8
Do not be unpleasant
-
Do not be unpleasant
Ozonation water
Do not be detected
Less than 8.6
More than 5.8
Do not be unpleasant
What is maintained
Do not be unpleasant
                                    10

-------
    Composting Process at Ishizu Plant
                  Ventilation Blois
Track scale
         r~r~s
             A mixed  Fermentation
               tub       tub
                I
                                       Product
                                       stuffing
                                      equipment
                     Product
                     stuffing
                    equipment
Super-high temperature aerobic fermentation flow
     1%
concentration
   sluge   I
     Concen
     tration
Drying
Fermentation
    and
  Cutback
 Product
processing

-------
     Manufacturing process at Ishizu compost
Pressurization
 dehydrator
Pressurization
 dehydrator
                       Fermentation
                         situation
Fermentation tub
                       Full ripeness
                         manure
                                                        12

-------
Fermentation temperature , outside temperature, and
            moisture change at Ishizu compost
Fermentation Temperature, Outside
Temperature, and Moisture Change
•the temperature of 50cm under the surface
-Outside temperature
-Moisture
                10    15    20    25    30    35    40   45
                  Fermentation days (day)

-------
      Volume and  pH change of Ishizu compost
Capacity Change and PH Change
                                       ^Capacity
  250.0
  200.0
  150.0


£
u
(C 100.0
o.
CO
0
   50.0
   0.0
 23100  223.70 218.
                       90
                          ^ CA

                                2°  199'80
         0123456
            The number of times of a cutback (time)
12


11


10


9


8 :
                                              6



                                              5



                                              4
                                                         14

-------
Contents of Ishizu compost
An examination item
Arsenic or the compound
cadmium
mercury
nickel
chromium
lead
copper
zinc
calcium
nitrogen
phosphoric acid gross
quantity
Potassium
The C / N ratio
PH
Water
A unit
mg/kg
mg/kg
mg/kg
mg/kg
mg/kg
mg/kg
mg/kg
mg/kg
%
%
%
%
-
-
%
A test
result
<1
<2
<0.5
53
50
16
300
460
18.7
1.5
3.01
0.08
6.3
7.8
28.5
The maximum of
the harmful
ingredient
50
5
2
300
500
100









                                       About the
                                       heavy metal
                                       such as arsenic,
                                       cadmium,
                                       mercurial nickel,
                                       chrome, the
                                       lead, there is it
                                 -•  /   within the
                                       standard value
                                       of the national
                                       law.
                                               15

-------
                           onclusi
The composting of sludge has already reached practical use.
The reuse of treated wastewater develops to the usage in the city,

We are going to push forward investigation.
We would like to build a sustainable recycling society system.
                                                            16

-------
Membrane Bioreactors

-------
               Membrane Bioreactors
State of the Art of MBR Technology and Its
             Perspective in Japan
                Dr. Hiroki Itokawa
                   Researcher
     Research and Technology Development Division
           Japan Sewage Works Agency (JS)

-------
5th US/Japan Joint Conference, March 2-5, 2009
State-of-the-art ofMBR
Technology and Its
Perspective in Japan
                                    1
            Hiroki ITOKAWA
               R&TD Division,
          Japan Sewage Works Agency (JS),
                 Japan
               Japan Sewage Works Agency

-------
IVlDrx!  A combination of biological WWT (e.g. activated sludge)
   and membrane filtration as a measure for solid-liquid separation.
> Advantages over CAS processes:
      - Complete rejection of suspended solids.
      - Higher MLSS (>10 g/L).
      - Smaller footprint (< 6hr for BNR).
      - Smaller sludge production.
      - Simple monitoring parameters (e.g. IMP).

> Installed worldwide, from small-scale on-site
  WWTPs to large-scale municipal WWTPs.
> Full-scale application to municipal WWTPs has
  just around ten years history.

-------
MBR  - Growing market
        Rodingen (GER)
          3,240 m3/d
           Brescia (ITA)
            42,000 m3/d
Porlock(UK)
 1,900m3/d
Swanage (UK)
 12,700 m3/d
                            -*.
                                 Nordkanal (GER)
                                   45,000 m3/d
                                        50,000

                                        40,000  I?

                                        30,000
                                        20,000
                                               o
                                10,000  *

                                0
98  99  00  01  02  03  04   05
             Year
                         - Mean  : 3,780 m3/d
      Development of municipal
      MBR installations in Europe
             - Median : 1,300m3/d
                                    Others

                                    France

                                    Spain

                                    Italy

                                    Germany

                                    UK

                                    Max.
                                    Capacity

-------
Large MBR projects worldwide
  WWTP name
  Jumeirah Golf Estates
  Palm Jebel AH
  Brightwater
  Jebel AH Free Zone
  International City
  Johns Creek
  Beixiaohe
  AI-Ansab
  Peoria
  Lusail
  Qinghe
  Syndial
Location  I Commissioning I Hydraulic capacity
 Dubai
 Dubai
  USA
 Dubai
 Dubai
  USA
 China
 Oman
  USA
 Qatar
 China
  Italy
2010
2010
2010
2007
2007
2007
2007
2006
2007
2007
200
2007
220,000 m3/d
220,000 m3/d
144,000 m3/d
140,000 m3/d
110,000 m3/d
 93,500 m3/d
 80,000 m3/d
 78,000 m3/d
 75,700 m3/d
 60,200 m3/d
 60,000 m3/d
 47,300 m3/d

-------
            Building-scale on-site WWTPs (1981-)
             On-site household WWTPs "johkaso" (1985-)
           ^  Night soil treatment plants (7988-)
                                   WWTPs for "rural sewerage project" (2001-)

                                   Municipal WWTPs  (2005-)
                                                                BI
      JS Pilot-scale
         studies
       (1st phase)
Feasibility
Design parameters
     - Operating cost
      reduction
  JS Pilot-scale
     studies
   (2nd phase)

     ^	^
      JSMBR
  Evaluation Report
            *
JS Design Recommendations
                     *
                     1st
                 installation
      JS Pilot-scale
         studies
       (3rd phase)
- Larger-scale
 application
                 *
            9MBRs
          in operation
                                                        MBRfor"/o/?/caso"
                                                                                    Night soil TP
• I
                                                           WWTP for rural
                                                         sewerage project

-------
> Pilot-scale study with 4 private companies
  (1998-2001)
 - Four membranes (Kubota, Zenon, Mitsubishi Rayon and
   Hitachi Plant).
 - Process evaluation.
 - Design and operating parameters.
                         jpriiig! .i s P. ** ft a •]> m t; ',\ M a ^ ii JIE ita it 7 •? > s

-------
> Pilot-scale study with 6 private companies
  (2001-2004)
 - Five membranes (Kubota, Zenon, Mitsubishi Rayon, Hitachi
   Plant, and Asahi Kasei Chemicals).
 - Reduction of operating cost by 30%.

-------
Design guideline for municipal MBR
                            8
 > JS Design Recommendations for MBR (2003)

  - Fixed process configuration and design parameters.
  - Even plant layout is "standardized" regardless of
    membrane type used.
    * Capacity: 200 - 3,000 m3/d after flow equalization.
   Influent
           Fine
          screen
Coagulant
(P removal)
Cleaning
chemicals
         Equalization
           tank
            Mixer







1)










•
i
1 •-



Anoxic
^^tank
©

{ 	
..j


^
w
Oxic
tank
AA
_m
f D •
» r •
»«*•



L L
X
[£>
AA/
1







\
i


\/ '\"7:
v :
•^ •/%-:
•mmmmm'm
	 . np t-inlf


\ Membrane
units
(B)
                     Internal recycle
          Excess
          sludge
                                        Blower

-------
Design guideline for municipal MBR
 > JS Design Recommendations for MBR (2003)
  - Universal design parameters.
 Flow equalization
 Fine screen
 Bioreactor configuration
 Anoxic HRT
 Aerobic HRT
 MLSS
 Internal recycle
Prerequisite (4.6 hr, typically)
1 mm
Pre-denitrification (MLE)
3hr
3 hr (membrane submerged)
10g/L
200 % of influent

-------
Municipal MBR installations
                                                     10
         Name
   1
Fukusaki
Kobugahara
Yusuhara
Okutsu
      Daitocho
      Tohro
   7  Kaietsu
   8  Jousai
      Heda
              Commissioning   I Capacity [m3/d]* I   Supplier
Mar 2005
Apr 2005
Dec 2005
Apr 2006
 ep 2006
Mar 2007
                Apr 2007
                Mar 2008
                Mar 2008
4,200(12,600)
    240
  400 (800)
    600
 1,000(2,000)
    125
              2,140(3,200)
  Kubota
  Kubota
  Kubota
  Zenon
  Kubota
  Kubota
 Mitsubishi
Asahi-Kasei
   itachi
  A value in the parentheses indicates a full-capacity in future.

-------
                                                          11
Fukusaki WWTP
2,100 m3/d; to be expanded to 12,600 m3/d
Kubota FS membrane

-------
                                                     12
Okutsu WWTP
  - 600 m3/d
  - GE-Zenon HF membrane

-------
                                                         13
Kaietsu WWTP
  - 230 m3/d
  - Mitsubishi HF membrane

-------
                                                       14
> 3rd phase pilot-scale study with 4 private
  companies (2006-2009)

  - Four membranes (Kubota, Hitachi Plant,  Asahi Kasei
   Chemicals, and M eta water).
  - Demonstrating systems for larger-scale installation.
                                                i
  Asahi Kasei
 Chemicals (HF)
Metawater
(Ceramics)
Kubota (FS)
   4  r
Hitachi Plant (FS)

-------
Toward larger-scale installations
                 15
Small-scale MBR

- Less than 3,000 m3/d
- New construction
_
- Standardized system
configuration
e

Influpnt i — *

H_
• — »
Flow
squalization





Anoxic







V
i_
4"
I

-------
                                                                    16
>  It is important to design the system fit to existing facilities.
>  A standardized approach is no longer efficient; a variety of
   system configurations is required.
Biological treatment
 - N removal (MLE)
-  N&P removal (A2O, UCT)
Membrane filtration
 - Integrated
-  Separated
           - External
Quality control/evaluation
  Design manual development
  Computer simulation
                                 Membranes
                                  - Flat sheet
                                  - Hollow fibre
                                                -  Ceramics

-------
                                                       17
> In the 3rd phase pilot-scale studies, the following points are
  particularly concerned.

 New membranes/modules (modules with hig
 packing density, ceramic membrane...).
 Membrane systems other than integrated on
 (separated or external system).
 Optimized internal recycle.
 Incorporation of EBPR.
 Gravity filtration for FS membranes.
 Use of primary sedimentation.
 Improved chemical cleaning
 (automated RC, optimized doze...).
 Post RO treatment for effluent reuse
                                            effluent  concentra

-------
Future perspectives
18
 > What is necessary for the FUTURE of MBR in Japan

  - Cost reduction (construction & operation)
  - Acceptance of the technology
  - Motivation for improving effluent quality/safety
  - Innovation in urban water management

 > Current topics

  - Preparation of a guideline for membrane technology
   by MLIT (2008 -).
  - Design of 60,000 m3/d MBR (2009 -).
  - Evaluation of existing small-scale MBRs (2009 -).


-------


Thank you for
your kind attentionJ



-------
                   Membrane Bioreactors
Investigation of Membrane Bioreactor Effluent Water
               Quality and Technology
                   Ms. Joan Oppenheimer
                      Vice President
             MWH Technical Strategy and Research

-------
 Investigation of Membrane Bioreactor
 Effluent Water Quality and Technology
              (WRF- 06-007)

             Joan Oppenheimer
              James DeCarolis
                 Zakir Hirani
            Japan - U.S. Joint Conference
On Drinking Water Quality Management and Wastewater Control
                 March 2-5, 2009
MWH
                               FOUNDATION

-------
       ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

• WateReuse Foundation & Funding Partners
 (USBR & GWRC Members)

• Utility Advisory Panel


• Technical Advisory Panel


• Arizona State University

• Participating MBR Vendors, Kruger/Toray, Norit/X-
flow, Parkson Corporation, Huber Technologies, Koch/Puron,
GE/Zenon, Siemens/US Filter, Enviroquip/Kubota,  Asahi
Kaesi/Pall

-------
             Overview



Acknowledgments



Project Background & Objectives



Technical Approach



Project Status
Future Work Tasks

-------
   MUNICIPAL MBR
MARKET GROWTH (U.S.)

-------
 INCREASED MBR INSTALLATIONS
  0)
  n

  E
  3


  0)
  E
  3
  o
    50
    40
30
    20
    10
     0
                  Municipal MBR Installations in the U.S.
                1 -5 MGD
                       5-10 MGD
             10 MGD
         From 2004 to 2007

           215% Increase
         2004
              2005
2006
2007
Upcoming
* Cumulative number for 1-MGD or greater installations only; revised March 2007.

 Data compiled from information obtained from MBR vendors

-------
      INCREASED MBR CAPACITY
Facility Name (Location)
Capacity
 (MGD)
   Supplier
Start Up
  Traverse City WWTP
   (Traverse City, Ml)
  7.1
GE Water / Zenon
 2004
    Tempe-Keyne
     (Tempe, AZ)
   9
GE Water/Zenon
 2006
     Bright Water
   (King County, WA)
  31
GE Water/Zenon
 2007
Johns Creek Env. Campus
        (GA)
  10.9
GE Water/Zenon
 2007
      Tri Cities
 (Clackamas County, OR)
  10
     TBD
 2009
   Cape Coral North
   (Cape Coral, FL)
 10-20
     TBD
 2010
   Clear Spring Ranch
 (Colorado Springs, CO)
  8-32
     TBD
 2012

-------
    INCREASED MBR SUPPLIERS
   a  2
      0
            2001
2004
2007
California Department of Public Health Services (CDPH), Treatment
Technology Report for Recycled Water, Jan. 2007.

-------
 Challenges Facing MBRs from a
    "Water Quality Perspective"
Dispersed Amount of Water Quality Performance Data
Increasing low nutrient requirements
Future requirements for EDC/PPCP removal
Energy Increasing Water Quality Requirements
 Impact of Peaking on Water Quality Performance

-------
       Project Objectives


To capture global water quality
performance data of municipal MBR
systems


Assess the impact of various key
operational and desiqn conditions to
achieve specific water quality criteria


Identify Knowledge Gaps related to MBR
technology

-------
   Technical Approach
        Phase I
Conduct Comprehensive Survey
             Phase II
      Data Analysis / Visualization
                    Phase III
            Project Workshop / Final Product

-------
               Phase I
Conduct Comprehensive Survey
              RELEVANCE:

  Rapid growth of global industry has led to
  dispersed amount of data on MBR effluent water
  quality performance
- Industry sectors: Research, Vendor/system
  suppliers, and full-scale implementation

-------
              Phase I
Conduct Comprehensive Survey
             APPROACH:
- Survey of Literature / Case Studies
- Survey of MBR Vendors
- Worldwide Survey of MBR Plant Owners and
 Operators

-------
 Survey of Literature / Case Studies

   • 11dentify Removal Mechanisms for Various
    Wastewater Contaminants
    Assess Global Trends with Regard to Water
    Quality Requirements and Drivers

    Review Recent Research (published / grey) to
    Capture MBR Performance Data
1 Includes Development of Predictive Model

-------
   MOD (-4000 m3/d)
                  MKOC
                  MEMBRANE SYSTEM!
Includes all Vendors offering
MBR Systems for municipal
wastewater treatment
in US & abroad

Requested Basic Information:
location, capacity, start-up year,
driver for selection, etc
>I PARKSON CORPORATION
  ... ihe environmental technology company
          X-Flow
   IEMEI
                    KM boh
                     Enviroquip, Inc.

