Day 3
Proceedings of
JAPAN - UNITED STATES JOINT
CONFERENCE ON DRINKING WATER
QUALITY MANAGEMENT AND
WASTEWATER CONTROL
March 2009
Sponsored by:
«EPA
WATE
FOUNDATION
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
XWERF
Water Environment Research Foundation
Collaboration. Innovation. Results.
WATER
RESEARCH
raUNDATION"
ADVANCING THE SCIENCE OF WATER*
-------
Water Reuse/ Indirect Potable Reuse
-------
Water Reuse/ Indirect Potable Reuse
Water Reuse in Japan
Mr. Mizuhiko Minamiyama
Head, Wastewater and Sludge Management Division
Water Quality Control Department
National Institute for Land and Infrastructure Management
Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism
-------
*
i
ater Reuse in Japan
National Institute for Land and Infrastructure Management
Hokkaido University
f
N I L I M
-------
Outline
Current status / future trend of water reuse
in Japan
f
• New roles of reclaimed water
- Stable water supply in disaster by dual pipe
system (tap & reclaimed water)
- Heat island mitigation: Road sprinkling with
water-retentive pavement.
- Enhancement of environment:
Restoring urban streams ("seseragi")
-------
Current Status of Water Reuse in
^ '
ow recycle ratio of municipal wastewater:
0.7 % of Municipal & Industrial Water
>1.4 % of treated municipal wastewater
f^Sr^ (2°°6)
s*
High recycle ratio of industrial water:
>79
f
(2006)
-------
Trend of Number of Treatment
Plants Reusing Treated Wastewater
500
450
| 400
| 350
"co
e soo
CD
| 250
o
1 200
° 150
CD
E 100
50
0
2000
2001
2003 2004
year
2005
2006
• Industrial Water supply
• Industrial Water Works
D Aggricultural Irrigation
• Construction site cleaning
D Roadside trees Irrigation
• Snow Melting
D River flow sustaining
D Recreational Impoumdment
• Landscape Irrigation
D Toilet Flushing
-------
Usage of Reclaimed Water
Industrial
Water Works
1.4%
Aggricultural
Irrigation
6%
Toilet Flushing
3.5%
f
Industrial
Water supply
8.8%
Quantity of
Recycled
Municipal
Wastewater in
Japan (2006)
River flow
sustaining
32.5%
:ecreational
Impoumdment
2.7%
-------
^^k
Water Quality and Facility Standards for
Treated Wastewater Reuse (2005)
E. Coli
Turbidity
PH
Appearance
Chromaticity
Odor
Residual
Chlorine
Treatment
Level
Where are
Standards
Applied?
Exit of
treatment
facility
for reuse
Responsibility
demarcation
point
Flushing Water
ND(in 100ml)
(Control target)
2
5.8-8.6
Shall not be
unpleasant
-
Shall not be
unpleasant
(Control target)
free 0.1mg/l
combined 0.4mg/l
Sand Filtration
Sprinkling Water
ND(in 100ml)
(Control target)
2
5.8-8.6
Shall not be
unpleasant
/ -
Shall not be
unpleasant
(Control target)
free 0.1mg/l
combined 0.4mg/l
Sand Filtration
Water for
Landscape Use
Refer to remarks1'
(Control target)
2
5.8-8.6
Shall not be
unpleasant
40 degree
Shall not be
unpleasant
Refer to remarks 2)
Sand Filtration
Water for
Recreational Use
ND(in 100ml)
2
5.8-8.6
Shall not be
unpleasant
10 degree
Shall not be
unpleasant
(Control target)
free 0.1mg/l
combined 0.4mg/l
Coagulation &
Sand Filtration
1)The present standard (coliform groupes count: 1000 CPU /100ml) is adopted pro tempore.
2)This value shall not be stipulated as treatment other than chlorine disinfection is carried out case by case
from ecological correctness and as the water may be used according to the prerequisite that humans shall not
touch it.
-------
,
Future Trend of Water Reuse
Quantity for reclaimed water could be
lower due to the population decrease.
f
Roles of reclaimed water are expanding
-; wl mw
- Stable water supply in disaster
(e.g., earthquake)
- Heat island mitigation
•
- Needs for creating / restoring streams to
< enhance environment
-------
New Roles
Reclaimed Water
Stable water supply in disaster:
Dual water supply system (tap & reclaimed
water) Jf
JJJ^F*^* M
Heat island mitigation: Road sprinkling
with water-retentive pavement.
Enhancement of environment:
Restoring urban streams ("seseragi")
-------
w A
Stable Water Supply in Disaster
by Dual Water Supply System
Reclaimed water is supplied for nonpotable
use (e.g., toilet flushing) through dual water
pipes in urban areas.*.
• Even if tap water system was down in
\ 71
disaster (e.g., earthquake),
r-Toilet could work using reclaimed water.
- Drinking water could be supplied by setting
• ~ temporary reverse osmosis (RO) treatment
W ' 'System.
-------
Onsite recycling system
Toilet
POTW
^ V
Tap water
Onsite treatment
system
Toilet
POTW
Tap water
^—'Onsite treatment
system
If tap water system was down,
drinking and toilet-flushing water
could not be supplied.
*
Municipal reclaimed water supply system
Toilet
POTW
Toilet
POTW
Tap water is used
for toilet flushing
if reclaimed water
,was down.
Tap water
Reclaimed
water
Tap water
Reclaimed
water
Even if either drinking or reclaimed water
supply system was down, another water
system could work.
-------
Heat Island Mitigation:
Road Sprinkling with Water Retentive
Pavement
"Heat island": Urban aiift
and surface temperatures
are higher than nearby rural
areas|P *~Jk )
f
-*w
Reclaimed wastewater is
used for sprinkling roads
to mitigate heat island in
urban areas.
Water retentive pavement
Not sprinkled
Evaporation
Sjnlig
it
Sprinklingwjtf|i
reclaims
Water retentive pavement
wastewateT
Sprinkled
-------
Photo 1. View of a Road Surface Sprinkled with
Treated Wastewater ("Shio Site", Tokyo)
-------
Effect of Road Sprinkling with
Reclaimed Water
Sprinkling reclaimed wastewater decreased the road
surface temperature by 8 degrees during the daytime
by 3 degrees at night: temperatures equal to those on
and
planting zones.
-------
Enhancement of Environment:
V|
Restoring Urban Streams (Seseragi)
Need for creating /
restoring streams
to enhance
environment in
urban areas
r
f
Increase of creating
artificial streams
using reclaimed
water /
-------
Benefit and Cost
to Create Artificial Streams
Using Reclaimed Water
Benefits
Ecological
habitats (firefly)
Hygienic safety
andscape
Environmental
Education
Cost factor
Advanced treatment
•De-chlorination
Disinfection to allow
body contact
Maintenance of green
and stream
Providing opportunity
to learn environment
-------
f
^^k
Evaluation of Multiple Benefits of
Artificial Streams
To evaluate multiple benefits of artificial
I
i
streams ("seseragi") irrigated with
reclaimed water.
Conjoint analysis was used to evaluate
willingness-to-pay (WTP) for each
attribute of the benefits (ecological
habitats, hygienic safety, landscape and
environmental education) of artificial
streams ("seseragi").
-------
Case Study
Artificial streams ("seseragi") irrigated with
reclaimed water in Tadotsu Town, Japan
Artificial stream
"Yawata-no-mori Hotaru-no-sato"
-------
Multiple Benefits of Artificial
Streams in Tadotsu Town
•Habitats for firefly was restored using tertiary-
treated and dechlorinated wastewater.
•Firefly is regarded as a symbol of "clean water"
Hygienic
safety
Landscape
•Contact to w
disinfection.
ater is
allowed due to appropriate
andscape was enhanced.
Environment
al Education
•Opportunity for environmental education
(firefly-watching, environment-learning seminar)
was provided.
-------
Questionnaire Survey
Zentsuji City |RailwayNf ''\
igh^ay
Total households in study area:
, 13,588 households
I
•
Distribution: ^ Recovery :
1,000 households
II
302 households
-------
Result of Benefit Evaluation
Marginal Willingness To Pay : MWTP (yen/household/year)
0
1,000
2,000
3,
000
4,000
5,000
Restoring ecological
habitats
Securing hygienic safet
4,419
•nhancing landscape
Providing opportunity for
environmental education
1,375
4,094
918
III
p
Benefit (Sum): 10,806 yen ($113) /household/year
r
Numbers of surveyed households : 13,588 households
Total benefit of "Yawata-no Mori Hotaru-no Sato":
About 150 million yen ($ 1.6 million )/year
-------
Conclus
Quantity of reclaimed wat
> Low recycle ratio of municipal^astewater (1.4%)
> Quantity for reclaimed water could be lower due to the
population decrease in the future.
xpanding usages of reclaimed water is needed to
promote water reuse.
/ ^A •
- Landscape irrigation, river flow sustaining, snow melting,
industrial, agricultural irrigation, nonpotable water use
(toilet flushing), etc.
- Roles of reclaimed water are expanding.
• Stable water supply in disaster (e.g., earthquake)
• Heat island mitigation
^ * Needs for creating / restoring streams to enhance environment
-------
Thank you very much for your
:ention.
-------
Water Reuse/ Indirect Potable Reuse
Current Status, Trends, and Future Challenges of
Water Reuse in the United States
Mr. Wade Miller
Executive Director
WateReuse Association and Foundation
-------
Current Status, Trends, and Future
Challenges of Water Reuse in the U.S.
Presented at:
Japan-U.S. Joint Conference on Drinking Water Quality
Mar aaement and Wastewater Control
Las Vegas, NV
March 4, 2009
Presented by:
Wade Miller
Executive Director
WateReuse Association
and
WateReuse Foundation
-------
Topics
ome Basic Facts
Overview of Water Reuse in the U.S.
Current Extent of Use and Potential
Trends and Driving Forces
- Technology, Applications, Benefits, Costs,
Regulations
Issues and Challenges
The Future
Conclusions
-------
upply & Demand
Population &
Demand
Available Water
Time
-------
o
f
Stress in 2O2O
V\Y,
(iv LV:
Water Abunrfart
WalerConDerns
Water Stressed
Water Scarce
Water Crisis
Sp-srsefy Populiiea
artment of the f nterior
^ay of Reclamation
nee and Technotogy Program
United Slates Filtor Ccarporsticn, l9@B
-------
U.S. Drought Monitor
D1(A}-
D1(A,H)
D2(A,
DO Abnormally Dry
D1 Drought—Moderate
D2 Drought—Severe
DG Drought—Bdreme
D4 Drought—Exceptional
A= Agricultural (crops, pastures,
grasslands)
H= Hydro logical (water)
Ho type = both impacts
/** Delineates dominant impacts
TheD roug ht Monitor focuses o n broad- scale con dition s.
LocaV conditions may vary. See accompanying text summary
for forecast statement.
http: //droiig ht.u nl. ed u/d m
Ln1^—-^*%^^'
j*" "*+,
/v\
\55/
^^hBi-T^
/?e/easeof Thursday, August 7, 2003
Author: Dotigl9sLeComte,NOAA/CPC
-------
U.S. Drought Monitor
November 11, 2008
Valid 8 a.m, EST
Drought tm&act Tvoes:
DO Abnormally Dry r-' Delineates dominant impacts
O D1 Drought - Moderate A = Agricultural (crops, pastures,
H D2 Drought - Severe grasslands)
D3 Drought - Extreme H = Hydrological (water)
D4 Drought • Exceptional
Tne Drought Monitor focuses on broad-scale conditions.
Local conditions may vary. See accompanying text summary
for forecast statements.
USDA
HriDr.nl CTDUJM MttifiUen CE-.III
http://dTOUg ht. U nI edU/d m
Released Thursday, November 13, 2008
Author: Mark $vobodat National Drought Mitigation Center
-------
Some Basic Facts
ater.
,'here is Substantial Unplanned Reuse (e.g., the
Mississippi River, Thames, Rhine, Seine, etc.)
Water is a Manufactured Product
"Purity" of Water Should be Matched to its
Intended Use
History of Water is of Little Importance
In Planned Water Reuse, we Emulate "Mother
Nature" - With Technology, can do it better and
faster
Water reuse is "green" and "eco-friendly"
-------
Factors Driving Water Reuse
fand Desalination)
I Hi?
-Population growth
-Increased municipal, industrial, and
agricultural demand
-Dependence on single source of supply
-TMDLs/Nutrient load caps
"Water scarcity"
-------
Significant Trends in Water Reuse
.onwiae uroughts Lead to New Paradigm
Water Scarcity
Reuse is Gaining in Prominence Around the
Globe (e.g., Australia, Singapore, South
Africa, Israel, Spain, Belgium)
• Potable Reuse Being Discussed as Possibility
• Research Focus is Now Global
• Climate Change -- It's Mostly About Water
• Public Acceptance Continues as Most Vexing
Challenge: Brisbane is Latest Example
-------
Relevant Developments
...lulus Legislation for Title XVI
Projects
Australia Launching Reuse Projects in Every
Major City
Singapore PUB's NEWater Facility a Showcase
Water Reuse is in Vogue: "Green" and "Eco-
Friendly
Thames Water, Antwerp Engaged in Indirect
Potable Reuse
-------
What is Possible with Water
Reuse?
/ Anything Given
Current Technology
With MF/RO/UV/AOP, Can Produce
Water that is Virtually Pure Dihydrogen
Monoxide
Problem is that Technology has
Surpassed our Ability to Communicate
Effectively with Public
Need to Resolve Issues with
EDCs/PPCPs
-------
Potential for Water Reuse
ipproximately
5-6% of
municipal
waste water
effluent in the
U.S. is
reclaimed and
beneficially
reused
bout 34.9 bgd Municipal Effluent in the U.S.
5-6% Reclaimed
-------
ion of Water Reuse
levels through 2015
2.70
2.02
2,12
2.22
2.33
2.45
2.57
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
-------
fo OT water Reuse Occurs in Four States
Washington
—^~^-
Oregon
Montana
Idaho
Wyoming
Nevada
North Dakota
South Dakota
Nebraska
i Minnesota]1
Utah
California
Colorado
Arizona
New Mexico
> Wisconsin,
.Michigan
Iowa
X
Illinois
Vermont
New York
——A
i
Pennsylvania
Maine
New Hampshire
^ Massachusetts
Rhode Island
'Connecticut
Indiana!
Ohio
New Jersey
Delaware
f Maryland
Kansas
Oklahoma
Missouri
Kentucky
__ •
Tennessee
Virginia'
North
Carolina
Arkansas
Mississippi
[Louisiana*
South
_ Carolina
Alabama) Georgia
-------
...but it is growing in other states
Washington
~-v_^_
Oregon
Montana
Idaho
Wyoming
Nevada
North Dakota
South Dakota
Nebraska
.Minnesota I
.Wisconsin
Utah
California
Colorado
Arizona
New Mexico
.Michigan
Vermont
New York
Maine
New Hampshire
k , Massachusetts
Rhode Island
'Connecticut
Iowa
Pennsylvania
Illinois
Indiana!
Ohio
Kansas
Oklahoma
/West.
* Virginij!
, New Jersey
Delaware
t Maryland
Missouri
Kentucky
_ •
Tennessee
Virginia'
North
Carolina
Arkansas
Mississippi
[Louisiana,
South
Carolina
Alabama) Georgia
-------
Best Available Technology
.
Membranes are the technology of choice
around the world today as the "best available
technology" for water purification.
Singapore, Japan, China, Australia, Spain
K Orange County, California
K Tampa Bay, Florida
K Trinidad & Tobago, Wl
-------
Reverse Osmosis Costs
$/l,OOOgal.
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
AWWARF Study, 2001
-------
r\
(OCWD and OCSD)
itment Flow Diagram
Enhanced
Source
Control
Secondary
Treatment
Secondary
Effluent
86 mgd
Microfiltration
Backwash
OCSD Plant 1
70 mgd
Reverse
Osmosis
(RO)
Brine
OCSD Outfall
70 mgd
Ultraviolet
Light
(AOP)
'
with hydrogen
peroxide
Purified
Water
Natural soil
filtration
-------
asm water Kecycling Plant
Conventional Process
Flocculation
Basin
Title 2
Filter
Membrane 1
Micr
filtrati
ifection
Disinfection
To Distribution
30 mgd
To Sea Water Barrier
5.0 mgd
To Sea Water Barrier
2.5 mgd
To Chevron
Boiler Feed
5.0 mgd
-------
pplications
ion
Agricultural Irrigation (Edible & Non-Edible Crops)
Industrial and Commercial
Environmental Uses
Non-Potable Urban Uses (Urinal Flushing in High
Rise Buildings)
Ground water Recharge
Potable Water Supply Augmentation
-------
Locally Controlled
Environmentally Friendly
Low or No Capital Costs
Augments Existing Supplies
-------
Regulation
d Criteria
rtions
28 States Have Water Reuse Regulations
2004 U.S. EPA Guidelines for Water Reuse:
- Recommended treatment processes
- Water quality limits
- Monitoring frequencies
- Setback distances
- Other controls
www.eDa.aov/ORD/NRMRL/Dubs/625r04108/625r04108.htm
-------
in Water Reuse
>lic Acceptance
jnknowns about Chemical Risks
Poor Differentiation by Public and Politicians of
Planned vs. Unplanned Reuse
The Media
Lack of Political Support
More Cost-Effective Technologies
Funding
Better Understanding of Economics
Energy/Water Nexus
Climate Change
-------
Public Acceptance of Water Reuse
Public generally strongly supports nonpotable uses
Uses involving no or minimal contact with
reclaimed water (e.g., irrigation) are favored
Acceptance related to knowledge of reuse (e.g.,
public education and participation programs)
Acceptance of indirect potable reuse has been
problematic in recent years
Proposed projects in San Diego, East Valley, Dublin
San Ramon, and Tampa have been unsuccessful
-------
Information Most Relevant to Help
Foster Reuse Applications
. "md a Way to Assure the Public that
Reclaimed Water is Safe from Medical
Wastes, etc.
i Find a Way to Convince the Public that All
Water is Reused and that an Environmental
Barrier is Unnecessary Given Efficacy of
Technologies
Convince the Public that Water Technologies
are as Safe as Those Used in Elevators, 747s,
etc.
-------
e Future
:ct Potable Reuse is Inevitable
Increased Desalination - both Brackish
Groundwater and Seawater - Also is Inevitable
Education & Outreach/Stakeholder Involvement
is Key to Acceptance of Water Reuse
Public Should Not Hold Water Reuse to Higher
Standard than Drinking Water
Efficacy of Technology is Not an Issue
Concerns About EDCs/PPCPs Must be Addressed
Research is Key Component
-------
Tha
Wade Miller
Executive Director
WateReuse Association & Foundation
703-548-0880
wmiller@watereuse.org
-------
Water Reuse/ Indirect Potable Reuse
Source Water Protection of Yodo River and Water
Quality Management in Osaka Municipal
Waterworks
Mr. Masayuki Miwa
Manager in Charge of Research
Water Examination Laboratory
Osaka Municipal Waterworks Bureau
-------
Source Water Protection
of Yodo River
^Quality Management
Municipal Waterworks
Masayuki MIWA
Manager in Charge of Research
Water Examination Laboratory
Osaka Municipal Waterworks Bureau
(OMWB)
Japan-U.S. Joint Conference
On Drinking Water Quality Management
and Wastewater Control
-------
Lake Biwa and
Yodo River
System
Kyoto City
Yodo River
Japan
(Kansai area)
Osaka
-------
Lake Biwa & Yodo
River System *•*
• if
ake Bi
yoio
tsura R.
iR.
isaka City
Catchment area
izu R.
:Vf
Nara Pi
Km2
Air Port.
