Soil Scraonfng
Attachment 4-2
Guidance for Developing Ecological

Soil Screening Levels (Eco-SSLs)

Eco-SSL Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) # 3: Wildlife
Toxicity Reference Value Literature Search and Retrieval
OSWER Directive 92857-55


November 2003

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                     Attachment 4-2
       Ecological Soil Screening Levels (Eco-SSLs)
Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) #3: Wildlife Toxicity
                Reference Value Literature Search
                       Version 1.2
                                -SSL
                              al Soil Scronning Lcv«l>
                     Prepared for AFCEE

                            by

                     T N & Associates, Inc.
                     Oak Ridge, Tennessee
                under contract HF41624-97-D-8201
                     Delivery Order #0004

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                     FINAL DRAFT
            Standard Operating Procedure 1

Acquisition of Literature to Support the Development of
         Toxicity Reference Values for Wildlife


                         Version 1.2
                         January 2000
                         Prepared by
                      T N & Associates, Inc.
                      Oak Ridge, Tennessee
                            for
                         EPA/AFCEE
                 under contract HF41624-97-D-8201
                      Delivery Order #0004

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                           ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This guidance was developed by T N & Associates under the auspices of the Tri-Services Group
and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region 8 and U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Emergency and Remedial Response (OERR) and a Task Group. The Task
Group provided valuable input regarding organization and content of this Standard Operating
Procedure. Significant contributors include:
Doris Anders
Janet Burris
David Charters
June Crowe
Anne Fairbrother
Kinzie Gordon
Dale Hoff
Rosemary Holdsworth
Mark Johnson
Jackie Little
Drew Rak
Chris Russom
Brad Sample
Julie Yamamoto
US Air Force
ISSI Consulting Group, Inc.
USEPA Emergency Response Team (ERT)
T N & Associates
EP&T, Inc.
Parsons Engineering Science
USEPA
T N & Associates
US Army CHPPM
T N & Associates
US Army Corps of Engineers
USEPA MED-Duluth
CH2M Hill
California EPA- Office of Environ. Health Hazard Assessment
                                        IV

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                                   DISCLAIMER
The use of company or product name(s) is for identification only and does not imply
endorsement by the U.S. Air Force or the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. This
document does not provide regulatory direction but is intended to provide general guidance for
the acquisition of toxicological literature.
                                          VI

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                         TABLE OF CONTENTS


ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS	X
1.0 SCOPE AND APPLICATION	1

2.0 OVERVIEW	1

3.0 PERSONNEL REQUIREMENTS	1

4.0 DATABASE SELECTION	1
   4.1 ELECTRONIC DATABASES AND PROVIDERS	2
       4.1.1 DIALOG	2
       4.1.2 National Library of Medicine	3
       4.1.3 Environmental Protection Agency	4
       4.1.4 Chemical Information Systems	4
       4.1.5 National Information Services Corporation	4
   4.2 OTHER DATABASES AND SOURCES	4
       4.2.1 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service	5
       4.2.2 Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry	5
       4.2.3 Oak Ridge National Laboratory	5
       4.2.4 Environmental Protection Agency	5
       4.2.5 Science Citation Index	6
       4.2.6 Amphibian and Reptile Contamination and Toxicology Bibliography	6
5.0 LITERATURE SEARCH PROCEDURE	6
   5.1 CHEMICAL NAME, SYNONYMS, AND CAS NUMBER IDENTIFICATION	6
   5.2 RECOMMENDED RECEPTOR GROUPS	7
   5.3 SEARCH STRATEGY DEVELOPMENT	9
   5.4 SUMMARY	11
   5.5 ELECTRONIC LITERATURE SEARCH	13
       5.5.1 Review and Coding of the Electronic Search Results	14
       5.5.2 Retrieve Selected Publications	16
   5.6 MANUAL LITERATURE SEARCH	16
   5.7 SEARCH RESULTS DOCUMENTATION	17
6.0 QUALITY ASSURANCE	17

7.0 REFERENCES	17

APPENDIX A LITERATURE SEARCH FLOWCHART	A-l

APPENDIX B ELECTRONIC DATABASE FILE DESCRIPTIONS	B-l

APPENDIX C COBALT SEARCH EXAMPLE FOR LABORATORY MAMMALS	C-l

APPENDIX D CHEMICAL LIST	D-l
                                    Vlll

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                    ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
AGRICOLA
ATSDR
BIOSIS
CARA
CAS
CD-ROM
ChemID
CIS
CRISP
EcoSSL
EPA
FEDRIP
FTP
FWS
HSDB
IGM
IRIS
KWIC
MESH
NIEHS
NIOSH
NISC
NLM
NTIS
OERR
OHEA
ORNL
RTECS
SIS
SOP
SSL
TEHIP
TRY
Web
Agricultural OnLine Access
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
Toxicological Aspects of Environmental Health
Chemical Assessments and Related Activities
Chemical Abstract Service
Compact disk-read only memory
Chemical Identification
Chemical Information Systems
Toxicology Research Projects
Ecological Soil Screening Level
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Federal Research in Progress
File Transfer Protocol
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
Hazardous Substance Databank
Internet Grateful Med
Integrated Risk Information System
Keywords in Context
Medical Subject Headings
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
National Information Services Corporation
National Library of Medicine
National Technical Information Service
EPA Office of Emergency and Remedial Response
Office of Health and Environmental Assessment
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances
Specialized Information Services
Standard Operating Procedure
Soil Screening Level
Toxicology and Environmental Health Information Program
Toxicity Reference Value
World Wide Web

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1.0 SCOPE AND APPLICATION

This standard operating procedure (SOP), hereafter referred to as SOP1, Acquisition of
Literature to Support the Development ofToxicity Reference Values (TRVs)for Wildlife,
provides direction for the retrieval of toxicological literature. The toxicological literature will be
used in the development of TRVs for birds, mammals, reptiles, and amphibians. However, the
scope of this SOP is limited to toxicological literature retrieval from electronic databases and
hardcopy sources.

2.0 OVERVIEW

The U.S. Environmental Protections Agency (EPA) developed Soil Screening Guidance
(EPA/540/R-96/018) to accelerate and standardize the cleanup of contaminated soils at sites on
the National Priorities List. This document describes a method for calculating soil screening
levels (SSLs) for chemicals in soil.  SSLs are site-specific risk-based concentrations that may be
used to define areas of a site that do not require further study or action. SSLs are calculated to
be protective of human health and do not address the protection of ecological receptors. To
address the lack of SSLs protective of wildlife, the EPA Office of Emergency and Remedial
Response (OERR) initiated the development of ecological SSLs  (EcoSSLs), which are
concentrations of chemicals in soil that are calculated to be protective of wildlife receptors.
Initially, generic EcoSSLs  will be developed and presented in an EPA guidance document as  a
reference table.  Site-specific EcoSSLs will be developed at a later date. TRVs are derived from
dose-response studies of the toxicity of chemicals to animal receptors and will be used as input
to derive EcoSSL values.

A literature search is conducted to obtain information on contaminants of concern, their potential
ecological effects, and species of concern (Ecological Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund,
EPA 1997). The literature search strategy presented in SOP1 is designed to facilitate the search,
preliminary review, and acquisition of literature for developing TRVs.  The flowchart in
Appendix A summarizes this procedure.

3.0 PERSONNEL REQUIREMENTS

SOP1 presents the information necessary to perform a literature search and review the literature
retrieved; however, specialists should be consulted regarding various aspects of the procedure.
A research librarian with a specialization in technical information and experience in performing
scientific literature searches should be consulted to develop the search strategy (see Section 5.3).
A chemist should be consulted for review of specific chemical synonyms (see Section 5.1). A
toxicologist should assess the abstracts and publications retrieved from the literature search for
their suitability for TRV development (see Section 5.5.1).

4.0 DATABASE SELECTION

The following background information briefly describes the more commonly used electronic
databases and nonelectronic sources of ecotoxicity data.

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4.1 ELECTRONIC DATABASES AND PROVIDERS

The databases described in this section may be accessed via the World Wide Web (Web), dial-up
modem, directly from the provider, and/or through a commercial information vendor. Some of
the databases may be accessed without charge via the Web; however, there may be certain search
limitations or restrictions.  Individuals using these databases will need to obtain information and
training concerning use of the various search systems.

The databases described below are grouped according to the information vendor, and
instructions for obtaining access are provided. Database vendors include the DIALOG
Corporation, the National Library of Medicine (NLM), EPA, Chemical Information Systems
(CIS), and the National Information Services Corporation (NISC).

4.1.1 DIALOG

DIALOG offers more than 450 databases from a broad range of disciplines (e.g., chemistry,
environment, science, technology, patents and trademarks, worldwide company information, and
domestic and international news). See Appendix B for file descriptions and contents.  File
selection can be accomplished by using their Dialindex  feature or by using a "OneSearch"
strategy or a combination of these. Although much of the toxicological literature can be found in
BIOSIS (File 5), MEDLINE (File 155), and TOXLINE (156), the following additional databases
contain toxicological information:

•   AGRICOLA (Agricultural OnLine Access) (File 10)
•   AGRIS International (File 203)
•   CAB Abstracts (File 50)
•   CA Search (Chemical Abstracts) (File 399)
•   CHEMTOX Online (File 337)
•   Conference Papers Index (File 77)
•   Dissertation Abstracts (File 35)
•   Enviroline (File 40)
•   Environmental Bibliography (File 68)
•   Life Sciences Collection (File 76)
•   NTIS (National Technical Information  Service) (File 6)
•   Pollution Abstracts (File 41)
•   RTECS (Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances) (File 336)
•   Science (File 370)
•   Wilson Biological and Agricultural Index (File 143)
•   Zoological Record (File 185)
•   Pascal (File 144)
•   SciSearch (File 434)

The OneSearch strategy in DIALOG  allows up to 60 files to be searched simultaneously. This is
advantageous because the "remove duplicates" command can be utilized to remove the majority
of duplicate records from all the files. It  is recommended that Files 68, 336, 337, 370, 143, and

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144 not initially be used in the OneSearch strategy but rather be added as needed. Some
chemical and receptor combinations do not have a large body of toxicological literature, and
these files may be helpful in exhausting all the possible  sources of information available on
DIALOG. File 144 contains many foreign language publications, many of which have been
translated from English originals. Therefore, the user should be aware that some of these records
may be duplicates of English language papers retrieved  from other files. File 336 is useful only
as a source for background information on a particular chemical, not as a primary source of
toxicological studies. Science Citation Index (File 434) is another database that could be used to
expand the initial search.  This source is further discussed in section 4.2.5.

DIALOG can be accessed via the Web at http://www.dialog.com and via modem using a
telecommunications system.  Additionally, selected databases are  available on compact disk-
read only memory (CD-ROM) through subscription.  Information on pricing and access is
available from the Web address or from The Dialog Corporation, U.S. Headquarters,
11000 Regency Parkway, Suite 400, Cary, NC 27511; telephone (919) 462-8600.

4.1.2 National Library of Medicine

The Specialized Information Services (SIS) Division of NLM is responsible for information
coverage and services for several topics, including toxicology and environmental health, and
directories to other information resources related to health and biomedicine. The SIS Division's
Toxicology and Environmental Health Information Program (TEHIP) responds to information
queries and develops interactive retrieval services in toxicology, environmental health, and other
health-related areas. The SIS TEHIP online databases that contain toxicology information
include TOXNET, TOXLINE, and Chemical Identification (ChemID).  These databases are
described below.

•  TOXNET is a computerized system of files from which toxicological and related information
   may be obtained (see Appendix B for file descriptions and contents). TOXNET provides a
   free Web-based interface. The Hazardous Substances Databank (HSDB) and Integrated Risk
   Information System (IRIS) files in this system may be useful for their bibliographies.
   TOXNET files can be accessed without charge on the Web at http://sis.nlm.nih.gov. The
   Web interface provides an approach to searching files of varying formats and contents, and
   toxicology data and literature references on particular chemicals can be extracted from these
   files.  Alternately, a search may be performed using  subject terms to identify chemicals that
   cause certain effects. A variety of display options is available, including sending results by
   e-mail or FTP (File Transfer Protocol).

•  The TOXLINE database produced by NLM contains more than 2  million bibliographic
   references including journal publications, letters to the editor, meeting abstracts, meeting
   papers, meeting reports, monographs, technical reports, theses, and research in progress.
   Subjects covered include pharmacological, biochemical, physiological, and toxicological
   effects of drugs, other chemicals, physical stressors,  and biological agents. TOXLINE is
   updated monthly. Records in the Toxicology Research Projects (CRISP) and Federal
   Research in Progress (FEDRIP) subfiles in this system are not useful because they describe
   studies in progress and may not have been completed or peer reviewed.

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   TOXLINE can be accessed online without charge through NLM's Internet Grateful Med
   (IGM) search system (http://igm.nlm.nih.gov).  TOXLINE searching through IGM is
   somewhat restricted in that search statements are limited by the number of terms that can be
   entered at one time. TOXLINE can be searched as a single file (File 156) (i.e., pre-1965-
   present) via DIALOG.

•  ChemID  is a database available from NLM via the IGM Web interface.  ChemID is a
   chemical dictionary file of more than 339,000 compounds of biomedical and regulatory
   interest.  Records include Chemical Abstract Service (CAS) registry numbers and other
   identifying numbers, molecular formulae, generic names,  synonyms, MESH (Medical
   Subject Headings), and file locators that lead users to other files available through NLM.

4.1.3 Environmental Protection Agency

The ECOTOX Database System produced by EPA is a source of toxicity data for aquatic life,
terrestrial plants, and wildlife. This system integrates three toxicology effects databases:
AQUIRE (aquatic life), PHYTOTOX (terrestrial plants), and TERRETOX (terrestrial wildlife).
TERRETOX contains 40,000  records related to the toxic effects of 1300 chemical substances on
terrestrial animals, primarily mammals and birds. The subjects covered include chemical name
identification, toxicology, test conditions, species identification, CAS numbers, assay
results/analyses, and environmental effects.

The ACQUIRE database in ECOTOX can be accessed without charge at
http://www.epa.gov/ecotox/. PHYTOTOX and TERRATOX are currently unavailable on the
ECOTOX system; however, CIS, a commercial vendor, provides access to all three databases.

4.1.4 Chemical Information Systems

CIS is a commercial provider  of the Oxford Molecular Group, Inc. CIS provides access to a
number of databases including EPA's AQUIRE, PHYTOTOX, and TERRATOX. Access is
available via dial-up modem.  Questions regarding CIS should be directed to CIS User Support,
Chemical Information Systems, 810 Gleneagle Court, Suite 300, Towson, MD 21286; telephone
(800) CIS-USER.  Product information may be accessed at http://www.oxmol.com/prods/cis/.

4.1.5 National Information Services Corporation

Wildlife Worldwide Index provides access to more than 345,000 records regarding wild
mammals, birds, reptiles, and  amphibians. Subject coverage includes all aspects of wildlife and
wildlife management. This database can be accessed via BiblioLine, an online service at
http://www.nisc.com, or by contacting NISC International, Inc., 3100 St. Paul Street, Baltimore,
MD 21218; telephone (410) 243-1198.

4.2 OTHER DATABASES AND HARDCOPY SOURCES

The following sources may  also be examined for toxicological information and references.

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4.2.1 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) has published several contaminant-specific
documents listing toxicological data on terrestrial, avian, and aquatic wildlife (e.g., those studies
produced by Eisler, R. 1985).  The FWS maintains a bibliographic database that is available
online at http://FA.R9.FWS.gov/R9fwrs/Dbinfo.htm.

4.2.2 Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry

The Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) has produced toxicological
profiles (e.g., Toxicological Profile for RDX) (ATSDR 1995) for hazardous substances that are
most commonly found at Superfund sites (e.g., ATSDR 1993). ATSDR records are available
online at http://atsdr.cdc.gov/toxpro2.html.

4.2.3 Oak Ridge National Laboratory

Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) provides toxicological information on wildlife
receptors in Toxicological Benchmarks for Wildlife: 1996 Revision (ORNL 1996). ORNL
records  are available online at http://www.hsrd.gov/ecorisk/tm86r3.