-------
Survey of Plant Owner and Operators
  Targeting Key Parameters related      ...^a«ia^S
to design, operation and water quality
performance

•  Survey web-based to provide         ^
easy access and downloading of data  MBR Plant: 9 MGD AZ USA

•  Target Plant List based
on Key Selection Criteria
                             MBR Plant: 11.9 MGD Germany

-------
 Phase II - Data Analysis /
        Visualization
          RELEVANCE:

Goal of the Data translation is to demonstrate
the impact of operational / design choices on
MBR performance and product water quality

-------
     Phase II - Data Analysis /

            Visualization

            APPROACH:

- Review Survey Data (Team Consensus)

- Bin Data into appropriate performance
 classifications
- Team Consensus on Data Analysis / Presentation

-------
    Phase II - Data Analysis /
             Visualization
Assessment of Survey Data to ID Key issues
 • Define MBR Water quality capabilities
 • Define Operating Conditions Required to meet specific water
  quality objectives
 • Identify strengths/weaknesses of MBR for the removal of
  specific contaminants
  Assess nutrient removal limitations of MBR
  Define optimized operating conditions for EDC/PPCP
  removal
  Determine the theoretical operational limits of MBR

-------
Phase
- Project Workshop and
 Final Product
              RELEVANCE
-Validate Project Findings

- Confirm knowledge/technical gaps to identify
  future research needs
- Identify best way to present the final product of
  the project to maximize use by MBR industry

-------
Phase
- Project Workshop and
 Final Product
             APPROACH
- Conduct Project Workshop
- Review of Project Goals and Preliminary Data
- Work Groups to focus on Specific Topics
- Finalize Planned Format and Project Deliverable

-------
       Project Status
          (Phase I)
Prepared write-up on basic removal
mechanisms & MBR removal performance
related to targeted water quality
contaminants
Completed survey of eight MBR system
vendors
Developed and Launched Worldwide MBR
Survey to identified plants

-------
Summary of  MBR  Removal Mechanisms
                   Contaminant B
          Contaminant A
Contaminant B
          Contaminant
          A,B,C
 Contaminant
 C,D,E
                   Contaminant
                   A,B,C,D,E,F
   Removal Mechanism

    n Biotransformation

    • Size exclusion

    D Sorption to solids

    D Complexation

    D Inertial impaction

    n Sorption to membrane
     biofilm


 Contaminant Type
A = inorganic micro-constituent
B = microbial
C = organic micro-constituent
D = nutrients
E = aggregate organics
F = suspended solids

-------
Example of Vendor Survey Results
                Drivers / Process Selection Criterias
             11%
                  1%
             46%
D Footprint Limitation

D Pretreatment for RO

D Disinfection Credit

D Improved Water Quality &
 Reliability
• Low Nutrient Requirement

D Cost-effectiveness

• Others

-------
Example of MBR Predictive

       Model Output
  o
  o
   35
   30
   25
   20
c
o



115
0)
o
c
o
o
   10
  O
  O
   0
    0
      MBR Effluent Quality Depending On SRT
      10
20   30   40



  SRT (days)
50
60

-------
IV.
        Worldwide  MBR Web Survey
                                              Online Surveys | Zoomerane;
Background
Preliminary / Primary Treatment
Bioreactor Design  & Operation
Membrane Design  & Operation
Water Quality Goals &
Performance
                                                       Investigation of Membrane Bioreactor Effluent
                                                       Water Quality and Technology
                                               Welcome to the Online Survey 'Investigation of Membrane Hioreactor Effluent Walter Quality and
                                               Technology" The overall goal of this project as to investigate :he effluent water quality of municipal
                                               MBR facilities designed for product flows 2 1 million gallons per day (3,735 m3 i day). Information
                                               received from this survey will be analyzed collectively and presented anonymously in the final project
                                               report

                                               The survey contains 51 questions and is estimated to lake 15-30 minutes to complete. We know your
                                               time is valuable and appreciate your participation in this important project Upon completion of the
                                               survey all participants will receive a $20 Gift Certificate to Amazon.com

                                               if you have any questions regarding this survey, please contact James DeCarolis @ +1 019 204 2537
                                               or by ernaS @ jsmes deeamlislginwtti jlobal com
                                               (MMMNqp I Ci»tom«rSatisfaction Swv»ys \ SMJ MuDlle Surveys | Onilnt Panels
                                               CojqrtgMe(G99-SCD3 WarfcafToofc me. A1 FSJtf-E REser/w Pr*icy Policy | TaniMMUas | Help
VI.  Lesson Learned
                                                   B.com'Sun'ey.''siin'ev-mtro.2gi?p=WrEB228HVMPK4JH

-------
Target MBR Plant List for Survey
Facility Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
Country
USA
USA
Italy
UK
USA
Germany
UK
USA
Singapore
USA
Spain
USA
USA
USA
USA
UK
Dubai
China
Netherlands
Dubai
China
USA
Australia
Region
Americas
Americas
Europe
Europe
Americas
Europe
Europe
Americas
Asia-Pacific
Americas
Europe
Americas
Americas
Americas
Americas
Europe
Asia-Pacific
Asia-Pacific
Europe
Asia-Pacific
Asia-Pacific
Americas
Asia-Pacific
Design
Capacity
(MGD)
1.1
2.5
11.1
2.6
6.0
11.9
1.9
4.1
6.0
9.0
1.1
1.5
1.8
6.0
1.0
1.5
4.8
26.4
1.0
5.0
3.2
2.0
11.6
Plant Start
Up (Year)
2001
2002
2002
2004
2004
2004
2005
2006
2006
2006
2006
2005
2005
2006
2008
—
	
2007
2007
2007
2008
2006
2009
Manufacturer
GE/Zenon
GE/Zenon
GE/Zenon
GE/Zenon
GE/Zenon
GE/Zenon
GE/Zenon
GE/Zenon
GE/Zenon
GE/Zenon
Huber
Enivroquip/Kubota
Enivroquip/Kubota
Enivroquip/Kubota
Enivroquip/Kubota
Enivroquip/Kubota
Kubota
Microza
Norit
Norit
Puron
Siemens
Siemens
Drivers
C&D

A

D

E


D
D
A&F
A&F
A&F |
A&D&F |
C |
A&D

D |
A&D |

D |
A&G

-------
         Future Work Tasks
Complete MBR Plant Survey
Conduct Data Analysis and Visualization
Convene Project Workshop
Prepare Draft Final Product for submittal to
WateReuse Foundation Summer 2009

-------
Desalination

-------
                   Desalination
Status and Challenges for Desalination in the
                 United States
                Mr. Andrew L. Shea
              USA Development Director
              AccionaAgua Corporation

-------
 Status and Challenges for Desalination

              in  the United States
Andrew L. Shea
USA Development Director
March 4, 2008
Japan - U.S. Joint Conference On Drinking Water Quality
Management and Wastewater Control                       /f\
                                            (dacciona
                                                   Agua

-------
   Topics for Discussion
US Desalination Historical Perspective
Global and US Desal Capacity
A Tale of Two Countries- US and Spain
Representative Existing and New
Projects
Institutional Barriers to Development
Stakeholder Commitment to Research
Concluding Comments
                              (dacciona
                                   Agua

-------
             ACCIONA  Agua
Design and build water treatment plants
Desalination by reverse osmosis
Drinking water treatment plant
Wastewater treatment plant
Sludge treatment plant

Operation and maintenance

Integrated water supply & sanitation services

100 treatment plants operated + maintained by acciona agua
    30 cities/towns managed by acciona agua
    over 11 million people served
70 RO desalination plants
    1.6 million m3/d fresh water
230 wastewater treatment plants
100 potable water treatment plants

-------
       US Desalination Historical Perspective
DEMONSTRATION PLANTS
          • _   -  tterrv" f_ ~ .

l-ir
-------
     US Desalination Historical Perspective
RO Membrane invented
at UCLA-1959
RO Membranes
Commercialized  at
General Atomic Labs in
San Diego- 1960's
Early Use on Brackish
Waters in South  Florida
Primary RO market was
DOD and Industry
  How Did the US Get So Far Behind?
                                       ^dacciona
                                              Agua

-------
           Global  Desalination Capacity
              More than Doubled in  the Last 10 years!
                                                18:494
                 63.6 m3/d   - 16,800 mgd
         1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008




             Cum it la fn -e Con tra c ted E>esa If} / a tio 11 Cap a city
WDR vol. 44. no. 33 - Sept 08
^dacciona
         Agua

-------
 Global Desalination Capacity by Technology
                  4% ED
                2,220,133 m3/d
          9% MED  587MGD
         5.629,368 m3/d
          1487 MOD
1% Other
901,233m3/d
 238 MOD
        27% MSF
      17,300,196 m3/d
        4,571 MOD
          59% RO
         37,066,568 m3/d
          9,790 MOD
                      A majority of recent
                      capacity additions
                      have been RO
                      systems, including
                      hybrid RO/Thermal
                      systems
            Contracted Capacity' By Technology
WDR vol.44, no. 33 - Sept 08
                                                     ^dacciona
                                                              Agua

-------
Worldwide Installed and Forecasted Capacity by Significant Country
                          2006 201C

                         Spain



                         Algeria

                          (capacity in million m3/day)
      2025

      f


Australia

Source: GWI Desal Database 10/06
   ^dacciona
             Agua

-------
Hydrologic Profile of Spain
Available water reserves overexploted in Spain and in US
                Use of Water Reserves in Different Regions
                                                              Overexploited
                                                              Heavy exploited
                                                              Moderatly exploited
                                                              Slightly exploited
 Source: Global Water
 Intelligence 10/06
                                                           ^dacciona
                                                                     Agua

-------
A Tale of Two Countries - Hydrologic Profile of Spain

               Mar  Cant&brico
                                    o
                                 Mar
                               Mediterraneo
      OC^ANO

     ATLANTICO
     OCtANO ATLANTICO
Litres / m2
I  (  <300
    300-400
    400-600
    600-800
    >soo
                                           Spain is one
                                           of the driest
                                           European
                                           Countries
               Costal Zones
               Receive 11 -
               15 inches per
               year of Rain
                                 Source: INM Spain
                     ^dacciona
                              Agua

-------
A Tale of Two Countries - Hydraulic Profile of the US
   U.S.  Drought Monitor
                                       December 30, 2008
                                              i. a.m. EAT
        O2A-
    I DO Abnormally Dry
    1 D1 Drought - Moderate   A - Agrcuttural i,«rop*
   H D2 Droughl - S*um            grasslands)
   H P3 Drought - E.tiruinu   H Hydrologies! \'J
   m D4i
Tim
Local
                 &r> iLn-iT^n-.isc7*ip
           may ra^y See SCOT n^js.'Tp? raj
u,j^V^^!r^
                                             ,, DftBflfllfefrSf,
     liltp.^d rough!, u n I .edu/dm
                                 Brian Ftictts,
                                                          ^dacciona
                                                                    Agua

-------
Spanish Desalination  Market - General Overview
      Spain is one of the largest users of SWRO in the world
      First desalination plant commissioned more than 40 years ago in Canary Islands
      Demographic concentration in coastal areas and tourism have contributed to
      RO market growth with a large resistance to interbasin water transfers
      More than 50 projects in the planning or construction stage with 700 mgd ( 2.6
      billion m3/d) proposed
      Almost  740 projects online or presumed online producing 1020 mgd (3.8 billion
      m3/d) of desal capacity. (www.DesalData.com )
      Spain has become a pioneer  in the use of Reverse Osmosis and in the
      implementation of new energy recovery technologies in RO facilities
      Most contracts awarded through Design-Build-Operate procurement approach
      Central Government responsible for establishing country's water policy and
      financing major water infrastructure projects but local governments responsible
      for determining water tariffs
                                                                 (dacciona
                                                                           Agua

-------
Spanish Desalination Market-A Doubling of Capacity
1,600,000
1 ann nnn
>»
3 1 ?nn nnn
fl 1 ,iUU,UUU
l_
0
L 1,000,000
(fl
L.
800,000
S
£ 600,000
3
dnn nnn
200,000
0.



/
/
> x-
~r~s/s

^*^*^^

T 1 1 1 1 1
1980 1986 1990 1996 2000 2006
• Total Production The productjon of desalinated water in Spain
I Urban Usage doubled from 2000 to 2004. The Spanish gov-
• Agricultural Usage eminent predicts that production will double
• again in another five years.
Industrial Usage
Source: AEDYR
  MIT Technology Review 2006
                                               2008 Planning
                                               and construction
                                               stage - 700 mgd
                                               (2.6 billion m3/d)

                                               Online Capacity
                                               1019 mgd

                                               (3.8 billion m3/d)
                                                   ^dacciona
                                                            Agua

-------
US  Desalination Market - General Overview
  •  Large Federal Government presence in water allocation and pricing

  •  Strong focus on low cost water withdrawals and imported water
     supply

  •  47 projects in the planning stage with 811 mgd ( 3.07 billion m3/d)
     proposed

  •  29 plants in construction with 205 mgd (779 million m3/d)

  •  1432 plants online or presumed online with 2132 mgd (8.07 billion)
     production

  •  Of the 2008 capacity, 11% is SWRO, 75% is brackish water, and 14%
     is industrial high purity water supply.

  •  SWRO has increased 10% per annum while Brackish RO increased  3-
     5% and Industrial/other has increased 4%

  •  Most contracts awarded through Design-Bid-Build procurement
     approach rather than DBO
  Source: www.DesalData.com/WDR
(dacciona
          Agua

-------
Cumulative U.S. Desalting Capacity Has Doubled in Last Decade

c nnn nnn ,-1 fiflfl
b,UlX),UUln ypiOuu

5,000,000-

1
E 4,000,000-
i
£
o
a 3,000,000-
s
•a
05
$ 2,000,000-
CO
1,000,000-

o-
!
	 /_
i
I
/
rt 1 ±* 1 i 1 1 1 J""V '^ *
Cumulative Installed Capacity /
V

/
m
2
J

Trr1.rT..r.....«»"!* .. .1 .. i.lllilMlllllll


•1,400
•1,200 Q

•1,000 i
0
-800 |
o
-600 1

-400 ~
-200

-0
1952 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
2008 Data

"47 projects in the
planning stage with 81 1
mgd (3.07 billion m3/d)
proposed

~29 plants in
construction with 205
mgd (779 million m3/d)
under contract
- 1432 plants online
with 21 32 mgd (8.07
billion) production


Source: GWI 10/06 and DesalData 1/09
                                                           ^dacciona
                                                                     Agua

-------
Representative Existing and Proposed US Desal Projects
Proposing Entity
California
Marin Municipal WD
SF Bay Area Regional
Santa Cruz/Soquel Creek
California American
Sand City
City of Santa Barbara
Los Angeles DWP
West Basin MWD
Long Beach Water Dept
Poseidon
MWD Orange County
Poseidon
Location

SF Bay Area
SF Bay Area
Santa Cruz
Monterey
Monterey
Barbara County
Los Angeles
Los Angeles
Haynes P. Plant
Huntington Beach
Dana Point
Carlsbad/ Encina
Water Type

SWRO
Brackish/SWRO
SWRO
SWRO
SWRO
SWRO
SWRO
SWRO
Nano/Nano
SWRO
SWRO
SWRO
Cap. mgd

5-15
71
2.5
10
0.3
5-10
25
20
9
50
15
50
                                            (dacciona
                                                    Agua

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Representative Existing and Proposed US Desal Projects
Texas
El Paso Utilities/Fort Bliss
Brownsville PUB
San Antonio Water Siystem.
Brazos River Authority
Florida
Tampa Bay Water
City of Tarpon Springs
City of Hialeah/Miami
Coquina Coast
Other Areas
United Water of NY
Taunton Mass

El Paso
Brownsville
San Antonio
Lake Granbury

Big Bend/Tampa
Tarpon Springs
Miami Dade County.
Palm Coast

Rocklin County
Taunton River

Brackish RO
SWRO
Brackish RO
Surface BRO

SWRO
Brackish RO
Brackish RO
SWRO

Brackish RO
Brackish RO

27.4
2.5/25
20
15.5

25-28
6
17.5
50

4
5
                                            (dacciona
                                                    Agua

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    Representative  BRO and SWRO  Projects
    U.S. Drought Monitor
                                      December 30, 2008
                                            i. a.m. EAT
        D1A'
         O2A-
              D3A
             fc-
                          fvioes;
     \ DO Abnormally Dry    t** D»ir«3t»t <»mriai* rn(M-.7ts
     ] D1 Drought - Moderate  A - Agrcuttural i, iLn-iT^n-.isc7*ip
           may ra^y See SCOT n^js.'Tp? raj
                                             ,, December
     liltp.^d rough!, u n I .eduftlm
                                 Brian Ftictts,
Florida leads existing capacity over CA, AZ, and TX

California proposes 400 - 500 mgd from 20 Projects
                                                          Proposed
                                                          Projects
                                                     ^dacciona
                                                               Agua

