xvEPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office of Air Quality
Planning and Standards
Research Triangle Park NC 27711
EPA-450/4-88-001
February 1988
Air
National Air
Quality and
Emissions Trends
Report, 1986
Total Suspended Particulate Trend Sites, 1977-1986
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NATIONAL AIR QUALITY AND EMISSIONS
TRENDS REPORT, 1986
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Air and Radiation
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
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DISCLAIMER 1
v
This report has been reviewed by the Office of Air Quality Planning
and Standards, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, and has been approved
for publication. Mention of trade names or commercial products is not
intended to constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.
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PREFACE
This is the fourteenth annual report of air pollution trends issued by
the U» S. Environmental Protection Agency. The report is prepared by the
Technical Support Division, formerly the Monitoring and Data Analysis
Division, and is directed toward both the technical air pollution audience
and the interested general public. The Division solicits comments on
this report and welcomes suggestions on our trend techniques, interpre-
tations, conclusions, and methods of presentation. Please forward any
response to William F. Hunt, Jr., (MD-14) U. S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Technical Support Division, Research Triangle Park, N. C. 27711.
The Technical Support Division would like to acknowledge William
F. Hunt, Jr., for the overall management, c-oordination, and direction
given in assembling this report. Special mention should also be given
to Helen Hinton and Cathy Coats for typing the report.
The following people are recognized for their contributions to
each of the sections of the report as principal authors:
Section 1 - William F. Hunt, Jr. and Thomas C. Curran
Section 2 - Warren P. Freas
Section 3 - Thomas C. Curran, Robert B. Faoro, Neil H. Frank, and
Warren P. Freas
Section 4 - Neil Berg, Warren Freas, Edward Hanks, David Lutz,
George Man ire, and Dennis Shi pman
Section 5 -. Stan Sleva, Neil Berg, Ed Hanks, David Lutz,
George Manire, and Dennis Shipman
Also deserving special thanks are Chuck Mann, Jake Summers and
Susan Kimbrough for the emission trend analyses, George Duggan for the
population exposure estimates, Whit Joyner for editorial advice, and
David Henderson and Coe Owen of EPA Region IX for providing us with
their computer software to generate the air quality maps of the United
States used in this report.
As a final acknowledgement, it should be noted that this is the
last EPA Air Quality Trends Report that will be done using EPA's SAROAD
(Storage and Retrieval of Aerometric Data) system. SAROAD has been
replaced by a more modern system that will be used for future reports.
The Monitoring and Reports Branch would like to thank all of the people
associated with SAROAD over the years, particularly our colleagues in
the National Air Data Branch and their predecessors, for the design,
development, implementation, and maintenance of a data system that made
these reports possible.
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IV
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CONTENTS
LIST OF FIGURES vi i
LIST OF TABLES... xiii
1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1-1
1.1 INTRODUCTION 1-2
1.2 MAJOR FINDINGS... .. 1-5
1.3 REFERENCES 1-20
2. INTRODUCTION 2-1
2.1 DATA BASE- 2-2
2.2 TREND STATISTICS 2-5
2.3 REFERENCES 2-8
3. NATIONAL AND REGIONAL TRENDS IN NAAQS POLLUTANTS ... 3-1
3.1 TRENDS IN TOTAL SUSPENDED PARTICULATE 3-5
3.2 TRENDS IN SULFUR DIOXIDE 3-11
3.3 TRENDS IN CARBON MONOXIDE 3-20
3.4 TRENDS IN NITROGEN DIOXIDE 3-26
3.5 TRENDS IN OZONE 3-31
3.6 TRENDS IN LEAD 3-38
3.7 REFERENCES 3-44
4. AIR QUALITY LEVELS IN METROPOLITAN STATISTICAL
AREAS 4-1
4.1 SUMMARY STATISTICS 4-1
4.2 AIR QUALITY MSA COMPARISONS 4-3
4.3 REFERENCES.... 4-5
5. TRENDS ANALYSES FOR 14 URBANIZED AREAS 5-1
5.1 BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS URBANIZED AREA 5-4
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5.2 NEW YORK, NEW YORK-NORTHEASTERN NEW JERSEY URBANIZED
AREA '. 5-6
5.3 BALTIMORE, MARYLAND URBANIZED AREA 5-8
5.4 PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA-NEW JERSEY URBANIZED
AREA . 5-10
5.5 ATLANTA, GEORGIA URBANIZED AREA.. 5-12
5.6 CHICAGO, ILLINOIS-NORTHWESTERN INDIANA URBANIZED
AREA 5-14
5.7 DETROIT, MICHIGAN URBANIZED AREA 5-16
5.8 HOUSTON, TEXAS URBANIZED AREA 5-18
5.9 ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI-ILLINOIS URBANIZED AREA 5-20
5.10 DENVER, COLORADO URBANIZED AREA 5-22
5.11 LOS ANGELES-LONG BEACH, CALIFORNIA URBANIZED AREA. 5-24
5.12 PHOENIX, ARIZONA URBANIZED AREA 5-26
5.13 PORTLAND, OREGON-WASHINGTON URBANIZED AREA 5-28
5.14 SEATTLE-EVERETT, WASHINGTON URBANIZED AREA. 5-30
5.15 AIR QUALITY TRENDS FOR FIVE GEOGRAPHIC AREAS 5-32
5.16 REFERENCES 5-36
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FIGURES
Figures Page
1-1 Number of persons living in counties with air quality 1-2
levels above the primary National Ambient Air Quality
Standards in 1986 (Based on 1980 population data).
1-2 Illustrations of plotting conventions for boxplots. 1-3
1-3 National boxplot trend in annual geometric mean 1-5
TSP concentrations, 1977-1986.
1-4 National trend in particulate emissions, 1977-1986. 1-6
1-5 United States map of the highest annual geometric mean 1-6
TSP concentration by MSA, 1986.
1-6 National boxplot trend in annual average S0£ 1-7
concentrations, 1977-1986.
1-7 National boxplot trend in second- highest 1-8
24-hour S02 concentrations, 1977-1986.
1-8 National trend in the composite average of the estimated 1-8
number of exceedances of the 24-hour SOg NAAQS, 1977-1986.
1-9 National trend in sulfur oxide emissions, 1977-1986. 1-9
1-10 United States map of the highest annual arithmetic mean 1-9
concentration by MSA, 1986.
1-11 National boxplot trend in the second-highest nonoverl apping 1-10
8-hour average CO concentrations , 1977-1986.
1-12 National trend in the composite average of the estimated 1-11
number of exceedances of the 8-hour CO NAAQS, 1977-1986.
1-13 National trend in emissions of carbon monoxide, 1977-1986. 1-11
1-14 United States map of the highest second maximum nonoverl apping 1-12
8-hour average CO concentration by MSA, 1986.
1-15 National boxplot trend in the annual average N02 1-13
concentrations, 1977-1986.
1-16 National trend in emissions of nitrogen oxides, 1977-1986. 1-14
1-17 United States map of the highest annual arithmetic mean 1-14
N02 concentration by MSA, 1986.
1-18 National boxplot trend in the second-highest daily maximum 1-15
1-hour 03 concentrations, 1977-1986.
VII
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1-19 National trend in emissions of volatile organic 1-16
compounds, 1977-1986.
1-20 National trend in the composite average of the number 1-16
of daily exceedances of the Og NAAQS in the 03
season, 1977-1986.
1-21 United States map of the highest second daily maximum 1-17
1-hour average 63 concentration by MSA, 1986.
1-22 National boxplot trend in maximum quarterly average Pb 1-18
concentrations, 1977-1986.
1-23 National trend in lead emissions, 1977-1986. 1-19
1-24 United States map of the highest maximum quarterly 1-19
average lead concentration by MSA, 1986.
2-1 Ten Regions of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 2-7
3-1 Sample illustration of use of confidence intervals to 3-2
determine statistically significant change.
3-2 Illustration of plotting conventions for boxplots. 3-3
3-3 National trend in the composite average of the geometric 3-6
mean total suspended particulate at both NAMS and all
sites with 95 percent confidence intervals, 1977-1986.
3-4 Boxplot comparisons of trends in annual geometric mean 3-6
total suspended particulate concentrations at 1435
sites, 1977-1986.
3-5 National trend in particulate emissions, 1977-1986. 3-8
3-6 Boxplot comparisons of trends in annual mean total suspended 3-10
particulate concentrations at 2044 sites, 1982-1986.
3-7 Regional comparison of the 1984,, 1985, 1986 composite 3-10
average of the geometric mean total suspended
particulate concentration*
3-8 National trend in the composite average of the annual 3-12
average sulfur dioxide concentration at both NAMS and all
sites with 95 percent confidence intervals, 1977-1986.
3-9 National trend in the composite average of the second- 3-12
highest 24-hour sulfur dioxide concentration at both
NAHS and all sites with 95 percent confidence
intervals, 1977-1986.
vm
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3-10 National trend in the composite average of the estimated 3-13
number of exceedances of .the 24-hour sulfur dioxide NAAQS
at both NAMS and all sites with confidence intervals,
1977-1986.
3-11 Boxplot comparisons of trends in annual mean sulfur 3-15
dioxide concentrations at 302 sites, 1977-1986.
3-12 Boxplot comparisons of trends in second highest 24-hour 3-15
average sulfur dioxide concentrations at 295 sites,
1977-1986.
3-13 National trend in sulfur oxide emissions, 1977-1986. 3-16
3-14 Boxplot comparisons of trends in annual mean sulfur 3-18
dioxide concentrations at 583 sites, 1982-1986.
3-15 Regional comparison of the 1984, 1985, 1986 composite 3-18
average of the annual average sulfur dioxide concentration.
3-16 Regional boxplot comparisons of the annual average sulfur 3-19
dioxide concentrations in 1986.
3-17 National trend in the composite average of the second 3-21
highest nonoverlapping 8-hour average carbon monoxide
concentration at both NAMS and all sites with 95 percent
confidence intervals, 1977-1986.
3-18 Boxplot comparisons of trends in second highest non- 3-21
overlapping 8-hour average carbon monoxide concentrations
at 182 sites, 1977-1986.
3-19 National trend in the composite average of the estimated 3-22
number of exceedances of the 8-hour carbon monoxide
NAAQS, at both NAMS and all sites with 95 percent
confidence intervals, 1977-1986.
3-20 National trend in emissions of carbon monoxide, 1977-1986. 3-23
3-21 Boxplot comparisons of trends in second highest nonover- 3-25
lapping 8-hour average carbon monoxide concentrations
at 363 sites, 1982-1986,
3-22 Regional comparison of the 1984, 1985S 1986 composite 3-25
average of the second highest nonoverlapping 8-hour
average carbon monoxide concentration.
3-23 National trend in the composite average of nitrogen dioxide 3-27
concentration at both NAMS and all sites with 95 percent
confidence intervals, 1977-1986.
IX
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3-24 Boxplot comparisons of trends in annual mean nitrogen 3-27
dioxide concentrations at 111 sites, 1977-1986.
3-25 National trend in nitrogen oxides emissions, 1977-1986. 3-29
3-26 Boxplot comparisons of trends in annual mean nitrogen 3-30
dioxide concentrations at 228 sites, 1982-1986.
3-27 Regional comparison of the 1984, 1985, 1986 composite 3-30
average of the annual mean nitrogen dioxide
concentration.
3-28 National trend in the composite average of the second 3-32
highest maximum 1-hour ozone concentration at both
NAMS and all sites with 95 percent confidence
intervals, 1977-1986.
3-29 Boxplot comparisons of trends in annual second highest 3-32
daily maximum 1-hour ozone concentration at 242 sites,
1977-1986,
3-30 National trend in the composite average of the estimated 3-33
number of daily exceedances of the ozone NAAQS in the
ozone season at both NAHS and all sites with 95 percent
confidence intervals, 1977-1986.
3-31 National trend in emissions of volatile organic compounds, 3-35
1977-1986.
3-32 Boxplot comparisons of trends in annual second highest 3-36
daily maximum 1-hour ozone concentrations at 539
sites, 1982-1986.
3-33 Regional comparison of the 19,84, 1985, 1986 composite 3-36
average of the second-highest daily 1-hour ozone
concentrations.
3-34 National trend in the composite average of the maximum 3-39
quarterly average lead concentration at 82 sites
and 7 NAMS sites with 95 percent confidence intervals,
1977-1986.
3-35 Boxplot comparisons of trends in maximum quarterly 3-39
average lead concentrations at 82 sites, 1977-1986.
3-36 National trend in lead emissions, 1977-1986. 3-41
3-37 Boxplot comparisons of trends in maximum quarterly 3-42
average lead concentrations at 326 sites, 1977-1986.
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3-38 Regional comparison of the 1984, 1985, 1986 composite 3-43
average of the maximum quarterly average lead
concentration.
4-1 Number of persons living in counties with air quality 4-2
levels above the national ambient air quality standards
in 1986 (Based on 1980 population data).
4-2 United States map of the highest annual geometric mean 4-6
suspended particulate concentration by MSA, 1986.
4-3 United States map of the highest annual arithmetic mean 4-16
sulfur dioxide concentration by MSA, 1986.
4-4 United States map of the highest second maximum 24-hour 4-26
average sulfur dioxide concentration by MSA, 1986.
4-5 United States map of the highest second maximum non- 4-36
overlapping 8-hour average carbon monoxide
concentration by MSA, 1986.
4-6 United States map of the highest annual arithmetic mean 4-46
nitrogen dioxide concentration by MSA, 1986.
4-7 United States map of the highest second daily maximum 4-56
1-hour average ozone concentration by MSA, 1986.
4-8 United States map of the highest maximum quarterly average 4-66
lead concentration by MSA, 1986.
5-1 Illustration of plotting conventions for ranges used 5-3
in urbanized area trend analysis.
5-2 Air quality trends in the composite mean and range 5-5
of pollutant-specific statistics for the Boston,
MA Urbanized Area, 1982-1986.
5-3 Air quality trends in the composite mean and range 5-7
of pollutant-specific statistics for the New York,
NY-NJ Urbanized Area, 1982-1986,
5-4 Air quality trends in the composite mean and range of 5-9
pollutant-specific statistics for the Baltimore, MD
Urbanized Area, 1982-1986.
5-5 Air quality trends in the composite mean and range of 5-11
pollutant-specific statistics for the Phildelphia, PA-NJ
Urbanized Area, 1982-1986.
XI
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5-6 Air quality trends in the composite mean and range of 5-13
pollutant-specific statistics for the Atlanta, GA
Urbanized Area, 1982-1986.
5-7 Air quality trends
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TABLES
Tables Page
2-1 National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) 2-3
in Effect in 1986.
2-2 Comparison of Number of Sites for 10-Year and 2-6
5-Year Air Quality Trends.
3-1 National Particulate Emission Estimates, 3-8
1977-1986.
3-2 National Sulfur Oxide Emission Estimates, 3-16
1977-1986.
3-3 National Carbon Monoxide Emission Estimates, 3-23
1977-1986.
3-4 National Nitrogen Oxides Emission Estimates, 3-29
1977-1986.
3-5 National Volatile Organic Compound 3-35
Emission Estimates, 1977-1986.
3-6 National Lead Emission Estimates, 1977-1986. 3-41
4-1 Selected Air Quality Summary Statistics and 4-2
Their Associated National Ambient Air Quality
Standards (NAAQS)
4-2 Highest Annual Geometric Mean Suspended 4-7
Particulate Concentration by MSA, 1986.
4-3 Highest Annual Arithmetic Mean Sulfur Dioxide 4-17
Concentration by MSA, 1986.
4-4 Highest Second Maximum 24-hour Average Sulfur 4-27
Dioxide Concentration by MSA, 1986.
4-5 Highest Second Maximum Nonoverlapping 8-hour 4-37
Average Carbon Monoxide Concentration by MSA,
1986.
4-6 Highest Annual Arithmetic Mean Nitrogen Dioxide 4-47
Concentration by MSA, 1986.
4-7 Highest Second Daily Maximum 1-hour Average Ozone 4-57
Concentration by MSA, 1986.
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4-8 Highest Maximum Quarterly Average Lead Concentration 4-67
by MSA, 1986.
5-1 Air Quality Trend Statistics and Their Associated 5-3
National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS)
5-2 Percent Change in Air Quality Trend Statistics 5-32
1982 to 1986.
xiv
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NATIONAL AIR QUALITY AND EMISSIONS TRENDS REPORT, 1986
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
1-1
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NATIONAL AIR QUALITY AND EMISSIONS TRENDS REPORT, 1986
1. EXECUTIVE SUMHARY
1 .1 INTRODUCTION
Although considerable progress has been made controlling air pollution,
it still remains a serious public health problem. In order to protect the
public health and welfare, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
has promulgated National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS). Primary
standards are designed to protect the public health, while secondary.
standards protect the public welfare, as measured by the effects of air
pollution on vegetation, materials and visibility. This report will focus
on comparisons to the primary standards in effect in 1986 to examine both
changes in air pollution levels over time, as well as current air pollution
status.
In 1986, 75.0 million people were living in counties with measured air
quality levels that violated the NAAQS for ozone (03) (Figure 1-1). This
compares with 41.7 million people for total suspended particulate (TSP), 41.4
million people for carbon monoxide (CO), 7.5 million people for nitrogen
dioxide (N02)> 4.5 million people for lead (Pb) and 0.9 million people for
sulfur dioxide (SCjj). While millions of people continue to breathe air
that is in violation of the NAAQS, considerable progress is being made in reduc-
ing air pollution levels.
pdufant
TSP
SO,
I 1
3 10 20
I
SO
40
- r
50
I '
60
i
TO
80 9
Figure 1-1
mllons of persons
Number of persons living in counties with air quality
the primary National Ambient Air Quality Standards in
on 1980 population data).
levels above
1986 (Based
1-2
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Nationally, long-term 10-year (1977 through 1986) improvements can be
seen for TSP, SOg, CO, NQ2, 03, and Pb. Similar improvements have been
documented in earlier air quality trends reports,l~l3 issued by EPA. The trend
in 03 is complicated by a major drop in measured concentration levels which
occurred between 1978 and 1979, largely due to a change in the 03 measurement
calibration procedure.^ Therefore, special attention is given to the
period after 1978, because the change in the calibration procedure is not an
influence during this time.
The 10-year trend (1977-1986) is complemented with a more recent 5-year
trend (1982-1986). The 5-year trend increases the number of sites available
for trend analysis. Emphasis is placed on the post-1981 period to take
advantage of the larger number of sites and the fact that the data from this
period should be of the highest quality, with sites meeting uniform siting
criteria and high standards of quality assurance. Nationally, improvements
can be seen for all the pollutants during the 5-year period.
The trends in ambient air quality, that follow, are presented as
boxplots, which display the 5th, 10th, 2bth, 5Uth (median), 75th, 90th and
9bth percentiles of the data, as well as the composite average (Figure 1-2).
The 5th, 10th and 25th percentiles depict the "cleaner" sites, while the
75th, 90th and 95th depict the "dirtier" sites and the median and average
describe the "typical" sites. The use of the boxplots allow us to simul-
taneously compare trends in the "cleaner", "typical" and "dirtier" sites.
95tt> PERCENT1E
-90thPERCENTllE
-TSthPERCENmi
COMPOSITE WERAGC
-MEDIAN
iPERCENTlE
XMh PERC£NT1£
SlhPCRCENTI£
Figure 1-2. Illustrations of plotting conventions for boxplots.
1-3
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All of the ambient air quality trend analyses are based on monitoring
sites which recorded at least 8 of the 10 years of data in the period
1977 to 1986 or 4 out of 5 years in the period 1982 to 1986. Each year
had to satisfy an annual data completeness criterion, which is discussed
in Section 2.1, Data Base.
Finally, the Executive Summary also contains air quality maps of the
United States to show at a glance how air quality varies among the 89
largest metropolitan statistical areas (MSA). In each map, a spike is
plotted at the city location on the map surface. This represents the
highest pollutant concentration, recorded in 1986, corresponding to the
appropriate air quality standard. Each spike is projected onto a backdrop
facilitating comparison with the level of the standard. This also provides
an east-west profile of concentration variability throughout the country.
1-4
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1.2 MAJOR FINDINGS
Total Suspended Participate (TSP) - Annual average TSP levels, measured
at 1435 sites, decreased 23 percent between 1977 and 1986 (Figure 1-3). This
corresponds to a 25 percent decrease in estimated particulate emissions for the
same period (Figure 1-4). TSP air quality levels generally do not improve in
direct proportion to estimated emission reductions, however, because air quality
levels are influenced by factors such as natural dust, reentrained street dust,
construction activity, etc., which are not included in the emissions estimates.
EPA has also found that the TSP data collected during the years 1979-1981 may be
biased high due to the glass fiber filter used during these years, and that
most of the large apparent 2-year decrease in pollutant concentrations between
1981 and 1982 can be attributed to a change in these filters J 1-13, 15, 16 por
this reason, the portion of the Figure 1-3 graph corresponding to 1979-1981
is stippled, indicating the uncertainty associated with data from these
intervening years. The more recent TSP data show a leveling off with a 3
percent decrease in ambient TSP levels and a 4 percent decrease in estimated
emissions for the 1982-86 time period. Some minor year to year fluctuations
may in part be attributable to year to year changes in meteorological
conditions such as precipitation. The most recent 1986 annual geometric
mean TSP concentration is plotted for the 89 largest MSAs (Figure 1-5).
The highest concentrations are generally found in the industrial Midwest
and arid areas of the West. The east-west profile shows that levels above
the TSP standard of 75 ug/m3 can be found throughout the Nation, but propor-
tionally fewer MSAs exceed the standard in the East. On July 1, 1987, EPA
promulgated new standards for particulate matter using a new indicator,
PM^Q , rather than TSP, This focuses on those particles with aerodynamic
diameters smaller than 10 micrometers, which are likely to be responsible
for adverse health effects because of their ability to reach the thoracic
or lower regions of the respiratory tract. PM^g monitoring networks are
now being deployed nationally. Future trends reports will present analyses
based on the new particulate matter standards.
110
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
CONCENTRATION, IK***
1435 SITES
iNMOS
1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986
Figure 1-3. National boxplot trend in annual geometric mean TSP
concentrations, 1977 - 1986.
1-5
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15
TSP EMISSIONS, W* METRIC IONS/YEAR
10-
SOURCE CATCGOiT
BSOUDWASIEtlBC BMl
COMUSflON
INDUSTRIAL fmassss m TRANSPORTATION
1977 1078 1979 I960 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986
Figure 1-4. National trend in participate emissions, 1977 - 1986,
Figure 1-5. United States map of the highest annual geometric mean
TSP concentration by MSA, 1986.
1-6
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Sulfur Dioxide (SO?) - Annual average SQ^ levels measured at 302 sites
with continuous SOg monitors decreased 37 percent from 1977 to 1986 improving
at a rate of approximately 4 percent per year (Figure 1-6). A comparable
decrease of 43 percent was observed in the trend in the composite average
of the second maximum 24-hour averages (Figure 1-7). An even greater
improvement was observed in the estimated number of exceedances of the
24-hour standard, which decreased 98 percent (Figure 1-8). However, most
of the exceedances as well as the bulk of the improvements occurred at
source-oriented sites including a few smelter sites in particular. There
was a 21 percent drop in sulfur oxide emissions during this 10-year period,
(Figure 1-9). The difference between emissions and air quality trends can be
attributed to several factors. S02 monitors with sufficient historical data
for trends are mostly urban population-oriented and as such do not monitor
many of the major emitters which tend to be located in more rural areas,
The residential and commercial areas, where most monitors are located, have
shown sulfur oxide emission decreases comparable to SOg air quality improve-
ment. The most recent 1986 annual arithmetic mean SOg is plotted for the 89
largest MSAs (Figure 1-10). Among these large metropolitan areas, the
higher concentrations are found in the heavily populated Midwest and North-
east. All urban areas have ambient air quality concentrations lower than
the current annual standard of (.03 ppm) 80 ug/m3. However, this map only
represents areas with population greater than one half million; it does not
reflect air quality in the vicinity of smelters or large power plants in
rural areas, and it does not reflect violations of the 24-hour or 3-hour
standards.
CONCENTRATION, PPM
1977 me 1979 1980 1981 1982. 1383 1984 1985 1iB6
Figure 1-6, National boxplot trend in annual average SO? concentrations,
1977 - 1986.
1-7
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0.25
CONCOmATON, PPM
0.20-
0.1S-
0.10
0.05-
0.00
295 STIES
1977 Wm 1979 t9BO 1981 1982 1983 1384 1985 1986
Figure 1-7. National boxplot trend in second highest 24-hour $02
concentrations, 1977 - 1986.
2.5
ESTIMATED BCEEDANCES
2-
1.5-
0.5-
295 SdES
i i 1 1 1 1 T i T f
1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 19B4 1985 1986
Figure 1-3. National trend in the composite average of the estimated
number of exceedances of the 24-hour S02 NAAQS, 1977 - 1986,
1-E
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SOXEMSSK)NS,W'METOC TONS/YEAR
10
1977 1378 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 19i4 1985 1986
Figure 1-9. National trend in sulfur oxide emissions, 1977 - 1986,
Figure 1-10.
United States map of the highest annual arithmetic mean
concentration by MSA, 1986.
1-9
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Carbon Monoxide (CO) - Nationally, the second highest non-overlapping
8-hour average CO levels at 182 sites decreased 32 percent between 1977 and
1986 (Figure 1-11). The median rate of improvement has been about 4 percent
per year. The estimated number of exceedances of the 8-hour NAAQS decreased
89 percent between 1977 and 1986 (Figure 1-12). CO emissions decreased 26
percent during the same period (Figure 1-13), Because CO monitors are
typically located to identify potential problems, they are likely to be
placed in traffic saturated areas that may not experience significant
increases in vehicle miles of travel. As a result, the air quality levels
at these locations generally improve at a rate faster than the nationwide
reduction in emissions. The 1985 and 1986 levels are similar and indicate
improvement relative to previous years. The most recent 1986 highest
second maximum nonoverlapping 8-hour average CO concentration is plotted
for the 89 largest MSAs (Figure 1-14). The east-west profile indicates
that many of these urban areas in all geographic regions have air quality
at or exceeding the 9 ppm level of the standard.
25
CONCfNTKATON, PPM
20-
15-
10-
5-
182 SITES
1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986
Figure 1-11.
National boxplot trend in the second highest nonoverlapping
8-hour average CO concentrations, 1977 - 1986.
1-10
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50
E5IMM1D EXCEEDANCCS
40-
30-
20-
10-
182 SITES
1977
1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986
Figure 1-12. National trend in the composite average of the estimated
number of exceedances of the 8-hour CO NAAQS, 1977 - 1986,
120
CO EMSSONS. 10*
SOURCE CATEGORY
SOU) WASTE * WSC B FUEL
COMBUSWN
B KWSTOAL PROCESSES E3 TRAHSPOHWTKW
0
1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986
Figure 1-13. National trend in emissions of carbon monoxide, 1977 - 1986.
1-1
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Figure 1-14.
United States map of the highest second maximum nonoverlapping
8-hour average CO concentration by MSA, 1986.
1-12
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Nitrogen Pioxide (NO;?) - Annual average NQ£ levels, averaged over 111
sites, increased from 1977 to 1979, and decreased through 1986, except for
a slight increase in 1984 (Figure 1-15). The 1986 composite N02 average,
however, is 14 percent lower than the 1977 level indicating a downward
trend during the overall period. The trend in the estimated nationwide
emissions of nitrogen oxides is similar to the N02 air quality trend.
Between 1977 and 1986, total nitrogen oxide emissions decreased by 8 percent,
and highway vehicle emissions, the source category likely impacting the
majority of NOg monitoring sites, decreased by 13 percent (Figure 1-16).
Between 1985 and 1986, the NOg composite average remained constant
while the estimated emissions of nitrogen oxides decreased by 2 percent.
This small year-to-year difference between the ambient levels and the
emissions percent change is likely not significant given the relatively
low ambient NOg levels. The most recent 1986 highest annual arithmetic
mean NOg concentration is plotted for the 89 largest MSAs (Figure 1-17).
Los Angeles, California is the only area in the country exceeding the air
quality standard of .053 ppm.
CONCENTRATION, PPM
1i77 W78 1979 WQ 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986
Figure 1-15.
National boxplot trend in annual average NQg concentrations
1977 - 1986.
1-13
-------
30
NO. MSSONS, tO*
SOURCE CATEGORY
SOUDWASTE tUBC.- GS RJB.COMBUSBON
MXJSTRttL PROCESSES EJ
1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986
Figure 1-16. National trend in emibsiois of nitrogen oxides, 1977 - 1986,
Figure 1-17.
United States map of the highest annual arithmetic mean
N02 concentration by MSA, 1986.
1-14
-------
Ozone (03) - Nationally, the composite average of the second highest
daily maximum 1-hour 03 values, recorded at 242 sites, decreased 21 percent
between 1977 and 1986 (Figure 1-18). However, this comparison is affected
by a calibration change for ozone measurements that occurred in the
1978-79 time period. The stippled portion of Figures 1-18 and 1-20 indicate
data affected by measurements taken prior to the calibration change. In
the post-calibration period (1979-1986), (h levels decreased 13 percent
(Figure 1-18). Volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions decreased 19
percent for the 1977-86 10-year period and 20 percent for the post-calibration
1979-86 period (Figure 1-19). The estimated number of exceedances of the
ozone standard decreased 38 percent between 1979 and 1986 (Figure 1-20).
The ozone trend in the post-calibration period shows 1979, 1980, and 1983
being higher than the other years. The possible contribution of meteoro-
logical conditions to the higher 1983 levels has been discussed in previous
reports. 11-13 The most recent 1986 highest second daily maximum 1-hour average
03 concentration is plotted for the 89 largest MSAs (Figure 1-21). Many of
these areas did not meet the 0.12 ppm standard in 1986. The highest concen-
trations are observed in Southern California, but high levels also persist
in the Texas Gulf Coast, Northeast corridor, and other heavily populated
regions.
0.30
CONCENTRATION. PPM
0.25-
0.20-
0.15-
O.10-
0.05"
0.00
1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986
Figure 1-18.
National boxplot trend in the second highest daily maximum
03 concentrations, 1977 - 1986.
1-hour
1-15
-------
35
VOC EMISSIONS, tt'kCTWC TONS/YEAR
SOURCE CATEGORY
SOUD WASTE * UBC B WDUSHMl HSXESSES
njaoouBusnoN
1977
W79 880 1981 1982 WSJ 1984 1985 1986
Figure 1-19. National trend in emissions of volatile organic compounds,
1977 - 1986.
20
15-
10
5-
NO. OF EXCEEDANCES
242 SCTES
1977 W7B 1979 t9BO t981 1982 1983 t984 1985 1986
Figure 1-20.
National trend in the composite average of the number of
daily exceedances of the 63 NAAQS in the 03 season, 1977 - 1986,
1-16
-------
4
Figure 1-21.
United States -nap of the highest second daily maximum 1-hour
average 03 concentration by MSA, 1986.
1-17
-------
Lead (Pb) - The composite maximum quarterly average of ambient Pb
levels, recorded at 82 urban sites, decreased 87 percent between 1977 and
1986 (Figure 1-22). Lead emissions declined 94 percent during the same
period (Figure 1-23). In order to increase the number of trend sites, the
1982 to 1986 time period was examined. A total of 326 urban trend sites (1982 to
1986) measured a 68 percent decline in Pb levels, corresponding to a 84
percent decrease in estimated Pb emissions. Between 1985 and 1986 ambient Pb
levels declined 35 percent, while Pb emissions are estimated to have declined
59 percent. This extremely large decrease in both air quality levels and
estimated emissions is largely due to the reduction of the lead content of
leaded gasoline. The most recent 1986 highest maximum quarterly average
lead concentration is plotted for the 89 largest MSAs (Figure 1-24). The
highest concentrations are found throughout the country in cities containing
nonferrous smelters or other point sources of lead. Because of the switch
to unleaded gasoline, other areas, primarily affected by automotive lead
emissions, show levels below the current standard of 1.5 ug/m3.
3.5
CONCENTJWDOU ixytf
3-
2.5-
2-
1.5
1-
0.5-
0
82 SITES
1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986
Figure 1-22. National boxplot trend in maximum quarterly average Pb
concentrations, 1977 - 1986.
1-18
-------
200
L£*0 EMBSWNS, 10s METRIC TON^AEAR
150-
100-
SOURCE CATEGORY
SOLDWWIE
a FUEL
OOMBUSnON
1977 1378 1979 1980 1981 1912 1983 1984 1985 1986
Figure 1-23. National trend in lead emissions, 1977 - 1936,
s
Figure 1-24.
United States map of the highest maximum quarterly average
lead concentration by MSA, 1986,
1-19
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1.3 REFERENCES
1. The National Air^Monitoring Program: Air Quality and Emissions
Trends -Annual Report, EPA-450/l-73-001a and b, U. S. Environmental Protection
Igency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle
Park, NC, July 1973.
2. Monitoring and Air Quality Trends Report, 1972, EPA-450/1-73-004,
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and
Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, December 1973.
3. Monitoring and Air Quality Trends Report. 1973, EPA-45U/1-74-007,
U. S, Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and
Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, October 1974.
4. Monitoring and Air Quality Trends Report, 1974, EPA-4bO/1-76-OQ1,
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and
Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, February 1976.
5. National Air Quality and Emission Trends Report, 1975, EPA-450/1-76-002,
U, S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and
Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, November 1976.