4.2.4 Environmental Protection Agency

The Wildlife Exposure Factors Handbook (EPA 1993a,b) provides information and guidance for
conducting exposure assessments for wildlife species exposed to toxic chemicals in the
environment. Included is information on exposure factors (e.g., body weight, dietary
composition, food ingestion rates, home range, etc.) for 34 selected wildlife species.  The
Handbook can be viewed at http://www.epa.gov/nceawwwl/wefh.htm.

EPA-sponsored health effects documents are maintained in the Chemical Assessments and
Related Activities (CARA) list (EPA 1994) produced by the Office of Health and Environmental
Assessment (OHEA).  CARA is an alphabetical file of chemicals and projects and lists the types
of documents available, the OHEA offices responsible for producing the documents, the names
of the client offices, and other publication information. CARA covers the period from 1980-
1994. Documents listed in CARA include the following:

•  Air Quality Criteria Documents
•  Ambient Water Quality Criteria Documents
•  Drinking Water Quality Criteria
•  Exposure Assessments
•  Health Assessment Documents
•  Health Effects Assessments
•  Health and Environmental Effects Documents
•  Health and Environmental Effects Profiles
•  Risk Assessments

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4.2.5 Science Citation Index

The manual or electronic version of Science Citation Index is a useful resource, especially if
more information for a particular chemical is needed to expand a search that has produced only a
few retrievals. This database, produced by the Institute for Scientific Information, indexes 5300
major journals in science.  The electronic version includes many minor journals and also
includes abstracts. This tool is invaluable for updating searches.

4.2.6 Amphibian and Reptile Contamination and Toxicology Bibliography

The Amphibian and Reptile Contamination and Toxicology Bibliography is a useful Internet
resource for amphibian and reptile toxicological literature. The file is located at
http://www.cciw.ca/green-lane/herptox/ and is frequently updated.

5.0 LITERATURE SEARCH PROCEDURE

Sections 5.1 through 5.6 present the information required and the sequence of events necessary
to execute a literature search and the subsequent screening process using the DIALOG system
(refer to the flow chart in Appendix A).  An example search is provided in Appendix C.

5.1 CHEMICAL NAME,  SYNONYMS, AND CAS NUMBER IDENTIFICATION

The CAS registry number  for the chemical of interest must be identified.  Organic chemical
nomenclature has undergone many revisions, and some compounds have several common names
(synonyms), and in some instances many trade names, but the use of the CAS number provides
positive identification for each particular chemical.  CAS numbers appear in the format "nnnnn-
nn-n," and the hyphens must be included when the DIALOG system is searched.  Both CAS
numbers and common names should be used to search DIALOG databases even though some
files are not indexed by CAS number. Use of the root name of the parent compound  captures
most of the relevant publications.  For example, use of the term "cadmium" captures  "cadmium
chloride," "cadmium acetate," etc. A list of recommended chemical terms, synonyms, and CAS
numbers is presented in Appendix D.

Truncation of some terms is necessary to identify all variations of an element. For example, a
search for copper should include "copper," its CAS number (7440-50-8), "cupr," and all of the
CAS numbers listed for copper compounds listed in Appendix D. A search for an organic
compound should include the common name, CAS number, and all synonyms.  For example, a
search for Dieldrin should include "dieldrin," its CAS number (60-57-1), and its synonyms (e.g.,
alvit, dieldrix, heod, etc.).

Searches  containing truncations should be tested in a preliminary file before the search is
performed because using the truncated term may retrieve more extraneous studies than if the
term were actually spelled out in its various forms. For example, truncating chromium (chrom*)
will retrieve numerous unrelated studies such as those for chromosome and chromatography.

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CAS numbers and synonyms for chemicals not included in Appendix D may be obtained from
printed sources such as Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials,  The Merck Index,
Patty's Industrial Hygiene & Toxicology, Handbook of Toxic & Hazardous Chemicals and
Carcinogens, the Handbook of Environmental Data on Organic Chemicals, the Sigma catalog of
biochemicals and reagents, and theAldrich catalog of fine chemicals.  CAS numbers and
synonyms can also be obtained from electronic databases available on the Web (e.g., ChemID)
or from commercial vendors (e.g., DIALOG).  The Internet is also an excellent source for the
online versions of chemical catalogs and related chemical Web sites.

A chemist should review the results of the synonym search to ensure that it is fully inclusive
and that the search queries for the metallic and other elements are constructed accurately. For
example, the metallic element chromium may be identified in the literature as chromium,
chromic, dichromate, chromate, chrome, Cr, Cr(III), or Cr(VI). The metallo-organic complexes,
where they are known to exist (e.g., methylmercury) and all the valence states of metallic
elements (e.g., "ferric" and "ferrous" for iron) should be included in a search. The CAS numbers
of simple salts should be added to the search strategy for metallic elements [e.g., aluminum
chloride (CAS No. 7446-70-0) and aluminum sulfate (CAS No. 16828-11-8)]. To retrieve all
information for a compound such as phenol, incorporate CAS numbers for sodium phenate,
potassium phenate, and phenol into the search strategy. It is essential that  all synonyms in
common usage for a chemical are used in the search strategy to provide an inclusive search.

5.2 RECOMMENDED RECEPTOR GROUPS

The terms in the recommended list presented below have proven to be the most useful in
retrieving toxicological studies for both laboratory and wildlife receptors.  Additional species-
specific receptor terms can be added to address site-specific concerns.  The recommended list for
wild mammals includes all the major families found in the continental United States with the
exception of bats, seals, and manatees. To avoid duplication of effort with the laboratory
mammal  search (which includes the terms rat, rats, mice, mouse), the family  Muridae was
omitted from the recommended list for the wild mammal receptors because most of the search
results would come from the sub-family Murinae. Two sub-families, Sigmodontinae and
Arvicolinae, and genera belonging to these sub-families, as well as some common names for
members of the genera have been included in the recommended list for wild mammals.  These
terms will retrieve publications for the wildlife members of the family Muridae.

Common names have been included in the recommended list where testing has shown that their
inclusion increased the number of literature retrievals for a family (e.g., opossum, beaver).
When common names did not increase the total number of retrievals, they were not retained in
the receptor list.  The common names cat and dog were included in the recommended list for
wild mammal receptors rather than in the laboratory mammal receptor list. The terms aves,
avian, bird, waterfowl, waterbird, and songbird were included to broaden the strategy for the
avian receptor search.  Each of these terms was tested and resulted in more retrievals for wild
birds.

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                     Recommended Receptor List
                         Avian Receptors
chicken
duckling
Japanese quail
platyrhyn*
bob white
aves
quail
ducks
coturnix
anas
waterbird
avian
duck
mallard
gallus domesticus
songbird
waterfowl
bird
Laboratory Mammals
rat
mice
monkey
rats
hamster
rabbit
mouse
guinea pig

Wild Mammals
Didelphidae
Dasypodidae
Aplodontidae
Heteromyidae
Dipodidae
Canidae
Mustelidae
Suidae
Antilocapridae
Harvest mice
Peromyscus
Sigmodon
cat
opossum
skunk
ferret
Soricidae
Ochotonidae
Sciuridae
Castoridae
Erethizontidae
Ursidae
Felidae
Dicotylidae
Bovidae
Harvest mouse
Reithrodontomy s
vole
dog
beaver
marten
mink
Talpidae
Leporidae
Geomyidae
Arvicolinae
Myocastoridae
Procyonidae
Equidae
Cervidae
Sigmodontinae
Microtus
Onychomys
lemming
bear
weasel
badger

Amphibians and Reptiles
amphibian
newt
crocodile
snake
tortoise
frog
toad
alligator
lizard
terrapin
salamander
reptile
caiman
turtle

*Denotes the term is truncated

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5.3 SEARCH STRATEGY DEVELOPMENT

When performing a literature search, it is important that the search be sufficiently broad to
retrieve all relevant literature but not so broad that an undue number of unrelated records are
retrieved.  It is recommended that a preliminary search be performed in one or two database files
for each chemical and receptor group combination before the strategy is executed in all files.
Broad search strategies may need to be further refined to exclude as much irrelevant material as
possible, whereas narrow search strategies may need to be expanded to capture more relevant
studies. A review of the output of the preliminary search will indicate the necessity of using
additional terms, exclusion terms, or truncations to focus the search.

The following  search strategy example is constructed for use in the DIALOG search system.

Step 1: Identify and test the chemical name, synonyms, and CAS numbers and search the
relevant databases in DIALOG listed in Section 4.1.1 to determine the total number of retrievals
for the chemical. Appropriate synonyms should be included because not all files support CAS
numbers.  The  proximity connector "or" should be used to connect search terms within a specific
category of information, as illustrated below:

                        cobalt or RN=7740-48-4 or RN=7646-79-9

Step 2: Perform a preliminary test search. Test the terms and truncations in one or two files and
remove those that do not retrieve any records. Files 5, 155 and 156 are suggested for this
preliminary search.
Step 3: Combine the total number of chemical retrievals with a particular receptor group. The
two categories are connected by the proximity connector "and". For example, combine the
results of Step 1 with the following:

and(rat or rats or mouse or mice or hamster? or (guineaQpig?) or monkey? or rabbit?)

Step 4: Focus the search by combining the results of Step 3 with the following toxicological
terms: Note that the asterisks denote where the word was truncated.

•  reproduc*
•  systemic
•  development*
•  histology
•  growth
•  neurological
•  behav*
•  mortal*
•  lethal*
•  diet

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•  dietary
•  surviv*
•  drinkingQwater

In DIALOG, the symbol for the question mark (?) is used to permit variations in word length or
spelling. For example, "reproduction" when truncated to "reproduc?" will also capture terms
such as "reproductive," "reproducing," "reproduce," or "reproduction." Combine the results of
the previous searches with the toxicological terms as shown below:

and (reproduc? or diet or dietary or systemic or development? or histolog? or growth or
neurological or behav? or mortal? or lethal? or surviv? or (drinkingQwater))

Step 5:  Focus the search with exclusion terms. Exclusion statements must be carefully constructed
to ensure that relevant papers are not excluded. For example, the exclusion statement not tumo?
may exclude publications that contain information about non-cancer endpoints as well as the
carcinogenic effect that is the main subject of the document. In DIALOG, the use of the limiting
connector "not" will eliminate records that contain terms that are not desired.  Some
recommended general exclusion terms are:

•  human*
•  vitro
•  culture*
•  inhalation
•  subcutaneous
•  inject*
•  gene
•  carcin*
•  cancer*
•  tumo*

The use of the "not' connector for these searches is limited to the title and descriptor fields to
ensure that relevant articles are not eliminated from the search. However, in an effort to
eliminate all instances of literature retrieval associated with the terms human, inhalation,
subcutaneous, the MESH (medical subject heading) may also be included in the "not" statement.
The abstract field should not be included because of the possibility that relevant papers will not
be captured. Note that not all database files in DIALOG support medical subject headings.
Proximity operators [e.g., near (n), with (w)] can be used to focus the strategy  more precisely by
requesting that terms be adjacent to each other and in the order specified. They may also be used
to request that terms be within a certain number of words of each other and in the  order specified
as well as many other combinations. For example, not(aluminum(w)garnet(2n)laser).

It is helpful to use limiting connectors one-by-one to evaluate the effect of each exclusion term,
at least in the preliminary searches. However, it is also possible to nest the exclusion statement.
Combine the results of the chemical, receptor, and toxicological end-point retrievals and apply
the exclusion terms as shown below:
                                           10

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not human?/ti,de,mesh

Alternatively the exclusion terms can be nested as indicated below:

not (human? or culture? or subcutaneous or vitro or gene or inject? or tumo? or inhalation or
carcin? or cancer?)/ti,de,mesh

For more information concerning the use of proximity connectors, please consult with the Dialog
Corporation, which provides manuals and intensive training sessions.

Step 6: The removal of duplicate records is the final step in refining the search and may need to
be done by date-delimited increments if the number of retrievals exceeds 5,000 (the upper limit
of retrievals for which duplicate detection is supported in DIALOG).  Duplicates can only be
removed by grouping the results into year range segments of less than 5,000 hits [e.g., group one
may contain records with the publication year  greater than (PY >1990) and and group two
would contain all records with the publication year less than 1991 (PY<1991)]. The duplicate
detection command, which is supported in most DIALOG files, is a useful command but does
not always remove duplicate records within files.  Foreign language papers may have more than
one translation of the title, and descriptors and cannot be identified as a duplicate by the remove
duplicate (RD) command.

5.4 SUMMARY

Although the search strategy is presented in this SOP in a linear manner, literature searching is
actually an iterative process and requires collaboration between information specialists,
chemists, and toxicologists. An example of this iterative process and the close collaboration
between the information specialist and  the toxicologist is illustrated by the search for the
chemical cobalt. Examination of preliminary search results indicated  that the literature
associated with cobalt-60 (radiotherapy) needed to be excluded [e.g., not (irradiation or radiation
or fission)].

After the preliminary search has been completed and  reviewed, all files should be searched as a
"OneSearch."  The results (which can be several thousand records) should be downloaded and
printed in Format 6 (title and keywords in context (KWIC)) for review and coding by a
toxicologist. Printing the titles with the KWIC makes the preliminary review much easier and
eliminates the  cost of printing full abstracts for records unrelated to the development of TRVs.
                                           11

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Recommended Strategies for Receptor Groups

The following strategies have been tested and are recommended for the various receptor groups.
Note that in DIALOG-Link, the type-ahead buffer is limited to 240 characters, thus some of the
larger receptor groups (e.g., wild mammals and avian receptors) must be divided into smaller
sets and the results combined. For example, each of the avian receptor groups can be searched
as a separate set and then the results of each search combined.  This total can then be combined
with the total results from the chemical search.  Site-specific species can be added to the receptor
terms as needed. Truncations of receptor terms should be used with caution and be tested to
avoid the retrieval of unrelated records. For example if the term "newt" is truncated, records
with the word "newton" will be retrieved.

Avian Receptors

•  chemical term and CAS numbers

•  and (chicken? or duck or duckling? or ducks or mallard? or quail? or (JapaneseQquail?) or
   coturnix or (gallus()domesticus) or platyrhyn? or anas)

•  or ((songQbird?) or bobwhite? or (waterQbird?) or (waterQfowl) or aves or avian or bird?)

•  and (reproduc? or diet or dietary or systemic or development? or histolog? or growth or
   neurological or behav? or mortal?  or lethal? or surviv? or (drinkingQwater))

•  not (exclusion terms to be determined after initial review of search)

•  rd (remove duplicates)

Laboratory Mammals

•  chemical term and CAS numbers

•  and (rat or rats or mouse or mice or hamster?  or (guineaQpig?) or monkey? or rabbit?)

•  and (reproduc? or diet or dietary or systemic or development? or histolog? or growth or
   neurological or behav? or mortal?  or lethal? or surviv? or (drinkingQwater))

•  not (exclusion terms to be determined after initial review of search)

•  rd (remove duplicates)

Wild Mammals

•  chemical term and CAS numbers
                                           12

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•  and (didelphidae or opossum? or soricidae or shrew? or talpidae or armadillo? or
   dasypodidae or ochotonidae or leporidae)

•  or canidae or ursidae or procyonidae or mustelidae or felidae or cat or cats or dog or dogs or
   bear or bears or weasel? or skunk? or marten or martens or badger? or ferret? or mink or
   minks?

•  or aplodontidae or beaver? or sciuridae or geomyidae or heteromyidae or castoridae or
   equidae or suidae or dicotylidae or cervidae or antilocapridae or bovidae

•  or arvicolinae or mycocastoridae or dipodidae or erethizontidae or sigmodon? or
   (harvestQmice) or (harvest()mouse) or microtus or peromyscus or reithrodontomys or
   onychomys  or vole or voles or lemming?

•  and (reproduc? or diet or dietary or systemic or development? or histolog? or growth or
   neurological or behav? or mortal? or lethal? or surviv? or (drinkingQwater))

•  not (exclusion terms to be determined after initial review  of search)

•  rd (remove duplicates)

Amphibians and Reptiles

•  chemical term and CAS numbers

•  and (amphibi? or frog or frogs or salamander? or newt or newts or toad? or reptil? or
   crocodil? or alligator? or caiman? or snake? or lizard? or turtle? or tortoise? or terrapin?)