-------
Population living in
9.0
6.0
3.0
(Million
parsons)
3.0
6.0
9.0
12.0
Yodo River basin
caicnmenis area
Osaka Arakawa River basin
s~
\
N
)
Tokyo
3.5
7.2
Kiso River basin
Nagoya
Population
water supt
downstrea
1.8
6.1
i served by
Dly in
m area
—^^^^^^™
Population Distribution in River
Water Basin in Three Metropolitan
Districts of Japan
-------
Sewerage Treatment'
Lake Biwa
rater flow rate
(172m3/sec)
Katsura River
}iver
Seta River
Kizu River
Toyorio
Niwakubfo
Effluent amount of sewerage
and human waste treatment
plants (18m3/sec)
_ewerage treatment plant
Monitoring point
Intake point for water supply
-------
Transition in the Quality of Raw
Water Taken
Water Taken
at Kunijima Purification Plant
(aier Pollution Control Law
KMnO4 consumption (mg/L)
— KMnO4 consumption
Bacteria count
Bacteria count (cfu/mL)
200000
150000
100000
50000
1900 10
Year
-------
National Policy and Overall Coordination
on Conservation of Water Environment
Ministry of the Environment
Conservation of Water Quality in Public
Water Resources
- Environmental Quality Standards
- Factory Effluent Control
- Household Waste Water Control
Ministry of Land,
Infrastructure and Transport
Master Plans for River Environment
Management
Diffusion of Sewerage System and
Advanced Sewerage Treatment
Measures for Conservation of Water Quality
Ministry of Health, Labour and
Welfare
Execution of Preservation of Water
Resource Quality for Water Supply
Ministry of Agriculture,
Forestry and Fisheries
Conservation of Water Quality in Public
Water Resources
- Rural Community Sewerage
- Conservation of Forest
-------
Legislative System on Conservation of
Water Quality in Public Water Resources
7958
The Water Quality Control Law and the
Factory Effluent Control Law j
1970 The Environmental Quality Standards
ater Pol
trol La
1971 The Effluent Standards
1971 The Law Concerning Special Measures for
he Preservation of Lake Water Quality
The Law Concerning Special Measures for The
Prevention of Vj/ater Quality in Headwaters Areas fpr
the Purpose of preventing Specific Trouble in the I
Drinking WaterjSupply \
1994
1958
Sewerage Law
1970 Sewerage Law (Revision on Conservation of Water Quality)
The Lawjof Execution of Preservation Project
of WateHResource for Water Supply
7994
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
-------
Diffusion of Sewerage Treatment
in Kyoto City and
BOD Change in Three Branches
BOD(mg/L)
-
Kizu • • • Sewerage
Diffusion Rate of Sewerage
- - • 100%
-_.
- 80%
i
. - 60%
40%
1965 1970 1975-71980 1985 1990 1995 2000
-------
400 r
30°
200
Q
§ 100
Original data series
Moving average
Trend
0
57 62 67 72 77 82 87 92 97 02 07
Year
Change of BOD Load into
the Yodo River
-------
05
1000
800
"as 600
•- 400
0)
Original data series
Moving average
Trend
-§ 200
O
0
57 62 67 72 77 82 87 92 97 02 07
Year
Change of Chloride Ion Load
into the Yodo River
-------
Measures for Conservation
-A Case of OMW-
[1] Lobbying Activity (Administrative
Bodies) *
- To Promote Construction of P
Water Treatment Plant
ublic Waste
Including subsidizing for the source water
conservation in Lake Biwa area
- To Improve Effluent Water Qual
Sewerage Treatment Plants
Reduction of ammonia concentration
-------
Measures for Conservation
-A Case of OMWB-
[2] Water Quality Monitoring in Water
Sources
Monthly Monitoring at Fixed Stations
through the Yodo River
Overall Parameters for Drinking Water
Quality Control
Report the Data to Public and the
Administrative Bodies
-------
1500 r
e 1000 -
c
2 500
0
60
Dyeing factory
Brewery
Year
BOD Change of Industrial
Effluents
-------
Measures for Conservation
-A Case of OMWB-
[3] Regional Association on Water
Quality Conservation
- Participation in the Yodo River System
Liaison Council for Prevention of Water
- Participation in the Yodo River Water
Quality Consultative Committee
(YRWQCC)
-------
Water Utilities of YRWQCC
Name
Osaka Municipal Waterworks
Osaka Prefectural Waterworks
Hanshin Water Supply Authority
Moriguchi City Waterworks
Hirakata City Waterworks
Neyagawa City Waterworks
Amagasaki City Waterworks
Suita City Waterworks
Nishinomiya City Waterworks
Itami City Waterworks
Water Supply Capacity (m ID)
2,430,000
2,330,000
1,128,000
103,500
191,317
129,000
351,486
208,000
275,691
94,600
-------
30
05
20
05
05
o 10
E
E
0
Original data series
Moving avsrage
Trend
57 62 67 72 77 82 87 92 97 02 07
Year
Change of Ammonia Load
into the Yodo River
-------
Water Treatment Method in
OMWB
KMnO4 consumption (mg/L,
icteri
Bfc
it (cfu/mL)
KMnO4 consumption
Bacteria count
1900 10
Slow sand filtration
200000
150000
100000
Year
Rapid sand filtration
Advanced water treatment
-------
Mid
Ozonation
rpNaOH, Alum
Coagulation Sedimentation
Raw Water
aOH, Cl
post
Ozonation
G. A. C.
Finished
Water
Advanced Water Treatment
-------
Measures for the Improvement
of Water Quality Management
in OMWB
[2] Risk assessment and management of
the hazards
Evaluating contaminant removal efficacy of
Hazard analysis in raw water
Enhancement of raw water contaminant
monitoring
Bio-assay systems by monitoring fish activity and
nitrobacteria respiration
Introducing Water Safety Plan
HACCP system and ISO 22000:2005
-------
Contaminant removal efficacy
of AWT
Contaminant
Removal
by AWT
Analytical method
Mutagenisity
Effective
#
Ames assay
(TA98, TA100)
Pesticides (99 chemicals)
Effective
GC/MS, LC/MS
Endocrine disruptor
Effective
Yeast two-hybrid assay,
LC/MS/MS, GC/MS
~
Pharmaceuticals
Effective
LC/MS/MS, GC/MS
3-chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5-
hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone (MX)
Effective
LC/MS/MS
# also after disinfection
-------
Risk assessment procedure
based on the PRTR* data
Estimating the total daily volume of designated
chemicals transferred in the basin
As the components of waste in the upstream area of the Yodo River
Estimating chemical concentration in downstream
Total volume / daily downstream water flow rate (m3)
Assessing the possibility of hazards to
reach at intake point
Based on the Drinking Water Quality Standards
PRTR : Pollutant Release and Transfer Register
-------
Outline of the WSP in OMWB
Hazard
Control
Measures
Identification
Monitoring and
Operation
Management
Pfan
Supporting
Programs
Verification
Water
Source
Treatment
Distribution
* i
Hazards Identification
• t
• c
• f
• (
• i
• (
•f
•4
• S
• f
• E
M
" i
(1)
o
o ±i
co
0)
c
o
CO
HACCP
O-PRP
f
. L
O j . ...........
Water Safety Management Plan
ISO22000
Public Relations,
Complaints
ICustomers!
PRP
••a-
Water Quality Management Plan (Examination)
_
••••
O-PRP: Operation Prerequisite Programs
PRP: Prerequisite Programs (infrastructure, management, service, etc.)
-------
Conservation of Drinking
Water Sources
Water Quality Parameters
CD
E
CD
O
O
O
C/l
.ti
H^
'^
O
£
=3
^C
•inistry of the Environment
nistry of Land, Infrastructure and Transp*
\Z
\Z
Ministry of Health,
.abour and Welfare
Desirable Drinking Water Quality
-------
pWat
Safe
pensive
Whoever
Wherever
Whenever
-------
Water Reuse/ Indirect Potable Reuse
Potable Reuse for Water Supply Sustainability:
Critical Today - Essential Tomorrow
Mr. Tom Richardson
Principal
RMC Water and Environment
-------
Potable Reuse for Water Supply
Sustainability
Critical Today, Essential Tomorrow!
.* *• ^
* "v >c
. •*
Presenter
_ n, Principal
JC Water and Environment
September 2008
Innovative Solutions for Water and the Environment
-------
Topics
What is Potable Reuse?
Potable Reuse Drivers
Potable Reuse Benefits
Where is it Happening?
What are the Lingering Barriers?
How Do We Overcome These Barriers?
.
-------
What is Potable Reuse?
.
-------
Introducing Recycled Water into the
Regional Groundwater Supply
Tertiary Treatment Plant
Advanced Treatment Plant
Blend Water Supply
Blend
Water I S
Supply /^
Recharge via
Spreading Basins
Recharge via
Injection Wells
^
\7
&
Potable Uses
Groundwater
-------
Introducing Recycled Water into a Local
Surface Water
Tertiary Treatment Plant
Advanced Treatment Plant
Lake / Reservoir
Augmentation
Local Runoff
Potable
Uses
Lake
Potable Water
Treatment Plant
-------
Advanced Treatment Helps to Secure
Regulatory and Public Support
Recycled
Water
Membrane
Filtration
_rs
Pathogens
Pharmaceuticals
WWTP
Title 22
Treatment
Reverse
Osmosis
Replenishment
Water
-------
Potable Reuse Drivers
.
-------
Global Water Challenges
Trend in global average surface temperature
i [ill ii 1111 [mil III l|lllll III l|l IIII mi | I
1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Positive 2avistiD'i (In' C) Negative deviation (In "Cj
Sours; fcfoo of enrdravTBrrlaJ silences, cl tralc reaaenct-i urvt, LOVSrally orf 6estAngl-a, N&tw ch, LTilstf KJ^jncrr, 1999.
.
-------
Local Water Supply Challenges
60
50-
40
S
30"
10-
Environment (Delta Smelt)
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
Population Growth
Drought (Lake Mead)
-------
Potable Reuse Benefits
.
-------
Reliable Year-Round Supply Enables
Maximizing Beneficial Use of Effluent
20
15 -
O
o
10 -
5 -
Available Recycled Water
Typical RW (Irrigation) Demand
i i
J FMAMJ JASOND
.
-------
Potable Reuse Uses Less Energy than Water
Importation
6000
50 DO
0 4000
.o
o
ro
3000
2000
1000
0
*//v/>yyf/
From The Role of Recycled Water in Energy
Efficiency and Greenhouse Gas Reduction
(California Sustainability Alliance, 2008)
-------
Advanced Treatment Provides Regional Salt
Management Strategy
Water Importation Brings
Additional Salt Load
RO Removes Salt from
Potable Reuse Systems
••••r
RO Provides Salt Export
Pathway
Tons/Yr
Salt Load
Salt Export
Urban Non-Potable Reuse
IPR
-------
Potable Reuse Makes Economic Sense
$14.0
$12.0
$10.0
$8.0
$6.0
$4.0
$2.0
$0.0
Comparison of Costs for Antelope Valley GWR
Imported
Water
Purchase
Contini
WW Disposal
Recycled
Water
Imported
Water
Incremental Cost
Avoided Cost
.
-------
Where is it Happening?
.
-------
*
Potable Reuse is Global
«=
S^alEdaie Water
Carr?ii& Arizona USA
i wayio HIII waief
ResoLtce Cerflar G
Ctwrty Gisrgia, USA
f?
b!:OH:ri.: V-.'CS'U',i
Cariidor Project
Am:ral a
.
-------
Ground water
Replenishment System
A Pure Solution to Orange County's Water Needs
A project jointly sponsored by:
Orange County
Water District (OCWD)
-and -
Orange County
Sanitation District (OCSD)
-------
GWR System (OCWD and OCSD)
Advanced Water Treatment Flow Diagram
<
Enhanced
Source
Control
Secondary
Treatment
I
OCSD
Secondary
Effluent
86 mgd
Backwash
OCSD Plant 1
70 mgd
(HO)
70 mgd
Llgh
Purified
Water
1
with hydrogen
peroxide
Natural soil
filtration
Brine
OCSD Outfall
-------
NEWater Production Process
Reverse Osmosis
Treated
Used Water
r
NEWater
Microfiltration /
Ultrafiltration
Ultra-Violet
-------
Western Corridor
Recycled Water
Project, Brisbane-
The "Multiple Barrier"
concept
AUD$2.4 Billion, due to be
completed October 2008.
Purified Recycled Water
Process Cycle
Blending of purified
recycled water into
Wivwihoc Dam
Barrier I
Residential/industrial
source control
Barrier 2
istewater treatment plants -
', Goodra, Burvdaniba.
:ol, Luggage Point and
ibson Island
inibii
Luggage Point
-------
AWA
'UATEK Pty. Ltd,
AUSTBALIAN
WAtEtt
ASSOCIATION
New Goreangab Water Reclamation Plant
I
PAG (optional)
Raaarvolr Water
Pra OzonotJon
Coagulation Flotation (DAF)
Dual Madia
Filtration
Q • 24,000 m»/d
Secondary Effluant
Ultraflltratlon
GAG BAG
Activated Carbon Filtration
Main Ozonation
AQUA SERVICES & ENGINEERING
-------
. _ • • *^ V
Lingering Challenges to Potable Reuse
•
-------
Contaminants of Emerging Concern (CEC)
Prompts Vigilance Among Regulators
Pharmaceuticals lurking in U.S. drinking water
AP probe found traces of meds in water supplies of 41 million Americans
.
-------
Public Perception
Sunday, April 16,2000
SERVING
Son Fernando Vptley
CotwjoVaHay
9mi Volley. Mowjwk
Antelope Valtey, Santa Ctorlla
WEATHER
"I Mostly sunny
1 H>qh$: 69-73
Lows:5D-54
Backol
Viewpoint
Online: www.dBJtyTOWB.com
SUNDAY. APRIL 16. 2000
Tapping toilet water
Treated sewage to recharge underground aquifers
"think?
.'•SHED
• Would you IX)
Irlnking recycled
BfcWBf water?
See below
and llurrison Shtppurd
i > urn
•. ,
I'rorn the Mono lake watershed,
the vitmts dl' ttKuring ilic
II l,)»rw imd
iT)d»5tr>' Drink,i;i •*•»!«•
was mostly discussed as a fm
rtowlhal it u close ti
where the irfiited water wouldlwfirsl
unconvinced Ihc
See WATER / Page 17
.
-------
How to Address These Challenges
.
-------
Advancements in Treatment Technology
Expand Potable Reuse Opportunities
Microfiltration: Tiny, straw-like plastic
membranes filter out bacteria, particles
and protozoa
Reverse Osmosis: Water is forced
through the molecular structure of the
RO membranes where dissolved
minerals, Pharmaceuticals, etc. are
removed
Ultraviolet Light + Hydrogen Peroxide:
As a safety barrier, water is exposed to
UV and H202 that destroys potential
harmful constituents
.
-------
Informing the Public is Essential
432 on- n
.onthly e-newslett
> Educational video shown on
City TV K««(
y
67-mfembaF stafceholdeN '
.
Innovative Solutions for Water and the Environment
-------
^^^^^^v«jv v ^^ .jtrj'f • .. _ ^^^^^^^•^^^^^^^^^^^•^•^^^^•^^^•HH^^^^^^^^^^^H^^^^^^^^^H^^^H
Potable Reuse Provides Water Supply
Sustainability: It's Time has Cornel
Enhanced Supply Reliability
Maximizes Local Resource
Trend in global average surface temperature
• ' •' ' ! ,' " ' l> ' ' ! limn-in
1B«0 1373 1880 1690 1900 1910 1020 1930 1«0 1950 I960 1970 1960 I9W 2000
i -.-:••• i -] |wffMiaMinfBi-i xasriffi"1 ^
FMAM ASON
$0.0
Incremental Cost
Avoided Cost
Smaller Environmental Footprint
Cost Competitive with Desal &
Imported Water
-------
Potable Reuse for Water Supply
Sustainability
Critical Today, Essential Tomorrow!
*
Presenter
n, Principal
C Water and Environmen
September 2008
Innovative Solutions for Water and the Environment
-------
Water Reuse/ Indirect Potable Reuse
Reuse of Water and Biosolids in Sakai City
Ms. Kumi Koyama
Chief, Project Team
Sewerage Management Division, Sewerage Department
Waterworks and Sewerage Bureau, Sakai City
-------
Reuse of Water and Biosolids in Sakai City
Japan
t
Sakai City
I~+J *
Kumi Koyama
Sewerage Management Division
Sewerage Department
Waterworks and Sewerage Bureau
Sakai City
Nintoku-ryo Tumulus Sen-no-Rikyu
-------
Sewage Works of Sakai City
.- .F , "•' •• •' • '; I':
Sambo
Sewage
Treatment Plant
Sambo
* £
processing
ward
processtfi
I shizu Sewage
Treatment Plant
,
/ . y
Hokubu ;
processing
ward
/* Imaike pfopessing wa
Semboku
Sewage
Treatment Plant
Name
Sambo
Ishizu
Semboku
Operation
1963.8
1972.2
1969.3
Ccapacity (m3/day)
Plan
138,500
102,400
204,700
Current
123,150
76,400
90,100
Method
conventional
activated
sludge
process
conventional
activated
sludge
process
conventional
activated
sludge
Process/
A2O
-------
Water Environment Restoration Plan of Nintoku-ryo
Tumulus and Uchikawa River
\
WSF/H
Sayama Pond
/•Bs
,
Irrigation ponds Cluster
ffcl
Improvement of water environment
Supply of seawater
f
Nintoku-ryo ^ * Doigawa River
Tumulus
A network to
connect the history
\
\
Old Port of Sakai
/:
Uchikawa River
Supply of Treated wastewater
Yamato River
Gulf of Osaka
-------
Basic Revival Plan of Channel between Sayama Pond
And Nintoku-ryo Tumulus
Old
Sakai
Port
Uchikawa River
Doigawa River
Nintoku-ryo
Tumulus
Sayama
pond
\
• The protection of the
cultural heritage
The improvement of the
scene
Maintenance of the
ecosystem
The security of the
hydrophilic function
The improvement of the
disaster prevention
function
The improvement of the
river improvement
function
Water purification
-------
"Cool City Sakai" ( conceptual image )
Anti-heat island
measure
Restraint of
passage traffic Transit
•*r3n^lf^%:_ mall f£
irrigation ponds
Cool Spot)
Mt. village
( Cool Dam )
Bicycle
road
Solar power
generation
^ /
Urban Channel
(Cool Line)
LRT(low carbon type
mobility)
nergy
Renaissance
park
Low carbon type
idential quarter
ulation of the
clean energy creation
institution
Environment
advanced
del complex
Forest of the
symbiosis
( Cool Dam )
Large-scale solar
power station
( Mega solar) 5
-------
Treatment plant where hydrangeas Blooms
prinkling Pipe
Ground plan of Sambo Sewage Treatment Plant
-------
25,000
20,000
b
> 15,000
10,000
5,000
0
Year
-------
Sakaihama Treated Wastewater Supply Project
Aria
Sakai Hama district (aboutSOOha)
Purpose
Returning to health of water circulation system by reusing
treated wastewater
Ensuring the sustainability by acquiring water resource
Facilities
A water supply pumping station
Two satellite treatment plant (Ozonation)
Pipe (About12km)
Sambo t / p
- - "i
•*•••
i station
ity hall
8
-------
Treated wastewater supply
User
NIC
Disaster prevention foothold
Refuse disposal plant
Local industry business cluster
Large companies
Total
Quantity
(m3/d)
400
500
20
80
33,000
34,000
Use
Sprinklings
Sprinkling
Sprinklings
Restroom water, sprinkling
Coolants
Wid
prevention foothold
/
al indust
iness cluster
lant
Pipeline network
-------
Quality of Supplied Water
E.coli
Hydrogen ion concentration
Oder
Residual chlorine
Appearance
Fiber filtration water
-
Less than 8.6
More than 5.8
Do not be unpleasant
-
Do not be unpleasant
Ozonation water
Do not be detected
Less than 8.6
More than 5.8
Do not be unpleasant
What is maintained
Do not be unpleasant
10
-------
Composting Process at Ishizu Plant
Ventilation Blois
Track scale
r~r~s
A mixed Fermentation
tub tub
I
Product
stuffing
equipment
Product
stuffing
equipment
Super-high temperature aerobic fermentation flow
1%
concentration
sluge I
Concen
tration
Drying
Fermentation
and
Cutback
Product
processing
-------
Manufacturing process at Ishizu compost
Pressurization
dehydrator
Pressurization
dehydrator
Fermentation
situation
Fermentation tub
Full ripeness
manure
12
-------
Fermentation temperature , outside temperature, and
moisture change at Ishizu compost
Fermentation Temperature, Outside
Temperature, and Moisture Change
•the temperature of 50cm under the surface
-Outside temperature
-Moisture
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Fermentation days (day)
-------
Volume and pH change of Ishizu compost
Capacity Change and PH Change
^Capacity
250.0
200.0
150.0
£
u
(C 100.0
o.