6. National Air Quality and Emission Trends Report, 1976, EPA-450/1-77-002,
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and
Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, December 1977.
7. National Air Quality, Monitoring, and Emissions Trends Reports,
1977t EPA-4bU/2-78-062, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, December
1978.
8. 1980 Ambient Assessment - Air Portion. EPA-450/4-81-014, U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards,
Research Triangle Park, NC, February 1981.
9, National Air Quality and Emissions Trends Report, 1981, EPA-450/
4-83-U11, U, S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality
Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Pa*k, NC, April 1983.
1U. National Air Quality andEmissions TrendsReport,1982, ECA-45U/
4-84-UU2, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality
Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, March 1984,,
1-2U
-------
11. National Air Quality and Emissions Trends Report. 1983, EPA-45Q/
4-84-029, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality
Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, April 1985.
12. National Air Quality and Emissions Trends Report,1984, EPA-450/
4-86-001, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality
Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, April 1986.
13. National Air Quality and Emissions Trends Report. 1985, EPA-450/
4-87-001, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality
Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, February 1987.
14. Measurement of Ozone in the Atmosphere, 43 FR 26971, June 22,
1978.
15. Written communication from Thomas R. Hauser, Environmental
Monitoring Systems Laboratory, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Research Triangle Park, NC, to Richard 6. Rhoads, Monitoring and Data
Analysis Division, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, NC, January 11, 1984.
16. N. H. Frank, "Nationwide Trends in Total Suspended Participate
Matter and Associated Changes in the Measurement Process", presented at
the Air Pollution Control Association, American Society For Quality
Control Specialty Conference on Quality Assurance in Air Pollution
Measurement, Boulder, CO, October 1984.
1-21
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1-22
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2. INTRODUCTION
This report focuses on both 10-year (1977-1986) and 5-year (1982-1986)
national air quality trends in each of the major pollutants for which
National Ambient Air Quality Standards have been established, as well as
Regional and, where appropriate, short-term air quality trends. The
national analyses are complemented in Section 5 with air quality trends
in selected urbanized areas for the period 1982 through 1986. In both
the national 5-year trend and the urbanized area trends, the shorter
time period was used to expand the number of sites available for trend
analysis. The areas that were examined are: Atlanta, 6A; Baltimore, MD;
Boston, MA; Chicago, IL-Northwestern IN; Denver, CO; Detroit, MI; Houston,
TX; Los Angeles-Long Beach, CA; New York, NY-Northeastern NJ; Philadelphia,
PA-NJ; Phoenix, AZ; Portland, OR-WA; St. Louis, MO-IL, and Seattle, HA.
The national air quality trends are presented for all sites and the
National Air Monitoring Station (NAMS) sites. The NAMS were established
through monitoring regulations promulgated in May 1979^ to provide
accurate and timely data to the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) from a national air monitoring network. The NAMS are located in
areas with high pollutant concentrations and high population exposure.
These stations meet uniform criteria for siting, quality assurance,
equivalent analytical methodology, sampling intervals, and instrument
selection to assure consistent data reporting among the States. Other
sites operated by the State and local air pollution control agencies,
such as the State and Local Air Monitoring Stations (SLAMS) and Special
Purpose Monitors (SPM), in general, also meet the same rigid criteria,
except that in addition to being located in the area of highest concen-
tration and high population exposure, they are located in other areas
as well. The ambient levels presented are the results of direct air
pollution measurements.
In addition to ambient air quality, trends are also presented for
annual nationwide emissions. These are estimates of the amount and kinds
of pollution being emitted by automobiles, factories, and other sources,
based upon the best available engineering calculations for a given time
period. The emission trends are taken from the EPA publication, National"
Air Pollutant Emission Estimates, 1940-19862 and the reader is referred
to this publication for more detailed information. Except for lead-
emissions, which are reported in gigagrams (one thousand metric tons),
the emission data are reported as teragrams (one million metric tons)
emitted to the atmosphere per year.2
Air quality status may be measured by comparing the ambient air
pollution levels with the appropriate primary and secondary National
2-1
-------
Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) for each of the pollutants (Table
2-1). Primary standards protect the public health; secondary standards
protect the public welfare as measured by effects of pollution on
vegetation, materials, and visibility. The standards are further
categorized for different averaging times. Long-term standards specify
an annual or quarterly mean that may not be exceeded; short-term standards
specify upper limit values for 1-, 3-, 8-, or 24-hour averages. With
the exception of the pollutants ozone and PM}Q, the short-term standards
are not to be exceeded more than once per year. The ozone standard requires
that the expected number of days per calendar year with daily maximum
hourly concentrations exceeding 0.12 parts per million (ppm) be less
than or equal to one. The new 24-hour PM^g standard also allows one
expected exceedance per year.
Section 4 of this report, "Air Quality Levels in Metropolitan
Statistical Areas (MSAs)," provides interested members of the air
pollution control community, the private sector and the general public
with greatly simplified air pollution information. Air quality statistics
for the years 1984, 1985 and 1986 are presented for each of the pollutants
for all MSA's with populations exceeding 500,000.
2.1 DATA BASE
The ambient air quality data used in this report were obtained
from EPA's National Aerometric Data Bank (NADB). Air quality data are
submitted to the NADB by both State and local governments, as well as
federal agencies. At the present time, there are over 250 million air
pollution measurements on the NADB, the vast majority of which represent
the more heavily populated urban areas of the Nation.
As in last year's report^, the size of the available air quality
trends data base has been expanded by m°rying data at sites which have
experienced changes in the agency operating the site, the instrument
used, or a change in the project code, such as a change from population
oriented to special purpose monitoring.
In order for a monitoring site to have been included in the national
10-year trend analysis, the site had to contain at least 8 out of the
10 years of data in the period 1977 to 1986. For the national 5-year
trend and urban area analyses, the site had to contain 4. out of 5 years
of data to be included as a trend site. Each year with data had to
satisfy an annual data completeness criterion. The air quality data
are divided into two major groupings -- 24-hour measurements and continuous
1-hour measurements. The 24-hour measurements are obtained from monitoring
instruments that produce one measurement per 24-hour period and are
typically operated on a systematic sampling schedule of once every 6
days or 61 samples per year. Such instruments are used to measure JSP,
S02, N0£, and Pb. For these measurement methods, the NADB defines a
2-2
-------
TABLE 2-1. National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) in Effect in 1986
POLLUTANT
TSPb
S02
PRIMARY (HEALTH RELATED)
CO
N02
°3
Pb
AVERAGIN8 TIME
Annual Geometric
Mean
24-hour
Annual Arithmetic
Mean
24-hour
8-hour
1-hour
STANDARD LEVEL
CONCENTRATION3 AVERA6ING TIME
SECONDARY (WELFARE RELATED)
CONCENTRATION
75 ug/m3
260 ug/n£
(0.03 ppm)
80 ug/nP
(0.14 ppm)
365 ug/m3
9 ppm
(10 mg/np)
35 ppra
(40 mg/m3)
Annual Arithmetic 0.053 ppm
Mean (100 ug/m3)
Maximum Daily 1-hour 0.12 ppmc
Average (235 ug/m3)
Maximum Quarterly 1.5 ug/m3
Average
24-hour
3-hour
150 ug/m3
1300 ug/m3
(0.50 ppm)
No Secondary Standard
No Secondary Standard
Same as Primary
Same as Primary
Same as Primary
a Parenthetical value is an approximately equivalent concentration.
b TSP was the indicator pollutant for the original particulate matter (PM)
standards. New PM standards were promulgated in 1987, using PM^Q (particles
less than lOu in diameter) as the indicator pollutant. The levels and
averaging times for these new primary standards are 50 ug/m3 for the annual
mean and 150 ug/m3 for the 24-hour average. Adjustments are made for
incomplete data. The secondary standards are the same as the primary.
c The standard is attained when the expected number of days per calendar year
with maximum hourly average concentrations above 0.12 ppm is equal to or
less than 1, as determined in accordance with Appendix H of the Ozone NAAQS.
2-3
-------
valid quarter's record as one consisting of at least five sample measure-
ments representively distributed among the months of that quarter.
Distributions of measurements that show no samples in 2 months of a
quarter or that show no samples in 1 month and only one sample in
another month are judged unacceptable for calculating a representative
estimate of the mean. A valid annual mean for TSP, SOg and N02> measured
with this type of sampler, requires four valid quarters to satisfy the NADB
criteria. For the pollutant lead, the data used have to satisfy the
criteria for a valid quarter in at least 3 of the 4 possible quarters
in a year for the national trend.
The 1-hour data are obtained from monitoring instruments that
operate continuously, producing a measurement every hour for a possible
total of 8760 hourly measurements in a year. For continuous hourly
data, a valid annual mean for SOg and NOg requires at least 4380 hourly
observations. This same annual data completeness of at least 4380
hourly values was required for the CO standard related statistics -
the second maximum nonoverlapping 8-hour average and the estimated
number of exceedances of the 8-hour average CO standard.
A slightly different criterion was used for the SOg standard related
daily statistics - the second daily maximum 24-hour average and the
estimated number of daily exceedances of the S02 standard. Instead of
requiring 4380 or more hourly values, 183 or more daily values were
required. A valid day is defined as one consisting of at least 18
hourly observations. This minor modification in the criterion resulted
in a 2 percent difference in the total number of SOg trend sites for
the 10 year trend evaluation of the annual arithmetic mean, 302 sites, as
opposed to 295 trend sites for the evaluation of both the second maximum
daily average and the estimated number of standard exceedances. The
difference in the number of S02 trend sites for the 5-year trend
period is 583 sites selected for evaluating the annual mean versus 585
sites selected for evaluating the second maximum daily average and the
estimated number of exceedances.
Finally, because of the seasonal nature of ozone, both the
second daily maximum 1-hour value and the estimated number of exceedances
of the 03 NAAQS were calculated for the ozone season,, which varies by
State.4 For example, in California the ozone season is defined as 12
months, January through December, while in New Jersey it is defined as 7
months, April through October. In order for a site to be included it
had to have at least 50 percent of the daily data in the ozone season.
For al.l the pollutants, the site must satisfy the annual completeness
criterion, specified above, in at least 8 out of 10 years to be included
in the 10-year air quality trends data base and 4 out of 5 years in
both the 5-year trend and urbanized area trend data bases. The shorter
time period was used in the urbanized area analyses to expand the
number of sites available for trend analyses {Table 2-2).
2-4
-------
In calculating the national and urban area trend analyses, each site
was weighted equally. The report examines both 10-year (1977 to 1986)
and 5-year (1982 to 1986) trends. The use of moving 10-year and 5-year
windows for trends yields a data base that is more consistent with the
current monitoring network. In addition, this procedure increased the
total number of trend sites by 8 percent for the 10-year period and 2
percent for the 5-year period as compared to the data bases used in the
last annual report. The 5-year trend period is introduced to increase
the number of trend sites available for analysis (Table 2-2), The
trend from 1982 on reflects the period following the implementation cf
the monitoring regul ations.l The regulations required uniform siting
of monitors and placed greater emphasis on quality assurance. In
general, the data from the post 1982 period should be of the highest
quality. As would be expected, there are considerably more trend sites
for the 5-year period than the 10-year period - 4083 total trend sites
versus 2354 trends sites, respectively (Table 2-2). This 73 percent
increase in the number of trends sites for the 5-year period over the
10-year period reflects the greater utilization of the ambient air
quality data that is achieved by examining the shorter time period.
Trend sites can be found in all EPA Regions (Figure 2-1) for TSP, $02,
CO, NOg and 03 and lead for the 5-year period,
2.2 TREND STATISTICS
The air quality analyses presented in this report comply with the
recommendations of the Intra-Agency Task Force on Air Quality Indicators,5
This task force was established in January 1980 to recommend standardized
air quality indicators and statistical methodologies for presenting air
quality status and trends. The Task Force report was published in
February 1981. The air quality statistics used in these pollutant-
specific trend analyses relate to the appropriate NAAQS's. Two types
of standard-related statistics are used - peak statistics (the second
maximum 24-hour SOg average, the second maximum nonoverlapping 8-hour
CO average, and the second daily maximum 1-hour 03 average) and long-term
averages (the annual geometric mean for TSP, the annual arithmetic
means for SQ2 and NQg, and the quarterly arithmetic mean for lead), In
the case of the peak statistics, the second maximum value is used.,
because this is the value which traditionally has been used to determine
whether or not a site has or has not violated an air quality standard
in a particular year, and, therefore, the second maximum value is of
significant importance. A composite average of each of these statistics
is used, by averaging each statistic over all available trend sites5 in
the graphical presentations which follow.
In addition to the standard related statistics,, other statistics are
used, when appropriate,, to further clarify observed air quality trends.
Particular attention is given to the estimated number of exceedances of
the short-term NAAQS's. The estimated number of exceedances is the
measured number of exceedances adjusted to account for incomplete sampling
2-5
-------
For a pollutant such as ozone, for which the level of the standard
was revised during the 1977-1986 time period, exceedances for all years
were computed using the most recent level of the standard. This was
done to ensure that the trend in exceedances is indicative of air quality
trends rather than a change in the level of the standard.
TABLE 2-2. Comparison of Number of Sites for 10-Year and 5-Year Air
Quality Trends
% CHANGE IN THE
NUMBER OF SITES NUMBER OF TREND
SITES
POLLUTANT 1977-86 TREND 1982-86 TREND 1977-86 vs. 1982-86
Total Suspended 1435 2044 +42%
Particulate (TSP)
Sulfur Dioxide (SQfc) 302 583 +93%
Carbon Monoxide (CO) 182 363 +99%
Ozone (03) 242 539 +123%
Nitrogen Dioxide (NOg) 111 228 +105%
Lead (Pb) 82_ 326 +298%
Total . 2354 4083 +73%
2-6
-------
PO
I
Denver I Kansas City
Hawaii, {>
Guam
BoBton
«9 «^T New York
' Philidelphia
<*' Puerto Rico,
Virgin Islands
Figure 2-1. Ten Regions of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
-------
2.3 REFERENCES
1. Ambient Air Quality Surveillance, 44 FR 27558, May 10, 1979.
2. National Air Pollutant Emission Estimates, 1940-1986, EPA-450/
4-87-024, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality
Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, January 1988.
3. National Air Quality and Emission Trends Report. 1985, EPA-4SO/
4-87-001, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality
Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, February 1987.
4. Ambient Air Quality Surveillance, 51 FR 9597, March 19, 1986.
5. U^ S. Environmental Protection Agency Ijitra-Agency Task Force
Report on Air Qua]ityIndicators, EPA-450/4-81-015, U. S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research
Triangle Park, NC, February 1981.
-------
3. NATIONAL AND REGIONAL TRENDS IN NAAQS POLLUTANTS
This chapter focuses on both 10-year (1977-1986) and more recent
5-year (1982-1986) trends in each of the six major pollutants, as well
as short term air quality trends. Comparisons are made between all the
trend sites and the subset of NAMS. Trends are examined for both the
Nation and the ten EPA Regions. The air quality trends data base has
been expanded for all pollutants by merging data at sites which have
experienced changes in the agency operating the site, the instrument
used, or the designation of the project code, such as residential to
commercial.
The air quality trends information is presented using trend lines,
confidence intervals, boxplots* and bar graphs. This report presents
statistical confidence intervals to facilitate a better understanding
of measured changes in air quality. Confidence intervals are placed
around composite averages, which are based on sites that satisfy annual
data completeness requirements. The confidence intervals can be used
to make comparisons between years; if the confidence intervals for any
2 years do not overlap, then the composite averages of the 2 years are
significantly different (Figure 3-1). Ninety-five percent confidence
intervals for composite averages of annual means (arithmetic and geometric)
and second maxima were calculated from a two-way analysis of variance
followed by an application of the Tukey Studentized Range.2 The confidence
intervals for composite averages of estimated exceedances were calculated
by fitting Poisson distributions^ to the exceedances each year and then
applying the Bonferroni rnul tipie comparisons procedure/ The utilization
of these procedures is explained in publications by Pollack, Hunt and
Curran^ and Pollack and Hunt.6
The boxplots have the advantage of displaying, simultaneously,
several features of the data. Figure 3-2 illustrates the use of this
technique in presenting the 5th, 10th, 25th, 50th (median), 75th, 90th
and 95th percentiles of the data, as well as the composite average.
The 5th, 10th and 25th percentiles depict the "cleaner" sites. The
75th, 90th and 95th depict the "dirtier" sites, and the median and
average describe the "typical" sites. For example, 90 percent of the
sites would have concentrations lower than the 90th percentile. Although
the average and median both characterize typical behavior, the median
has the advantage of not being affected by a few extremely high
observations. The use of the boxplots allows us to simultaneously compare
trends in the "cleaner", "typical" and "dirtier" sites.
3-1
-------
COMPOSITE HEAN OF AIR
POLLUTION STATISTIC
zs
o
OS
UJ
o
o
o
c_
OS
95% CONFIDENCE
INTERVAL ABOUT
COMPOSITE MEAN
RELATIONSHIPS: (MULTIPLE COMPARISONS)
YEAR 4 IS SIGNIFICANTLY LESS THAN
' YEARS 1, 2, AND 3
NEITHER YEARS 1 AND 2 NOR 2 AND 3 ARE
' SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENT FROM OKE ANOTHER
YEARS 1 AND 3 ARE SIGNIFICANTLY
DIFFERENT FROM ONE ANOTHER
J_
I
YEAR 1
YEAR 2
YEAR 3
YEAR 4
Figure 3-1. Sample illustration, of use of confidence intervals to
determine statistically significant change.
3-2
-------
95tti PERCENT1LE
90tti PERCENTILE
75»h PERCENT1LE
COMPOSITE AVERAGE
MEDIAN
25fh PERCENTILE
10th PERCENTIUE
5fh PERCENTILE
Figure 3-2. Illustration of plotting conventions for boxplots,
3-3
-------
Boxplots of all trend sites are presented for each year in the 10-
year trend. In the recent 5-year trend, the boxplots are presented for
the years 1982 through 1986. The recent 5-year trend was introduced
In the 1984 report? to increase the number of sites available for
analysis. Emphasis is placed on the recent 5-year period to take
advantage of the larger number of sites and the fact that the data from
this period should be of the highest quality, with sites meeting
uniform siting criteria and high standards of quality assurance.
Bar graphs are used for the Regional comparisons with the 5-year
trend data base. The composite averages of the appropriate air quality
statistic of the years 1984, 1985 and 1986 are presented. The approach
is simple and it allows the reader at a glance to compare the short-term
trend in all ten EPA Regions.
In addition to the standard related statistics, other statistics
are used, when appropriate, to further clarify observed air quality
trends. Particular attention is given to the estimated number of
exeeedances of the short-term NAAQS's. The estimated number of
exceedances is the measured number of exceedances adjusted to account
for incomplete sampling,
Finally, trends are also presented for annual nationwide emissions.
These emissions data are estimated using the best available engineering
calculations,, The emissions data are reported as teragrams (one million
metric tons) emitted to the atmosphere per year, with the exception of
lead emissions which are reported as gigagrams (one thousand metric
tons).8 These are estimates of the amount and kinds of pollution
being generated by automobiles, factories, and other sources.
3-4
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3.1 TRENDS IN TOTAL SUSPENDED PARTICULATE
Air pollutants called participate matter include dust, dirt,
soot, smoke and liquid droplets directly emitted into the air by sources
such as factories, power plants, cars, construction activity, fires and
natural windblown dust as well as particles formed in the atmosphere
by transformation of emitted gases such as sulfur dioxide and volatile
organic compounds.
Total suspended particulate (TSP) is one indicator of suspended
particles in the ambient air. TSP is measured using a high volume
sampler (Hi-Vol) which collects suspended particles ranging up to
approximately 45 micrometers in diameter. Annual and 24-hour National
Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) for particulate matter were set
in 1971 using TSP as the indicator pollutant.
On July 1, 1987, EPA promulgated new annual and 24-hour standards
for particulate matter using a new indicator, PM^Q» that includes only
those particles with aerodynamic diameter smaller than 10 micrometers.
These smaller particles are likely to be responsible for most of the
adverse health effects because of their ability to reach the thoracic
or lower regions of the respiratory tract. The original (TSP) standards
were an annual geometric mean of 75 ug/m3} not to be exceeded, and a
24-hour concentration of 260 ug/rrP, not to be exceeded more than once
per year. The new (PHjg) standards specify an expected annual arithmetic
mean not to exceed 50 ug/m3 and an expected number of 24-hour concentrations
greater than 150 ug/rn^ per year not to exceed one. Because the original
standards were applicable through 1986, the particulate matter trends
presented in this section will be based on TSP. The annual geometric
mean for TSP is a more stable indicator of air quality than the observed
24-hour peak values, and will be used as the trend statistic.
Now that the standards have been revised, PMjQ monitoring networks
are being deployed nationally. When sufficient information is
available, future trends reports will present analyses based on the new
particulate matter indicator.
3.1.1 Long-term TSP Trends: 1977-86
The 10-year trend in average TSP levels, 1977 to 1986, is shown in
Figure 3-3 for 1435 sites geographically distributed throughout
the Nation and for the subset of 375 National Air Monitoring Stations
(NAMS) which are located in the large urban areas. The TSP levels are
expressed in terms of the composite average annual geometric mean.
The curves shown in Figure 3-3 indicate a very slight decrease in
composite levels from 1977-1981, followed by a si zeable decrease between
1981 and 1982 and relatively stable levels between 1982 and 1986. The
NAMS sites show higher composite levels than the sites for the Nation
in general, but appear to show a similar pattern. Both curves display
their lowest values in 1986.
3-5
-------
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
CONCENTRATION, UG/M*
. klA 4/"VC? -. i
T «,,, ,
» g ...-i
*
**. .^^Tr". ""**..' -^K.
"""' ' -«»« "^C '
4AMS SITES (375}
....,.,,
s.
\
li S- -* ^£ _J
H ~~~^ ja,.... .^gg
All SITESj[143^_
1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986
Figure 3-3. National trend in the composite average of the geometric
mean total suspended participate at both NAMS and all sites
with 95 percent confidence intervals, 1977-1986.
110
CONCENTRATION.
100-
90-
80-
70-
60-
50-
40-
30-
20-
10-
0-
1435 arcs
NAAOS
1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986
Figure 3-4. Boxplot comparisons of trends in annual geometric mean
total suspended participate concentrations at 1435 sites,
1977-1986.
3-6
-------
The composite average of TSP levels measured at 1435 sites, distri-
buted throughout the Nation, decreased 23 percent during the 1977 to
1986 time period and the subset of 375 NAMS also decreased 23 percent.
From the curves in Figure 3-3, it appears that most of this decrease
occurred between the measured levels of 1981 and 1982, EPA has found,
however, that the TSP data collected during the years 1979-1981 may be
biased high due to the glass fiber filter used during these years, and
that most of the large apparent decrease in pollutant concentrations
between 1981 and 1982 can be attributed to a change in these filters.9-^2
For this reason, the portion of the Figure 3-3 graph corresponding to
1979-1981 is stippled, indicating the uncertainty associated with these
data. Due to the change in TSP filters, the pattern of the yearly
change in TSP between 1978 and 1982 is difficult to assess.
Figures 3-3 and,3-4 present two different displays of the air
quality trend at the 1435 TSP sites, nationally, over the 1977-1986 time
period. With 95 percent confidence intervals developed for the composite
annual estimates (Figure 3-3), it can be seen that the 1986 as well as
the 1982 to 1985 levels are all significantly lower than those of 1977.
Also, 1985 and 1986 are statistically indistinguishable, but are both
significantly lower than the 1982 to 1984 levels. This difference is
discussed in more detail in Section 3.1.2. In Figure 3-4, boxplots
present the entire national concentration distribution by year and show
that a decrease occurred in every percentile level between 1977 and
1986.
Nationwide TSP emission trends show an overall decrease of 25
percent from 1977 to 1986 which coincidentally matches the TSP air
quality improvement. (See Table 3-1 and Figure 3-5). The trend in PM
emissions is normally not expected to agree with the trend in ambient TSP
levels due to unaccounted for natural PM background and uninventoried
emission sources such as reentrained dust. The reduction in particulate
emissions occurred primarily because of the reductions in industrial
processes. This is attributed to installation of control equipment,
and also reduced activity in some industries, such as iron and steel.
Other areas of TSP emission reductions include reduced coal burning by
non-utility users and installation of control equipment by electric
utilities that burn coal.8
3.1.2 Recent TSP Trends: 1982-86
Figure 3-6 presents a boxplot display of the 1982-1986 TSP data
base which represents 2044 monitoring sites. A small 3 percent decrease
is evident in composite average levels between 1982 and 1986. It can
also be seen that, nationally, TSP levels in 1984 were the highest in
the 5-year period, while 1986 was the lowest. This pattern in air quality
generally-matches the 5-year trend in national particulate emission
estimates. Emissions decreased 4 percent from 1982 to 1986, were
highest in 1984 and achieved a new low in 1986.
3-7
-------
Table 3-1. National Particulate Emission Estimates, 1977-1986.
(million metric tons/year)
1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986
Source Category
Transportation
Fuel Combustion
Industrial
Processes
Solid Waste
Miscellaneous
Total
1.4
2.5
4.0
0.4
0.8
1-4
2.5
4.0
0.4
0.8
1.4
2.5
3.8
0.4
0.9
1.3
2.4
3.3
0.4
1.1
1.3
2.3
4
3.0
0.4
0.9
1.3
2.2
2.6
0.3
0.7
1
2
2
0
1
.3
:o
.4
.3
.1
1.3
2.1
2.8
0.3
0,9
1
1
2
. 0
0
.4
.8
.8
.3
.8
1-4
1.8
2.5
0,3
0.8
9.1 9.1 8.9 8.5 8.0 7.1 7.1 7.4 7.0 6.8
NOTE: The sum of sub-categories may not equal total due to rounding,
15
TSP EMISSIONS, 10* METRIC TONS/YEAR
10-
SOURCE CATEGORY
SOLD WASTE ft MCC S3 FUEL
COMBUSTION
INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES 129 TRANSPORTATION
1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986
Figure 3-5. National trend in particulate emissions, 1977-1986.
3-8
-------
Figure 3-7 focuses on the last 3 years with a bar chart of regional
average TSP. It shows a consistent pattern for most regions. All
regions improved between 1984 and 1986. In addition, 7 regions had
their lowest levels of TSP in 1986.
TSP levels between 1985 and 1986 were down in most regions, but
showed essentially no average change for the nation. This contrasts
with a 4 percent improvement in participate matter emissions. The
apparent discrepancy between air quality and emission changes may be due
to meteorology or uninventoried emissions.
Year-to-year variations in total suspended particulate levels
may in part be attributable to meteorology. Among all meteorological
parameters, precipitation has been shown to have had the greatest
influence on particulate air quality. Rainfall has the effect of
.reducing reentrainment of particles and washing particles out of the
air. An examination of regional precipitation patterns shows that the
three regions (III, IV and V) with 1985-1986 TSP increases were also
the only regions which experienced decreases in total precipitations
relative to normal. 13 Although these decreases in precipitation were
only 5-10 percent, they probably contributed to air quality degradation in
these areas. In contrast, the seven regions which showed air quality
improvement between 1985 and 1986 experienced increases in precipitation.
The largest improvement, in fact, occurred in the northwest (Region X),
where 1985 was unusually dry and 1986 marked a return to normal
precipitation.
3-9
-------
110
OONCCNTRADON,
100-
90-
80-
70-
60-
50-
40-
30-
20-
2044 SITES
NAAQS
TESSr
*-
TW^
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
Figure 3-6. Boxplot comparisons of trends in annual mean total suspended
particulate concentrations at 2044 sites, 1982-1986.
CONCENTRATION, U
|
?
i*
/
n'
1*
X
^
^
It
f
f
f
f
t
H
t>
t
I
!
I
!
i
^
/
f
t
t
EPA REGION I I II IV V VI VH VIU DC X
NO. OF SITES 108 126 243 334 567 193 128 102 153 90
Figure 3-7. Regional comparison of the 1984, 1985, 1986 composite average
of the geometric mean total Suspended panticulate concentration,
3-10
-------
3.2 TRENDS IN SULFUR DIOXIDE
Ambient sulfur dioxide (SQg) results primarily from stationary
source coal and oil combustion and from nonferrous smelters. There are
three NAAQS for S02: an annual arithmetic mean of 0.03 ppm (80 ug/irr), a
24-hour level of 0.14 ppm (365 ug/ni3) and a 3-hour level of 0.50 ppm {1300
ug/m3). The first two standards are primary (health-related) standards,
while the 3-hour NAAQS is a secondary (we!fare-related) standard. The
annual standard is not to be exceeded, while the short-term standards
are not to be exceeded more than once per year. The trend analyses
which follow are presented for the primary standards.
The trends in ambient concentrations are derived from continuous
monitoring instruments which can measure as many as 8760 hourly values
per year. The SOj? measurements reported in this section are summarized
i nto a variety of summary statistics which relate to the $62 NAAQS.
The statistics on which ambient trends will be reported are the annual
arithmetic mean concentration, the second highest annual 24-hour average
(measured midnight to midnight), and the expected annual number of
24-hour exceedances of the 24-hour standard of 0.14 ppm.
3.2.1 Long-term SO? Trends: 1977-86
The long-term trend in ambient SQg, 1977 to 1986, is graphically
presented in Figures 3-8 to 3-10. In each figure, the trend at the
MAMS is contrasted with the trend at all sites. For each of the statistics
presented, a steady downward trend is evident through 1986. Nationally,
the annual mean SOg, examined at 302 sites, decreased at a median rate
of approximately 4 percent per year; this resulted in an overall change
of about 37 percent (Figure 3-8). The subset of 103 NAMS recorded
higher average concentrations but declined at a slightly higher rate of
6 percent per year.
The annual second highest 24-hour values displayed a similar decline
.between 1977 and 1986. Nationally, among 295 stations with adequate
trend data, the median rate of change was 6 percent per year with an
overall decline of 43 percent (Figure 3-9). The 102 NAMS exhibited a
similar rate of improvement for an overall change of 45 percent.
The estimated number of exceedances also showed declines for the NAMS
as well as the composite of all sites (Figure 3-10). The vast majority
of $02 sites, however, do not show any exceedances of the 24-hour
NAAQS. Most of the exceedances as well as the bulk of the improvements
occurred at source oriented sites including a few smelter sites in
particular. The national composite estimated number of exceedances
decreased 98 percent from 1977 to 1986.
3-11
-------
0.033
O.OM
0.029
0.020-
0.019-
0.010-
0.005-
0.000
CONCENTRATION, PPM
NAAQS-
NAMS SITES (103) ALLSJTESi302i_
1977 1978 197S 1980 19S1 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986
Figure 3-8. National trend in the composite average of the annual average
sulfur dioxide concentration at both NAMS and all sites with
9t> percent confidence intervals, 1977-1986.
0.16
0.14
CONCENTRATION, PPM
O.t2-
0.10-
0.08-
0.06-
0.04-
0.02-
0.00
NAAQS'
NAMS SITES (102) ALLSTCSj^e
1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986
Figure 3-9, National trend in the composite average of the second-
highest 24-hour sulfur dioxide concentration at both NAMS
and all sites with 95 percent confidence intervals, 1977-
1906.
3-12
-------
2.5
ESTIMATED EXCEEDANCES
2-
1.5-
1 -
MAMS SUES (102)
1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986
Figure 3-10. National trend in the composite average of the estimated
number of exceedances of the 24-hour sulfur dioxide NAAQS
at both NAMS and all sites with confidence intervals,
1977-1986.
3-13
-------
The statistical significance of these long-term trends is graphically
illustrated in Figures 3-8 to 3-10 with the 95 percent confidence
intervals. For both annual averages and peak 24-hour values, the S02
levels in 1986 are the lowest in 10 years but are statistically indistin-
guishable among the last several years. Expected exceedances of the
24-hour standard experienced a more rapid decline. For each statistic,
1986 averages are significantly lower than levels prior to 1983.
The inter-site variability for annual mean and annual second highest
24-hour SOg concentrations is graphically displayed in Figures 3-11 and
3-12. These figures show that higher concentrations decreased more rapidly
and the concentration range among sites has also diminished from the late
1970ls to the present.
Nationally, sulfur oxide emissions decreased 21 percent from
1977 to 1986 (Figure 3-13 and Table 3-2), reflecting the installation
of flue gas desulfurization controls at coal-fired electric generating
stations and a reduction in the average sulfur content of fuels consumed.
Emissions from other stationary source fuel combustion sectors also
declined, mainly due to decreased combustion of coal by these consumers.
Sulfur oxide emissions from industrial processes are also significant.
Emissions from industrial processes have dec!ined, primarily as the
result of controls implemented to reduce emissions from nonferrous
smelters and sulfuric acid manufacturing pi ants. 8
The disparity between the 37 percent decrease in SOg air quality
and the 21 percent decrease in S02 emissions can be attributed to
several factors. SOg monitors with sufficient historical data for
trends are mostly urban population-oriented and as such do not monitor
many of the major emitters which tend to be located in more rural
areas. Among the 302 trend sites used in the analysis of average $02
levels, two-thirds are categorized as population-oriented. The remaining
sites include those monitors in the vicinity of large power plants,
nonferrous smelters and other industrial sources such as paper mills
and steel producing facilities.