•  and (reproduc? or diet or dietary or systemic or development? or histolog? or growth or
   neurological or behav? or mortal? or lethal? or surviv? or (drinkingQwater))

•  not (exclusion terms to be determined after initial review  of search)

•  rd (remove duplicates)

5.5 ELECTRONIC LITERATURE SEARCH

The following instructions relate to performing a literature search of the DIALOG databases. It
is recommended that the DIALOG databases be searched first because this is the provider most
likely to identify the greatest number of applicable references. The relevant DIALOG files
should be searched as a "OneSearch" following the strategy developed in Section 5.3. For  a
large number of records, print titles and KWIC to facilitate the selection of relevant abstracts.
This format is the most cost effective method of reducing the total costs of the search. If only a
few records are  retrieved,  print the full abstracts rather than titles and KWIC.

The steps for conducting the  electronic search are as follows:

                                           13

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•  Use the "OneSearch" option to search the recommended DIALOG files as described in
   Section 4.1.1.
•  If using DIALOG-Link, type the search statement and proofread the statement to correct
   possible errors.  Save the search statement in a file for reuse.
•  Search for the chemical of interest using the nomenclature described in Section 5.1.
•  Combine the results of the chemical search with each receptor group as described in Section
   5.2 (common names  and taxonomic nomenclature of mammalian wildlife receptors,
   laboratory mammals, etc.).
•  Combine the results with all of the toxicological terms.
•  Combine the results with the exclusion terms listed in Section 5.3, Step 5.
•  Remove duplicate records.
•  Download titles and KWIC for review by a toxicologist
•  Download applicable abstracts and print them.

5.5.1 Review and Coding  of the Electronic Search Results

The results of the electronic search are coded in two stages.

In the first stage, the toxicologist reviews and codes the appropriate titles from the initial Dialog
search output using "RA" to indicate that the full abstract should be retrieved or using the codes
described below to indicate why they did not meet the necessary criteria for further
consideration. The codes are marked directly on the printed search. The DIALOG accession
numbers  are used to retrieve those titles selected for retrieval which are then downloaded and
printed for the second stage of review by the toxicologist.

In the second stage, the toxicologist reviews and codes the full abstracts (which were marked for
retrieval from the initial  stage) using "RP" to indicate the retrieval of the paper or using the
codes outlined in the following paragraphs to indicate the reason it was eliminated from further
consideration. Both of the screening processes are necessary to determine the relevance of the
publication for TRV development. The codes used for eliminating records from further
consideration are the same for both stages.  All abstracts identified for possible use in TRV
development as well as those that were coded with the appropriate rejection code(s) are
downloaded into a data management system.

The review and coding procedures are described below.

1.  For the titles and KWIC or abstracts meeting one or more of the following criteria, code
   appropriate KWIC as "RA" (retrieve abstract) or abstracts as "RP" (for retrieval of the entire
   publication) directly  on the printed search results:

   •   studies with relevant titles but no abstracts
   •   review articles (use bibliography to acquire primary citations)
   •   field studies describing the effect of a chemical on a target population or ecosystem
       (potential use as modifying information for TRV values derived from laboratory studies)
   •   studies that describe changes in the following:

                                           14

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       -  morphology or histology of target organs
       -  patterns of growth and development
       -  fetal weight, fetal re-absorption, fetal abnormalities, and neonatal survival
       -  behavior of the test organism
       -  survival of the test organism

2.  Do not retrieve publications for titles and KWIC or abstracts that meet one or more of the
   following criteria. Use the codes provided in parentheses below to indicate directly on the
   printed search results the reason the publication was rejected:

   •   genetic/mutagenicity studies (Gene)
   •   carcinogenicity studies (Carcin)
   •   physiology studies (Phys)
   •   in vitro studies (In Vit)
   •   human health effects studies (HHE)
   •   acute studies (Acu)
   •   analytical studies that describe the preparation and analysis of the chemical in the tissues
       of the receptor (Chem Meth)
   •   studies that describe the intermediary metabolism  of the chemical (e.g., radioactive tracer
       studies) (Fate)
   •   studies that record the effects of two or more simultaneously administered chemicals
       (Simlt)
   •   studies that record the effects of a stressor (e.g., radiation, heat, etc.) and the chemical
       (QAC)
   •   studies that describe the effects of the chemical on surgically altered or chemically
       modified receptors (e.g., right nephrectomy, left renal artery ligature, hormone implant,
       etc.)  (Alt)
   •   bioaccumulation/survey studies only measuring amounts of chemical present in tissues
       (Surv)
   •   studies using non-oral routes of chemical administration (i.e. injection, inhalation, skin
       absorption) (No Oral)
   •   studies that are unrelated to the chemical/receptor  group of interest (Unrel)
   •   drug/therapeutic studies (Drug)
   •   anatomical studies (Anat)
   •   field studies (Field sur)
   •   field studies (Field sur -aquatic)
   •   field studies (Field sur - marine)
   •   field studies (Field Sur-sediment)
   •   mathematical model or model ecosystem (Model)
   •   lipid studies (lipid study)
   •   cardiovascular studies e.g. blood pressure changes (Cardiovas)
   •   physiological deficiency e.g., dietary study designed to deplete receptor of an element
       (Phys Defic)
   •   meeting poster/abstract (meeting poster/asbstract)
   •   conference proceeding (ConfProc)

                                            15

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    •   behavioral studies, either simple or complex (behav -simple)(behav-complex)
    •   primate studies (primate)
    •   isolated, perfused organ studies (iso)
    •   larval stage of amphibians (larv)
    •   lead shot studies of effects of lead weights/sinkers and lead shot (lead shot)
    •   epilepsy studies describing induction of epilepsy by chemical agent (epilep)
    •   sub-chronic, generally a study of less than 10% of the test organism's lifetime (sub
       chronic)
    •   ecological risk assessment (risk assess)
    •   drug administered by intraruminal pellet, glass bolus, etc. (bul)
3.   Code abstracts with questionable applicability as "?" for evaluation by a second reviewer.

Enter the retrieved abstracts and codes are into an electronic database management system such
as ProCite or Microsoft Access.

Additional electronic databases (e.g., TOXNET, TERRATOX, BiblioLine, etc.) should be
searched according to the providers' instructions. Although search strategies vary, follow the
basic outline provided in Section 5.3 where applicable.

5.5.2 Retrieve Selected Publications

Retrieve publications with abstracts that meet the preliminary screening criteria.  Selected
publications may be obtained from a technical library; a national laboratory library; or from a
commercial vendor such as Carl Uncover, OCLC (Online Computer Library Center), Purdue's
Technical Information Service, or other commercial vendors.

5.6  MANUAL LITERATURE SEARCH

The basic components of the manual search include (1) identification and retrieval of applicable
publications identified in the bibliographies of reviews retrieved from the results of the
electronic search, and (2) search of other recommended sources (see  Section 4.2).

The following steps should be undertaken in the manual search:

Step 1: Evaluate the bibliographies of review articles retrieved from the electronic search to
identify potentially useful publications.

Step 2: Make a copy of the bibliographies from the review articles retrieved from the search.

Step 3: Code the potentially useful citations as "RP" for retrieval.

Step 4: Mark publications with questionable  applicability as "?" for a second reviewer to
evaluate.

                                            16

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Step 5: Consult the resources listed in Section 4.2 (e.g., ATSDR profiles, FWS reviews, CARA,
Science Citation Index, etc.).

Step 6: Enter literature citations for retrieved publications into an electronic database
management system.

5.7 SEARCH RESULTS DOCUMENTATION

The search results should be managed electronically in an electronic database management
system such as ProCite or Microsoft Access. The  electronic database management system
should contain all the bibliographic information necessary to retrieve the record, including the
abstract code, database file number, the chemical symbol, and the receptor.  A well-designed
database management system can be used for tracking the search and screening procedure and
generating various reports.

Documentation for each electronic and manual search should include the following information:

•   date of search
•   name of person conducting search
•   name and version of database or source citation
•   publication years searched
•   documentation of the  search strategy (i.e., search terms)
•   complete citation of abstracts retrieved [i.e., title, author(s), date, primary source]
•   abstract code (e.g., "RP", HHE, Acu,  etc.)
•   recommendations for  future search strategy

The above information can be used to determine the most appropriate databases to search, the
most effective search strategy, and thoroughness of the search.

6.0 QUALITY ASSURANCE

The literature search and preliminary screening procedure is designed to be transparent, credible,
and reproducible; therefore, maintaining comprehensive, accurate, and timely records is
important. Electronic and paper copies should be maintained of all files and data generated
during the course of the search.

Someone other than the person performing the initial task should review all  entries into the
database management system for completeness and accuracy . A review of all records  marked
for retrieval in the initial search should be made by someone other than the searcher and
toxicologist.

7.0 REFERENCES

Aldrich Catalog Handbook of Fine Chemicals. 1998-99 or latest edition. St. Louis, MO.
                                           17

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ATSDR (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease registry). Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of
     Health and Human Services, Public Health Service.

Budavari, S., Ed. Merck Index, latest edition, Merck & Co., Inc. Rathway, NJ.

Clayton, D. G., and F. E. Clayton, Eds. 1994. Patty's Industrial Hygiene & Toxicology, 4th
     edition.  John Wiley & Sons, New York.

Lewis, R. J. Sr., Ed.  1996. Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials, 9th ed. Van
     Nostrand Reinhold, New York.

Montgomery, J. H.  1993. Agrochemicals Desk Reference: Environmental Data. Lewis
     Publishers, Chelsea, MI.

Sample, B.E., D.M. Opresko, and G.W. Suter II. 1996.  Toxicological Benchmarks for Wildlife:
     1996 Revision. ES/ER/TM-86/R3. Prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of
     Environmental Management by Lockheed Martin Energy Systems, Inc. Oak Ridge
     National Laboratory.

SIGMA Biochemicals and Reagents for Life Science Research. 1999 or latest edition. St. Louis,
     MO.

Sittig, M., Ed.  1985. Handbook of Toxic & Hazardous Chemicals & Carcinogens, 2nd ed.
     Noyes Publications, Park Ridge, NJ.

United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1997. Ecological Risk Assessment
     Guidance for Superfund : Process for Designing Ecological Risk Assessments. EPA/R-
     97/006.  Environmental Response Team.. Washington,  DC.

United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1996. Soil Screening Guidance
     EPA/540/R-96/018. Office of Emergency and Remedial Response, Washington, DC.

United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1997. Supplemental Ecological Risk
     Assessment Guidance for Superfund.  EPA/910/R-97/005. (EPA Region 10). Seattle, WA

United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1993a. Wildlife Exposure Factors
     Handbook Volume I. EPA/600/R-93/187a. Office of Research and Development,
     Washington, DC.

United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1993b. Wildlife Exposure Factors
     Handbook Volume II. EPA/600/R-93/187b. Office of Research and Development,
     Washington, DC.
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United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1994. Chemical Assessments and
     Related Activities.  Office of Health and Environmental Assessment, Washington, DC.
     OHEA-1-127.

United States Fish and Wildlife Service.  Biological Report Series. Contaminant Hazard
     Reviews.

Verschueren, K., Ed. 1983. Handbook of Environmental Data on Organic Chemicals, 2nd ed.
     Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York
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          APPENDIX A
LITERATURE SEARCH FLOWCHART
Identify chemical; list synonyms and CAS
numbers.
^
r
Identify receptor group; list synonyms.

1
r
Develop search strategy.
1
r
Conduct preliminary search and
modify strategy as needed.
^
r
Conduct electronic searches:
• DIALOG
• TOXNET
• TERRATOX
• etc.
1
r
Review and code literature
search results.
^
r
Conduct manual searches:
• Review articles
•FWS
• ATSDR
•ORNL
•CARA
• etc.
^
r
Document search results.
1
r
Perform QA review.

               A-l

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                                   APPENDIX B

               ELECTRONIC DATABASE FILE DESCRIPTIONS
National Library of Medicine

TOXNET includes the following files:

•  CCRIS (Chemical Carcinogenesis Research Information System) - CCRIS is sponsored by
   the National Cancer  Institute and  contains scientifically  evaluated data derived from
   carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, tumor promotion, and tumor inhibition tests on approximately
   8000 chemicals.

•  DART (Development and  Reproductive  Toxicology)  and ETICBACK  (Environmental
   Teratology Information Center Backfile) - DART is a bibliographic database containing
   literature on teratology and  other aspects of developmental toxicology.  It is managed by
   NLM and funded by EPA, the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS),
   and the National Center of Toxicology Research of the Food and Drug  Administration.
   ETICBACK contains literature published from 1950-1989.

•  EMIC  (Environmental Mutagen  Information  Center)  and  EMICBACK  (Environmental
   Mutagen Information  Center  Backfile) - EMIC is  a  bibliographic  database containing
   literature on chemical, biological, and physical agents that have been tested for genotoxic
   activity.  It is produced by Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) and funded by EPA and
   NIEHS.  EMIC contains literature published since 1991.  EMICBACK contains literature
   published from 1950-1990.

•  GENE-TOX  (Genetic Toxicology) - GENE-TOX, produced by EPA, contains  genetic
   toxicology test results on more than 3000 chemicals.  Selected mutagenicity assay systems
   and the source literature are reviewed by  panels of scientific  experts for each of the test
   systems under evaluation. Each test system in GENE-TOX has been peer reviewed and is
   referenced.

•  HSDB  (Hazardous  Substance  Data Bank) - HSDB is a factual database focusing  on the
   toxicology of over 4500 potentially hazardous chemicals. The file also includes information
   regarding emergency handling procedures, environmental fate, human exposure, detection
   methods, and regulatory requirements. The data are fully referenced and peer reviewed by a
   panel of expert toxicologists and other scientists.

•  IRIS (Integrated Risk Information Services) - IRIS is an online database maintained by EPA.
   It contains information regarding carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risks of more
   than 500 chemicals.  The data have been scientifically reviewed by groups of EPA scientists
   and represent EPA consensus.  The IRIS database is also available without charge  on the
   Web at http://www.epa.gov/iris.
                                         B-l

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TOXLINE contains the following subfiles:

•  ANEUPL (Aneuploidy File)
•  BIOSIS (Toxicological Aspects of Environmental Health)
•  CIS (International Labour Office)
•  CRISP (Toxicology Research Projects)
•  DART (Developmental & Reproductive Toxicology)
•  EMIC (Environmental Mutagen Information Center)
•  EPIDEM (Epidemiology Information System)
•  ETIC (Environmental Teratology Information Center)
•  FEDRIP (Federal Research in Progress)
•  HMTC (Hazardous Materials Technical Center)
•  IPA (International Pharmaceutical Abstracts)
•  NIOSHTIC (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
•  NTIS (Toxicology Document and Data Depository)
•  PESTAB (Pesticides Abstracts)
•  PPBIB (Poisonous Plants Bibliography)
•  RISKLINE (Swedish National Chemicals Inspectorate)
•  TOXBIB/MEDLINE (Toxicity Bibliography)
•  TSCATS (Toxic Substances Control Act Test Submissions)

DIALOG

The following DIALOG databases contain toxicological information:

•  AGRICOLA (Agricultural OnLine Access) (File 10) is an extensive bibliographic database
   with  subject coverage  including chemistry, pesticides, pollution,  veterinary  medicine,
   wildlife,  and zoology.

•  AGRIS  International  (File 203) is an  international information  system for agricultural
   science and technology.  It reflects research in all aspects of world food supply.  Subject
   coverage includes animal production, forestry, pollution, plant production, and other topics
   related to food production.

•  BIOSIS  (File 5) provides worldwide coverage in the biological and biomedical sciences.
   Subject coverage includes  agriculture, botany, clinical medicine,  environmental biology,
   genetics, immunology, toxicology, veterinary science, zoology, and much more.

•  CAB  Abstracts (File 50) is a comprehensive file of agricultural  information containing all
   records in the more than 50 abstract journals published by CAB  International,  a leading
   scientific information service in  agriculture and related sciences.  Subject coverage includes
   veterinary medicine, environmental degradation, conservation, and amelioration.
                                          B-2

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•  CA  Search (Chemical Abstracts)  (File 399)  includes  over 13  million  citations  of the
   worldwide literature regarding chemistry and its applications from 1967 forward. Some of
   the  principal  areas of chemical  applications  and technologies  of chemical  substances
   included are environmental chemistry and toxicology.

•  CHEMTOX Online (File  337) is a collection of environmental, health, and safety data for
   chemical substances that are addressed by legislation or regulation and substances that are
   potential candidates for legislation or regulation.