CO
0
50.0
0.0
23100 223.70 218.
90
^ CA
2° 199'80
0123456
The number of times of a cutback (time)
12
11
10
9
8 :
6
5
4
14
-------
Contents of Ishizu compost
An examination item
Arsenic or the compound
cadmium
mercury
nickel
chromium
lead
copper
zinc
calcium
nitrogen
phosphoric acid gross
quantity
Potassium
The C / N ratio
PH
Water
A unit
mg/kg
mg/kg
mg/kg
mg/kg
mg/kg
mg/kg
mg/kg
mg/kg
%
%
%
%
-
-
%
A test
result
<1
<2
<0.5
53
50
16
300
460
18.7
1.5
3.01
0.08
6.3
7.8
28.5
The maximum of
the harmful
ingredient
50
5
2
300
500
100
About the
heavy metal
such as arsenic,
cadmium,
mercurial nickel,
chrome, the
lead, there is it
-• / within the
standard value
of the national
law.
15
-------
onclusi
The composting of sludge has already reached practical use.
The reuse of treated wastewater develops to the usage in the city,
We are going to push forward investigation.
We would like to build a sustainable recycling society system.
16
-------
Membrane Bioreactors
-------
Membrane Bioreactors
State of the Art of MBR Technology and Its
Perspective in Japan
Dr. Hiroki Itokawa
Researcher
Research and Technology Development Division
Japan Sewage Works Agency (JS)
-------
5th US/Japan Joint Conference, March 2-5, 2009
State-of-the-art ofMBR
Technology and Its
Perspective in Japan
1
Hiroki ITOKAWA
R&TD Division,
Japan Sewage Works Agency (JS),
Japan
Japan Sewage Works Agency
-------
IVlDrx! A combination of biological WWT (e.g. activated sludge)
and membrane filtration as a measure for solid-liquid separation.
> Advantages over CAS processes:
- Complete rejection of suspended solids.
- Higher MLSS (>10 g/L).
- Smaller footprint (< 6hr for BNR).
- Smaller sludge production.
- Simple monitoring parameters (e.g. IMP).
> Installed worldwide, from small-scale on-site
WWTPs to large-scale municipal WWTPs.
> Full-scale application to municipal WWTPs has
just around ten years history.
-------
MBR - Growing market
Rodingen (GER)
3,240 m3/d
Brescia (ITA)
42,000 m3/d
Porlock(UK)
1,900m3/d
Swanage (UK)
12,700 m3/d
-*.
Nordkanal (GER)
45,000 m3/d
50,000
40,000 I?
30,000
20,000
o
10,000 *
0
98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05
Year
- Mean : 3,780 m3/d
Development of municipal
MBR installations in Europe
- Median : 1,300m3/d
Others
France
Spain
Italy
Germany
UK
Max.
Capacity
-------
Large MBR projects worldwide
WWTP name
Jumeirah Golf Estates
Palm Jebel AH
Brightwater
Jebel AH Free Zone
International City
Johns Creek
Beixiaohe
AI-Ansab
Peoria
Lusail
Qinghe
Syndial
Location I Commissioning I Hydraulic capacity
Dubai
Dubai
USA
Dubai
Dubai
USA
China
Oman
USA
Qatar
China
Italy
2010
2010
2010
2007
2007
2007
2007
2006
2007
2007
200
2007
220,000 m3/d
220,000 m3/d
144,000 m3/d
140,000 m3/d
110,000 m3/d
93,500 m3/d
80,000 m3/d
78,000 m3/d
75,700 m3/d
60,200 m3/d
60,000 m3/d
47,300 m3/d
-------
Building-scale on-site WWTPs (1981-)
On-site household WWTPs "johkaso" (1985-)
^ Night soil treatment plants (7988-)
WWTPs for "rural sewerage project" (2001-)
Municipal WWTPs (2005-)
BI
JS Pilot-scale
studies
(1st phase)
Feasibility
Design parameters
- Operating cost
reduction
JS Pilot-scale
studies
(2nd phase)
^ ^
JSMBR
Evaluation Report
*
JS Design Recommendations
*
1st
installation
JS Pilot-scale
studies
(3rd phase)
- Larger-scale
application
*
9MBRs
in operation
MBRfor"/o/?/caso"
Night soil TP
• I
WWTP for rural
sewerage project
-------
> Pilot-scale study with 4 private companies
(1998-2001)
- Four membranes (Kubota, Zenon, Mitsubishi Rayon and
Hitachi Plant).
- Process evaluation.
- Design and operating parameters.
jpriiig! .i s P. ** ft a •]> m t; ',\ M a ^ ii JIE ita it 7 •? > s
-------
> Pilot-scale study with 6 private companies
(2001-2004)
- Five membranes (Kubota, Zenon, Mitsubishi Rayon, Hitachi
Plant, and Asahi Kasei Chemicals).
- Reduction of operating cost by 30%.
-------
Design guideline for municipal MBR
8
> JS Design Recommendations for MBR (2003)
- Fixed process configuration and design parameters.
- Even plant layout is "standardized" regardless of
membrane type used.
* Capacity: 200 - 3,000 m3/d after flow equalization.
Influent
Fine
screen
Coagulant
(P removal)
Cleaning
chemicals
Equalization
tank
Mixer
1)
•
i
1 •-
Anoxic
^^tank
©
{
..j
^
w
Oxic
tank
AA
_m
f D •
» r •
»«*•
L L
X
[£>
AA/
1
\
i
\/ '\"7:
v :
•^ •/%-:
•mmmmm'm
. np t-inlf
\ Membrane
units
(B)
Internal recycle
Excess
sludge
Blower
-------
Design guideline for municipal MBR
> JS Design Recommendations for MBR (2003)
- Universal design parameters.
Flow equalization
Fine screen
Bioreactor configuration
Anoxic HRT
Aerobic HRT
MLSS
Internal recycle
Prerequisite (4.6 hr, typically)
1 mm
Pre-denitrification (MLE)
3hr
3 hr (membrane submerged)
10g/L
200 % of influent
-------
Municipal MBR installations
10
Name
1
Fukusaki
Kobugahara
Yusuhara
Okutsu
Daitocho
Tohro
7 Kaietsu
8 Jousai
Heda
Commissioning I Capacity [m3/d]* I Supplier
Mar 2005
Apr 2005
Dec 2005
Apr 2006
ep 2006
Mar 2007
Apr 2007
Mar 2008
Mar 2008
4,200(12,600)
240
400 (800)
600
1,000(2,000)
125
2,140(3,200)
Kubota
Kubota
Kubota
Zenon
Kubota
Kubota
Mitsubishi
Asahi-Kasei
itachi
A value in the parentheses indicates a full-capacity in future.
-------
11
Fukusaki WWTP
2,100 m3/d; to be expanded to 12,600 m3/d
Kubota FS membrane
-------
12
Okutsu WWTP
- 600 m3/d
- GE-Zenon HF membrane
-------
13
Kaietsu WWTP
- 230 m3/d
- Mitsubishi HF membrane
-------
14
> 3rd phase pilot-scale study with 4 private
companies (2006-2009)
- Four membranes (Kubota, Hitachi Plant, Asahi Kasei
Chemicals, and M eta water).
- Demonstrating systems for larger-scale installation.
i
Asahi Kasei
Chemicals (HF)
Metawater
(Ceramics)
Kubota (FS)
4 r
Hitachi Plant (FS)
-------
Toward larger-scale installations
15
Small-scale MBR
- Less than 3,000 m3/d
- New construction
_
- Standardized system
configuration
e
Influpnt i — *
H_
• — »
Flow
squalization
Anoxic
V
i_
4"
I
-------
16
> It is important to design the system fit to existing facilities.
> A standardized approach is no longer efficient; a variety of
system configurations is required.
Biological treatment
- N removal (MLE)
- N&P removal (A2O, UCT)
Membrane filtration
- Integrated
- Separated
- External
Quality control/evaluation
Design manual development
Computer simulation
Membranes
- Flat sheet
- Hollow fibre
- Ceramics
-------
17
> In the 3rd phase pilot-scale studies, the following points are
particularly concerned.
New membranes/modules (modules with hig
packing density, ceramic membrane...).
Membrane systems other than integrated on
(separated or external system).
Optimized internal recycle.
Incorporation of EBPR.
Gravity filtration for FS membranes.
Use of primary sedimentation.
Improved chemical cleaning
(automated RC, optimized doze...).
Post RO treatment for effluent reuse
effluent concentra
-------
Future perspectives
18
> What is necessary for the FUTURE of MBR in Japan
- Cost reduction (construction & operation)
- Acceptance of the technology
- Motivation for improving effluent quality/safety
- Innovation in urban water management
> Current topics
- Preparation of a guideline for membrane technology
by MLIT (2008 -).
- Design of 60,000 m3/d MBR (2009 -).
- Evaluation of existing small-scale MBRs (2009 -).
-------
Thank you for
your kind attentionJ
-------
Membrane Bioreactors
Investigation of Membrane Bioreactor Effluent Water
Quality and Technology
Ms. Joan Oppenheimer
Vice President
MWH Technical Strategy and Research
-------
Investigation of Membrane Bioreactor
Effluent Water Quality and Technology
(WRF- 06-007)
Joan Oppenheimer
James DeCarolis
Zakir Hirani
Japan - U.S. Joint Conference
On Drinking Water Quality Management and Wastewater Control
March 2-5, 2009
MWH
FOUNDATION
-------
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
• WateReuse Foundation & Funding Partners
(USBR & GWRC Members)
• Utility Advisory Panel
• Technical Advisory Panel
• Arizona State University
• Participating MBR Vendors, Kruger/Toray, Norit/X-
flow, Parkson Corporation, Huber Technologies, Koch/Puron,
GE/Zenon, Siemens/US Filter, Enviroquip/Kubota, Asahi
Kaesi/Pall
-------
Overview
Acknowledgments
Project Background & Objectives
Technical Approach
Project Status
Future Work Tasks
-------
MUNICIPAL MBR
MARKET GROWTH (U.S.)
-------
INCREASED MBR INSTALLATIONS
0)
n
E
3
0)
E
3
o
50
40
30
20
10
0
Municipal MBR Installations in the U.S.
1 -5 MGD
5-10 MGD
10 MGD
From 2004 to 2007
215% Increase
2004
2005
2006
2007
Upcoming
* Cumulative number for 1-MGD or greater installations only; revised March 2007.
Data compiled from information obtained from MBR vendors
-------
INCREASED MBR CAPACITY
Facility Name (Location)
Capacity
(MGD)
Supplier
Start Up
Traverse City WWTP
(Traverse City, Ml)
7.1
GE Water / Zenon
2004
Tempe-Keyne
(Tempe, AZ)
9
GE Water/Zenon
2006
Bright Water
(King County, WA)
31
GE Water/Zenon
2007
Johns Creek Env. Campus
(GA)
10.9
GE Water/Zenon
2007
Tri Cities
(Clackamas County, OR)
10
TBD
2009
Cape Coral North
(Cape Coral, FL)
10-20
TBD
2010
Clear Spring Ranch
(Colorado Springs, CO)
8-32
TBD
2012
-------
INCREASED MBR SUPPLIERS
a 2
0
2001
2004
2007
California Department of Public Health Services (CDPH), Treatment
Technology Report for Recycled Water, Jan. 2007.
-------
Challenges Facing MBRs from a
"Water Quality Perspective"
Dispersed Amount of Water Quality Performance Data
Increasing low nutrient requirements
Future requirements for EDC/PPCP removal
Energy Increasing Water Quality Requirements
Impact of Peaking on Water Quality Performance
-------
Project Objectives
To capture global water quality
performance data of municipal MBR
systems
Assess the impact of various key
operational and desiqn conditions to
achieve specific water quality criteria
Identify Knowledge Gaps related to MBR
technology
-------
Technical Approach
Phase I
Conduct Comprehensive Survey
Phase II
Data Analysis / Visualization
Phase III
Project Workshop / Final Product
-------
Phase I
Conduct Comprehensive Survey
RELEVANCE:
Rapid growth of global industry has led to
dispersed amount of data on MBR effluent water
quality performance
- Industry sectors: Research, Vendor/system
suppliers, and full-scale implementation
-------
Phase I
Conduct Comprehensive Survey
APPROACH:
- Survey of Literature / Case Studies
- Survey of MBR Vendors
- Worldwide Survey of MBR Plant Owners and
Operators
-------
Survey of Literature / Case Studies
• 11dentify Removal Mechanisms for Various
Wastewater Contaminants
Assess Global Trends with Regard to Water
Quality Requirements and Drivers
Review Recent Research (published / grey) to
Capture MBR Performance Data
1 Includes Development of Predictive Model
-------
MOD (-4000 m3/d)
MKOC
MEMBRANE SYSTEM!
Includes all Vendors offering
MBR Systems for municipal
wastewater treatment
in US & abroad
Requested Basic Information:
location, capacity, start-up year,
driver for selection, etc
>I PARKSON CORPORATION
... ihe environmental technology company
X-Flow
IEMEI
KM boh
Enviroquip, Inc.
-------
Survey of Plant Owner and Operators
Targeting Key Parameters related ...^a«ia^S
to design, operation and water quality
performance
• Survey web-based to provide ^
easy access and downloading of data MBR Plant: 9 MGD AZ USA
• Target Plant List based
on Key Selection Criteria
MBR Plant: 11.9 MGD Germany
-------
Phase II - Data Analysis /
Visualization
RELEVANCE:
Goal of the Data translation is to demonstrate
the impact of operational / design choices on
MBR performance and product water quality
-------
Phase II - Data Analysis /
Visualization
APPROACH:
- Review Survey Data (Team Consensus)
- Bin Data into appropriate performance
classifications
- Team Consensus on Data Analysis / Presentation
-------
Phase II - Data Analysis /
Visualization
Assessment of Survey Data to ID Key issues
• Define MBR Water quality capabilities
• Define Operating Conditions Required to meet specific water
quality objectives
• Identify strengths/weaknesses of MBR for the removal of
specific contaminants
Assess nutrient removal limitations of MBR
Define optimized operating conditions for EDC/PPCP
removal
Determine the theoretical operational limits of MBR
-------
Phase
- Project Workshop and
Final Product
RELEVANCE
-Validate Project Findings
- Confirm knowledge/technical gaps to identify
future research needs
- Identify best way to present the final product of
the project to maximize use by MBR industry
-------
Phase
- Project Workshop and
Final Product
APPROACH
- Conduct Project Workshop
- Review of Project Goals and Preliminary Data
- Work Groups to focus on Specific Topics
- Finalize Planned Format and Project Deliverable
-------
Project Status
(Phase I)
Prepared write-up on basic removal
mechanisms & MBR removal performance
related to targeted water quality
contaminants
Completed survey of eight MBR system
vendors
Developed and Launched Worldwide MBR
Survey to identified plants
-------
Summary of MBR Removal Mechanisms
Contaminant B
Contaminant A
Contaminant B
Contaminant
A,B,C
Contaminant
C,D,E
Contaminant
A,B,C,D,E,F
Removal Mechanism
n Biotransformation
• Size exclusion
D Sorption to solids
D Complexation
D Inertial impaction
n Sorption to membrane
biofilm
Contaminant Type
A = inorganic micro-constituent
B = microbial
C = organic micro-constituent
D = nutrients
E = aggregate organics
F = suspended solids
-------
Example of Vendor Survey Results
Drivers / Process Selection Criterias
11%
1%
46%
D Footprint Limitation
D Pretreatment for RO
D Disinfection Credit
D Improved Water Quality &
Reliability
• Low Nutrient Requirement
D Cost-effectiveness
• Others
-------
Example of MBR Predictive
Model Output
o
o
35
30
25
20
c
o
115
0)
o
c
o
o
10
O
O
0
0
MBR Effluent Quality Depending On SRT
10
20 30 40
SRT (days)
50
60
-------
IV.
Worldwide MBR Web Survey
Online Surveys | Zoomerane;
Background
Preliminary / Primary Treatment
Bioreactor Design & Operation
Membrane Design & Operation
Water Quality Goals &
Performance
Investigation of Membrane Bioreactor Effluent
Water Quality and Technology
Welcome to the Online Survey 'Investigation of Membrane Hioreactor Effluent Walter Quality and
Technology" The overall goal of this project as to investigate :he effluent water quality of municipal
MBR facilities designed for product flows 2 1 million gallons per day (3,735 m3 i day). Information
received from this survey will be analyzed collectively and presented anonymously in the final project
report
The survey contains 51 questions and is estimated to lake 15-30 minutes to complete. We know your
time is valuable and appreciate your participation in this important project Upon completion of the
survey all participants will receive a $20 Gift Certificate to Amazon.com
if you have any questions regarding this survey, please contact James DeCarolis @ +1 019 204 2537
or by ernaS @ jsmes deeamlislginwtti jlobal com
(MMMNqp I Ci»tom«rSatisfaction Swv»ys \ SMJ MuDlle Surveys | Onilnt Panels
CojqrtgMe(G99-SCD3 WarfcafToofc me. A1 FSJtf-E REser/w Pr*icy Policy | TaniMMUas | Help
VI. Lesson Learned
B.com'Sun'ey.''siin'ev-mtro.2gi?p=WrEB228HVMPK4JH
-------
Target MBR Plant List for Survey
Facility Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
Country
USA
USA
Italy
UK
USA
Germany
UK
USA
Singapore
USA
Spain
USA
USA
USA
USA
UK
Dubai
China
Netherlands
Dubai
China
USA
Australia
Region
Americas
Americas
Europe
Europe
Americas
Europe
Europe
Americas
Asia-Pacific
Americas
Europe
Americas
Americas
Americas
Americas
Europe
Asia-Pacific
Asia-Pacific
Europe
Asia-Pacific
Asia-Pacific
Americas
Asia-Pacific
Design
Capacity
(MGD)
1.1
2.5
11.1
2.6
6.0
11.9
1.9
4.1
6.0
9.0
1.1
1.5
1.8
6.0
1.0
1.5
4.8
26.4
1.0
5.0
3.2
2.0
11.6
Plant Start
Up (Year)
2001
2002
2002
2004
2004
2004
2005
2006
2006
2006
2006
2005
2005
2006
2008
—
2007
2007
2007
2008
2006
2009
Manufacturer
GE/Zenon
GE/Zenon
GE/Zenon
GE/Zenon
GE/Zenon
GE/Zenon
GE/Zenon
GE/Zenon
GE/Zenon
GE/Zenon
Huber
Enivroquip/Kubota
Enivroquip/Kubota
Enivroquip/Kubota
Enivroquip/Kubota
Enivroquip/Kubota
Kubota
Microza
Norit
Norit
Puron
Siemens
Siemens
Drivers
C&D
A
D
E
D
D
A&F
A&F
A&F |
A&D&F |
C |
A&D
D |
A&D |
D |
A&G
-------
Future Work Tasks
Complete MBR Plant Survey
Conduct Data Analysis and Visualization
Convene Project Workshop
Prepare Draft Final Product for submittal to
WateReuse Foundation Summer 2009
-------
Desalination
-------
Desalination
Status and Challenges for Desalination in the
United States
Mr. Andrew L. Shea
USA Development Director
AccionaAgua Corporation
-------
Status and Challenges for Desalination
in the United States
Andrew L. Shea
USA Development Director
March 4, 2008
Japan - U.S. Joint Conference On Drinking Water Quality
Management and Wastewater Control /f\
(dacciona
Agua
-------
Topics for Discussion
US Desalination Historical Perspective
Global and US Desal Capacity
A Tale of Two Countries- US and Spain
Representative Existing and New
Projects
Institutional Barriers to Development
Stakeholder Commitment to Research
Concluding Comments
(dacciona
Agua
-------
ACCIONA Agua
Design and build water treatment plants
Desalination by reverse osmosis
Drinking water treatment plant
Wastewater treatment plant
Sludge treatment plant
Operation and maintenance
Integrated water supply & sanitation services
100 treatment plants operated + maintained by acciona agua
30 cities/towns managed by acciona agua
over 11 million people served
70 RO desalination plants
1.6 million m3/d fresh water
230 wastewater treatment plants
100 potable water treatment plants
-------
US Desalination Historical Perspective
DEMONSTRATION PLANTS
• _ - tterrv" f_ ~ .
l-ir
-------
US Desalination Historical Perspective
RO Membrane invented
at UCLA-1959
RO Membranes
Commercialized at
General Atomic Labs in
San Diego- 1960's
Early Use on Brackish
Waters in South Florida
Primary RO market was
DOD and Industry
How Did the US Get So Far Behind?