The residential and commercial areas, where most monitors are located,
have shown sulfur oxide emission decreases comparable to SOg air quality
improvement. These decreases in sulfur oxide emissions are due to a
combination of energy conservation measures and the use of cleaner
fuels in the residential and commercial areas." Comparable SOo trends
have also been demonstrated for monitors located in the vicinity of
nonferrous smelters which produce some of the highest SOg concentrations
observed nationally.' Smelter sources represent a majority of SOg
emissions in the intermountain region of the western U.S.
Although one-third of the trend sites are categorized as source-
oriented, the majority of S02 emissions are dominated by large point
sources. Two-thirds of all national S02 emissions are generated by
electric utilities (94 percent of which come from coal fired power plants).
The majority of these emissions, however, are produced by a small number
3-14
-------
0.040
CONCENTRATION, PPM
0.053-
0.030
0.025-
0.020
0.019
0.010
0.009
0.000
302 SITES
"HMOS'
1077 1378 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986
Figure 3-11. Boxplot comparisons of trends in annual mean sulfur dioxide
concentrations at 302 sites, 1977-1986.
0.25
CONCENTRATION, PPM
0.20-
0.15-
0.10-
0,05-
0.00
295 SITES
1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986
Figure 3-12. Boxplot comparisons of trends in second hiyhest 24-hour
average sulfur dioxide concentrations at 295 sites,
1977-1986.
3-15
-------
Table 3-2,
National Sulfur Oxide Emission Estimates, 1977-1986.
(million metric tons/year)
1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984
Source Category
Transportation
Fuel Combustion
Total
30
1985 1986
0.8 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.9
21.5 19.9 19.8 19.3 18,8 17.8 17.4 17.9 17.6 17.2
4.7
0.0
0.0
4.3
0.0
0.0
26.9 25.0
: sub-categories
SOX EMISSIONS, 10"
m^^^ssssss-
4.4
0.0
0.0
25.1
3.8 3.9 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.2 3.1
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
23.9 23.5 22.0 21.5 22.1
21.6 21.2
may not equal total due to1 rounding.
METRIC
TONS/YEAR
SOURCE CATEGORY
1HOUSTHAJ. FtOOSSa WB. COttlUSTKM E3 TUHSFOMUKM
^ffijS&
sSml
3tmffss»%?Rliik^
l!lliniiliHlltltfllllllltntHIIIIIIII[llliIllffllllHllllillnil1iHnifiuniiiiinrTflTininitFniBiTO^ii»»^
llllliiil
10
0
1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986
Figure 3-13. National trend in sulfur oxide emissions, 1977-1986.
3-16
-------
of facilities. Fifty-three individual plants in 14 states account for
one-half of all power plant emissions.^ in addition, the 200 highest
SOg emitters account for more than 85 percent of all SOg power plant
emissions.14»15 These 200 plants account for 57 percent of all S02
emissions, nationally.
Another factor which may account for differences in SOg emissions and
ambient air quality is stack height. The height at which SOg is released
Into the atmosphere has been increasing at industrial sources and power
plants.16,17 This can permit ground level concentrations to decrease at a
faster rate than emissions. Under these circumstances, concentrations can, in
fact, decrease even if emissions increase.
3.2.2. Recent SO? Trends: 1982-86
Figure 3-14 presents boxplots for the 1982-1986 data using 583
SOg sites. The 5-year trend shows an 11 percent decline in average
concentrations indicating that the long term trend has continued, but
has been leveling off. Correspondingly, SOg emissions have only
decreased 4 percent over the last 5 years.
Regional changes in composite average SQg concentrations for the
last 3 years, 1984-1986, are shown in Figure 3-15. Most regions
decreased slightly. Between 1985 and 1986, average ambient concentrations
have declined 3 percent, corresponding to a 2 percent decrease in total
emissions.
Some of the regions with the lowest average SOg also contain some
of the highest S02 concentrations recorded nationally. This phenomenon
which is due to S% in the vicinity of nonferrous smelters, is evident
in Figure 3-16 which shows the 1986 intraregional concentration distri-
butions. Large intraregional variability in SQg concentrations is
seen in Regions VI,VIII and X because of monitors located In the vicinity
of smelters.
3-17
-------
0.040
CONCENTRATION, PPW
0.039-
0.030
0.013-
0.020-
0.018-
O.OtO-
O.OM
0,000
583STTES
*--
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
Figure 3-14. Boxplot comparisons of trends in annual mean sulfur dioxide
concentrations at 583 sites, 1982-1986.
CONCENTRATION, PPM
0.014-
0,012-
0.010-
0.008-
o.oo*-
0.004-
0.002-
m
K
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COMPOSITE AVERAGE
^«84 H1MS DtWW
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EPA REGION I II III IV V VI VII Vi IX X
NO.OFSTTES S2 50 73 77 187 41 21 13 58 11
Figure 3-15. Regional comparison of the 1984, 1985, 1986 composite
average of the annual average sulfur dioxide concentration,
3-18
-------
CONCENTRATION, PPM
U.U4U-
0.035-
0.030-
0.025-
0.020-
0.015-
0.010-
0.005-
O.QOO-
EPAREGIC
NO. OF Sf
i A i
M W [
U 1
f T
1
M
=
*£\
\ i
] A n
fl U
f ₯
1
:::
1
j
\f J
V
I
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is
^f
1
1
EJ
k
1
i M
A ~
§ u
N 1 H 111 IV V VI VII Vili IX X
IES 52 50 73 77 187 41 21 13 58 11
Figure 3-16. Regional boxplot comparisons of the annual average sulfur
dioxide concentrations in 1986.
3-19
-------
3.3 TRENDS IN CARBON MONOXIDE
Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless, odorless, and poisonous gas
produced by incomplete burning of carbon in fuels. Over two-thirds
of the total nationwide CO emissions are due to transportation sources
with the largest contribution coming from highway motor vehicles. The
NAAQS for ambient CO specify upper limits for both 1-hour and 8-hour
averages that are not to be exceeded more than once per year. The 1-hour
level is 35 ppm and the 8-hour level is 9 ppm. This analysis focuses
on the 8-hour average results because the 8-hour standard is generally
the more restrictive limit.
Trends sites were selected using the procedures presented in
Section 2.1. This resulted in a data base of 182 sites for the 1977-86
10-year time period and a data base of 363 sites for the 1982-86 5-year
time period. There were 46 NAMS sites included in the 10-year data
base and 105 NAMS sites in the 5-year data base. This two-fold
increase in the number of trend sites available for the more recent
time period is consistent with the improvement in size and stability of
current ambient CO monitoring programs.
3.3.1 Long-term CO Trends: 1977-86
The national 1977-86 composite average trend is shown in Figure
3-17 for the second highest non-overlapping 8-hour CO value for the 182
long-term trend sites and the subset of 46 NAMS sites. During this 10-
year period, the national composite average decreased by 32 percent and
the subset of NAMS decreased by 27 percent. The median rate of
improvement for this time period is approximately 4 percent per year.
There is a leveling off between 1985 and 1986 with no significant
change but both years are significantly better than 1984 and earlier
years for the national sample. Long-term improvement was seen at 85
percent of these trend sites. This same trend is shown in Figure 3-18
using a box plot presentation which provides more information on the
distribution of ambient CO levels from year to year at the 182 long-term
trend sites. While there is some year to year fluctuation in certain
percentiles, the general long-term improvement in ambient CO levels
i s clear.
Figure 3-19 displays the 10-year trend in the composite average of
the estimated number of exceedances of the 8-hour CO NAAQS. This exceedance
rate was adjusted to account for incomplete sampling. The trend in
exceedances shows long-term improvement but the rates are much more
pronounced than those for the second maximums. The composite average
for estimated exceedances improved 89 percent between 1977 and 1986
for the 182 long-term trend sites while the subset of 46 NAMS showed
an almost identical 88 percent improvement. These percentage improvements
for exceedances are typically much larger than those found for peak
concentrations, such as the annual second maximum. The percentage
change for the second maximums is more likely to reflect the percentage
change in emission levels.
3-20
-------
16
14-
12-
10-
8-
6-
4-
2-
0
CONCENTRATION, PPM
NAAQS
NAMS SfTES (46) n All STIES (1821
-fa
i 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1977 1978 1979 1980 1931 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986
Figure 3-17,
National trend in the composite average of the second highest
nonoverlapping 8-hour average carbon monoxide concentration
at both NANS and all sites with 95 percent confidence
intervals, 1977-1986.
CONCENTRATION, PPM
1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986
Figure 3-18, Boxplot comparisons of trends in second highest nonoverlapping
8-hour average carbon monoxide concentrations at 182 sites,
1977-1986.
3-21
-------
50
EST. 8-HR EXCEEDANCES
40-
30-
20-
10-
NAMS SfTES (46) a ALL SITES (182^
1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986
Figure 3-19.
National trend In the composite average of the estimated
number of exceedances of the 8-hour carbon Tionoxide
NAAQS, at both NAMS and all sites with 95 percent
confidence intervals, 1977-1986.
3-22
-------
Table 3-3. National Carbon Monoxide Emission Estimates, 1977-1986.
(million metric tons/year)
1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985
Source Category
1986
Transportation
Fuel Combustion
61.0 60.3 55.9 52.6 51.6 48.1 48.3 48.4 45.2 42.6
5.1 5.8 6.6 7.3 7.5 8.0 7.9 8.1 7.2 7.2
Industrial
Processes
Solid Waste
Miscellaneous
7
2
5
.3
.6
.8
7.2
2.5
5.7
7.1
2.3
6.5
6.3
2.2
7.6
5.9
2.1
6.4
4.4
2.0
4.9
4.4
1.9
7.7
4.8
1.9
6.3
4.6
2.0
5.3
4.5
1.7
5.0
Total
81.8 81.4 78.3 76.1 73.4 67.4 70.3 69.6 64.3 60.9
NOTE: The sum of sub-categories may not equal total due to rounding,
120
CO EMISSIONS, 10* METRIC TONS/TEAR
100 H
80
SOH
SOURCE CATEGORY
SOLJD WASTE 4 MSC E3 FUEL
coueusnoN
B INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES ZS TRANSPORTATION
1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986
Figure 3-20. National trend in emissions of carbon monoxide, 1977-1986.
3-23
-------
The 10-year 1977-86 trend in national carbon monoxide emission
estimates is shown in Figure 3-20 and presented in Table 3-3, These
estimates show a 26 percent decrease between 1977 and 1986. Transportation
sources account for approximately 70 percent of the total and decreased
by 30 percent over the 10-year period. The contribution from highway
vehicles decreased 34 percent during the 1977-86 time period despite a
24.percent increase in vehicle miles of travel. This indicates that the
Federal Motor Vehicle Control Program (FMVCP) has been effective on
the national scale with controls more than offsetting growth during
this period. While there is general agreement between the air quality
and emission changes over this 10-year period, it is worth noting that
the emission changes reflect estimated national totals while the ambient
CO monitors are frequently located to identify problems. The mix of
vehicles and the change in vehicle miles of travel in the area around
a typical CO monitoring site may differ from the national averages.
3.3.2 Recent CO Trends: 1982-86
This section examines ambient CO trends for the 5-year time
period 1982-86. As discussed in section 2.1, this allows the use of a
larger data base, 363 sites versus 182. Figure 3-21 displays the 5-year
ambient CO trend in terms of the second highest non-overlapping
8-hour averages. These sites showed a 13 percent improvement between
1982 and 1986. The general patterns are consistent with the longer
term data base and, again, 1985 and 1986 levels are basically the same
and indicate improvement relative to previous years. Table 3-3 indicates
that estimated total CO emissions decreased 10 percent during this 5-year
period and that the highway vehicle contribution decreased 14 percent.
Figure 3-22 shows the composite regional averages for the 1984-86
time period. The patterns are mixed but the 1985-86 levels are generally
lower than those in 1984. These regional graphs are primarily intended
to depict relative change. Because the mix of monitoring sites may
vary from one area to another, this graph is not intended to be indicative
of regional differences in absolute concentration levels.
. 3-24
-------
25
CONCENTRATION, PPM
20-
15-
10-
5-
363 SITES
MHMM
H"
NAAQS-
-«*
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
Figure 3-21. Boxplot comparisons of trends in second highest nonoverlappiny
8-hour average carbon monoxide concentrations at 363 sites,
1902-1986.
CONCENTRATION, PPM
13-
12-
11 -
10-
9-
8-
~J _
£» ^
5-
4-
3-
2
4 _
0
I
|
EPA REGION
NO.OFSnES 1
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XJMPOSTTE AVERAGE
211004 Bi198S aWW
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f
f
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II
/
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II III IV V VI VII VI IX X
1424475554281615 81 29
Figure 3-22. Regional comparison of the 1984, 198b, 1986 composite average
of the second highest nonoverlapping 8-hour average carbon
monoxide concentration.
3-25
-------
3.4 TRENDS IN NITROGEN DIOXIDE
Nitrogen dioxide (N02), a yellowish brown gas, is present in
urban atmospheres through emissions from two major sources, transportation
and stationary fuel combustion. The major mechanism for the formation
of NOg in the atmosphere is the oxidation of the primary air pollutant,
nitric oxide. NOjj is measured using either a continuous monitoring
instrument, which can collect as many as 8760 hourly values a year,
or a 24-hour bubbler, which collects one measurement per 24-hour period,
Both monitors are used to compare annual average concentrations with the
N02 standard of 0.053 parts per million.
In order to expand the size of the available trends data base, data
were merged at sites which experienced changes in the agency operating the
site, the instrument used, or the designation of the project code, such as
population oriented or duplicate sampling. The merging was accomplished
by treating the bubbler and continuous hourly data separately. For example,
if a monitor at a given site was changed from a 24-hour bubbler to a
continuous hourly monitor, the data would not be merged. If, however,
a monitor at a given site changed from one type of continuous instrument
to another type of continuous instrument, the data would be merged.
The trends site selection process, described in Section 2.1, yielded
111 sites for the 1977-86 10-year period and 228 sites for the 1982-86
5-year data base. Thirteen of the long-term trend sites are NAMS while 52
NAMS are included in the 1982-86 data base. Until this year, the size of
the long-term data base had been decreasing each successive year as low
concentration sites were discontinued or as NQj? bubblers were replaced
with continuous instruments. In this latter case, data from these two
different methods are not merged. Only 22 of the 111 long-term trend
sites are N02 bubblers.
3.4.1 Long-term NO? Trends: 1977-86
The composite average long-term trend for the nitrogen dioxide mean
concentration at the 111 trend sites, and the 13 NAMS sites, is shown in
Figure 3-23. Nationally, composite annual average NOg levels increased
from 1977 to 1979, decreased through 1986, except for a slight increase
in 1984. The 1986 composite average N02 level is 14 percent lower than
the 1977 level, indicating a downward trend during this period. Of the 111
trends sites, only 13 are designated as NAMS. This is to be expected
because NAMS for NOg are only located in urban areas with populations of
1,000,000 or greater. The composite averages of the NAMS, which are located
in eight large metropolitan areas, are higher than those of all sites.
Comparing 1986 data to the 1977 levels shows a 14 percent decrease in the
composite average for all trends sites and a 9 percent decrease for the
NAMS. The discrepancy between the all sites and NAMS year to year changes
may be attributed to both the small number of NAMS meeting the 10-year
trends completeness criteria and the generally low levels of recorded N02
annual mean concentrations, with respect to the level of the NOg NAAQS.
3-26
-------
0.06
CONCENTRATION, PPM
0,05-
0,04-
0,03-
0.02-
0.01-
0.00
NAAQS
fi-
±-i
» 4-
" NAMS SITES Q3j ° ALL SnES|lt|
1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986
Figure 3-23. National trend in fie composite average of nitrogen
dioxide concentration at both NAMS and all sites with 95
percent confidence intervals, 1977-1986.
0.07
CONCENTRATION, PPM
0.06-
0.05-
0104-
0.03-
0.02-
0.01-
0.00
111 SITES
^i^ii^.
A
a
Ji
1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986
Figure 3-24. Boxplot comparisons of trends in annual mean nitrogen
dioxide concentrations at 111 sites, 1977-1986.
3-27
-------
In Figure 3-23, the 95 percent confidence intervals about the composite
means allow for comparisons among the years. While there are no significant
differences among the years for the NAMS, because there are so few sites
meeting the historical trends criteria, there are significant differences
among the composite mean's of the 111 long-term trends sites. Although the
1985 and 1986 composite mean N02 levels are not significantly different
from one another, they are significantly less than the earlier years
1977 through 1981.
Long-term trends in NC^ annual average concentrations are also displayed
in Figure 3-24 with the use of boxplots. The improvement in the composite
average between 1979 and 1986 can generally be seen in the the upper
percentiles through 1984, The lower percentiles show little change, however,
The trend in the estimated nationwide emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOX)
is similar to the N0£ air quality trend. Table 3-4 shows NOX emissions
increasing from 1977 through 1978 and generally decreasing until 1984.
Between 1977 and 1986 total nitrogen oxide emissions decreased by 8 percent,
but highway vehicle emissions, the source category likely impacting the
majority of urban NOg sites, decreased by 13 percent. This decrease in the
highway vehicle category is consistent with the long-term decrease in N02
levels of 14 percent. Figure 3-25 shows that the two primary source
categories of nitrogen oxide emissions are fuel combustion and transportation,
comprising 52 percent and 44 percent, respectively, of total 1986 nitrogen
oxide emissions.
3.4.2 Recent NO? Trends: 1982-86
Figure 3-26 uses the boxplot presentation to display recent trends
in nitrogen dioxide annual mean concentrations for the years 1982-86.
Focusing on the past five years, rather than the last ten years, more than
doubles the number of sites, from 111 to 228, available for the analysis.
Although the composite means from the recent period are lower than the
long-term means, the trends are consistent for the two data bases.
The composite average NC{? level at the 228 trend sites decreased 1
percent between 1982 and 1986. During this same period, nitrogen oxide
emissions decreased by 1 percent, also. Between 1985 and 1986, the N02
composite average remained constant, while nitrogen oxide emissions recorded
a 2 percent decrease and highway vehicle emissions decreased by 4 percent.
This small year-to-year difference between the ambient and emissions
percent change is likely not significant given the relatively low ambient
levels.
Regional trends in the composite average N02 concentrations for the
years 1984-86 are displayed in Figure 3-27 using bar graphs. Except for
Region X which had only one site which met the 5-year trends data
completeness and continuity criteria, Region II recorded the highest
composite average in each of the past 3 years. However, as discussed in
Section 4.0, the Los Angeles Metropolitan Area (Region IX) is the only
area which exceeded the NOg standard during this period. The pattern of
the year-to-year changes is mixed among the Regions. Four Regions (I, II,
IV, and VIII) recorded small decreases between 1985 and 1986, Regions III
and VII recorded small increases and four Regions remained unchanged
(Regions V, VI, IX, and X).
3-28
-------
Table 3-4,
National Nitrogen Oxides Emission Estimates, 1977-1986.
(million metric tons/year)
1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985
Source Category
Transportation
Fuel Combustion
Industrial
Processes
Solid Waste
Mi seellaneous
Total
NOTE: The sum of sub-categories may not equal total due to rounding.
30
NOX EMISSIONS, 10* METRIC TONS/YEAR
25-
20-
15-
10
5H
SOURCE CATEGORY
SOLID WASTE ft MISC. B FUEL COMBUSTION
D INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES 623 TRANSPORTATION
1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986
Figure 3-25. National trend in nitrogen oxides emissions, 1977-1986.
.1986
9.5
10.4
0.7
0.1
0.2
9.7
10.3
0.7
0.1
0.2
9.5
10.5
0.7
0.1
0.2
9
10
0
0
0
.2
.1
.7
.1
.2
9
10
0
0
0
.3
.0
.6
.1
.2
8.9
9.8
0.5
0.1
0.1
8.6
9.6
0.5
0.1
0.2
8.7
10.2
0.6
0.1
0.2
8.8
10.2
0.6
0.1
0.1
8.5
10.0
0.6
0.1
0,1
21.0 21.1 21.0 20.3 20.3 19.5 19.1 19.7 19.7 19,3
3-29
-------
0.07
CONCENTRATION, PPM
0.06-
0.05-
0.04-
0.03-
0.02-
0.01-
0.00
228 SITES
"NAAQS'
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
Figure 3-26. Boxplot comparisons of trends in annual mean nitrogen
dioxide concentrations at 228 sites, 1982-1986.
CONCENTRATOR PPM
0.055-
0.030-
0.02S-
0.020-
0.015-
0.010-
0.009-
c
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if
EPA REGION I II III IV V VI VII VII DC X
NO. OF SITES 711361241381011611
Figure 3-27. Regional comparison of 1984, 1985, 1986 composite average
of the annual mean nitrogen dioxide concentration.
3-30
-------
3.5 TRENDS IN OZONE
Ozone (03) is a photochemical oxidant and the major component of smog,
While ozone in. the upper atmosphere is beneficial to life by shielding
the earth from harmful ultraviolet radiation given off by the sun, high
concentrations of ozone at ground level are a major health and
environmental concern. Ozone is not emitted directly into the air, but
is formed through complex chemical reactions between precursor emissions
of volatile organic compounds and nitrogen oxides in the presence of
sunlight. These reactions are stimulated by sunlight and temperature
so that peak ozone levels typically occur during the warmer times of
the year. Both volatile organic compounds and nitrogen oxides are
emitted by transportation and industrial sources. Volatile organic
compounds are emitted from sources as diverse as autos, chemical
manufacturing, dry cleaners, paint shops, and other sources using
solvents. The strong seasonal ity of ozone levels makes it possible for
areas to limit their ozone monitoring to a certain portion of the year,
termed the ozone season. The length of the ozone season varies-from
one area of the country to another. May through October is typical but
States in the south and southwest may monitor the entire year. More
northern states would have shorter ozone seasons such as May through
September for North Dakota. This analysis uses these ozone seasons on
a State by State basis to ensure that the data completeness requirements
are applied to the relevant portions of the year.
The 03 NAAQS is defined in terms of the daily maximum, that is,
the highest hourly average for the day, and specifies that the expected
number of days per year with values greater than 0.12 ppm should not be
greater than one. Both the annual second highest daily maximum and the
number of daily exceedances during the ozone season are considered in
this analysis.
The trends site selection process, discussed in Section 2.1,
resulted in 242 sites being selected for the 1977-86 period and 539
sites qualifying for the 1982-86 5-year data base. Eighty-eight of the
long-term trends sites were NAMS while 198 NAMS sites were included in
the 5-year trends data base. In both cases, the 5-year data base is much
larger than the 10-year data base which reflects the improvement in
ambient ozone monitoring networks.
3.5.1. Long-term Ozone Trends: 1977-86
Figure 3-28 displays the 10-year composite average trend for
the second high day during the ozone season for the 242 trends sites
and the subset of 88 NAMS sites. Although the 1986 composite average
for the 242 trend sites is El percent lower than the 1977 average, this
comparison is affected by a calibration change for ozone measurements
that occurred in the 1978-79 time period.TS This complication has been
3-31
-------
0.18
CONCENTRATION, PPM
0.1S-
0.14-
0.12
0.10-
0.08-
0.06-
0.04-
0.02-
0.00
NAMS SUES (88) ° AiISjTESl242)
1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986
Figure 3-28. National trend in trie composite average of the second highest
maximum 1-hour ozone concentration at both NAMS and all sites
with 9b percent confidence intervals, 1977-1986.
0.30
CONCENTRATION, PPM
0.25-
0.20-
0.15-
0.10-
0.05-
0.00
242SHES
1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986
Figure 3-29. Boxplot comparisons of trends in annual second highest daily
maximum 1-hour ozone concentration at 242 sites, 1977-1986.
3-32
-------
20
NO. OF EXCEEDANCES
15-
10-
NAMS SITES (88) ° ALLJfTE
1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986
Figure 3-30.
National trend in the composite average of the estimated
number of daily exceedances of the ozone NAAQS in the ozone
season at both NAMS and all sites with 95 percent confidence
intervals, 1977-1986.
3-33
-------
discussed in previous reports as well as the reasons that it is difficult
to quantify this effect. 7,9,10 The stippled portion of Figure 3-28
indicates data affected by measurements taken prior to the calibration
change. Considering the data after this calibration change, there was
a 13 percent improvement in ozone levels between 1979 and 1986. This
has not been a smooth downward trend and there has been year to year
fluctuation with 1983 clearly being high. This has been attributed in
part to 1983 meteorological conditions in some areas of the country
being more conducive for ozone formation than adjacent years.
This same 10-year trend for the annual second highest daily maximum
for the 242 site data base is displayed in Figure 3-29 using the box-
plot presentation. Again, the stippled portion indicates those years
affected by data prior to the calibration change and 1983 is clearly
higher than adjacent years. The 1979, 1980, and 1983 values are
similarly high while the remaining years in the 1977-86 period are
generally lower with 1986 being the lowest on average. Figure 3-30
depicts the 1977-86 trend for the composite average number of ozone
exceedances. This statistic is adjusted for missing data and reflects
the number of days that the level of the ozone standard is exceeded
during the ozone season. The stippled area again indicates the time
period when comparisons would be affected by the calibration change so
that the 54 percent decrease between 1977 and 1986 incorporates the
effect of the calibration change. The expected number of exceedances
decreased 38 percent for the 242 sites and 37 percent for the subset of
88 NAMS. As with the second maximum, the 1979, 1980, and 1983 values
are higher than the other years in the 1979-86 time period.
Table 3-5 and Figure 3-31 display the 1977-86 emission trends for
volatile organic compounds (VOC) which, along with nitrogen oxides, are
involved in the atmospheric chemical and physical processes that result
in the formation of 03. Total VOC emissions are estimated to have
decreased 19 percent between 1977 and 1986. Between 1977 and 1986, VOC
emissions from highway vehicles are estimated to have decreased 39
percent despite a 24 percent increase in vehicle miles of travel during
this time period. Potential difficulties in using ozone precursor
emission estimates to represent ambient trends have been discussed in a
recent analysis of southern California ozone trends.19
3.5.2 Recent Ozone Trends: 1982-86
This section discusses ambient 03 trends for the 5-year time period
1982-86. This permits the use of a larger data base of 539 sites
compared to 242 for the 10-year period. Figure 3-32 uses a boxplot
presentation of the annual second maximum daily value at these 539
sites. The national composite decreased 4 percent between 1982 and
1986 while Table 3-5 indicates that total VOC emissions are estimated
to have decreased by 3 percent during this period. The most obvious
feature of Figure 3-32 is that 1983 levels were clearly higher than
those of the other years. Previous reports7»9,10 have discussed how
these 1983 ozone levels were influenced by meteorological conditions in
that year being more conducive to ozone formation than conditions in
the adjacent years.
3-34
-------
Table 3-b. National Volatile Organic Compound Emission Estimates, 1977-1986.
(million metric tons/year)
1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986
Source Category
Transportation
Fuel Combustion
Industrial
Processes
Non-Industrial
Organic Solvent
Use
Solid Waste
Mi scellaneous
Total
NOTE: The sum of sub-categories may not equal total due to rounding.
10.0
1.4
9.3
1.9
U.8
0.8
24.1
9.7
1.6
9.9
1,9
0.8
0.8
24.7
8.9
1.9
9.8
2.0
0.7
0.9
24.3
8.2
2.2
9.2
1.9
0.6
1.0
23.0
7.9
2.3
8.3
1.6
0.6
0.9
21.6
7.4
2.5
7.4
1.5
0.6
0.7
20.1
7.3
2.6
7.8
1.6
0.6
1.1
20.9
7.3
2.6
8.7
1.8
0.6
0.9
21.9
6.7
2.3
8.4
1.5
0.6
0.7
20.3
6.5
2.3
7.9
1.5
0.6
0.7
19.5
35
VOC EMISSIONS, K)1 METRIC TONS/YEAR
SOURCE CATEGORY
SOLID WASTE ft MSC E3 INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
OB FUEL COMBUSTION m TRANSPORTATION
1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986
Figure 3-31. National trend in emissions of volatile oryanic compounds, 1977-1986,
3-3b
-------
0.30-
0.25-
0.20-
0.15-
0.10-
0.05-
CONCENTRATION, PPM
0.00
539 S1ES
NAAQS
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
Figure 3-32. Boxplot comparisons of trends in annual second highest
daily maximum 1-hour ozone concentrations at 539 sites,
1982-1986.
CONCENTRATION, PPM
0.18-
0.12-
0.06-
COMPOSnE AVERAGE
K3WS4. Mt9S5 E3 1986
m $
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EPA REGION I
NO. OF SITES 28
31 70
IV V
76 107
VI
55
VII
27
VHI
16
IX
115
X
14
Figure 3-33. Regional comparison of the 1984, 1985, 1986 composite
average of the second-highest daily 1-hour ozone
concentrations.
3-36
-------
Figure 3-33 presents a regional comparison for 1984, 1985, and
1986 of the composite average second highest daily maximum 1-hour ozone
concentration. Again it is worth noting that these 1984-86 values are
generally lower than those of 1983. For half of these Regions the 1986
values were the lowest of the last 3 years. It is possible that the
1986 ozone levels for the southeastern U.S. were affected by warmer
temperatures. Preliminary data for 1987 suggest that meteorological
conditions may again have been conducive for ozone formation and may
contribute to increased ozone levels in some areas.
3-37
-------
3.6 TRENDS IN LEAD
Lead (Pb) gasoline additives, non-ferrous smelters, and battery plants
are the most significant contributors to atmospheric Pb emissions.
Transportation sources in 1986 contribute about 41 percent of the annual
emissions, down substantially from 73 percent in 1985. The reasons for
this drop are noted below.
Prior to promulgation of the Pb standard in October 1978,20 two air
pollution control programs were implemented by EPA that have resulted in
lower ambient Pb levels-. First, regulations were issued in the early
1970's'which required the Pb content of all gasoline to be gradually
reduced over a period of many years. Most recently the Pb content of the
leaded gasoline pool was reduced from an average of 1.0 grams/gal Ion
to 0.5 grams/gallon on July 1, 1985 and still further to 0.1 grams/gallon
on January 1, 1986. Second, as part of EPA1s overall automotive emission
control program, unleaded gasoline was introduced in 1975 for use in
automobiles equipped with catalytic control devices. These devices
reduce emissions of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides.
In 1986 unleaded gasoline sales accounted for 69 percent of the total
gasoline market. Additionally, Pb emissions from stationary sources have
been substantially reduced by control programs oriented toward attainment
of the TSP and Pb ambient standards. The overall effect of these three
control programs has been a major reduction in the amount of Pb in the
ambient air.
3.6.1 Long-term Lead Trends: 1977-86^
Early trend analyses of ambient Pb data21>22 were based almost
exclusively on National Air Surveillance Network (NASN) sites. These
sites were established in the 1960's to monitor ambient air quality levels
of TSP and associated trace metals, including Pb. The sites were
predominantly located in the central business districts of larger American
cities. In September 1981, ambient Pb monitoring regulations were
promulgated,23 jhe siting criteria in the regulations resulted in the
elimination of many of the old historic TSP monitoring sites as being
unsuitable sites for the measurement of ambient Pb concentrations.
As with the other pollutants, the trend sites that were selected had
to satisfy an annual data completeness criterion of at least 8 out of 10
years of data in the 1977 to 1986 time period. A year was included as
"valid" if at leas.t 3 of the 4 quarterly averages were available. A
total of only 82 urban-oriented sites, representing 25 States, met the
data completeness criterion. Only seven of these sites were NAMS sites,
thereby, making this NAMS trend determination very tentative until more
NAMS Pb trend sites become available. Thirty-three (40 percent) of the
trend sites were located in the States of Arizona, Pennsylvania and
Texas. A total of 326 sites satisfied a trend criterion for the 1982-86
period, which required 4 out of 5 years in the 1982 to 1986 time period.
The mean of the composite maximum quarterly averages and their
respective 95 percent confidence intervals are shown in Figure 3-34 for
both the 82 urban sites and 7 NAMS sites (1977-1986). There was an 87
percent overall (1977-86) decrease for the 82 urban sites. The confidence
3-38
-------
CONCENTRATE, UGyV
1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986
Figure 3-34. National trend in the composite average of the maximum
quarterly average lead concentration at 82 sites and 7
NAMS sites with 95 percent confidence intervals, 1977-1986.
CONCENTRATION,
1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986
Figure 3-35. Boxplot comparisons of trends in maximum quarterly average
lead concentrations at 82 sites, 1977-1986.
3-39
-------
intervals for these sites indicate that the 1977-79 averages are significantly
different from the 1980-86 averages. Moreover, the 1986 average is
statistically different from all averages prior to 1985. The 1986 average
shows a 35 percent decrease from 1985. This is the largest percentage
decrease for any two adjacent years. The reduction of Pb in gasoline
from 1.0 grams/gallon to 0.5 grams/gallon is probably the principal
reason for this drop together with the increasing sales of unleaded
gasoline. Because of the small number of NAMS sites (7) with 8 years of
data, the confidence intervals are wide. However, the 1984, 1985, and
1986 averages are still significantly different from averages in the
1977-79 time period. Figure 3-35 shows boxplot comparisons of the maximum
quarterly average Pb concentrations at the 82 urban oriented Pb trend
sites (1977-86). This figure shows the dramatic improvement in ambient
Pb concentrations for the entire distribution of trend sites. As with
the composite average concentration since 1977, most of the percentiles
also show a monotonically decreasing pattern. The 82 urban-oriented
sites that qualified as trend sites for the 1977-86 time period can be
compared to the 53 sites for the 1976-85 time period in last year's
reportJQ indicating the expansion of the data base in more recent years.
