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Fernald Preserve
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Table of Contents
Introduction
Site History
Remedial Status
Current Use
Components of Success
Benefits of Reuse
3
4
5
8
9
15
Cover images: View of Fernald Preserve looking to the west from On-
Site Disposal Facility [top]; Fernald Preserve Visitors Center [bottom]
(Source: U.S. Department of Energy)
Developed for the EPA by E2 Inc.
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Fernald Preserve
Executive Summary
At the Fernald Preserve (formerly Feed Materials Production
Center), a former U.S. Department of Energy uranium processing
facility in rural southwest Ohio, remedial actions have addressed
contamination at the site, and long-term ground water cleanup
is under way. The remedial process at the site engaged
community members and federal and state agencies in a process
that integrated remedial planning and future land-
use considerations. These collaborative efforts led
to the selection and implementation of remedies for
five operable units and integration of remedial
actions with environmental restoration projects
across the site. The innovative and cost-effective
cleanup transformed a contaminated site into a
publicly accessible ecological preserve where
wetlands, prairie and forest ecosystems provide
valuable wildlife habitat and educational exhibits
that help tell the story of the site's history, cleanup
and ongoing restoration. This report outlines the
site's history, summarizes remedial status and
current land uses, highlights key factors that helped
Figure 1. Location Map
Feed Materials •
Production Center
Site
Figure 2. Site Vicinity Map
transition the site to its current use, and details benefits of the site's reuse.
Introduction
The Fernald Preserve (Fernald site), formerly
known as the Feed Materials Production
Center, Fernald Environmental Management
Project and Fernald Closure Project, is a
former uranium production facility located 18
miles northwest of Cincinnati, Ohio. The 1,050-
acre facility lies in a rural residential area in
Crosby and Ross Townships north of the town
of Fernald. An estimated population of 14,600
resides within five miles of the Fernald site.
Figure 3. Fernald Property Map
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Fernald Preserve
Site History
The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and its predecessor
agency the Atomic Energy Commission, operated the Feed
Materials Production Center at the Fernald site from 1951-
1991. At the facility, DOE processed uranium ore to support
U.S. Department of Energy nuclear weapons programs.
In 1951, the DOE acquired 1,050 acres of land from 11 private
land owners and constructed the processing facility. One year
later, processing activities began. Uranium ore was
transported to the site and processed in foundries to produce
high-purity uranium. The purified uranium or "feed materials"
were used as targets inserted into nuclear reactors at the
Hanford facility in Washington state that produced plutonium
for extraction and use in weapon construction. From 1952-
1989, the facility produced more than 500 million pounds of
uranium metal and approximately 1.5 billion pounds of waste
material. During the facility's operation, processing activities
led to the contamination of site soil, surface water and ground
water (underground water supplies).
Following the discovery of uranium-contaminated ground
water in neighboring residential wells in the 1980s, the site
drew national attention from the media and litigation from the
state of Ohio and local citizens and workers. Political pressure
to close and clean up the facility steadily mounted throughout
the late 1980s. Geopolitical changes, signaled by the end of the
Cold War in 1989, led the DOE to cease uranium production
and shift its mission at the Fernald site to environmental
management.
In a 22-year period from 1986-2008, uranium production at
the site ended, the site's remedial investigations were
completed, remedies were selected and implemented for five
operable units and the site was returned to use as a publicly
accessible open space. These accomplishments were made
possible by a collaborative effort among federal and state
agencies, contractors and community stakeholders. The
following sections of the report outline the site's remedial
status and current land use, highlight several key factors that
led to the successful cleanup and reuse and identify the
benefits of the site's reuse.
Site History Timeline
1951: U.S. Atomic Energy
Commission acquires property and
builds facility.
1952: Uranium processing begins.
1986: State of Ohio initiates claim
against the DOE for violations of
multiple environmental regulations
including natural resources
damages; the EPA and DOE sign
Federal Facilities Compliance
Agreement initiating the Remedial
Investigation/Feasibility Study.
1989: Site listed on the EPA's
National Priorities List.
1989: Uranium production ceases.
1991: Mission officially changed to
remediation.