^dacciona
Agua
-------
Global Desalination Capacity
More than Doubled in the Last 10 years!
18:494
63.6 m3/d - 16,800 mgd
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008
Cum it la fn -e Con tra c ted E>esa If} / a tio 11 Cap a city
WDR vol. 44. no. 33 - Sept 08
^dacciona
Agua
-------
Global Desalination Capacity by Technology
4% ED
2,220,133 m3/d
9% MED 587MGD
5.629,368 m3/d
1487 MOD
1% Other
901,233m3/d
238 MOD
27% MSF
17,300,196 m3/d
4,571 MOD
59% RO
37,066,568 m3/d
9,790 MOD
A majority of recent
capacity additions
have been RO
systems, including
hybrid RO/Thermal
systems
Contracted Capacity' By Technology
WDR vol.44, no. 33 - Sept 08
^dacciona
Agua
-------
Worldwide Installed and Forecasted Capacity by Significant Country
2006 201C
Spain
Algeria
(capacity in million m3/day)
2025
f
Australia
Source: GWI Desal Database 10/06
^dacciona
Agua
-------
Hydrologic Profile of Spain
Available water reserves overexploted in Spain and in US
Use of Water Reserves in Different Regions
Overexploited
Heavy exploited
Moderatly exploited
Slightly exploited
Source: Global Water
Intelligence 10/06
^dacciona
Agua
-------
A Tale of Two Countries - Hydrologic Profile of Spain
Mar Cant&brico
o
Mar
Mediterraneo
OC^ANO
ATLANTICO
OCtANO ATLANTICO
Litres / m2
I ( <300
300-400
400-600
600-800
>soo
Spain is one
of the driest
European
Countries
Costal Zones
Receive 11 -
15 inches per
year of Rain
Source: INM Spain
^dacciona
Agua
-------
A Tale of Two Countries - Hydraulic Profile of the US
U.S. Drought Monitor
December 30, 2008
i. a.m. EAT
O2A-
I DO Abnormally Dry
1 D1 Drought - Moderate A - Agrcuttural i,«rop*
H D2 Droughl - S*um grasslands)
H P3 Drought - E.tiruinu H Hydrologies! \'J
m D4i
Tim
Local
&r> iLn-iT^n-.isc7*ip
may ra^y See SCOT n^js.'Tp? raj
u,j^V^^!r^
,, DftBflfllfefrSf,
liltp.^d rough!, u n I .edu/dm
Brian Ftictts,
^dacciona
Agua
-------
Spanish Desalination Market - General Overview
Spain is one of the largest users of SWRO in the world
First desalination plant commissioned more than 40 years ago in Canary Islands
Demographic concentration in coastal areas and tourism have contributed to
RO market growth with a large resistance to interbasin water transfers
More than 50 projects in the planning or construction stage with 700 mgd ( 2.6
billion m3/d) proposed
Almost 740 projects online or presumed online producing 1020 mgd (3.8 billion
m3/d) of desal capacity. (www.DesalData.com )
Spain has become a pioneer in the use of Reverse Osmosis and in the
implementation of new energy recovery technologies in RO facilities
Most contracts awarded through Design-Build-Operate procurement approach
Central Government responsible for establishing country's water policy and
financing major water infrastructure projects but local governments responsible
for determining water tariffs
(dacciona
Agua
-------
Spanish Desalination Market-A Doubling of Capacity
1,600,000
1 ann nnn
>»
3 1 ?nn nnn
fl 1 ,iUU,UUU
l_
0
L 1,000,000
(fl
L.
800,000
S
£ 600,000
3
dnn nnn
200,000
0.
/
/
> x-
~r~s/s
^*^*^^
T 1 1 1 1 1
1980 1986 1990 1996 2000 2006
• Total Production The productjon of desalinated water in Spain
I Urban Usage doubled from 2000 to 2004. The Spanish gov-
• Agricultural Usage eminent predicts that production will double
• again in another five years.
Industrial Usage
Source: AEDYR
MIT Technology Review 2006
2008 Planning
and construction
stage - 700 mgd
(2.6 billion m3/d)
Online Capacity
1019 mgd
(3.8 billion m3/d)
^dacciona
Agua
-------
US Desalination Market - General Overview
• Large Federal Government presence in water allocation and pricing
• Strong focus on low cost water withdrawals and imported water
supply
• 47 projects in the planning stage with 811 mgd ( 3.07 billion m3/d)
proposed
• 29 plants in construction with 205 mgd (779 million m3/d)
• 1432 plants online or presumed online with 2132 mgd (8.07 billion)
production
• Of the 2008 capacity, 11% is SWRO, 75% is brackish water, and 14%
is industrial high purity water supply.
• SWRO has increased 10% per annum while Brackish RO increased 3-
5% and Industrial/other has increased 4%
• Most contracts awarded through Design-Bid-Build procurement
approach rather than DBO
Source: www.DesalData.com/WDR
(dacciona
Agua
-------
Cumulative U.S. Desalting Capacity Has Doubled in Last Decade
c nnn nnn ,-1 fiflfl
b,UlX),UUln ypiOuu
5,000,000-
1
E 4,000,000-
i
£
o
a 3,000,000-
s
•a
05
$ 2,000,000-
CO
1,000,000-
o-
!
/_
i
I
/
rt 1 ±* 1 i 1 1 1 J""V '^ *
Cumulative Installed Capacity /
V
/
m
2
J
Trr1.rT..r.....«»"!* .. .1 .. i.lllilMlllllll
•1,400
•1,200 Q
•1,000 i
0
-800 |
o
-600 1
-400 ~
-200
-0
1952 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
2008 Data
"47 projects in the
planning stage with 81 1
mgd (3.07 billion m3/d)
proposed
~29 plants in
construction with 205
mgd (779 million m3/d)
under contract
- 1432 plants online
with 21 32 mgd (8.07
billion) production
Source: GWI 10/06 and DesalData 1/09
^dacciona
Agua
-------
Representative Existing and Proposed US Desal Projects
Proposing Entity
California
Marin Municipal WD
SF Bay Area Regional
Santa Cruz/Soquel Creek
California American
Sand City
City of Santa Barbara
Los Angeles DWP
West Basin MWD
Long Beach Water Dept
Poseidon
MWD Orange County
Poseidon
Location
SF Bay Area
SF Bay Area
Santa Cruz
Monterey
Monterey
Barbara County
Los Angeles
Los Angeles
Haynes P. Plant
Huntington Beach
Dana Point
Carlsbad/ Encina
Water Type
SWRO
Brackish/SWRO
SWRO
SWRO
SWRO
SWRO
SWRO
SWRO
Nano/Nano
SWRO
SWRO
SWRO
Cap. mgd
5-15
71
2.5
10
0.3
5-10
25
20
9
50
15
50
(dacciona
Agua
-------
Representative Existing and Proposed US Desal Projects
Texas
El Paso Utilities/Fort Bliss
Brownsville PUB
San Antonio Water Siystem.
Brazos River Authority
Florida
Tampa Bay Water
City of Tarpon Springs
City of Hialeah/Miami
Coquina Coast
Other Areas
United Water of NY
Taunton Mass
El Paso
Brownsville
San Antonio
Lake Granbury
Big Bend/Tampa
Tarpon Springs
Miami Dade County.
Palm Coast
Rocklin County
Taunton River
Brackish RO
SWRO
Brackish RO
Surface BRO
SWRO
Brackish RO
Brackish RO
SWRO
Brackish RO
Brackish RO
27.4
2.5/25
20
15.5
25-28
6
17.5
50
4
5
(dacciona
Agua
-------
Representative BRO and SWRO Projects
U.S. Drought Monitor
December 30, 2008
i. a.m. EAT
D1A'
O2A-
D3A
fc-
fvioes;
\ DO Abnormally Dry t** D»ir«3t»t <»mriai* rn(M-.7ts
] D1 Drought - Moderate A - Agrcuttural i, iLn-iT^n-.isc7*ip
may ra^y See SCOT n^js.'Tp? raj
,, December
liltp.^d rough!, u n I .eduftlm
Brian Ftictts,
Florida leads existing capacity over CA, AZ, and TX
California proposes 400 - 500 mgd from 20 Projects
Proposed
Projects
^dacciona
Agua
-------
Proposed Seawater Desalination Projects in CA
Northern California
f :.,!.,,•:., Atffl,
Proposed
Desalination
Plants in
California
.
Yamada/AMTA 3/08
Moss Landing
San Francisco Bay Area
Cambria
Sand City
Santa Cruz
San Rafeal (Marin)
LEAD Project
* Southern California
" Carlsbad
3 Camp Pendleton
* Dana Point
J Long Beach
" Ef Segundo
" Scattergood
acciona
^J
-------
CA - Bay Area Regional Desalination Project
Joint effort among:
- East Bay Municipal Utility
District
- San Francisco Public Utilities
- Commission. Contra Costa
- WD Santa Clara Valley WD
Pilot Study at Mallard Slough
- 100gpm
- Testing to have started July
2008
Feasibility Study leading to
permitting of 71 mgd (270,000
m3/d BRO/SWRO facility
Expected construction in 2012
Jcjacci
acciona
-------
CA - Moss Landing Seawater Desalination Project
Coastal Water Project need
based on groundwater
overdrafts off Carmel River
Cal-Am Water developing 12
mgd facility at Moss Landing
Power Plant site
Solves SWRCB 95-10 Order
to Reduce Carmel River
Withdrawals
Pilot study using existing
power plant cooling water
system
CPUC regulated permitting
process for water utility
Allows for River Restoration
of 11370AFY
^dacciona
Agua
-------
CA - MWDOC - Dana Point
State Sponsored
Study found 15 mgd
capacity is feasible
Slant well subsurface
intake
Supply-13% of
South Orange County
demands
CEQA/NEPAand
permitting expected to
begin this year
Project anticipated
online date of 2015
acciona
Agua
-------
CA - Camp Pendleton/San Diego County
Northern San Diego
County U.S. Marine
Corps Base Camp
Pendleton
Possible Subsurface or
open intake options
Potential integration with
existing Camp Pendleton
utilities
Proposed capacity
between 50 and 150 mgd
(189-567,000 m3/d)
Study completion in 2009
^dacciona
Agua
-------
CA - Carlsbad Seawater Desalination Project
50 mgd (189,000 m3/d) desalination
project being developed by Poseidon
Resources at the Encina Power
Station in Carlsbad
Water purchase agreements with
nine Water Authority member
agencies
Major Project Permits Completed
Project
- EIR certified
- NPDES Discharge permit with
Regional Water Quality Control
Board
- Coastal development permit with
Coastal Commission approved w/
conditions and mitigation
- Lease amendment application
approved by State Lands
Commission with mitigation
measures
Lawsuits Pending by Surfrider and
Planning & Conservation League
challenging the Coastal Development
Permit, NPDES Conditions
^dacciona
Agua
-------
Brackish Groundwater Projects in CA
Santa Ana
Arlington
Chino
Ferris
Irvine Desalter
Deep Aquifer
Menifee Basin
Alameda
Beverly Hills
Oxnard
Port Hueneme
Temescal
West Basin
Yamada/AMTA 3/08
Monterey
Morro Bay
Reynolds
San Luis Rey
^dacciona
Agua
-------
CA - Chino Basin Brackish Desalter
JPA with seven agencies
manages Chino Basin
Total production of Chino
Basin -134 mgd (507,000
m3/d)
Chino I Desalter and Chino
II Desalter produce 22 mgd
(83,280 m3/d)
Treatment process RO and
ion exchange
Expand production 22 mgd
(83,280 m3/d) by 2015
Regional Brine line to
Ocean outfall in Orange
County
^dacciona
Agua
-------
TX - San Antonio BRO
20 mgd (75,700 m3/d)
proposed capacity
Brackish RO with well
field and disposal
Well testing from
Wilcox Aquifer
Feasibility Study 2008
RFQ/RFP in 2009
Supply to supplement
Edwards Aquifer and
conservation
Fresh Water
• .. • 111 .• i Aquifer
Upp«r Wil'.o i —
Muddy Aquitard
Lower Wi tr n«
Brack Ish
Aquifer
... s, v
,1
WILCOX
• Tost sites In Bexar and
Atascosa Counties
• Sites 1 and 2 completed
• Site 3 near completion
^dacciona
Agua
-------
TX - El Paso Water Utilities/Ft. Bliss
27.5 mgd output from
brackish Hueco Bolson
Joint Fort Bliss strategic
supply
Increased recovery
strategies to limit discharge
to disposal wells
15.5 mgd (58,670 m3/d)
permeate blended with 12
mgd (45,424 m3/d) new
groundwater wells
Complements water reuse
and conservation program
Integrated Community and
R&D Center
^dacciona
Agua
-------
TX - Brownsville Seawater Desalination
One of three sites selected
for feasibility studies
Funded by TWDB and
Brownsville PUB
One acre plant site in Port
of Brownsville -Ship
channel intake
Pilot plant Operated for 12
months with varied water
conditions
Current request for 2.5
mgd (9463 m3/d)
demonstration at $29
million public funds
Target 25 mgd (94,630
m3/d) full scale plant
Lower Rio Grande Regional
dacciona
Agua
-------
FL - Tampa Seawater Desalination Facility
25-28mgd(108
million m3/d) co-
located at power plant
10% of regional supply
Remediated process
with long-term
operations under DBO
contract
Total Environmental
compliance in sensitive
eco system
acciona
Agua
-------
FL - City of Hialeah BRO
17.5 mgd brackish RO
in 3 phases
3 DBO consortia
selected for RFP
Phase in 2009
Groundwater wells,
RO plant, Disposal
wells in Miami-Dade
County
Pilot Testing by mid-
2009
Completion by end of
2011
^dacciona
Agua
-------
MA - Taunton Brackish River Water Desal
Initial withdrawal from the
coastal basin to produce
5mgd(18,927m3/d),
expandable to 10 mgd
(37,854 m3/d)
Plant process: ultra-
filtration followed by
reserve osmosis
Tidal intake with 16 mile,
20 inch diameter
transmission pipeline
Entrainment and
impingement control
Discharge concentrate
during high tides
acciona
Agua
-------
Institutional Barriers to Desalination in the US
Within California, the primary impediment is
Permitting, Permitting, Permitting
Project Development Phase Funding and
Locating Developable Land are also
Stumbling Blocks
"New" Desal Water seen as Growth
Inducing
Large-scale Projects at Power Plant sites
inherit Power Plant Baggage and CWA
316b entrainment and impingement issues
(dacciona
Agua
-------
CA - Seawater Desalination Permitting Issues
The 50 mgd Carlsbad Project has set a Precedent for most, if
not all, California Coastal Desalination
Carbon Footprint - The State Lands Commission has required
the net power consumed to be "Carbon Neutral"
CA Coastal Commission also requiring mitigation for potential
impact on marine environment due to power plant once-through
cooling system - CWA 316b issues
Greenhouse Gas Mitigation
- Lower energy consumption from better membranes and
Improved energy recovery devices
- High efficiency pumps
- Renewable energy sources - wind energy, solar
- Carbon credits
- Reforestation
- CO2 Sequestration in Product Water
- LEED "Green Building" Design
Commitment to 57 acres of wetlands as Marine Mitigation
(dacciona
Agua
-------
Commitment to Research
Desalination stakeholder community has
proposed a substantive road map for
desalination research
National Research Council's report,
Desalination - A National Perspective,
delineates a summary research Agenda:
- Intake and discharge evaluations
- Concentrate management and disposal
- Entrainment and impingement issues
- Water Quality Constituent Impacts
- Energy Efficiency/Energy Recovery
- Methods for Cost Reduction
(dacciona
Agua
-------
Concluding Remarks
As low cost alternatives to seawater and
brackish water desalination diminish in the US,
we will see desalination properly valued -
reflecting supply, delivery, and water quality.
We can anticipate a continued struggle to accept
desalination into the portfolio of supply options
until stakeholders realize that proper pricing of
treated and desalinated water complements
water conservation and water reuse strategies.
We can expect SWRO and Brackish RO to
become 10% to 20% of the Regional Supply as
desal starts to take hold in areas such as Tampa
and in El Paso
(dacciona
Agua
-------
Concluding Remarks
Similar to incrementally more expensive
"green power" supply options, we can expect
the marginally more expensive desalination
supply costs to be amortized across a larger
supply base using either direct subsidy from
regional suppliers and or directly reflected in
user rates.
We can anticipate nominal technical
improvements offset by continued increases in
materials, component, and energy costs
As good planners, we should strive to properly
integrate desalination to complement existing
water resources and conservation rather than
waiting for a crisis to make decisions
(dacciona
Agua
-------
Where Can I Find More Desal Information?