The trend in total lead emissions is shown in Figure 3-36. Table
3-6 summarizes the Pb emissions data as well. The drop (1977-86) in
total Pb emissions was 94 percent. This compares with a 87 percent
decrease (1977-86) in ambient Pb noted above. The drop in Pb consumption
and subsequent Pb emissions since 1977 was brought about because of the
increased use of unleaded gasoline in catalyst equipped cars and the
reduced Pb content in leaded gasoline as noted above. The results of
these reductions in 1986 amounted to a 59 percent reduction nationwide in
total Pb emissions from 1985 levels. As noted above 1986 unleaded gasoline
sales represented 69 percent of the total gasoline sales. Although the
good agreement among the trend in lead consumption, emissions, and
ambient levels is based upon a limited geographical sample, it does show
that ambient urban Pb levels are responding to the drop in lead emissions.
3.6.2 Recent Lead Trends: 1982-86
Ambient Pb trends were also studied over the shorter time period
1982-86 (Figure 3-37). A total of 326 urban sites from 43 states met the
minimum data requirement of at least 4 out of the 5 years of data. This
larger and more representative set of sites showed an improvement of 68
percent in average Pb concentrations over this time period. This corresponds
to reductions in total Pb emissions of 84 percent. Most (951) of this decrease
in total nationwide Pb emissions was due to the decrease in automotive Pb
emissions. Even this larger group of sites was disproportionately weighted
by sites in California and Pennsylvania. These States accounted for 25
percent of the 326 sites represented. However, the percent change in 1982-86
average Pb concentrations for the California and Pennsylvania sites (65
percent) and for all the other sites combined (70 percent) were very similar;
thus the contributions of the California and Pennsylvania sites did not bias
the national trends.
3-40
-------
Table 3-6. National Lead Emission Estimates, 1977-1986.
(thousand metric tons/year)
1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984
Source Category
Transportation
Fuel Combustion
Total
NOTE: The sum of sub-categories may not equal total due to rounding.
200
LEAD EMISSIONS, 103 METRIC TONS/YEAR
150-
100-
SOURCE CATEGORY
SOUO WASTE E3 FUEL
COMBUSTION
Si, INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES EZ3 TRANSPORTATION
1377 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986
Figure 3-36. National trend in-lead emissions, 1977-1986,
1985 1986
124.2 112.4 94.6 59.4 46.4 46.9 40.7 34.7 15.5 3.5
7.2 6.1 4.9 3.9 2.8 1.7 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5
Industrial
Processes
Solid Waste
5.7 5.4 5.2 3.6 3.0 2.7 2.4 2.3 2.3 1.9
4.1 4.0 4.0 3.7 3.7 3.1 2.6 2.6 2.8 2.7
141.2 127.9 108.7 70.6 55.9 54.4 46.3 40.1 21.1
8.6
3-41
-------
CONCENTRATION,
1.5
1 -
0.5-
326STTES
NAAQS-"
1982 1983 1984 1985
1986
Figure 3-37. Boxplot comparisons of trends in maximum quarterly average
lead concentrations at 326 sites, 1977-1986.
3-42
-------
Figure 3-38 shows 1984, 1985 and 1986 composite average Pb concentrations
by EPA region. The number of sites varies dramatically from 5 sites in
Region X to 65 sites in Region IX. In all Regions except Region X, where
only 5 sites were available, there is a significant difference in average
Pb concentrations between 1984 and 1986. Furthermore, in five (5) of these
Regions (Regions I, II, IV, V, and VIII) there was a significant decrease
in average Pb concentrations between 1985 and 1986. These results confirm
that average Pb concentrations in urban areas are decreasing in all sections
of the country which is exactly what is to be expected because of the
national air pollution control program in place for Pb.
1.8
CXJNCENTOATON, U
-------
3.7 REFERENCES
1. J. W, Tukey, Exploratory Data Analysis, Add i son-Wesley Publishing
Company, Reading, MA, 1977.
2, B. J. Winer, Statistical Principies in Experimental Design, McGraw-
Hill, NY, 1971.
3. N. L. Johnson and S. Kotz, Piscrete Pistributions, Wiley, NY, 1969.
4. R. G. Miller, Jr., Simultaneous Statistical Inference, Springer-
Verlag, NY, 1981.
5. A. Pollack, W. F. Hunt, Jr., and T. C. Curran, "Analysis of
Variance Applied to National Ozone Air Quality Trends", presented at
the 77th Annual Meeting of the Air Pollution Control Association, San
Francisco, CA, June 1984.
6. A. Pollack and W. Hunt, "Analysis of Trends and Variability in
Extreme and Annual Average Sulfur Dioxide Concentrations", presented at
the Air Pollution Control Association, American Society for Quality
Control Specialty Conference on Quality Assurance in Air Pollution
Measurement, Boulder, CO, 1985.
7. National Air Quality and Emissions Trends Report. 1984, EPA-450/
4-86-001, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality
Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, April 1986.
8. National Air Pollutant Emission Estimates, 1940-1986, EPA-450/
4-87-024, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Air Quality
Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, January 1988.
9. National Air Quality and Emissions Trends Report, 1983, EPA-450/
4-84-029, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality
Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, April 1981.
10. National Air Quality and Emissions Trends Report, 1985, EPA-450/
4-87-001, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality
Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, February 1987.
11. N. H. Frank, "Nationwide Trends in Total Suspended Particulate
Matter and Associated Changes in the Measurement Process", presented at
the Air Pollution Control Association, American Society for Quality
Control Specialty Conference on Quality Assurance in Air Pollution
Measurement, Boulder, CO, October 1984.
12. Written communication from Thomas R. Hauser, Environmental
Monitoring Systems Laboratory, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Research Triangle Park, NC, to Richard G. Rhoads, Technical Support
Division, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle
Park, NC, January 11, 1984.
3-44
-------
13. Trends in Total Precipitation for the Contiguous United States,
1986 Update. EPA Contract No. 68-02-4390, PEI Associates, Inc., Durham,
NC, November 1986.
14. National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program (NAPAP), 1980 NAPAP
Data B_ase, Version 3.0, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, NC, September 1984.
15. E. Pechan and J. Wilson, Jr., "Estimates of 1973-1982 Annual
Sulfur Oxide Emissions from Electric Utilities", J. A1r Poll. Control Assoc..
34.00): 1075-1078, September 1984.
16. W. M. Koerber, "Trends in S0£ Emissions and Associated
Release Height for Ohio River Valley Power Plants", presented at the
75th Annual Meeting of the Air Pollution Control Association, New
Orleans, LA, June 1982.
17. C. Bergesen, Utility Data Institute, Inc., letter to F. William
Browne!!» Esq., Hunton and Williams, Washington, DC, February 2!, 1985.
18. Measurement of jzone in the Atmosphere, 43 FR 26971, June 22,
1978.
19. G. Kuntasal and T. Y. Chang, "Trends and Relationships of
03, NOX, and HC in the South Coast Air Basin of California", J_._ AirPoll.
Control Assoc.. 37(10): 1158-1163, October 1987.
20. National Primary and Secondary Ambient Air Quality Standards
for Lead, 43 FR 46246, October 5, 1978.
21. R. B. Faoro and T. B. McMullen, National Trends in Trace Metals
Ambient Air, 1965-1974, EPA-45Q/1-77-QQ3, U. S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle
Park, NC, February 1977.
22. W. Hunt, "Experimental Design in Air Quality Management," Andrews
Memorial Technical Supplement, American Society for Quality Control,
Milwaukee, MI, 1984.
23. Ambient Air Quality Surveillance. 46 FR 44159, September 3, 1981.
3-45
-------
3-46
-------
4. AIR QUALITY LEVELS IN METROPOLITAN STATISTICAL AREAS
The Tables in this section summarize air quality levels by
Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) for MSA's with 1984 populations greater
than 500,000. These summaries are complemented with an analysis of the
number of people living in counties in which pollutant specific primary
health NAAQS(s) (see Table 2-1 for a complete listing) were exceeded by
measured air quality in 1986 (Figure 4-1). Clearly, 63 is the most pervasive
air pollution problem in 1986 in the United States with an estimated 75
million people living in counties which exceeded the 03 standard. TSP
follows with 41.7 million people, CO with 41.4 million people, NOg with 7.5
million people, Pb with 4.5 million people and S02 with 0.9 million people.
A total of 98 million persons reside in counties which exceeded at least one
air quality standard during 1986.
In the MSA summary tables which follow, the air quality statistics
relate to selected pollutant-specific NAAQS listed in Table 4-1. The
purpose of these summaries is to provide the reader with information on how
air quality varies among MSA's and from year-to-year. The highest air
quality levels measured in the MSA are summarized for the years 1984, 1985
and 1986.
The reader is caifc ioned t hat these summaries are not sufficient in
themselves to adequately Tank or compare the MSA's accqrdirig to thsir
air quality. To properly rank the air pollution severity in different
MSA(s), data on population characteristics, daily population mobility,
transportation patterns, industrial composition, emission inventories,
meteorological factors and, most important, the spatial representativeness
of the monitoring sites would also be needed.
The same annual data completeness criterion used in the air quality
trends data base was used here for the calculation of annual means. (See
Section 2.1), If some data have been collected at one or more sites, but
none of these sites meet the annual data completeness criteria, then the
reader will be advised that there are insufficient data to calculate the
annual mean.
With respect to the summary statistics for air quality levels with
averaging times less than or equal to 24-hours, measured with continuous
monitoring instruments, a footnote will be placed next to the level if the
volume of annual data is less than 4380 hours for CO, less than 183 days
for SOg or less than 50 percent of the days during the ozone season for
ozone, which varies by State.l For example, in California the ozone season
is defined as 12 months, January through December, while in New Jersey it is
defined as 7 months, April through October.
4.1 SUMMARY STATISTICS
In the following MSA summaries, the air quality levels reported are
the highest levels measured within the MSA(s). All available sites in an
MSA are used in these summaries. In the case of 03, the problem as stated
4-1
-------
Table 4-1. Selected Air Quality Summary Statistics and Their
Associated National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS)*
POLLUTANT
Total Suspended Participate
Sulfur Dioxide
Carbon Monoxide
STATISTICS
annual geometric mean
annual arithmetic mean
PRIMARY NAAQS
75 u
0.03 ppm
second highest nonoverlapping
8- hour average
second highest 24-hour average 0.14 ppm
9 ppm
Nitrogen Dioxide
Ozone
Lead
annual arithmetic mean 0.053 ppm
second highest daily maximum 0.12 ppm
1-hour average
maximum quarterly average 1.5 ug/m3
ug/m? = microyrams per cubic meter
ppm = parts per million
'for a detailed listing of the NAAQS see Table 2-1 .
pdutert
TSP
SO,
trillions of parsons
Figure 4-1. Number of persons living in counties with air quality levels
above the primary national ambient air quality standards in
1986 (based on 1980 population data).
4-2
-------
earlier is pervasive and the high values associated with the pollutant
can reflect a large part of the MSA. However, in many cases peak ozone
concentrations occur downwind of major urban areas, e.g. peak ozone levels
attributed to the Chicago metropolitan area are recorded in and near Racine,
Wisconsin. In contrast, high CO values are generally highly localized
and reflect downtown areas with heavy traffic. The scale of measurement
for the pollutants - TSP, SOg and NO? - fall somewhere in between. Finally,
while Pb measurements generally reflect Pb concentrations near roadways
in the MSA, if the monitor is located near a point source of lead emissions it
can produce readings substantially higher. Such is the case in several
MSAs. If the Pb monitor is located near a point source it will be footnoted
accordingly in Table 4-8.
The pollutant-specific statistics reported in this section are summarized
in Table 4-1, along with their associated primary NAAQS concentrations for a
single year of data. For example, if an MSA has three ozone monitors in
1986 with second highest daily hourly maxima of .15 ppm, .14 ppm and .12
ppm, the highest of these, .15 ppm, would be reported for that MSA for 1986.
In the case of Pb, the quarterly average is based either, on as many as
90 24-hour measurements or one or more chemical composite measurements.*
Most of the maximum quarterly Pb averages are based on multiple 24-hour
measurements. If the maximum quarterly average is based on a chemical
composite, it is footnoted accordingly.
4.2 AIR QUALITY MSA COMPARISONS
In each of the following MSA air quality summaries, the MSA's are
grouped according to population starting with the largest MSA - New York,
NY-NJ and continuing to the smallest MSA with a population in excess of
500,000, New Haven-Meriden, Connecticut. The population groupings and the
number of MSA's contained within each are as follows: 17 MSA's have
populations in excess of 2 million, 27 MSA's have populations between 1
and 2 million and 45 MSA's have populations between 0.5 and 1 million.
The population statistics are based on the 1984 Metropolitan Statistical
Areas estimates.2
Air quality maps of the United States are introduced to show at a
glance how air quality varies among the largest MSAs within the contiguous
United States. Figures 4-2 through 4-7 appear just before the appropriate
table summarizing the same air pollution specific statistic. In each map,
a spike is plotted at the city location on the map surface. This represents
the highest pollutant concentration, recorded in 1986, corresponding to the
appropriate air quality standard. Each spike is also projected onto a back-
drop facilitating comparison with the level of the standard. This also pro-
vides an east-west profile of concentration variabil ity throughout the country,
The air quality summary statistics are summarized in the following
figures and tables:
*A chemical composite measurement can be either a measurement for an
entire month or an entire quarter.
4-3
-------
Figure 4-2. United States Map of the Highest Annual Geometric Mean
Suspended Participate Concentration by MSA, 1986. The map for particulate
matter displays the maximum annual geometric mean TSP concentration in 1986
for large metropolitan areas. The highest concentrations are generally
found in the industrial Midwest and arid areas of the West. The east-west
profile shows that levels above the current standard of 75 ug/m3 can be
found throughout the Nation.
Table 4-2. Highest Annual Geometric Mean Suspended Particulate
Concentration by MSA, 1984-86.
Figure 4-3. United States Map of the Highest Annual Arithmetic Mean
Sulfur Dioxide Concentration by MSA, 1986. The map for sulfur dioxide
shows maximum annual mean concentrations in 1986. Among these large
metropolitan areas, the higher concentrations are found in the heavily
populated Midwest and Northeast. All urban areas have ambient air quality
concentrations lower than the current annual standard of 80 ug/nP (.03
ppm). Because this map only represents areas with population greater than
one half million, it does not reflect air quality in the vicinity of smelters
or large power plants in rural areas.
Table 4-3. Highest Annual Arithmetic Mean Sulfur Dioxide Concentration
by MSA, 1984-86.
Figure 4-4. United States Map of the Highest Second Maximum 24-hour
Average Sulfur Dioxide Concentration by MSA, 1986. The map for sulfur
dioxide shows the highest second highest maximum 24-hour average sulfur
dioxide concentration by MSA in 1986. The highest urban concentration is
found at a site in Memphis, TN impacted by several SOg sources. All other
urban areas have lower ambient concentrations below the 24-hour NAAQS of
0.14 parts per million.
Table 4-4. Highest Second Maximum 24-hour Average Sulfur Dioxide
Concentration by MSA, 1984-86.
Figure 4-5. United States Map of the Highest Second Maximum
Nonoverlapping 8-hour Average Carbon Monoxide Concentration by MSA, 1986.
The map for carbon monoxide shows peak metropolitan concentrations in terms
of the second highest annual 8-hour value recorded in 1986. The east-west
profile indicates that many of these urban areas in all geographic regions
have air quality at or exceeding the 9 ppm level of the.standard. The
highest concentration recorded in 1986 is found in Denver, CO while Los
Angeles, CA recorded the second highest concentration.
Table 4-5. Highest Second Maximum Nonoverlapping 8-hour Average Carbon
Monoxide Concentration by MSA, 1984-86.
4-4
-------
Figure 4-6. United States Map of the Highest Annual Arithmetic Mean
Nitrogen Dioxide Concentration by MSA, 1986. The map for nitrogen dioxide
displays the maximum annual mean measured in the Nation's largest metropolitan
areas during 1986. Los Angeles, California, with an annual NOg mean of
0.061 ppm is the only area in the country exceeding the N02 air quality
standard of .053 ppm.
^
Table 4-6. Highest Annual Arithmetic Mean Nitrogen Dioxide Concentration
by MSA, 1984-86.
Figure 4-7. United States Map of the Highest Second Daily Maximum
1-hour Average Ozone Concentrations by MSA, 1986. The ozone map shows the
second highest daily maximum concentration in the 89 largest metropolitan
areas. As shown, about half of these areas did not meet the 0.12 ppm
standard in 1986. The highest concentrations are observed in Southern
California, but high levels also persist in the Texas Gulf Coast, Northeast
Corridor, and other heavily populated regions.
Table 4-7. Highest Second Daily Maximum L-hour Average Ozone Concentration
by MSA, 1984-86.
Figure 4-8. United States Map of the Highest Maximum Quarterly Average
Lead Concentration by MSA, 1986. The map for Pb displays maximum
quarterly average concentrations in the Nation's largest metropolitan areas.
The highest concentrations are found throughout the country in cities
containing nonferrous smelters or other point sources of lead. Because of
the switch to unleaded gasol ine, other areas, primarily affected by automotive
lead emissions, show levels below the current standard of 1.5
Table 4-8. Highest Maximum Quarterly Average Lead Concentration by MSA,
1984-86.
The air quality summaries follow:
4.3 REFERENCES
1. Ambient Air Quality Surveillance, 51 FR 9597, March 19, 1986.
2. Statistical Abstract of the United States, 1986. U. S. Department
of Commerce, U. S. Bureau of the Census, Appendix II.
4-5
-------
I
O1
Figure 4-2 United States map of the highest annual geometric mean
suspended participate concentration by MSA, 1986.
-------
Table 4-2. Highest Annual Geometric Mean Suspended Particulate Concentration by MSA, 1984-1986.
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE OF AIR QUALITY PLANNING AND STANDARDS
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, NORTH CAROLINA 27711
SUSPENDED PARTICULATE CONCENTRATION BY MSA POPULATION RANGE
PAGE NO:
METROPOLITAN STATISTICAL JlflEA
POPULATION: > 2 MILLION
NEW YORK, NY
LOS ANGELES- LONG BEACH, CA
CHICAGO, IL
PHILADELPHIA, PA-NJ
DETROIT, HI
42.
ij WASHINGTON, DC-MD-VA
HOUSTON, TX
BOSTON, HA
NASSAU-SUFFOLK, NY
ST. LOUIS, KO-IL
ATLANTA, 6A
MINNEAPOLIS-ST, PAUL, HN-HI
BALTIMORE, HD
SUSPENDED PARTICULATE CONCENTRATION CUG/M3J
HIGHEST ANNUAL GEOMETRIC MEAN
1984 1985 1986
64
IW
85
73
106
70
94
SB
49
119
72
75
sa
70
104
85
63
107
67
81
SI
48
ISO
60
73
78
61
J01
97
61
103
70
74
82
46
137
74
71
72
NOTE: THE ANNUAL GEOMETRIC MEAN IS CALCULATED IF THE DATA COLLECTED
SATISFIES THE NADB VALIDITY CRITERIA OR AT LEAST 30 DAYS OF
Z4-HR DATA (50% OF THE EPA RECOMMENDED SAMPLING DAYS) HAVE
BEEN COLLECTED.
ND = NO DATA
IN = INSUFFICIENT DATA TO CALCULATE THE ANNUAL GEOMETRIC MEAN
-------
TABLE 4-2
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE OF AIR qUALITY PUNNING AND STANDARDS
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, NORTH CAROLINA 27711
SUSPENDED PARTICULATE CONCENTRATION BY HSA POPULATION RANGE
PAGE NO:
METROPOLITAN STATISTICAL AREA
SUSPENDED PARTICULATE CONCENTRATION (US/M3)
HIGHEST ANNUAL GEOMETRIC MEAN
1984 1985 1986
POPULATION: > 2 MILLION CCONTJ
DALLASi TX
PITTSBURGH, PA
ANAHEIM-SANTA AHA, CA
SAN DIEGO, CA
70
83
97
7ft
68
76
91
79
69
55
89
77
-f TOTAL MSA'S > 2 MILLION
ca
17
NOTE: THE ANNUAL GEOMETRIC MEAN IS CALCULATED IF THE DATA COLLECTED
SATISFIES THE NADB VALIDITY CRITERIA OR AT LEAST 30 DAYS OF
24-HR DATA (50* OF THE EPA RECOMMENDED SAMPLINB DAYS) HAVE
BEEN COLLECTED,
NO = NO DATA
IN = INSUFFICIENT DATA TO CALCULATE THE ANNUAL GEOMETRIC MEAN
-------
Table 4-2
UNITED STAi'ES ENVIRONHEk4rAL PROTECTION AiENCY
OFFICE OF AIR QUALITY PLANNING AMD ST. .J3AHDS
RESEARCH TRIANSLE PARK* NORTH CAROLINA 27711
SUSPENDED PARTICULATE CONCENTRATION BY ItSA POPULATION RANGE
PAGE NO:
METROPOLITAN STATISTICAL AREA
POPULATION: 1-2 MILLION
NEWARK, NJ
OAKLAND, CA
CLEVELAND, OH
RIVERSIDE-SAN BERNARDINO, CA
TAMPA-ST. PETERSBURB-CLEARMATEH, FL
10 PHOENIX, AZ
MIAMI -HIALEAH, FL
SEATTLE. HA
DENVER, CO
SAN FRANCISCO, CA
SAN JUAN, PR
KANSAS CITY, MO-KS
CINCINNATI, OH-KY-IN
SUSPENDED PARTICULATE CONCENTRATION (US/M3)
HIGHEST ANNUAL GEOMETRIC MEAN
1984 1985 1986
73
57
116
133
68
126
50
68
142
60
77
69
70
81
58
95
132
64
IIS
73
77
144
62
82
70
64
63
48
86
120
59
123
42
73
118
52
71
74
64
NOTE! THE ANNUAL GEOMETRIC MEAN IS CALCULATED IF THE DATA COLLECTED
SATISFIES THE NADB VALIDITY CRITERIA OR AT LEAST 30 DAYS OF
24-HR DATA 1507. OF THE EPA RECOMMENDED SAMPLING DAYS! HAVE
BEEN COLLECTED.
NO = NO DATA
IN = INSUFFICIENT DATA TO CALCULATE THE ANNUAL SEOMETRIC MEAN
-------
Table 4-2
UNITED STATES ENVIROKMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE OF AIR QUALITY PLANNING AND STANDARDS
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, NORTH CAROLINA E7711
SUSPENDED PARTICULATE CONCENTRATION BY HSA POPULATION RANGE
PASE NO:
METROPOLITAN STATISTICAL AREA
POPULATION: 1-2 MILLION CCONTJ
MILWAUKEE, HI
SAN JOSE, CA
NEW ORLEANS, LA
BERGEN-PA5SAIC, NJ
COLUMBUS, OH
L NORFOLK-VIRGINIA BEACH-NEWPORT NEWS, VA
O
SACRAMENTO , CA
INDIANAPOLIS, IN
SAN ANTONIO, TX
FORT WORTH- ARLINGTON, TX
PORTLAND, OR -HA
FORT LAUDEROALE-HOLLYHOOD-PQMPANO BEACH, FL
CHARLOTTE-SASTONIA-ROCK HILL, NC-SC
SUSPENDED PARTICULATE CONCENTRATION
HIGHEST ANNUAL GEOMETRIC MEAN
1984 19B5
X
79
64
54
7Z
57
65
69
66
74
80
46
67
57
90
61
52
63
53
66
76
67
70
97
43
56
(UG/M3)
1986
7-t.
84
59
45
62
58
56
74
60
73
116
" 29
68
NOTE! THE ANNUAL GEOMETRIC MEAN IS CALCULATEQ IF THE DATA COLLECTED
SATISFIES THE NADB VALIDITY CRITERIA OR AT LEAST 30 DAYS OF
24-HR DATA (SOX OF THF EPA PECOMMEHOCD SAHPLTNI? WfS) HAVE
BEEN COLIHCIEO.
ND = 110 DATA
7.H = INSUFFICIENT DATA TO CALCULATE THE ANNUAL GEOMETRIC MEAN
-------
Table 4-2
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE OF AIR QUALITY PLANNING AND STANDARDS
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, NORTH CAROLINA E7711
SUSPENDED PARTICULATE CONCENTRATION BY HSA POPULATION RANGE PAGE NO:
SUSPENDED PARTICULATE CONCENTRATION (US/M3I
WETSOPOLITAN STATISTICAL AREA HIGHEST ANNUAL GEOMETRIC MEAN
198* 1985 1986
POPULATIONS 1-2 MILLION (CONTJ
SALT LAKE CITY-OGDEN, UT 100 97 10
-------
Table 4-2
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE OF AIR QUALITY PLANNING AND STANDARDS
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK. NOrtTH CAROLINA 27711
SUSPENDED PARTICUUTE CONCENTRATION BY H5A POPULATION RANGE
PAGE NO:
METROPOLITAN STATISTICAL AREA
POPULATION: .5-1 MILLION
ROCHESTER, NY
BUFFALO, NY
OKLAHOMA CITY, OK
LOUISVILLE, KY-IN
MEMPHIS, TN-AH-HS
^ DAYTON-SPRINGFIELD, OH
r-o
MIODLESEX-SOHERSET-HUNTEROQN, NJ
MQNMOUTH-QCEAN. NJ
BIRMINGHAM, AL
NASHVILLE, TN
GREENSBORO-WINSTON SALEH-HIGH POINT, NC
ALBANY-SCHENECTADY-TROY, NY
ORLANDO, FL
SUSPENDED PARTICULATE CONCENTRATION (US/M3J
HIGHEST ANNUAL GEOMETRIC MEAN
I7S, 1985 1986
50
54
60
82
70
59
59
45
98
69
57
60
46
43
50
61
66
55
60
68
42
65
66
57
59
43
49
48
' 5E
65
59
67
79
4Z
83
78
65
S3
43
NOTE: THE ANNUAL GEOMETRIC HEAN IS CALCULATED IF THE DATA COLLECTED
SATISFIES THE NADB VALIDITY CRITERIA OR AT LEAST 30 DAYS OF
24-HR DATA (5BX OF THE EPA RECOMMENDED SAMPLING DAYS1 HAVE
BEEN COLLECTED,
NO = NO DATA
IN = INSUFFICIENT DATA TO CALCULATE THE ANNUAL GEOMETRIC MEAN
-------
Table 4-2
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE OF AIR QUALITY PLANNING AND STANDARDS
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, NORTH CAROLINA 27711
SUSPENDED PARTICUUTE CONCENTRATION BY MSA POPULATION RANGE
PAGE NO:
METROPOLITAN STATISTICAL AREA
POPULATION: .5-1 MILLION CCONT)
HONOLULU, HI
RICHMOND-PETERSBURG, VA
JACKSONVILLE, FL
HARTFORD, CT
SCRANTON-HILKES-BARRE, PA
L TULSA, OK
OJ
WEST PALM BEACH-BOCA RATQN-BELRAY BEACH 'L
SYRACUSE, NY
AKRON, OH
ALLENTQWN-BE1HLEHEM, PA-NJ
AUSTIN, TX
GARY-HAMMOND, IN
GRAND RAPIDS, MI
SUSPENDED PARTICULATE CONCENTRATION
HIGHEST ANNUAL GEOMETRIC MEAN
1984 1985
48
51
62
48
55
7E
47
68
55
74
51
88
52
52
47
57
60
51
81
37
61
50
70
49
112
44
CUG/H3)
1986
11
52
63
61
47
77
NO
57
51
68
49
91
51
NOTE: TOE ANNUAL GEQMFTim: MEftH TS rAlT.UUTED TF TJ1E DATA COLLECTED
SATISFIES '(ttc NAOB VALIDITY CRITERIA OR AT LEAST 30 DAYS OF
24-HR jATA 150X OF THE EPA RECOMMENDED SAMPLING DATS I HAVE
P£iN COLLECTED.
NO = NO DATA
IN = INSUFFICIENT DATA TO CALCULATE THE ANNUAL GEOMETRIC MEAN
-------
Table 4-2
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION ASENCY
OFFICE OF AIR QUALITY PUNNING AND STANDARDS
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, NORTH CAROLINA 27711
SUSPENDED PARTICULATE CONCENTRATION BY MSA POPULATION RANGE
PAGE NO:
METROPOLITAN STATISTICAL AREA
POPULATION: .5-1 MILLION (COND
PROVIDENCE, RI
TOLEDO, OH
RALEIGH-DURHAM, NC
OMAHA, Ni-IA
^ TUCSON, AZ
' EREENVILLE-SPARTANBURS, SC
KNOXVILLE, TN
CXKARn-VEWTURA, CA
'.MRRISBUHG-LEBANOH-CARLISLI, PA
FRESNO, CA
s
JERSEY CITY, NJ
HILMINSTON, DE-NJ-MD
BATON ROUSE, LA
SUSPENDS PARTICULATE CONCENTRATION CUS/M31
HIGHEST ANNUAL GEOMETRIC MEAN
19B4 1985 1986
53
60
48
74
92
51
62
77
5*)
103
79
46
54
61
55
47
65
102
43
57
69
49
108
81
47
49
53
59
50
59
9Z
SI
64
66
48
96
66
50
SZ
NOTE: THE ANNUAL GEOMETRIC MEAN IS CALCULATED IF THE DATA COLLECTED
SATISFIES THE NADB VALIDITY CRITERIA OR AT LEAST 30 DAYS OF
24-HR DA IA (SOX OF THE EPA RECOMMENDED SAMPLINB DAYS) HAVE
BEEN COLLECTED.
NO = NO DATA
IN = INSUFFICIENT DATA TO CALCULATE THi ANNUAL SiOMETRIC MEAN
-------
Table 4-2
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE OF AIR QUALITY PLANNING AND STANDARDS
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, NORTH CAROLINA 27711
SUSPENDED PARTICULATE CONCENTRATION BY MSA POPULATION RANGE
PAGE NO:
METROPOLITAN STATISTICAL AREA
PASTICULATE CONCENTRATION (US/113J
HIESEST ANNUAL GEOMETRIC MEAN
1984 1985 1986
POPULATION* .5-1 MILLION CCONT)
LAS VEGAS, NV
EL PASO, TX
YOUNGSTOWN-HARREN, OH
TACOMA, HA
SPRINBFIEUJ, MA
L, NEW HAVEN-MERIDEN, CT
cn
101
122
64
69
49
, 45
113
127
66
81
S4
49
121
134
68
68
§3
58
TOTAL MSA'S .5-1 MILLION
45
NOTE: THE ANNUAL GEOMETRIC MEAN IS CALCULATED IF THE DATA COLLECTED
SATISFIES THE NADB VALIDITY CRITERIA. OR AT LEAST 30 DAYS OF
e4-HR DATA (502 OF THE EPA RECOMMENDED SAMPLING DAYSJ HAVE
BEEN COLLECTED.
ND = NO DATA
IN = INSUFFICIENT DATA TO CALCULATE THE ANNUAL SEOMETRIC MEAN
-------
en
Figure 4-3 United States map of the highest annual arithmetic mean
sulfur dioxide concentration by MSA, 1986.
-------
Tabl6 4-3. Highest Annual Arithmetic Mean Sulfur Dioxide Concentration by MSA, 1984-1986.
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE OF AIR QUALITY PLANNING AND STANDARDS
RESEARCH TRIANSLE PARK, NORTH CAROLINA 37711
SULFUR DIOXIDE CONCENTRATION BY MSA POPULATION RANGE PAGE NO:
-u_^WH»*__w WH^_nv__,»*_^__ _.«,_.. ^......^.^.B v___b^_.nv_vvvn_^n_.w **_« »Vta___^ n^V^»b*M___^^.*» V BM*. «B«K.te__^».Mta_______«V««M
SULFUR DIOXIDE CONCENTRATION (PPH!
METROPOLITAN STATISTICAL AREA HIGHEST ANNUAL ARITHMETIC HEAN
1984 1985 1986
POPULATION: > 2 MILLION
NEW YOHK, NY
LOS ANGELES- LONG BEACH, CA
CHICAGO, IL
PHILADELPHIA, PA-NJ
DETROIT, MI
^ WASHINGTON, DC-MD-VA
^ HOUSTON, TX
BOSTON, MA
NASSAU-SUFFOLK, NY
ST. LOUIS, MO-IL
ATLANTA, 6A
MINNEAPOLIS-ST. PAUL, MN-WI
BALTIMORE, «D
.024
.011
.017
.019
.014
.014
.010
.016
.013
.021
.009
.012
.015
.022
.008
.019
.017
.014
.013
.008
.013
.011
.020
.009
.013
.012
.020
.009
.015
.015
.014
.014
.Oil
.016
.011
.024
.010
.013
.012
NOTE: FOR CONTINUOUS INSTRUMENTS, THE ANNUAL ARITHMETIC MEAN IS
CALCULATED IF AT LEAST 4380 HOURLY VALUES ARE COLLECTED.
FOR INSTRUMENTS WHICH COLLECT C«UY ONE MEASUREMENT PER
24-HR PERIOD (BUBB'.ERS), THE ANNUAL ARITHMETIC MEAN IS
CALCUUTfQ IF THE DATA SATISFIES THE NAOB VALIDITY CRITERIA
OR AT LEAST 30 DAYS OF 24-HR DATA C50X OF THE EPA RECOMMENDED
SAMP'INS DAYS) HAVE BEEN COLLECTED.