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Proposed Seawater Desalination Projects in CA
                                     Northern California
         f :.,!.,,•:., Atffl,
                   Proposed
                   Desalination
                   Plants in
                   California
                            .
  Yamada/AMTA 3/08
Moss Landing
San Francisco Bay Area
Cambria
Sand City
Santa Cruz
San Rafeal (Marin)
LEAD Project
       * Southern California
          "  Carlsbad
          3  Camp Pendleton
          *  Dana Point
          J  Long Beach
          "  Ef Segundo
          "  Scattergood
                                                              acciona
                                                           ^J

-------
    CA - Bay Area Regional Desalination Project
Joint effort among:
 - East Bay Municipal Utility
   District
 - San Francisco Public Utilities
 - Commission. Contra Costa
 - WD Santa Clara Valley WD
Pilot Study at Mallard Slough
 - 100gpm
 - Testing to have started July
   2008
Feasibility Study leading to
permitting of 71 mgd (270,000
m3/d BRO/SWRO facility
Expected construction in 2012
Jcjacci
                                                      acciona

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CA - Moss Landing Seawater Desalination Project
Coastal Water Project need
based on groundwater
overdrafts off Carmel River
Cal-Am Water developing 12
mgd facility at Moss Landing
Power Plant site
Solves SWRCB 95-10 Order
to Reduce Carmel River
Withdrawals
Pilot study using existing
power plant cooling water
system
CPUC regulated permitting
process for water utility
Allows for River Restoration
of 11370AFY
                                               ^dacciona
                                                        Agua

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       CA - MWDOC - Dana Point
State Sponsored
Study found 15 mgd
capacity is feasible
Slant well subsurface
intake
Supply-13% of
South Orange County
demands
CEQA/NEPAand
permitting expected to
begin this year
Project anticipated
online date of 2015
                                      acciona
                                           Agua

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 CA - Camp Pendleton/San Diego County
Northern San Diego
County U.S. Marine
Corps Base Camp
Pendleton
Possible Subsurface or
open intake options
Potential integration with
existing Camp Pendleton
utilities
Proposed capacity
between 50 and 150 mgd
(189-567,000 m3/d)
Study completion in 2009
                                          ^dacciona
                                                 Agua

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     CA - Carlsbad Seawater Desalination Project
50 mgd (189,000 m3/d) desalination
project being developed by Poseidon
Resources at the Encina Power
Station in Carlsbad
Water purchase agreements with
nine Water Authority member
agencies
Major Project Permits Completed
Project
 - EIR certified
 - NPDES Discharge permit with
   Regional Water Quality  Control
   Board
 - Coastal development permit with
   Coastal Commission approved w/
   conditions and mitigation
 - Lease amendment application
   approved by State Lands
   Commission with mitigation
   measures
Lawsuits Pending  by Surfrider and
Planning & Conservation League
challenging the Coastal Development
Permit, NPDES Conditions
^dacciona
          Agua

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Brackish Groundwater Projects in CA
   Santa Ana
   Arlington
   Chino
   Ferris
   Irvine Desalter
   Deep Aquifer
   Menifee Basin
   Alameda
   Beverly Hills
   Oxnard
   Port Hueneme
   Temescal
   West Basin

Yamada/AMTA 3/08
          Monterey
          Morro Bay
                           Reynolds
                           San Luis Rey
                                                   ^dacciona
                                                             Agua

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   CA - Chino Basin Brackish Desalter
JPA with seven agencies
manages Chino Basin
Total production of Chino
Basin -134 mgd (507,000
m3/d)
Chino I Desalter and Chino
II Desalter produce 22 mgd
(83,280 m3/d)
Treatment process RO and
ion exchange
Expand production 22 mgd
(83,280 m3/d) by 2015
Regional Brine line to
Ocean outfall in Orange
County
                                           ^dacciona
                                                   Agua

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           TX - San Antonio BRO
20 mgd (75,700 m3/d)
proposed capacity
Brackish RO with well
field and disposal
Well testing from
Wilcox Aquifer
Feasibility Study 2008
RFQ/RFP in 2009
Supply to supplement
Edwards Aquifer and
conservation
                Fresh Water
               • .. • 111 .• i Aquifer
Upp«r Wil'.o i —
Muddy Aquitard

  Lower Wi tr n«
   Brack Ish
   Aquifer
    ... s, v
,1
                 WILCOX
                • Tost sites In Bexar and
                Atascosa Counties
                • Sites 1 and 2 completed
                • Site 3 near completion
                                            ^dacciona
                                                    Agua

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      TX - El Paso Water Utilities/Ft. Bliss
27.5 mgd output from
brackish Hueco Bolson
Joint Fort Bliss strategic
supply
Increased recovery
strategies to limit discharge
to disposal wells
15.5 mgd (58,670 m3/d)
permeate blended with 12
mgd (45,424 m3/d) new
groundwater wells
Complements water reuse
and conservation program
Integrated Community and
R&D Center
                                               ^dacciona
                                                       Agua

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  TX - Brownsville Seawater Desalination
One of three sites selected
for feasibility studies
Funded by TWDB and
Brownsville PUB
One acre plant site in Port
of Brownsville -Ship
channel intake
Pilot plant Operated for 12
months with varied water
conditions
Current request for 2.5
mgd (9463 m3/d)
demonstration at $29
million public funds
Target 25 mgd (94,630
m3/d) full scale plant
                              Lower Rio Grande Regional
                                              dacciona
                                                      Agua

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 FL - Tampa Seawater Desalination Facility
25-28mgd(108
million m3/d) co-
located at power plant
10% of regional supply
Remediated process
with long-term
operations under DBO
contract
Total Environmental
compliance in sensitive
eco system
                                       acciona
                                             Agua

-------
         FL - City of Hialeah BRO
17.5 mgd brackish RO
in 3 phases
3 DBO consortia
selected for RFP
Phase in 2009
Groundwater wells,
RO plant, Disposal
wells in Miami-Dade
County
Pilot Testing by mid-
2009
Completion by end of
2011
                                      ^dacciona
                                             Agua

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     MA - Taunton Brackish River Water Desal
Initial withdrawal from the
coastal basin to produce
5mgd(18,927m3/d),
expandable to 10 mgd
(37,854 m3/d)
Plant process: ultra-
filtration followed by
reserve osmosis
Tidal intake with 16 mile,
20 inch diameter
transmission pipeline
Entrainment and
impingement control
Discharge concentrate
during high tides
                                                 acciona
                                                       Agua

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Institutional Barriers to Desalination in the US
 Within California, the primary impediment is
 Permitting, Permitting, Permitting
 Project Development Phase Funding and
 Locating Developable Land are also
 Stumbling Blocks
 "New" Desal Water seen as Growth
 Inducing
 Large-scale Projects at Power Plant sites
 inherit Power Plant Baggage and CWA
 316b entrainment and impingement issues
                                   (dacciona
                                         Agua

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CA - Seawater Desalination Permitting Issues
 The 50 mgd Carlsbad Project has set a Precedent for most, if
 not all, California Coastal Desalination
 Carbon Footprint - The State Lands Commission has required
 the net power consumed to be "Carbon Neutral"
 CA Coastal Commission also requiring mitigation for potential
 impact on marine environment due to power plant once-through
 cooling system - CWA 316b issues
 Greenhouse Gas Mitigation
  - Lower energy consumption from better membranes and
    Improved energy recovery devices
  - High efficiency pumps
  - Renewable energy sources - wind energy, solar
  - Carbon credits
  - Reforestation
  - CO2 Sequestration in Product Water
  - LEED "Green Building" Design
 Commitment to 57 acres of wetlands as Marine Mitigation
                                                (dacciona
                                                         Agua

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        Commitment to Research
Desalination stakeholder community has
proposed a substantive road map for
desalination research
National Research Council's report,
Desalination - A National Perspective,
delineates a summary research Agenda:
 - Intake and discharge evaluations
 - Concentrate management and disposal
 - Entrainment and impingement issues
 - Water Quality Constituent Impacts
 - Energy Efficiency/Energy Recovery
 - Methods for Cost Reduction
                                    (dacciona
                                           Agua

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            Concluding Remarks
As low cost alternatives to seawater and
brackish water desalination diminish in the US,
we will see desalination properly valued -
reflecting supply, delivery, and water quality.
We can anticipate a continued struggle to accept
desalination into the portfolio of supply options
until stakeholders realize that proper pricing of
treated and desalinated water complements
water conservation and water reuse strategies.
We can expect SWRO and Brackish RO to
become 10% to 20% of the Regional Supply as
desal starts to take hold in areas such as Tampa
and in  El Paso
                                      (dacciona
                                            Agua

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           Concluding Remarks
Similar to incrementally more expensive
"green power" supply options, we can expect
the marginally more expensive desalination
supply costs to be amortized across a larger
supply base using either direct subsidy from
regional suppliers and or directly reflected in
user rates.
We can anticipate nominal technical
improvements offset by continued increases in
materials, component, and energy costs
As good planners, we should strive to properly
integrate desalination to complement existing
water resources and conservation rather than
waiting for a crisis to make decisions
                                     (dacciona
                                            Agua

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    Where Can I Find More Desal Information?
Water Desalination Report www.waterdesalreport.com
Global Water Intelligence  www.qlobalwaterintel.com
AEDYR (Spanish Desalination and Water Reuse
Association) www.aedyr.com
IDA  http://www.idadesal.org/t-dwr.aspx
AMTA www.membranes-amta.org
California Coastal Commission
http://documents.coastal.ca.gov/reports
California State Lands Commission,
http://archives.slc.ca.gov/
National Academies Press
 - http://www.nap.edu/catalog php?record  id = 12184
                                           (dacciona
                                                   Agua

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  acciona
            Agua
Pioneers in development and sustainability
Jcjacci
                 acciona

-------
                   Desalination
Desalination Plant with Unique Methods in
                 FUKUOKA
               Mr. Akira Shimokawa
             Director, Facilities Division
        FUKUOKA District Waterworks Agency

-------

-------

-------
             Drought   experience
*2 times big drought experience
 (1978year 287 days,  1994year 295days)
*Every 2year cut the intake amount from the
main river

*prediction of water demand increase
*Save water rules

*Develop water resource
   dams
   reclamation water
   desalination plant
                                     Water supply by tank in 1978

-------
UMINONAKAMICHI NATA SEA WATER DESALINATION PLANT

   PRODUCT CAPACITY  50,OOOm3/DAY (MAX)
   INTAKE SEA WATER VOLUME 103,OOOm3/DAY
   SITE AREA 46,000m2
   BUIDING AREA 16,000m2
   ELECTRIC DEMAND 12,OOOKW

-------
                Schematic Flow Diagram
Infiltration
 Intake
                                                                Slaked Lime
          Intaked
          Seawater
           Tant
                                    Product
                                   Water Tank
                Discharge
       Pelton Wheel

Effluent from Municipal Sewage Treatment Plant

-------
Unique method 1

Natural sand filter
                         desalination plant
                                                  Graded crushed gravel

                                                    ',  i
                                                    ">  <

                                                  Crushed gravel


-------
  Unique method 2
  UF membrane Pretreatment
 Conventional  dual media filter
UF membrane Pretreatment
  SWtype by NITTO DENKO
                                     Perfect removal of  turbidit>
                                     Consistent low SDI
                                     Easy operation
                                     Easy maintenance
Reducing cleaning frequency

-------
Unique method 3
High recovery  RO module
     High pressure
     hollow-fiber
     membrane
     by TOYOBO
                                  60% recovery
                                  (desalinated  pure water)


                                  Save plant area

                                  Save  amount of  intake sea water

                                  Decrease  plant largeness
Decrease cost

-------
Unique  method 4
Secondly  low pressure  RO
 Pure water after first
 High pressure RO

 Boron  4mg/l
Secondly low
pressure RO

Boron
=<1.5mg/l
                            Standard of
                           water quality
                                                            Boron
                                                          =<1.0mg/l
Mix with
purified
river water

Boron =<1.0mg/l

-------
Unique  method 5
Discharge Brine water
   HAKATA BAY
    SALT 3.5%
                         CONSENTRATED SEA
                               WATER
                                SALT 7%
                         GENKAI OPEN SEA
                                         Water intake system
                         i Umi Jr^yi SMl*
                       I     m
                         Wajiro water treatmen
                         (FukimkaCity)
                             *  *   Shi
             Uminonakamichi Nata
 discharge tank tT Sea Water Desalination
             Center
   Discharge facil i ties
HarinffWorid
                                               HAKATA BAY

-------
      PRIVATE COMPANY
    KYOWAKIDEN INDUSTRY
                                      MANAGEMENT
FUKUOKA DISTRICT
  WATERWARKS
    AGENCY
DESINE AND CONSTRUCTION
          OPERATE AND MAINTENANCE
        GUALANTEE  15YEARS

-------
     WATER  QUALITY  in  2007FY
Total Dissolved Solids
Chloride Ion
Sodium and its
compounds
Sulfate Ion
Hardness
Electric conductivity
Boron an its
compounds
water
40,200
20,300
10,800

6,580
51,700
4.5
desalted water
108
42.1
26.1
2.5
19.1
178
1.4
mixed water standard
138 =<500mg/l
32.0 =<200mg/l
23.7 =<200mg/l

50.5 =<300mg/l
225
0.61 =<1.0mg/l

-------
Boron(mg/L)
         30,000  40,000
1.6     '
                             Product water quality
1.5
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.1
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
                                              Seawatertemp.
                                                  (C)
uuu
*


n n™
i Si
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on
n
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v



* *

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n n
n ° i
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*fc
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***4
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*

n
nn
n nn
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n n n n ami
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nn n n p
	 n 	 n n n n n
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an DD
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4
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4 A * "** *
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****
^**^
* _ _

ou.uuurn / q
*
max. allowable boron Conc[1.5mg/L]
n
p P
n n
n P nn nn n n
mn D nn n n n D nn n
D n _n n n _n n np _p n CD CD rm m p
DDDH n n DD n D rri n D irm n n n n n n n n
mi i in n n n i mi i n on nn n n n nn p 1 1 n 1 1 p
p P n n n nn PH nn n n rnn CD p n p c
p n 	 n n m p n p nn E
nnn n n n i r n n D mn n
D_PDDD n nn n n
D nnn n n
p n n n n
n P no
n
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p
n Boron Cone, of product water
r*- j_ ^r
Sea water Temp.
A EC of product water
* *S^j _JiA*^**i
& * ^ yw^
-^v^vv ,. ., . v 4»./v.«> r
A ^Af A *t ^ AA J^AA *^^X \\ JSw^W ^ A
A A

                                                                                        55
                                                                                          EC
                                                                                         MS/cm
                                                                                         40
                                                                                         35
                                                                                           400
                                                                                           350

                                                                                         30 300

                                                                                         25 250

                                                                                         20 200

                                                                                         15 150

                                                                                         10 100
   12/1    12/31    1/30     2/29
 2007year     2008year
                              3/30
4/29
5/29
9/26
10/26
11/25

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   COST  ANALYSIS
   Personnel
   Expenses
    77MY
     2%

Maintenance
  579MY
   19%
Others
45MY
 1%
     Electricity
      770MY
       25%
Total 3,133million yen
Unit cost 213yen/m3

(2007 fiscal year)
       Depreciation
        1,547MY
          49%
  Interest
  63MY
   2%

-------
EFFECTIVE  USE of CONCENTRATED  SEA WATER
                                EVAPORATION TANK ']
                                   }  ||;w>vtti
                                   '
 UNDER SURVEY
 *use for food (tofu,miso,soy
 sauce,bread)
 *thalassa therapy
 *bring up fish
 *penetrate pressure power
  lant etc.
NATUNAL SEA SALT

-------
EFFECTIVE  USE of pure water and others
                                           Bottled pure
                                           water
                                           Free distribution
                           Under survey
                           *reuse membrane
                           *selling bottled pure water

-------

-------
Pathogens/Microbes

-------
                  Pathogens/ Microbes
Detection Methods of Enteric Viruses in a Large
                 Volume of Water
                 Dr. Hiroyuki Katayama
     Associate Professor, Department of Urban Engineering
              Graduate School of Engineering
                   University of Tokyo

-------
Japan-US Joint Conference in Las Vegas                Mar 3-6, 2009
    Detection methods of enteric
 viruses in a large volume of water
                      ©  Katayama Hiroyuki
                      Ohgaki Shinichiro
      Department of Urban Engineering, University of Tokyo, Japan
                           Email: katayama@env.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp
                                 X   \

-------
           Today's Topic
1. Importance of viruses in water safety
2. Literature review of virus concentration
  method
3. Development of a virus concentration
  method
4. Detection of viruses in a large volume of
  water

-------
1. Importance of viruses in water
            safety

-------
        Increase in a warm-blooded animal body
                  Hands
                              Water supply
                               Immune
                          system
Feces
 Sewer system
Wastewater Treatment
Flies
Foods
                  Water
Mouth
                        Heat
                  Water treatment
                    Diffuse and Decrease in Environment
     10io
                        10°
      Life cycle of pathogens of Fecal-oral infection

-------
              Enteric Viruses
cp20 - 100nm in size, RNA or DMA coated with protein
Propagate in animal intestine, emitted as feaces
More than 100 types identified human as a host.
Symptoms:   Diarrhea, Vomit, fever, head ache, (Hepatitis, paralysis)
Route of Infection : Food
                             ng ,
                 Contact with infected individual
    Enterovirus
Adenovirus
Norovirus

-------
2. Literature review of virus
  concentration method

-------
History of Virus Concentration

      Method from Water

Pad method
 • Dipping a pad in water overnight, recover
  viruses adsorbed on the pad.
Negatively charged membrane method
Wallisetal., 1967
 • Viruses are adsorbed onto negatively charged
  membrane under 25-50mM Mg2+ condition,
  then eluted with beef extract solution pH 9.5
 • Volume of water increased, known amount.