•  Conference Papers Index (File 77) provides access  to  more than  100,000 scientific and
   technical papers presented at over 1000 major regional, national, and international meetings
   each year.  Main  subject  areas include the life  sciences, chemistry,  physical  sciences,
   geosciences, and engineering.

•  Dissertation Abstracts (File 35) provides  a  definitive subject, title, and author guide for
   almost every American dissertation accepted at an accredited institution since 1861.  Subject
   coverage includes agriculture, biological and environmental sciences, chemistry, and other
   topics.

•  Enviroline (File  40)  contains international  environmental  information.  It indexes and
   abstracts more than 1000 primary  and secondary publications reporting all  aspects of the
   environment.

•  Environmental Bibliography  (File  68) provides  access  to the  contents of  periodicals
   regarding the environment.   Subject  coverage  includes human  and animal  ecology, and
   wildlife conservation.

•  Life Sciences  Collection (File 76) includes  abstracts from the worldwide literature of the life
   sciences, corresponding to the series of 17 abstracting journals from Cambridge Scientific
   Abstracts.   Subject coverage includes biology, medicine, ecology, and some aspects  of
   veterinary science.

•  MEDLINE (File 155), produced by NLM, includes indexing to articles from more than 3700
   journals.

•  NTIS (National Technical Information Service) (File 6)  NTIS  contains summaries of U.S.
   government-sponsored research, development, and engineering, plus analyses prepared by
   federal agencies, their contractors, or grantees. Also included are the results of government-
   sponsored research and development from countries outside the United States.  Some  state
   and  local government agencies  also contribute  summaries of their reports to the database.
   NTIS has a broad range of  subject  coverage  including environmental pollution and control,
   agriculture and food, medicine, and biology.
                                           B-3

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•  Pollution Abstracts (File 41) is a leading resource for references to environmentally related
   literature on pollution, its sources, and its control.  Subject coverage includes, air pollution,
   environmental quality, pesticides, and water pollution.

•  RTECS (Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances) (File 336) is a non-bibliographic
   databank focusing upon the acute and chronic effects of potentially toxic chemicals, data on
   skin/eye  irritation,   carcinogenicity,   mutagenicity,  and   reproductive  consequences.
   References  are available for all data.  Toxicology and carcinogenic reviews, when available
   are cited.  RTECS is  built and maintained by NIOSH.  This file is updated quarterly and
   contains toxicity information on more than 100,000 chemicals.

•  Science (File 370) is published by the American Association for the Advancement of Science
   and covers the physical, biological, and social sciences.

•  SCISEARCH (Files 34, 434, 294) is an international, multidisciplinary index to the literature
   of science, technology, biomedicine, and related disciplines, and is produced by the Institute
   for Scientific Information.  It contains all of the records published in the Science Citation
   Index , plus additional records from the Current Contents publications.  This file is useful for
   searching for specific authors and keeping abreast of current publications in the field of
   toxicology.  It is not recommended for inclusion in standard searches.

•  TOXLINE  (File 156)  is international in coverage and comprises several subfiles covering
   lexicological, pharmacological, biochemical, and  physiological effects  of chemicals and
   drugs. TOXLINE is updated monthly and contains more than 2,400,000 records.

•  Wilson Biological and Agricultural Index (File 143) indexes approximately 258 periodicals
   that pertain to  biology and agriculture.   Subject coverage includes agricultural  chemicals,
   biology, botany, ecology, environmental science, fishery sciences, genetics, and other topics.

•  Zoological Record (File 185) provides extensive coverage of the world's zoological literature
   and includes a unique  systematics field that  provides complete taxonomic hierarchy
   information. Subject coverage includes  ecology, genetics, habitat, histology, life cycle and
   development, and related topics.

•  Pascal (File 144)  is  a  multidisciplinary database including literature  from international
   sources.   Subjects include life sciences, biology,  medicine, chemistry,  food and agricultural
   sciences.
                                           B-4

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                                   APPENDIX C

       COBALT SEARCH EXAMPLE FOR LABORATORY MAMMALS


                                    Cover Sheet
Date of Search 6/4/99
Performed By Carmen Diaz
Results Examined By Diego Reviera
Summary of Strategy

The following files in Dialog were searched:
154, 155,156, 5,10, 203, 399, 337, 77, 35, 40, 68, 76, 41, 336, 370,143, 185, 6, 50,144 with no
year restrictions. File 154 was included in the example search but was dropped from subsequent
searches because it overlaps with the information in File 155, the more comprehensive file in
Medline.  Please note that the term "drinking water" was not in the list of toxicological terms.
Subsequent searches included this term.

The detailed search strategy from DIALOG is appended to this  cover  sheet.   Included is  a
summarized version of the  Cobalt search strategies for  each  receptor.   Examination  of
preliminary searches for cobalt and laboratory mammal receptors indicated the need to add many
exclusion terms specific to cobalt. It became apparent that the literature associated with the use
of cobalt 60 as a radiotherapeutic agent would need to be excluded.  Therefore, exclusion terms
such as not cobalt 60, irridation, co60,  60co were used to focus the search.  Similarly the large
number of literature retrievals  related  to the use of cobalt alloys in surgical implants were
excluded by using exclusion terms such as prosthesis, implant, alloy, and cobalt samarium were
used.  Retrieved abstracts were coded and downloaded into ProCite.
                                         C-l

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DIALOG Example of Cobalt Search for Laboratory Mammals
(Note that the bold and italicized wording is not system supplied.)

Enter an option number to view information or to connect to an online
service.  Enter a BEGIN command plus a file number to search a database
(e.g.,Bl for ERIC).

Ibl54,155,156,5,10,203,399,337,77,35,40,68,76,41,336,370,143,185,6,50,144

     SYSTEM:OS - DIALOG OneSearch

File 154:MEDLINE(R) 1993-1999/Jul W4
     (c) format only 1999 Dialog Corporation
*File 154: reloaded, note accession numbers changed.
  File 155:MEDLINE(R)  1966-1999/Jul W4
     (c) format only 1999 Dialog Corporation
*File 155: reloaded, note accession numbers changed.
 File 156:Toxline(R) 1965-1999/May
     (c) format only 1999 The Dialog Corporation
*File 156: reloaded, note accession numbers changed.
 File  5:BiosisPreviews(R) 1969-1999/May W4
     (c) 1999 BIOSIS
 File 10:AGRICOLA 70-1999/May
     (c) format only 1999 The Dialog Corporation
 File 203 :AGRIS  1974-1999/Apr
     Dist by NAL, Intl Copr. All rights reserved
 File 399:CA SEARCH(R)  1967-1999/UD=13023
     (c) 1999 American Chemical Society
*File 399: Use is subject to the terms of your user/customer agreement.
RANK charge added; see HELP RATES 399.
 File 337:CHEMTOX (R) Online  1998/Q3
     (c) 1998 MDL Info Systems
 File 77: Conference Papers Index  1973-1999/May
     (c) 1999 Cambridge Sci Abs
 File 35dissertation Abstracts Online 1861-1999/Jun
     (c) 1999 UMI
 File 40:Enviroline(R) 1975-1999/Mar
     (c) 1999 Congressional Information Service
 File 68:Env.Bib. 1974-1999/May
     (c) 1999 Internl Academy at Santa Barbara
 File 76:Life Sciences Collection 1982-1999/Mar
     (c) 1999 Cambridge Sci Abs
 File 41 Pollution Abs 1970-1999/Jun
     (c) 1999 Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
 File 336:RTECS  1999/Q2
     Comp & dist by NIOSH, Intl Copyright All Rights Res
 File 3 70: Science  1996-1999/AprW3
     (c) 1999AAAS
 File 143:Biol. & Agric. Index  1983-1999/Apr
     (c) 1999 The HW Wilson Co
                                 C-2

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 File 185:Zoological Record Online(R)  1978-1999/V135P26
     (c) 1999 BIOSIS
 File  6:NTIS 64-1999/Jun W4
     Comp&distr 1998 NTIS, Intl Copyright All Rights Res
 File  50:CAB Abstracts  1972-1999/May
     (c) 1999 CAB International
 File 144:Pascal  1973-1999/May
     (c) 1999 INIST/CNRS
STEP 1 Search the chemical name, synonyms, CAS numbers
   Set Items Description
?s cobalt? or RN=7440-48-4 or rn=71-48-7 or rn=7646-79-9 or rn=10141-05-6 or
rn=10124-43-3 or rn=544-18-3 or rn=60459-08-7or rn=69098-14-2
>»One or more prefixes are unsupported
>»  or undefined in one or more files.
     332504  COBALT?
     126866  RN=7440-48-4
      2513 RN=71-48-7
      7238 RN=7646-79-9
      2003 RN=10141-05-6
      2295 RN=10124-43-3
       103 RN=544-18-3
        6  RN=60459-08-7
       10 RN=69098-14-2
   SI 399089 COBALT? ORRN=7440-48-4 ORRN=71-48-7 ORRN=7646-79-9 OR
RN=10141-05-6 OR RN= 10124-43-3 ORRN=544-18-3 ORRN=60459-08-7 OR
RN=69098-14-2

TOTAL HITS FOR SET 1 = 399,089

STEP 2 Combine set 1 hits with receptors

?s si and (rat or rats or mice or mouse or hamster? or (guineaQpig?) or rabbit? or
monkey?)
Processing
Processing
Processed  10 of 21 files ...
Processing
Processed 20 of 21 files ...
Processing
Completed processing all files
     399089  SI
     2965989 RAT
     2588600 RATS
     1575461 MICE
     1454660 MOUSE
     308385  HAMSTER?
     456112  GUINEA
                                C-3

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     1310041 PIG?
     408460 GUINEA(W)PIG?
     958907 RABBIT?
     252393 MONKEY?
   S2  18205 S1 AND (RAT OR RATS OR MICE OR MOUSE OR HAMSTER? OR
         (GUINEA()PIG?) OR RABBIT? OR MONKEY?)

TOTAL HITS FOR SET 2 =18,205

STEP 3 Combine set 2 hits with toxicological terms

7s s2 and (reproduc? or diet or dietary or systemic or development? or histolog? or growth
or neurological or behav? or mortal? or lethal? or surviv?)
Processing
Processing
Processed  10 of 21 files ...
Processing
Processing
Processed  20 of 21 files ...
Processing
Completed processing all files
     18205 S2
     1451016 REPRODUC?
     801329 DIET
     511117 DIETARY
     473838 SYSTEMIC
     4531328 DEVELOPMENT?
     879511 HISTOLOG?
     3464725 GROWTH
     163753 NEUROLOGICAL
     2562160 BEHAV?
     857457 MORTAL?
     229774 LETHAL?
     1062016 SURVIV?
   S3  4622 S2 AND (REPRODUC? OR DIET OR DIETARY OR SYSTEMIC OR
         DEVELOPMENT? OR HISTOLOG? OR GROWTH OR NEUROLOGICAL OR
         BEHAV? OR  MORTAL? OR LETHAL? OR SURVIV?)

Total Hits for SET 3 = 4,622

7s s3 not human/ti,de,mesh
>»Term "MESH" is not defined in one or more files
Processing
>»Term "TI" is not defined in one or more files
>»Term "DE" is not defined in one or more files
Processed  10 of 21 files ...
Completed processing all files
      4622 S3
     8984086 HUMAN/TI,DE,MESH
   S4  4401 S3 NOT HUMAN/TI,DE,MESH
                              C-4

-------
7s s4 not vitro/ti,de
>»Term "TI" is not defined in one or more files
>»Term "DE" is not defined in one or more files
      4401 S4
     1035942 VITRO/TI,DE
   S5  4231 S4 NOT VITRO/TI,DE
7s s5 not culture?/ti,de
>»Term "TI" is not defined in one or more files
>»Term "DE" is not defined in one or more files
Processing
Processed 20 of 21 files ...
Completed processing all files
      4231 S5
    2025762 CULTURE?/TI,DE
   S6  3817 S5 NOT CULTURE?/TI,DE
7s s6 not inhalation/ti,de,mesh
>»Term "MESH" is not defined in one or more files
>»Term "TI" is not defined in one or more files
>»Term "DE" is not defined in one or more files
      3817 S6
     128292 INHALATION/TI,DE,MESH
   S7  3768 S6 NOT INHALATION/TI,DE,MESH
7s s7 not subcutaneous/ti,de,mesh
>»Term "MESH" is not defined in one or more files
>»Term "TI" is not defined in one or more files
>»Term "DE" is not defined in one or more files
      3768 S7
      88182 SUBCUTANEOUS/TI,DE,MESH
   S8  3742 S7 NOT SUBCUTANEOUS/TI,DE,MESH
7s s8 not inject?/ti,de
>»Term "TI" is not defined in one or more files
>»Term "DE" is not defined in one or more files
      3742 S8
     501953 INJECT?/TI,DE
   S9  3638 S8 NOT INJECT?/TI,DE
7s s9 not gene/ti,de
>»Term "TI" is not defined in one or more files
>»Term "DE" is not defined in one or more files
      3638 S9
     1853901 GENE/TI,DE
   S10  3549 S9 NOT GENE/TI,DE
7s slO not tumo?/ti,de
>»Term "TI" is not defined in one or more files
>»Term "DE" is not defined in one or more files
Processing
Processed 20 of 21 files ...
Completed processing all files
      3549 SlO
     1541887 TUMO?/TI,DE
   Sll  3330 S10NOTTUMO?/TI,DE
                                C-5

-------
7s sll not carcin?/ti,de
>»Term "TI" is not defined in one or more files
>»Term "DE" is not defined in one or more files
      3330 Sll
     1110313  CARCIN?/TI,DE
   S12  3233 S11NOTCARCIN?/TI,DE
7s s!2 not cancer?/ti,de
>»Term "TI" is not defined in one or more files
>»Term "DE" is not defined in one or more files
      3233 S12
     830864 CANCER?/TI,DE
   S13  3212 S12NOTCANCER?/TI,DE
7s s!3 not (60co or co60 or (cobaltQ60) or irradiat? or (gamma()ray?) or neutron? or
(gamma()irradiat?) or radiation or (xQray?) or (fission) or alloy?)
Processing
Processing
Processed 10 of 21 files ...
Processing
Processed 20 of 21 files ...
Processing
Processing
Completed processing all files
      3212 S13
      11936 60CO
      1210 CO60
     326867 COBALT
     1117638  60
      15594 COBALT(W)60
     614534 IRRADIAT?
     942297 GAMMA
     1563886  RAY?
     196437 GAMMA(W)RAY?
     297005 NEUTRON?
     942297 GAMMA
     614534 IRRADIAT?
      57791 GAMMA(W)IRRADIAT?
     1853870  RADIATION
     2068374  X
     1563886  RAY?
     927158 X(W)RAY?
      76200 FISSION
     1283639  ALLOY?
   S14  1527 S13 NOT (60CO OR CO60 OR (COBALT()60) OR IRRADIAT? OR
         (GAMMAQRAY?) OR NEUTRON? OR (GAMMAQIRRADIAT?) OR
         RADIATION OR (XQRAY?) OR (FISSION) OR ALLOY?)
7s s!4 not (radiotherap? orprosthes? or implant? or radioiso? or (samarium()cobalt) or
patient? or worker? or child? or epileps? or epilept?)
Processing
Processing
Processed 10 of 21 files ...
                               C-6

-------
Processing
Processed 20 of 21 files ...
Completed processing all files
       1527 S14
     276877  RADIOTHERAP?
      36145 PROSTHES?
     443740  IMPLANT?
     306004  RADIOISO?
      29125 SAMARIUM
     326867  COBALT
       2126 SAMARIUM(W)COBALT
     5104818 PATIENT?
     316132  WORKER?
     2165976 CHILD?
     137760  EPILEPS?
      70125 EPILEPT?
   S15  1245 S14 NOT (RADIOTHERAP? OR PROSTHES? OR IMPLANT? OR
         RADIOISO? OR (SAMARIUMQCOBALT) OR PATIENT? OR WORKER? OR
         CHILD? OR EPILEPS? OR EPILEPT?)

STEP 5 Remove duplicates
7rd
>»Duplicate detection is not supported for File 337.
>»Duplicate detection is not supported for File 336.