Water Desalination Report www.waterdesalreport.com
Global Water Intelligence www.qlobalwaterintel.com
AEDYR (Spanish Desalination and Water Reuse
Association) www.aedyr.com
IDA http://www.idadesal.org/t-dwr.aspx
AMTA www.membranes-amta.org
California Coastal Commission
http://documents.coastal.ca.gov/reports
California State Lands Commission,
http://archives.slc.ca.gov/
National Academies Press
- http://www.nap.edu/catalog php?record id = 12184
(dacciona
Agua
-------
acciona
Agua
Pioneers in development and sustainability
Jcjacci
acciona
-------
Desalination
Desalination Plant with Unique Methods in
FUKUOKA
Mr. Akira Shimokawa
Director, Facilities Division
FUKUOKA District Waterworks Agency
-------
-------
-------
Drought experience
*2 times big drought experience
(1978year 287 days, 1994year 295days)
*Every 2year cut the intake amount from the
main river
*prediction of water demand increase
*Save water rules
*Develop water resource
dams
reclamation water
desalination plant
Water supply by tank in 1978
-------
UMINONAKAMICHI NATA SEA WATER DESALINATION PLANT
PRODUCT CAPACITY 50,OOOm3/DAY (MAX)
INTAKE SEA WATER VOLUME 103,OOOm3/DAY
SITE AREA 46,000m2
BUIDING AREA 16,000m2
ELECTRIC DEMAND 12,OOOKW
-------
Schematic Flow Diagram
Infiltration
Intake
Slaked Lime
Intaked
Seawater
Tant
Product
Water Tank
Discharge
Pelton Wheel
Effluent from Municipal Sewage Treatment Plant
-------
Unique method 1
Natural sand filter
desalination plant
Graded crushed gravel
', i
"> <
Crushed gravel
-------
Unique method 2
UF membrane Pretreatment
Conventional dual media filter
UF membrane Pretreatment
SWtype by NITTO DENKO
Perfect removal of turbidit>
Consistent low SDI
Easy operation
Easy maintenance
Reducing cleaning frequency
-------
Unique method 3
High recovery RO module
High pressure
hollow-fiber
membrane
by TOYOBO
60% recovery
(desalinated pure water)
Save plant area
Save amount of intake sea water
Decrease plant largeness
Decrease cost
-------
Unique method 4
Secondly low pressure RO
Pure water after first
High pressure RO
Boron 4mg/l
Secondly low
pressure RO
Boron
=<1.5mg/l
Standard of
water quality
Boron
=<1.0mg/l
Mix with
purified
river water
Boron =<1.0mg/l
-------
Unique method 5
Discharge Brine water
HAKATA BAY
SALT 3.5%
CONSENTRATED SEA
WATER
SALT 7%
GENKAI OPEN SEA
Water intake system
i Umi Jr^yi SMl*
I m
Wajiro water treatmen
(FukimkaCity)
* * Shi
Uminonakamichi Nata
discharge tank tT Sea Water Desalination
Center
Discharge facil i ties
HarinffWorid
HAKATA BAY
-------
PRIVATE COMPANY
KYOWAKIDEN INDUSTRY
MANAGEMENT
FUKUOKA DISTRICT
WATERWARKS
AGENCY
DESINE AND CONSTRUCTION
OPERATE AND MAINTENANCE
GUALANTEE 15YEARS
-------
WATER QUALITY in 2007FY
Total Dissolved Solids
Chloride Ion
Sodium and its
compounds
Sulfate Ion
Hardness
Electric conductivity
Boron an its
compounds
water
40,200
20,300
10,800
6,580
51,700
4.5
desalted water
108
42.1
26.1
2.5
19.1
178
1.4
mixed water standard
138 =<500mg/l
32.0 =<200mg/l
23.7 =<200mg/l
50.5 =<300mg/l
225
0.61 =<1.0mg/l
-------
Boron(mg/L)
30,000 40,000
1.6 '
Product water quality
1.5
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.1
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
Seawatertemp.
(C)
uuu
*
n n™
i Si
a L
on
n
D
n
v
* *
n
n :
n n
n ° i
n
i 01
p n CD
: n n n
n nn
nnn p
np
n
n
A
A
*
* *
n
f
n
n
n
p nn
n nn
n n
Ci
n
n
A A
*fc
*
***4
"•X*
*
n
nn
n nn
D rTmrm
n n n n ami
n ii 1 1 nn n i n 1 1 m n i
nn n n p
n n n n n n
n n rm DET n n an n
nn MM ri n n
an DD
p P n
n n
n n
n n
D
n n
1
]
At
4
A
A
AA
A A ^ A
4 A * "** *
A
****
^**^
* _ _
ou.uuurn / q
*
max. allowable boron Conc[1.5mg/L]
n
p P
n n
n P nn nn n n
mn D nn n n n D nn n
D n _n n n _n n np _p n CD CD rm m p
DDDH n n DD n D rri n D irm n n n n n n n n
mi i in n n n i mi i n on nn n n n nn p 1 1 n 1 1 p
p P n n n nn PH nn n n rnn CD p n p c
p n n n m p n p nn E
nnn n n n i r n n D mn n
D_PDDD n nn n n
D nnn n n
p n n n n
n P no
n
n
p
n Boron Cone, of product water
r*- j_ ^r
Sea water Temp.
A EC of product water
* *S^j _JiA*^**i
& * ^ yw^
-^v^vv ,. ., . v 4»./v.«> r
A ^Af A *t ^ AA J^AA *^^X \\ JSw^W ^ A
A A
55
EC
MS/cm
40
35
400
350
30 300
25 250
20 200
15 150
10 100
12/1 12/31 1/30 2/29
2007year 2008year
3/30
4/29
5/29
9/26
10/26
11/25
-------
COST ANALYSIS
Personnel
Expenses
77MY
2%
Maintenance
579MY
19%
Others
45MY
1%
Electricity
770MY
25%
Total 3,133million yen
Unit cost 213yen/m3
(2007 fiscal year)
Depreciation
1,547MY
49%
Interest
63MY
2%
-------
EFFECTIVE USE of CONCENTRATED SEA WATER
EVAPORATION TANK ']
} ||;w>vtti
'
UNDER SURVEY
*use for food (tofu,miso,soy
sauce,bread)
*thalassa therapy
*bring up fish
*penetrate pressure power
lant etc.
NATUNAL SEA SALT
-------
EFFECTIVE USE of pure water and others
Bottled pure
water
Free distribution
Under survey
*reuse membrane
*selling bottled pure water
-------
-------
Pathogens/Microbes
-------
Pathogens/ Microbes
Detection Methods of Enteric Viruses in a Large
Volume of Water
Dr. Hiroyuki Katayama
Associate Professor, Department of Urban Engineering
Graduate School of Engineering
University of Tokyo
-------
Japan-US Joint Conference in Las Vegas Mar 3-6, 2009
Detection methods of enteric
viruses in a large volume of water
© Katayama Hiroyuki
Ohgaki Shinichiro
Department of Urban Engineering, University of Tokyo, Japan
Email: katayama@env.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp
X \
-------
Today's Topic
1. Importance of viruses in water safety
2. Literature review of virus concentration
method
3. Development of a virus concentration
method
4. Detection of viruses in a large volume of
water
-------
1. Importance of viruses in water
safety
-------
Increase in a warm-blooded animal body
Hands
Water supply
Immune
system
Feces
Sewer system
Wastewater Treatment
Flies
Foods
Water
Mouth
Heat
Water treatment
Diffuse and Decrease in Environment
10io
10°
Life cycle of pathogens of Fecal-oral infection
-------
Enteric Viruses
cp20 - 100nm in size, RNA or DMA coated with protein
Propagate in animal intestine, emitted as feaces
More than 100 types identified human as a host.
Symptoms: Diarrhea, Vomit, fever, head ache, (Hepatitis, paralysis)
Route of Infection : Food
ng ,
Contact with infected individual
Enterovirus
Adenovirus
Norovirus
-------
2. Literature review of virus
concentration method
-------
History of Virus Concentration
Method from Water
Pad method
• Dipping a pad in water overnight, recover
viruses adsorbed on the pad.
Negatively charged membrane method
Wallisetal., 1967
• Viruses are adsorbed onto negatively charged
membrane under 25-50mM Mg2+ condition,
then eluted with beef extract solution pH 9.5
• Volume of water increased, known amount.
-------
Cont'd
Negatively charged membrane method
using acid in place of Mg2+ (Sobsey et al.,
1973).
Positively charged membrane method
(Sobsey etal., 1979)
• Viruses adsorbed to positive charged
membrane without addition of either Mg or
acid.
• Viruses are eluted with beef extract solution.
-------
Adsorption to Elution from
Cellulose coagulation method (Yano et a/.,
1993)
Glass wool and glass powder are also used as
the adsorbent of viruses.
Membranes are also used as the adsorbent.
-------
Elution of viruses
4> Beef extract solution ( 3% N 1 % ) pH 9 ~
11
• Sometimes glycine buffer
Based on adsorption due to hydrophobia
interaction.
Extracting viruses by competition of site
with viruses.
Good for following cultivation with
mammalian cell.
-------
Mechanism of adsorption and
desorption of viruses
Applied and Theoretical aspects of Virus
Adsorption to Surfaces (Gerba C.P. 1984)
• Hydrophobic interaction for elution of viruses
• Competitive extraction with beef extract
• Electrostatic interaction for adsorption of viruses
• Under neutral pH condition, viruses are negatively
charged.
• Viruses are positively charged under acid condition
• Multivalent cation can change the surface charge of
viruses
-------
Reconcentration and purification
Acid precipitation for beef extract eluate
(Katzenelson et al., 1976)
PEG precipitation
Pro-Cipitate for selective precipitation of viruses.
Ultrafiltration method usign centrifugation
Fleon/chloroform purification
Gel filtration ( Sephadex, or Sephacryl)
Antigen-antibody purification method
-------
Needs of new virus
concentration method
Inhibitory effect of beef extract eluate on
PCR detection of viruses.
Inorganic eluant for following detection of
PCR.
Electrostatic interaction should be
considered.
• Resulted in good recovery from seawater
-------
3, Development of a virus
concentration method
and Its Application to Detection of Enterovirus
and Norwalk Virus from Coastal Seawater
Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 68: 1033-1039,
2002.
X \
14
-------
State of the art of virus
concentration methods
Adsorption is easy, elution is difficult
Lack of consideration of following virus
detection by PCR
• More severe condition can be applicable
because of no need of maintaining virus
culturability.
• Avoid use of beef extract due to inhibitory
effect on PCR
• New acid or alkali condition for elution from
membrane?
-------
New Virus Concentration Method
Sample Acid rinse, Alkaline elution
(+Mg2+, 25mM) pH 3.0(H2SO4) pH 10.5(NaOH)
200ml 5ml
Negatively-char
membrane
Millipore HA,
pore size 0.45mm,
diameter 47|um
o o
Neutralization with
Cone. TE buffer 0.05ml
and H2SO4 0.025ml
Katayama et al., 2002, Appl. and Environ. Microbiol., 68: 1033-103.
-------
How acid rinse works?
Adsorption
Virus
f
membrane
Cation
Acid rinse
Virus
Alkarine Elution
Virus
-------
Recovery ( % )
Virus
type
Pure P
water PO|JO
o Q3
oea
water PO|JO
+ve
filter
(1MDS)
No
40
50
0
6
-ve filter
( Millipore HA, 0.45um )
Beef extract
Acid
9
83
4
94
no
0
79
7
42
NaOH
Acid
35
95
89
no
3.9
33
38
-------
Improvement of the virus
concentration method
Pretreatment of membrane with AICI3, for
the membrane positively charged.
• Pre-sorption of A] enable viruses adsorb onto
the membrane without addition of Mg.
• Acid rinse works in a same manner as Mg
method.
Modification for field survey.
• Concentrate viruses outside of laboratory.
Increase the area of the membrane
• Disk filter to cartridge filter.
-------
1.AI3+ Sorption on Membrane 2. Virus Adsorption
Sample
On£
0.1
X1
Repulsive
interaction
Al3
Millipore HA Virus
L ( pore 0.45|jm ) Negatively charged
3. Acid rinse to remove AI3+ 4. Elution of Virus in Alkali
\
H2SO4 ( pH 3.0 )
l[]aOH ( pH 10.5 )
0
Dositively
charged to
attach directly
to membrane
Repulsiv
iteracti
Concentrate
-------
Other methods developed
Cultivate viruses without elution from
membrane
• Coliphage detection (Sobsey et al., 1995)
• on host bacteria E. coli.
• Enteric virus detection (Papageorgiou et al.,
2000)
• on mammalian cell layer
Concentrate viruses, bacteria and
protozoa at once by UF (Hill et al., 2007)
• PCR inhibition is problem
-------
Research work of Katayama's
Development of virus concentration method from water
(Katayama et al., Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 68: 1033-1039, 2002)
+ Field survey
• Tap Water and river Water ( Applied and Environmental Microbiology 70: 2154-
2160,2004. )
• River in Tokyo ( Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 71 (5):2403-2411,2005. )
• Tokyo bay area ( Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 68: 1033-1039, 2002,
Water Science and Technology: Water Supply, Vol 4, No 2 pp73-77, 2004. )
• Combined sewer overflow at storm rain ( CSO) ( water science &
Technology Vo\ 50 No 1 pp 259-262, 2004. )
• Southeast Asian Water Environment ( water science & Technology vo\ 54
No 3 pp 203-210, 2006. )
• Wastewater treatment plants in Japan ( Water Research, 42:1441 -
1448,2008 )
22
-------
4. Detection of viruses in a large
volume of water
Occurrence of Norovirus genomes in
Tap water in Tokyo
Applied and Environmental Microbiology 70: 2154-2160,
2004
X \
23
-------
Outline of Tap Water Survey
Sample Volume: 100-500 L
98 samples
from January 2002 to February 2003
All the concentrate was subjected for virus
detection (9 portion each).
Virus genome was detected by real time
PCR.
24
-------
Noroviruses were found in Tokyo
tap water
Season
Spring
(Mar- May)
Summer
(Jun-Aug)
Autumn
(Sep-Nov)
Winter
(Dec-Feb)
Total
Positive/tested
NV-G1
0/29
(0.0%)
1/18
(5.6%)
0/19
(0.0%)
3/32
(9.4%)
4/98
(4.1%)
NV-G2
3/29
(10.3%)
0/18
(0.0%)
3/19
(15.8%)
1/32
(3.1%)
7/98
(7.1%)
Norovirus genome was
detected from tap water in
Tokyo.
PCR tubes were never opened
to prevent carry-over
contamination.
Average concentration should
be 1 genome/2800L.
Infectious risk was calculated to
be 1 infection / 200 people-year
in the worst scenario, though
there are a lot of unknown
factors.
-------
Norovirus concentration in Japan
E. co//
(CFU/ml)
NV
(PDU/
Tap water
0
10'6 5
Raw sewage
105
10s±i
Treated
wastewater
103
Coastal seawater
101±
1
10
-2+2
-------
Virus concentration in wastewater
in Asian countries
Japan
(sewage)
Beijing, China
(sewage)
Ho Chiminh,
Viet nam
(canal)
Jakarta,
Indonesia
(Flood
water)
(CFU/mL)
E. coli
105
104'5
103
104
(PDU/mL)
NVG1
1Q2-4
1Q2-3
101
io-1
NV
G2
1Q2-4
1Q2-4
10o-i
101
AdV
1Q3-4
1Q2-3
1Q1-2
102
EV
1Q2-3
102
1Q1-2
101
HAV
0
some
0
102
27
-------
Transport of Pathogen via Water
-Comprehensive Approach for Risk Management-
|Y Monitoring •
From Upstream
Risk from drinking water
By human,
from human
WTP =
Barrier agains
Pathogens
WWTP
Recreational activity
Risks via fishery
-------
Pathogens/ Microbes
Future Directions for Monitoring Pathogen
Indicators/Surrogates: Linkages to Water Quality
Management and Public Health Protection
Dr. Audrey Levine
National Program Director for Drinking Water
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
-------
£EPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Future Directions for Monitoring Pathogen
Indicators/Surrogates:
Linkages to water quality management and
public health protection
Dr. Audrey D. Levine, P.E.
National Program Director for Drinking Water Research
Office of Research and Development
National Program for Drinking Water Research
Treasure Island Hotel, Las Vegas, NV
March 4, 2009
-------
DRINKING WATER RESEARCH PROGRAM
Monitoring pathogens and indicators
Goals
• Public Health protection
• Water quality management
• Regulatory compliance/oversight
Context
• Drinking water
• Discharge permits
• Storm water
• Recreational water
Future directions to link monitoring and
monitoring with public health protection and
water quality management
-------
DRINKING WATER RESEARCH PROGRAM
Monitoring goals and challenges
1 Goals
• Rapid, low-cost detection of potential health threats
• Ability to develop timely response
• Identify source
• Develop and implement risk management strategy
1 Challenges for monitoring pathogens
• Wide array of potential pathogens
• Detection limits
• Costs, Turn-around time
Challenges for monitoring indicators
• Lack of direct correlation with pathogens
• Occurrence, concentration
• Viability, infectivity
• Health risks
• Fate/transport mechanisms
Campylobacterjejuni
-------
DRINKING WATER RESEARCH PROGRAM
Trends in waterborne disease outbreaks associated with
United States drinking water 1971-2006
1971 1974 1977 1980 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995 1998 2001 2004
Parasitic
Unidentified
Year
Bacterial D Viral D Chemical
Legionella spp. ^ Mixed agents
Yoder JS etal. 2008. MMWR 57(SS-9):39-69.
-------
DRINKING WATER RESEARCH PROGRAM
2 year period
65 outbreaks
2536 people sick
8 deaths
(Naegleria
fowleri)
Dominant agents:
Cryptosporidium,
toxigenie E. coli,
noroviruses
ecreational Water Outbreaks
No. of No. •:•!
oubreaks states
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/SS/SS5308.pdf
-------
£EPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Pathogens associated
with waterborne disease
Fewer than 1 % of enteric pathogens have been cultivated and studied
i ruses
Strep, pyogenes
cysts
Fazio and Fishchetti
Free-living
amoebae
Polio virus
Williams, USEPA
Cryptospohdium parvum
oocysts
Lindquist, USEPA
Giardia lamblia
cysts
Lindquist,USEPA
Hi effects include acute AGI; urinary tract, eye, skin, ear, or respiratory infections
Norovirus—highly infectious, resistant to chlorine
-------
DRINKING WATER RESEARCH PROGRAM
' •%
Indicator Organisms
Types and concentrations vary with
source, hydrology, land-use, season,
weather, etc.
Sources
• Wastewater „
»•' * j >
• Stormwater \JJsS
' . ». •.**
• Stagnant water
• Soil
• Sediments
• Warm-blooded animals
-------
&EPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Bacterial Indicators
Indicator
Characteristics
Growth
conditions
Size,
jim
Application
Total coliform
Escherichia, Klebsiella.
Citrobacter, Enterobacter
Fecal coliform
Escherichia, Klebsiella
Rod shaped;
Gram negative;
non-spore
forming
Facultative
anaerobe
0.5 to 2
Drinking
Water (TCR)
NPDES,
TMDLs,
Reclaimed
water,
Shellfish
Enterococci
E. faecalis,E.faecium
Cocci,
Gram positive,
non-spore
forming
Aerotolerant
anaerobe
0.5 to 1
Recreational
water
Clostridium
perfringens
Opportunistic pathogen
Rod shaped,
Gram positive,
spore forming
Obligate
anaerobe
0.6 to 1.3Potential
by
2.4 to 19
urrogate for
protozoan
pathogens
-------
&EPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Viral Indicators
Indicator
Characteristics
Host
Size,
nm
Application
Enteroviruses
Genus within the family
Picornaviridae includes
poliovirus,
coxsackievirus,
echovirus, etc.
cell wall;
Non-enveloped protein
cosahedral capsid
Single strand (ss) RNA
genome
Human
25- Periodic
30 monitoring
for
reclaimed
water
Coliphages
Somatic and male-
specific viruses
Icosahedral protein
shell
E. coll.
and other
coliform
bacteria
25 Virus
surrogate for
UV testing
-------
&EPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Applications for
pathogen/indicator monitoring
Source Water Protection ,
-Prevalence/persistence of
pathogens
-Effectiveness of
management practices
-Permitting
-Source tracking
Treatment
-Treatment efficacy
-Optimization of disinfection
-Monitoring approaches to
ensure safe drinking water
Distribution systems
-Role of biofilms, inorganic
deposits, particles
-Effectiveness of disinfectant
residuals
-Effect of hydraulics and
water age on pathogen
survival
-Intrusion, pipeline integrity
-Free-living amoebae
-------
&EPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Research focus for
pathogens and indicators
Sample
Collection
and
Processing
Screenin
Indicators
Occurrence
Prioritization
I
Measurement
Virulence, Infectivity,
Exposure,
Dose-Response,
Health Effects
-------
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Research activities on
pathogen detection
Sample handling and processing
Potential interferences
-Microbial
-Chemical: Salts, Metals, Organics
-Particulate matter (organic, inorganic, nanoparticles)
Analytical issues
-Viability/I nfectivity
-Detection limits
-Relationship to indicators (microbial, chemical)
-Simultaneous detection of multiple pathogens
-Rapid turn-around time
-------
&EPA Molecular Detection coupled
with viability evaluation
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
^Molecular methods
•PCR/qPCR: PCR-based amplification detection assays fora
wide variety of organisms
•Mic roar rays: Microarrays for typing and for multiple pathogen
detection.
•Proteomics: MALDI-TOF analysis for typing and
characterization.
'Viability
•Bacterial culture methods.