-------
               Cont'd

Negatively charged membrane method
using acid in place of Mg2+ (Sobsey et al.,
1973).
Positively charged membrane method
(Sobsey etal., 1979)
 • Viruses adsorbed to positive charged
  membrane without addition of either Mg or
  acid.
 • Viruses are eluted with beef extract solution.


-------
  Adsorption to Elution from

Cellulose coagulation method (Yano et a/.,
1993)
Glass wool and glass powder are also used as
the adsorbent of viruses.
Membranes are also used as the adsorbent.

-------
          Elution of viruses

4> Beef extract solution ( 3% N 1 % ) pH 9 ~
  11
  • Sometimes glycine buffer
  Based on adsorption due to hydrophobia
  interaction.
  Extracting viruses by competition of site
  with viruses.
  Good for following cultivation with
  mammalian cell.


-------
  Mechanism of adsorption and

       desorption of viruses

Applied and Theoretical aspects of Virus
Adsorption to Surfaces (Gerba C.P. 1984)
 • Hydrophobic interaction for elution of viruses
   • Competitive extraction with beef extract
 • Electrostatic interaction for adsorption of viruses
   • Under neutral pH condition, viruses are negatively
    charged.
   • Viruses are positively charged under acid condition
   • Multivalent cation can change the surface charge of
    viruses

-------
Reconcentration and  purification
  Acid precipitation for beef extract eluate
  (Katzenelson et al., 1976)
  PEG precipitation
  Pro-Cipitate for selective precipitation of viruses.
  Ultrafiltration method usign centrifugation
  Fleon/chloroform purification
  Gel filtration  ( Sephadex, or Sephacryl)
  Antigen-antibody purification method


-------
      Needs of new virus
     concentration method
Inhibitory effect of beef extract eluate on
PCR detection of viruses.
Inorganic eluant for following detection of
PCR.
Electrostatic interaction should be
considered.
 • Resulted in good recovery from seawater


-------
 3, Development of a virus
    concentration  method
and Its Application to Detection of Enterovirus
 and Norwalk Virus from Coastal Seawater
 Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 68: 1033-1039,
                2002.
                           X  \
                                      14

-------
     State of the art of virus

     concentration  methods

Adsorption is easy, elution is difficult
Lack of consideration of following virus
detection by PCR
 • More severe condition can be applicable
  because of no need of maintaining virus
  culturability.
 • Avoid use of beef extract due to inhibitory
  effect on PCR
 • New acid or alkali condition for elution from
  membrane?


-------
   New Virus Concentration Method
       Sample        Acid rinse,     Alkaline elution
       (+Mg2+, 25mM)  pH 3.0(H2SO4)  pH 10.5(NaOH)
                      200ml          5ml
Negatively-char
membrane
Millipore HA,
pore size 0.45mm,
diameter 47|um
o o
                                  Neutralization with
                                  Cone. TE buffer 0.05ml
                                  and H2SO4 0.025ml

Katayama et al., 2002, Appl. and Environ. Microbiol., 68: 1033-103.

-------
    How acid rinse works?
Adsorption
                     Virus
                         f
membrane
                         Cation
Acid rinse
                     Virus
Alkarine Elution
                    Virus

-------
Recovery ( % )
Virus
type

Pure P
water PO|JO
o Q3
oea
water PO|JO
+ve
filter
(1MDS)
No
40
50
0
6
-ve filter
( Millipore HA, 0.45um )
Beef extract
Acid
9
83
4
94
no
0
79
7
42
NaOH
Acid
35
95

89
no
3.9
33

38


-------
   Improvement of the virus

     concentration method
Pretreatment of membrane with AICI3, for
the membrane positively charged.
 • Pre-sorption of A] enable viruses adsorb onto
  the membrane without addition of Mg.
 • Acid rinse works in a same manner as Mg
  method.
Modification for field survey.
 • Concentrate viruses outside of laboratory.
Increase the area of the membrane
 • Disk filter to cartridge filter.


-------
1.AI3+   Sorption on Membrane    2.  Virus Adsorption
                                      Sample
                     On£
                         0.1
                      X1
                                                   Repulsive
                                                   interaction
       Al3
                    Millipore HA       Virus
                  L ( pore 0.45|jm ) Negatively charged
3.  Acid rinse to remove AI3+       4.  Elution of Virus in Alkali
                             \
  H2SO4 ( pH 3.0 )
               l[]aOH ( pH 10.5 )
      0
Dositively
charged to
attach directly
to membrane
                                         Repulsiv
                                         iteracti

                                           Concentrate

-------
  Other methods developed

Cultivate viruses without elution from
membrane
 • Coliphage detection (Sobsey et al., 1995)
   • on host bacteria E. coli.
 • Enteric virus detection (Papageorgiou et al.,
  2000)
   • on mammalian cell layer
Concentrate viruses, bacteria and
protozoa at once by UF (Hill et al., 2007)
 • PCR inhibition is problem


-------
   Research  work of Katayama's
   Development of virus concentration method from water
   (Katayama et al., Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 68: 1033-1039, 2002)
+  Field survey
   •  Tap Water and river Water ( Applied and Environmental Microbiology 70: 2154-
      2160,2004. )
   •  River in Tokyo  ( Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 71 (5):2403-2411,2005. )
   •  Tokyo bay area ( Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 68: 1033-1039, 2002,
      Water Science and Technology: Water Supply, Vol 4, No 2 pp73-77, 2004. )
   •  Combined sewer overflow at storm rain ( CSO) ( water science &
      Technology Vo\ 50 No 1 pp 259-262, 2004. )
   •  Southeast Asian Water Environment  ( water science & Technology vo\ 54
      No 3 pp 203-210, 2006. )
   •  Wastewater treatment plants in Japan (  Water Research, 42:1441 -
      1448,2008 )
                                                             22

-------
4. Detection of viruses in a large

          volume of water



    Occurrence of Norovirus genomes in

           Tap water in Tokyo
    Applied and Environmental Microbiology 70: 2154-2160,
                  2004
X  \
                                       23

-------
 Outline of Tap Water Survey

Sample Volume: 100-500 L
98 samples
from January 2002 to February 2003
All the concentrate was subjected for virus
detection (9 portion each).
Virus genome was detected by real time
PCR.
                                  24

-------
Noroviruses were found in  Tokyo
                 tap water
Season
Spring
(Mar- May)
Summer
(Jun-Aug)
Autumn
(Sep-Nov)
Winter
(Dec-Feb)
Total
Positive/tested
NV-G1
0/29
(0.0%)
1/18
(5.6%)
0/19
(0.0%)
3/32
(9.4%)
4/98
(4.1%)
NV-G2
3/29
(10.3%)
0/18
(0.0%)
3/19
(15.8%)
1/32
(3.1%)
7/98
(7.1%)
                          Norovirus genome was
                          detected from tap water in
                          Tokyo.

                          PCR tubes were never opened
                          to prevent carry-over
                          contamination.

                          Average concentration should
                          be 1 genome/2800L.

                          Infectious risk was calculated to
                          be 1 infection / 200 people-year
                          in the worst scenario, though
                          there are a lot of unknown
                          factors.


-------
    Norovirus concentration in Japan
                    E. co//
                  (CFU/ml)
             NV
          (PDU/
Tap water
 0
         10'6 5
Raw sewage
 105
         10s±i
Treated
wastewater
 103
Coastal seawater
101±
1
10
-2+2

-------
Virus concentration in wastewater
       in Asian countries


Japan
(sewage)
Beijing, China
(sewage)
Ho Chiminh,
Viet nam
(canal)
Jakarta,
Indonesia
(Flood
water)
(CFU/mL)
E. coli
105
104'5
103
104
(PDU/mL)
NVG1
1Q2-4
1Q2-3
101
io-1
NV
G2
1Q2-4
1Q2-4
10o-i
101
AdV
1Q3-4
1Q2-3
1Q1-2
102
EV
1Q2-3
102
1Q1-2
101
HAV
0
some
0
102
27

-------
       Transport of Pathogen via Water
   -Comprehensive Approach for Risk Management-
|Y  Monitoring   •
 From Upstream
Risk from drinking water
    By human,
    from human
               WTP   =
Barrier agains
Pathogens
                 WWTP
                                      Recreational activity
                                Risks via fishery


-------
                  Pathogens/ Microbes
   Future Directions for Monitoring Pathogen
Indicators/Surrogates: Linkages to Water Quality
   Management and Public Health Protection
                  Dr. Audrey Levine
        National Program Director for Drinking Water
            Office of Research and Development
           U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

-------
£EPA
  United States
  Environmental Protection
  Agency
 Future Directions for Monitoring Pathogen
             Indicators/Surrogates:
 Linkages to water quality management and
            public health protection
             Dr. Audrey D.  Levine, P.E.
    National Program Director for Drinking Water Research
  Office of Research and Development
  National Program for Drinking Water Research
Treasure Island Hotel, Las Vegas, NV
       March 4, 2009

-------
         DRINKING WATER RESEARCH PROGRAM
Monitoring pathogens and indicators
   Goals
   • Public Health protection
   • Water quality management
   • Regulatory compliance/oversight
   Context
   • Drinking water
   • Discharge permits
   • Storm water
   • Recreational water
   Future directions to link monitoring and
   monitoring with public health protection and
   water quality management

-------
            DRINKING WATER RESEARCH PROGRAM
Monitoring goals and challenges
1  Goals
   • Rapid, low-cost detection of potential health threats
   • Ability to develop timely response
       •  Identify source
       •  Develop and implement risk management strategy
1  Challenges for monitoring pathogens
   • Wide array of potential pathogens
   • Detection limits
   • Costs, Turn-around time
  Challenges for monitoring indicators
   • Lack of direct correlation with pathogens
       •  Occurrence, concentration
       •  Viability, infectivity
       •  Health risks
   • Fate/transport mechanisms
Campylobacterjejuni

-------
            DRINKING WATER RESEARCH PROGRAM
Trends in waterborne disease outbreaks associated with
         United States drinking water 1971-2006
    1971 1974 1977 1980 1983 1986  1989 1992 1995  1998 2001 2004
       Parasitic
       Unidentified
          Year

Bacterial     D Viral        D Chemical
Legionella spp. ^ Mixed agents
    Yoder JS etal. 2008. MMWR 57(SS-9):39-69.

-------
             DRINKING WATER RESEARCH PROGRAM
2 year period
65 outbreaks
2536 people sick
8 deaths
(Naegleria
fowleri)
Dominant agents:
Cryptosporidium,
toxigenie E. coli,
noroviruses
                        ecreational Water Outbreaks
No. of   No. •:•!
oubreaks states
    http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/SS/SS5308.pdf

-------
   £EPA
     United States
     Environmental Protection
     Agency
  Pathogens associated
with waterborne disease
    Fewer than 1 % of enteric pathogens have been cultivated and studied
                    i ruses
 Strep, pyogenes
   cysts
 Fazio and Fishchetti
                                      Free-living
                                      amoebae
  Polio virus
Williams, USEPA
Cryptospohdium parvum
     oocysts
  Lindquist, USEPA
Giardia lamblia
   cysts
Lindquist,USEPA
   Hi effects include acute AGI; urinary tract, eye, skin, ear, or respiratory infections
Norovirus—highly infectious, resistant to chlorine

-------
DRINKING WATER  RESEARCH PROGRAM
     ' •%
 Indicator Organisms
Types and concentrations vary with
source,  hydrology, land-use, season,
weather, etc.
Sources
 •  Wastewater     „
                  »•' *       j >
 •  Stormwater        \JJsS
                     '   .   ».   •.**
 •  Stagnant water
 •  Soil
 •  Sediments
 •  Warm-blooded animals

-------
&EPA
   United States
   Environmental Protection
   Agency	
Bacterial  Indicators
Indicator
 Characteristics
 Growth
 conditions
 Size,
 jim
Application
Total coliform
Escherichia, Klebsiella.
Citrobacter, Enterobacter
Fecal coliform
Escherichia, Klebsiella
 Rod shaped;
 Gram negative;
 non-spore
 forming
 Facultative
 anaerobe
 0.5 to 2
Drinking
Water (TCR)
NPDES,
TMDLs,
Reclaimed
water,
Shellfish
Enterococci
E. faecalis,E.faecium
 Cocci,
 Gram positive,
 non-spore
 forming
Aerotolerant
anaerobe
 0.5 to 1
Recreational
water
Clostridium
perfringens
Opportunistic pathogen
 Rod shaped,
 Gram positive,
 spore forming
 Obligate
 anaerobe
0.6 to 1.3Potential
   by
2.4 to 19
urrogate for
                        protozoan
                        pathogens

-------
&EPA
   United States
   Environmental Protection
   Agency	
 Viral Indicators
Indicator
 Characteristics
Host
Size,
 nm
Application
Enteroviruses
Genus within the family
Picornaviridae includes
poliovirus,
coxsackievirus,
echovirus, etc.
   cell wall;
Non-enveloped protein
cosahedral capsid
Single strand (ss) RNA
genome
Human
 25-     Periodic
 30    monitoring
           for
        reclaimed
          water
Coliphages
 Somatic and male-
 specific viruses
 Icosahedral protein
 shell
E. coll.
and other
coliform
bacteria
 25       Virus
      surrogate for
        UV testing

-------
&EPA
  United States
  Environmental Protection
  Agency
Applications for
pathogen/indicator monitoring
 Source Water Protection  ,
  -Prevalence/persistence of
   pathogens
  -Effectiveness of
   management practices
  -Permitting
  -Source tracking
 Treatment
  -Treatment efficacy
  -Optimization of disinfection
  -Monitoring approaches to
   ensure safe drinking water
              Distribution systems
               -Role of biofilms, inorganic
                deposits, particles
               -Effectiveness of disinfectant
                residuals
               -Effect of hydraulics and
                water age on pathogen
                survival
               -Intrusion, pipeline integrity
               -Free-living amoebae

-------
&EPA
  United States
  Environmental Protection
  Agency
   Research focus for
pathogens and indicators
                  Sample
                 Collection
                    and
                 Processing
    Screenin
     Indicators
    Occurrence
    Prioritization
        I
                             Measurement
               Virulence, Infectivity,
                    Exposure,
                 Dose-Response,
                  Health Effects

-------
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
             Research activities on
             pathogen detection
Sample handling and processing
Potential interferences
 -Microbial
 -Chemical: Salts, Metals, Organics
 -Particulate matter (organic, inorganic, nanoparticles)
Analytical issues
 -Viability/I nfectivity
 -Detection limits
 -Relationship to indicators (microbial, chemical)
 -Simultaneous detection of multiple pathogens
 -Rapid turn-around time

-------
&EPA   Molecular Detection  coupled
             with viability evaluation
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
  ^Molecular methods
     •PCR/qPCR: PCR-based amplification detection assays fora
     wide variety of organisms
     •Mic roar rays: Microarrays for typing and for multiple pathogen
     detection.
     •Proteomics: MALDI-TOF analysis for typing and
     characterization.
  'Viability
     •Bacterial culture methods.
     • Viable viruses and
     •Protozoan parasites.
  integrated Cell Culture/PCR and enrichments
     •Cell culture enrichments for viable organisms
     •Strategic use of pretreatments to limit PCR amplification by
     non-viable organisms.