NO = NO LA'/i
IN = INSUFFICIENT DATA TO CALCULATE THE ANNUAL ARITHMETIC MEAN
B = REPrLSENTS A 24-HR BUBBLER MEASUREMENT
-------
Table 4-3
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE OF AIR QUALITY PLANNING AND STANDARDS
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, NORTH CAROLINA £771?
SULFUR DIOXIDE
CONCENTRATION BY MSA POPULATION RANGE
PAGE NO:
METROPOLITAN STATISTICAL AREA
SULFUR DIOXIDE CONCENTRATION (PPM)
HIGHEST ANNUAL ARITHMETIC MEAN
1965 1986
POPULATIONS > 2 MILLION (CONT)
DALLAS, TX
PITTSBURGH, PA
ANAHEIM-SANTA ANA* CA
SAN DIEGO, CA
.005
.044
.007
.005
.004
.OZB
.006
.006
IN
.024
.006
.005
TOTAL MSA'S > Z MILLION
17
00
NOTE: FOR CONTINUOUS INSTRUMENTS, THE ANNUAL ARITHMETIC MEAN IS
CALCULATED IF AT LEAST 4380 HOURLY VALUES ARE COLLECTED.
FOR INSTRUMENTS WHICH COLLECT ONLY ONE MEASUREMENT PER
24-HR -PERIOD (BUBBLERS), THE ANNUAL ARITHMETIC MEAN IS
CALCULATf-0 TF THE OATA SATISFIES THE NADB VALIDITY CRITERIA
OR AT LEAST 30 DAYS OF 24-Htt DATA (5m Of THE EPA RECOMMENDED
SAMPLING DAYS) HAVE BEEN COLLECTED.
ND = NO DATA
IN = INSUFFICIENT DATA TO CALCULATE THE ANNUAL ARITHMETIC MEAN
B = REPRESENTS A 24-HR BUBBLER MEASUREMENT
-------
Table 4-3
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE OF AIR QUALITY PLANNING AND STANDARDS
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, NORTH CAHOLINA 27711
SULFUR DIOXIDE
CONCENTRATION BY MSA POPULATION RANGE
PAGE NO:
METROPOLITAN STATISTICAL AREA
POPULATION: 1-2 MILLION
PF.KAHK, N,.'
C^KLAND, CA
CLEVELAND, OH
RIVERSIDE-SAN BERNARDINO, CA
TAMPA-ST, PETEHSBURE-CLEARHATZR, . -
PHOENIX, AZ
^ MIAMI -HIALEAH, FL
SEATTLE, HA
DENVER, CO
SAN FRANCISCO, CA
SAN JUAN, PR
KANSAS CITY, MQ-KS
CINCINNATI, OH-KY-IN
SULFUR DIOXIDE CONCENTRATION (PPMJ
HIGHEST ANNUAL ARITHMETIC HEAN
1984 1965 1986
.015
.OOE
.022
.003
.006
IN
IN
.011
-Oil
.50*
ND
.01*
.025
.016
.002
.019
.003
.008
IN
IN
.011 .
.008
.003
ND
.008
.027
.015
.002
.018
.ooa
.010
IN
ND
.011
.008
.OC3
ND
.007
.018
NOTE: FOR CONTINUOUS INSTRUMENTS, THE ANNUAL ARITHMETIC MEAN IS
CALCULATED IF AT LEAST 4380 HOURLY VALUES ARE COLLECT. D.
FOR INSTRUMENTS WHICH COLLECT ONLY ONE MEASUREMENT PK
2t-HR PERIOD (BUBBLERS), THE ANNUAL ARITHMETIC MF.'.N IS
CALCULATED IF THE DATA SATISFIES THE NADB VALIO 'YY CRITERIA
OR AT LEAST 30 DAYS OF 24-HR DATA (SOX OF THE EPA RECOMMENDED
SAMPLING DAYS) HAVE BEEN COLLECTED.
ND = NO DATA
IN = INSUFFICIENT DATA TO CALCULATE THE ANNUAL ARITHMETIC MEAN
B = REPRESENTS A 24-HR BUBBLER MEASUREMENT
-------
Table 4-3
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE Of AIR QUALITY PLANNINS AND STANDARDS
RESEARCH TRIANSLE PARK, NORTH CAROLINA 27711
SULFUR DIOXIDE
CONCENTRATION BY (ISA POPULATION RANGE
PAGE NO:
METROPOLITAN STATISTICAL AREA
POPULATION: 1-2 MILLION (COWTJ
MILWAUKEE, MI
SAN JOSE, CA
NEW ORLEANS. LA
BER6EN-PASSAIC, NJ
COLUMBUS, OH
js, NORFOLK-VIRGINIA BEACH-NEWPORT NEWS, VA
I
g SACRAMENTO, CA
INDIANAPOLIS, IN
SAN AHTQNIO, TX
FORT WORTH-ARLINGTON, TX
PORTLAND, OR -HA
FORT LAUDERDALE-HQLLYWOQO-POHPANO BEACH, FL
CHARLOTTE-SASTONIA-ROCK HILL, NC-SC
SULFUR DIOXIDE CONCENTRATION I PPM)
HIGHEST ANNUAL ARITHMETIC MEAN
1984 1985 19B6
.009
NO
.006
.016
.017
.010
.002
.017
.002
.003
.007
NO
.014
.007
NO
.006
.015
.014
.010
.002
.019
.003
.005
IN
NO
.005
.007
NO
.005
.015
.010
.010
.001
.015
.001
.003
.006
NO
NO
NOTE! FOR CONTINUOUS INSTRUMENTS, THE ANNUAL ARITHMETIC MEAN IS
CALCULATED IF AT LEAST 4380 HOURLY VALUES ARE COLLECTED.
FOR INSTRUHENT3 rtrilCH COLLECT ONLY ONE MEASUREMENT PER
K-m PERIOD (BUBBLERS), THE ANNUAL ARITHMETIC MEAN IS
CALCULATED IF THE DATA SATISFIES THE NADS VALIDITY CRITERIA
OR AT L£,"ST 3!) DAYS OF 24-HR DATA (502 OF THE EPA RECOMMENDED
SAMPLINS DAYj) tiAVE BEEN COLLECTED.
ND = NO PfTA
IN = ,', SUFFICIENT DATA TO CALCULATE THE ANNUAL ARITHMETIC MEAN
3 = REPRESENTS A 24-HR BUBBLER MEASUREMENT
-------
Table 4-3
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION ASEKCY
OFFICE '.IF AIR SUALITY n.WINfi AfJ1J STAraARDS
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, NORTH CAROLINA 27711
SULFUR DIOXIDE CONCENTRATION BY MSA POPULATION RANGE PASE N0=
SULFUR DIOXIDE CONCENTRATION (PPH)
METROPOLITAN STATISTICAL AREA HIGHEST ANNUAL ARITHMETIC MEAN
1984 1985 1906
POPULATION: 1-2 MILLION CCONTJ
SALT LAKE CITY-OGDEN, UT .014 .014 .014
TOTAL HSA'S 1-2 MILLION : 27
NOTE: FOR CONTINUOUS INSTRUMENTS, THE ANNUAL ARITHMETIC MEAN IS
CALCULATED IF AT LEAST 4380 HOURLY VALUES ARE COLLECTED.
FOR INSTRUMENTS WHICH COLLECT ONLY ONE MEASUREMENT PER
24-HR PERIOD (BUBSLERS), THE ANNUAL ARITHMETIC MEAN IS
CALCULATED IF THE DATA SATISFIES THE NADB VALIDITY CRITERIA
OR AT LEAST 30 DAYS OF 24-HR DATA (50Z OF THE EPA RECOMMENDED
SAMPLINS DAYS) HAVE BEEN COLLECTED.
ND = NO DATA
IN = INSUFFICIENT DATA TO CALCULATE THE ANNUAL ARITHMETIC REAN
8 = REPRESENTS A 24-HR BUBBLER MEASUREMENT
-------
Table 4-3
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION ASENCY
OFFICE OF AIR QUALITY PLANNING AND STANDARDS
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, NORTH CAROLINA 27711
SULFUR DIOXIDE
CONCENTRATION BY MSA POPULATION RANGE
PAGE NO:
METROPOLITAN STATISTICAL AREA
POPULATION: .«? - i MILLIPN
rOtlHESTER, NY
BUFFALO, NY
OKLAHOMA CITY, OK
LOUISVIL'-E, KY-IN
HEMPHIS, TN-AR-HS
DAYTON-SPRINGFIELD , OH
£J HIDDLESEX-SOHERSET-HUNTERDON, NJ
RONMOUTH-OCEAN, NJ
BIRMINGHAM, AL
NASHVILLE, TN
6REENSBORO-MINSTON SALEH-HIGH POINT, NC
ALBANY-SCHENECTADY-TIOY, NY
ORLANDO, FL
SULFUR DIOXIDE CONCENTRATION (PPM)
HIGHEST ANNUAL ARITHMETIC MEAN
1984 1965 1986
.015
.016
IN
.015
.013
.010
.016
ND
Ni)
.011
.008
.014
.002
.014
.015
.006
.013
.008
.009
.011
NO
.COS
.011
.007
.010
.002
.015
.014
IN
.015
.018
.008
.011
NO
,{IP6
.011
.007
.009
ND
NOTES FOR CONTINUOUS INSTRUMENTS, THE ANNUAL ARITHMETIC MEMI is
CALCULATED IF AT LEAST 4380 HOURLY VALUES ARE COl'ECTED.
FOR INSTRUMENTS WHICH COLLECT ONLY ONE MEASUREf,V7 PER
24-HR PERIOD fBUBBLERS), THE ANNUAL ARITHMETIC (1EAN IS
CALCULATED IF THE DATA SATISFIES THE NAOB VALIDITY CRITERIA
OR AT LEAST 30 DAYS OF E4-HR DATA C50/J OF THE EPA RECOMMENDED
SAMPLING DAYS) HAVE BEEN COLLECTED.
ND = NO DATA
IN = INSUFFICIENT DATA TO CALCULATE TOE ANNUAL ARITHMETIC MEAN
B = REPRESENTS A 24-HR BUBBLER MEASUREMENT
-------
Table 4-3
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE OF AIR QUALITY PLANNING AMD STANDARDS
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, NORTH CAROLINA 27711
SULFUR DIOXIDE
CONCENTRATION BY MSA POPULATION RAN6E
PAGE NO:
METROPOLITAN STATISTICAL AREA
POPULATION: .5-1 MILLION (CONTJ
HONOLULU, HI
RICHMOND-PETERSBURG, VA
JACKSONVILLE, FL
HARTFORD, CT
SCRANTOH-WILKES-BARPE, PA
j... TULSA, OK
£J WEST PALM BEACH-BOCA RATOH-DELRAY BEACH, FL
SYRACUSE, NY
AKRON, OH
ALLENTQMN-BETHLEKEH, PA-NJ
AUSTIN, TX
GARY-HAMMOND, IN
GRAND RAPIDS, MI
SULFUR
HIGHEST
1984
.006
.008
.007
.012
.012
.019
.003
.013
.017
.015
.003
.016
.005
DIOXIDE CONCENTRATION I PPM)
ANNUAL ARITHMETIC MEAN
1985 1986
.006
.007
.008
.009
.012
.025
.002
.019
.021
.011
.001
.Old
.007
.001 B
.008
.004
.013
.011
.017
NO
.009
.Old
.013
.002
.013
.006
NOTE: FOR CONTINUOUS IHSi-RUMENTS, THE ANNUAL ARITHMETIC MEAN IS
CALCULATED IF AT LEAST 4380 HOURLY VALUES ARE COLLECTED.
FOR INSTRUMENTS WHICH COLLECT ONLY ONE MEASUREMENT PER
E4-Hk F.IPT.OD I BUBBLERS i» THE ANNUAL ARITHMETIC MEAN IS
CALCULATED if "Kli DATA SATISFIES THE HAD8 VALIDITY CRITERIA
OR AT LEA5T 30 DAYS OF 24-HR DATA C50X OF THE EPA RECOMMENDED
SAMPANS DAYS! HAVE BEEN COLLECTED.
M", = NO DATA
IN = INSUFFICIENT DATA TO CALCULATE THE AWUAL ARITHMETIC MEAN
B = REPRESENTS A 24-HR BUBBLER MEASUREMENT
-------
Table 4-3
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGEHCY
OFFICE OF AIR QUALITY PLANNING AND STANDARDS
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, NORTH CAROLINA 27711
SULFUR DIOXIDE
CONCENTRATION BY MSA POPULATION RANGE
PAGE NO!
METROPOLITAN STATISTICAL AREA
POPULATION: ..5-1 MILLION CCONTJ
PROVIDENCE, RI
TOLEDO, OH
RALEIGH-DURHAM, NC
OMAHA, NE-IA
TUCSON, AZ
^ BREENVILLF-SPAHTANBURS, SC
£ KNOXVILLE, TN
OXNARD-VENTURA, CA
HARRISBURG-LE8ANON-CARLISLE, PA
FRESNO, CA
JERSEY CITY, NJ
yiLMINGTON, DE-NJ-MB
BATON ROUSE, LA
SULFUR DIOXIDE CONCENTRATION tPPMJ
HIGHEST ANNUAL ARITHMETIC MEAN
19P4 1985 1986
.013
.010
NO
.003
.010
IN
.007
.DOS
.010
.003
.016
.018
.DOS
.013
.009
ND
IN
.006
.003
.008
IN
.009
.003
.015
.014
.013
.015
.008
ND
IN
IN
IN
.013
.003
.008
.003
.014
.016
.011
NOTE: FOR CONTINUOUS INSTRUMENTS, THE ANNUAL ARITHMETIC MEAN IS
CALCULATED IF AT LEAST 4380 HOURLY VALUES ARE COLLECTED.
FOR INSTRUMENTS WHICH COLLECT ONLY ONE MEASUREMENT PER
24-HR PERIOD (BUBBLERS), THE ANNUAL ARITHMETIC MEAN IS
CALCULATED IF THE DATA SATISFIES THE NADB VALIDITY CRITERIA
OR AT LEAST 30 DAYS OF 24-HR DATA (SOX. OF THE EPA RECOMMENDED
SAMPLING DAYS} HAVE BEEN COLLECTED.
ND = NO DATA
IN = INSUFFICIENT DATA TO CALCULATE THE ANNUAL ARITHMETIC MEAN
E = REPRESENTS A 24-HR BUB3LEH MEASUREMENT
-------
Table 4-3
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE OF AIR QUALITY PLANNING AND STANDARDS
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, NORTH CAROLINA 27711
SULFUR DIOXIDE
CONCENTRATION BY MSA POPULATION RANGE
PAGE NO:
METROPOLITAN STATISTICAL AREA
SULFUR DIOXIDE CONCENTRATION (PPM)
HIGHEST ANNUAL ARITHMETIC MEAN
1985 1986
POPULATION: .5-1 MILLION (CDNT)
LAS VE6AS, NV
EL PASO, TX
YOUNSSTOWN-WARREN, OH
TACOHA, MA
SPRINGFIELD, HA
ro
CJ1
NEN HAVEN-MERIDEN, CT
TOTAL MSA'S .5-1 MILLION
ND
.025
.011
.011
.012
.013
ND
.022
.011
.010
.012
.017
ND
.018
.012
.006
.014
.015
45
NOTE: FOR CONTINUOUS INSTRUMENTS, THE ANNUAL AiITHM6TXr. .1EAN IS
CALCULATED IF AT LEAST 4360 HOURLY VALUES A1E CJLi-ECTED.
FOR INSTRUMENTS WHICH COLLECT ONLY ONE MEASUREMENT PER
24-HR PERIOD tBUBBLERSJ, THE ANNUAL ARITHMETIC MEAN IS
CALCULATED IF THE DATA SATISFIES THE NADB VALIDITY CRITERIA
OR AT LEAST 30 DAYS OF 24-HR DATA (502 OF THE EPA RECOMMENDED
SAMPLINB DAYS1 HAVE BEEN COLLECTED.
ND = NO DATA
IN = INSUFFICIENT DATA TO CALCULATE THE ANNUAL ARITHMETIC MEAN
B = REPRESENTS A 24-HR BUBBLER MEASUREMENT
-------
Figure 4-4 United States map of the highest second maximum 24-hour
average sulfjr dioxide concentration by MSA, 1986.
-------
Table 4-4. Highest Second Maximum 24-Hour Average Sulfur Dioxide Concentration by MSA,1984-1986.
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE OF AIR QUALITY PLANNING AND STANDARDS
RESEARCH TRIANSLE PARK, NORTH CAROLINA 27711
SULFUR DIOXIDE CONCENTRATION BY MSA POPULATION RANSE PA6E NO! 1
mmmmmm^mm»umfm^mmuMf^^^^mMummf,fvr^fmvfrmfmmmml^m^mml^,^
SULFUR DIOXIDE CONCENTRATION (PPM)
METROPOLITAN STATISTICAL AREA HIGHEST END MAX 24-HR AVS.
198* 1985 1966
POPULATION: > a MILLION
NEW YQHK, NY
LOS ANGELES-LONG BEACH » CA
CHICAGO, IL
PHILADELPHIA, PA-NJ
DETROIT, MI
jv., HASHINSTON, OC-MD-VA
r
^ HOUSTON, TX
BOSTON, MA
NASSAU-SUFFOLK, NY
ST. LOUIS, MO-IL
ATLANTA, SA
HINNEAPQLIS-ST. PAUL, MN-WI
BALTIMORE, MO
.084
.035
.089
.076
.063
.045
.065
.073
.075
.136
.028
.087
.050
.063
.029
.105
.067
.054
.042
.039
.049
.047
.103
.033
.101
.035
.073
.026
.084
.061
.063
.043
.061
.054
.051
.138
.037
.097
.044
NOTE: THE 2*-HR AVERAGE IS CALCULATED BASED ON THE MIDNIGHT TO MIDNIGHT PERIOD.
* LESS THAN 183 DAYS OF DATA
ND = NO DATA
B = REPRESENTS A E4-HR BUBBLER MEASUREMENT
-------
Table 4-4
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION A5ENCY
Of-UCE OF All .QUALITY PLANNING AND STANDARDS
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, NORTH CAROLINA 27711
SULFUR DIOXIDE CONCENTRATION BY MSA POPULATION RANGE
PAGE NO:
METROPOLITAN STATISTICAL AREA
SULFUR DIOXIDE CONCENTRATION CPPM)
HIGHEST 2ND MAX 24-HR AVG.
190* 1985 1986
POPULATION: > 2 MILLION ICQNTJ
DALLAS, TX
PITTSBURGH, PA
ANAHEIM-SANTA ANA, CA
SAN DIEGO, CA
.018
.268
.016
.021
.016
.168
.016
.021
.012 *
.108
.015
.019
TOTAL MSA'S > Z MILLION
17
PO
CD
NOTE: THE 24-HR AVERAGE IS CALCULATED BASED ON THE MIDNIGHT TO MIDNIGHT PERIOD.
* LESS THAN 181 DAYS OF DATA
NO = NO DATA
B = REPRESENTS A 24-HR BUBBLER MEASUREMENT
-------
Table 4-4
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE OF All QUALITY PLANNING AND STANDARDS
RESEARCH THIANSLE PARK, NORTH CAROLINA 27711
SULFUR DIOXIDE
CONCENTRATION BY MSA POPULATION RANSE
PAGE NO:
METROPOLITAN STATISTICAL AREA
SULFUR DIOXIDE CONCENTRATION CPPM)
HIGHEST END MAX 24-HR AVB.
1965 1986
POPULATION: 1-2 MILLION
NEWARK, NJ
OAKLAND, CA
CLEVELAND, OH
RIVERSIDE-SAN BERNARDINO, CA
7AMPA-ST. PETEHSBUR6-CLEAR«ATER, FL
4~> PHOENIX, AZ
l
Jo WIAMI-HIALEAH, FL
SEATTLE, MA
DEHYCfii CO
SAN FRANCISCO, CA
SAN JUAN, PR
KANSAS CITY, MO-KS
CINCINNATI, OH-KY-IN
.061
.021
.106
.010
.036
.013 *
.006 M
.045
.OSS
.033
NO
.042
.078
.047
.014
.079
.008
.041
.017 *
.004 *
.028
.023
.026
ND
.039 »
.087
.047
.015
.087
.010
.043
.003 *
ND
.033
.023
.024
ND
,039
.076
NOTE! THE 24-HR AVERAGE IS CALCULATED BASED ON THE MIDNISHT TO MIDNIGHT PERIOD.
* LESS THAN 183 DAYS OF DATA
ND = NO DATA
B = REPRESENTS A 24-HR BUBBLER MEASUREMENT
-------
Table 4-4
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE OF AIR QUALITY PLANNING AND STANDARDS
RESEARCH TRIANBLi PARK, NORTH CAROLINA 27711
SULFUR DIOXIDE
CONCENTRATION BY MSA POPULATION RANGE
PAGE NO:
METROPOLITAN STATISTICAL AREA
POPULATION: 1-2 MILLION ccomn
MILWAUKEE, HI
SM JOSE, CA
NEM ORLEANS, LA
BERGEN-PASSAIC, NJ
COLUMBUS, OH
NORFOLK-VIRGINIA BZACH-MWORT NEWS, VA
Co SACRAMENTO, CA
o
INDIANAPOLIS, IN
SAN ANTONIO, TX
FORT HORTH-ARLINSTON, TX
PORTLAND, OR-WA
FORT LAUOERDALE-HOLLYWOOD-POMPANa BEACH, FL
CHARLOTTE-GASTONIA-ROCK HILL, NC-SC
SULFUR
HIGHEST
1984
.060
ND
.027
.063
.083
.031
.010
.077
.010
.047
.027
ND
.055
DIOXIDE CONCENTRATION
2ND MAX Z4-HS AVG.
1985
.046
ND
.036
.049
.059
.037
.009
.129
.010
.031
.025 *
ND
.032
(PPM)
1986
.030
ND
.028
.053
.039
.034
.005
.110
.005
.024
.019
ND
ND
NOTE: THE 24-HR AVERAGE IS CALCULATED BASED ON THE MIDNIGHT TO MIDNIGHT PERIOD.
* LESS THAN 183 DAYS OF DATA
ND s NO DATA
B = REPRESENTS A 24-HR BUBBLER MEASUREMENT
-------
Table 4-4
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL. PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE OF AIH QUALITY PLANNING AND STANDARDS
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, NORTH CAROLINA 27711
SULFUR DIOXIDE CONCENTRATION BY MSA POPULATION RANGE PAGE NO:
SULFUR DIOXIDE CONCENTRATION CPPH1
METROPOLITAN STATISTICAL AREA HIGHEST 2NB MAX 24-HR AVS.
1985 1936
POPULATION: 1-2 HILLION (CGNTJ
SALT LAKE CITY-OGDEN, UT .073 .067 .090
TOTAL MSA'S 1-2 MILLION : 27
CO
NOTE: THE 24-HR AVERAGE IS CALCULATED BASED ON THE MIDNIGHT TO MIDNIGHT PERIOD.
* LESS THAN 183 DAYS OF DATA
ND = NO DATA
B = REPRESENTS A 24-HR BUBBLER MEASUREMENT
-------
Table 4-4
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE OF AIR QUALITY PUNNING AND STANDARDS
RESEARCH TRIANSLE PARK, NORTH CAROLINA 277X1
SULFUR DIOXIDE
CONCENTRATION BY MSA POPULATION RANGE
PAGE NO:
METROPOLITAN STATISTICAL AREA
SULFUR DIOXIDE CONCENTRATION (PPM)
HIGHEST 2ND MAX 24-HR AVS.
1984 1985 1986
POPULATION: .s - i MILLION
ROCHESTER, NY
BUFFALO, NY
OKLAHOMA CITY, OK
LOUISVILLE, KY-IN
MEMPHIS, TN-AH-MS
DAYTON-SPRINSFIELD, OH
Co MIDDLESEX-SOMERSET-H'JHTERDON, NJ
ro
MQNMOUTH -OCEAN, NJ
BIRMINGHAM, AL
NASHVILLE, TN
GREENSBORO-WINSTON 5 A LEU-HIGH POINT, NC
ALBANY-SCHENECTADY-TROY, HY
ORLANDO, FL
.052
.075
.024 »
.082
.067
.044
ND
ND
.088
.025
.060
.014
.050
.076
.018
.062
.079 *
.049
.048
ND
.023
.074
.024
.035
.012
.047
.080
.010
.062
.161
.030
.041
ND
.019
,07f
.023
.053
ND
*
9*
*
*
NOTE: THE 24-HR AVERAGE IS CALCULATED BASED ON THE MIDNIGHT TO MIDNIGHT PERIOD.
* LESS THAN 183 DAYS OF BATA
»* THIS LEVEL REFLECTS THE IMPACT OF AN INDUSTRIAL SOURCE «TH A PENDING ENFORCEMENT ACTION.
THE NEXT HIGHEST 24-HOUR CONCENTRATION IS 0.082 PPM.
ND = NO DATA
B = REPRESENTS A ?4-HR BUBBLES MEASUREMENT
-------
Table 4-4
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE OF AIR QUALITY PLANNING AND STANDARDS
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, NORTH CAROLINA 27711
SULFUR DIOXIDE
CONCENTRATION BY MSA POPULATION RANGE
PAGE NO:
HETROPOLITAN STATISTICAL AREA
POPULATION: .5-1 MILLION tcoNT)
KfflMV.lJLUs !«
\i'CHM0ND-PETERSBURE, VA
JACKSONVILLE! FL
HARTFORD, CT
SCR ANTON -HI LKE5-BARRF, PA
TULSA, OK
-Pa
do WEST PALM BEACH-BOCA RATON-DELRAY BEACH, FL
OJ
SYRACUSE, NY
AKRON, OH
ALLENTOHN-BETHLEHEM, PA-HJ
AUSTIN, TX
GARY-HAMMOND , IN
GRAND RAPIDS, HI
SULFUR DIOXIDE CONCENTRATION
HIGHEST 2ND MAX 24-HR AVB,
1984 1985
.025
.041
.052
.081
.065
.057
.014
.121
.062
.36%
.010
.106
.026
.034
.026
.068
.039
.047
.080
.009
.285 *»
.081
.046 *
.019
.131
.063 *
(PPM I
1986
.003 *
.031
.022
.044
.060
.059
ND
.102
.059
.047
.010
.OBO *
.069
NOTE-' THE 24-HR AVERAGE IS CALCULATED BASED ON THE MIDNIGHT TO MIDNIGHT PERIOD.
* LESS THAN 183 DAYS OF DATA
** THIS LEVEL REFLECTS THE II1PACT OF AN INDUSTRIAL SC.'RCE THAT CEASED OPERATION IN 1986.
ND ~ NO DATA
B = REPRESENTS A 24-HR BUBBLER MEASUREMENT
-------
Table 4-4
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE OF AIR QUALITY PLANNING AND STANDARDS
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, NORTH CAROLINA 27711
SULFUR DIOXIDE
CONCENTRATION BY MSA POPULATION RANGE
PAGE NO:
METROPOLITAN STATISTICAL AREA
SULFUR DIOXIDE CONCENTRATION tPPH)
HIGHEST 2ND MAX 24-HR AVG.
198* 1985 1986
POPULATION: .5-1 MILLION ICONTI
PROVIDENCE, RI
TOLEDO, OH
RALEIGH-DURHAM, NC
OMAHA, NE-IA
TUCSON, AZ
6REENVILLE-SPAHTANBUR6, SC
<1> KNOXVILLE, TO
OXNARD-VENTURA, CA
HARRISBURG- LEBANON-CARLISLE, PA
FRESNO, CA
JERSEY CITY, NJ
WILMINGTON, DE-NJ-MD
BATON ROUSE, LA
.068
.038
NO
.012
.082
.013 *
.034
.010
.047
.016
.OSS
.062
.042
.047
.099
NO
.006 *
.079 *
.018
.058
.008
.033
.012
.051
.053
.073
.048 *
.048
NO
.002 »
.008 »
.022 *
.062
.011
.osa
.014
.047
.047
.040
NOTE: THE 24-HR AVERAGE IS CALCULATED BASED ON THE MIDNIGHT TO MIDNIGHT PERIOD.
* LESS THAN 183 DAYS OF DATA
NO = NO DATA
B = REPRESENTS A 24-HR BUBBLER MEASUREMENT
-------
Table 4-4
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGfcNCY
"FriCE. Or AIR CJUALITY HLihSiiNS AJZ STAhCAOS
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, NORTH CAROLINA 27711
SULFUR DIOXIDE
CONCENTRATION BY MSA POPULATION RANGE
PAGE NO:
METROPOLITAN STATISTICAL AREA
SULFUR DIOXIDE CONCENTRATION (PPM)
HIGHEST 2ND HAX 24-HR AVG.
1984 1905 1986
POPULATION:
j*
OJ
en
.5-1 MILLION CCONT)
LAS VEGAS, NV
EL PASO, TX
YQUN6STQWN-HARREN, OH
TACOMA, MA
SPRINGFIELD, MA
NEH HAVEN-nERIDEN, CT
NO NO
.097 .065
.052 .050
.035 .034
.068 .054
,CW .069
ND
.082
.048
.015
.058
.062
TOTAL USA'S .5 - I HILLION
NOTE: THE 24-HR AVERAGE IS CALCULATED BASED ON THE MIDNIGHT TO KIDNI6HT PERIOD.
* LESS THAN 183 DAYS OF DATA
NO = NO DATA
B = REPRESENTS A 24-HR BUBBLER MEASUREMENT
-------
u>
en
Figure 4-5 United States map of the highest second maximum non-
overlapping 8-hour average carbon monoxide
concentration by MSA, 1986.
-------
Table 4-5. Highest Second Maximum NonoveHapping 8-Hour Average Carbon Monoxide Concentration by MSA, 1984-1986,
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE OF AIR QUALITY PLANNING AND ST/.HDASDS
RESEARCH TRIANGl,": FWY, V.CSTH CAROLINA 27711
CARBON MONOXIDE
CONCENTRATION BY MSA POPULATION RANGE
PAGE NO:
METROPOLITAN STATISTICAL AREA
POPULATION: > 2 MILLION
NEW YORK, NY
LOS ANGELES-LONG BEACH, CA
CHICAGO, IL
PHILADELPHIA, PA-NJ
DETROIT, MI
4s, WASHINGTON, DC-MD-VA
^ HOUSTON, TX
BOSTON, MA
NASSAU- SUFFOLK, NY
ST. LOUIS, MO-IL
ATLANTA, EA
MINNEAPOLIS-ST. PAUL, MH-HI
BALTIHORE.- KD
CARBON MONOXIDE
HIGHEST 2ND MAX
1984
15
19
11
10
11
14
7
10
10
7
11
13
1*
CONCENTRATION
S-HR N/0 AVG.
1985
16
27
a
8
8
10
8
8
8
6
9
13
10
(PPMJ
1986
15
18
9
8
12
9
10
10
9
9
8
10
12
NOTE: N/n MN-OVERLAPPING
* LESS THAN 4380 HOURLY VALUES OF DATA
NO = NO DATA
-------
Table 4-5
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE OF AIR QUALITY PLANNING AND STANDARDS
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, NORTH CAROLINA 27711
CARBON MONOXIDE
CONCENTRATION BY MSA POPULATION RANGE
PAGE NO:
METROPOLITAN STATISTICAL AREA
CARSON MONOXIDE CONCENTRATION CPPtlJ
HIGHEST 2ND MAX 8-HR N/0 AVS.
1985 1986
POPULATION: > 2 HILLION (CONTI
DALLAS, TX
PITTSBURGH, PA
ANAHEIM-SANTA ANA, CA
SAN DIEGO, CA
7
10
10
a
10
9
13
10
7
10
10
9
TOTAL HSA'S > 2 MILLION
17
i
CO
00
NOTE: N/O NON-OVERLAPPING
* LESS THAN 43BO HOURLY VALUES OF DATA
ND = NO DATA
-------
Table 4-5
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTIOM AGENCY
OFFICE OF AIR QUALITY PLANNING AND STANDARDS
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, NORTH CAROLINA 27711
CARSON MONOXIDE
CONCENTRATION BY HSA POPULATION RANGE
PA6E NO:
METROPOLITAN STATISTICAL AREA
POPULATION: 1-2 MILLION
NEWARK, NJ
OAKLAND i CA
CLEVELAND, OH
RIVERSIDE-SAN BERNARDINO, CA
T^IPA-ST. PETERSBURG-CLEARMATF.R , FL
^ PHOENIX, AZ
i
w MIANI-HIALEAH, FL
SEATTLE, WA
DENVER, CO
SAN FRANCISCO, CA
SAN JUAN, PR
KANSAS CITY, MQ-KS
CINCINNATI, OH-KY-IN
CARBON MONOXIDE
HIGHEST 2N0 MAX
19S4
18
7
7
7
7
17
10 *
10
20
&
7
13
7
CONCENTRATION
8-Hfl N/0 AVG.