>»Records from unsupported files will be retained in the RD set.
...examined 50 records (50)
...examined 50 records (100)
...examined 50 records (150)
...examined 50 records (200)
...examined 50 records (250)
...examined 50 records (300)
...examined 50 records (350)
...examined 50 records (400)
...examined 50 records (450)
...examined 50 records (500)
...examined 50 records (550)
...examined 50 records (600)
...examined 50 records (650)
...examined 50 records (700)
...examined 50 records (750)
...examined 50 records (800)
...examined 50 records (850)
...examined 50 records (900)
...examined 50 records (950)
...examined 50 records (1000)
...examined 50 records (1050)
...examined 50 records (1100)
...examined 50 records (1150)
...examined 50 records (1200)
                                C-7

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This Page Intentionally Left Blank

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...completed examining records
   S16  760 RD (unique items)
TOTAL HITS USING ALL EXCLUSION TERMS = 760
EXAMPLE OF TITLES FROM THIS SEARCH WITH KEY WORDS IN CONTEXT
It s!6/6,k/378-384

>»KWIC option is not available in file(s): 41, 77, 399
16/6,K/378   (Item 61 from file: 156)
DIALOG(R)File 156:(c) format only 1999 The Dialog Corporation. All rts.
reserv.

01972309  Subfile: ETIC-35645
The influence of zinc and cobalt on the deoxyribonucleic acid
biosynthesis and on the genetic information transmission in experimental
animals. 2. Effect on the  serum  protein biosynthesis and on embryonic
development
Publication Year: 1984

The influence of zinc and cobalt on the deoxyribonucleic acid
biosynthesis and on the genetic information transmission in experimental
animals. 2. Effect on the  serum  protein biosynthesis and on embryonic
development
Descriptors/Keywords: RATTUS; MAMMAL, RAT; FEMALE; VIABILITY, FERTILITY
AND MORTALITY ; GROWTH ; EXTRA-EMBRYONIC STRUCTURES; HEMIC AND
LYMPHATIC SYSTEMS; CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM; ZINC CHLORIDE; COBALT
CHLORIDE

16/6,K/379   (Item 62 from file: 156)
DIALOG(R)File 156:(c) format only 1999 The Dialog Corporation. All rts.
reserv.

01971449  Subfile: ETIC-34372
The action of zn  and co upon DNA synthesis and  serum proteins during
prenatal development of albino rats
Publication Year: 1984

The action of zn  and co upon DNA synthesis and  serum proteins during
prenatal development of albino  rats
Descriptors/Keywords:  RATTUS, ALBINO; MAMMAL, RAT ; FEMALE; VIABILITY,
FERTILITY AND MORTALITY ; GROWTH ; GENETICS; BIOCHEMISTRY AND
METABOLISM; DIGESTIVE SYSTEM; ZINC CHLORIDE; COBALT  CHLORIDE

16/6,K/380   (Item 63 from file: 156)
DIALOG(R)File 156:(c) format only 1999 The Dialog Corporation. All rts.
reserv.
                                  Co
                                 -o

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01970572  Subfile: ETIC-32560
Effect of short-term exposure to five industrial metals on the embryonic
and fetal development of the mouse
Publication Year: 1984

Effect of short-term exposure to five industrial metals on the embryonic
and fetal development of the mouse
Descriptors/Keywords: MUS, NMRI; MAMMAL, MOUSE ; FEMALE; VIABILITY,
FERTILITY  AND  MORTALITY ; HEMIC AND LYMPHATIC SYSTEMS;
GROWTH ; MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM; NERVOUS SYSTEM; CRANIUM AND
FACE; ALUMINUM CHLORIDE; COBALT  DICHLORIDE; SODIUM  MOLYBDATE;
SODIUM TUNGSTATE; VANADIUM
PENTOXIDE
CAS  Registry No.: 7446-70-0;  7646-79-9 ; 7631-95-0; 13472-45-2;
1314-62-1

16/6,K/3 81   (Item 64 from file: 15 6)
DIALOG(R)File 156:(c) format only 1999 The Dialog Corporation. All rts.
reserv.

01903739  Subfile: NTIS-PB83-209841
Development of a Toxicity Test System Using Primary Rat Liver Cells.
Publication Year: 1981

Development of a Toxicity Test System Using Primary Rat Liver Cells.
TD3:  A model in vitro rat liver parenchymal cellular toxicity system
employing cells obtained by the in situ collagenase perfusion technique...

... toxicants. The initial evaluation of this test system was accomplished
using  cadmium chloride,  chromium chloride, cobalt chloride, mercuric
chloride, nickelous chloride, sodium arsenite, sodium selenite, and
ammonium vanadate. Linear regression analysis...

16/6,K/382   (Item 65 from file: 156)
DIALOG(R)File 156:(c) format only 1999 The Dialog Corporation. All rts.
reserv.

01898117  Subfile: HEEP-82-13891
 Cobaltous chloride effects on hexa chloro butadiene nephro toxicity
 KEEP COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS.
 Publication Year: 1982

 Cobaltous chloride effects on hexa chloro butadiene nephro toxicity
 ABSTRACT RAT  MORTALITY PROTEIN SYNERGISM
 CAS Registry No.: 7646-79-9 ; 87-68-3

 16/6,K/383   (Item 66 from file: 156)
 DIALOG(R)File 156:(c) format only 1999 The Dialog Corporation. All rts.
 reserv.
                                 C-9

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            01891217  Subfile: HEEP-82-06474
            Serum lipoprotein patterns in rats and the effects of some pollutants.
            HEEP COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS.
            Publication Year: 1981

            Serum lipoprotein patterns in rats and the effects of some pollutants.
            Serum tissue  lipids were analyzed to determine the suspected role of
            dietary oils in combination with some chemicals on induced hyperlipidemia
            in rats. Mustard and rapeseed oils increased triglyceride levels of
            tissues and blood. Trace elements (V) and...
            CAS Registry No.: 8002-13-9; 7440-62-2; 7440-48-4 ; 57-06-7; 50-29-3

           16/6,K/384   (Item 67 from file: 156)
           DIALOG(R)File 156:(c) format only 1999 The Dialog Corporation. All rts.
           reserv.

           01884542  Subfile: HEEP-81-08151
           Iron, lead and cobalt absorption: Similarities and dissimilarities.
           HEEP COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS.
           Publication Year: 1981

           Iron, lead and cobalt absorption: Similarities and dissimilarities.
           Using isolated intestinal segments in rats , the absorption of Fe, Pb
           and Co was increased in Fe deficiency and decreased in...

           ... i.v. Fe injection  and after parenteral  endotoxin injection. Acute
           bleeding  or abbreviated intervals of dietary  Fe deprivation resulted in
           increased Fe  absorption from isolated intestinal segments and in intact
           animals...

           ...  absorptive   mechanism apparently is  selectively  enhanced for Fe
           absorption by phlebotomy or brief periods of dietary Fe deprivation, or 2
           or more mucosal pathways for Fe absorption may exist.
            CAS Registry No.: 7440-48-4 ; 7439-92-1; 7439-89-6
Summarized version of Cobalt Search Strategies by Receptor
           (Note that the  term "drinking water" should be added to list of toxicological endpoints for future
          searches)

Cobalt Laboratory Mammal Search

           b 155,156,5,10,203,399,337,77,35,40,68,76,41,336,370,143,185,6,50,144

           s cobalt? or rn=7440-48-4 or rn=71-48-7 or rn=7646-79-9 or rn=10141-05-6 or rn=10124-43-
           3 or rn=544-18-3 or rn=60459-08-7 or rn=69098-14-2

           and (rat or rats or mice or mouse or hamster?  or (guineaQpig?) or rabbit? or monkey?)

           and (reproduc? or diet or dietary or systemic or development? or histolog? or growth or
           neurological or behav? or mortal?  or lethal? or surviv?)
                                             C-10

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Not human/ti,de
Not vitro/ti,de
Not culture ?/ti,de
Not inhalation/ti,de
Not subcutaneous/ti,de
Not gene/ti,de
Not inject? Ai,de
Not tumo?/ti,de
Not carcin?/ti,de
Not cancer?/ti,de

Additonal exclusions:

Not (60c or co60 or (cobalt()60) or irradiat? Or (gamma()ray?) or neutron? Or
(gamma()irradiat?) or radiation or (x()ray?) or fission or alloy?)

Not (radiotherap? Or prosthes? Or implant? Or radioiso? Or (samarium()cobalt) or patient?
Or worker? Or child? Or epileps? or epilept?)

Rd

Cobalt Wild Mammal Search

b 155,156,5,10,203,399,337,77,35,40,68,76,41,336,370,143,185,6,50,144

s cobalt? or RN=7440-48-4 or rn=71-48-7 or rn=7646-79-9 or rn=10141-05-6 or rn=10124-
43-3 or rn=544-18-3 or rn=60459-08-7 or rn=69098-14-2

and (didelphidae or opossum? or soricidae or shrew? or talpidae or armadillo? or dasypodidae
or ochotonidae or leporidae)

or canidae or ursidae or procyonidae or mustelidae or felidae or cat or cats or dog or dogs or
bear or bears or weasel? or skunk? or marten or martens or badger? or ferret? or mink?

or aplodontidae or beaver? or sciuridae or geomyidae or heteromyidae or castoridae or
equidae or suidae or dicotylidae or cervidae or antilocapridae  or bovidae

or arvicolinae or mycocastoridae or dipodidae or erethizontidae or sigmodon? or
(harvest()mice) or (harvest()mouse) or microtus  or peromyscus or reithrodontomys or
onychomys or vole or voles or lemming?

and (reproduc? or diet or dietary or systemic or development? or histolog? or growth or
neurological or behav? or mortal? or lethal? or surviv? )
Not human/ti,de
Not vitro/ti,de
Not culture ?/ti,de
Not inhalation/ti,de
Not subcutaneous/ti,de
                                  C-ll

-------
 Not gene/ti,de
 Not inject?/ti,de
 Not tumo?/ti,de
 Not carcin?/ti,de
 Not cancer?/ti,de

 Additonal exclusions:

 Not (60c or co60 or (cobalt()60) or irradiat? Or (gamma()ray?) or neutron? Or
 (gammaQirradiat?) or radiation or (x()ray?) or fission or alloy?)

 Not (radiotherap? Or prosthes? Or implant? Or radioiso? Or (samarium()cobalt) or patient?
 Or worker? Or child? Or epileps? or epilept?)

 Rd

Cobalt Avian Receptor Search

 b 155,156,5,10,203,399,337,77,35,40,68,76,41,336,370,143,185,6,50,144

 s cobalt? or RN=7440-48-4 or rn=71-48-7 or rn=7646-79-9 or rn=10141-05-6 or rn=10124-
 43-3 or rn=544-18-3 or rn=60459-08-7 or rn=69098-14-2

 and (chicken? or duck or duckling? or ducks or mallard? or quail? or (japanese()quail?) or
 coturnix or (gallus()domesticus) or platyrhyn? or anas or aves or avian or bird?)

 or (song()bird?) or bobwhite? or (water()bird?) or (water()fowl)
 and (reproduc? or diet or dietary or systemic or development? or histolog? or growth or
 neurological or behav? or mortal? or lethal? or surviv? )

 Not Human/ti,de
 Not vitro/ti,de
 Not culture ?/ti,de
 Not inhalation/ti,de
 Not subcutaneous/ti,de
 Not gene/ti,de
 Not inject?Ai,de
 Not tumo?/ti,de
 Not carcin?/ti,de
 Not cancer?/ti,de

 Additonal exclusions:

 Not (60c or co60 or (cobalt()60) or irradiat? Or (gamma()ray?) or neutron? Or
 (gamma()irradiat?) or radiation or (x()ray?) or fission or alloy?)

 Not (radiotherap? Or prosthes? Or implant? Or radioiso? Or (samariumQcobalt) or patient?
 Or worker? Or child? Or epileps? or epilept?)

 Rd
                                   C-12

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Cobalt Amphibians & Reptiles Search

 b 155,156,5,10,203,399,337,77,35,40,68,76,41,336,370,143,185,6,50,144

 s cobalt? or RN=7440-48-4 or rn=71-48-7 or rn=7646-79-9 or rn=10141-05-6 or rn=10124-
 43-3 or rn=544-18-3 or rn=60459-08-7 or rn=69098-14-2

 and (amphibi? or frog? or salamander? or newt or newts or toad? or reptil? or crocodil? or
 alligator? or caiman? snake? or lizard? or turtle? or tortoise? or terrapin?)

 and (reproduc? or diet or dietary or systemic or development? or histolog? or growth or
 neurological or behav? or mortal? or lethal? or surviv? )

 Not human/ti,de
 Not vitro/ti,de
 Not culture ?/ti,de
 Not inhalation/ti,de
 Not subcutaneous/ti,de
 Not gene/ti,de
 Not inject?/ti,de
 Not tumo?/ti,de
 Not carcin?/ti,de
 Not cancer?/ti,de

 Additonal exclusions:

 Not (60c or co60 or (cobalt()60) or irradiat? Or (gamma()ray?) or neutron? Or
 (gamma()irradiat?)  or radiation or (x()ray?) or fission or alloy?)

 Not (radiotherap? Or prosthes? Or implant?  Or radioiso? Or (samarium()cobalt) or patient?
 Or worker? Or child? Or epileps?  or epilept?)

 Rd
                                   C-13

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This Page Intentionally Left Blank

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                             APPENDIX D


                         CHEMICAL LIST



METALS: The names of salts marked with a bullet (•) are included as general information.

CHEMICAL                                                CAS #
ALUMINUM (alumin*)
 •Aluminum                                                  7429-90-5
 •Aluminum chloride                                           7446-70-0
 •Aluminum fluoride                                           7784-18-1
 •Sulfuric acid, Aluminum ammonium salt (2:1:1)                   7784-25-0
 •Sulfuric acid, Aluminum salt (3:2)                              10043-01-3
 •Sulfuric acid, Aluminum potassium salt                          10043-67-1
 •Aluminum nitrate (A1(NO3)3)                                 13473-90-0
 •Aluminum potassium sulfate (A1K(SO4)2)                       10043-67-1
 •Aluminum sulfate                                            10043-01-3
 •Aluminum sulfate hydrate                                     17927-65-0
 •Aluminum nitrate nonahydrate                                 7784-27-2
 •Aluminum chloride hexahydrate                                7784-13-6
 •Aluminum fluoride trihydrate                                  15098-87-0
 •Aluminum chloride hydrate                                    10124-27-3
 •Aluminum sulfate octahydrate                                  7784-31-8
 •Aluminum fluoride dihydrate                                   32287-65-3
 •Aluminum sulfate hydrate                                     16828-11-8

•These terms were not used in the search strategy. All references to these aluminum salts are
retrieved by truncating alumin* and using the CAS numbers.

ANTIMONY (antimon*)
 •Antimony III                                                7440-36-0
 •Potassium antimonate                                         1333-78-4
• Antimony potassium tartrate                                   28300-74-5
 •Antimony trichloride                                         10025-91-9
 •Antimony trifluoride                                         7783-56-4
 •Antimony trisulfide                                           1345-04-6
 •L-Antimony potassium tartrate                                 11071-15-1
 •Potassium hexahydroantimonate                                12208-13-8
 • Sodium hexahydroxy antimonate                               3 3 908-66-6
 •Hexahydroxyantimonate (1 -) potassium                          63 994-3 3 -2

•These terms were not used in the search strategy. All references to these antimony salts are
retrieved by truncating antimon* and using the CAS numbers.
                                   D-l

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** ARSENIC (arsen*)
Arsenic                                                       7440-38-2
Arsenic acid, Sodium salt                                        7631-89-2
Arsenic acid (H3AsO4)                                          7778-39-4
Arsenic acid, Disodium salt                                      7778-43-0
Arsenous trichloride                                             7784-34-1
Arsenic acid, Lead (2+) salt (1:1)                                  7784-40-9
Arsenic acid, Diammonium salt                                   7784-44-3
Arsenenous acid, Sodium salt                                     7784-46-5
Arsenic acid, Disodium salt, Heptahydrate (Na2AsH3O4.7H2O)       10048-95-0
Sodium arsenate (NaAsO3)                                      15120-17-9
Sodium arsenate (NaAsO4)                                      13464-38-5
Sodium arsenate (generic form)                                   7631-89-2
Sodium arsenite (Na2HAsO3)                                    13466-06-3
Sodium arsenate (Na3AsO3)                                      13464-37-4
** BARIUM (barium/ barite)
Barium carbonate
Barium acetate
Barium nitrate hydrate
Barium chloride hydrate
Barium
Barium sulfate
Barium nitrate
Barium chloride
Barite (barium sulfate)
Barium sulfide
513-77-9
543-80-6
115216-77-8
10326-27-9
7440-39-3
7727-43-7
10022-31-8
10361-37-2
13462-86-7
21109-95-5
** BERYLLIUM (beryllium)
Beryllium
Beryllium chloride
Beryllium fluoride
Beryllium hydroxide
Beryllium nitrate (Be(NO3)2.3H20)
Beryllium nitrate (BeN2O6)
Beryllium silicate
Beryllium sulfate
Beryllium sulfate tetrahydrate
7440-41-7
7787-47-5
7787-49-7
13327-32-7
7787-55-5
13597-99-4
12161-82-9
13510-49-1
7787-56-6
CADMIUM (cadmium)
Cadmium
•Cadmium acetate
•Cadmium bromide
•Cadmium chloride
•Cadmium iodide (CdCI2)
•Nitric acid, Cadmium salt tetrahydrate
•Cadmium nitrate
•Cadmium sulfate
•Cadmium chloride hydrate
•Cadmium sulfate 8/3H2O
•Cadmium acetate hydrate
7440-43-9
543-90-8
7789-42-6
10108-64-2
7790-80-9
10022-68-1
10325-94-7
10124-36-4
7790-78-5
7790-84-3
89759-80-8
                                     D-2

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•Cadmium chloride hydrate                                     34330-64-8

• These terms were not used in the search strategy. All references to these cadmium salts are
retrieved by cadmium and the CAS numbers.