-------
£EPA
  United States
  Environmental Protection
  Agency
 Integrated Cell Culture/RT-
 PCR Method
         .- .
    H'WS®
^-l' Mi Vs
v--,-*• \ • •»«-*'-~j.* -
•-•'AV-'-4«¥"'*i
«S«^fe^
                               Sample Collection
                                  & Elution
                                Tissue Culture

-------
   £EPA
      United States
      Environmental Protection
      Agency
   Proteomics for Better Pathogen Characterization_

 MAUD I-MS was used to create a mass spectral fingerprint (3000 m/z-30,000 mfz) for each
 strain/isolate studied.  The mass values observed were used to differentiate between the
 species of Aeromonas as well as other related genera (Vibrio and Piesiomonas). This
 comparison is possible because different species of bacteria express different proteins. Below
 is an example of the spectra observed for different microorganisms.

  Mi croorgan isms                                Spectra
                                              .
                                         J^ILihJL JL
                       MALDI-MS
, j

*jAi4_-



o
LI (III , 1
-
                                               10ODO  1SOOC   2000O  25000
                                                      m/z
NERL Project-Dr. Maura Donohue

-------
xvEPA
  United States
  Environmental Protection
  Agency
Exposure analysis using
Micro bead immunoassay
1. Microscopic beads are coated with
one specific protein (Cryptosporidium,
norovirus or rotavirus)
                2. Saliva samples are incubated
                with beads in microplate wells;
                salivary antibodies react with the
                protein
                3. Samples are incubated
                with labeled anti-human
                detection antibody

-------
£EPA
  United States
  Environmental Protection
  Agency
Oral fluid sampling
    Oracol™ oral fluid samplers
    Immunoglobin responses (IgA, IgG and IgM) to
    Cryptosporidum, norovirus and rotavirus
    Sharp increase in antibody (immunoconversion)
    indicates infection during a specific month

-------
  £EPA
Source tracking  approaches
     United States
     Environmental Protection
     Agency
                Phylogenetic Analysis: > 2500 clones
   Automated Sequencing
Confirm inserts using Ml3 primers
               Cloning
    Ligation of PCR products to vector and
  m transformation of plasmid into E. coll
            competent cells
                                           Sample collection and filtration (5L) of
                                                      water samples
                                                         Extract total DNA
                                                      from polycarbonate filters
                                Universal Primers
                                (8F and 787R)

-------
            DRINKING  WATER RESEARCH PROGRAM
 Draft Contaminant Candidate List microbes
 BACTERIA
  • Campylobacter jejuni
  • Escherichia coli (0157)
  • Helicobacter pylori
  • Legionella pneumophila
  • Salmonella enterica
  • Shigella sonnei
  • Mycobacterium avium
VIRUSES
 •  Caliciviruses (includes
   norovirus,sapovirus)
 •  Hepatitis A virus
 •  Entero virus
PROTOZOA
 •  Entamoeba histolytica
 •  Naegleria fowleri
Regulatory Decision Criteria:
•Occurrence
•Health Effects
•Policy, Regulation, or Risk Management Opportunities
                                               http://www.epa.gov/nerlcwww/
                                               graphics/norwalk.jpg

-------
£EPA
Comparison of a qPCR and Culture Method
                for Enterococcus
                Real Time PCR vs. Culture Based Fecal
                  Indicator Bacteria Measurements
                           to Determine
                        Beach Water Quality
    Pathogens too diluted
    & varied to measure
    at beach.  Indicator
    bacteria still measurable.
                 24 Hours
                                                  Pathogen (virus,
                                                  parasite,or bacteria)
                                                  Indicator
                                                  (fecal bacteria)
                                        O Filter
                                         Water Sample
 Water Sample
                 Grow Indicators
                 on Filter Membranes
                        ) Extract DMA
                         from Filter
      ;Iount indicator colonies on Q
      filter to determine water quality.
                              :_) Am pi ify & m eas u re
                               indicator DMA by PCR
                               to determine water quality.
uiii v.ri

:iui
- — , , — ~
nw
. /
,''
- 7",
*,Jffi
/
.,•'' ,.-•'
— ~ "( — (~
.- -•


, ,
                                                                          u « 13 a 12 2-1 a
                                                                             Cnta
                                                            2 Hours

-------
         DRINKING WATER RESEARCH PROGRAM
Conclusions

• Tools and methods are evolving to
  better link monitoring approaches for
  pathogens and indicators to public
  health protection and water quality
  monitoring
• Future directions will build upon
  historical approaches and provide
  opportunities for more comprehensive
  characterization of sources of
  microbial contaminants, impacts of
  risk management

-------
                   Pathogens/ Microbes
Research for Pathogens in Water Environment and
         the Countermeasures in Sewerage
                  Mr. Seiichiro Okamoto
            Team Leader, Recycling Research Team
      Material and Geotechnical Engineering Research Group
               Public Works Research Institute

-------
 5th Japan - U.S. Joint Conference on Drinking Water Quality Management
 and Wastewater Control
             March 2-5, 2009
Research for Pathogens in
Water Environment and
the Countermeasures in Sewerage
             Seiichiro Okamoto
              Recycling Research Team
              Public Works Research Institute

-------
Research for Pathogens in Water Environment and the Countermeasures in Sewerage
Outline                                ~
  Background
  Study of cryptosporidium measures in
  sewage systems
  State of norovirus (NV) in wastewater, treated
  wastewater and river water
  Characteristics of removal of NV from
  wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs)

-------
State of infectious diseases caused
by pathogens in Japan
  In Japan, cryptosporidium, norovirus, and
  other antibiotic resistant bacteria cause
  frequent infectious diseases
  a cryptosporidium outbreak in Ogose town (JPN)
    (1996)
    •  More than 9,000 people were infected
  a Spread of norovirus (NV) nationwide in recent
    years
      First in terms of food poisoning cases (2006)
    •  Second in number of cases (2006)

-------
Cryptosporidiosis outbreak in Ogose  £
town (1996)

• A large-scale outbreak caused 9,000 people
  to suffer from diarrhea and stomach pain.
• Cryptosporidium gets mixed with the tap
  water from the contaminated river water.
• There was a wastewater treatment facility
  upstream from water intake.
• Cryptosporidium propagated in the water
  cycle (wastewater - Intake ) .

-------
Study of cryptosporidium measures
for sewage systems

• In response to Ogose outbreak,
  cryptosporidium for sewage systems were
  also studied.
• The Study Committee on cryptosporidium in
  Sewage Systems completed and announced
  its final report (2000)

-------
Study of cryptosporidium measures
for sewage systems
cryptosporidm
 Adding flocculant
     (10mg/L)
   1/1000 of the
   concentration
(activated sludge treatment)
Outline of the final report
• State of cryptosporidium concentration/
  in wastewater and treated wastewater
• Evaluation of cryptosporidium removaT
  effectiveness of the wastewater and sludge treatment
  processes
• Methods of measures for cryptosporidium in sewage
  systems
   a Ensuring safety of water bodies receiving effluent of treated
     wastewater (normal times and during an outbreak)
   a Ensuring safety of sewage system employees

-------
State of norovirus (NV)
in river water, waste water and
treated wastewater

-------
  Food poisoning caused by NV
• In Japan, food poisoning caused by NV is the leading
cause: 27,616 patients out of total of 39,026 patients (71.0%)
• Of a total of 1,491 outbreaks, 449 outbreaks (33.5%),
second to campylobacterjejuni/campylobactercoli ( 645
outbreaks )

Occurrence during the past 6 years.

Total outbreaks
Total patients
Fatalities
2001
269
7,358
0
2002
268
7,961
0
2003
278
10,603
0
2004
277
12,537
0
2005
274
8,727
0
2006
499
27,616
0
(Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare Web Site: quoted from norovirus Questions and Answers )

-------
Characteristics of NV
  An extremely small round structured virus
  with diameter of about 38nm, discovered in
  victims of a 1968 gastroenteritis epidemic
  Heating at 60°C for 30 minutes does not
  destroy its infectiousness.
  Its genotypes are classified as G1 and G2,
  which are communicated to people.
  It cannot be detected by the cell culture
  method.  ^ difficult to judge the activity

-------
Characteristics of NV (cont'd)
  Symptoms continue for only 1 to 3 days, but
  include violent vomiting, and  later diarrhea
  and fever etc.
  It is known to be a virus which is a major
  cause of food poisoning and gastroenteritis
  through raw oysters (now rare) in the winter
  In recent years, a high percentage of cases
  have been caused by person to person
  infection.
                                         10

-------
NV measurement method:
 Why the real time PCR method?
 cell culture method
 a impossible to measure the infectious capacity of NV
 electronic microscope, antigen-antibody reaction
 a sensitivity is low and quantitative evaluation is impossible
 methods of rapidly and easily detecting and measuring
 it with high sensitivity should be developed.

-------
   Real time PCR equipment
   Real time PCR —
     Technology which amplifies, monitors in real time, and
     analyzes (quantifies) a specified gene
   (Benefits)
     (1) Can accurately quantify a specified gene.
     (2) Can perform analysis quickly and easily.
  	 Example of a real time PCR System  	
Applied Biosystems 7500
LightCycler
Smart Cycler

-------
Procedure for quantification
                ft
        concentration
- negatively charged membrane

"polyethylene glycol (PEG)
     extract RNA, refine
 reverse transcriptase reaction
 convert the RNA to DMA
 real time PCR (quantification)
 amplifies and quantifies
 a specified gene
                                                  13

-------
State of NV in river water
 - Example of a survey  by the PWRI -
 The coverage ratio of sewage
 systems varied between the rivers
 a  At NT2, the coverage ratio of sewage
    systems is almost 100 %, and the
    river water is mainly spring water.
 a  At OT2 and OT5, the  coverage ratio is •
    low and domestic wastewater is
    treated in septic tanks then
    discharged  into the river
 Every six hours, water was sampled
 from 3 small rivers then analyzed
Teganuma Marsh
 (Chiba pref.)
  Flush toilet wastewater
  treatment tank
 D individual sewage treatment
  tank
 D Night soil treatment plant
                        Teganuma Marsh
                         (Chiba pref.)
                                                          14

-------
State of NV in river water
 - Example of a survey  by the PWRI -

  During the non-epidemic period (July), both G1 and G2 were
  below the quantification limits (3.8 x 103 copies/L )
  During the epidemic period  (Jan.) both G1 and G2 were
  detected at concentrations of 105 copies/L at OT2.
  The detected concentration varies greatly between the
  epidemic and non-epidemic periods
 NV (copies/L)
cryptosporidium, giardia (numbers/L)
  E. coli (cfu/mL)
Name Date / time
OTZ
OTZ™
6T!
NT2
norovirus
G1
7/10 9:00 N.D.
Quantification limit 3 SF403
1/22
1/22
1/22
1/23
1/22
1/22
1/23
1/23
1/22
1/22
1 /23
1/23
9:00
15:00
21:00
3:00
12:00
18:00
0:00
6:00
13:10
19:00
1:00
6:40
3. 1E+05
2. 3E+05
4. 2E+05
1 . QE+05
N. D,
N. D.
N. D.
N. D.
N. D.
N. D.
N. D.
N. D.
norovirus
G2
N. D.
3 8F+03
3. 1E+05
1.3E+Q5
3.3E+05
1 . 6E+05
N. D.
N. D.
N. D.
N. D.
N. D.
N. D.
N. D.
                    Name Date / time crypto-
                    =        sporidium
               giardia
Name Date / time
E. coli
OTZ
OT5
NTZ
I 22
1/22
1/22
1/23
1/22
1/22
1/23
1/23
I 22
1/22
1/23
1/23
9:00
15:00
21:00
3:00
12:00
18:00
0:00
6:00
13:10
19:00
1:00
6:40
N.
N
N
N.
N,
N.
N
N.
N.
N.
N
N.
D.
D
D
D.
D.
D.
D
D.
D.
D.
D.
D.
5. OE-02
N. D.
5, OE-02
N. D.
N.
N.
N.
N.
N.
N.
N.
N.
D.
D,
D
D.
D,
D
D.
D.
OTZ
OT5
NTZ
1 ,22
1/22
1/22
1 ,23
I - 22
1/22
1/23
1/23
1/22
1/22
1/23
1 /23
9:00
15:00
21:00
3:00
12:00
18:00
0:00
6:00
13:10
19:00
1:00
6:40
8. OE+01
7, OE+01
8. OE+01
5. OE+01
9. OE+00
1.8E+01
1, OE+01
3.QE+00
2. OE+01
8. OE+01
1 . 8E+02
4. OE+01

-------
 Relationship of NV with chemical 4j*


 markers


 •  A correlation of NV with caffeine and total sterol

   a  Correlation coefficients for G1 are 0.86 and 0.73 for caffeine and total sterol
     respectively , and for G2, 0.80 and 0.67 for caffeine and total sterol respectively

   The NV concentration can be estimated based on the

   concentrations of the chemical markers: caffeine and total

   sterol.    (h During the epidemic period
o

(U
-I— •
(/)


"CD
-I— •
o
il
CD

O
        10
  10°  1CT  10"


NV(G1)copies/L
10C
107
                     O)
                     c



                     "o

                     Q)

                     "oo
                     £
                     CD

                     O
10
 10°  10"  10°


NV (G2) copies/L
106  107

-------
NV Removal Tests
 at the Pilot Plant
  Continuous removal test of the activated
  sludge treatment method
  a A pilot plant consisting of an aeration tank
   (capacity 100 L) and primary and secondary
   sedimentation tanks (capacities 50 L) etc. was
   used for the tests.
                                        17

-------
 NV Removal  Tests
  at the Pilot Plant
Influent wastewater was
 supplied continuously
     primary
     clarifier
Chemical added (poly-aluminum
chloride (PAC)), at a rate of 5 and
10mg-AL/L (System 1)

              Secondary
         v   clarifier
                 Aeration tank
  Sampling
  point
  MLSS  2,000 mg/L
  HRT   8 hours
  - Activated sludge method with
  chemical addition (System 1)
  - Standard activated sludge
  method (System 2)
         filtration rate : 200m/day

         - Sand filtration (Run1)

         - Sand filtration with
         chemical addition (Run2)
Sampling
point
       Secondary
       effluent
                                       Sand
                                       filtration
                                       I
                    Sampling
                    point
      PAC added at a rate of
      3mg-AL/L (Run 2)
                     Schematic of the Pilot Plant

-------
 Results of testing
    Changes of NV concentration

    (measures of NV started in late December)

    Quantity of PAC added increased from 5 mg/L to 10

    mg/L (System I)
 _
o
o
o
o
 1.E+08
 1.E+07
 1.E+06
 (1.E+05
 1.E+04
> 1.E+03
 1.E+02
   Dec.20    Jan. 10   Jan. 31    Feb. 21   Mar. 13


       Changing NV (G1) concentration
                               1.E+08
                               1 .E+02
Dec.20    Jan. 10   Jan. 31    Feb. 21   Mar.


     Changing NV (G2) concentration
                                                         19

-------
Results  Of testing (removal rates)
13

-------
Improving NV removal
effectiveness by sand filtration
  Sand filtration at filtration rate of 200 m/day achieved G2
  removal of 0.6 log (74%)
  Sand filtration with chemical addition (3 mg-AL/L)
  achieved removal rate from 1 .4 to 2.4 log or higher
  Addition of PAC achieved removal rate from 1.4 log to
  2.4 log.