• Viable viruses and
•Protozoan parasites.
integrated Cell Culture/PCR and enrichments
•Cell culture enrichments for viable organisms
•Strategic use of pretreatments to limit PCR amplification by
non-viable organisms.
-------
£EPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Integrated Cell Culture/RT-
PCR Method
.- .
H'WS®
^-l' Mi Vs
v--,-*• \ • •»«-*'-~j.* -
•-•'AV-'-4«¥"'*i
«S«^fe^
Sample Collection
& Elution
Tissue Culture
-------
£EPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Proteomics for Better Pathogen Characterization_
MAUD I-MS was used to create a mass spectral fingerprint (3000 m/z-30,000 mfz) for each
strain/isolate studied. The mass values observed were used to differentiate between the
species of Aeromonas as well as other related genera (Vibrio and Piesiomonas). This
comparison is possible because different species of bacteria express different proteins. Below
is an example of the spectra observed for different microorganisms.
Mi croorgan isms Spectra
.
J^ILihJL JL
MALDI-MS
, j
*jAi4_-
o
LI (III , 1
-
10ODO 1SOOC 2000O 25000
m/z
NERL Project-Dr. Maura Donohue
-------
xvEPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Exposure analysis using
Micro bead immunoassay
1. Microscopic beads are coated with
one specific protein (Cryptosporidium,
norovirus or rotavirus)
2. Saliva samples are incubated
with beads in microplate wells;
salivary antibodies react with the
protein
3. Samples are incubated
with labeled anti-human
detection antibody
-------
£EPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Oral fluid sampling
Oracol™ oral fluid samplers
Immunoglobin responses (IgA, IgG and IgM) to
Cryptosporidum, norovirus and rotavirus
Sharp increase in antibody (immunoconversion)
indicates infection during a specific month
-------
£EPA
Source tracking approaches
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Phylogenetic Analysis: > 2500 clones
Automated Sequencing
Confirm inserts using Ml3 primers
Cloning
Ligation of PCR products to vector and
m transformation of plasmid into E. coll
competent cells
Sample collection and filtration (5L) of
water samples
Extract total DNA
from polycarbonate filters
Universal Primers
(8F and 787R)
-------
DRINKING WATER RESEARCH PROGRAM
Draft Contaminant Candidate List microbes
BACTERIA
• Campylobacter jejuni
• Escherichia coli (0157)
• Helicobacter pylori
• Legionella pneumophila
• Salmonella enterica
• Shigella sonnei
• Mycobacterium avium
VIRUSES
• Caliciviruses (includes
norovirus,sapovirus)
• Hepatitis A virus
• Entero virus
PROTOZOA
• Entamoeba histolytica
• Naegleria fowleri
Regulatory Decision Criteria:
•Occurrence
•Health Effects
•Policy, Regulation, or Risk Management Opportunities
http://www.epa.gov/nerlcwww/
graphics/norwalk.jpg
-------
£EPA
Comparison of a qPCR and Culture Method
for Enterococcus
Real Time PCR vs. Culture Based Fecal
Indicator Bacteria Measurements
to Determine
Beach Water Quality
Pathogens too diluted
& varied to measure
at beach. Indicator
bacteria still measurable.
24 Hours
Pathogen (virus,
parasite,or bacteria)
Indicator
(fecal bacteria)
O Filter
Water Sample
Water Sample
Grow Indicators
on Filter Membranes
) Extract DMA
from Filter
;Iount indicator colonies on Q
filter to determine water quality.
:_) Am pi ify & m eas u re
indicator DMA by PCR
to determine water quality.
uiii v.ri
:iui
- — , , — ~
nw
. /
,''
- 7",
*,Jffi
/
.,•'' ,.-•'
— ~ "( — (~
.- -•
, ,
u « 13 a 12 2-1 a
Cnta
2 Hours
-------
DRINKING WATER RESEARCH PROGRAM
Conclusions
• Tools and methods are evolving to
better link monitoring approaches for
pathogens and indicators to public
health protection and water quality
monitoring
• Future directions will build upon
historical approaches and provide
opportunities for more comprehensive
characterization of sources of
microbial contaminants, impacts of
risk management
-------
Pathogens/ Microbes
Research for Pathogens in Water Environment and
the Countermeasures in Sewerage
Mr. Seiichiro Okamoto
Team Leader, Recycling Research Team
Material and Geotechnical Engineering Research Group
Public Works Research Institute
-------
5th Japan - U.S. Joint Conference on Drinking Water Quality Management
and Wastewater Control
March 2-5, 2009
Research for Pathogens in
Water Environment and
the Countermeasures in Sewerage
Seiichiro Okamoto
Recycling Research Team
Public Works Research Institute
-------
Research for Pathogens in Water Environment and the Countermeasures in Sewerage
Outline ~
Background
Study of cryptosporidium measures in
sewage systems
State of norovirus (NV) in wastewater, treated
wastewater and river water
Characteristics of removal of NV from
wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs)
-------
State of infectious diseases caused
by pathogens in Japan
In Japan, cryptosporidium, norovirus, and
other antibiotic resistant bacteria cause
frequent infectious diseases
a cryptosporidium outbreak in Ogose town (JPN)
(1996)
• More than 9,000 people were infected
a Spread of norovirus (NV) nationwide in recent
years
First in terms of food poisoning cases (2006)
• Second in number of cases (2006)
-------
Cryptosporidiosis outbreak in Ogose £
town (1996)
• A large-scale outbreak caused 9,000 people
to suffer from diarrhea and stomach pain.
• Cryptosporidium gets mixed with the tap
water from the contaminated river water.
• There was a wastewater treatment facility
upstream from water intake.
• Cryptosporidium propagated in the water
cycle (wastewater - Intake ) .
-------
Study of cryptosporidium measures
for sewage systems
• In response to Ogose outbreak,
cryptosporidium for sewage systems were
also studied.
• The Study Committee on cryptosporidium in
Sewage Systems completed and announced
its final report (2000)
-------
Study of cryptosporidium measures
for sewage systems
cryptosporidm
Adding flocculant
(10mg/L)
1/1000 of the
concentration
(activated sludge treatment)
Outline of the final report
• State of cryptosporidium concentration/
in wastewater and treated wastewater
• Evaluation of cryptosporidium removaT
effectiveness of the wastewater and sludge treatment
processes
• Methods of measures for cryptosporidium in sewage
systems
a Ensuring safety of water bodies receiving effluent of treated
wastewater (normal times and during an outbreak)
a Ensuring safety of sewage system employees
-------
State of norovirus (NV)
in river water, waste water and
treated wastewater
-------
Food poisoning caused by NV
• In Japan, food poisoning caused by NV is the leading
cause: 27,616 patients out of total of 39,026 patients (71.0%)
• Of a total of 1,491 outbreaks, 449 outbreaks (33.5%),
second to campylobacterjejuni/campylobactercoli ( 645
outbreaks )
Occurrence during the past 6 years.
Total outbreaks
Total patients
Fatalities
2001
269
7,358
0
2002
268
7,961
0
2003
278
10,603
0
2004
277
12,537
0
2005
274
8,727
0
2006
499
27,616
0
(Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare Web Site: quoted from norovirus Questions and Answers )
-------
Characteristics of NV
An extremely small round structured virus
with diameter of about 38nm, discovered in
victims of a 1968 gastroenteritis epidemic
Heating at 60°C for 30 minutes does not
destroy its infectiousness.
Its genotypes are classified as G1 and G2,
which are communicated to people.
It cannot be detected by the cell culture
method. ^ difficult to judge the activity
-------
Characteristics of NV (cont'd)
Symptoms continue for only 1 to 3 days, but
include violent vomiting, and later diarrhea
and fever etc.
It is known to be a virus which is a major
cause of food poisoning and gastroenteritis
through raw oysters (now rare) in the winter
In recent years, a high percentage of cases
have been caused by person to person
infection.
10
-------
NV measurement method:
Why the real time PCR method?
cell culture method
a impossible to measure the infectious capacity of NV
electronic microscope, antigen-antibody reaction
a sensitivity is low and quantitative evaluation is impossible
methods of rapidly and easily detecting and measuring
it with high sensitivity should be developed.
-------
Real time PCR equipment
Real time PCR —
Technology which amplifies, monitors in real time, and
analyzes (quantifies) a specified gene
(Benefits)
(1) Can accurately quantify a specified gene.
(2) Can perform analysis quickly and easily.
Example of a real time PCR System
Applied Biosystems 7500
LightCycler
Smart Cycler
-------
Procedure for quantification
ft
concentration
- negatively charged membrane
"polyethylene glycol (PEG)
extract RNA, refine
reverse transcriptase reaction
convert the RNA to DMA
real time PCR (quantification)
amplifies and quantifies
a specified gene
13
-------
State of NV in river water
- Example of a survey by the PWRI -
The coverage ratio of sewage
systems varied between the rivers
a At NT2, the coverage ratio of sewage
systems is almost 100 %, and the
river water is mainly spring water.
a At OT2 and OT5, the coverage ratio is •
low and domestic wastewater is
treated in septic tanks then
discharged into the river
Every six hours, water was sampled
from 3 small rivers then analyzed
Teganuma Marsh
(Chiba pref.)
Flush toilet wastewater
treatment tank
D individual sewage treatment
tank
D Night soil treatment plant
Teganuma Marsh
(Chiba pref.)
14
-------
State of NV in river water
- Example of a survey by the PWRI -
During the non-epidemic period (July), both G1 and G2 were
below the quantification limits (3.8 x 103 copies/L )
During the epidemic period (Jan.) both G1 and G2 were
detected at concentrations of 105 copies/L at OT2.
The detected concentration varies greatly between the
epidemic and non-epidemic periods
NV (copies/L)
cryptosporidium, giardia (numbers/L)
E. coli (cfu/mL)
Name Date / time
OTZ
OTZ™
6T!
NT2
norovirus
G1
7/10 9:00 N.D.
Quantification limit 3 SF403
1/22
1/22
1/22
1/23
1/22
1/22
1/23
1/23
1/22
1/22
1 /23
1/23
9:00
15:00
21:00
3:00
12:00
18:00
0:00
6:00
13:10
19:00
1:00
6:40
3. 1E+05
2. 3E+05
4. 2E+05
1 . QE+05
N. D,
N. D.
N. D.
N. D.
N. D.
N. D.
N. D.
N. D.
norovirus
G2
N. D.
3 8F+03
3. 1E+05
1.3E+Q5
3.3E+05
1 . 6E+05
N. D.
N. D.
N. D.
N. D.
N. D.
N. D.
N. D.
Name Date / time crypto-
= sporidium
giardia
Name Date / time
E. coli
OTZ
OT5
NTZ
I 22
1/22
1/22
1/23
1/22
1/22
1/23
1/23
I 22
1/22
1/23
1/23
9:00
15:00
21:00
3:00
12:00
18:00
0:00
6:00
13:10
19:00
1:00
6:40
N.
N
N
N.
N,
N.
N
N.
N.
N.
N
N.
D.
D
D
D.
D.
D.
D
D.
D.
D.
D.
D.
5. OE-02
N. D.
5, OE-02
N. D.
N.
N.
N.
N.
N.
N.
N.
N.
D.
D,
D
D.
D,
D
D.
D.
OTZ
OT5
NTZ
1 ,22
1/22
1/22
1 ,23
I - 22
1/22
1/23
1/23
1/22
1/22
1/23
1 /23
9:00
15:00
21:00
3:00
12:00
18:00
0:00
6:00
13:10
19:00
1:00
6:40
8. OE+01
7, OE+01
8. OE+01
5. OE+01
9. OE+00
1.8E+01
1, OE+01
3.QE+00
2. OE+01
8. OE+01
1 . 8E+02
4. OE+01
-------
Relationship of NV with chemical 4j*
markers
• A correlation of NV with caffeine and total sterol
a Correlation coefficients for G1 are 0.86 and 0.73 for caffeine and total sterol
respectively , and for G2, 0.80 and 0.67 for caffeine and total sterol respectively
The NV concentration can be estimated based on the
concentrations of the chemical markers: caffeine and total
sterol. (h During the epidemic period
o
(U
-I— •
(/)
"CD
-I— •
o
il
CD
O
10
10° 1CT 10"
NV(G1)copies/L
10C
107
O)
c
"o
Q)
"oo
£
CD
O
10
10° 10" 10°
NV (G2) copies/L
106 107
-------
NV Removal Tests
at the Pilot Plant
Continuous removal test of the activated
sludge treatment method
a A pilot plant consisting of an aeration tank
(capacity 100 L) and primary and secondary
sedimentation tanks (capacities 50 L) etc. was
used for the tests.
17
-------
NV Removal Tests
at the Pilot Plant
Influent wastewater was
supplied continuously
primary
clarifier
Chemical added (poly-aluminum
chloride (PAC)), at a rate of 5 and
10mg-AL/L (System 1)
Secondary
v clarifier
Aeration tank
Sampling
point
MLSS 2,000 mg/L
HRT 8 hours
- Activated sludge method with
chemical addition (System 1)
- Standard activated sludge
method (System 2)
filtration rate : 200m/day
- Sand filtration (Run1)
- Sand filtration with
chemical addition (Run2)
Sampling
point
Secondary
effluent
Sand
filtration
I
Sampling
point
PAC added at a rate of
3mg-AL/L (Run 2)
Schematic of the Pilot Plant
-------
Results of testing
Changes of NV concentration
(measures of NV started in late December)
Quantity of PAC added increased from 5 mg/L to 10
mg/L (System I)
_
o
o
o
o
1.E+08
1.E+07
1.E+06
(1.E+05
1.E+04
> 1.E+03
1.E+02
Dec.20 Jan. 10 Jan. 31 Feb. 21 Mar. 13
Changing NV (G1) concentration
1.E+08
1 .E+02
Dec.20 Jan. 10 Jan. 31 Feb. 21 Mar.
Changing NV (G2) concentration
19
-------
Results Of testing (removal rates)
13
-------
Improving NV removal
effectiveness by sand filtration
Sand filtration at filtration rate of 200 m/day achieved G2
removal of 0.6 log (74%)
Sand filtration with chemical addition (3 mg-AL/L)
achieved removal rate from 1 .4 to 2.4 log or higher
Addition of PAC achieved removal rate from 1.4 log to
2.4 log.
Sand filtration
(Run 1)
Sand filtration with
chemical addition
(Run 2)
removal rates ( log )
NV ( G1 )
0.05
1.4-2.7
NV ( G2 )
0.6
1.9 -2.4 or higher
Average removal rate (%)
Turbidity
90
98
SS
79
96
E. Coli
74
99
21
-------
Conclusion
(Removal tests at the Pilot Plant)
a The NV concentration in influent wastewater was 106
to 107 copies/L
The NV removal rates
a Activated sludge method — 0.6 log to 2.1 log.
a Activated sludge with chemical addition
0.6 log to 2.9 log (5 mg-AL/L)
-— 2.1 log to 3.5 log (10 mg-AL/L)
a Sand filtration — about 0.6 log (G2)
a Sand filtration with chemical addition (3 mg-AL/L)
1.4 log to 2.4 log
22
-------
Future challenges
In Japan there are no final effluent standards for
viruses in sewage systems.
a Present detection methods cannot quantitatively
detect the presence or absence of pollutants.
a The state of viruses in wastewater and in treated
wastewater are not fully understood.
The MLIT* established the Study Committee on
viruses in Sewage Systems (2008)
a To perform studies focused on the preparation of
guidelines concerning NV removal technologies etc.
*MLIT : Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism
23
-------
Future survey challenges
ft
Clarifying the state of pathogens
surveys of the removal of p
wastewater treatment plants
Evaluations of/cne safety pf \
risk evaluation/method.
Disinfection
diactivates NV?
and conduct
hogens in
iruses using the
Combined Sewer
Overflows (CSOs)
concentration of NV?
24
-------
Research for Pathogens in Water Environment and
the Countermeasures in Sewerage
Thank you
for ygur kind attention
-------
Pathogens/ Microbes
Future Design Techniques for Chemical Disinfection
Dr. Charles N. Haas
LD Betz Professor of Environmental Engineering, and
Head, Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering Dept.
Drexel University
-------
vkv >.;Betz Professor
^ORiiierita t E nrgi ti ^r i n
Dept. of Civil. Architectural an
fy&fyf^&yfyj^jf '-^^y^^j^^r' \fJ^jf£ •• jr>p^^5^h
^Environmental Engineering
4f% v^^y^y^' '*''''£
I ||^/S^^&9,///s^
V- I \J\
-------
Outline
Continuing motivation for better
methods for design
Historical evolution of design methods
Vision for future framework
What we have and what we need
-------
Motivation
DBP/Recalcitrant
pathogens (water
^Balancing for
competing risks
^Rational design to
meet multiple
criteria
Wastewater
^Balancing for
ecological effects
(as well as DBFs)
microbial
process
cost
byproduct
risk
-------
Disinfection 0 (1820's-
1900)
Miasmatic Theory
Dose for deodorization
fc Averill (1832) -"When it is
desirable to destroy the
effluvia from drains, &c, or
to purify the water of a
cistern—dissolve about eight
ounces of the chloride of
lime in a pail full of water,
and disperse it into them.
Repeat the operation until
the object is effected/'
- 5 g/L
- * • •••'•••
OTUBSTIBK,
-------
Disinfection 1 (1900
1930's)
Dose to give inactivation (some
realization of demand, time)
1900-1930's
& Hooker(1913)
"The exact amounts of chloride of lime
required for water from different
sources, etc., vary considerably. The
average quantity employed in most
cases lies between 5 and 12 Ibs. per
million gallons of water... Even larger
quantities up to 25 Ibs. have been
employed."
Ca 0.5-3 mg/L
AN INVESTIGATION OF THE LAWS
OF DISINFECTION.
Bv HARRIETTS CHICK, D.So. LONDON.
Jama- Research Student, Lister Institute of Preventive Medicine.
INTRODUCTION,
THE work of Pasteur, showing the action of preservatives to be due
to their toxic effect upon micro-organisms, and the extension of the same
explanation, by the work of Lister, to cover the case of disinfectants and
disease germs, was followed by a considerable amount of successful work
dealing with the disinfectant action of fast numbers of substances upon
putrefying matter. (Buchholtz 1875 ; Jalan de la Croix 1881.)
Robert Koch (1886), however, is responsible for the first systematic
experiments on disinfection, using pure cultures of bacteria. By
means of his "thread" method he investigated the effect on anthrax
spores of the then popular disinfectants, carbolic acid and sulphur dioxide,
and of many substances previously uninvestigated. He confirmed
previous work, demonstrating the powerful disinfectant, and even
greater antiseptic, properties of mercuric chloride, and the great
reputation of this salt may be said to date from these experiments.
Shortly afterwards much interest was excited by the appearance of
the first of many emulsified disinfectants, creolin, and this substance
-was investigated by many contributors to the study of disinfection, e.g.,
Esmarch (1887) working with putrefying liquids, and Henle (1889), who
worked with cholera and typhoid. The latter also showed that creolin
contained higher homologues of phenol (cresols, etc.) which, themselves
only slightly soluble in water, are conveniently emulsified by the
ad&'cen of soap; these higher phenols are at the'same time more
powerful Disinfectants and less poisonous than carbolic acid. Fraenkel
(1889) showed that the extra disinfecting power of crude over pure
carbolic acid was due also to the admixture of higher phenols; he
-------
Disinfection 2 (1930's-
1970's)
Application of kinetic theories.
dependency on demand, temperature
New England Water Works Association
ORGANIZED 1882
IVoL. LXI
DECEMBER, 1947
No. 4
\Tfiis Association, at a body, ii not rtiponsiblt far Me itatementi at opinion! at my ef til numbtri
THE DYNAMICS OF WATER CHLORINATION*
BY GORDON M. FAIR.t J. CARRELL MORRISJ AND SHIH LU CHANG**
Srplember 16, 1947.]