CHROMIUM (chromium, chromate,, chromic, chrome, (chrome(n)6), (chromium(n)6),
hexachrome, chromous)
•Acetic acid, Chromium (3+) salt                                 1066-30-4
Chromium                                                   7440-47-3
•Chromic acid (+6)                                            7738-94-5
•Sodium chromate (+6)                                         7775-11-3
•Chromic acid, Dipotassium salt (+6)                             7778-50-9
•Chromium fluoride (+3)                                       7788-97-8
•Chromic acid, Diammonium salt (+6)                            7788-98-9
•Chromic acid, Dipotassium salt (+6)                             7789-00-6
•Chromium chloride (+3)                                       10025-73-7
•Sulfuric acid, Chromium (3+) salt (3:2)                           10101-53-8
•Chromium potassium sulfate (+3)                                10141-00-1
•Sodium dichromate (+6)                                       10588-01-9
•Sodium chromate (unknown formula)                            12680-48-7
•Chromic acid (+6)                                            13530-68-2
•Chromium (III) nitrate (+3)                                     13548-38-4
•Chromate (CrO4) (+6)                                         13907-45-4
•Chromate (+6)                                               13907-47-6
•Chromium sulfate pentahydrate (+3)                             15244-38-9
Hexavalent chromium                                         18540-29-9
•Chromium nitrate nonahydrate                                  7789-02-8

• These terms were not used in the search strategy. All references to these chromium salts are
retrieved by the use of the terms: chromium, chromate, chromic, chrome, (chrome(n)6),,
(chromium(n)6),, hexachrome, chromous and the CAS numbers.
COBALT (cobalt*)
•Cobalt                                                      7440-48-4
•Cobalt acetate                                                71-48-7
•Cobalt chloride                                               7646-79-9
•Cobalt nitrate                                                10141-05-6
•Cobalt sulfate                                                10124-43-3
•Cobalt(2)formate                                             544-18-3
•Cobalt sulfate hydrate                                         60459-08-7
•Cobalt chloride hydrate                                        690098-14-2

• These terms were not used in the search strategy. All references to these cobalt salts are
retrieved by the truncation of cobalt* and the CAS numbers.
                                    D-3

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COPPER (copper, cupr*)
Copper                                                         7440-50-8
•Copper chloride                                                1344-67-8
•Copper sulfate                                                  13 3 3 -22-8
•Copper sulfate                                                  7758-98-7
•Copper acetone                                                 598-54-9
•Copper chloride hydroxide                                       1332-65-6
•Copper acetate                                                  4180-12-5
•Acetic acid, Copper 2+ salt monohydrate                           6046-93-1
•Sulfuric acid copper (2+) salt (1:1), Pentahydrate                    7758-99-8
•Cupric acetate                                                  142-71-2
•Cupric nitrate                                                   3251-23-8
•Cuprous nitrate                                                 3251-29-4
•Cupric chloride                                                 7447-39-4
•Cuprous chloride                                                7758-89-6
•Cupric perchlorate                                              13770-18-8
•Copper acetate hydrate                                          66923-66-8
•Cupric chloride hydrate                                          13468-85-4
•Cupric nitrate hydrate                                           19004-19-4
•Copper chloride dihydrate                                        10125-13-0

• These terms were not used in the search stragegy. All references to these copper salts are
retrieved by using the terms copper and truncating cupr* and the CAS number.

** IRON (iron, ferr*)
Carbonic acid, Iron(2+)salt (1:1)                                   563-71-3
Iron                                                           7439-89-6
Iron chloride                                                    7705-08-0
Iron chloride FeC12                                             7758-94-3
Ironsulfates                                                    10124-49-9
Nitric acid, Iron(3+) salt                                          10421-48-4
Iron hydroxide                                                  11113 -66-9
Iron chloride                                                    12040-57-2
Carbonic acid, Iron (3+) salt                                       26273-46-1
Ferric hydroxide                                                 1309-33-7
Ferrous suffide                                                  1317-37-9
Ferrous sulfate                                                  7720-78-7
Ferric sulfate                                                    10028-22-5
Ferrous hydroxide                                                18624-44-7
Ferric sulfate hydrate                                             10028-22-5
Iron trichloride hexahydrate                                       7705-08-0
Iron dichloride tetrahydrate                                       13478-10-9

•LEAD

The term "lead" cannot be used in a search strategy because the word is commonly used as a verb and
noun. The following terms were developed to search this element and were used in combination with
the CAS numbers listed below.

Lead level*                                                     7439-92-1
Lead intake                                                     301-04-2
Lead induce*                                                   7758-95-4
Lead poison*                                                   10099-74-8
Leadintoxi*                                                    7446-14-2
                                     D-4

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Blood lead                                                      546-67-8
Lead toxic*                                                     13826-65-8
Leadmetabol*                                                  5224-23-7
Lead burden*                                                   78-00-2
Dietary lead                                                    7442-13-9
Lead emcephalopathy                                            15347-57-6
Lead expos*
Trimethyl lead
Trimethyllead
Tributyl lead
Tributyllead
Lead tetraacetate
Lead acetate
Tetraethyl lead
Trialkyl lead
Inorganic lead
Ambient lead
Lead compound*
Lead acetic
TEL
Pb
Lead chloride
Lead nitrate
Lead sulfate
Lead concentrat*
Diethyl lead
Plumbic
Plumbous

The term "lead compound" was used in the search strategy for this metal, but its use for future
searches is not recommended. The pharmaceutical industry uses the term as a description for a
particularly promising therapeutic agent from a group of structurally closely related
compounds. Use of this term will retrieve many unrelated records.
**MANGANESE (manganese)

Manganese                                                     7439-96-5
Manganese (III) sulfate                                           13444-72-9
Manganese chloride                                             11132-78-8
Manganese chloride (MnC12)                                     7773-01-5
Manganese nitrate                                               10377-66-9
Manganese nitrate hydrate                                        15710-66-4
Manganese sulfate hydrate                                        15244-36-7

** NICKEL (nickel)
Acetic acid, Nickel (2+) salt                                      373-02-4
Nickel chloride hexahydrate                                      7791 -20-0
Nickel chloride hydrate                                           69098-15-3
Nickel (II) selenate                                              15060-62-5
Nickel                                                         7440-02-0
Nickelous chloride                                              7718-54-9
Nickelous nitrate                                                13138-45-9
Sulfuric acid, nickel (2+) salt (1:1)                                 7786-81-4
                                     D-5

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Nickel sulfate hexahydrate
Nickelous acetate tetrahydrate
Nickel (II) chloide hydrate
10101-97-0
373-02-4
13478-00-7
SELENIUM (, seleni*, selenate, selenium)
•Selenium dioxide
•Potassium selenate
•Potassium selenite
•Selenium
•Selenous acid
•Sodium selenate
•Sodium selinite
7446-08-4
7790-59-2
10431-14-7
7782-49-2
7783-00-8
13410-01-0
10102-18-8
• These terms were not used in the search strategy.  All references to these selenium salts are
retrieved by using the terms seleni*, selenate, selenium and the CAS number.
** SILVER (silver)
Acetic acid, Silver (l+)salt
Silver
Silver nitrate
Silver chloride
Silver iodide
Silver sulfate
563-63-3
7440-22-4
7761-88-8
7783-90-6
7783-96-2
10294-26-5
**VANADIUM (vanad*)
Vanadium
Vanadium chloride
Vanadyl chloride
Vanadic acid, Ammonium salt
Sodium vanadate
Vanadic acid, Trisodium salt
o-Vanadate
7440-62-2
7718-98-1
7727-18-6
7803-55-6
13718-26-8
13721-39-6
14333-18-7
** ZINC (zinc)
Zinc
Zinc chloride
Zinc nitrate
Zinc sulfate
Zinc acetate
Zinc peroxide
Zinc phosphide
Zinc sulfate heptahydrate
Zinc bromide
Zinc iodide
Sulfurous acid, Zinc salt (1:1)
Zinc nitrate hydrate
Zinc acetate dihydrate
7440-66-6
7646-85-7
7779-88-6
7733-02-0
557-34-6
1314-22-3
1314-84-7
7446-20-0
7699-45-8
10139-47-6
13597.44.9
10196-18-6
5970-45-6
                                      D-6

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ORGANICS
CHEMICAL                                                        CAS #

DIELDRIN                                                         60-57-1
dieldrin*
alvit
dieldrex
heod
panoram
quintox
dimethanonaphthalene

**DDT GROUP                                                    50-29-3

DDT
agritan
anofex
arkotine
azotox
bosan
bovidermol
chlorophenothan
citox
clofenotane
dedelo
deoval
detox
detoxan
dibovan
dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane
dicophane
didigam
didimac
diphenyltrichloroethane
dodat
dykol
estonate
genitox
gesafid
gesapon
gesarex
gesarol
guesapon
guesarol
byron
havero*
hildit
ivoran
ixodex
kopsol
mutoxin
neocide
parachlorocidum
pentachlorin
                                      D-7

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pentech
rukseam
santobane
ze*dane

**DDD                                                               72-54-8
dichlorodiphenyl(w)dichloroethane
dilene
rhothane
TDE

**DDE                                                               72-55-9
dichlorodiphenyl(w)dichloroethylene

**PENTACHLOROPHENOL                                        87-86-5
pentachlorophen*
PCP
acutox
chem-penta
chem-tol
chlorophen
cryptogil
dowcide
crotox
fungifen
lauxtol
liroprem
nci
penchlorol
pentachlorofen*
pentacon
penta-kil
pentasol
penwar
peratox
permite
pervenol
priltox
santo*
weedone
witophen

RDX                                                                121-82-4
RDX
hexolite
cyclonite
cyclotrimethy lene *
trinitro (w)triazine
hexogen
pbx
trimethylenetrinitramine
trinitrocyclotrimethylene
triaza(n)trinitro(n)cycloc(n)hexane
trinitro(n)hexahydro(n)triazine
                                      D-8

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hexahydro(n)trinitro()triazine

Note: The term PBX was used in the search strategy for 121-82-4 but its use is not recommended.
PBX is an acronym for several organic chemicals, e.g. piperonyl butoxide and the use of the term will
retrieve unrelated records.

**TNT                                                             118-96-7
TNT
trinitrotoluene
tolit*
entosufon
tritol
triton
trotyl
trinitrotoluol
**These chemicals terms have not been tested in a search strategy.
                                      D-9

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                  Wildlife PAH Literature Search and Acquisition

OVERVIEW

This Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) documents the procedure for used for polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) wildlife toxicological literature acquisition. The literature search
and acquisition was completed by EPA MED-Duluth. These procedures were developed from
Eco-SSL Standard Operating Procedure (SOP #3):  Acquisition of Literature to Support the
Development ofToxicity Reference Values (TRVs) for Wildlife , which provides direction for the
retrieval of wildlife (birds, mammals, reptiles and amphibians) toxicological literature.
Additional procedures for chemical terms, search strategy, literature tracking and acquisition
were incorporated from the Attachment 3-1 Eco-SSL SOP #1'. Plant and Soil Invertebrate
Literature Search and Acquisition

LITERATURE IDENTIFICATION

Literature Identification in MED-Duluth Files

The literature identification process includes the scanning the terrestrial toxicity reference file
for PAH citations.  This reference file is located at the U.S. EPA, National Health and Ecological
Effects Research Laboratory (NHEERL), Mid-Continent Ecology Division-Duluth (MED-
Duluth).  If the citation includes a PAH chemical and an identified  species group, the citation
was forwarded to the appropriate party for review of applicability.

Computerized Literature Searches

Online searches were performed using the DIALOG or SilverPlatter commercial database
vendors. The search terms used for each database are listed in Attachment A. The first group of
databases that were the focus of Eco-SSL literature searches were:

•      AGRICOLA database (http://www.nal.usda.gov) provides a strong U.S. agricultural
       focus that has strict indexing codes for both toxicity and soil organisms.

•      AGRIS International (http://www.icpa.ro/AgroWeb/AIC/RACC/Agris.htm) provides a
       strong international agricultural focus that has toxicity indexing codes.

•      BIOSIS database (http://www.biosis.org/) provides a strict taxonomical indexing system.
       BIOSIS recently  (1998) began adding Chemical Abstract Service (CAS) Registry
       numbers.

•      CA Search database (http://www.cas.org/) provides a strict  chemical indexing  system,
       but lacks a taxonomical indexing system.
                                         Page 1

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•      Life Sciences Abstracts (http://www.csa.com/) provides toxicology abstracts.  Some
       portions are already included in PolTox.

•      PolTox database includes Toxline, NTIS and Pollution Abstracts, provided through
       SilverPlatter is available on CD-ROM at MED-Duluth.

DEVELOPMENT OF LITERATURE SEARCH STRATEGY

Literature search strategies were developed iteratively with each section of terms examined using
different criteria. The search strategies included category codes, chemical terms, species specific
terms, publication years, and exclusion terms. Attachment B provides a detailed summary of the
literature search strategy development documentation.

Category Codes

Category codes are used within DIALOG databases to group documents by subject or topic. By
specifically selecting category codes relevant to the Eco-SSL effort, the literature search output
should result in a more focused data set.  The Eco-SSL literature search strategy documentation
(Attachment B) includes a summary of the category codes selected to focus the search (if
necessary) for each DIALOG database.

Chemical Terms

The Eco-SSL Steering Committee identified  the following list of terms as the initial focus of the
poly cyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) Eco-SSL effort.

       Chemical Abstract Registry Numbers: 83329, 208968, 120127 56553, 50328,  205992,
       191242, 207089, 218019,  53703, 206440, 86737, 193395, 91203, 85018 , 129000,
       130498292

       Chemical Name Terms: acenaphthene, acenaphth?lene, albocarbon, anthrac?n,
       anthrac?ne , benz*(w) (acephenanthrylene or anthracene or chrysene or fluoranthene, or
       fluorene or perylene  or phenanthrene  or pyrene or pyrilene), benzacenaphthene,
       benzanthracene, benzanthrazen, benzanthrene, benzfluoranthene, benzindene,
       benzoanthracene, benzochrysene, benzofluoranthene, benzofluorene, benzoperylene,
       benzophenanthrene, benzopyrene, benzopyrilene, benzperylene, benzphenanthrene,
       benzpyrene, benzypyrene, beta-pyren*, binaphthylene, biphenylenemethane,
       biphenylmethane, bis-alkylamino(w)anthracene, camphor(nl)tar,  chrysene,
       coal(w)tar(w)pitch, cyclopenta(w)naphthalene, dezodorator, dibenz(w)antracene,
       dibenz*(w)anthracene, dibenz*(w)fluorene, dibenzanthracene, dibenzoanthracene,
       dibenzofluorene, dibenzonaphthalene, dihydroacenaphthylene, diphenylenemethane,
       ethylenenaphthalene, fluoranthene, fluorene, green(w)oil, idryl, inden*(w)pyrene,
       indenopyrene, methylenebiphenyl, mighty(w)(150  orrdl), naphthal?n, naphthal?ne,
       naphthalenediylbenzene, naphthanthracene, naphthene, naphthalenebenzene,
       naphthylenebenzene, naphthyleneethylene, ortho-phenylenepyrene, paranaphthalene,

                                         Page 2

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       peri-ethyl?nenaphthalene, phenanthr?n*, phenantrin, phenylenepyrene, pyrene, ravatite,
       tetra(w)olive, tetraphene, white(w)tar, (polynuclear or  polycyclic(w)
       arom * (w)hy drocarb on * )

Species Terms

For species terms, refer to Table 1

CONDUCTING THE LITERATURE SEARCH

Instructions for performing the searches and defining BIBLIOLINKS output format for
DIALOG and SilverPlatter are found in Eco-SSL Attachment 3-1.  The following procedures
were followed when conducting the literature search using an electronic abstracting database
system.