1985
11
6
a
a
7
15
10
11
21
12
7
6
7
(PPM>
1986
' 12
7
10 *
8
§
16 *
a
12
26
10
7
a
6
NOTE: N/O NON-OVERLAPPING
* LESS THAN 4380 HOURLY VALUES OF DATA
ND = NO DATA
-------
Table 4-5
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE OF AIR QUALITY PLANNING AND STANDARDS
RESEARCH TRIAN5LE PARK, NORTH CAROLINA 27711
CARBON MONOXIDE
CONCENTRATION BY MSA POPULATION RANGE
PAGE NO:
METROPOLITAN STATISTICAL AREA
POPULATION: i - z MILLION (CONTJ
MILWAUKEE, WI
SAN JOSE, CA
NEW ORLEANS, LA
BERGEN-PASSAIC, NJ
COLUMBUS, OH
NORFOLK-VIRBINIA BEACH-NEWPORT NEWS, VA
-f=" SACRAMENTO, CA
INDIANAPOLIS, IN
SAN ANTONIO, TX
FORT WORTH- ARLINSTON, TX
PORTLAND, OR-MA
FORT LAUDERDALc-HOLLYMOOD-POMPANO BEACH, FL
aiARLOTTE-BASTONIA-ROCK HILL, NC-SC
CARBON MONOXIDE
HIGHEST ?ND MAX
19S4
12
10
9
11
8
11
14
9
8
6
10
8
13
CONCENTRATION
8-HR N/0 AVS.
15-85
5
14
9
7
6
8
16
8
7
6
9
7
11
(PPHJ
7
11
7
10
5
6
14
9
9
6
9
4
9
NOTE: N/O NON-OVERLAPPING
* LESS THAN 4380 HOURLY VALUES OF DATA
ND = NO DATA
-------
Table 4-5
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE OF AIR QUALITY PLANNING AND STANDARDS
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, NORTH CAROLINA 27711
CARBON MONOXIDE CONCENTRATION BY MSA POPULATION RANSE PAGE NO:
CARBON MONOXIDE CONCENTRATION tPPM)
METROPOLITAN STATISTICAL AREA HISHF.ST END MAX 6-HR N/0 AVS.
1984 19B5 1986
POPULATION: 1-2 MILLION CCONT)
SALT LAKE CITY-OSDEN, UT 11 11 12
TOTAL HSA'S 1-2 MILLION : 27
NOTE: N/O NON-OVERLAPPING
* LESS THAN 4380 HOURLY VALUES OF DATA
ND = NO DATA
-------
Table 4-5
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE OF AIR QUALITY PLANNIHS AND STANDARDS
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, NOHTH CAROLINA 27711
CARBON MONOXIDE
CONCENTRATION BY MSA POfAATION RANGE
PAGE NO:
METROPOLITAN STATISTICAL AREA
POPULATION: .5-1 MILLION
ROCHESTER, NY
BUFFALO, NY
OKLAHOMA CITY, OK
LOUISVILLE, KY-IN
MEMPHIS, TN-AR-MS
^ DAYTON-SPHINSFIELO, OH
j§ niODlfSEX-SOJIEKSET-HUHTERDON, NJ
MCWfllOLfTH-OCEAN, NJ
BIRMINGHAM, AL
NASHVILLE, TN
6REENSBORO-WINSTON SALEil-HIGH POINT, NC
ALBANY-SCHENECTADY-TROY, MY
ORLANDO, FL
CARBON MONOXIDE
HIGHEST END MA
1984
5
5
13
12
10 *
7
8
& .
10
10 *
11
7
7
CONCENTRATION
X 8-HR N/0 AVS.
1985
4
S
11
a
9
5
7
8
7
ID
7
6
6 *
CPPM)
1986
6
7
11
6
12'
7
6
7
a
10
6 - ' '
7
ND
-NOT.'.: N/0 NON-OVERLAPPING
* LESS THAN 4380 HOURLY VALUES OF DATA
ND = NO DATA
-------
Table 4-5
iMiItu STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE OF AIR QUALITY PLANNING AND STANDARDS
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, NORTH CAROLINA 27711
CARBON MONOXIDE
CONCENTRATION BY MSA POPULATION RANGE
PAGE NO:
METROPOLITAN STATISTICAL .'JJtA
POPULATION: .5-1 MILLION ICONT)
HONOLULU, HI
RICHMOND-PETERSBURG, VA
JACKSONVILLE, PL
HARTFORD, CT
SCRANTON-HILKES-BARRE, PA
^ TULSA, OK
i
* WEST PALM BEACH-BOCA RATON-BELHAY BEACH, FL
CO
SYRACUSE, NY
AKRON, OH
ALLENTQWN-BETHLEHEH, PA-NJ
AUST!f4, TX
8AR-I-HAW10H1I, IN'
GRAND RAPIDS, MI
CARBON HONDXIM
HISHSSr 2h3 nA
6
7
6
12
7
7
4
12
B
&
ND
6
5 *
CONCENTRATION
A 3-HK N/0 AVtt.
198S
6
4
7
12
4
3
IS
5
7
ND
6
7
IPIT1)
1986
4
5
5
11
7
6
ND
11
5
6
ND
5
5
NOTE: N/O NON-OVERLAPPING
* LESS THAN 4380 HOURLY VALUES OF DATA
ND = NO DATA
-------
Table 4-5
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE CF AIR QUALITY PLANNING AND STANDARDS
RESEARCH TRIANSLi PARK, NORTH CARD1 INA Z7711
CARBON MONOXIDE
CONCENTRATION BY HSA POPULATION RANSE
PAGE NO:
METROPOLITAN STATISTICAL AREA
POPULATION: .5-1 MILLION CCONTJ
PROVIDENCE, RI
TOLEDO, OH
RALEXtTri-DURHAM, NC
OMAHA, NE-ZA
TUCSON, AZ
BHEENVILLi-SPARTANBUBG, SC
I
£ KNOXVILLE, TN
OXNARD-VENTUHA, CA
HARBISBURS-Lt&A'iQN-CAPLiliLE, PA
FRISNQ, CA
JERSEY CITY, NJ
WILMINGTON, OE-NJ-HD
BATON ROUSE, U
CARBON MCMOXIDE
HISHEST 2ND MAX
198*
11
11
17
8
ID
ND
9
5
7
11
14
6
3
CONCENTRATION
8-HR N/0 AVS.
1985
10
6
13
5 *
9
ND
6
6 *
11
11
7
5
(PPM)
1986
B
6
14
7 *
6 *
ND
B
6
6
15
10
6
ff-
NOTE: N/O NON-OVERLAPPING
, * LESS THAN M80 HOURLY VALUES OF DATA
ND = NO DATA
-------
Table 4-5
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION ASENCY
OFFICE OF AIR QUALITY PLAHNINS AND STANDARDS
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, NORTH C.\° TNA 27711
C.AHBQN MONOXIDE
CONCENTRATION BY MSA POPULATION RANGE
PAGE NO:
METROPOLITAN STATISTICAL AREA
CARBON MONOXIDE CONCENTRATION (PPM)
HIGHEST 2ND MAX 8-HR N/0 AVG.
1984 1985 1986
POPULATION: ,5-1 MILLION
LAS VESAS, NV
EL PASO, TX
YO'JNGSTOWN-WARREN, OH
TACOMA, HA
SPRINGFIELD, MA
.^ NEW HAVEN-MERIDENi CT
16 »
13 *
5
10
10
6 *
15
13
5
12
7
7
16
12
*
12
10
7
TOTAL MSA'S .5-1 MILLION
NOTE: N/O NON-OVERLAPPING
* LESS THAN 4380 HOURLY VALUES OF DATA
ND = NO DATA
-------
-t*
01
Figure 4-6 United States map of the highest annual arithmetic mean
nitrogen dioxide concentration by MSA, 1986.
-------
Table 4-6. Highest Annual Arithmetic Mean Nitrogen Dioxide Concentration by MSA, 1984-1986.
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE OF AIR QUALITY PLANNINB AND STANDARDS
RESEARCH TRIANSLE PARK, NORTH CAROLINA 27711
NITROGEN DIQXI9E CONCENTRATION BY MSA POPULATION RANGE PASE NO:
METROPOLITAN STATISTICAL AREA
POPULATION: > 2 MILLION
NEW YORK, NY
LOS ANGELES- LONG BEACH, CA
CHICAGO, IL
PHILADELPHIA, PA-NJ
Br-TOCT, HI
^ VMJHINGTON, DC-MD-VA
^ HOUSTON, TX
BOSTON, HA
NASSAU-SUFFOLK, NY
ST. LOUIS, MO-IL
ATLANTA, 6A
HINNEAPOLIS-ST. PAUL, KN-UX
BALTIMORE, HO
NITROGEN
HIGHEST
1984
.041
.057
.044 B
.040
.025
.032
.029
.044
.035
.033
.026
.019
.034
DIQXIPE CONCENTRATION (PPM)
ANNUAL ARITHMETIC MEAN
1985 1986
.042
.060
.042
.034
.021
.036
.025
.040
.033
.033
.027
.021
.036
.049
.061
.041
.036
IN
.035
.028
.033
IN
.035
.031
.021
.036
NOT!: FOR CONTINUOUS INSTRUMENTS, THE ANNUAL ARITHMETIC MEAN IS
CALCULATED IF AT LEAST 4380 HOURLY VALUES ARE COLLECTED.
FOR INSTRUMENTS WHICH COLLECT ONLY ONE MEASUREMENT PER
24-HR PERIOD (BUBBLERS), THE ANNUAL ARITHMETIC MEAN IS
CALCULATED IF THE DATA SATISFIES THE NADB VALIDITY CRITERIA
OR AT LEAST 30 DAYS OF 24-HR DATA 1507. OF THE EPA RECOMMENDED
SAMPLING DAYS! HAVE BEEN COLLECTED.
NO = NO DATA
IN = INSUFFICIENT DATA TO CALCULATE THE ANNUAL ARITHMETIC MEAN
B = REPRESENTS A 24-HR BUBBLER MEASUREMENT
-------
Table 4-5
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION ASENCT
OFFICE Or AIR QUALITY PLANNING AND STANDARDS
RESEARCH TRIAN6LE PARK, NORTH CAROLINA 27711
NITROGEN niOXIDE CONCENTRATION BY MSA POPULATION RANSE
PAGE NO:
METROPOLITAN STATISTICAL AREA
NITROGEN DIOXIDE CONCENTRATION (PPM)
HISHEST ANNUAL ARITHMETIC MEAN
1984 1985 1986
POPULATION: > 2 MILLION tCONT)
DALLAS, TX
PITTSBURGH, PA
ANAHEIM-SANTA ANA, CA
SAN D2E52, CA
.016
.031
.046
.031
.019
.030
.043
.032
.016
.033
.045
,034
TOTAL MSA'S > 2 MILLION
17
4»>
00
NOTE: FOR CONTINUOUS INSTRUMENTS, THE ANNUAL ARITHMETIC MEAN IS
CALCULATFO IF AT LEAST 4300 HOURLY VALUES ARt COLLECTED.
FOR INSTRUMENTS WHICH COLLECT ONLY ONE MEASUREMENT PER
24-HR PERIOD tBUBBLERSJ, THE ANNUAL ARITHMETIC MEAN IS
CALCULATED IF THE DATA SATISFIES THE NADB VALIDITY CRITERIA
OR AT LEAST 30 DAYS OF 24-HR DATA (SOX OF THE EPA RECOMMENDED
SAMPLINS DAYS) HAVE BEEN COLLECTED.
ND = NO DATA
IN = INSUFFICIENT DATA TO CALCULATE THE ANNUAL ARITHMETIC MEAN
B = REPRESENTS A 24-HR BUBBLER MEASUREMENT
-------
Table 4-6
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE OF AIR QUALITY PUNNINi AND STANDARDS
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, NORTH CAROLINA 27711
NITROGEN DIOXIDE CONCENTRATION BY MSA POPULATION RANGE
PAGE NO:
METROPOLITAN STATISTICAL AREA
POPULATION: 1-2 MILLION
NEWARK, NJ
OAKLAND, CA
CLEVELAND, OH
RIVERSIDE-SAN BERNARDINO, CA
TAMPA-ST. PETERSBURG-CLEARWATEH, FL
^ PHOENIX, AZ
l
g MIAMI-HIALEAH, FL
SEATTLE, WA
DENVER, CO
SAN FRANCISCO, CA
SAN JUAN, Fa
KANSAS CITY, MO-KS
CINCINNATI, OH-KY-IN
N/iT^QSEN
HIGHEST
1984
.042
.025
.029
.040
.021
.025
.009
.033
.047
.P29
ND
.018
.030
2ICXIJE CONCFN Wfcl lurt ( PHI 1
ANNUAL ARITHMETIC MEAN
1985 1986
.043
.026
.030
.040
.019
.020
IN
.034
.047
.028
ND
.021
.029
.032
.025
.027
.042
ND
IN
.019
IN
.047
.025
ND
.013
.029
NOTE! FOR CONTINUOUS INSTRUMENTS, THE ANNUAL ARITHMETIC HEAN IS
CALCULATED IF AT LEAST 4380 HOURLY VALUES ARE COLLECTED.
FOR INSTRUMENTS WHICH COLLECT ONLY ONE MEASUREMENT PER
24-HR PERIOD (BUBBLERS), THE ANNUAL ARITHMETIC MEAN IS
CALCULATED IF THE DATA SATISFIES THE NADB VALIDITY CRITERIA
OR AT LEAST 30 DAYS OF 24-HR DATA (BOX OF THE EPA RECOMMENDED
SAMPLING DAYS) HAVE BEEN COLLECTED.
ND = NO DATA
IN = INSUFFICIENT DATA TO CALCULATE THE ANNUAL ARITHMETIC MEAN
B = REPRESENTS A 24-HR BUBBLER MEASUREMENT
-------
Table 4-6
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE OF AIR QUALITY PLANNING AMD STANDARDS
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, NORTH CAROLINA 27711
NITROGEN DIOXIDE CONCENTRATION BY MSA POPULATION RANGE
PA6E NO:
METROPOLITAN STATISTICAL AREA
POPULATION: 1-2 MILLION ICONTI
MILWAUKEE, WI
SAN JOSE, CA
NEW ORLEANS, LA
BERSEN-PASSAIC, NJ
COLUMBUS, OH
^ NORFOLK-VIRGINIA BEACH-NEWPORT NEWS, VA
un SACRAMENTO, CA
INDIANAPOLIS, IN
SAN ANTONIO i TX
FORT WORTH-ARLINGTON, TX
PORTLAND, OR-WA
FORT LAUDERDALE-HOLLYWOOO-POMPANO BEACH, FL
CHARLOTTE-SASTONIA-ROCK HILL, NC-SC
NITROGEN
HIGHEST
1984
.028
.032
.026
.037
.024
.016
.019
.024
.013
.016
IN
ND
.015
DIOXIDE CONCENTRATION (PPMJ
ANNUAL ARITHMETIC MEAN
1965 1966
.026
.035
.023 B
.034
.025
.017
.021
.021
.011
.019
.018
ND
.020
.027
.033
.025
.030
IN
.018
.022
.020
ND
.016
.019
ND
.022
NOTE: FOR CONTINUOUS INSTRUMENTS, THE ANNUAL ARITHMETIC MEAN IS
CALCULATED IF AT LEAST 4380 HOURLY VALUES ARE COLLECTED.
FOR INSTRUMENTS WHICH COLLECT ONLY ONI MEASUREMENT PER
24-HR PERIOD (BUBBLERS), THE ANNUAL ARITHMETIC MEAN IS
CALCULATED IF THE DATA SATISFIES THE NADB VALIDITY CRITERIA
OR AT LEAST 30 DAYS OF 24-HR DATA (SOX OF THE EPA RECOMMENDED
SAMPLING DAYS) HAVE BEEN COLLECTED.
ND = NO DATA
IN = INSUFFICIENT DATA TO CALCULATE THE ANNUAL ARITHMETIC MEAN
B = REPRESENTS A 24-HR BUBBLER MEASUREMENT
-------
Table 4-6
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE OF AIR QUALITY PLANNIH3 AND STANDARDS
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, NORTH CAROLINA 27711
NITROGEN DIOXIDE CONCENTRATION BY USA POPULATION RANGE PASE NO:
NITROGEN DIOXIDE" CONCENTRATION (PPH>
METROPOLITAN STATISTICAL AREA HIGHEST ANNUAL ARITHMETIC MEAN
1984 19S5 1986
POPULATION: 1-2 HILLION (CONTJ
SALT LAKE CITY-QSDEN, UT .037 .038 -03§
TOTAL USA'S 1-2 MILLION : 27
i
en
NOTES FOR CONTINUOUS INSTRUMENTS, THE ANNUAL ARITHMETIC MEAN IS
CALCULATED IF AT LEAST 43BO HOURLY VALUES ARE COLLECTED.
FOR INSTRUMENTS WHICH COLLECT ONLY ONE MEASUREMENT PER
24-HR PERIOD (BUBBLERS), THE ANNUAL ARITHHETIC MIAN IS
CALCULATED IF THE DATA SATISFIES THE NADB VALIDITY CRITERIA
OR AT LEAST 30 OAYS OF 24-HR DATA (BOX OF THE EPA RECOMMENDED
SAMPLING DAYS) HAVE BEEN COLLECTED.
ND = NO DATA
IN = INSUFFIcraiT bATA TO CALCULATE THE ANNUAL ARITHMETIC HEAN
B - rfEPHESENTS A 24-HR BUBBLER MEASUREMENT
-------
Table 4-6
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION ASENCY
OFFICE OF AIR QUALITY PLANNING AND STANDARDS
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, NORTH CAROLINA 27711
NITROSEN DIOXIDE CONCENTRATION BY MSA POPULATION RANEE
PA5E NO:
METROPOLITAN STATISTICAL AREA
POPULATION: .5-1 MILLION
ROCHESTER, NY
BUFFALO, NY
OKLAHOMA CITY, OK
LOUISVILLE, KY-IN
MEMPHIS, TN-AR-MS
DAYTON-SPRINGFIELD, OH
I
<£ MIDDLESEX-SQMERSET-HUNTERDON, NJ
MQNMOUTH-OCEAN, NJ
BIRMINGHAM, AL
NASHVILLE, TH
uREENSBORO-WINSTON SALEM-HI6H POINT, NC
ALBANY-SCHENECTADY-TROY, NY
ORLANDO, FL
NITROGEN
HIGHEST
. 1984
ND
.024
.020
.016
IN
.023
.025
N0
NO
ND
.014
ND
.010
DIOXIDE CONCENTRATION (PPM)
ANNUAL ARITHMETIC MEAN
1985 1986
ND
.024
.019
IN
.016
.021
.023
ND
ND
NO
.015
ND
IN
ND
.025
.019
.032
.024
IN
.024
NO
ND
NO
.018
ND
NO
NOTE: FOR CONTINUOUS INSTRUMENTS, THE ANHUAL ARITHMETIC MEAN IS
CALCULATED IF AT LEAST 4380 HOURLY VALUES ARE COLLECTED.
FOR INSTRUMENTS WHICH COLLECT ONLY ONE MEASUREMENT PER
24-HR PERIOD (BUBBLERS), THE ANNUAL ARITHMETIC MEAN IS
CALCULATED IF THE DATA SATISFIES THE NADB VALIDITY CRITERIA
OR AT LEAST 30 DAYS OF 24-HR DATA (SOX OF THE EPA RECOMMENDED
SAMPLING DAYS) HAVE BEEN COLLECTED.
HD = NO OATA
IN = INSUFFICIENT DATA TO CALCULATE THE ANNUAL ARITHMETIC MEAN
B = REPfttScNTS A 24-HR BUBBLER MEASUREMENT
-------
Table 4-6
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECT. "ON AGENCY
OFFICE OF AIR QUALITY PLANNINS AND STANDARDS
RESEARCH TfilANSLE PARK, NORTH CAROLINA 27711
NITROGEN DIOXIDE CONCENTRATION BY MSA POPULATION RANGE
PAGE NO:
METROPOLITAN STATISTICAL AREA
POPULATION: .5-1 MILLION (CQNTJ
HONOLULU, HI
filCHHQND-PETERSBURG, VA
JACKSONVILLE, FL
HAFTIFORD, CT
SCBANTON-HILKES-BARRE, PA
TULSA, OK
-P-
ii WEST PALM BEACH-BOCA RATON-OELRAY W:».CH, PL
W
SYRACUSE, HY
AKRON, OH
ALLENTOWN-BETHLEHEM, PA-NJ
AUSTIN, TX
GARY-HAMMOND, IN
GRAND RAPIDS, MI
NITROGEN
HIGHEST
1984
ND
.024
IN
.021
.020
.018
.015
ND
ND
.024
ND
.010
ND
DIOXIDE CONCENTRATION (PPM)
ANNUAL ARITHMETIC MEAN
1985 1986
ND
.023
.015
.021
.022
.020
.012
ND
ND
.019
ND
IK
ND
HD
.022
ND
.022
.019
.021
ND
ND
NS
.021
ND
m
ND
NOTE: FOR CONTINUOUS INSTRUMENTS, THE ANNUAL ARITHMETIC MEAN IS
CALCULATED IF AT LEAST 4380 HOURLY VALUES ARE COLLECTED.
FOR INSTRUMENTS WHICH COLLECT ONLY ONE MEASUREMENT PER
24-HR PERIOD (BUBBLERS), THE ANNUAL ARITHMETIC MEAN IS
CALCULATED IF THE DATA SATISFIES THE NADB VALIDITY CRITERIA
OR AT LEAST 30 DAYS OF 24-HR DATA (SOX OF THE EPA RECtWIENDED
SAMPLING DAYS) HAVE BEEN COLLECTED.
ND = NO DATA
IN = INSUFFICIENT DATA TO CALCULATE THE ANNUAL .'PiTHMETIC MFAN
B = REPRESENTS A 24-HR BUBBLER MEASUREMENT
-------
Table 4-6
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PRQYeCilON ASINCY
OFFICE OF AIR QUALITY PLANNINS AND STAJOAitDS
S-l-tt-AJJCM TRIANGLE PARK, NORTH CAROLINA 27711
NITROGEN DIOXIDE CONCENTRATION BY HSA POPULATION RANGE
PAGE NO:
METROPOLITAN STATISTICAL AREA
POPULATION: .5-1 MILLION CCONTJ
PROVIDENCE, RI
TCiEDO, OH
RALEIGH-DURHAM > NC
OMAHA, NE-IA
TUCSON, AZ
-P» GHEENVILLE-SPARTANBURS, SC
2 KNQXVILLE, TN
OXNARD-VENTURA, CA
HARRISBURG- LEBANON-CAR LISLE > PA
FRESNO, CA
JERSEY CITY, NJ
WILMINGTON, DE-NJ-MD
BATON ROUGE, LA
NITROGEN
HIGHEST
1984
.025
ND
ND
ND
.026
ND
ND
.026
.021
.027
.028
.032
.029 B
DIOXIDE CONCENTRATION
ANNUAL ARITHMETIC ME/
1985
.026
ND
ND
ND
.017
ND
ND
.013
.021
.031
.032
.029
.024
(PPM1
IN
19B6
.025
ND
ND
ND
IN
NO
ND
.028
.022
.032
.032
.029
.022
NOTE! FOR CONTINUOUS INSTRUMENTS, THE ANNUAL ARITHMETIC MEAN IS
CALCULATED IF AT LEAST 4380 HOURLY VALUES ARE COLLECTED.
FOR INSTRUMENTS WHICH COLLECT ONLY ONE MEASUREMENT PER
24-HR PERIOD (BUBBLERS), THE ANNUAL ARITHMETIC MEAN IS
CALCULATED IF THE DATA SATISFIES THE NADS VALIDITY CRITERIA
OH AT LEAST 30 DAYS OF 24-HR DATA (SOX OF THE EPA RECOMMENDED
SAMPLING DAYSJ HAVF BEEN COLLECTED.
ND = NC DATA
IN = INSUFFICIENT DATA TO CALCULATE THE ANNUAL ARITHMETIC MEAN
B - REPRESENTS A 24-HR BUBBLER MEASUREMENT
-------
Table 4-5
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION ASEKCY
OFFICE OF AIR QUALITY PLANNING AND STANDARDS
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARKi NORTH CAROLINA £7711
NITROGEN DIOXIDE CONCENTRATION BY MS4 POPULATION RANGE
PAGE NO:
METROPOLITAN STATISTICAL AREA
NITROSEN DIOXIDE CONCENTRATION CPPMJ
HIGHEST ANNUAL ARITHMETIC HEAN
1984 1985 1986
POPULATION: .5-1 MILLION (CONTI
LAS VESAS, NV
EL PASO, TX
YOUNSSTQWN-HARREN, OH
TACOMA, WA
SPRINSFIELD, MA
NEW HAVEN-MERIDEN, CT
-fa
I
en
.029
.021
.028
ND
,025
.031
.021
.024
ND
NO
,024
.031
.022
IN
KD
ND
.022
.029
TOTAL MSA'S .5-1 HILLION
45
NOTES FOR CONTINUOUS INSTRUMENTS THE ANNUAL ARITHMETIC HEAN IS
CALCULATED IF AT LEAST 4380 HOURLY VALUES ARE COLLECTED.
FOR INSTRUMENTS WHICH COLLECf ONLY ONE MEASUREMENT PER
24-HR PERIOD (BUBBLERSJ, THE ANNUAL ARITHMETIC MEAN IS
CALCULATED IF THE DATA SATISFIES THE NADB VALIDITY CRITERIA
OR AT LEAST 30 DAYS OF 24-HH DATA C50X OF THE EPA RECOMMENDED
SAMPLING DAYS1 HAVE BEEN COLLECTED.
. ND = NO DATA
IN = INSUFFICIESJT DATA TO CALCULATE THE ANNUAL ARITHMETIC MEAN
B = REPRESENTS A 24-HR BUBBLER MEASUREMENT
-------
-fa
I
cn
en
Figure 4-7 United States map of the highest second daily maximum
1-hour average ozone concentration by MSA, 1986.
-------
Table 4-7. Highest Second Daily Maximum 1-Hour Average Ozone Concentration by MSA, 1984-1986.
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL. PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE OF AIR QUALITY PUNNING AND STANDARDS
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, NORTH CAROLINA 27711
OZONE
CONCENTRATION BY USA POPULATION RANGE
PAGE NO:
METROPOLITAN STATISTICAL AREA
POPULATION: > 2 MILLION
NEW YORK, NY
LOS ANGELES- LONG BEACH, CA
CHICAGO, ZL
PHILADELPHIA, PA-NJ
DETROIT, MI
f" WASHINGTON, DC-KO-VA
Ul
-J HOUSTON, TX
BOSTON f HA
NASSAU-SUFFOLK, NY
ST. LOUIS, MO-IL
ATLANTA, GA
HINNEAPOLIS-ST. PAUL, HN-HI
BALTIMORE, MD
OZONE
HIGHEST
19S4
.17
.29
.15
.20
.12
.14
.21
.15
.10
.17
.15
.12
.15
CONCENTRATION
1-HR END HISH DAILY
1985
.16
.33
.14
.16
.11
.14 *
.23
.16
.14
.18
.14
.10
.16
(PPH)
MAX
1986
16
34
12
15
12 *
14
20
12
16
16
16
10
15 »
* LESS THAN 50* «Ji CAYS IN OZONE SEASON
ND = NO DAT*.
-------
Table 4-7
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE OF AIR QUALITY PLANNING AND STANDARDS
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, NORTH CAROLINA 27711
OZONE
CONCENTRATION BY MSA POPULATION RANGE
PAGE NO:
METROPOLITAN STATISTICAL AREA
POPULATION: > 2 MILLION (CONTJ
DALLAS, TX
PITTSBURGH, PA
ANAHEIM-SANTA ANA, CA
SAW PTf.W, CA
OZONE CONCENTRATION ( PPM )
HISHES' 1-HR END '.J.., DAILY MAX
1984 1985 1986
.16 .16 * .16 *
.11 .12 .12
.26 .28 .22
.20 .21 a9
TOTAL MSA'S > 2 HILLION
17
cn
00
* LESS THAN SOX OF DAYS IN OZONE SEASON
NO = NO DATA
-------
Table 4-7
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION A6ENCY
OFFICE OF AIR qUALITY PLANNING AND STANDARDS
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, NORTH CAROLINA 27711
OZONE
CONCENTRATION BY MSA POPULATION RANSE
PAGE NO:
.'FVPOrOLITAN STATISTICAL AREA
POPULATION: 1-2 MILLION
NEWARK, NJ
OAKLAND! CA
CLEVELAND, OH
RIVERSIDE-SAN BERNARDINO, CA
TAMPA-ST. PETERSBURG-CLEAHHATER, FL
*» PHOENIX, AZ
CJ1
«= MIAMI -HIALEAH, FL
SEATTLE, WA
DENVER, CO
SAN FRANCISCO, CA
SAN JUAN, PR
KANSAS CITY, MO-KS
CINCINNATI, OH-KY-IN-
OZONE
HIGHEST
1984
.12
.15
.1*
.32
.13
.IS
.10
.09
.12
.11
.08
,14
.12
CONCENTRATION (PPM)
1-HR 2ND HIGH DAILY MAX
1985 1986
.14
.14
.12
.34
.13
-13
.13
.11
.11
.11
ND
.15
.12
.13
.13
.12
.30
.12
.14 »
.14
.11
.13
.08
.08 *
.14
.13
LESS THAN 502 OF DAYS IN OZONE SEASON
ND = NO DATA
-------
Table 4-7
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE OF AIR QUALITY PLANNING AND STANDARDS
RESEARCH THIANSLE PARK, NORTH CAROLINA 27711
OZONE
CONCCfTRATION BY MSA POPULATION RANGE
PAGE NO:
POPULATION:
-P»
cn
o
METROPOLITAN STATISTICAL AREA
1-2 MILLION (COKT)
MILWAUKEE, HI
SAN JOSE, CA
NEW ORLEANS, LA
BEHGEN-PASSAIC, NJ
COLUMBUS, OH
NORFOLK-VIRGINIA BEACH -NEWPORT NEWS, VA
SACRAMENTO, CA
INDIANAPOLIS, IN
SAN ANTONIO, TX
FORT WORTH-ARLINGTON, TX
PORTLAND, OH-WA
roar LAUDERDALE-HQLLYHOOD-POMPANO BEACH, FL
CHAHLOTTE-GASTONIA-ROCK HILL, NC-SC
OZONE
HIGHEST
1984
.16
.16
.12
.16
.11
.12
.19
.12
.12
.16
.13
.10
.13
CONCENTRATION
1-HR 2ND HIGH DAILY
1985
.15
.15
.12
.1*
.11
.11
.18
.12
.12
.15
.13
.09
.11
(PPM)
MAX
1986
13
12
12
12
11
11
16
11
11
14
IS
11
13
* LESS THAM -
-------
Table 4-7
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE OF AIR QUALITY PLANNING AND STANDARDS
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, NORTH CAROLINA 27711
OZONE
CONCENTRATION BY Hj.f. POPULATIC^ RANSE
PAGE NO:
METROPOLITAN STATISTICAL AREA
OZONE
HIGHEST
CONCENTRATION t PPM )
1-HR 2ND HISH DAILY MAX
1985 1986
POPULATION*- 1-2 MILLION (CONT)
SALT LAKE CITY-QSDEN, UT
.15
,16
.16
TOTAL MSA'S 1-2 MILLION
27
I
en
* LESS THAN 50% OF DAYS IN OZONE SEASON
HD = NO DATA
-------
Table 4-7
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE OF AIR QUALITY PLANNINS AND STANDARDS
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, NORTH CAROLINA 27711
OZONE
CONCENTRATION BY MSA POPULATION RANSE
PAGE NO-'
METROPOLITAN STATISTICAL AREA
POPULATION- .5-1 MILLION
ROCHESTER, NY
BUFFALO, NY
OKLAHOMA CITY, OK
LOUISVILLE, KY-IN
MEMPHIS, TN-AR-HS
"f" DAYTON-SPRINGFIELD, OH
1X3 MIDDLESEX-SOMERSET-HUNTERDON, NJ
MONMQUTH-QCEAN, NJ
BIRMINGHAM, AL
NASHVILLE, TN
GREENSBORO-WINSTON SALEM-HIGH POINT, NC
ALBANY-SCHENECTABY-TROY, NY
ORLANDO, FL
OZONE
HIGHEST
.11
.11
.12
.15
.13
.12
.19
ND
.11
.13
.11
.09
.11
CONCENTRATION (PPH1
1-HR 2ND HIGH DAILY MAX
1985 1986
.11
.12
.11
.13
.IS
.11
.19
.15
.12
.14
.10
.12
.11
.12
.10
.10
.17
.13
.13
.15
.1*
.12
.11
.12
.11
.12
* LESS THAN BOX OF DAYS IN OZONE SEASON
ND = NO DATA
-------
Table 4-7
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE OF AIR QUALITY PLANNINE AND STANDARDS
RESEARCH TRIANSLE PANK, NORTH CAROLINA 27711
OZONE
CONCENTRATION BY MSA POPULATION RANSE
PAGE NO:
METROPOLITAN STATISTICAL AREA
POPULATION: .5-1 MILLION (CONT;
HONOLULU, HI
RICHMOND-PETERSBURS, VA
JACKSONVILLE, FL
HARTFORD, CT
SCRANTON-NILKES-BARRE, PA
f2 TULSA, OK
en
w WEST PALM BEACH-BOCA RATON-DELRAY BEACH, FL
SYRACUSE, NY
AKRON, OH
ALLENTOWN-BETHLEHEH, PA-NJ
Ai.!S7Zi4, TX
SARY-HAffilOND, IN
6RAW, HAPIDS, HI
OZONE
HIGHEST
.07
.13
.11
.17
.11
.13
.09
ND
.11
.13
.11
.15
.11
CONCENTRATION ( PPM }
1-HH 2ND HIGH DAILY HAX
1985 1986
.06
.12
.14
.16
.11
.12
.09
.08
.11
.12
.13
.12 *
.11
.0*
.12
.10
.11
.10
.13
.10
.10
.11
.12
.10
.13
.12
* I',55 THAN SO'/. OF DAYS IN OZONE SEASON
ND = NO DATA
-------
Table 4-7
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE OF AIR QUALITY PLANNING AND STANDARDS
RESEARCH TRIANSl. ; PARK, NORTH CAROLINA 27711
OZONF
CONCENTR-TION BY HSA POPULATION RANGE
PAGE NO:
METROPOLITAN STATISTICAL AREA
POPULATION: .5-1 MILLION ICONTI
PROVIDENCE, RI
TOLEDO, CH
RALEIGH-DURHAM, NC
011AHA, NE-IA
TUCSON, AZ
*" GREENVILLE-SPARTAN1UR6, SC
** KNOXVILLE, TN
OXNARD-VENTURA, CA
HARRISBURS-LEBANON-CARLISLE, PA
FRESNO, CA
JERSEY CITY, NJ
WILMINSTQN, BE-NJ-HD
BATON ROUGE, LA
OZONE
HIGHEST
1984
.2?