1993: Natural Resources Trustees
named; the DOE convenes Fernald
Citizens Advisory Board.
1993-1996: Records of Decision
issued for site's five operable units.
1998: The DOE issues draft Natural
Resources Restoration Plan.
2006: Remedial actions complete
with long-term ground water
remedy in place; restoration
projects underway.
2008: Fernald Preserve is open to
the public.
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Remedial Status
The following section summarizes the site's regulatory
background, contaminants of concern, remedial status, cleanup
process and institutional controls.
Regulatory Background:
In 1986, the state of Ohio filed claims against the DOE for
violations of multiple environmental regulations including
natural resource damages, and in that same year the DOE
entered into a Federal Facilities Compliance Agreement with
the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency that established the
DOE as the site's responsible party with the EPA as the lead
regulatory agency. This agreement also initiated Remedial
Investigation activities at the site. In 1989, the EPA placed the
site on the National Priorities List, making it eligible for cleanup
under the Superfund program.
Site Contamination:
Uranium processing at the site led to the contamination of the
site's soil, surface water and ground water. The primary
contaminants of concern are listed in the sidebar on the right.
Site Operable Units:
Complex cleanup sites are often divided into smaller sections
called operable units or OUs. Five OUs were designated at
Fernald. A Record of Decision (ROD) was issued for each OU. A
list of OUs and corresponding ROD issuance and remedial
action completion dates are provided in the column to the
right. Figure 4 on Page 6 illustrates the location of the five OUs.
Site Contamination
The primary contaminants of
concern at the site include:
Radiological compounds
(uranium, radium, technetium,
and thorium)
Inorganic compounds
(arsenic , beryllium, cadmium,
silver, nickel and lead)
Organic compounds
(solvents)
Operable Units
GUI: Waste Pits
Record of Decision - 1995
Remedial Action - 2005
OU2: Other Waste Units
(solid waste landfill, lime sludge ponds,
southern waste units)
Record of Decision - 1995
Remedial Action-2004
OLJ3: Production Area
Interim Record of Decision - 1994
Record of Decision - 1996
Remedial Action-2006
OU4: Silos
Record of Decision - 2000
Remedial Action - 2006
OLJ5: Environmental Media
(Soil, Ground water, Surface water)
Record of Decision - 1996
Remedial Action - October 2006
(soil and surface water)
, J .. • '
The Feed Materials Production Center (Source: U.S. DOE, 1998)
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Overview of Remedial Action Projects:
As of October 2006, all surface remedial
action projects implementing the OU
RODs are complete. Site cleanup
activities were implemented through
multiple remedial action projects that
addressed contamination across the
operable units as summarized below.
• Waste Pits Remedial Action Project
(OU1): The waste pit contents were
excavated, thermally dried and
shipped by rail to a licensed,
commercial disposal facility in Utah.
• On-Site Disposal Facility (OU2, OU3,
and OU5): Approximately 2.95
million cubic yards of low-level
radioactive soil and debris were
excavated and disposed of in an
engineered On-Site Disposal Facility
(OSDF). The OSDF includes eight
cells covered by a single cap
measuring 950 feet wide by 3,600
feet long and 65 feet high.
Operable Units
OU1-Waste Pits
OU2-OtherWaste Units
OU3 - Production Area
• OU4-Silos
OU5 - Environmental Media
Figure 4. Operable Units Map (source: us. DOE)
Production Area (OU3): More than
300 buildings, supporting
equipment, inventoried hazardous material, scrap metal piles and remediation facilities were
addressed under OU3. On-site buildings were decontaminated and dismantled. Debris within the
waste acceptance criteria was consolidated in the OSDF. Materials with a higher level of
contamination were shipped off-site for disposal.
Silos Project (OU4): Silos 1 & 2 waste was solidified and placed in casks. The casks were shipped to a
disposal facility in Texas. Waste from Silo 3 was removed via vacuum, conditioned for shipment,
packaged in bags and sea-land containers and shipped to a licensed, commercial disposal facility in
Utah.
Soils Characterization and Excavation Project (OU2 and OU5): Contaminated soil exceeding the
uranium cleanup level of 82 parts per million were excavated from the site and low-level soil was
consolidated in the OSDF. Soil with higher levels of contamination was shipped off-site for disposal.