Sand filtration
(Run 1)
Sand filtration with
chemical addition
(Run 2)
removal rates ( log )
NV ( G1 )
0.05
1.4-2.7
NV ( G2 )
0.6
1.9 -2.4 or higher
Average removal rate (%)
Turbidity
90
98
SS
79
96
E. Coli
74
99
                                             21

-------
Conclusion
(Removal tests at the Pilot Plant)
 a The NV concentration in influent wastewater was 106
   to 107 copies/L

 The  NV removal rates
 a Activated sludge method — 0.6 log to 2.1 log.
 a Activated sludge with chemical addition
                	0.6 log to 2.9 log (5 mg-AL/L)
                -— 2.1 log to 3.5 log (10 mg-AL/L)
 a Sand filtration — about 0.6 log (G2)
 a Sand filtration with chemical addition (3 mg-AL/L)
                	1.4 log to 2.4 log
                                               22

-------
Future challenges
  In Japan there are no final effluent standards for
  viruses in sewage systems.
  a Present detection methods cannot quantitatively
    detect the presence or absence of pollutants.
  a The state of viruses in wastewater and in treated
    wastewater are not fully understood.

  The MLIT* established the Study Committee on
  viruses in Sewage Systems (2008)
  a To perform studies focused on the preparation of
    guidelines concerning NV removal technologies etc.

        *MLIT : Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism
                                                 23

-------
Future survey challenges
                  ft
  Clarifying the state of pathogens
  surveys of the removal of p
  wastewater treatment plants
  Evaluations of/cne safety pf \
  risk evaluation/method.
   Disinfection
   diactivates NV?
          and conduct
      hogens in

      iruses using the
 Combined Sewer
 Overflows (CSOs)

concentration of NV?
                                          24

-------
Research for Pathogens in Water Environment and
the Countermeasures in Sewerage
      Thank you
         for ygur kind attention


-------
                     Pathogens/ Microbes
Future Design Techniques for Chemical Disinfection
                      Dr. Charles N. Haas
        LD Betz Professor of Environmental Engineering, and
    Head, Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering Dept.
                       Drexel University

-------
     vkv >.;Betz Professor

       ^ORiiierita t E nrgi ti ^r i n

Dept.  of Civil. Architectural an
fy&fyf^&yfyj^jf    '-^^y^^j^^r'       \fJ^jf£    •• jr>p^^5^h

^Environmental Engineering
     4f% v^^y^y^'    '*''''£
              I ||^/S^^&9,///s^
             V- I \J\

-------
Outline
  Continuing motivation for better
  methods for design
  Historical evolution of design methods
  Vision for future framework
  What we have and what we need

-------
         Motivation
DBP/Recalcitrant
pathogens (water
 ^Balancing for
  competing risks
 ^Rational design to
  meet multiple
  criteria
Wastewater
 ^Balancing for
  ecological effects
  (as well as DBFs)
                    microbial
 process
  cost
byproduct
  risk

-------
Disinfection 0  (1820's-
               1900)
 Miasmatic Theory
 Dose for deodorization
 fc Averill (1832) -"When it is
   desirable to destroy the
   effluvia from drains, &c, or
   to purify the water of a
   cistern—dissolve about eight
   ounces of the chloride of
   lime in a  pail full of water,
   and disperse it into them.
   Repeat the operation until
   the object is effected/'
  -  5  g/L
                              - * • •••'•••

OTUBSTIBK,

-------
    Disinfection   1   (1900
                       1930's)
Dose  to give  inactivation  (some
realization  of demand,  time)
1900-1930's
 &  Hooker(1913)
"The exact amounts of chloride of lime
required for water from different
sources, etc., vary considerably.  The
average quantity employed in most
cases lies between 5  and  12 Ibs.  per
million gallons of water... Even larger
quantities up to 25 Ibs. have  been
employed."

Ca  0.5-3  mg/L
   AN INVESTIGATION OF THE LAWS
         OF DISINFECTION.

      Bv HARRIETTS CHICK, D.So. LONDON.
  Jama- Research Student, Lister Institute of Preventive Medicine.

           INTRODUCTION,
 THE work of Pasteur, showing the action of preservatives to be due
to their toxic effect upon micro-organisms, and the extension of the same
explanation, by the work of Lister, to cover the case of disinfectants and
disease germs, was followed by a considerable amount of successful work
dealing with the disinfectant action of fast numbers of substances upon
putrefying matter. (Buchholtz 1875 ; Jalan de la Croix 1881.)
 Robert Koch (1886), however, is responsible for the first systematic
experiments on disinfection, using pure cultures of bacteria. By
means of his "thread" method he investigated the effect on anthrax
spores of the then popular disinfectants, carbolic acid and sulphur dioxide,
and of many substances previously uninvestigated. He confirmed
previous work, demonstrating the powerful disinfectant, and even
greater antiseptic, properties of mercuric chloride, and the great
reputation of this salt may be said to date from these experiments.
  Shortly afterwards much interest was excited by the appearance of
the first of many emulsified disinfectants, creolin, and this substance
-was investigated by many contributors to the study of disinfection, e.g.,
Esmarch (1887) working with putrefying liquids, and Henle (1889), who
worked with cholera and typhoid. The latter also showed that creolin
contained higher homologues of phenol (cresols, etc.) which, themselves
only slightly soluble in water, are conveniently emulsified by the
ad&'cen of soap; these higher phenols are at the'same time more
powerful Disinfectants and less poisonous than carbolic acid. Fraenkel
(1889) showed that the extra disinfecting power of crude over pure
carbolic acid was due also to the admixture of higher phenols; he

-------
  Disinfection 2  (1930's-
                1970's)
 Application of kinetic theories.
 dependency on demand, temperature
New England Water Works Association
          ORGANIZED 1882
IVoL. LXI
DECEMBER, 1947
No. 4
\Tfiis Association, at a body, ii not rtiponsiblt far Me itatementi at opinion! at my ef til numbtri



   THE DYNAMICS OF WATER CHLORINATION*

 BY GORDON M. FAIR.t J. CARRELL MORRISJ AND SHIH LU CHANG**

            Srplember 16, 1947.]
                                Time Killed
                                15 min
                                3Omin
                                45 min
                                60 min
                              4   8   •   T   1    »   10
                                      pH«-lo9[H+]
                            Fie, 3.—DZSIRVCIION OF STOKES OF B. anlkracis BV CHLORINE AHB HTH in BUFFERED)
                                  DISTILLED AND TAP WATER AT 25° C.
                                    (950 to 2050 spores per ml)

-------
Recognition of a Problem



5 Full Scale Disinfection Contactors
 have non-ideal flow
                            \

-------
Disinfection 2.5 (1980,
        SWTR)
and use c*t = fCoH  temperature
TABLE 1
CT Values for Disinfectants to Inactivate 99,99%of Giardia Lamblia Cysts
USEPA Guidance Manual to the SWIFT
Disinfectant
Free Chlorine at 2 mg/l3



Ozone
Chlorine Dioxide
Chloramine (performed4)
pH
6
7
8
9
6-9
6-9
6-9
<1 C
165
236
346
500
2.9
63
3800
5'C
116
165
243
353
1.9
26
2200
10 C
87
124
182
265
1.43
23
1 850
20 C
44
62
91
132
0,72
15
1100
25 €
29
41
61
88
0.48
11
750

-------
  Problems with 2.5
               All have mean=30 min
                 andtlCMlOmin
o.oo
  o
20
40    60.
  time (mm)
80
100

-------
Disinfection 3 - Integrated
     Disinfection Design
Framework (1977-current)
Trussell & Chao
 & Application of
  chemical reaction
  engineering theory
 fc Assumption of
  complete segregated
  flow
Maior improvement
over 2/2.5
But there are still
 •roblems
                     batch C(t)
        continuous flow - f(t)
time
residence time
                       prediction of continuous
                         flow performance

-------
       Problems with  3
                 Q f(T)dr
  I  I  iii
Also, need RTD to
design - which may
not be available if
system is not built
                            Utility ID

-------
Disinfection 4 - Vision
Given
 4> Water quality information
 *> Design dose
 *> Contactor geometry and
   flow
Predict a priori
 4> Inactivation performance
 4> DBP production
Optimize aeometrv. dose.
                           We need
  That minimize cost &
  Satisfy the multiple (and
  increasing) regulatory
  concerns
Predictive model of
inactivation kinetics
Predictive model of
disinfectant demand
Predictive model of
DBP formation
kinetics
Predictive model of
continuous flow
reactor performance
(hydraulics and
concentrations)
                   Remainder of presentation

-------
  Inactivation Model Incorporating
              Water Quality
 Time,
 residual
 temperatur
 e,  pH,
 alkalinity
     Crypi\ospori\dium
o.oi
               0.001
              0.0001
                 0.0001
        0.001
0.01
                         Predicted Survival
Calibrated System M
           Neural Network Mode
                in progress

-------
   Direct CFD Model -
        Chlorination
Direct CFD solution
 ^Eulerian-Eulerian disinfection model
 ^Simultaneous solution of continuity,
 momentum and mass transfer equations
   ^Accounting for reaction terms of disinfectant (1st
   order with immediate demand) and inactivation
   (Horn)
 ^Use of k-e model for turbulence closure
 (small Reynolds number option)
 ^Use of commercial package (CFX)

-------
  Pilot Chlorine Contactor
  ?Three-oass serpentine reactor
     3 gpm (11.4 liter/min)
     theoretical hydraulic detention
     time=3hr
     NaOCI was added to the contactor
     through an in-line static mixer
     8 intermediate taps
Funding - AWWARF, Collaborators - Montgomery-
Watson

-------
      RTD Prediction  (not fitting)
                       Predicted Tracer Curve
                       Experimental
                 \     r
Experimental and Predicted Tracer Curves for Pass 1
              Monitor Location

-------
       Residual  Prediction (not fitting)
Representative Chlorine Concentration
Plot for Reactor - Run Rl (a) Plan at
Mid-Depth; (b) Profile at Mid-Width.
        MJ
        •L
X
             Experimental Value =46 mg/L
                       6.00
                       5.00
                                  4.00
                       3.00
                                  2.00
                                  1.00
                                            Bull Run - MC
                                           • Willamette - MC
                                            Bull Run - FC
                                            Willamette - FC
                                  0.00
     Y
                 CHLORINE
             (B)
             5.0OOOE+OO
             4.9O67E + OO
             4.7783E+OO
             4.65OOE-I.OO
             4.5217E + QO
             4.3933EH-OO
             4.3OOOE-1-OO
                                     0.00      2.00       4.00
                                           Predicted Chlorine (mg/L)
                                                      6.00

-------
 Inactivation Prediction  (not fitting)
QuickTime™ and a Photo - JPEG decompressor are needed to see this picture
QuickTime™ and a Photo - JPEG decompressor are needed to see this picture
Representative Viable
Microorganism Density Plot for
Reactor - Run Rl, (a) Plan at
Mid-Depth; (b) Profile at Mid-
Width
                            100%
90%

80%
                             70%
                             60%

                             50%
                             40%
                             30%
                             20%
10%
	IDDF
   CFD
         In (OBSERVED) - In (PREDICTED)

-------
Countercurrent
Pilot O3 Column
       CFD captures
       gradual
       consumption of
       indigo

       CFD images
       provide greater
       resolution of
       bubble plume than
       photographs
       (averaging)
    Bartrand,  2006
                                    (b) CFD, Color Contours

-------
  Full scale reactor - Alameda County Water
         District (ACWD) mng-ui .2oo6)
           gassing boundary at water surface
Water inlet
(specified normal
velocity and
Crypiosporidium
density)
Q,,,= 9.5MGD
                           Symmetry plane
                         Water discharge
                         (specified
                         pressure)
Gas inlet (specified
normal velocrty and
O3 concentration)
               = -| 80 SCmh
O "Rough " grid (700,000
  elements)
O First order ozone decay
              O First order Cryptosporidium
                parvum inactivation
              O First order bromate formation
Demonstration  of
         Full  Scale
         Feasibility
 (Bartrand,  2006)
                                                Dissolved ozone concentration
                                           Ozone decays rapidly;
                                           almost no residual
                                           when water reaches the
                                           third chamber
Predicted inactivation
matches gross
measurements made in
full scale contactors
                                                                 CryptGipofidufn parvum Number Density (wg/L)
                                                         Bromate formation rate
                                           Bromate formation hot
                                           spots coincide with
                                           regions of high ozone
                                           concentration
                                           Predicted bromate
                                           concentration matches
                                           gross measurements
                                           made in full scale
                                           contactors

-------
 Needs for Future R&D
More extensive tests of NN kinetic
model fittin<
 ^Data gathering to fill in gaps (rich
  spectrum of water characteristics)
Exploration of NN for predictive
DBP and demand models
Validation of CFD a
full scale
roaches in

-------
Current state of art
     Obtain kinetic
     parameters,
     decay, in batch
Vision for future
state of art
                                  Kinetics from
                                  expert system data
                                  base
   Run pilot studies
   under different
   conditions
     Engineering
     evaluation of
     performance,
     reliability
                                 Simulation of many
                                 design alternatives
                             Role  of
                             Metamodeling
    Full scale design
    and construction

-------
   Oh and  by the way
If we can do this for disinfection
 ^ Why not for
   ^ Coagulation/flocculation
   -^Filter performance...
And we can build self-learnin
treatment plants

-------
  Acknowledgements
            (partial)
Sponsors
US EPA
AWWARF
IDA
Phila. Water Dept.
Montgomery-Watson
LD Betz Endowment
                  Collaborators
                      fcG. Finch (U Alberta)
                      ^Former Students
                        qDr. Dennis Greene
                        (M&E/AECOM)
                        ^Dr. Tim Bart rand
                        (Clancy)
                      ^R Trussell, J Jacangelo, J
                      Oppenheimer
                      (Montgomery)
                      ^Dr. B Farouk (Mech. E.,
                      Drexel)

-------
Watershed Management

-------
                Watershed Management
Measure for the Water Quality Improvement in
                   Dam Basin
                Mr. Hiroyuki Nakajima
               Chief, Management Section
  Kizugawa Dams Integrated Operation and Management Office
                 Japan Water Agency

-------
Measure for the water quality improvement in dam basin
            Hiroyuki NAKAJIMA
        Japan Water Agency (JWA)

-------
                        Contents
1. Introduction
2.The situation of eutrophication in JWA dams reservoirs
3.Water quality improvement facilities and their effects
4.Conclusions

-------
1.Introduction
      Target Areas of JWA

-------
1.Introduction
     Eutrophication phenomenon (Algal  blooms)
     Blue-green algae
Fresh water red tide

-------
 2.The situation of eutrophication in JWA dams reservoirs
 Total Phosphorus (T-P) and Chlorophyll-a and Classification of the


 Degree of Eutrophication






        Item          Oligotrophy     Mesotrophy     Eutrophy      Remarks



Annual average total
                      4rk   ,  3   ^rn or*   /  3    or*   /  3   Vollenweider
phosphorus levels        < 10 mg/m   10 to 30 mg/m   > 30 mg/m
/   .  Qx
(mg/m3)


Annual average                                                      ^

chlorophyll a levels       < 2.5 mg/m3   2.5 to 8 mg/m3   > 8 mg/m3    OECD 1982

(mg/m3)	

-------
 2.The situation of eutrophication in JWA dams reservoirs
          Number of facilities by eutrophication classification
        Annual average T- P in the surface layer of
             dam reservoirs (27 facilities)
CO
CD
O
CO
E
100%

 80%

 60%

 40%

 20%

  0%
         '96 '97 '98 '99 '00 '01 '02 '03 '04 '05
             ^ _>     Year
                                                     Annual average chlorophyll- a in the surface layer of
                                                            dam reservoirs (27 facilities)
                                                                                 25
                                                                                 20
                                                                                    00
                                                                                 15  I
                                                                                    CL
                                                                                    O
                                                                                 10  I
                                                                                    o
                                                                                    30mg/ m3
       <10mg/m3
                         10 ~ 30mg/ m3
                         'Average
                                                >8.0mg/ m3
                                                <2.5mg/ m3
2.5 ~ 8.0mg/ m3
'Average

-------
 2.The situation of eutrophication in JWA dams reservoirs
    Monthly and yearly changes in the number of facilities


              where had blue-green algae and fresh water red tide
 20
V)
CD
o
CO
CD
_Q

E
 10
CD ^
i- «J
  0
       Blue- green algae  m Freashwater red tide
                                   co
                                   CD
                                    6
                                   i5
o
TO
 0

Blue- areen alaae • Freashwater red tide
PI









"


