•      All chemicals were searched within a single search strategy.

•      An attempt was made to search all databases at the same time, allowing for removal of
       duplicate entries across the various databases prior to downloading citations.

•      Each species term grouping (amphibian/reptile, avian, mammal) was conducted as a
       separate search to reduce the number of records downloaded in a single search and to
       allow for the use of more specific search strategies.

•      The Eco-SSL task group responsible for development of the wildlife toxicity reference
       values (TRVs)  approved any modification to the search strategy prior to conducting the
       search.

•      The strategies used for all searches were saved and downloaded electronically to avoid
       the possibility of typographical errors.

•      Any modifications to the literature search strategy was  examined by a second person
       before conducting the search.

•      Copies of all search strategies and results (number of hits) were saved and a report
       provided to EPA (see 'Analysis of Search Results' section below).

•      All data retrieved from the computerized literature search were transferred to a temporary
       ProCite database file using BIBLIOLINKS software and procedures according to the
       specifications provided for each commercial  database.
                                         Page 3

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IDENTIFICATION OF POTENTIALLY APPLICABLE PUBLICATIONS

The temporary ProCite bibliographic file containing the computerized search results was
provided to the staff (contractor) responsible for identification of publications to be physically
retrieved.
                                       Page 4

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ATTACHMENT A: Literature Search Strategy

AGRICOLA, AGRIS International, BIOSIS, CASearch, databases provide an index code(s) for
toxic effects data (see detailed search strategies below).  Life Sciences Abstracts and PolTox do
not require category codes to refine the search.  The basic search will intersect two or three
areas:

•       species terms in the title, descriptor and abstract fields only
•       PAH chemical terms in the title, descriptor and abstract fields only
•       toxic effects indexing codes, as needed

Exclusion terms may also be used to further reduce the number of non-applicable citations
located by a search strategy and included in the species list.


AGRICOLA Search


Species Terms  (See Species List)


Chemical Names
acenaphthene, acenaphth?lene, albocarbon, anthrac?n, anthrac?ne , benz*(w) (acephenanthrylene or anthracene or
chrysene or fluoranthene, or fluorene or perylene or phenanthrene or pyrene or pyrilene), benzacenaphthene,
benzanthracene, benzanthrazen, benzanthrene, benzfluoranthene, benzindene, benzoanthracene, benzochrysene,
benzofluoranthene, benzofluorene, benzoperylene, benzophenanthrene, benzopyrene, benzopyrilene, benzperylene,
benzphenanthrene, benzpyrene, benzypyrene, beta-pyren*, binaphthylene, biphenylenemethane, biphenylmethane,
bis-alkylamino(w)anthracene, camphor(nl)tar, chrysene, coal(w)tar(w)pitch, cyclopenta(w)naphthalene,
dezodorator, dibenz*(w)antracene, dibenz*(w)anthracene, dibenz*(w)fluorene, dibenzanthracene,
dibenzoanthracene, dibenzofluorene, dibenzonaphthalene, dihydroacenaphthylene, diphenylenemethane,
ethylenenaphthalene, fluoranthene, fluorene, green(w)oil, idryl, inden*(w)pyrene, indenopyrene, methylenebiphenyl,
mighty(w)(150 orrdl), naphthal?n, naphthal?ne, naphthalenediylbenzene, naphthanthracene, naphthene,
naphthalenebenzene, naphthylenebenzene, naphthyleneethylene, ortho-phenylenepyrene, paranaphthalene, peri-
ethyl?nenaphthalene, phenanthr?n*, phenantrin, phenylenepyrene, pyrene, ravatite, tetra(w)olive, tetraphene,
white(w)tar, (polynuclear or  polycyclic(w) arom*(w)hydrocarbon*)

Category Codes
        (SH=WOOO Pollution or L600 Animal Physiology )


AGRIS International Search


Species Terms  (See  Species List)


Chemical Names
acenaphthene, acenaphth?lene, albocarbon, anthrac?n, anthrac?ne , benz*(w) (acephenanthrylene or anthracene or
chrysene or fluoranthene, or fluorene or perylene or phenanthrene or pyrene or pyrilene), benzacenaphthene,
benzanthracene, benzanthrazen, benzanthrene, benzfluoranthene, benzindene, benzoanthracene, benzochrysene,
benzofluoranthene, benzofluorene, benzoperylene, benzophenanthrene, benzopyrene, benzopyrilene, benzperylene,
benzphenanthrene, benzpyrene, benzypyrene, beta-pyren*, binaphthylene, biphenylenemethane, biphenylmethane,


                                             Page 5

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bis-alkylamino(w)anthracene, camphor(nl)tar, chrysene, coal(w)tar(w)pitch, cyclopenta(w)naphthalene,
dezodorator, dibenz*(w)antracene, dibenz*(w)anthracene, dibenz*(w)fluorene, dibenzanthracene,
dibenzoanthracene, dibenzofluorene, dibenzonaphthalene, dihydroacenaphthylene, diphenylenemethane,
ethylenenaphthalene, fluoranthene, fluorene, green(w)oil, idryl, inden*(w)pyrene, indenopyrene, methylenebiphenyl,
mighty(w)(150 orrdl), naphthal?n, naphthal?ne, naphthalenediylbenzene, naphthanthracene, naphthene,
naphthalenebenzene, naphthylenebenzene, naphthyleneethylene, ortho-phenylenepyrene, paranaphthalene, peri-
ethyl?nenaphthalene, phenanthr?n*, phenantrin, phenylenepyrene, pyrene, ravatite, tetra(w)olive, tetraphene,
white(w)tar, (polynuclear or polycyclic(w) arom*(w)hydrocarbon*)

Category Codes
        (SC=T01 Pollution or L74 Animal Production (Miscellaneous Disorders of Animals)


BIOSIS Search


Species Terms     Use species terms from Species List

Category Codes
        CC=22501      Toxicology-general; Methods and Experimental
        CC=22506      Toxicology-Environmental And Industrial Toxicology
        CC=37015      Public Health: Air, Water or Soil Pollution
                      (add CC22508 Veterinary Toxicology for lab mammals)


Chemical name/CAS#
Chemical Abstract Registry Numbers: 83329, 208968, 120127 56553, 50328, 205992, 191242, 207089, 218019,
53703, 206440, 86737, 193395, 91203, 85018 , 129000, 130498292
acenaphthene, acenaphth?lene, albocarbon, anthrac?n, anthrac?ne , benz*(w) (acephenanthrylene or anthracene or
chrysene or fluoranthene, or fluorene or perylene or phenanthrene or pyrene or pyrilene), benzacenaphthene,
benzanthracene, benzanthrazen, benzanthrene, benzfluoranthene, benzindene,  benzoanthracene, benzochrysene,
benzofluoranthene, benzofluorene, benzoperylene, benzophenanthrene, benzopyrene, benzopyrilene, benzperylene,
benzphenanthrene, benzpyrene, benzypyrene, beta-pyren*, binaphthylene, biphenylenemethane, biphenylmethane,
bis-alkylamino(w)anthracene, camphor(nl)tar, chrysene, coal(w)tar(w)pitch, cyclopenta(w)naphthalene,
dezodorator, dibenz*(w)antracene, dibenz*(w)anthracene, dibenz*(w)fluorene, dibenzanthracene,
dibenzoanthracene, dibenzofluorene, dibenzonaphthalene, dihydroacenaphthylene, diphenylenemethane,
ethylenenaphthalene, fluoranthene, fluorene, green(w)oil,, idryl, inden*(w)pyrene, indenopyrene,
methylenebiphenyl, mighty(w)(150 orrdl), naphthal?n, naphthal?ne, naphthalenediylbenzene, naphthanthracene,
naphthene, naphthalenebenzene, naphthylenebenzene, naphthyleneethylene, ortho-phenylenepyrene,
paranaphthalene, peri-ethyl?nenaphthalene, phenanthr?n*, phenantrin, phenylenepyrene, pyrene, ravatite,
tetra(w)olive, tetraphene, white(w)tar, (polynuclear or polycyclic(w) arom*(w)hydrocarbon*)


CA Search Terms


Species Terms   Use species terms from Species List
Category Codes
        SC=CA?04* (Toxicology)


CAS#
Chemical Abstract Registry Numbers: 83329, 208968, 120127 56553, 50328, 205992, 191242,
207089, 218019,  53703, 206440, 86737, 193395, 91203, 85018 , 129000, 130498292
                                              Page 6

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PolTox and LifeSciences Abstracts Search


Species Terms  Use species terms from Species List


Chemical names
acenaphthene, acenaphth?lene, albocarbon, anthrac?n, anthrac?ne , benz*(w) (acephenanthrylene or anthracene or
chrysene or fluoranthene, or fluorene or perylene or phenanthrene or pyrene or pyrilene), benzacenaphthene,
benzanthracene, benzanthrazen, benzanthrene, benzfluoranthene, benzindene, benzoanthracene, benzochrysene,
benzofluoranthene, benzofluorene, benzoperylene, benzophenanthrene, benzopyrene, benzopyrilene, benzperylene,
benzphenanthrene, benzpyrene, benzypyrene, beta-pyren*, binaphthylene, biphenylenemethane, biphenylmethane,
bis-alkylamino(w)anthracene,  camphor(nl)tar, chrysene, coal(w)tar(w)pitch, cyclopenta(w)naphthalene,
dezodorator, dibenz*(w)antracene, dibenz*(w)anthracene, dibenz*(w)fluorene, dibenzanthracene,
dibenzoanthracene, dibenzofluorene, dibenzonaphthalene, dihydroacenaphthylene, diphenylenemethane,
ethylenenaphthalene, fluoranthene, fluorene, green(w)oil, idryl, inden*(w)pyrene, indenopyrene,
methylenebiphenyl, mighty(w)(150 orrdl), naphthal?n, naphthal?ne, naphthalenediylbenzene, naphthanthracene,
naphthene, naphthalenebenzene, naphthylenebenzene, naphthyleneethylene, ortho-phenylenepyrene,
paranaphthalene, peri-ethyl?nenaphthalene, phenanthr?n*, phenantrin, phenylenepyrene, pyrene, ravatite,
tetra(w)olive, tetraphene, white(w)tar, (polynuclear or polycyclic(w) arom*(w)hydrocarbon*)
Category Codes:  none
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Table 1: Wildlife PAH Species List
Amphibian/Reptile
alligator
alligators
amphibi*
caiman
crocodil*
frog
frogs
lizard
lizards

newt
newts
reptil*
salamander*
snake
snakes
terrapin*
toad
toads
tortoise*
turtle
turtles

Biosystemic Codes (BIOSIS only)#
BC= Amphibians or Reptiles
Exclusion Terms
human (in descriptor field)
venom*
Avian
aves
avian*
bird
birds
bob white*
chicken
chickens
gallus
duck

ducks
duckling*
mallard* or anas
quail or coturnix
quails
songbird*
turkey
turkeys
waterbird*
waterfowl

Biosystemic Codes (BIOSIS only)#
BC Birds
Exclusion Terms:
human (in descriptor field)
food* (in descriptor field)
cooking (in descriptor field)

Mammals
**7b Be Developed
Species Terms:


Effect/Toxicity Terms#:

Biosystemic Codes (BIOSIS only)#
BC= nonhuman mammals

Exclusion Terms:

















 # All species terms are intersected with all effect/process terms and biosystemic codes.
NOTE:  3n= the second term is within three terms either before or after the first term;
        w = the second term is adjacent to the first word
                                                PageS

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Attachment B:  Search Development Documentation
The Task Group 1 SOP1 listing of applicable wildlife toxicity databases are listed in Table 1.
This table is annotated with additional information to recommending the use in PAH searches.
The recommendation is noted in Table 1:
   Yes    =  high confidence that database will yield applicable citations and will be searched
          in the initial literature search strategy
   ?      =  unsure of confidence that the database will yield applicable citations or may only
          use for laboratory animals. These databases will be tested to determine a
          recommendation
   No    = low confidence that database will yield applicable citations and will not be tested
          further.

Tables 2 and 3 contain the amphibian/reptile and bird species term testing, respectively.

Table 1: Wildlife Search Database Listing from Task Group 1, SOP 1
Wildlife SOP
Database
Agricola (File 10)
AGRIS International
BIOSIS (File 50)
CAB Abstracts (File
55)
CA Search (File 399)
CHEMTOX
Conference Papers
Index (File 77)
Dissertation Abstracts
Enviroline
Environmental
Bibliography
Life Science
Collection
(SilverPlatter)
Cost*
DU: $2.50
PR: $1.20
DU:$2.25
PR: $1.25
DU:$5.25
PR:$1.55
DU:$2.75
PR: $1.60
DU:$11.75
PR:$2.45
DU:$3.00
PR:$12.90
DU:$2.75
PR:$1.80
DU:$4.00
PR:$2.10
DU:$6.50
PR:$1.10
DU:$2.25
PR: $1.05
DU:$4.75
PR: $1.65
Notes
Mostly oriented toward plants and soil
organisms, but has useful toxicity data.
International companion to Agricola (which is
U.S. only)
Good categorization of toxicity, species and
chemical terms that should be used in a large
database.


Substance list, but has RTECS file imbedded it
it.
Not useful, since we want fully completed
research publications
? Find in PolTox and other sources.
Few toxicity tests
Few toxicity tests
Would not generally recommend, but can since
we have the CDROM disks at MED. Overlaps
with PolTox databases.
Recommend
ation
Yes
Yes
Yes
?
Yes
?
No
No
No
No
Yes
                                        Page 9

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Wildlife SOP
Database
MEDLINE
NTIS (SilverPlatter)
Pascal
Pollution Abstracts
(SilverPlatter)
RTECS
Science
Toxline (SilverPlatter)
Wilson Biological and
Agricultural Index
Zoological Record
Cost*
DU:$3.00
PR:$0.20
DU:$5.50
PR: $1.70
DU:$3.25
PR: $1.45
DU:$4.50
PR: $1.65
DU:$2.75
PR:$2.65
DU:$3.25
PR:$2.10
DU:$2.50
PR:$0.75
DU:$2.25
PR: $1.05
DU:$5.75
PR:$2.05
Notes
Only for laboratory animal tests?
Toxicity related dissertations included in
PolTox/Toxline


Search within CHEMTOX?
Large database that does not specifically
categorize toxicity data.


Very few toxicity tests. Mostly related to
ecological and taxonomic research.
Recommend
ation
Lab
mammals
only?
Yes, within
PolTox
database
?
Yes, within
PolTox
database
?
No
Yes
?
No
* DU= Dialog Unit prices for online time, PR= Print cost per citation in DIALOG

Agricola
Documents cataloged and indexed in the AGRICOLA database are selected from current acquisitions of
NAL and cooperating institutions. More than 2,000 serial titles are reviewed for indexing. Books,
pamphlets, conference proceedings, translations, book chapters, research reports, government documents,
in both English and many non-English languages, are included in the database. For additional coverage of
non-U.S. agricultural materials, see AGRIS INTERNATIONAL, File 203. AGRICOLA includes
audio-visual and microform media, and some computer software. Specific source information is indexed
in the Subfile field, which contains codes for access of USDA, State Experiment Station, Cooperative
Extension Service, and other U.S. publications. Subfile codes are also useful in searching non-U.S.
imprints. Past use  of subfile tags for subject specific sources has varied over the life of the database.