A soil certification process using radiation scanners, physical sampling and statistical analysis was
used to determine that remedial action goals had been achieved.
Aquifer Restoration and Waste Water Project (OU5): Contaminated ground water in the Great
Miami Aquifer is being cleaned up to restore ground water to drinking water standards (30 ppm
uranium). The site's Ground Water Remediation System/Waste Water Treatment Facility,
operational since 1993, utilizes an extraction and treatment system to address uranium
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contaminated ground water extending over a 196-acre portion of the Great Miami Aquifer. That
aquifer is designated as a sole-source aquifer and is a regional drinking water source. Ground water
users in the area affected by site's off-site ground water contamination are served by an alternate
water supply to prevent exposure to contamination.
Institutional Controls:
A large volume of soil and debris contaminated with radiological compounds is contained within the
OSDF and concentrations of contamination remaining in site soil and ground water are present at levels
that prevent unrestricted future use and unlimited exposure at the Fernald site, therefore institutional
controls are required to restrict future uses and potential exposures. An institutional controls plan is in
place at the site and requires constant monitoring and updating. The primary institutional controls
outlined in the 2009 Institutional Controls Plan include:
B Site Ownership: Proprietary controls originate from responsibilities of site ownership. The Fernald
site and OSDF will remain in federal ownership in perpetuity. DOE Office of Legacy Management is
responsible for monitoring and maintenance of the OSDF and Fernald Preserve property.
• Governmental Controls: Institutional controls also include restrictions on the use of property. An
environmental covenant contains restrictions on residential and agricultural uses of the site, ground
water use and requires that the site remain in federal ownership in perpetuity. Restrictions outlined
in the environmental covenant are also noted on deeds and real estate notations.
• Preventing Unauthorized Use: Access barriers are in place to restrict unauthorized access to the
OSDF and signage and educational exhibits direct site users to authorized use of site trails, roads and
the Visitors Center. Educational exhibits at the site describe the site's remedy and outline future use
restrictions, including summaries of legal restrictions as well as notices about access restrictions.
Site security staff conduct regular patrols of the OSDF, preserve areas, perimeter fencing and
facilities to prevent unauthorized access.
The Fernald Preserve's snow covered wetlands, open water and prairie areas are visible in the foreground; the mounded OSDF
area is visible in the background.
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Current Use
Current land uses include more than 900 acres of
restored habitat for ecological uses and limited public
access and a 120-acre On-Site Disposal Facility that
contains low-level radioactive waste material excavated
during remedial work and 29 acres of infrastructure. A
recently renovated Visitors Center, which achieved the
U.S. Green Building Council's certification for Leadership
in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED), fosters
education about former site operations, contamination,
remediation and restoration, and long-term surveillance
and maintenance. Today, ecological restoration projects
are underway throughout the Fernald Preserve's five
ecosystems, which include upland and riparian
forestlands, tallgrass prairie, savannah, wetlands and
open water.
Visitors Center:
Current Land Uses
• Fernald Preserve Visitors Center
• 395 acres of forest
• 332 acres of prairie
• 33 acres of savanna
• 81 acres of wetland
• 60 acres of open water
• 7.4 miles of walking trails
• 120-acre On-Site Disposal Facility
• 29 acres of infrastructure
The Visitors Center is the result of a $6.6 million renovation of a former warehouse structure. The
Visitors Center houses educational exhibits documenting the history of the Fernald site from its pre-
settlement use as a hunting ground for indigenous Native American tribes, to uranium production
operations, to its current use as a protected green space and nature preserve. The Visitors Center also
includes a state-of the art community meeting room and reading room.
The Fernald Preserve Visitors Center (Source: US DOE)
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Fernald Preserve:
Trails and site habitats provide opportunities for
limited public access including wildlife viewing,
environmental education, birdwatching, walking,
and hiking. Public access to the preserve provides
learning opportunities for visitors and local
educational institutions.
On-Site Disposal Facility:
The Fernald site's 120-acre OSDF is a prominent
physical feature visible from trails, viewing
platforms and the atrium at the Visitors Center.