III










-


—




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-1
























i


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I!
PI


    '96 '97 '98 '99 '00 '01 '02 '03 '04 '05

                  Year
   1234567
                 Month
9 10  11

-------
S.Water quality improvement facilities and their effects
     N
•,Ph
              Algal bloom  Sunlight^
             Bypass
        The measure against eutrophication in dam reservoir;

-------
(1) Selective  Intakes
            Hot water

          Discharge from low layer
                                               =^   Hotwater


                                                   Cold water
Lower a water level
         Cold water discharge (The decline of the water temperature)
         Inflow
         \
              Lower a water level
                    Hot water
                    ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^m

                    Cold water
                                           ^Inflow
                                                        Algal bloom
                                              -Hot water
   Discharge low layer with lower a water level
   Deep water depth     ^J

   (abiods Algal boom depth)

-------
 (2) Aerating circulation facilities
 Mechanism


(1) Effect of keeping blue-green algae in the darkness

(2)  Effect  of  nullifying the ability  of  blue-green algae to  regulate
  buoyancy through control of water temperature gradient and!yertical
  mixing of the upper layer                               |

(3) Effects of spreading nutrient salts throughout the shallow layer
(4) Effect of encouraging the growth of diatoms and other types of
  algae

-------
(2) Aerating circulation facilities

     Outline
                                                    Sunlight
     Inflow of nutrient
     salts
Aerating circulation
                                                    Eupnoticzone
                   Place of
                   darkness
                                                       Release
                                                       of water

-------
(2) Aerating circulation facilities
    l)Overview of the aeration circulation
     •    The purpose of the aeration circulation is to restrain the explosive-
          occurrence of the algae (phyto-plankton) such as blue-green alge
          by vertical-circulation on the dam lake with the air foam from the
          about 15-20 meter water depth.
            Figure
          The depth of sunlight reach
           The depth of no sunlight
                       Water flow
            Water flow
vertical movement
                                                                        tf

-------
(2)  Aerating circulation  facilities
       2) Vertical distribution of water temperature
       •    Until 2002 when waterbloom was seen,water temperature of surface
            influence by outside temperature and thermocline is formed
       •    But since 2004, waterbloom was not seen with aeration circuration
            thermocline is not formed
                                                  is high

                                                  ,and
                 16.0
18.0
20.0
  Vteter Tenrrerature ( °C )
22.0   24.0   26.0   28.0
                                                         18-July-OO 10:23
                                                         12-July-01 10: 11
                                                         22-July-02 10:27
                                                         15-July-2003 10:36
                                                         20-j uly-2004 9:42
                                                         19-July-2005 10:44
                Vertical water temperature distribution ( July 2000 ~ 2005)
                          Notes:Aba(standard point) field survey

-------
(2)  Aerating circulation  facilities
     3)Relation between  Water temperature of dam lake surface(O.Sm)
        and Microcystis number of cells
      •    When water temperature of surface becomes high,Microcystis number of
            cells become more than 10,000 cells
                        Microcystis number of cells and WateTemperature
                                        D<1,000(cells/ml)
                                        n<100,000(cells/ml)
                             <10,000(cells/ml)
                             >100,000(cells/ml)
                    100%
                     90%
                     80%
                     70%
                     60%
                     50%
                     40%
                     30%
                     20%
                     10%
                      0%
                    Times (time
- 15
75(times)
                          - 20       - 25
                         38(times)    38(times)
                           Water temrerature (°C )
Water temperature and Microcystis number of cells
 Notes: result of regular water survey(per month) 1989-2004(standard point surface 0.
                                                    I
                                                                                 >

-------
(2)  Aerating circulation facilities
       4)The installation site of the aeration

       •    Aeration installs about 1km interval from damsite to 3km of upper.

       •    And operating the aeration from about 20m depi
                                 Kizu river
                       Nol
                          Tkayama

                          bridge    .
                               Tukigas

                               bridge
                           Hachiman
                               Aeration

                             1km No4
        Dam site -> upper
                                         Aeration install site
           Takavama dam   ^riverbed level :measures in 2002
140
135
130
125
•§• 120
d ' lb
- 110
9J -ins
> 105
-1 100
95
90
85

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-------
(2) Aerating  circulation  facilities
          5)The operation of Aeration circulation
           Four(4) aeration circulation were introduced from 2000 to 2003
           Operated one(l) aeration in 2002,two(2) aeration in 2003,and four(4) aeration
           continues since 2004
1 tern
1 nst al 1 at i on year
of aeration
Aer at on ISb 1
Aer at on ISb 2
Aer at on ISb 3
Aer at on N3 4
1 ni t i al cost ( one aer at i on)
» \ —• '• •/
r unni ng cost ( el ect lie f ee )
* ( i nspect i on )
Aerat i on dent h A r vol urne
cont ent s
2001
2002
2003
2003
About 65 000 000 ven
About 2 700 000 ven
About 600 000 ven
0- 20met er 5 6rrfi/ rri n

year
2002
2003
2004
Jan
F



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F



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1 No.2 f

Four(4) aeration operates (No.
1- No.4 )
L






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F






M

w


K

L




Nov
F




M



L



Dec
F



M



L


_
               Mntoc- P -Pirct ton rla\/c  M • Mirlrllo ton rla\/c
I • I act ton rla\/«

-------
(2) Aerating  circulation  facilities
  6)Number of cells about Microcystis in Takayama Dam

      •    Before 2002, Microcystis number of cells was always 10,000cells/ml or
            more, but since 2003, Microcystis number of cells decrease
                       The cell number of Microcystis dam site (surface )
 ^100,000
 E 90,000
 ^ 80,000
 ® 70,000
 ;» 60,000
 a) 50,000
 " 40,000
 ° 30,000
 & 20,000
 I 10,000
       0
                  Aeration set up
                      _ j _ _    _ j _ _    j j
        '95   '96    '97   '98    '99   '00   '01    '02   '03    '04   '05   '06
                       The cell number of Phormidium in dam site (surface )
60,000
^ 55,000
E 50 000

1 45,000
o 40,000
w 35,000
0 30,000
o ^ ,- ^ ^ ^
^ 25,000
° 20,000
B 15,000
| 10,000
c 5,000
0
I I I
I I I
I I I
I I I
I I I
I I I
I I I
I I I
I I I
I I I
I I I
L L LI
:::::.::
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i i~i
i 1 1
i i
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i i
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'95   '96    '97   '98    '99   '00
'01
                                              '02   '03   '04    '05   '06    '07

-------
(2) Aerating  circulation facilities
 6)Number of cells about Microcystis in Takayama Dam

      •    A lot of number of cells about Microcystis was seen on surface at 2000-2002,
           but since 2003, is not seen from surface to deep bottom
               5,000
      Microcystis number of cells (cells/ ml)
10,000   15,000    20,000   25,000   30,000    35,000
                     16-Aug-OO
                     13-Aug-03
                16-Aug-OI
                30- Aug- 04
13-Aug-02
24- Aug- 05
              ^Displayed with overlap at 2003 - 2005
      Vertical distribution of number of Microcystis cells
         (August, 2000-2005)standard point 0.5, 2.5, 5.0, 10, and 25m
                                                                        8,527,200cells/ml
                                                                        265,032cells/ml

-------
(2) Aerating  circulation facilities
  7) Annual occurrence fresh water red tide and blue-green algewater bloom

     •   Water bloom  was seen every year in summer (from July to September),
         but since 2003 which two aeration operates , water bloom isn't seen
                                        Fresh water red tide
Blue-green alg
1
¥3fc
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
?000
?001
?00?
2QQ3
?nn4
?005
?00fi
9007
Jar
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M















|















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Feb
M














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Mar
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|














Aor
F














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|















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May
M














|














Jun
F














M















|














Jul
F














M














|














Auc
F














M















|














Sen
F














M














|














Oct
F














M














|















F














Nov
M














|















F














Dec
M














|














                                              >x< Observation by watching

-------
(2) Aerating circulation  facilities
     8)Status of blue-green alge(Dam site point 2000-2005)
       •    Waterbloom was seen in 2000-2002 ,but was not seen in 2003-2005
        ^Photograph (Dam site point  August 2000 - 2005 )
          August 17 2000 waterbloom
Auaust 15 2001 v\aterbloom
Auaust 14 2002 vvaterbloom
          August 2003 No v\at er bloom  Aunust 18 ?004 No v\flt fir bl oorr
                         August  24 2005 No v\at er bloom

-------
(3)Separative curtain
    1) Outline of separative curtain in Shourenji dam
                                              Funou river
              Separative  curtain
                                                             „     Funou river
                                                             Dam site -» upper
              Dam site
                                                 Separative curtain
                                                       Kaochi

                                                       1)
                                                               88888888888
                   Dam site -> upper
                  300
                                       Shourenji river Xwater bed level :measure in 2004
                                                       Full water level E.L277.0m
                                                  Sepflrative curtain
                       Limit water level in flood season E.L273.0m
                    r->OOOoOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
                      oooooooooooooooooooooooooooo
                                                                             "
Shourenji
   Kajika
   bridge

-------
(S)Separative curtain
     © The measure against
     eutrophication in dam reservoirs
                          inflow
@ The measure against turbidity
in dam reservoirs

-------
(3)Separative  curtain
  2)Function and effect of fractionation fences

  D Prevention of expansion of blue-green algae and freshwater red tide
  D Reduction of nutrient flowing into the surface layer on the lower stream side of
     the curtain
   Inflow of nutrient salts
             Reservoir fractionation fence
                 Depletion of nutrient salts in the
                 production layer of algae
         Bypassing of nutrient salts by selective intake
                                             Release
                                             of water

-------
(3)Separative curtain

  3) effects of curtain
                 Numbers of Peridinium cells
                                                                  Installation of a reservoir
                                                                  fractionation fence
10000

 1000
   Is
  100

   10
               Peridinium

                       1

           '94     '95      '96     '97      '98      '99      '00
              Changes over Time in the Numbers of Peridinium Cells
'01     '02
                                                                        '03
                     Upstream side of the fence
                     lowerstream side of the fence
   Q
               2000    4000    6000     8000
                   Numbers of Peridinium cells
                      (Numberof cells/ml)
                                       10000
  Vertical Distribution of Numbers of Peridinium Cells (2002)

-------
                  4.Conclusions
l.Measures,such as selective intakes,aeration
circulation,separative curtain are effective for conservation
of water quality in reservoirs.

2.It is necessary for dam management to effort for bett
operation over monitoring of effects.
3.We have to progress the technical innovation to
people with good quality water.
sup]

-------
Thank  you

-------
                 Watershed Management
  Management of the Impact of Earthquake on
                Sewerage Services
                   Mr. Osamu Fujiki
     Director, Wastewater and Sludge Management Division
             Water Quality Control Department
National Institute for Land and Infrastructure Management (NILIM)
     Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism

-------

                  -
                        Management of the Impact

                        of Earthquake on Sewerage Services
                          "  • ;


                       rtt^mn Cl I III/"!
         k:

                   f _..wps;
Osamu FUJIKI

Director of Water Quality Control Department

National Institute for Land and Infrastructure Management
              ^


                    •
                    >'-.
                     .
                            ~>: ?V , '• ..    '-•
                              -i  .-'•'.'   -C-

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                           iW

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                             * u W*. _ -
Wt'

  a
         V
 •
   U.S.-Japan Joint Conference on Drinking Water Quality Management and Wastewater Control
      .               • ;-
                                                ^ - •

                                               I

-------
Distribution map of earthquake's epicenter
         80"N
         40"N
                                  North Ann ncan Plate
               South Amer* i Plato
         40'S
         eo's
                                 J70"E

Earthquake's epicenter
    1991-2001
   magnitude: >5
   depth < 100km
                                Source : the Japan Meteorological Agency

-------
    The Niigata-Ken Chuetsu Earthquake
                   (2004.Oct.23)  M6.8
   Seismic Intensity Distribution
     i 37.3 degrees north latitude, 138.9 degrees of east longitude,
               depth 13km M6.8
3
Source: Japan Meteorological Agency

-------
' '      •fabu^B -

-------


f

-------
Wr*

-------

-------
 soil
accumulat
  3.4%

being
buried in
 water
 3.9%
         Classification of damage  of
         Sewer pipes and  manholes
out break of crack
   2.6%
 stagnant
  water
  31.1%
invasion
 water
  .8%
            breakdown
             of damage
            of sewer pipes
       road
      surface
      caving
       holes
       58.2%
             others
             19.9°'
                          float in
                          manhole
                          41.8%
                                         cover
                                          1.9%
                      breakdown
                      of damage
                      of manholes
                                    body
                                    17.4%
                                                       earth and
                                                       sand
                                                       5.0%
failure of
  pipe
connection
  3.9%
   8

-------
Process  of manhole    uplift
                              4) ground settlement
  2) Uplifted MH

  by buoyancy
                                soil liquefaction
\
i
i
                               High

                             groundwater

                               level
         3) Flow liquefied sand under MH

-------


-------

*  --

-------
1   * *A

                   1

-------
'

-------
    Concept of damage estimation method
                    for sewer pipes
Output: damage
estimation map
i Amount of damage ($)
: Length of
i   damage pipe (Km)
iPipe damage rate
                    X
                   s
               : Calculation
and estimation
                         -B-



                   Input
Location ,type, diameter, and
length of a sewer pipe

seismic intensity
PL value
Data from Central Disaster Prevention Council

Data of digital
topographical map
   14

-------
   Potential of Liquefaction  (PL)

  PL is the weighted sum of the strength against
  the sharing stress toward depth at the ground in
  question.
  PL is used as an indicator of liquefaction.
     value
potential of liquefaction
       0
     0
-------
    Concept of damage estimation method
         for WWTP &  Pumping Station
Output: damage
estimation map
Amount of damage ($)

Classification by
   degree of damage

Damage rate (%)
I--
i
M
•I
-.1
                Calculation
and estimation
Input
                                        Location and earthquake
                                        safety type of WWTP &
                                        Pumping st
                                         seismic intensity
                                         PL value
                                         Data from Central Disaster Prevention Council

                                         Data of digital
                                         topographical map
   16

-------
Target  :

   Expected North Tokyo  Bay Earthquake

             simulated by Central Disaster Prevention Council


 • Estimated earth quake center
    Northern Tokyo Bay (located immediately below
   Tokyo Metropolitan Area)
 • Target magnitude 7.3 based  on earthquake record/
   ancient writing  in Japan since 1600

 • According to earthquake record/ ancient writing in Japan since 1600,
 ~> Over Magnitude 8.0 :  2 earthquakes in 1703 and 1922
 -> Over Magnitude 8.0 :  Low- frequency in next 100 years

 -> Magnitude 7.0-8.0 : 10++ earthquakes since 1600
 -> Magnitude 7.0-8.0 : a couple of earthquakes in last 200 years
 -> Magnitude 7.0-8.0 : Possibility in next 100 year
   17                           (Source: Central Disaster Prevention Council)

-------
 Seismic Intensity Distribution Map
of the North Tokyo Bay Earthquake
18
Source : the Central Disaster Prevention Council

-------
     PL value distribution map of the
       North Tokyo Bay Earthquake
                             ^i^-n/
19
      {
      5

o
^r
t
1I.O



                      Source : the Central Disaster Prevention Council

-------
     Damage rate estimation map of
    sewer pipe under the North Tokyo
            Bay Earthquake

              ttv
    -
                                N



                               W   E


                                S

                           .-
                       .