.11
.10
.10
.11
.08 *
.10 *
.17
.12
.15
.11
.14
.16
CONCENTRATION (PPM)
1-HR 2ND HIGH DAILY MAX
1935 1986
.14
.10
.11
.10
.11
.10
.10
.18
.11
.16
.17
.14
.16
.13
.12
.12
.09
.09 *
.10
.10
.18
.11
.17
.13
.14
.13
* LESS THAN SOX OF DAYS IN OZONE SEASON
ND = NO DATA
-------
Table 4-7
UNITFD STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE OF AIR QUALITY PLANNING AND STANDARDS
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, NORTH CAROLINA 27711
OZONE
CONCENTRATION BY MSA POPULATION RANSE
PAGE NO:
METROPOLITAN STATISTICAL AREA
OZOHE CONCENTRATION (PPM)
HIGHEST 1-HH ZKD HIGH DAILY MAX
1984 1985 1986
POPULATION: .5 - i MILLION ICONIJ
LAS VEGAS, NV
EL PASO, TX
YOUNBSTOWN-WARREN, OH
TACOMA, WA
SPRINSFIELD, MA
"^ NEW HAVEN-MERIDEM, CT
i
cn
CJl
12
16 *
09
09
17
20
.11
.14
.11
.11
.15
.15
.10
.16
.11
.&9
.14
.16
TOTAL MSA'S .5-1 MILLION
* LESS THAN 50% OF DAYS IN OZONE SEASON
NO = NO DATA
-------
I
en
01
Figure 4-3 United States map of the highest maxiiium qjarterly average
lead concentration by MSA, 1986.
-------
Table 4-8. Highest Maximum Quarterly Average Lead Concentration by MSA, 1985-1986.
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE OF AIR QUALITY PUNNING AND STANDARDS
RESEARCH THIANBLE PARK, NORTH CAROLINA 27711
LEAD
CONCENTRATION BY HSA POPULATION RANGE
PAGE NO:
METROPOLITAN STATISTICAL AREA
POPULATION: > z MILLION
NEH YORKj NY
LOS ANGELES-LONG BEACH, CA
CHICAGO, IL
PHILADELPHIA, PA-NJ
DETROIT, HI.
f1 WASHINGTON, DC-HD-VA
cn
""J HOUSTON, TX
BOSTON, MA
NASSAU-SUFFOLK, NY
ST. LOUIS, MO-IL
ATLANTA, SA
HItWEAPOLIS-ST. PAUL, MN-HI
BALTIMORE, WJ
LEAD
HIGHEST
1984
.91
1.03
.68
5.13
.69 Q
.40
.39
.48
.67
2.41
.47 H
1.01
.60
CONCENTRATION t US/TO J
MAXIMUM QUARTERLY AVERAGE
1985 1986
.60
.63
1.05
2.07
.27 H
.21
.26
.43
.45
4.61
.19 M
.89
.37
.53
.44
.48
1.72 *
.20 M
..rr
.12
.19
.14
5.70 *
.15 M
2.09 *
.23
M = REPRESENTS MONTHLY COMPOSITE DATA
q = REPRESENTS QUARTERLY COMPOSITE DATA
* = THIS LEVEL REFLECTS THE IMPACT OF INDUSTRIAL PB SOURCES.
1986 PB LEVELS FOR THE HIGHEST POPULATION ORIENTED SITES ARE AS FOLLOWS:
PHILADELPHIA (0.14 U6/M3), ST. LOUIS (0.35 US/M3) AND MINNEAPOLIS (0.14 UG/H3).
ND = NO DATA
-------
Table 4-8
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION A6ENCY
OFFICE OF AIR QUALITY PLANNING AND STANDARDS
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, NORTH CAROLINA 27711
LEAD
CONCENTRATION BY MSA POPULATION RANG!
PA6E NO:
HETROPOLITAN STATISTICAL AREA
LEAD CONCENTRATION (US/H3)
HIGHEST MAXIMUM QUARTERLY AVERAGE
1984 1985 1986
POPULATION: > 2 MILLION CCONTJ
DALLAS. TX
PITTSBURGH, PA
ANAHEIH-SANTA ANA, CA
SAN DIEGO, CA
1.52
.33
.61
.53
2.01
,24
.34
.29
1.42 »
.18
.22
.23
TOTAL USA'S > 2 HILL2QN
17
ov
CO
H = REPRESENTS MONTHLY COMPOSITE DATA
Q = REPRPSCNIS QUARTERLY COMPOSITE DATA
* » T:IS LEVEL REFLECTS THE IMPACT OF A PB RECLAMATION PLANT OUTSIDE DALLAS.
1986 PB LEVEL FROM THE HIGHEST POPULATION ORIENTED SITE IN DALLAS IS 0.09 U6/M3.
ND = NO DATA
-------
Table 4-8
UNITED STATES ENVIROMMENTAL PROTECTION ASENCY
OFFICE OF AIR QUALITY PLANNING AND STANDARDS
RESEARCH TRIANSLE PARK, NORTH CAROLINA 27711
LEAD
CONCENTRATION BY HSA POPULATION RANSE
PAGE NO:
METROPOLITAN STATISTICAL AREA
POPULATION: 1-2 MILLION
NEWARK, NJ
OAKLAND, CA
CLEVELAND. CK
RIVERS10E-SAN BERNARDINO, CA
TAMPA-ST. PETERSBURG-CLEARWATER, FL
f> PHOENIX, AZ
CTl
^ HIAMI-HIALEAHi FL
SEATTLE i HA
DENVER, CO
SAN FRANCISCO, CA
SAN JUAN, PR
KANSAS CITY, HO-KS
CINCINNATI, OH-KY-IN
LEAD
HIGHEST
1984
.56
.29
.38 M
.55
.57
1.29
.93
1.56 n
.90 n
.43
1.30
.34
.so n
CONC'".rr..ATION (UG/M3)
MAXIMUM QUARTERLY AVERAGE
1985 1986
.51
.16
.34 H
.31
.31
.72
.56
1.55 M
.70 M
.26
1.26
.41
.25 n
.46
.16
.20 M
.21
.61
.31
.26
1.82 *
.30 M
.20
.30
.OB
.12
M = REPRESENTS MONTHLY COMPOSITE DATA
Q = REPRESENTS QUARTERLY COMPOSITE DATA
» = THIS LEVEL REFLECTS THE IMPACT OF INDUSTRIAL PB SOURCES.
1986 PB LEVEL FROM THE HIGHEST POPULATION ORIENTED SITE IN SEATTLE IS 0.26 US/H3.
ND = NO DATA
-------
Table 4-8
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE OF AIR WALITY PLANNING AMD STANDARDS
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, NORTH CAROLINA 27711
LEAD
CONCENTRATION BY MSA POPULATION RANGE
PAGE NO:
METROPOLITAN STATISTICAL AREA
POPULATION! 1-2 HILHON (CONT)
MILWAUKEE, HI
SAN JOSE, CA
NEW ORLEANS, LA
BERGEM-PASSAIC, NJ
COLUMBUS, OH
P" NORFOLK-VIRGINIA BEACH-NEHPORT NENS, VA
0 SACRAMENTO, CA
INDIANAPOLIS, IN
SAN ANTONIO, TX
FORT WORTH-ARLINGTON, TX
PORTLAND, OR -HA
FORT LAUDERDALE-HOLLYHOOD-POMPANO BEACH, PL
CHARLOTTE-6ASTONIA-ROCK HILLt NC-SC
LEAD
HIGHEST
1984
.72
.51
.56
.92
.62 K
.33
.47
1.14
.67
.57
i.sa
.13
.44
CONCENTRATION (UB/H31
MAXIMUM QUARTERLY AVERAGE
1985 1966
.61
.42
.22
.62
.MK
.14
.30
1.64
.35
.40
i.oo n
.18
.22
.57
.22
.13
.22
.20 M
.09
.12
2.49 *
.14
.14
.36 H
.09
.10
H = REPRESENTS MONTHLY COMPOSITE DATA
9 = REPRESENTS QUARTERLY COMPOSITE DATA
* = THIS LEVEL REFLECTS THE IMPACT OF A PB BATTERY PLANT.
1986 PB LEVEL FROM THE HISHEST POPULATION ORIENTED SITE IN INDIANAPOLIS IS 0.14 US/113.
NO = NO DATA
-------
Table 4-8
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE OF AIR QUALITY PLANNING AND STANDARDS
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK. NORTH CAROLINA 27711
LEAD
CONCENTRATION BY USA POPULATION RANGE
PAGE NO:
HETROPOLITAN STATISTICAL AREA
LEAO CONCENTRATION ( US/Ml J
HISHEST MAXIMUM QUARTERLY AVEHA6E
1984 1985 1986
POPULATION: 1-2 HILLIOH ICONTJ
SALT LAKE CITY-OGDEN, UT
.66
.63
.22
TOTAL HSA'S 1-2 MILLION
27
-fa
I
H = RPPKE5ENTS MONTHLY COMPOSITE DATA
e = REPRESENTS QUARTERLY COMPOSITE DATA
NO = NO DATA
-------
Table 4-8
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE OF AIR QUALITY PLANNING AND STANQARDS
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, NORTH CAROLINA 27711
LEAD
CONCENTRATION BY MSA POPULATIUrl RANGE
PAGE NO:
POPULATION:
p»
ro
METROPOLITAN STATISTICAL AREA
.5-1 MILLION
ROCHESTER, MY
BUFFALO, NY
OKLAHOMA CITY, OK
LOUISVILLE, KY-IN
MEMPHIS, TN-AR-MS
DAYTON-SPRINGFIELD, OH
HIDDLESEX-SOMERSET-HUNTERDON, NJ
MONMOUTH -OCEAN, NJ
BIRMIN6HAM, AL
NASHVILLE, TN
GREENSBORO-WINSTON SALEM-HI6H POINT, NC
ALBANY-SCHENECTADY-TRQY, NY
ORLANDO, FL
LEAD
HIGHEST
1984
.67
.51
.59
.60 H
1.41
,52 H
1.73
NO
5,33
.36
.50
.48
.40
CONCENTRATION (US/M3)
MAXIMUM QUARTERLY AVERAGE
1985 1986
.55
,32
.37
.45 M
.8d
.45 H
.81
ND
1,59
.54
.18
.22
.18
.10
.16
.11
.IS H
.44
.19 M
.36
ND
2.30 *
.17
.10
.13
.07
H = REPRESENTS MONTHLY COMPOSITE DATA
B = REPRESENTS QUARTERLY COMPOSITE DATA
* = THIS LEVEL REFLECTS THE IMPACT OF INDUSTRIAL PB SOURCES.
1986 PB LEVEL FROM THE HIGHEST POPULATION ORIENTED SITE IN BIRMINGHAM IS 0.30 US/M3.
NO = NO DATA
-------
Table 4-8
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTIOM A6ENCY
OFFICE OF AIR QUALITY PLANKING AND STANDARDS
RESEARCH TBIANSLE PARK, NORTH CAROLINA 27711
LEAD
CONCENTRATION BY HSA POPULATION iANBE
PAGE NO:
METROPOLITAN STATISTICAL AREA
POPULATION: .5-1 MILLION iCOMTJ
HONOLULU, HI
RICHMOND-PETERSBURG, VA
JACKSONVILLE, FL
HARTFORD, CT
SGRANTON-WILKES-BARRE, PA
^ TULSA, OK
to
WEST PALJ1 BEACH-BOCA RATON-DEU3AY BEACH, FL
SYRACUSE i MY
AKRON, OH
ALLEWTOW-BETHLEHEM, PA-NJ
AUSTIN, TX
SARY-HAMMOND, IN
SSAHD RAPIDS, MI
LEAD
HISHEST
1984
1.00
.46
1.26
,57
.46
.75
.33
,46
.46 M
1.13
NO
E-95
.66
CONCEMTRATION (US/M3)
MAXIMUM QUARTERLY AVERAGE
198S 1986
.26
.16
.66
,57 n
.22
.83
.18
.27
.32 H
1.52
.18
12.50
.35"
.19
.OS
-27
.17 tl
,14
.47
.07
.13
.07
.48
.13
1.81 *
.21
n = REPRESENTS HONTHLY COMPOSITE DATA
Q = REPRESENTS QUARTERLY COMPOSITE DATA
* = THIS LEVEL REFLECTS THE IMPACT OF A LEAD BATTERY PLANT IN HAMMOND, IN.
1986 PB LEVEL FROM THE "HIGHEST POPULATION ORIENTED SITE IN SARY-HAMHOND IS 0.16 U6/M3.
NO = NO DATA
-------
Table 4-8
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE OF AIR QUALITY PLANNING AND STANDARDS
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PADK, NORTH CAROLINA 27711
LEAD
CONCENTRATION BY MSA POPULATION RANGE
PAGE
METROPOLITAN STATISTICAL AREA
POPULATION: .5-1 MILLION (CONTJ
PROVIDENCE* RX
TOLEDO, OH
RALEIGH-DURHAM, NC
OMAHA, Ni-IA
TUCSON, AZ
-j23 6REENVXLLE-SPARTANBURG, SC
** KNOXVILL6, TN
OXNARO-VENTURA, CA
HARRISBUR6-LEBANON-CAHLISLE, PA
FRESNO, CA
JERSEY CITY, NJ
WLHINSTQN, BE-NJ-MD
r.AiON ROUGE, LA
LEAD
HIGHEST
1964
.50
.19
.54
.91
.59
.65
.43
.29
.34
.60
.94
.63
.58
CONCENTRATION CU6/TB)
MAXIMUM QUARTERLY AVERAGE
1965 1986
.53
.11
.18
.75
.sa
.31
.18
.17
.11
.37
.37
.30
.50
.IB
1.E9 M*
.10
.97
.24
.17
.13
.OB
.09
.15
.15
.20
.21
h = REPRESENTS MONTHLY COMPOSITE DATA
-------
Table 4-8
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE OF AIR QIV-.LITY PLANNINS AND STANDARDS
RESEARCH TRIAN61EJ PARK, NORTH CAR^'.TNA 27711
LEAD
CONCENTRATION BY HSA POPULATION RANSE
PAGE NO:
METROPOLITAN STATISTICAL AREA
LEAB CONCENTRATION (US/Til >
HIGHEST HAXIHUM QUARTERLY AVERAGE
1984 1985 1986
POPULATION: .5-1 MILLION tcown
LAS VEGAS, NV
EIL "Ji3Cr 7X
YQUNGSTOHN-HARREN, OH
TACQMA, HA
SPRINGFIELD, MA
NEH HAVEN-MERIDEN, CT
-P»
tn
.55
1,60
.31
.47
1.09
.55 H
.27
4,31
.15
.97
.72
.45 M
ND
1.S7 *
.11
.59
.29
.24 M
TOTAL KSA'S .5-1 HILLION
M = REPRESENTS MONTHLY COMPOSITE DATA
i = REPRESENTS QUARTERLY COMPOSITE DATA
* a THIS LEVEL REFLECTS THE IMPACT OF A LEAD SMELTER.
19B6 PB LEVEL FROM THE HIGHEST POPULATION ORIENTED SITE IN EL PASO IS 0.58 US/M3.
ND = NO DATA
-------
4-76
-------
5. TRENDS ANALYSES FOR 14 URBANIZED AREAS
This chapter presents trends in ambient air quality for the period
1982 - 1986 in 14 urbanized areas. The urbanized areas included in these
analyses are Atlanta, GA; Baltimore, HD; Boston, MA; Chicago, IL-Northwestern
IN; Denver, CO; Detroit, HI; Houston, TX; Los Angeles-Long Beach, CA; New
York, NY-Northeastern NJ; Philadelphia, PA-NJ; Phoenix, AZ; Portland,
OR-WA; Seattle, WA; and St. Louis, MO-IL. These areas have been selected
because they were among the largest cities in each of the EPA Regions,
Where sufficient data were available, trends in these areas are
presented for the criteria pollutants TSP, SOg, CO, N02, 03, and Pb. Also,
the urbanized areas are grouped into five broad geographic areas; East,
Midwest, South, Southwest, and Northwest, and composite averages calculated
for each pollutant are presented and are compared to the national averages.
The air quality data used for the trend statistics in this chapter have
been obtained from the EPA National Aerometric Data Bank (NADB) with addi-
tional limited data taken from State annual reports. The monitoring sites
used for the trends analyses had to satisfy the historical continuity
criterion of 4 out of 5 years of data for the period 1982 to 1986, except
for lead, which required 1 valid quarter per year. Furthermore, data for
each year generally had to meet the annual data completeness criteria as
described in Section 2.1.
The urbanized area air quality trends focus on the period 1982 through
1986, complementing the 5-year national trends analyses in Section 3. The
national trends analyses also produce a 10-year trend (1977 to 1986).
Several of the urbanized areas did not have sufficient data to meet the 8
of 10-year data completeness criterion, so only the 5-year trend is presented
for these.
The air quality trends in this chapter (except for 0-j) are based on
information from monitoring sites within the urbanized areas as defined
in the 1980 Census of Population Report prepared by the U.S. Bureau of
Census.This report defines an urbanized area as a central city or cities
and surrounding closely settled territory (urban fringe). For 03, since
maximum concentrations generally occur downwind of an urbanized area, down-
wind sites located outside of the urbanized area boundaries were used in
the trends analyses.
Figure 5-1 shows the plotting convention used in trends analyses. For
1982-1986, the maximum and minimum values are shown as well as the composite
average of the sites used. The maximum and minimum values are measured
concentrations, and values for missing years were interpolated to calculate
the appropriate averages. Table 5-1 shows the air quality statistics used
in the trends analyses for the 14 cities.
5-1
-------
The air quality data and trends presented in this chapter should not
be used to make direct city to city comparisons, since the mix, configuration,
and number of sites composing the area networks are different. Furthermore,
other parameters, such as population density, transportation patterns, indus-
trial composition, emission sources, and meteorological characteristics,
also need to be taken into consideration.
5-2
-------
HIGHEST AIR QUALITY STATISTIC AMONG TREND SITES
COMPOSITE AVERAGE OF ALL TREND SITiS
I LOWEST AIR QUALITY STATISTIC AMONG TREND SITiS
FIGURE 5-1. ILLUSTRATION OF PLOTTING CONVENTIONS FOR RANGES USED IN
URBANIZED AREA TREND ANALYSIS.
TABLE 5-1. AIR QUALITY TREND STATISTICS AND THEIR
ASSOCIATED NATIONAL AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARDS (NAAQS}*
POLLUTANT
Total Suspended Particulate**
Sulfur Dioxide
Carbon Monoxide
Nitrogen Dioxide
Ozone
TREND STATISTICS
annual geometric mean
annual arithmetic mean
second highest nonoverlapping
8-hour average
annual arithmetic mean
Lead
second highest daily maximum
1-hour average
maximum quarterly average
PRIMARY NAAQS
CONCENTRATION
75 ug/m3
0.03 ppm
(80 ug/m3)
9 ppm
(10 tng/m3)
0.053 ppm
(100 ug/m3)
0.12 ppm
(235 ug/m3)
1.5 ug/m3
ug/m3 - micrograms per cubic meter
ppm = parts per million
mg/m3 = milligrams per cubic meter
*See Table 2-1 for a more detailed description of NAAQS
**Replaced by PM^Q on July 1, 1987 (see Section 3.1)
5-3
-------
5.1 BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS URBANIZED AREA
Boston is the largest urbanized area in the State of Massachusetts
and the eighth largest in the United States, with a 1980 population of
2,678,762. It includes all of Suffolk County and the greater portion of
Norfolk County, plus portions of Plymouth, Middlesex, Essex, and Worcester
Counties. The area extends about 51 miles east to west and about 46 miles
north to south,"at the greatest distances.
The Boston basin, a territory within a range of hills, has rolling
topographical physical features, and is split by the Charles and Mystic
Rivers. Because of the confinement, many tall buildings and light in-
dustrial, commercial, and residential land use complexes are in proximity.
Numerous small factories and a great diversification of industries are
found in this area, including electrical, food, printing and publishing,
transportation equipment, fabricated metal, and rubber products. Boston is
the chief United States Atlantic Ocean fishing port. A large network of
railroads and truck lines serves this port.
The meteorology of the area is complex. Prevailing winds are from
the northwest in the winter and southwest in the summer. During the summer,
the land sea-breeze effect allows pollutants to be transported out over the
sea and then returned to the inland area. The trends graphs are displayed
in Figure 5-2.
5-4
-------
en
ANNUAL GBOMETWe MEAN
80-
-HAA05--
60-
40-
20-
6 SITES
TSP
1982 1983 1984 1985 1986
YEAR
ANNUAL MAX QUARTERLY MEAN (UG/M3)
2-
1 -
2 SUES
Pb
1982 1983 1984 1985 1986
YEAR
ANMUAL ARITWMCTC AVERAGE (PPM)
o.oo
5SIIES
S02
0.03- -HMOS
O.O2-
0.01-
1982 1983 1984 1985 1986
YEAR
ANNUAL SECOND DAILY MAX 1-HR (PPM)
0.20-
0.15
0.10-
0.05
0.00
3STES
03
I I
1982 1983 1984 1985 1986
YEAR
ANNUAL ARfTHkCDC AVERAGE (PPM)
o.Oi-
s.os-
0.04
0.03
0.02-
O.OJ-
O.OO
2 STTES
N02
1982 S83 1984 1985 1986
YEAR
ANNUAL SECOND MAXIMUM 8-HR AVG. (PPM)
20-
15-
10-
5-
882 1985 1984 1985 198S
YEAR
Figure 5-2. Air Quality Trends in the Composite Mean and Range of Pollutant-Specific Statistics
for the Boston, MA Urbanized Area, 1982-1986.
-------
5.2 NEW YORK. NEW YORK-NORTHEASTERN NEVI JERSEY URBANIZED AREA
New York is the largest urbanized area in the United States with a
1980 population of 15,590,274. It includes all of Essex, Hudson, and Union
Counties in New Jersey; all of Bronx, Kings, Nassau, New York, Queens, and
Richmond Counties in New York; parts of Bergen, Middlesex, Monmouth, Morris,
Ocean, Passaic, Somerset, and Sussex Counties in New Jersey; and parts of
Putnam, Rockland, Suffolk, and Westchester Counties in New York. At its
greatest distances, the area extends about 105 miles east to west and about
110 miles north to south.
This urbanized area is located at the mouth of the Hudson River in the
northeastern part of the United States. It is the busiest ocean port in
the United States. Industries have concentrated in the urbanized area
because of the proximity to major markets and the easy access to trans-
portation facilites, making it the leading manufacturing area in the United
States. Its largest manufacturing industries are apparel and other finished
products; printing, publishing, and allied industries; food products;
machinery; chemical and allied products; fabricated metal products; textile
products; leather and leather products; paper products; auto and aircraft
production; and shipbuilding.
New York is close to the path of most frontal weather systems which
move across the United States. Extremes of hot weather, which may last up
to one week are associated with air masses moving over land from a Bermuda
high pressure system. Extremes in cold weather are from rapidly moving
outbreaks of cold air moving southeastward from the Hudson Bay region. The
average rainfall is around 41 inches per year. The trends graphs for the
pollutants are shown in Figure 5-3 and depict the trends for 1982-1986.
5-6
-------
CJ1
1
ANNUAL GEOMETRIC MEAN (UG/M3)
00-
80 H
60-
40-
20-
0 -
36
SITES
1 C
-,
TSP
1982 1983 1984 1985 1986
YEAR
ANNUAL MAX QUARTERLY MEAN
2-
15 SITES
Pb
-HAMS
1982 1983 1984 1985 1986
YEAR
ANNUAL ARITHMETIC AVERAGE
0.03--
0.02-
0.01 -
0.00
SSTTES
S02
1982 1983 1984 1985 1986
YEAR
ANNUAL SECOND DAILY MAX 1-HR (PPM)
0.25-
0.20-
0. 15-
0. 10-
0.05-
o.oo
12 SITES
03
1982 1983 1984 1985 1986
YEAR
ANNUAL ARITHMETIC AVERAGE (PPM)
0.06-
-HA«)S
0.05-
0.0«-
0.03-
0.02 -
0.00
BSfTES
N02
1982 1983 1984 1985 1986
YEAR
ANNUAL SECOND MAXIMUM 8-HR AVG. (PPM)
1982 1983 1984 1985 1986
YEAR
Figure 5-3. Air Quality Trends in the Composite Mean and Range of Pollutant-Specific Statistics
for the New York, NY-NJ Urbanized Area, 1982-1986.-
-------
5.3 BALTIMORE. MARYLAND URBANIZED AREA
The Baltimore, MD urbanized area is the 14th largest in the United
States, with a 1980 population of 1,755,477. The area extends approxi-
mately 40 miles north to south and 32 miles east to west and includes 523
square .miles. The urbanized area comprises Baltimore independent city and
parts of Anne Arundel, Baltimore, Harford, and Howard counties.
Baltimore is one of the busiest seaports in the United States with
access to the sea through both the Chesapeake Bay and the Chesapeake and
Delaware Canal. It is located farther west than other seaports in the
Northeast, and because of the economics of lower transportation costs,
Baltimore is one of the principal transportation routes between the East
Coast and the Midwest. Its major industries are shipbuilding, steel produc-
tion, chemical and fertilizer production, copper refining, sugar refining,
transportation, and production of aluminum, electronic equipment, and
numerous other small industries.
The area is near the average path of the low pressure systems which
move across the country, causing frequent changes in wind direction which
contribute to the variable character of the weather. Mountains to the west
and the bay and ocean to the east produce a net effect of more equable
climate compared to continental locations at the same latitude farther
inland,, The rainfall distribution throughout the year is rather uniform
and averages about 43 inches per year. Figure 5-4 shows the trends graphs
for the' pollutants.
5-8
-------
tn
10
ANNUAL GEOMETRIC MEAN (UG/W5)
100-
80-
60
40-
20-
17 SITES
ISP
1982 1983 1984 1985 1986
YEAR
ANNUAL SECOND DAILY MAX 1-HR (PPM)
o.zo-
0.15-
0, 10-
0.05
7SfIE5
03
1982 1983 1984 1985 1986
YEAR
ANNUAL MAX QUARTERLY MEAN (UG/M3)
2-
7S1TES
Pb
-NMOS-
1992 1983 1984 1985 1986
YEAR
ANNUAL ARITHMETIC AVERAGE (PPM)
0.06-
-HtMK
O.OS-
0.04-
0.03-
0.02
0.01 -
0.00
2STTES
N02
1982 1983 1984 1985 1986
YEAR
ANNUAL ARfTHMETIC AVERAGE (PPM)
o.oo
6SITES
502
0,03- -HAMS-
0.02
0.01
19B2 1983 1984 1985 1986
YEAR
ANNUAL SECOND MAXIMUM 8-HR AVG. (PPM)
20-
15-
10-
5-
CO
-HAAOS
1982 19B3 1984 1985 1986
YEAR
Figure 5-4. Air Quality Trends in the Composite Mean and Range of Pollutant-Specific Statistics
for the Baltimore, MD Urbanized Area, 1982-1986.
-------
5.4 PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA-NEM JERSEY URBANIZED AREA
The Philadelphia, PA-NJ urbanized area is the fourth largest in the
United States, with a 1980 population of 4,112,933. It includes all of
Philadelphia County plus portions of Bucks, Chester, Delaware, and Montgomery
Counties in Pennsylvania and portions of Burlington, Camden, and Gloucester
Counties in New Jersey. The area stretches about 65 miles east to west and
about 50 miles north to south, at its greatest distances.
Philadelphia is located in the southeastern corner of Pennsylvania on
the Delaware River, where the Schuylkill River flows into the Delaware.
The Atlantic Ocean is 85 to 90 miles down the Delaware River. Philadelphia
handles more shipping than any other port in the United States except for
New York. The industrial growth of Philadelphia was due to its proximity
to coal, petroleum, water power, and other natural resources. The leading
industries in Philadelphia are textiles, carpets, clothing, paper, chemicals,
and glassware manufacturing, oil refining, metalworking, ship building,
printing, and publishing.
The prevailing winds of the area are from the southwest in the summer
and from the northwest during the winter. Maritime air and the proximity
to the Delaware River contribute to high humidity and temperatures during
the summer months. The average rainfall is around 42 inches per year.
Figure 5-5 depicts the trends graphs for the pollutants.
5-10
-------
ANNUAL GEOMETRIC MEAN (UG/M3)
ANNUAL MAX QUARTERLY MEAN
80-
60-
40
20-
24STfES
TSP
1982 1983 1984 1985 1986
YEAR
5-
4-,
2-
7SITCS
Pb
1982 1983 1984 1985 198$
YEAR
ANNUAL ARITHMETIC AVERAGE (PPM)
11 SITES
S02
0.03--HMOS
0.02-
0.01
1982 1983 1984 1985 1986
YEAR
ANNUAL SECOND DAILY MAX 1-HR (PPM)
0.20-
0.15
0.10-
0.05-
O.OO
isms
03
-NAMS"
1982 1983 1984 1985 1986
YEAR
ANNUAL ARIT>*CDC AVERAGE (PPM)
0.06
O.O5
0.04
0.03
0.02-
o.ot-
o.oo
ssrrcs
1982 1983 «84 1985 1986
YEAR
ANNUAL SECOND MAXIMUM 8-HR AVG. (PPM)
15-
10-
10 SUES
CO
1982 1983 1984 1985 1986
YEAR
Figure 5-5. Air Quality Trends in the Composite Mean and Range of Pollutant-Specific Statistics
for the Philadelphia, PA-NJ Urbanized Area, 1982-1986,
-------
5.5 ATLANTA. GEORGIA URBANIZED AREA
Atlanta, the capital of Georgia and its largest city, is located in
the north-central part of the State. The urbanized area is the most
populous between Washington, D.C, and New Orleans, with a 1980 population
of 1,613,357. The area extends into ten counties and measures approxi-
mately 40 miles north to south and 35 miles east to west. The majority
of the people in the urbanized area live in Fulton, De Kalb, and Cobb
Counties. Approximately 500 square miles of land area are included in
this urbanized area.
The city is the financial and commercial capital of the Southeast,
the transportation and commercial center of the region, and an important
distribution, manufacturing, education, and medical center. Since its
location is at the southern extreme of the Appalachian Range, it has become
the gateway through which most overland and air traffic must pass from the
Eastern Seaboard to the West. Atlanta is a rapidly growing and expanding
area. The population increased by 37 percent between 1970 and 1980.
Atlanta has moderate summer and winter weather, with the summer winds
from the northwest and the winter winds fluctuating from southwest to
northwest. In spite of abundant rainfall, serious dry spells occur during
most years. The trends graphs are shown in Figure 5-6.
5-12
-------
en
i
ANNUAL GEOMETRIC MEAN (UG/M3)
80-
-KWKIS-
60-
40
20-
9 SITES
1982 M83 1984 1985 1986
YEAR
ANNUAL MAX QUARTERLY MEAN (UG/M3)
2~
1 -
1STE
Pb
1982 1983 1984 1985 1986
YEAR
ANNUAL ARITHMETIC AVERAGE (PPM)
0.03--I
0.02-1
0.01-
o.oo
fSITE
$02
1982 1983 1984 1985 1986
YEAR
ANNUAL SECOND DAILY MAX 1-HR (PPM)
0.20-
0.15-
0.10-
0.05
o.oo
2S1TES
03
«S2 19B3 1984 1985 1986
YEAR
ANNUAL ARITHMETIC AVERAGE (PPM)
0,06-
0.05-
0.04-
0.03
0.02-
a.oi -
a.oo
2SnES
N02
19B2 1983 SB* 1985 1986
YEAR
ANNUAL SECOND MAXIMUM 8-HR AVG, (PPM)
15-
10-
5-
1SITE
CO
-NMQS-
1982 1983 1984 1985 1986
YEAR
Figure 5-6. Air Quality Trends in the Composite Mean and Range of Pollutant-Specific Statistics
for the Atlanta, 6A Urbanized Area, 1982-1986.