Time Killed
15 min
3Omin
45 min
60 min
4 8 • T 1 » 10
pH«-lo9[H+]
Fie, 3.—DZSIRVCIION OF STOKES OF B. anlkracis BV CHLORINE AHB HTH in BUFFERED)
DISTILLED AND TAP WATER AT 25° C.
(950 to 2050 spores per ml)
-------
Recognition of a Problem
5 Full Scale Disinfection Contactors
have non-ideal flow
\
-------
Disinfection 2.5 (1980,
SWTR)
and use c*t = fCoH temperature
TABLE 1
CT Values for Disinfectants to Inactivate 99,99%of Giardia Lamblia Cysts
USEPA Guidance Manual to the SWIFT
Disinfectant
Free Chlorine at 2 mg/l3
Ozone
Chlorine Dioxide
Chloramine (performed4)
pH
6
7
8
9
6-9
6-9
6-9
<1 C
165
236
346
500
2.9
63
3800
5'C
116
165
243
353
1.9
26
2200
10 C
87
124
182
265
1.43
23
1 850
20 C
44
62
91
132
0,72
15
1100
25 €
29
41
61
88
0.48
11
750
-------
Problems with 2.5
All have mean=30 min
andtlCMlOmin
o.oo
o
20
40 60.
time (mm)
80
100
-------
Disinfection 3 - Integrated
Disinfection Design
Framework (1977-current)
Trussell & Chao
& Application of
chemical reaction
engineering theory
fc Assumption of
complete segregated
flow
Maior improvement
over 2/2.5
But there are still
•roblems
batch C(t)
continuous flow - f(t)
time
residence time
prediction of continuous
flow performance
-------
Problems with 3
Q f(T)dr
I I iii
Also, need RTD to
design - which may
not be available if
system is not built
Utility ID
-------
Disinfection 4 - Vision
Given
4> Water quality information
*> Design dose
*> Contactor geometry and
flow
Predict a priori
4> Inactivation performance
4> DBP production
Optimize aeometrv. dose.
We need
That minimize cost &
Satisfy the multiple (and
increasing) regulatory
concerns
Predictive model of
inactivation kinetics
Predictive model of
disinfectant demand
Predictive model of
DBP formation
kinetics
Predictive model of
continuous flow
reactor performance
(hydraulics and
concentrations)
Remainder of presentation
-------
Inactivation Model Incorporating
Water Quality
Time,
residual
temperatur
e, pH,
alkalinity
Crypi\ospori\dium
o.oi
0.001
0.0001
0.0001
0.001
0.01
Predicted Survival
Calibrated System M
Neural Network Mode
in progress
-------
Direct CFD Model -
Chlorination
Direct CFD solution
^Eulerian-Eulerian disinfection model
^Simultaneous solution of continuity,
momentum and mass transfer equations
^Accounting for reaction terms of disinfectant (1st
order with immediate demand) and inactivation
(Horn)
^Use of k-e model for turbulence closure
(small Reynolds number option)
^Use of commercial package (CFX)
-------
Pilot Chlorine Contactor
?Three-oass serpentine reactor
3 gpm (11.4 liter/min)
theoretical hydraulic detention
time=3hr
NaOCI was added to the contactor
through an in-line static mixer
8 intermediate taps
Funding - AWWARF, Collaborators - Montgomery-
Watson
-------
RTD Prediction (not fitting)
Predicted Tracer Curve
Experimental
\ r
Experimental and Predicted Tracer Curves for Pass 1
Monitor Location
-------
Residual Prediction (not fitting)
Representative Chlorine Concentration
Plot for Reactor - Run Rl (a) Plan at
Mid-Depth; (b) Profile at Mid-Width.
MJ
•L
X
Experimental Value =46 mg/L
6.00
5.00
4.00
3.00
2.00
1.00
Bull Run - MC
• Willamette - MC
Bull Run - FC
Willamette - FC
0.00
Y
CHLORINE
(B)
5.0OOOE+OO
4.9O67E + OO
4.7783E+OO
4.65OOE-I.OO
4.5217E + QO
4.3933EH-OO
4.3OOOE-1-OO
0.00 2.00 4.00
Predicted Chlorine (mg/L)
6.00
-------
Inactivation Prediction (not fitting)
QuickTime™ and a Photo - JPEG decompressor are needed to see this picture
QuickTime™ and a Photo - JPEG decompressor are needed to see this picture
Representative Viable
Microorganism Density Plot for
Reactor - Run Rl, (a) Plan at
Mid-Depth; (b) Profile at Mid-
Width
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
IDDF
CFD
In (OBSERVED) - In (PREDICTED)
-------
Countercurrent
Pilot O3 Column
CFD captures
gradual
consumption of
indigo
CFD images
provide greater
resolution of
bubble plume than
photographs
(averaging)
Bartrand, 2006
(b) CFD, Color Contours
-------
Full scale reactor - Alameda County Water
District (ACWD) mng-ui .2oo6)
gassing boundary at water surface
Water inlet
(specified normal
velocity and
Crypiosporidium
density)
Q,,,= 9.5MGD
Symmetry plane
Water discharge
(specified
pressure)
Gas inlet (specified
normal velocrty and
O3 concentration)
= -| 80 SCmh
O "Rough " grid (700,000
elements)
O First order ozone decay
O First order Cryptosporidium
parvum inactivation
O First order bromate formation
Demonstration of
Full Scale
Feasibility
(Bartrand, 2006)
Dissolved ozone concentration
Ozone decays rapidly;
almost no residual
when water reaches the
third chamber
Predicted inactivation
matches gross
measurements made in
full scale contactors
CryptGipofidufn parvum Number Density (wg/L)
Bromate formation rate
Bromate formation hot
spots coincide with
regions of high ozone
concentration
Predicted bromate
concentration matches
gross measurements
made in full scale
contactors
-------
Needs for Future R&D
More extensive tests of NN kinetic
model fittin<
^Data gathering to fill in gaps (rich
spectrum of water characteristics)
Exploration of NN for predictive
DBP and demand models
Validation of CFD a
full scale
roaches in
-------
Current state of art
Obtain kinetic
parameters,
decay, in batch
Vision for future
state of art
Kinetics from
expert system data
base
Run pilot studies
under different
conditions
Engineering
evaluation of
performance,
reliability
Simulation of many
design alternatives
Role of
Metamodeling
Full scale design
and construction
-------
Oh and by the way
If we can do this for disinfection
^ Why not for
^ Coagulation/flocculation
-^Filter performance...
And we can build self-learnin
treatment plants
-------
Acknowledgements
(partial)
Sponsors
US EPA
AWWARF
IDA
Phila. Water Dept.
Montgomery-Watson
LD Betz Endowment
Collaborators
fcG. Finch (U Alberta)
^Former Students
qDr. Dennis Greene
(M&E/AECOM)
^Dr. Tim Bart rand
(Clancy)
^R Trussell, J Jacangelo, J
Oppenheimer
(Montgomery)
^Dr. B Farouk (Mech. E.,
Drexel)
-------
Watershed Management
-------
Watershed Management
Measure for the Water Quality Improvement in
Dam Basin
Mr. Hiroyuki Nakajima
Chief, Management Section
Kizugawa Dams Integrated Operation and Management Office
Japan Water Agency
-------
Measure for the water quality improvement in dam basin
Hiroyuki NAKAJIMA
Japan Water Agency (JWA)
-------
Contents
1. Introduction
2.The situation of eutrophication in JWA dams reservoirs
3.Water quality improvement facilities and their effects
4.Conclusions
-------
1.Introduction
Target Areas of JWA
-------
1.Introduction
Eutrophication phenomenon (Algal blooms)
Blue-green algae
Fresh water red tide
-------
2.The situation of eutrophication in JWA dams reservoirs
Total Phosphorus (T-P) and Chlorophyll-a and Classification of the
Degree of Eutrophication
Item Oligotrophy Mesotrophy Eutrophy Remarks
Annual average total
4rk , 3 ^rn or* / 3 or* / 3 Vollenweider
phosphorus levels < 10 mg/m 10 to 30 mg/m > 30 mg/m
/ . Qx
(mg/m3)
Annual average ^
chlorophyll a levels < 2.5 mg/m3 2.5 to 8 mg/m3 > 8 mg/m3 OECD 1982
(mg/m3)
-------
2.The situation of eutrophication in JWA dams reservoirs
Number of facilities by eutrophication classification
Annual average T- P in the surface layer of
dam reservoirs (27 facilities)
CO
CD
O
CO
E
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
'96 '97 '98 '99 '00 '01 '02 '03 '04 '05
^ _> Year
Annual average chlorophyll- a in the surface layer of
dam reservoirs (27 facilities)
25
20
00
15 I
CL
O
10 I
o
30mg/ m3
<10mg/m3
10 ~ 30mg/ m3
'Average
>8.0mg/ m3
<2.5mg/ m3
2.5 ~ 8.0mg/ m3
'Average
-------
2.The situation of eutrophication in JWA dams reservoirs
Monthly and yearly changes in the number of facilities
where had blue-green algae and fresh water red tide
20
V)
CD
o
CO
CD
_Q
E
10
CD ^
i- «J
0
Blue- green algae m Freashwater red tide
co
CD
6
i5
o
TO
0
Blue- areen alaae • Freashwater red tide
PI
"
III
-
—
J— 1
-1
i
1
j—
I!
PI
'96 '97 '98 '99 '00 '01 '02 '03 '04 '05
Year
1234567
Month
9 10 11
-------
S.Water quality improvement facilities and their effects
N
•,Ph
Algal bloom Sunlight^
Bypass
The measure against eutrophication in dam reservoir;
-------
(1) Selective Intakes
Hot water
Discharge from low layer
=^ Hotwater
Cold water
Lower a water level
Cold water discharge (The decline of the water temperature)
Inflow
\
Lower a water level
Hot water
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^m
Cold water
^Inflow
Algal bloom
-Hot water
Discharge low layer with lower a water level
Deep water depth ^J
(abiods Algal boom depth)
-------
(2) Aerating circulation facilities
Mechanism
(1) Effect of keeping blue-green algae in the darkness
(2) Effect of nullifying the ability of blue-green algae to regulate
buoyancy through control of water temperature gradient and!yertical
mixing of the upper layer |
(3) Effects of spreading nutrient salts throughout the shallow layer
(4) Effect of encouraging the growth of diatoms and other types of
algae
-------
(2) Aerating circulation facilities
Outline
Sunlight
Inflow of nutrient
salts
Aerating circulation
Eupnoticzone
Place of
darkness
Release
of water
-------
(2) Aerating circulation facilities
l)Overview of the aeration circulation
• The purpose of the aeration circulation is to restrain the explosive-
occurrence of the algae (phyto-plankton) such as blue-green alge
by vertical-circulation on the dam lake with the air foam from the
about 15-20 meter water depth.
Figure
The depth of sunlight reach
The depth of no sunlight
Water flow
Water flow
vertical movement
tf
-------
(2) Aerating circulation facilities
2) Vertical distribution of water temperature
• Until 2002 when waterbloom was seen,water temperature of surface
influence by outside temperature and thermocline is formed
• But since 2004, waterbloom was not seen with aeration circuration
thermocline is not formed
is high
,and
16.0
18.0
20.0
Vteter Tenrrerature ( °C )
22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0
18-July-OO 10:23
12-July-01 10: 11
22-July-02 10:27
15-July-2003 10:36
20-j uly-2004 9:42
19-July-2005 10:44
Vertical water temperature distribution ( July 2000 ~ 2005)
Notes:Aba(standard point) field survey
-------
(2) Aerating circulation facilities
3)Relation between Water temperature of dam lake surface(O.Sm)
and Microcystis number of cells
• When water temperature of surface becomes high,Microcystis number of
cells become more than 10,000 cells
Microcystis number of cells and WateTemperature
D<1,000(cells/ml)
n<100,000(cells/ml)
<10,000(cells/ml)
>100,000(cells/ml)
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Times (time
- 15
75(times)
- 20 - 25
38(times) 38(times)
Water temrerature (°C )
Water temperature and Microcystis number of cells
Notes: result of regular water survey(per month) 1989-2004(standard point surface 0.
I
>
-------
(2) Aerating circulation facilities
4)The installation site of the aeration
• Aeration installs about 1km interval from damsite to 3km of upper.
• And operating the aeration from about 20m depi
Kizu river
Nol
Tkayama
bridge .
Tukigas
bridge
Hachiman
Aeration
1km No4
Dam site -> upper
Aeration install site
Takavama dam ^riverbed level :measures in 2002
140
135
130
125
•§• 120
d ' lb
- 110
9J -ins
> 105
-1 100
95
90
85
Full water lebeUE.L.1 35.00m)
btj
nd
arc! ooint TakaVama bridge,-, , .
: Depth
NT
Aer
i^xr
•urn—
ischar
T3e
ptf
— 20m
36
^
V >-i
<
>
ationNo1Aeratj£nJ
^
sjo:
^er
>^
Deptri^
^ 15m ^
atin h
. r '
o3
• -
A<
— ••
mit water level in flood seas
r\n /C 1 117 nnm\ h
Oil ^t.L. I I / \J\J\n) ~ *
lachiman bridge Tsukig
ase bridge
Depth
-i CKV^LOW watfir IfivfiKF 1O4
3 re
••^
[tja
B^
*rt
— -*
••^*
— ••
-*— -
***'**'
j&etf!^
•• —
*— — •
^— -
,*- —
_b>
^^
— -^-
— -
.— -
H
o
o
•si"
o
o
CO
o
o
o
o
CD
o
o
o
CM
o
o
•si"
CM
o
o
CO
CM
o
o
CM-
CO
o
o
CD
CO
o
o
o
•st
o
o
•st
•st
o
o
CO
•st
o
o
UO
o
o
CD
UO
o
o
o
CD
o
o
•st
CD
o
o
CO
CD
o
o
o
o
CD
o
o
o
CO
o
o
•st
co"
o
o
CO
o
o
o o
o o •
CD O
-------
(2) Aerating circulation facilities
5)The operation of Aeration circulation
Four(4) aeration circulation were introduced from 2000 to 2003
Operated one(l) aeration in 2002,two(2) aeration in 2003,and four(4) aeration
continues since 2004
1 tern
1 nst al 1 at i on year
of aeration
Aer at on ISb 1
Aer at on ISb 2
Aer at on ISb 3
Aer at on N3 4
1 ni t i al cost ( one aer at i on)
» \ —• '• •/
r unni ng cost ( el ect lie f ee )
* ( i nspect i on )
Aerat i on dent h A r vol urne
cont ent s
2001
2002
2003
2003
About 65 000 000 ven
About 2 700 000 ven
About 600 000 ven
0- 20met er 5 6rrfi/ rri n
year
2002
2003
2004
Jan
F
M
L
Feb
F
M
L
Mar
F
M
L
Aip
F
^
^9
M
L
May
F
M
L
F
^
One(1)
Jun
M
L
F
Jul
M
L
F
Aug
M
L
aeration operates (No. 1 )
Sep
F
M
Two(2) aeration
operates (No.
1 No.2 f
Four(4) aeration operates (No.
1- No.4 )
L
Oct
F
M
w
K
L
Nov
F
M
L
Dec
F
M
L
_
Mntoc- P -Pirct ton rla\/c M • Mirlrllo ton rla\/c
I • I act ton rla\/«
-------
(2) Aerating circulation facilities
6)Number of cells about Microcystis in Takayama Dam
• Before 2002, Microcystis number of cells was always 10,000cells/ml or
more, but since 2003, Microcystis number of cells decrease
The cell number of Microcystis dam site (surface )
^100,000
E 90,000
^ 80,000
® 70,000
;» 60,000
a) 50,000
" 40,000
° 30,000
& 20,000
I 10,000
0
Aeration set up
_ j _ _ _ j _ _ j j
'95 '96 '97 '98 '99 '00 '01 '02 '03 '04 '05 '06
The cell number of Phormidium in dam site (surface )
60,000
^ 55,000
E 50 000
1 45,000
o 40,000
w 35,000
0 30,000
o ^ ,- ^ ^ ^
^ 25,000
° 20,000
B 15,000
| 10,000
c 5,000
0
I I I
I I I
I I I
I I I
I I I
I I I
I I I
I I I
I I I
I I I
I I I
L L LI
:::::.::
1
• 1 II
11
•
i
i
i
1,
r
i i
i i
" i "i ^_
i 1 1
i i~i
i 1 1
i i
i i
i i
APT
r^^±
i i
*
i i
1
I
"^
US*
'95 '96 '97 '98 '99 '00
'01
'02 '03 '04 '05 '06 '07
-------
(2) Aerating circulation facilities
6)Number of cells about Microcystis in Takayama Dam
• A lot of number of cells about Microcystis was seen on surface at 2000-2002,
but since 2003, is not seen from surface to deep bottom
5,000
Microcystis number of cells (cells/ ml)
10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 35,000
16-Aug-OO
13-Aug-03
16-Aug-OI
30- Aug- 04
13-Aug-02
24- Aug- 05
^Displayed with overlap at 2003 - 2005
Vertical distribution of number of Microcystis cells
(August, 2000-2005)standard point 0.5, 2.5, 5.0, 10, and 25m
8,527,200cells/ml
265,032cells/ml
-------
(2) Aerating circulation facilities
7) Annual occurrence fresh water red tide and blue-green algewater bloom
• Water bloom was seen every year in summer (from July to September),
but since 2003 which two aeration operates , water bloom isn't seen
Fresh water red tide
Blue-green alg
1
¥3fc
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
?000
?001
?00?
2QQ3
?nn4
?005
?00fi
9007
Jar
F
M
|
F
Feb
M
I
Mar
F
M
|
Aor
F
M
|
F
May
M
|
Jun
F
M
|
Jul
F
M
|
Auc
F
M
|
Sen
F
M
|
Oct
F
M
|
F
Nov
M
|
F
Dec
M
|
>x< Observation by watching
-------
(2) Aerating circulation facilities
8)Status of blue-green alge(Dam site point 2000-2005)
• Waterbloom was seen in 2000-2002 ,but was not seen in 2003-2005
^Photograph (Dam site point August 2000 - 2005 )
August 17 2000 waterbloom
Auaust 15 2001 v\aterbloom
Auaust 14 2002 vvaterbloom
August 2003 No v\at er bloom Aunust 18 ?004 No v\flt fir bl oorr
August 24 2005 No v\at er bloom
-------
(3)Separative curtain
1) Outline of separative curtain in Shourenji dam
Funou river
Separative curtain
„ Funou river
Dam site -» upper
Dam site
Separative curtain
Kaochi
1)
88888888888
Dam site -> upper
300
Shourenji river Xwater bed level :measure in 2004
Full water level E.L277.0m
Sepflrative curtain
Limit water level in flood season E.L273.0m
r->OOOoOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
oooooooooooooooooooooooooooo
"
Shourenji
Kajika
bridge
-------
(S)Separative curtain
© The measure against
eutrophication in dam reservoirs
inflow
@ The measure against turbidity
in dam reservoirs
-------
(3)Separative curtain
2)Function and effect of fractionation fences
D Prevention of expansion of blue-green algae and freshwater red tide
D Reduction of nutrient flowing into the surface layer on the lower stream side of
the curtain
Inflow of nutrient salts
Reservoir fractionation fence
Depletion of nutrient salts in the
production layer of algae
Bypassing of nutrient salts by selective intake
Release
of water
-------
(3)Separative curtain
3) effects of curtain
Numbers of Peridinium cells
Installation of a reservoir
fractionation fence
10000
1000
Is
100
10
Peridinium
1
'94 '95 '96 '97 '98 '99 '00
Changes over Time in the Numbers of Peridinium Cells
'01 '02
'03
Upstream side of the fence
lowerstream side of the fence
Q
2000 4000 6000 8000
Numbers of Peridinium cells
(Numberof cells/ml)
10000
Vertical Distribution of Numbers of Peridinium Cells (2002)
-------
4.Conclusions
l.Measures,such as selective intakes,aeration
circulation,separative curtain are effective for conservation
of water quality in reservoirs.