Access to the OSDF is restricted. However,
educational exhibits illustrate the components of
the containment cells, cap system and describe
routine maintenance activities.
Components of Success
Figure 5. Fernald Preserve Trail System
(Source: U.S. DOE)
The following section highlights three critical factors that led to the successful cleanup and reuse of the
Fernald site: community involvement in the remedial process, the integration of site remedies and
natural resources restoration goals, and the development of a community-based vision for the site's
reuse.
Community Involvement and Reuse Planning at Fernald:
Citizen participation played a critical role in the cleanup and restoration of the Fernald site. Community
groups including the Fernald Residents for Environmental Safety and Health (FRESH), and the Fernald
Citizen's Advisory Board (FCAB), were actively involved in helping to transform the site from a liability to
a community asset.
Citizen Action Advocacy
In 1984, Lisa Crawford was renting property adjacent to the Fernald site when she learned that her well
was contaminated with uranium. At the time, little information was provided to the public about the
risks associated with contamination at Fernald. Her public health concerns and frustration with lack of
communication from the DOE or its contractors led her to found Fernald Residents for Environmental
Safety and Health (FRESH). According to Crawford, "When FRESH first started out, we were a group of
angry moms concerned for the health of our children. And we learned very quickly how to operate
effectively in Washington." From 1984-2006, Crawford and FRESH advocated for a transparent and
effective cleanup process at Fernald by influencing key decision-makers, educating the larger
community, and participating in the national debate on nuclear waste issues. Making annual trips to
Washington, D.C., Crawford helped to ensure that adequate funding was allocated for public
involvement and cleanup at the Fernald site. And locally, FRESH challenged federal and state
representatives and contractors to work openly with a very active community. Crawford recognizes that,
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while her individual efforts have paid off, the outcomes at the Fernald site were the result of a
collaborative effort among the agencies, their contractors and local citizens.
Collaborative Decision-Making
In the early 1990's, the DOE began to recognize the need for effective and focused stakeholder input in
cleanup decisions and formed site specific advisory boards at the three sites in the DOE nuclear
weapons system, including the Fernald Site, the Mound Site in Miamisburg, Ohio, and the Rocky Flats
Site located near Denver, Colorado. In 1993, the DOE convened the Fernald Citizens Task Force, which
later became the Fernald Citizens Advisory Board (FCAB), which was composed of 14 citizen
representatives as well as agency staff from the EPA, the
DOE, the Ohio EPA and the federal Agency for Toxic
Substance and Disease Registry (ATSDR). The DOE engaged
the University of Cincinnati's Dr. Eula Bingham to serve as a
neutral third-party convener, who appointed representatives
to the task force and identified a chairperson. The DOE then
asked the task force to make specific recommendations
regarding a range of key decisions including the future use of
the site, residual risk and remediation levels, waste disposal
alternatives and priorities for remedial actions.
John Applegate, who served as chair of the Citizens Task
Force and chair of FCAB from 1993-1998 explains the role of
the advisory board in the remedial decision-making process:
"FCAB meetings provided the venue and impetus for
working through complex issues in a systematic way. In
order to participate effectively in the decision-making
process, community members needed to understand the
technical issues related to site conditions, contaminant
volumes, potential cleanup alternatives and consequences
of each alternative. Building educational capacity among
FCAB members required participation and commitment
from the DOE and its contractor Fluor-Fernald as well as the
EPA and Ohio EPA staff. The learning experience of FCAB
members helped clarify the key cleanup drivers for all
parties and ultimately led to an elegant, consensus-based , ,
Fernald Citizens Task Force and Advisory Board
decision for the site's cleanup." (Source: [top] Fernald cjtjzens Advjsory Board;
[bottom] U.S. DOE)
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Fernald Preserve
A Balanced Cleanup Approach:
Applegate recognized the challenge of integrating complex technical issues and social dynamics within
the group and sought out the expertise of facilitator and environmental consultant Doug Sarno of the
Perspectives Group. Sarno helped the task force to focus its efforts on the key decisions that needed to
be made over a critical 18-month period of the remedy selection process. According to Sarno, "There
were five operable units at the site, all of them very large, with complex issues ... the decisions that were
most important were the decisions that related to soil cleanup and ground water cleanup and how clean
that site would be when all was said and done and the decision of whether or not waste would be left
on-site or not."l
Remedial Simulation:
During the remedial planning
process at Fernald, FCAB
engaged in a learning exercise
called FUTURESITE.