-------
5.6 CHICAGO, ILLINOIS-NORTHWESTERN INDIANA URBANIZED AREA
The Chicago urbanized area covers approximately 1300 square miles and
includes 6,770,000 people. It is the third largest area in the nation in
population, with approximately 75 percent of the population living in Cook
County. The remaining 25 percent live in parts of Lake, Du Page and Will
Counties in Illinois and portions of Lake and Porter Counties in Indiana.
The urbanized area runs from Waukegan (near the Wisconsin border)
around Lake Michigan to Chesterton, Indiana to the east. The southern and
western boundaries of the area are very irregular. To the south, the area
extends as far as Crown Point, Indiana and Park Forest South in Illinois.
The area extends as far west as Bartlett, West Chicago, and Napierville,
all in Illinois.
Economically, Chicago is a major center for transportation,
manufacturing, and commercial enterprises. In transportation, Chicago has
the largest air and rail traffic in the country. Because of Chicago's
location and large manufacturing concerns, it has developed an extensive
highway network for local and through traffic. Additionally, the Port of
Chicago on Lake Michigan has developed into an important inland port for
raw materials and point of transfer for the Great Lakes-Atlantic trade.
Among Chicago's chief manufactures are food products, primary metals
(steel), and both electrical and nonelectrical machinery.
Chicago occupies a relatively flat plains area bounded by Lake
Michigan to the east. The climate is predominately continental, with
relatively warm summers and cold winters. Temperature extremes are some-
what altered by Lake Michigan and other Great Lakes. Annual precipitation
is on the order of 33 inches per year. Figure 5-7 shows the trends for all
the pollutants in the urbanized area.
5-14
-------
en
i
ANNUAL GEOMETRIC MEAN (UG/M*)
ANNUAL MAX QUARTERLY MEAN (UG/M3)
ANNUAL ARTTHMET1C AVERAGE (PPM)
120-
100-
80-
60 -
40-
20 -
n -
62SfTES
-NAAQS"
_ *»,^_,
. -1
*mmmm>mmmmm
m***.,*-*..
*~- .
_~~ ,*.«*..
1
TSP
___.
2-
1 -
0 -
39STTES
(
>---<
*-
Pb
0.03-
0.00-
10
-HAAOS--
(
SUES 502
_.,_*. _^.^._._ . --^.
_
^-,,
1982 19B3 1984 1985 1986
YEAR
1982 1983 1984 1985 1986
YEAR
1982 1983 1984 1985 1986
YEAR
ANNUAL SECOND DAILY MAX 1-HR (PPM)
0.20-
0. 15-
0 .05 -
o.ooj
12SfTES
03
1982 1983 SB4 1985 1i86
YEAR
ANNUAL ARTOMEnC AVERAGE (PPM)
0.06-
0.05-
0.04-
0.03-
0.02-
0.01-
o no-
13
I
SfTES
» -1
i <
5 <
N02
1982 1983 1984 1985 1986
YEAH
ANNUAL SECOND MAXIMUM 8-HR AVG. (PPM)
15-
10-
5-
6 SUES
CO
1982 1983 1984 1985 198i
YEAR
Figure 5-7. Air Quality Trends in the Composite Mean and Range of Pollutant-Specific Statistics
for the Chicago, IL-IN Urbanized Area, 1982-1986.
-------
5.7 DETROIT, MICHIGAN URBANIZED AREA
The Detroit urbanized area is the fifth largest in the United States,
with a 1980 population of 3,809,327. The urbanized area includes Macomb,
Monroe, Oakland, and Wayne Counties, with a total land area of approxi-
mately 870 square miles. Slightly less than 60 percent of the urban area
population lives in Wayne, with the remainder about equally divided between
Macomb and Oakland Counties.
Economically, Detroit is a major center for the manufacturing of
automobiles, trucks, and other heavy equipment. As such it has developed
iron and steel facilities and other manufacturing to support the principal
industries. Because of Detroit's location between Lake Huron and Lake Erie
and of its manufactured goods, it has become a major seaport in foreign
trade.
Detroit is located in a relatively flat plain between Lake Huron and
Lake Erie, which serves to moderate the predominately continental climate
with relatively warm summers and cold winters. Annual precipitation is
approximately 31 inches per year. Figure 5-8 shows the trends for all the
pollutants in the urbanized area.
5-16
-------
ANNUAL GEOMETRIC MEAN (UG/M3)
ANNUAL MAX QUARTERLY MEAN (UG/M3)
ANNUAL ARTTHMCTC AVERAGE (PPM)
120-
100-
80-
iO-
40-
20-
0-
24 SITES
-HAMS--
.
"~^
TSP
1882 1983 1984 1985 1986
YEAR
i
--j
0.20-
0.15-
0.10-
0.05-
O.OO-
2-
1 -
0-
10
-MMOS-
I
SITES
:||| mnnnngl
~c
,,,,,,,,, lm ^^^ ,
lmm _J,lalllllll
L 1 1
Pb
.^w.
1982 1983 1984 1985 1986
YEAR
ANNUAL SECOND DAILY MAX 1-HR (PPM)
7 SITES
c
-tUAQS-
L 3
r 3
i
[
03
0.03-
0.02-
0.01 -
0.00-
9SJTES S02
-N*«S .
.<_' -
1982 1983 1984 1985 1986
YEAR
ANNUAL ARITHMETIC AVERAGE (PPM)
0.06-
0.05-
0.0*-
0.03-
0.02-
O.Oi -
0.00-
1
SITE
o- *
..__._
-°-^
.,_._ ,__,_
-o -°
INK
15-
10-
5-
o-
ANNUAL SECOND MAXIMUM 8-HR AVG. (PPM)
7STCS CO
1982 1983 1984 1985 1986
YEAR
1982 1983 1984 1985 1986
YEAR
1582 1983 1984 1985 1986
YEAR
Figure 5-8, Air Quality Trends in the Composite Mean and Range of Pollutant-Specific Statistics
for the Detroit, MI Urbanized Area, 1982-1986,
-------
5.8 HOUSTON. TEXAS URBANIZED AREA
The Houston urbanized area is the tenth largest in the United States
with a population of 2,412,664. It includes almost all of Harris County
and very small portions of six other counties. The urbanized area extends
about 55 miles east to west and 45 miles north to south and covers a total
of approximately 750 square miles. The City of Houston has a population of
1,595,138 and is located west of Galveston Bay about 50 miles inland from
the Gulf of Mexico.
Houston is a major seaport, particularly for petroleum products, and
it has many refinery and petrochemical complexes along the Houston Ship
Channel, which runs approximately 20 miles eastward from the Houston center
city to Galveston Bay. The area is in the Sunbelt, has a mild climate
moderated by the Gulf of Mexico, and is one of the fastest growing of all
the major urbanized areas. The population has increased 44 percent since
1970. Figure 5-9 shows the trends of the six pollutants during the study
period.
5-18
-------
ANNUAL GEOMETRIC MEAN (\JG/M*)
ANNUAL MAX QUARTERLY MEAN (UG/MJ)
ANNUAL ARITHMETIC AVERAGE (PPM)
10
160-
140-
120-
100-
80-
60-
40-
20-
0-
o.zs-
0.20-
0.15-
o. to-
0.05-
n nn »
22
-N**OS-
.SITES
r-
^-,
MM!
1982 1983 1984 1985 1986
YEAR
ANNUAL SECOND DAILY
IISfTES
-HMOS
X
\
>
__..
ISP
2-
1 -
f\
5
-HMCS-
snts
K-
- -^
^_
c
Pb
1982 1983 1984 1985 1986
YEAR
Mf^. 1-HR (PPM)
_^ t
^
03
0.06-
0.05-
0.04-
0.03-
0.02-
0.01 -
0.00-
ANNUAL ARITHMETIC AVERAGE
(PPM)
7 SITES
-NJUW5--
E
^^.
j -
^ '
^
,
t
N02
o.os-
0.02-
0.01 -
o.oo-
15-
10-
5 "
0-
9SfTES S02
U_i J
J J ^ 1
1982 1983 1984 1985 1986
YEAR
ANNUAL SECOND MAXMUM 8-HR AVG, (PPM)
4STTES CO
ii'^J I-^^1
1982 1963 1984 1985 198i
YEAR
1982 1983 1984 1985 1986
ffiAR
YEAR
Figure 5-9, Air Quality Trends in the Composite Mean and Range of Pollutant-Specific Statistics
for the Houston, TX Urbanized Area, 1982-1986.
-------
5.9 ST.LOUIS. HISSOURI-ILLINOIS URBANIZED AREA
The St. Louis, MO-IL urbanized area is the llth largest in the United
States, with a 1980 population of 1,848,590. This population reflects a
loss of 33,354, or 1.8 percent, since the 1970 census. The urbanized area
includes all of St. Louis independent city and parts of three counties in
Missouri, including St. Louis County, and parts of three counties in
Illinois,
The urbanized area is divided by the Mississippi River, the boundary
between Missouri and Illinois. The Missouri River branches from the
Mississippi just north of the urbanized area and further subdivides the
urbanized area's northwest section. The area is centrally located, with
commerce and the distribution of goods playing an important part in the
area's economy. There is heavy industry on the Illinois side, especially
steel manufacturing, smelting, and chemical processing. Along the Misissippi
River, there are large numbers of fuel burning electric generating plants.
At its widest point, the urbanized area extends 48 miles east to west and
32 miles north to south, and encompasses approximately 509 square miles.
The area's continental climate is somewhat modified by its location
near the geographic center of the United States. The area enjoys four
distinct seasons, with the cold air masses to the north in Canada and the
warm air masses to the south in the Gulf of Mexico alternating in control
of the weather. Figure 5-10 depicts the trends of the six pollutants
during the study period.
5-20
-------
ANNUAL GEOMETRIC MEAN (UCjA*3)
160-
140-
120-
100-
80-
60 -
40-
20-
n -
23 STIES [ISP
-NAWS-
-
1
> -- <
r-f
\
1
1982 1983 1984 1985 1986
YEAR
ANNUAL MAX QUARTERLY MEAN
2~
1 -
3 SUES
Pb
1982 1983 1984 1985 1986
YEAR
ANNUAL ARITHMETIC AVERAGE (PPM)
0.03--NA*QS«
0.00
10 SITES
S02
1982 1383 1984 1985 1986
YEAR
en
i
ro
ANNUAL SECOND DAILY MAX 1-HR (PPM)
0.20
0.15-
o. 10-
o.os-
o.oo
12
1982 1983 1984 1985 1986
YEAR
ANNUAL ARfTHMETlC AVERAGE (PPM)
ANNUAL SECOND MAXIMUM 8-HR AVG. (PPM)
0.06-
, 0 . 05 -
0.04-
O.Oi-
0.02-
0.01-
6SfTES
ro tp- T -j
NO?
>
15 -
10-
5_
0-
esrris CO
._ .
T | |%^*~~~ii.
1982 1983 1984 1985 1986
YEAR
1982 1933 1984 1985 1986
TEAR
Figure 5-10. Air Quality Trends in the Composite Mean and Range of Pollutant-Specific Statistics
for the St. Louis, MO-IL Urbanized Area, 1982-1986.
-------
5.10 DENVER, COLORADO URBANIZED AREA
The Denver urbanized area had a 1980 population of 1,352,070,
including all of Denver County plus portions of Adams, Arapahoe, Boulder,
Douglas, and Jefferson Counties. At the maximum boundaries, the urbanized
area extends about 27 miles east to west and 26 miles north to south.
Denver, the capital of Colorado, is located at the western edge of the
great plains of the midwest, with the Rocky Mountains just to its west.
Denver is one of the highest cities in the United States, with an altitude
of about 1 mile above sea level.
Although manufacturing is slight compared to other cities of similar
populations, Denver does have manufacturing industries for rubber goods and
luggage. Other industries include food processing, milling, printing,
publishing, steel processing, machinery manufacture, and power generation.
Denver has a large stockyard, with the largest sheep market in the
United States. In recent years, many energy concerns have located their
headquarters in Denver.
The meteorology in Denver is unique in that air masses from at least
four different sources influence the weather in the urbanized area. These
sources are polar air from Canada and the far northwest, moist air from the
Gulf of Mexico, warm dry air from Mexico and the southwest, and Pacific air
modified by the passage overland. Since Denver is a long distance from any
moisture source and is separated from the Pacific by high mountains, it
generally has low relative humidity and an average precipitation of only 14
inches per year. Figure 5-11 shows the trends graphs for the pollutants.
5-22
-------
ANNUAL GEOMETRIC MEAN
ANNUAL MAX QUARTERLY MEAN (UG/M3)
ANNUAL ARITHMETIC AVERAGE (PPM)
7fifi
180-
160-
140-
120-
100-
80-
60-
40-
20-
^
9SfIES
^
' ^
> _
^=N
1982 1983 1984 1985 1986
ISP
2 -
n -
4;
-NAAQS-"
3fTES
_^_1WW«,^»,».^_,,
w~m,^~.,.
^~~\
__.»___..
X.
Nl
1982 1983 1984 1985 1986
YEAR
en
i
ro
U)
ANNUAL SECOND DAILY MAX 1-HR (PPM)
0.20-
0. »5-
0,05-
o.oo-
SSITES
-NAWS.(,
^
^T-
I
~-~JL
i
T
^-^*i
YEAR
ANNUAL ARfTHMOlC AVERAGE
03
_.
0.06-
O.OS-
0.04-
0 03 -
0.02-
0.01 -
0.00-
(PPM)
3 SITES
-HtMK-
<
i ammmm, i i . .
^
^^
f^
^ ^,
«Wiil^^>
^^,^^.
-^
}
Pbj
0,02-
0.01 -
ZSfTES S02
T T
«>- '^^L T T
r~ ^_ (i
1982 1983 1984 1985 1386
YEAR
ANNUAL SECOND MAXIMUM 8-HR AVG. (PPM)
N02
-^
30-
25-
20-
4 C _
10-
5-
o -
ssriES CO
_
T T
tr*^"^*^ - <»
J- -11
1982 1983 1984 1985 1986
YEAR
1982 1983 1984 1985 Ibo6
YEAR
1982 1983 1984 1985 1986
YEAR
Figure 5-11. Air Quality Trends in the Composite Mean and Range of Pollutant-Specific Statistics
for the Denver, CO Urbanized Area, 1982-1986.
-------
5.11 LOS ANGELES-LONG BEACH, CALIFORNIA URBANIZED AREA
The Los Angeles-Long Beach urbanized area is the second largest in the
United States, in both population and land area. The area has a population
of 9,479,436 according to the 1980 census and measures 70 miles from east
to west, and 71 miles from north to south. The area stretches 90 miles in
its longest dimension, that is, northwest to southeast and contains approxi-
mately 1,700 square miles. The urban area comprises parts of Los Angeles,
Orange, and San Bernardino Counties.
The urbanized area is a flat area bounded by the Pacific Ocean on the
west and south, and by the San Gabriel and San Bernardino Mountains on the
north and east. The meteorology in the area is complex, with frequent
occurrences of strong persistent temperature inversions, particularly
during the period of May through October. The wind pattern is dominated by
a land-sea breeze circulation system that sometimes allows pollutants to be
transported out to sea at night, only to return inland during the ensuing
daylight hours on the sea breeze.
Although automotive sources contribute the bulk of the emissions, the
area has a lot of manufacturing and service related industries, as well as
petroleum refining and production, chemical plants, fuel burning electric
utilities, and numerous industrial boilers contributing to pollution levels,
The climate is mild-and along with the high incidence of sunlight and
latitude of the area, is conducive to a year-long ozone season. Figure
5-12 shows the trends of the six pollutants during the study period.
' 5-24
-------
ANNUAL MAX QUARTERLY MEAN
ANNUAL ARITHMETIC AVERAGE (PPM)
120-
100-
80-
60-
40-
20-
0-
12
jflflS
"" V*T
" i
1
OK
TV
2-
1 -
0_
ni
HNUUKB-"
(
19
3TES
Xj
82 191
93 19t
X. T
1^4-4
M 1985 1986
Pb
0 03-
0 02
o.ot-
0.00-
Hsres $02
f T I T T
<>- I L^I
IT r^i t
1982 1S83 SB4 1985 1986
1982 1983 1984 1985 1986
YEAR
YEAR
YEAR
tn
r
ro
en
ANNUAL SEOND DALY MAX 1-Hi
0.40-
0.35-
0.30-
0.25-
0.20
u.tS-
0.10-
0.05-
O.OO
17 SITES 03
<
^-^
^kx,
1982 1983 1984 1985 1986
YEAR
ANNUAL ARITHMETIC AVERAGE (PPM)
0.08
0.07
0.06-
0.01'
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0,00
H02
1982 1983 884 1985 1986
YEAR
ANNUAL SECOND MAXMJM 8-tiR Am (PH»Q
30-
25-
20-
15-
10-
5-
n-
e SITES I CO
llxx,
^
"--^
1983 S64 1985
YEAR
1986
Figure 5-12. Air Quality Trends in the Composite Mean and Range of Pollutant-Specific Statistics
for the Los Angeles - Long Beach, CA Urbanized Area, 1982-1986.
-------
5.12 PHOENIX, ARIZONA URBANIZED AREA
The Phoenix urbanized area is one of the fastest growing major
urbanized areas in the country. The population increased by 65 percent
between the 1970 and 1980 census, from 863,357 to 1,409,442. The urbanized
area extends 51 miles east to west and 32 miles north to south. Phoenix
itself has a population of 789,704.
The Phoenix urbanized area is in the Sunbelt and has moderate to warm
winters and hot summers. The "Valley of the Sun", as the area is called,
averages sunshine 86 percent of all the possible sunshine hours, with only
7 inches of rain per year. Mountainous terrain is north, east, anl south of
Phoenix. The differential cooling of the desert and the mountains, coupled
with a nightime drainage wind flow pattern, causes pollutants to be trans-
ported away from Phoenix during the day only to return later during the
night.
The "Valley of the Sun" is primarily a tourist area, with approximately
6 million annual visitors. Accordingly, the economy is primarily commercial
and service oriented. Although tourism is high, among the 75 largest
metropolitan areas, Phoenix has the smallest number of miles of freeways.
Figure 5-13 illustrates the trends for all the pollutants in the urbanized
area.
5-26-
-------
ANNUAL GEOMETRIC MEAN (UG/M )
140-
120-
100
80-
60-
40-
20-
n -
69TCS BP
T V>-~ 4 c,
- NnMS-4 i - '
1982 1983 1984 1985 1986
ANNUAL MAX QUARTERLY MIAN (UG/M3)
1 -~
oj
8STFES
-NM05
Pb
t982 1983 198* 1985 1986
YEAR
SO,
INSUFFICIENT DATA
ANNUAL SECOND DAILY MAX 1-HR (PPM)
ANNUAL AMMMOIC AVERAGE fPM)
0,20-
0. IS-
C'. 10-
O.05-
fi nn ~
7 SiTCS 03
T
^^^[_J^T
1
1982 19B3 884
YEAR
0.07-
o.os-
0,05-
0.04-
0.03-
0.02-
0.01 -
0.00-
ISfTE ^)02
«v
x-^^-^
ANNUAL SECOND MAXIMUM 8-HR AVG. (PPM)
20-
15-
10-
5-
7SfIE5
1982 t983 1984 1985 1986
YEW?
Figure 5-13. Air Quality Trends in the Composite Mean and Range of Pollutant-Specific Statistics
for the Phoenix, AZ Urbanized Area, 1982-1986.
-------
5.13 PORTLAND, OREGON-WASHINGTON URBANIZED AREA
The Portland urbanized area covers approximately 300 square miles and
includes over 1,020,000 people. Approximately 50 percent of the population
lives in Multnomah County, and the rest live in parts of Clackamas and
Washington Counties in Oregon and part of Clark County, Washington. The
urbanized area is bounded roughly by Hazel Dell and Orchards in Washington
to the north; Forest Grove, Oregon to the west; Troutdale and Gresham to
the east; and Beaver Creek to the south.
Until the 1940s, Portland was largely a commercial and transportation
center. With the introduction of relatively cheap hydroelectric power in
the 1940s, metallurgical and chemical industries augmented the ongoing
commerce of the area.
The Portland area is about 65 miles from the Pacific Ocean and is
partially shielded from the maritime climate by the surrounding hills and
mountains. The winds are generally southeasterly during the winter and
northwesterly during summer. The average precipitation for the area is 37
inches, and typically 88 percent of the rainfall occurs in the months of
October through May. The trends graphs for all pollutants are shown in
Figure 5-14.
5-28
-------
ANNUAL GEOMETRIC MEAN (UG/M3)
100-
80
60-i
40
20-
15 SITES
1982 1983 1984 1985 1986
YEAR
ANNUAL MAX QUARTERLY MEAN (UG/W3)
2-
6SITES
Pb
-HA*OS-
1982 1983 1984 1985 1986
YEAR
ANNUAL ARITHMETIC AVERAGE (PPM)
o.oo
2SfTES
502
0.03- -HJUOS-
0.02 -
O.OI -
1982 1983 1984 1985 1986
YEAR
in
i
ro
ANNUAL SECOND DAILY MAX 1-HR (PPM)
0.2Q-
0.15-
0. JO-
0.05-
3 SITES
03
~r~~ ~^r"
1982 1983 1984 1985 1986
YEAR
INSUFFICIENT DATA
ANNUAL SECOND MAXIMUM 8-HR AVG. (PPM)
15-
10-
5-
5 SITES
CO
1982 1983 1984 1985 1986
YEAR
Figure 5-i4. Air Quality Trends in the Composite Mean and Range of Pollutant-Specific Statistics
for the Portland, OR-WA Urbanized Area, 1982-1986.
-------
5-14 SEATTLE-EVERETT, WASHINGTON URBANIZED AREA
The Seattle-Everett urbanized area, which includes Seattle, Everett,
Bellevue, and other smaller towns, ranks 20th nationally in population
size, with a 1980 population of 1,391,535. Tacoma, even though adjacent to
Seattle, is a separate urbanized area and is not included. The area covers
approximately 410 square miles, and most of the population (approximately
85 percent) lives in King County, with the remainder in Snohomish County.
Seattle's location on Puget Sound, with a good harbor and ready access
to the Pacific Ocean, made the city an ideal location for commerce to
develop in the timber trades. Beginning with the early timber trade,
Seattle has grown to be a major port city in foreign trade, leading to
growth in manufactured products and development of other transportation
facilities.
Seattle is located 100 to 150 miles inland from the Pacific Ocean and
is bounded on three sides by the Cascade and Olympic mountain ranges, which
moderate the Pacific maritime and continental climates. The sheltering
from the climates to the east and west of the mountain ranges provides a
rather mild winter and summer. Annual precipitation is approximately 34
inches, most of which falls between October and March. Figure 5-15 depicts
the trends for all the pollutants in the urbanized area.
5-30
-------
ANNUAL GEOMETRIC MEAN
80
60-
40-
20-
12 STIES
TSP
1982 1983 1984 1965 1986
YEAR
ANNUAL MAX QUARTERLY MEAN (UG/1^3)
8-
6-
4-
6 SITES
t982 J983 19B4 1985 1986
YEAR
ANNUAL ARITHMETIC AVERAGE (PPM)
O.OS-
0.02-
0.01 -
o.oo-
3STTES S02
.^
0 ir III
11 | X $
1982 1983 1984 1985 1986
YEAR
ui
OJ
ANNUAL SECOND DAILY MAX 1-Hi (PPM)
0.20-
0. 15-
0. 10-
0.05-
0.00
6SfTES
1982 1983 1984 1985 1986
YEAR
ANNUAL ARfTHMCTC AVERAGE (PPM)
0.06-
0.05-
0.04-
0.03-
0.02-
0.01-
-KAJIQS
0.00
2 SUES
N02
1982 1983 1984 1985 1986
YEAR
ANMJAL SECOND MAXIMUM 8-HR AVG. (PPM)
15-
10-
5-
8SITES
CO
1982 1983 1984 1985 1986
YEAR
Figure 5-15. Air Quality Trends in the Composite Mean and Range of Pollutant-Specific Statistics
for the Seattle, WA Urbanized Area, 1982-1986.
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5.15 AIR QUALITY TRENDS FOR FIVE GEOGRAPHICAL AREAS
The previous sections include year to year individual urbanized area
1982 to 1986 trends for the six criteria pollutants. Table 5-2, developed
from these trends, presents a pollutant-specific summary of the overall
changes in concentration levels for each of the 14 urbanized areas. These
14 areas are grouped according to five arbitrarily arranged geographic
areas: East, Midwest, South, Southwest, and Northwest. The breakdown by
urbanized area is as follows:
East - Boston, New York, Baltimore, Philadelphia
Midwest - Chicago, Detroit, St. Louis
South - Atlanta, Houston
Southwest - Denver, Los Angeles, Phoenix
Northwest - Portland, Seattle
Composite geographic area averages of the overall 5-year change in
air quality concentrations have been prepared. In the individual geogra-
phic area averages, each city has equal weight, regardless of the number
of monitors operating. For comparison to the national trends, however,
each city's input is weighted by the number of monitors operating for a
given pollutant. The following discussion addresses these findings.
Table 5-2. Percent Change in Air Quality Trend Statistics1982to 1986
TSP_ Pb_ S02 CO NOo 0
National
- 3
-68
-11
-13
- 1
- 4
East
Midwest
South
Southwest
Northwest
Weighted
Boston
New York
Philadelphia
Baltimore
Detroit
Chicago
St» Louis
Atlanta
Houston
Denver
Phoenix
Los Angeles
Portland
Seattle
Average^
- 1
- 8
- 3
- 4
- 9
- 5
- 2
+17
-28
-11
+11
+10
+ 9
+ 6
- 5
-80
-78
- 8
-79
-74
-63
-57
-85
-8ic
-77
_64a
-74
-76
-71
-69
-15
-17
-19
-25
-33
-11
'-12
Ob
7
-26
-
-30
O.a
-10
-18
-49
-12
-12
+14
- 2
-43
-17
-27
- 5
+ 3
- 2
-16
-30
- 3
-15
+13
- 7
- 4
+ 7
+10a
- 7
- 3
+19
-10
+18
-36*
- 5
-25
- 4
- 4
-13
- 8
- 5
-20
- 9
+ 4
+20
-12
0
+ 1
-14
+ 7
- 3
- 7
aTrend based on 1982-1985 data
bTrend based on 1983-1986 data
cExtrapolated 5-year trend based on 4-year trend
^Weighted by number of monitors in each city for comparison to national
average
5-32
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5.15.1 TSP Trends
The trend of the weighted average of the 14 cities trend of 5 percent
is similar to the nation's downward trend of 3 percent during the 1982 to
1986 period. On a region-specific basis, the East, Midwest, and South
had decreasing trends of 4 percent, 5 percent, and 6 percent, respectively,
while the Southwest and the Northwest had increasing trends of 3 and 8
percent, respectively. However, the TSP trend reported last year for the
1981 to 1985 time period shows a major change from the 1982 to 1986
period. The 1981 to 1985 national trend showed a decrease of 18 percent,
and the 14 city weighted average showed a decrease of 17 percent, compared
to the 1982 to 1986 5-year drops of 3 and 5 percent, respectively. The
last year that glass fiber filters were used w,as 1981, which may have
biased the data high because of artifact formation.^ in 1982, filters
were used which eliminated the artifact formation. The decrease in the
national TSP levels from 1981 to 1982 was 14 percent. This 14 percent
decrease is of almost the same magnitude as the difference in the drop
between the 1981 to 1985 trend and the 1982 to 1986 trend. Such situations
illustrate the need to evaluate the conditions of the beginning or base
year on a short term trend analysis. Although the 14 city weighted
average trend was similar to the national average trend, the individual
cities varied from a plus 17 percent in Atlanta to a minus 28 percent in
Houston. The decrease in Houston is a consistent annual decrease occurring
over at least the last 5 to 6 years. The increase in Atlanta has all
occurred in the last year and is perhaps more heavily influenced by
meteorology.
5.15.2 Pb Trends
The national trend for lead shows a 68 percent decrease, and the 14
city weighted average shows a 69 percent decrease. On a regional basis,
the consistency is remarkable as well. The East and Midwest had decreas-
ing trends of 61 percent and 65 percent, respectively, the South had an
83 percent decrease, the Northwest a drop of 74 percent, and the South-
west a 71 percent drop. The only city to deviate significantly from the
norm was Philadelphia, which showed a decrease of only 8 percent for the
1982 to 1986 period. One site in Philadelphia is a source oriented site
located near a plant which manufactures lead oxide pigment for paint. If
this site is eliminated from the analysis, the remaining 6 sites, traffic
oriented, still show only a 12 percent decrease. However, one of these
remaining sites shows an increase of 146 percent between 1982 and 1986.
This site is downwind of a major interstate highway, and major construc-
tion has occurred in the vicinity and will continue in the vicinity over
the next few years. It is suspected that the construction activity is
causing the reentrainment of dust containing deposited Pb particles,
which would account for the increasing Pb levels monitored at this site.
If this site is also eliminated from the analysis, the remaining 5 traffic
oriented sites reflect a decrease of 53 percent, which more closely
follows the national drop of 68 percent.
5-33
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5.15.3 SOgTRENDS
The weighted average of the 14 cities showed an 18 percent decrease
compared to an 11 percent decrease in the national average. The East and
Midwest both had a 19 percent decrease. The Southwest exceeded the -
national trend with an average decrease of 29 percent, while the North-
west and the South had substantially lower decreases of 5 percent and 4
percent, respectively. While none of the individual cities had a posi-
tive trend over the time period, 2 cities, Portland and Atlanta, showed
no change in SOg levels. These cities are among the cities having the
lowest measured SOp averages of the 14 cities studied.
5.15.4 CO TRENDS
Similar to the other pollutant primarily attributable to motor
vehicle emissions, lead, the trends in CO are remarkably uniform within
each geographic area when compared to the .national average. The East,
Midwest, South, Southwest, and Northwest areas decreased, respectively,
by 15, 21, 16, 10, and 17 percent. The overall weighted average decrease
of 15 percent is close to the national composite average decrease of 13
percent. Of the individual cities, Boston and Chicago stand out as
examples of exceptionally large decreases, 49 percent and 43 percent,
respectively. The 49 percent decrease in Boston is attributable to the
abnormally high CO levels recorded in 1982, and this overshadowed even a
modest increase between 1985 and 1986. Chicago, however, has been showing
a strong decrease each year since 1983, and 1986 continues this trend.
On the other hand, the only two cities to experience an increasing
trend over the 1982 to 1986 time period, Baltimore with 14 percent and
Denver with 3 percent, also experienced increases in CO levels during the
1985 to 1986 period. The State of Maryland pointed out, however, that
the Baltimore data indicated that the number of exceedances at the worst
site decreased by 67 percent over the 1982 through 1986 period and the
apparent increase in the second maximum 8-hour period represents the
severity of meterological inversions rather than a general increase in.CO
levels.
5.15.5 NO? Trends
Data for NO? trends analyses continue to be sparse in many of the
cities used. Although the 14 city weighted average trend of minus 4
percent compares favorably with the national trend decrease of 1 percent,
the range in the trend values for the individual cities spans from a
decrease of 36 percent to an increase of 19 percent. These extreme
variations are observed only in those cities having 3 or fewer monitors,
The range of the trend values from the 6 cities having 5 or more NOg
monitors is much less, from 0 to a 10 percent decrease. On a geographical
basis, the East had a 2 percent increase, the Midwest had no change, the
South a B percent increase, and the Southwest a drop of 8 percent. The
Northwest, which was based on 1 city, Seattle, with only 2 monitors, had
a 25 percent decrease.
5-34
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5.15.6 0-3 Trends
The national composite trend of a minus 4 percent is exceeded by the
14 city weighted average trend of 7 percent. The East and the Midwest
lead the decrease with 8 percent. The South had a 4 percent increase, the
Southwest a 4 percent decrease, and the Northwest an increase of 2 percent.
A close inspection of the trend graphs for the 14 cities shows that
1983 was an unusual year that favored elevated ozone levels. The reasons
for this were elaborated in prior trend reports, but meteorology, pri-
marily the elevated summer temperature and available sunshine, was the
prime contributor. Twelve of the 14 cities showed a substantial increase
from 1982 to 1983, while the two cities in the northwest recorded rninor
decreases. In 1984, the meteorological conditions were more typical, and
all 14 cities showed a decrease. The average increase between 1982 and
1983 of the 14 cities was 12 percent, and the decrease between 1983 and
1984 was 12 percent. This change is three times the average decrease of
4 percent for the 14 cities between 1982 and 1986. With 1983 serving as
the base year of a 5 year trend period, the trend could show a misleadingly
high level of improvement. The following year, either a lower level of
improvement or a possible degradation in air quality may be indicated
merely by changing the base year.
5-35
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5.16 REFERENCES
1. 1980 Census of Populatlon, PC 80-1, U. S. Bureau of Census, Washington,
W,December 1981.
* US. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1 a » »5 > R-n
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing}
. REPORT NO.
EPA 450/4-88-001
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO,
A. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
National Air Quality and Emissions Trends Report, 1986
5. REPORT DATE
February 1988
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
< Huntj Jr1. NO, OF PAGES
20. SECURITY CLASS (This page)
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (Rav. 4-77) PREVIOUS EDITION is OBSOLETE
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