AGRIS International
AGRIS International is the international information system for agricultural sciences and technology. The
AGRIS International database serves as a comprehensive inventory of worldwide agricultural literature
which reflects research results, food production, and rural development to help users identify problems
involved in all aspects of world food supply. Emphasis in AGRIS International is non-U.S. This file
corresponds in part to the printed publication, Agrindex, published monthly by the Food and Agriculture
Organization (FAO) of the United Nations.

AGRIS is a cooperative,  decentralized system in which over 100 national and multinational centers take
part. It collects and makes available current information on the agricultural literature of the world
appearing in journals, books, reports, and conference papers. Each country which participates in AGRIS
                                           Page 10

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does so by submitting information about documents published within its own territories. All contributing
sources are of non-U.S. origin. FAO acts as a coordinating agency within this global information system,
facilitating the exchange of agricultural information to
its member countries.

BIOSIS Previews
BIOSIS Previews® contains citations from Biological Abstracts® (BA), and Biological Abstracts/
Reports, Reviews, and Meetings® (BA/RRM) (formerly BioResearch Index®), the major publications of
BIOSIS®. Together, these publications constitute the major English-language service providing
comprehensive worldwide coverage of research in the biological and biomedical sciences. Biological
Abstracts includes approximately 350,000 accounts of original research yearly from nearly 6,000 primary
journal and monograph titles. Biological Abstracts/RRM includes an additional 200,000+ citations a year
from meeting abstracts, reviews, books, book chapters, notes, letters, selected institutional and
government reports, and research communications. U.S. patents are included from 1986 through 1989.

Abstracts are  available for records from the Biological Abstracts portion of the database starting in
mid-1976 and for book synopses in BA/RRM starting in 1985. Most BA/RRM records do not contain
abstracts.

CA SEARCH
The CA SEARCH®: Chemical Abstracts® database includes over 13 million citations to the worldwide
literature of chemistry and its applications from 1967 forward. CA SEARCH corresponds to the
bibliographic information and complete indexing found in the print Chemical Abstracts® published by
CAS® (Chemical Abstracts Service). The controlled vocabulary CA General Subject Index Headings,
related general subject terminology from the CA Index Guide, and CAS® Registry Numbers, each with
its modifying phrase are included. Chemical substances are represented by CAS® Registry Numbers,
unique numbers assigned to each specific chemical compound: corresponding substance information may
be searched in the DIALOG chemical substance files such as CHEMSEARCHTM (File 398). All records
from the 8th Collective Index Period forward are contained in File 399;  Files 308-314 contain records
from the individual Collective Index (CI) Periods as indicated in the File Data.

CAB Abstracts
CAB Abstracts is a comprehensive file of agricultural information containing all records in the more than
50 abstract journals published by CAB INTERNATIONAL (CABI). CABI has long been recognized as a
leading scientific information service in agriculture and related sciences. Of particular note are sections in
the database comprehensively covering literature in the fields of veterinary medicine, human nutrition,
developing countries, leisure, recreation, and tourism. Over  14,000 serial journals in over 50  languages
are scanned, as well as books, reports, and other publications. About 150,000 items per year are selected
for inclusion in CAB Abstracts; over 95 percent of the literature is abstracted, while less important works
are reported with bibliographic details only. An online thesaurus is available as an aid in locating broader,
narrower, and related subject terms. File 250, ONTAP CAB Abstracts, is available for ONline Training
And Practice; it contains approximately 38,000 CAB Abstracts records from early 1993.

CHEMTOX
The CHEMTOX® Online database is a collection of environmental, health, and safety data for chemical
substances that have properties that either cause them to be addressed by legislation or regulation, or
make them potential candidates for legislation or regulation. Currently, CHEMTOX includes information
on chemicals  identified and regulated by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) under
regulations such as the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), the Clean Air Act (CAA), the
Clean Water Act (CWA), the  Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA), Superfund Amendments and
Reauthorization Act (SARA), and Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA); the U.S.
Department of Transportation (DOT) under the Hazardous Materials Transport Act; and the U.S.
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) under the Occupational Safety and Health Act.
In addition, chemicals listed by the U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)

                                           Page 11

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as workplace safety hazards and chemicals in the NIOSH Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical
Substances (RTECS) are included in CHEMTOX. Various lists of chemicals maintained by various
agencies and governments are included in the CHEMTOX database. These lists include the carcinogens
listed by the U.S. National Toxicology Program (NTP), the International Agency for Research on Cancer
(IARC), and state lists provided by New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and California (Proposition 65). Chemicals
listed under Canada's Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System (WHMIS) are also included in
CHEMTOX.

Conference Papers Index
Conference Papers Index (CPI) provides access to records of the more than 100,000 scientific and
technical papers presented at over 1,000 major regional, national, and international meetings each year.
Conference Papers Index provides a centralized source of information on reports of current research and
development from papers presented at conferences and meetings; it provides titles of the papers as well as
the names and addresses (when available) of the authors of these papers. Also included in this database
are announcements of any publications issued from the meetings, in addition to available preprints,
reprints, abstract booklets, and proceedings volumes, including dates of availability, costs and ordering
information. Primary subject areas covered include the life sciences, chemistry, physical sciences,
geosciences, and engineering.

Dissertations Abstracts Online
Dissertation Abstracts Online is a definitive subject, title, and author guide to virtually every American
dissertation accepted at an accredited institution since 1861. Selected Masters theses have been included
since 1962. In addition, since 1988, the database includes citations for dissertations from 50 British
universities that have been collected by and filmed at The British Document Supply Centre. Beginning
with DAIC Volume 49, Number 2 (Spring 1988), citations and abstracts from Section C, Worldwide
Dissertations (formerly European Dissertations), have been included in  the file.

Abstracts are included for doctoral records from July 1980 (Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume
41, Number 1) to the present. Abstracts are included for masters theses  from Spring 1988 (Masters
Abstracts, Volume 26, Number 1) to the present.

DOSE
The Dictionary of Substances and their Effects (DOSE) is a unique guide to the impact of chemicals on
organisms and the environment. DOSE contains detailed records for more than 4000 chemicals. These
chemicals have been  selected from sources  such as Europe's Black List  and Grey List of dangerous
substances, the UK's  Red List, priority pollutant lists from the USA and Canada, and the pollutant list
from Germany. Other chemicals which are reported to have adverse effects on the environment are also
covered.

Enviroline
Enviroline® covers the world's environmental related information. It provides indexing and abstracting
coverage of more than 1,000 international primary and secondary publications reporting on all aspects of
the environment. These publications  highlight such fields as management, technology, planning, law,
political science, economics, geology, biology, and chemistry as they relate to environmental issues.
Enviroline corresponds to the print Environment Abstracts.

Environmental Bibliography
Environmental Bibliography provides access to the contents of periodicals dealing with the environment.
Coverage includes periodicals on water, air, soil, and noise pollution; solid waste management; health
hazards; urban planning; global warming; and many other specialized subjects of environmental
consequence. The print equivalent is Environmental Periodicals Bibliography. More than 400 of the
world's journals concerning the environment are scanned to create Environmental Bibliography. Journals
represented are from the world's major publishers in science and technology (e.g., Elsevier/Pergamon,
Kluwer Academic, John Wiley & Sons, Blackwell, Plenum, and Springer), as well as from smaller

                                            Page 12

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publishers from many parts of the world. Many university press, society, and private publications are
covered as well, some of which are available only on the Internet. (Availability of the Web publications
is noted in the Notes field, along with the relevant URL.)

Environmental Bibliography covers conference papers and journal articles dating from 1973. Author
abstracts appear in the file from July 1997 onward. Descriptors provide excellent indexing for scientific
and common names, chemical compounds, geographic designations, computer model names, dates,
trademark names, company names, and court cases.

Life Sciences Collection
Life Sciences Collection contains abstracts and bibliographic citations from recent worldwide research
literature in major areas of biology, medicine, biochemistry, biotechnology, ecology, and microbiology,
and some aspects of agriculture and veterinary science. Life Sciences Collection is produced by
Cambridge Scientific Abstracts and corresponds to print series of more than 20 abstracting journals.

MEDLINE
MEDLINE (MEDLARS® onLINE), produced by the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM), is one
of the major sources for biomedical literature. MEDLINE corresponds to three print indexes: Index
Medicus TM, Index to Dental Literature, and International Nursing Index. Additional materials not
published in Index Medicus are included in the MEDLINE database in the areas of communication
disorders, and population and reproductive biology. MEDLINE is indexed using NLM's controlled
vocabulary, MeSH® (Medical Subject Headings). An online thesaurus is available to aid in locating
MeSH descriptors.

Abstracts, which are taken directly from the published articles, are included for over 59% of the records
added from 1975 forward. Records added before 1975 do not contain abstracts; records added from 1985
to the present have abstracts for about 69% of the records. Approximately 400,000 records are added per
year, of which more than 85% are in English.

NTIS
The NTIS: National Technical Information Service database consists of summaries of U.S.
government-sponsored research, development, and engineering, plus analyses prepared by federal
agencies, their contractors, or grantees.  It is the means through which unclassified, publicly available,
unlimited distribution reports are made  available for sale from agencies such as NASA, DOD, DOE,
HUD, DOT, Department of Commerce, and some 240 other agencies. Additionally, some state and local
government agencies now contribute summaries of their reports to the database. NTIS also provides
access to the results of government-sponsored research and development from countries outside the U.S.
Organizations that currently contribute to the NTIS database include: the Japan Ministry of International
Trade and Industry (MITI); laboratories administered by the United Kingdom Department of Industry; the
German Federal Ministry of Research and Technology (BMFT); the French National Center for Scientific
Research (CNRS); and many more. ONTAP® NTIS, File 206, is available for ONline Training And
Practice; it contains records from January through June 1987 from File 6.

PASCAL
PASCAL is produced by the Institut de I'lnformation Scientifique et Technique (INIST) of the French
National Research Council (CNRS). It provides access to the world's scientific and technical literature
and includes about 450,000 new citations per year. Available in machine-readable form since 1973,
PASCAL corresponds to the print publication Bibliographic Internationale (previously Bulletin
signaletique).

Each citation includes the article's original  title, and, in most cases, a French translated title; for material
since 1973, an English translated title is also provided. Most abstracts are in French. Analyzed documents
come from all over the world, in 100 different languages. French journals are particularly well
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represented. The file's breakdown by language is as follows: English 63%, French 12%, Russian 10%,
German 8%, and other languages 7%.

Controlled descriptors from a vocabulary of over 80,000 terms are provided in English, French, and, in
some cases, Spanish; German descriptors are also provided in the area of metallurgy.

Pollution Abstracts
Pollution Abstracts is a leading resource for references to environmentally related literature on pollution,
its sources, and its control. The following subjects are covered by the Pollution Abstracts database: air
pollution, environmental quality, noise pollution, pesticides, radiation, solid wastes, and water pollution.

RTECS
The Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (RTECS®) is a comprehensive database of basic
toxicity information for over 100,000 chemical substances including: prescription and non-prescription
drugs, food additives, pesticides, fungicides, herbicides, solvents, diluents, chemical wastes, reaction
products of chemical waste, and substances used in both industrial and household situations. Reports of
the toxic effects of each compound are cited. In addition to toxic effects and general toxicology reviews,
data on skin and/or eye irritation, mutation, reproductive consequences and tumorigenicity are provided.
Federal standards and regulations, NIOSH recommended exposure limits and information on the activities
of the EPA, NIOSH, NTP, and OSHA regarding the substance are also included. The toxic effects are
linked to  literature citations from both published and unpublished governmental reports, and published
articles from the scientific literature. The database corresponds to the print version of the Registry of
Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances, formerly known as the Toxic Substances List started in 1971, and
is prepared by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).

Toxicity information appearing in RTECS is derived form reports of acute, chronic, lethal and non-lethal
effects of chemical substances. The reviewed information from the scientific literature and published
governmental reports plus unpublished test data from the EPA TSCA test submissions database
(TSCATS) are included in the file.

Science
Science, published by the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), serves its
readers as a forum for the presentation and discussion of important issues related to the advancement of
science. Emphasis is on material pertaining to the interactions among science, technology, government,
and society. The peer-reviewed section of the journal presents cutting-edge research of either
interdisciplinary interest or unusual significance to the specialist. Topical coverage reflects the range of
AAAS's interest across the physical, biological, and social sciences. Major sections of the journal are
This Week in Science, News and Comments, Research News, Articles, Research Articles, and Reports.
Science also includes book reviews, editorial and letters sections, policy forums, perspectives, and
information about new techniques
and instrumentation.

TOXLINE
TOXLINE covers the toxicological, pharmacological, biochemical, and physiological effects of drugs  and
other chemicals. It is composed of a number of subfiles, several of which are unique to TOXLINE. About
45% of the approximately 120,000 records added per year are from the TOXBIB subfile, which is derived
from MEDLINE. The TOXBIB and BIOSIS (since August 1985) subfiles may be searched using the U.S.
National Library of Medicine's Medical Subject Headings (MeSH). The records in these two subfiles are
updated annually with the current version of MeSH headings. An Online thesaurus is available to aid in
locating MeSH descriptors.

Wilson Biological and Agricultural Index
Biological & Agricultural Index provides thorough, reliable indexing of 258 periodicals common to most
libraries.  Periodical coverage includes a wide range of scientific journals, from popular to professional,

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that pertain to biology and agriculture. About 45% of the focus is on agriculture. Types of materials
indexed include feature articles, biographical sketches, reports of symposia and conferences, review
articles, abstracts and summaries of papers, selected letters to the editor, special issues or monographic
supplements, and book reviews.

Zoological Record
Zoological Record Online®, produced by BIOSIS, provides extensive coverage of the world's zoological
literature, with particular emphasis on systematic/taxonomic information. The database corresponds
closely to the printed index, Zoological Record. The database includes thorough subject indexing in both
controlled- and natural-language format. It also includes a unique systematics field, which gives complete
taxonomic hierarchy information for most organisms discussed.

Zoological Record Online indexes articles from over 6,000 international serial publications. Theses,
monographs, conference proceedings, and special reports are also scanned for relevant information.
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Table 2: Amphibian Search Term Testing (PolTox Database 7/99)
SOP Term
alligator*
amphibi*
caiman
crocodil*
frog*
lizard*
newt*
reptil*
salamander*
snake*
terrapin*
toad*
tortoise*
SOP Term Example hits/Notes
alligator(s)
alligatorweed
alligatorfish
amphibiotic
amphibious (sometimes get amphibious plants)
amphibia(n)(s)
caiman
crocodile(s)
froglegs
frogmen
froggahimyia (parasite specific name)
froggatti (insect specific name)
lizard
lizards
lizardfish
lizardite (rock)
lizardo
newt
newts
newtech (new technology name for wastewater
management)
newton
reptile
reptiles
reptillia
salamander(s)
snake
snakes
snakehead
snakeroot
snakeweed
terrapin
terrapins
toad
toads
toadfish(es)
tortoise
tortoises
Recommended
Term(s)
alligator
alligators
amphibi*
caiman
crocodil*
frog
frogs
lizard
lizards
newt
newts
reptil*
salamander*
snake
snakes
terrapin*
toad
toads
tortoise*
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turtle*



turtle
turtles
turtledove
turtlegrass
turtleplant
turtle
turtles


Table 3  Bird Search Term Testing (PolTox Database 7/99)
SOP Term
bird
chicken
gallus domesticus
duck or ducks
mallard or anas or
pltyrhyn
quail or coturnix
Japanese quail
songbird
bobwhite
turkey
aves or avian
waterfowl
SOP Term Example hits/Notes
bird
birds
birdcage
birders
birding
birdlife
birdsville
birdwatcher
chicken
chickens
chickenpox
gallus domesticus
duck
ducks
duckling
ducklings
duckweed
duckbill
mallard
mallards
anas
quail
quails
quaility
songbird
songbirds
bobwhite
bobwhite s
turkey (country or organism)
turkey
turkeyfish
aves
avian
avians
waterfowl
Recommended
Term(s)
bird
birds
chicken
chickens
gallus
duck
ducks
duckling*
mallard*
anas
quail
quails
coturnix
songbird*
bobwhite*
turkey
turkeys
aves
avian*
waterfowl
                                     Page 17

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waterbird
waterbird
waterbirds
waterbird*
                                           Page 18

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