FUTURESITE was played like a
board game with cards and
chips representing cleanup
costs and contamination
volumes.
FUTURESITE allowed
participants to align potential
land use alternatives and risk
exposure scenarios with the
corresponding volumes of
waste that would need to be
removed to achieve each
exposure scenario.
FCAB members engaged in learning exercises to simulate
remedial approaches for site cleanup and reuse. (Source: US DOE)
Technical discussions, remedial simulation tools and learning
exercises helped advisory board members recognize that a
"balanced approach" for soil remediation and disposal of site
contaminants would lead to the best outcomes. As Lisa Crawford said, "We knew from visiting other
nuclear sites, like the Nevada Test Site, that we didn't want to ship all our waste to someone else's back
yard. And the game showed us that we couldn't afford it. Community members realized that a balanced
approach to cleanup was necessary and that part of the Fernald legacy had to be developing the safest
possible way to manage a large amount of contamination on-site. From early on people didn't want
industry. They wanted a quiet, rural place. People accepted that the site's reuse would have to be a
protected green space."
1 Fernald Living History Project. Interview Transcript: Doug Sarno. March 1, 2001.
http://www.fernaldcommunityalliance.org/FLHPinterviews/Sarno-final.pdf
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Fernald Preserve
Ecosystem restoration activities, such as planting aquatic
vegetation, have transformed areas excavated during
remediation into functional habitats, (source: us. DOE)
Natural Resources Restoration:
Another important component of the
site's cleanup was the restoration of
natural resources. The consensus
decisions regarding land use that came
out of FCAB's work in the mid-1990s
informed the 1996 Records of Decision for
OU3 - Process Area and OU5 - Soil and
Ground Water. With these decisions in
place, the DOE, the EPA and the Ohio EPA
had a clear picture of what site
conditions would be post-remediation.
However, the state of Ohio's 1986
natural resources damage claims against
the DOE had not been settled and
required a plan and set of restoration
strategies.
In 1996, the Natural Resource Trustees (NRTs) formed a council with representation from the Ohio EPA,
the DOE and the U.S. Department of Interior. The NRTs developed a 1998 draft Natural Resources
Restoration Plan (NRRP) for the Fernald site. The NRRP outlined the strategy for ecological restoration of
the Fernald Preserve and served as a framework for transitioning the site from its post-remediation
status to its current land use as an undeveloped park with an emphasis on wildlife.
The NRRP outlined restoration goals and a strategy to implement restoration projects in sequence with
the phasing of site remediation activities.
• Ecological Restoration Goals:
Given the site's post-remedial action conditions, ecological restoration was designed to use the
natural dynamics of ecological systems and involved the restoration of contiguous tracts of
upland and riparian forest, and tallgrass prairie interspersed with open water and wetlands.
• Sequencing Remediation and Restoration:
At the end of each of the Fernald site's remedial action projects, remediation areas were
stabilized, soils were certified as meeting remedial action goals and grading activities were
implemented to prepare for restoration projects. The strategy utilized excavated areas to
support open water, wetland and vernal pool features to avoid the need for backfill.
According to Jane Powell of the DOE's Office of Legacy Management, "The Natural Resources
Restoration Plan is based on a menu of ecosystems that respond to the post-remediation topography.
Deep holes became open water, shallow holes became wetlands, level ground or mounded areas
became prairie."
The NRRP was incorporated into the 2008 consent decree settling the state of Ohio's natural resources
damages suit. Figure 6 on Page 13 illustrates the Current Land Uses at the Fernald site, as of November
2009.