Damage Rate
of Sewer(t)

 o
 0-25
• 2.5-50
• SO-IO 0
 10 0-W C
• Wfl-300
20

-------
 Classification Map of WWTP damage
under the North Tokyo Bay Earthquake
                             -
      :

i
 •
    ~ *^yi* *•*"•"• ~
          '
   '
                             Type
                                  w  • t

                                    -I'  i
                                C§pao!ty(m3/d)
                               V;' 0-5,000
                               "^ 6.000-10.000

                                 25.000-50,000

                                ' >100,000
Type-1
Damage by ground
lateral flow with
liquefaction
Type-2
Damage by
liquefaction
Type-3
Damage by seismic
force
Type-4
Slight damage
21

-------
  Estimation  of Damage of Pipe
                    Average
                 Max
  Km of damaged pipe
   Km of current pipe
   2.9%
   22.0%
    Amount of
     damage
   (million US $)
5,343 million
38,888 million
                                1 US$=100JPN

  Area: Saitama pref, Chiba pref .Tokyo metropolitan area .Kanagawa pref
22

-------
     Estimation of Damage of
    WWTP & Pumping station
                  Average
               Max
    Amount of
    damage
  (million US $)
1,590 million
4,056 million
                              1 US$=100JPN

Area: Saitama pref, Chiba pref .Tokyo metropolitan area .Kanagawa pref
   122 WWTPs and 537 Pumping stations
23

-------
   Estimation of the Number of people who
         can't access sewage system
                     Average
                Max
 Number of people
  As daytime population
961,000
6,431,000
Area: Saitama pref, Chiba pref ,Tokyo metropolitan area ,Kanagawa pref
    122 WWTPs and 537 Pumping stations
24

-------
    Answer to the Questionnaire on the Survival

                after a Huge Earthquake

225 (male:89, female: 136) out of 700 nominated office workers replied to the
questions on the supposition that they have to stay at office without water supply
for flush toilet for 3 days after a huge earthquake
How do you relieve yourself in case of no toiret service
for 3 days in your office after a huge earthquake ?
-29
30-39
OX)
40-49
50-
0°
50.0
-
46.2
-
48.4
-
35.0
1 I
/o 20% 40%
33.3 16.7

44.0 | 9.9

40.6 10.9

55.0 | 10.0
1 I
60% 80% 100%
D relieve myself outdoors D relieve myself indoors, wrapping D stand waiting for toiret service
e.g. in blind alleies it in paper or plastic bags for 3 days
  25
Survey field : Central Business District around Tokyo Station

-------
          Scenario Analysis
          for Biwako-Yodogawa River water system
•  Wastewater Treatment Plant

•  Damaged Wastewater Treatment Plant

•  Intake for Drinking Water
                      Kyoto
           Katsura River-v O
     Osaka   /~O  Osaka
     Bay
 26
                 Suppositions

      Large scale earthquake of
      maximum seismic intensity six-odd
      on the Japanese scale attacks
Biwa upriver area of Yodogawa River
      basin in winter when the river flow
      rate is relatively small.

      6 wastewater plants are damaged
      and cease to work. The influent
      raw sewage is discharges into
      Yodogawa River without treatment
      but simple clarifier and chlorination
      facility resume their functions on
      the 5 day after the earthquake.

      Water supply is cut  off just after
      the earthquake. But 25 % of the
      capacity is restored on the 5th day
      after the earthquake and total
      capacity is completely restored on
      the 46th day.

-------
Estimated Change in
the Concentrations of
Coliform Bacteria and
Cryptosporidium

at the water intake point
of 26 km upstream from
the river mouth
  3.0E+04
                                     -5
hJ
VI
-M
VI
VI
O
                                 4*
                                 u
                                 O
                                U
                                     -5
                                                 Coliform bacteria (Winter)
                                         No treatment

                                         Clarification and chlorination
                    10   15    20    25    30   35   40    45    5C
                     Pays after the earthquake
                                                   Cryptosporidium (Winter)
                                                                         No treatment

                                                                         Clarification and chlorination
                   10
 15    20   25   30    35
Days after the earthquake
40
45
50
  27

-------
    Estimated Variation
    in the Concentration  of Toxic Substances in Drinking Water
  \j. 10
  0.05
  0.00
  0.02
  0.0)
  0.1
          Limit for drinking water
                        I   ™  I
     ^ ^ ~ ^ Pg CM
                   ^ ^ ^ ~- ^- CM CM
                                  be
                                  Q
                                 s
                                      Removal Rate in the Process
                                      of Water Purification
                                                           I  8ft  I
103
102
101
inn

.





,
/







s


s,



^
•

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•— •


— .






80V
u.uj



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s~ ^*^
/

/
fSLJ
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                                        ggggggggggggggggggg

                                        J
                                        — — — — CM fM       — — — — — CMfM
Targeted Toxic Substances
(1) Lead and its compounds (as the concentration of lead) (2) Arsenic and its compounds (as the
concentration of arsenic) (3) Hexavalent chromium and its compounds (as the concentration of
hexavalent chromium) (4) Phenols (as the concentration of phenol) (5) Cyanide ion and cyanogen
chloride (as the concentration of cyanogen) (6) Toluene
    Suppositions

Damaged area is caught in a
shower of 25mm in total for 6
hours.

The storm water washes toxic
substances out of the damaged
factories and other business
facilities and conveys them into
Yodogawa River.

The damage ratio is set at 0.23.

Half amount of every stored toxic
substance in damaged  facilities
is assumed to be washed out
into the river.

The storage amount is set at
2weeks / 52 weeks (a year) of
the annual dealing amount which
is estimated from the data
registered in the  PRTR
(Pollutant Release and  Transfer
Register) System.
                      28

-------
Example of the Earthquake-proof Reinforcement
          in a Wastewater Treatment Plant
29
(Facility that needs quakeproof neasures)
D : Faci I i ty t hat ray st rongl y be
 daraged by eart hquake
El : Faci I i t y t hat ray be daraged by eart hquake
— : j oi nt
                              (D sast er prevent i on measures)
                             HI : Fjcpansi on j oi nt s
                             M : A new bypass pipe

-------
   Disasters occur because they
   come too late to remember
30

-------
                    Watershed Management
Understanding of Pollutant Behavior in a River Basin
                       Mr. Yuji Okayasu
          Senior Researcher, Water Quality Research Team
                Water Environment Research Group
              Public Works Research Institute (PWRI)

-------
                                  Title
Understanding of Pollutant Behavior
          in a River Basin
     Yuji Okavasu. Yutaka Suzuki
    Water quality research division,
    Public Works Research Institute
                                  00/20

-------
                                       Introduction
>The Water Pollution Control Law legislated in 1970
  defined Environmental Water Quality Standards (EWQS)
  as targets for water quality management, and effulent
  standards for industries were established.

> In order to effectively meet EWQSs, comprehensive
  watershed-wide sewerage master plans have been
  prepared and updated.

> River water quality parameters for living environments
  improved, however, there has been little improvement in
  lake, inner bay and estuary water quality.
                                               01 720

-------
                                              Introduction
Trend of share of types of
domestic wastewater treatment systems
  c
  i 100
c
o
"-I—•
-|  50
Q.
O
Q_
      0
            No treatment
                                                Vault toilet
                                             (nightsoil collection
                                               and treatment)
                                               Sewage system
                                              Onsite treatment
                                                  system	I
          1970 1975 1980 1985 1990  1995 2000 2005
                                                       02/20

-------
                                            Introduction
Trend of percentage of water quality monitoring station
where water quality standard is achieved

     100
  CD
  D)
  CD
  O

  CD
  CL
      80
60
40
20
       0
                              River
                              (BOD)


                              Lake
                              (COD)


                              I nner bay
                              and estuary
                              (COD)
O)
CO  CN  CD
l^-  CO  CO
O)  O)  O)
                O
                O)  O)
                O)  O)
                             CO
                             O)
                             O)
CN
O
O
CN
CD
O
O
CN
                                                     03/20

-------
                 Method 1 : Watershed Modeling
 >  Major contributors to water quality pollution
     in lake, inner bay and estuary
      1) Excessive algal production
      2) Release from sediment
I	1 3) Storm water runoff
^ Delivered loads from a river catchment were
   estimated and compared by two methods.
     >Method 1 : Watershed Modeling
       Commercially available watershed model
       (InfoWorks CS )	
     >Method 2 : Unit Load Approach
                                          04/20

-------
                      Method 1 : Watershed Modeling
> Location of study catchment
    Hiroshima
 Fukuoka
  s
  o
              Sapporo,
Cewright'CJ 2007 TSUKUI Mwratitral Inc. Al Sghts Reserved
              Nagoya
              Kyoto
              Osaka
              Kobe
   Tokyo
Kawasaki
                    Pacific
                    Ocean
                0     50km
                I	i
                                                        05/20

-------
                   Method 1 : Watershed Modeling
> General information about the study catchment
                       > Name of catchment
                          Otsu River catchment
                          Otsu River runs into the lake Tega
                          Tone River sub-catchment
                       >Area
                          36.798km2
                       > Annual rainfall
                          Average 1,302 mm / year
                          2003    1,751 mm/year
                       > Population / Population density
                          216,459*   /  5,854/km2*
                       > Percentage of sewered population
                          58.5%'
f(2003)
                                                 06/20

-------
                  Method 1  : Watershed Modeling
Construction
 of model
                 Geography
              Hydraulic conditions
              Base flow discharge
 Flow rate
 simulation
 Wastewater
characteristics
                  Land use
 Monitored
 precipitation
   data
                 Monitored
                  flow rate
                   data
                > Model validation procedure
                                         Water quality
                                          simulation
                                                        Monitored
                                                       water quality
                                                          data
                                                       07/20

-------
                  Method 1  : Watershed Modeling
                      V
                      "CD

(



1 U
1 R
I 3
on
oU
/in
4U

n
5/31 6/1 Date 6/2
D 12 0 12 0 12


• Rainfall fmm/h^
1 1 \dn 1 1 en i 1 1 1 1 1 1 it 1 1 1
L


* Monitored
^~ Simulated

-.
-x*v.1M l( j u
(
(












3/3
D












                      0)
                      H
                      CO
                      co
400

200

  0
Monitored
Simulated
                             Examples of validation results
   and water quality wonitoring
at 10 sites (3 times^r site) during dry weather
at  3 sites (3 times per site) during rainfall events
                                                   08/20

-------
                Method 1 : Watershed Modeling
Model run results
> Annual average specific discharge
         2,627m3/d/km2 ( = 959 mm/year)

>Annual delivered loads
  from the Otsu River catchment to the lake Tega
  estimated by the watershed model (InfoWorks
 CS)
                                ( Unit : t / year)
BOD
645
COD
791
T-N
293
T-P
32
                                        09/20

-------
                 Method 2 :  Unit Load Approach
 >  Major contributors to water quality pollution
     in lake, inner bay and estuary
      1) Excessive algal production
      2) Release from sediment
I - 1 3) Storm water runoff
^ Delivered loads from a river catchment were
   estimated and compared by two methods.
     >Method 1 : Watershed modeling
       Commercially available watershed model
       (InfoWorks CS
     I ^Method 2 : Unit load approach
                                          10/20

-------
                       Method 2 :  Unit Load Approach
            Channel,
            Stream
Sedimentation
Adsorption
Decomposition
Denitrification
etc
                          Pollution source
                             Treatment
                              facility
                                              Generated load
                      Discharged load
Pollutant delivery ratio =
 Delivered load
Discharged load
                                              Delivered load
         Receiving water
                                                        11/20

-------
                    Method 2 : Unit Load Approach
> Estimation of discharged loads
*On-site wastewater treatment facility
 On-site nightsoil treatment facility
Category
Domestic
Livestock
Industrial
Non-point
source
Total
Pollutant
source
Sewer
On-site WTF*
On-site NTF**
Vault toilet


Paddy field
Dry field
Forest
Urban

Number
126,627
23,453
43,585
22,794
162

229.0
1046.6
362.9
2059.3

Unit load Value
Unit
g
/capita
/day
g
/head
/day

g
/ha
/day

BOD
COD
T-N
T-P
Discharged load [ t / y ]
BOD
COD
T-N
T-P
(Diversion)
10.9
44.3
40
6.0

88
88
8.42
8.42

7.7
21.7
17
4.4

119
33.1
34.9
103

6.5
7.9
2
1.4

3.27
69.2
5.8
30.2

5
1.03
0.40
0.85

3.33
0.86
0.80
1.53

93
705
333
0.4
34
7.4
34
1.1
6.3
1214
66
344
141
0.3
34
9.9
13
4.6
77.4
691
56
126
17
0.1
40
2.7
26
0.8
22.7
288
6.4
16
3.3
0.1
6.6
0.3
0.3
0.1
1.2
35
                                                    12/20

-------
                        Method 2 : Unit Load Approach
 > Estimation of discharged loads
            *On-site wastewater treatment facility
            ** On-site nightsoil treatment facility
DC
Liv
Inc
Nd
so
To
    Relative pollutant source contribution
On-site WTF
On-site NTF
Vault toilet
Industrial
Livestock
Paddy field
Dry field
Forest
Urban
    Discharged Load (COD)
          :691 t/year
               -p
                                                  Discharged load [ t / y ]
    BOD
    COD
               Diversion)
                                              .03
                                             ).40
).85
$.33
                                             ).86
                                             ).80
.53
                                                   93
    705
    333
0.4
     34
7.4
     34
     1.1
6.3
                   1214
    T-N
          66
    344
     141
 0.3
     34
 9.9
     13
     4.6
77.4
         691
          56
     126
      17
 0.1
     40
 2.7
     26
     0.8
22.7
         288
    T-P
         6.4
      16
     3.3
0.1
     6.6
0.3
     0.3
     0.1
1.2
          35
                                                           13/20

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                   Method 2 : Unit Load Approach
> Pollutant delivery ratio
Specific
discharge
( m3/d/km2 )

< 2,000
2,000 - 3,000
3,000 - 4,000
4,000 - 5,000
5,000 - 6,000
> 6,000
BOD
annual
delivery
ratio
about 1 0%
15%
30%
45%
75%
1 00%
COD
annual
delivery
ratio
about 20%
30%
60%
90%
1 00%
1 00%
                                03
                                O
                                Q_
         246
             [103m3/d/km2]
Annual ave. specific discharge
                                                14/20

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                  Method 2 : Unit Load Approach
> Distribution of annual average
  specific discharge
                                        ( m3 /d /km2)
                                   O < 2,592
                                   O 2,592-4,320
                                   O 4,320-6,048
                                   O > 6,048
                                             15/20

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              Method 2 : Unit Load Approach
> Delivered load
   = Discharged load * Pollutant delivery ratio

> Annual delivered loads
  from the Otsu River catchment to the lake Tega
  estimated by the unit load approach
                                ( Unit : t / year)
BOD
138
COD
199
T-N
-
T-P
-
                                        16/20

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                                             Summary
> Results of discharged loads, delivered loads, pollution delivery ratios
Method
Watershed
Model
( Info Work
sCS)
Unit load
approach
Item
©Delivered
load
©Pollution
delivery ratio
©Delivered
load
©Pollution
delivery ratio
©Discharged
load
Unit
t- y1
%
t- y1
%
t- y1
BOD
645
53
138
15
1214
COD
791
114
199
30
691
T-N
293
102
(86)
(30)
288
T-P
32
91
(11)
(30)
35


©/©
©x0


                                                    17/20

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                                             Summary
> Annual delivered loads from a catchment, where on-site treatment
  facilities are major contributors of water pollution, were estimated
  using the watershed model (InfoWorks CS) .

> Annual pollutant delivery ratios of BOD, COD, T-N, T-P, were
  calculated as 53%, 114%, 102%, 91%, respectively, by dividing the
  delivered loads by the discharged loads.

> Annual pollutant delivery ratios of BOD, COD were estimated to be
  15%, 30%, respectively according to the guideline.
  Thus, the result indicates that annual delivered load has been
  underestimated by the unit load approach (using unit load values
  and pollutant delivery ratios)
                                                    18/20

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                              Future Challenges
> While this study has dealt with the impact of on-
 site domestic wastewater treatment facilities on
 water pollution, impact of on-site livestock
 wastewater treatment facilities should also be
 dealt with by a future study.

>Monitoring programs must be designed with full
 consideration given to the updating of information
 and to the pollutant delivery ratio.
                                           19/20

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Thank you for your kind attention !
                                20/20

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  > Basic concept of components of flow in a river
Rainfall
Flow rate
                                     Stormwater
                                     Wastewater
Base flow discharge
                                                   Ex.01

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> Results of discharged loads, delivered loads, pollution delivery ratios
Method
Watershed
model
Watershed
model
( Vertical
dry
weather )
Unit load
approach
Item
(1) Delivered
load
(2) Pollution
delivery ratio
(3) Delivered
load
(4) Pollution
delivery ratio
(5) Discharged
load
Unit
t/y
%
t/y
%
t/y
BOD
645
53
142
12
1214
COD
791
114
123
18
691
T-N
293
102
154
53
288
T-P
32
91
27
9.4
35


(1)/(5)

(3)/(5)

                                                             Ex.02

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