2.It is necessary for dam management to effort for bett
operation over monitoring of effects.
3.We have to progress the technical innovation to
people with good quality water.
sup]
-------
Thank you
-------
Watershed Management
Management of the Impact of Earthquake on
Sewerage Services
Mr. Osamu Fujiki
Director, Wastewater and Sludge Management Division
Water Quality Control Department
National Institute for Land and Infrastructure Management (NILIM)
Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism
-------
-
Management of the Impact
of Earthquake on Sewerage Services
" • ;
rtt^mn Cl I III/"!
k:
f _..wps;
Osamu FUJIKI
Director of Water Quality Control Department
National Institute for Land and Infrastructure Management
^
•
>'-.
.
~>: ?V , '• .. '-•
-i .-'•'.' -C-
^iMXC' ""•"" " **
w*C
iW
^ y,
* u W*. _ -
Wt'
a
V
•
U.S.-Japan Joint Conference on Drinking Water Quality Management and Wastewater Control
. • ;-
^ - •
I
-------
Distribution map of earthquake's epicenter
80"N
40"N
North Ann ncan Plate
South Amer* i Plato
40'S
eo's
J70"E
Earthquake's epicenter
1991-2001
magnitude: >5
depth < 100km
Source : the Japan Meteorological Agency
-------
The Niigata-Ken Chuetsu Earthquake
(2004.Oct.23) M6.8
Seismic Intensity Distribution
i 37.3 degrees north latitude, 138.9 degrees of east longitude,
depth 13km M6.8
3
Source: Japan Meteorological Agency
-------
' ' •fabu^B -
-------
f
-------
Wr*
-------
-------
soil
accumulat
3.4%
being
buried in
water
3.9%
Classification of damage of
Sewer pipes and manholes
out break of crack
2.6%
stagnant
water
31.1%
invasion
water
.8%
breakdown
of damage
of sewer pipes
road
surface
caving
holes
58.2%
others
19.9°'
float in
manhole
41.8%
cover
1.9%
breakdown
of damage
of manholes
body
17.4%
earth and
sand
5.0%
failure of
pipe
connection
3.9%
8
-------
Process of manhole uplift
4) ground settlement
2) Uplifted MH
by buoyancy
soil liquefaction
\
i
i
High
groundwater
level
3) Flow liquefied sand under MH
-------
-------
* --
-------
1 * *A
1
-------
'
-------
Concept of damage estimation method
for sewer pipes
Output: damage
estimation map
i Amount of damage ($)
: Length of
i damage pipe (Km)
iPipe damage rate
X
s
: Calculation
and estimation
-B-
Input
Location ,type, diameter, and
length of a sewer pipe
seismic intensity
PL value
Data from Central Disaster Prevention Council
Data of digital
topographical map
14
-------
Potential of Liquefaction (PL)
PL is the weighted sum of the strength against
the sharing stress toward depth at the ground in
question.
PL is used as an indicator of liquefaction.
value
potential of liquefaction
0
0
-------
Concept of damage estimation method
for WWTP & Pumping Station
Output: damage
estimation map
Amount of damage ($)
Classification by
degree of damage
Damage rate (%)
I--
i
M
•I
-.1
Calculation
and estimation
Input
Location and earthquake
safety type of WWTP &
Pumping st
seismic intensity
PL value
Data from Central Disaster Prevention Council
Data of digital
topographical map
16
-------
Target :
Expected North Tokyo Bay Earthquake
simulated by Central Disaster Prevention Council
• Estimated earth quake center
Northern Tokyo Bay (located immediately below
Tokyo Metropolitan Area)
• Target magnitude 7.3 based on earthquake record/
ancient writing in Japan since 1600
• According to earthquake record/ ancient writing in Japan since 1600,
~> Over Magnitude 8.0 : 2 earthquakes in 1703 and 1922
-> Over Magnitude 8.0 : Low- frequency in next 100 years
-> Magnitude 7.0-8.0 : 10++ earthquakes since 1600
-> Magnitude 7.0-8.0 : a couple of earthquakes in last 200 years
-> Magnitude 7.0-8.0 : Possibility in next 100 year
17 (Source: Central Disaster Prevention Council)
-------
Seismic Intensity Distribution Map
of the North Tokyo Bay Earthquake
18
Source : the Central Disaster Prevention Council
-------
PL value distribution map of the
North Tokyo Bay Earthquake
^i^-n/
19
{
5
o
^r
t
1I.O
Source : the Central Disaster Prevention Council
-------
Damage rate estimation map of
sewer pipe under the North Tokyo
Bay Earthquake
ttv
-
N
W E
S
.-
.
Damage Rate
of Sewer(t)
o
0-25
• 2.5-50
• SO-IO 0
10 0-W C
• Wfl-300
20
-------
Classification Map of WWTP damage
under the North Tokyo Bay Earthquake
-
:
i
•
~ *^yi* *•*"•"• ~
'
'
Type
w • t
-I' i
C§pao!ty(m3/d)
V;' 0-5,000
"^ 6.000-10.000
25.000-50,000
' >100,000
Type-1
Damage by ground
lateral flow with
liquefaction
Type-2
Damage by
liquefaction
Type-3
Damage by seismic
force
Type-4
Slight damage
21
-------
Estimation of Damage of Pipe
Average
Max
Km of damaged pipe
Km of current pipe
2.9%
22.0%
Amount of
damage
(million US $)
5,343 million
38,888 million
1 US$=100JPN
Area: Saitama pref, Chiba pref .Tokyo metropolitan area .Kanagawa pref
22
-------
Estimation of Damage of
WWTP & Pumping station
Average
Max
Amount of
damage
(million US $)
1,590 million
4,056 million
1 US$=100JPN
Area: Saitama pref, Chiba pref .Tokyo metropolitan area .Kanagawa pref
122 WWTPs and 537 Pumping stations
23
-------
Estimation of the Number of people who
can't access sewage system
Average
Max
Number of people
As daytime population
961,000
6,431,000
Area: Saitama pref, Chiba pref ,Tokyo metropolitan area ,Kanagawa pref
122 WWTPs and 537 Pumping stations
24
-------
Answer to the Questionnaire on the Survival
after a Huge Earthquake
225 (male:89, female: 136) out of 700 nominated office workers replied to the
questions on the supposition that they have to stay at office without water supply
for flush toilet for 3 days after a huge earthquake
How do you relieve yourself in case of no toiret service
for 3 days in your office after a huge earthquake ?
-29
30-39
OX)
40-49
50-
0°
50.0
-
46.2
-
48.4
-
35.0
1 I
/o 20% 40%
33.3 16.7
44.0 | 9.9
40.6 10.9
55.0 | 10.0
1 I
60% 80% 100%
D relieve myself outdoors D relieve myself indoors, wrapping D stand waiting for toiret service
e.g. in blind alleies it in paper or plastic bags for 3 days
25
Survey field : Central Business District around Tokyo Station
-------
Scenario Analysis
for Biwako-Yodogawa River water system
• Wastewater Treatment Plant
• Damaged Wastewater Treatment Plant
• Intake for Drinking Water
Kyoto
Katsura River-v O
Osaka /~O Osaka
Bay
26
Suppositions
Large scale earthquake of
maximum seismic intensity six-odd
on the Japanese scale attacks
Biwa upriver area of Yodogawa River
basin in winter when the river flow
rate is relatively small.
6 wastewater plants are damaged
and cease to work. The influent
raw sewage is discharges into
Yodogawa River without treatment
but simple clarifier and chlorination
facility resume their functions on
the 5 day after the earthquake.
Water supply is cut off just after
the earthquake. But 25 % of the
capacity is restored on the 5th day
after the earthquake and total
capacity is completely restored on
the 46th day.
-------
Estimated Change in
the Concentrations of
Coliform Bacteria and
Cryptosporidium
at the water intake point
of 26 km upstream from
the river mouth
3.0E+04
-5
hJ
VI
-M
VI
VI
O
4*
u
O
U
-5
Coliform bacteria (Winter)
No treatment
Clarification and chlorination
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 5C
Pays after the earthquake
Cryptosporidium (Winter)
No treatment
Clarification and chlorination
10
15 20 25 30 35
Days after the earthquake
40
45
50
27
-------
Estimated Variation
in the Concentration of Toxic Substances in Drinking Water
\j. 10
0.05
0.00
0.02
0.0)
0.1
Limit for drinking water
I ™ I
^ ^ ~ ^ Pg CM
^ ^ ^ ~- ^- CM CM
be
Q
s
Removal Rate in the Process
of Water Purification
I 8ft I
103
102
101
inn
.
,
/
s
s,
^
•
*«,
•— •
— .
80V
u.uj
0.02
s~ ^*^
/
/
fSLJ
^*«
ggggggggggggggggggg
J
— — — — CM fM — — — — — CMfM
Targeted Toxic Substances
(1) Lead and its compounds (as the concentration of lead) (2) Arsenic and its compounds (as the
concentration of arsenic) (3) Hexavalent chromium and its compounds (as the concentration of
hexavalent chromium) (4) Phenols (as the concentration of phenol) (5) Cyanide ion and cyanogen
chloride (as the concentration of cyanogen) (6) Toluene
Suppositions
Damaged area is caught in a
shower of 25mm in total for 6
hours.
The storm water washes toxic
substances out of the damaged
factories and other business
facilities and conveys them into
Yodogawa River.
The damage ratio is set at 0.23.
Half amount of every stored toxic
substance in damaged facilities
is assumed to be washed out
into the river.
The storage amount is set at
2weeks / 52 weeks (a year) of
the annual dealing amount which
is estimated from the data
registered in the PRTR
(Pollutant Release and Transfer
Register) System.
28
-------
Example of the Earthquake-proof Reinforcement
in a Wastewater Treatment Plant
29
(Facility that needs quakeproof neasures)
D : Faci I i ty t hat ray st rongl y be
daraged by eart hquake
El : Faci I i t y t hat ray be daraged by eart hquake
— : j oi nt
(D sast er prevent i on measures)
HI : Fjcpansi on j oi nt s
M : A new bypass pipe
-------
Disasters occur because they
come too late to remember
30
-------
Watershed Management
Understanding of Pollutant Behavior in a River Basin
Mr. Yuji Okayasu
Senior Researcher, Water Quality Research Team
Water Environment Research Group
Public Works Research Institute (PWRI)
-------
Title
Understanding of Pollutant Behavior
in a River Basin
Yuji Okavasu. Yutaka Suzuki
Water quality research division,
Public Works Research Institute
00/20
-------
Introduction
>The Water Pollution Control Law legislated in 1970
defined Environmental Water Quality Standards (EWQS)
as targets for water quality management, and effulent
standards for industries were established.
> In order to effectively meet EWQSs, comprehensive
watershed-wide sewerage master plans have been
prepared and updated.
> River water quality parameters for living environments
improved, however, there has been little improvement in
lake, inner bay and estuary water quality.
01 720
-------
Introduction
Trend of share of types of
domestic wastewater treatment systems
c
i 100
c
o
"-I—•
-| 50
Q.
O
Q_
0
No treatment
Vault toilet
(nightsoil collection
and treatment)
Sewage system
Onsite treatment
system I
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
02/20
-------
Introduction
Trend of percentage of water quality monitoring station
where water quality standard is achieved
100
CD
D)
CD
O
CD
CL
80
60
40
20
0
River
(BOD)
Lake
(COD)
I nner bay
and estuary
(COD)
O)
CO CN CD
l^- CO CO
O) O) O)
O
O) O)
O) O)
CO
O)
O)
CN
O
O
CN
CD
O
O
CN
03/20
-------
Method 1 : Watershed Modeling
> Major contributors to water quality pollution
in lake, inner bay and estuary
1) Excessive algal production
2) Release from sediment
I 1 3) Storm water runoff
^ Delivered loads from a river catchment were
estimated and compared by two methods.
>Method 1 : Watershed Modeling
Commercially available watershed model
(InfoWorks CS )
>Method 2 : Unit Load Approach
04/20
-------
Method 1 : Watershed Modeling
> Location of study catchment
Hiroshima
Fukuoka
s
o
Sapporo,
Cewright'CJ 2007 TSUKUI Mwratitral Inc. Al Sghts Reserved
Nagoya
Kyoto
Osaka
Kobe
Tokyo
Kawasaki
Pacific
Ocean
0 50km
I i
05/20
-------
Method 1 : Watershed Modeling
> General information about the study catchment
> Name of catchment
Otsu River catchment
Otsu River runs into the lake Tega
Tone River sub-catchment
>Area
36.798km2
> Annual rainfall
Average 1,302 mm / year
2003 1,751 mm/year
> Population / Population density
216,459* / 5,854/km2*
> Percentage of sewered population
58.5%'
f(2003)
06/20
-------
Method 1 : Watershed Modeling
Construction
of model
Geography
Hydraulic conditions
Base flow discharge
Flow rate
simulation
Wastewater
characteristics
Land use
Monitored
precipitation
data
Monitored
flow rate
data
> Model validation procedure
Water quality
simulation
Monitored
water quality
data
07/20
-------
Method 1 : Watershed Modeling
V
"CD
(
1 U
1 R
I 3
on
oU
/in
4U
n
5/31 6/1 Date 6/2
D 12 0 12 0 12
• Rainfall fmm/h^
1 1 \dn 1 1 en i 1 1 1 1 1 1 it 1 1 1
L
* Monitored
^~ Simulated
-.
-x*v.1M l( j u
(
(
3/3
D
0)
H
CO
co
400
200
0
Monitored
Simulated
Examples of validation results
and water quality wonitoring
at 10 sites (3 times^r site) during dry weather
at 3 sites (3 times per site) during rainfall events
08/20
-------
Method 1 : Watershed Modeling
Model run results
> Annual average specific discharge
2,627m3/d/km2 ( = 959 mm/year)
>Annual delivered loads
from the Otsu River catchment to the lake Tega
estimated by the watershed model (InfoWorks
CS)
( Unit : t / year)
BOD
645
COD
791
T-N
293
T-P
32
09/20
-------
Method 2 : Unit Load Approach
> Major contributors to water quality pollution
in lake, inner bay and estuary
1) Excessive algal production
2) Release from sediment
I - 1 3) Storm water runoff
^ Delivered loads from a river catchment were
estimated and compared by two methods.
>Method 1 : Watershed modeling
Commercially available watershed model
(InfoWorks CS
I ^Method 2 : Unit load approach
10/20
-------
Method 2 : Unit Load Approach
Channel,
Stream
Sedimentation
Adsorption
Decomposition
Denitrification
etc
Pollution source
Treatment
facility
Generated load
Discharged load
Pollutant delivery ratio =
Delivered load
Discharged load
Delivered load
Receiving water
11/20
-------
Method 2 : Unit Load Approach
> Estimation of discharged loads
*On-site wastewater treatment facility
On-site nightsoil treatment facility
Category
Domestic
Livestock
Industrial
Non-point
source
Total
Pollutant
source
Sewer
On-site WTF*
On-site NTF**
Vault toilet
Paddy field
Dry field
Forest
Urban
Number
126,627
23,453
43,585
22,794
162
229.0
1046.6
362.9
2059.3
Unit load Value
Unit
g
/capita
/day
g
/head
/day
g
/ha
/day
BOD
COD
T-N
T-P
Discharged load [ t / y ]
BOD
COD
T-N
T-P
(Diversion)
10.9
44.3
40
6.0
88
88
8.42
8.42
7.7
21.7
17
4.4
119
33.1
34.9
103
6.5
7.9
2
1.4
3.27
69.2
5.8
30.2
5
1.03
0.40
0.85
3.33
0.86
0.80
1.53
93
705
333
0.4
34
7.4
34
1.1
6.3
1214
66
344
141
0.3
34
9.9
13
4.6
77.4
691
56
126
17
0.1
40
2.7
26
0.8
22.7
288
6.4
16
3.3
0.1
6.6
0.3
0.3
0.1
1.2
35
12/20
-------
Method 2 : Unit Load Approach
> Estimation of discharged loads
*On-site wastewater treatment facility
** On-site nightsoil treatment facility
DC
Liv
Inc
Nd
so
To
Relative pollutant source contribution
On-site WTF
On-site NTF
Vault toilet
Industrial
Livestock
Paddy field
Dry field
Forest
Urban
Discharged Load (COD)
:691 t/year
-p
Discharged load [ t / y ]
BOD
COD
Diversion)
.03
).40
).85
$.33
).86
).80
.53
93
705
333
0.4
34
7.4
34
1.1
6.3
1214
T-N
66
344
141
0.3
34
9.9
13
4.6
77.4
691
56
126
17
0.1
40
2.7
26
0.8
22.7
288
T-P
6.4
16
3.3
0.1
6.6
0.3
0.3
0.1
1.2
35
13/20
-------
Method 2 : Unit Load Approach
> Pollutant delivery ratio
Specific
discharge
( m3/d/km2 )
< 2,000
2,000 - 3,000
3,000 - 4,000
4,000 - 5,000
5,000 - 6,000
> 6,000
BOD
annual
delivery
ratio
about 1 0%
15%
30%
45%
75%
1 00%
COD
annual
delivery
ratio
about 20%
30%
60%
90%
1 00%
1 00%
03
O
Q_
246
[103m3/d/km2]
Annual ave. specific discharge
14/20
-------
Method 2 : Unit Load Approach
> Distribution of annual average
specific discharge
( m3 /d /km2)
O < 2,592
O 2,592-4,320
O 4,320-6,048
O > 6,048
15/20
-------
Method 2 : Unit Load Approach
> Delivered load
= Discharged load * Pollutant delivery ratio
> Annual delivered loads
from the Otsu River catchment to the lake Tega
estimated by the unit load approach
( Unit : t / year)
BOD
138
COD
199
T-N
-
T-P
-
16/20
-------
Summary
> Results of discharged loads, delivered loads, pollution delivery ratios
Method
Watershed
Model
( Info Work
sCS)
Unit load
approach
Item
©Delivered
load
©Pollution
delivery ratio
©Delivered
load
©Pollution
delivery ratio
©Discharged
load
Unit
t- y1
%
t- y1
%
t- y1
BOD
645
53
138
15
1214
COD
791
114
199
30
691
T-N
293
102
(86)
(30)
288
T-P
32
91
(11)
(30)
35
©/©
©x0
17/20
-------
Summary
> Annual delivered loads from a catchment, where on-site treatment
facilities are major contributors of water pollution, were estimated
using the watershed model (InfoWorks CS) .
> Annual pollutant delivery ratios of BOD, COD, T-N, T-P, were
calculated as 53%, 114%, 102%, 91%, respectively, by dividing the
delivered loads by the discharged loads.
> Annual pollutant delivery ratios of BOD, COD were estimated to be
15%, 30%, respectively according to the guideline.
Thus, the result indicates that annual delivered load has been
underestimated by the unit load approach (using unit load values
and pollutant delivery ratios)
18/20
-------
Future Challenges
> While this study has dealt with the impact of on-
site domestic wastewater treatment facilities on
water pollution, impact of on-site livestock
wastewater treatment facilities should also be
dealt with by a future study.
>Monitoring programs must be designed with full
consideration given to the updating of information
and to the pollutant delivery ratio.
19/20
-------
Thank you for your kind attention !
20/20
-------
> Basic concept of components of flow in a river
Rainfall
Flow rate
Stormwater
Wastewater
Base flow discharge
Ex.01
-------
> Results of discharged loads, delivered loads, pollution delivery ratios
Method
Watershed
model
Watershed
model
( Vertical
dry
weather )
Unit load
approach
Item
(1) Delivered
load
(2) Pollution
delivery ratio
(3) Delivered
load
(4) Pollution
delivery ratio
(5) Discharged
load
Unit
t/y
%
t/y
%
t/y
BOD
645
53
142
12
1214
COD
791
114
123
18
691
T-N
293
102
154
53
288
T-P
32
91
27
9.4
35
(1)/(5)
(3)/(5)
Ex.02
------- |