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Fernald Preserve
• Fernald Preserve Boundary H Open Water
- Road-paved Restored Wetland
- Road-gravel | Preserved Vtetland
• Trail ——-. creek
| Building ~ Slream
Fernald Preserve
Current Land Use
November 4, 2009
Figure 6. Fernald Preserve Current Land Use (source: us. DOE, November 2009)
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Fernald Preserve
Future of Fernald: A community-based vision for site reuse
Through the development of the Natural Resources Restoration Plan (NRRP), DOE sought further public
input on the future use of the site. In 1998, DOE released an Environmental Assessment on the Final
Land Use of the Fernald Closure Project (EA). The EA proposed the dedication of 904 acres for ecological
restoration to serve as an undeveloped park, 123 acres to serve as an On-Site Disposal Facility (OSDF),
and 23 acres were set aside for future economic development. In 1998, a public meeting was held to
obtain input on the EA and generated significant community interest and support for the public use of
the site.
A Stakeholder Vision for
the Future of Fernald
Fernald stakeholders envision a
future for the Fernald property
that creates a federally owned
regional destination for educating
this and future generations about
the rich and varied history of
Fernald. We envision a
community resource that serves
the ongoing information needs of
area residents, education needs
of local academic institutions, and
reinternment of Native American
remains. We envision a safe,
secure, and partially accessible
site, integrated with the
surrounding community that
effectively protects human health
and the environment from all
residual contamination and fully
maintains all aspects of the
ecological restoration.
Adopted by Fernald stakeholders at
the third Future of Fernald Workshop,
September 26, 2000.
Interpretive exhibits in the atrium of the Fernald Preserve Visitors
Center. (Source: U.S. DOE)
The FCAB held three meetings during 1999 and 2000, known as
the "Future of Fernald" workshops and made the following
recommendations to DOE.
• Educational Center: Stakeholders recommended that
the Fernald site should serve as a regional educational
center, with a focus on environmental, cultural and
historical information about the site.
• Public Access: Stakeholders asserted that the Fernald
site's reuse should provide public access to restored
habitat areas via designated trails, and a multi-use
educational facility should be open to the public.
Re-internment: Citizens recognized that the area in the vicinity of the site had been hunting and
burial grounds for several Native American tribes. FCAB recommended the re-internment of
Native American remains at the Fernald site.
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Fernald Preserve
Benefits of Site Reuse
The reuse of the Fernald site is helping to generate significant political, financial, economic and social
benefits for site stakeholders and the larger southwest Ohio region.
A Community Supported Reuse Plan
Throughout the remedial process, the DOE, the EPA and the Ohio EPA sought community input on key
decisions. According to the Ohio EPA's Tom Schneider, "The community engagement process at Fernald
was the most extensive and effective effort I've seen, anywhere." From 1994-1998, 60 meetings per
year were held to discuss site contamination and cleanup at Fernald. The significant level of public
engagement built trust among citizens and ultimately led to cleanup and reuse plans that were
supported by community stakeholders, regulatory agencies and the responsible party.
A Cost Effective Cleanup
FCAB recommendations regarding cleanup levels, waste disposal
and future use decisions ultimately allowed 80 percent of
contaminated soil and debris to remain on-site with 20 percent
shipped to off-site disposal facilities. These decisions led to a
more cost effective cleanup. According to Lisa Crawford, "Early
estimates for cleanup were as high as $8 billion." The final
cleanup cost at Fernald was $4.4 billion.
Eco-system restoration
The Natural Resources Restoration Plan transitioned the site from
its post-remediation condition to a nature preserve and
landscape that blends in with the rural character of the area.
Restored wetland, open water and native prairie habitats are
bringing amphibians, reptiles, nesting and migrating bird
populations back to the Fernald site. According to the DOE's Jane
Powell, "One of the species we've been tracking as a keystone
indicator of the prairie habitat function is the dickcissel [a small,
seed-eating bird]. When the preserve first opened we had just
two or three, and today we have over 100 of them. We are seeing
this as evidence of a successful prairie restoration project."
Educational opportunities
As the restored habitats at the Fernald Preserve mature, the site
provides an opportunity for community members and visitors to
learn about and discover native species. For bird watchers,
wildlife photographers and school populations, the preserve is a
valuable regional resource. Since opening in 2008, the Fernald
Preserve has attracted approximately 17,000 visitors.
Construction of vegetative cover on
the site's OSDF [top]; waterfowl at
the Fernald Preserve [bottom].
(Source: U.S. DOE)
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