Soil Scraonfng Attachment 4-2 Guidance for Developing Ecological Soil Screening Levels (Eco-SSLs) Eco-SSL Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) # 3: Wildlife Toxicity Reference Value Literature Search and Retrieval OSWER Directive 92857-55 November 2003 ------- This page intentionally left blank ------- Attachment 4-2 Ecological Soil Screening Levels (Eco-SSLs) Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) #3: Wildlife Toxicity Reference Value Literature Search Version 1.2 -SSL al Soil Scronning Lcv«l> Prepared for AFCEE by T N & Associates, Inc. Oak Ridge, Tennessee under contract HF41624-97-D-8201 Delivery Order #0004 ------- This Page Intentionally Left Blank ------- FINAL DRAFT Standard Operating Procedure 1 Acquisition of Literature to Support the Development of Toxicity Reference Values for Wildlife Version 1.2 January 2000 Prepared by T N & Associates, Inc. Oak Ridge, Tennessee for EPA/AFCEE under contract HF41624-97-D-8201 Delivery Order #0004 ------- This Page Intentionally Left Blank ------- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This guidance was developed by T N & Associates under the auspices of the Tri-Services Group and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region 8 and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Emergency and Remedial Response (OERR) and a Task Group. The Task Group provided valuable input regarding organization and content of this Standard Operating Procedure. Significant contributors include: Doris Anders Janet Burris David Charters June Crowe Anne Fairbrother Kinzie Gordon Dale Hoff Rosemary Holdsworth Mark Johnson Jackie Little Drew Rak Chris Russom Brad Sample Julie Yamamoto US Air Force ISSI Consulting Group, Inc. USEPA Emergency Response Team (ERT) T N & Associates EP&T, Inc. Parsons Engineering Science USEPA T N & Associates US Army CHPPM T N & Associates US Army Corps of Engineers USEPA MED-Duluth CH2M Hill California EPA- Office of Environ. Health Hazard Assessment IV ------- This Page Intentionally Left Blank ------- DISCLAIMER The use of company or product name(s) is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Air Force or the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. This document does not provide regulatory direction but is intended to provide general guidance for the acquisition of toxicological literature. VI ------- This Page Intentionally Left Blank ------- TABLE OF CONTENTS ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS X 1.0 SCOPE AND APPLICATION 1 2.0 OVERVIEW 1 3.0 PERSONNEL REQUIREMENTS 1 4.0 DATABASE SELECTION 1 4.1 ELECTRONIC DATABASES AND PROVIDERS 2 4.1.1 DIALOG 2 4.1.2 National Library of Medicine 3 4.1.3 Environmental Protection Agency 4 4.1.4 Chemical Information Systems 4 4.1.5 National Information Services Corporation 4 4.2 OTHER DATABASES AND SOURCES 4 4.2.1 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 5 4.2.2 Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry 5 4.2.3 Oak Ridge National Laboratory 5 4.2.4 Environmental Protection Agency 5 4.2.5 Science Citation Index 6 4.2.6 Amphibian and Reptile Contamination and Toxicology Bibliography 6 5.0 LITERATURE SEARCH PROCEDURE 6 5.1 CHEMICAL NAME, SYNONYMS, AND CAS NUMBER IDENTIFICATION 6 5.2 RECOMMENDED RECEPTOR GROUPS 7 5.3 SEARCH STRATEGY DEVELOPMENT 9 5.4 SUMMARY 11 5.5 ELECTRONIC LITERATURE SEARCH 13 5.5.1 Review and Coding of the Electronic Search Results 14 5.5.2 Retrieve Selected Publications 16 5.6 MANUAL LITERATURE SEARCH 16 5.7 SEARCH RESULTS DOCUMENTATION 17 6.0 QUALITY ASSURANCE 17 7.0 REFERENCES 17 APPENDIX A LITERATURE SEARCH FLOWCHART A-l APPENDIX B ELECTRONIC DATABASE FILE DESCRIPTIONS B-l APPENDIX C COBALT SEARCH EXAMPLE FOR LABORATORY MAMMALS C-l APPENDIX D CHEMICAL LIST D-l Vlll ------- This Page Intentionally Left Blank ------- ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS AGRICOLA ATSDR BIOSIS CARA CAS CD-ROM ChemID CIS CRISP EcoSSL EPA FEDRIP FTP FWS HSDB IGM IRIS KWIC MESH NIEHS NIOSH NISC NLM NTIS OERR OHEA ORNL RTECS SIS SOP SSL TEHIP TRY Web Agricultural OnLine Access Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry Toxicological Aspects of Environmental Health Chemical Assessments and Related Activities Chemical Abstract Service Compact disk-read only memory Chemical Identification Chemical Information Systems Toxicology Research Projects Ecological Soil Screening Level U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Federal Research in Progress File Transfer Protocol U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Hazardous Substance Databank Internet Grateful Med Integrated Risk Information System Keywords in Context Medical Subject Headings National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health National Information Services Corporation National Library of Medicine National Technical Information Service EPA Office of Emergency and Remedial Response Office of Health and Environmental Assessment Oak Ridge National Laboratory Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances Specialized Information Services Standard Operating Procedure Soil Screening Level Toxicology and Environmental Health Information Program Toxicity Reference Value World Wide Web ------- This Page Intentionally Left Blank ------- 1.0 SCOPE AND APPLICATION This standard operating procedure (SOP), hereafter referred to as SOP1, Acquisition of Literature to Support the Development ofToxicity Reference Values (TRVs)for Wildlife, provides direction for the retrieval of toxicological literature. The toxicological literature will be used in the development of TRVs for birds, mammals, reptiles, and amphibians. However, the scope of this SOP is limited to toxicological literature retrieval from electronic databases and hardcopy sources. 2.0 OVERVIEW The U.S. Environmental Protections Agency (EPA) developed Soil Screening Guidance (EPA/540/R-96/018) to accelerate and standardize the cleanup of contaminated soils at sites on the National Priorities List. This document describes a method for calculating soil screening levels (SSLs) for chemicals in soil. SSLs are site-specific risk-based concentrations that may be used to define areas of a site that do not require further study or action. SSLs are calculated to be protective of human health and do not address the protection of ecological receptors. To address the lack of SSLs protective of wildlife, the EPA Office of Emergency and Remedial Response (OERR) initiated the development of ecological SSLs (EcoSSLs), which are concentrations of chemicals in soil that are calculated to be protective of wildlife receptors. Initially, generic EcoSSLs will be developed and presented in an EPA guidance document as a reference table. Site-specific EcoSSLs will be developed at a later date. TRVs are derived from dose-response studies of the toxicity of chemicals to animal receptors and will be used as input to derive EcoSSL values. A literature search is conducted to obtain information on contaminants of concern, their potential ecological effects, and species of concern (Ecological Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund, EPA 1997). The literature search strategy presented in SOP1 is designed to facilitate the search, preliminary review, and acquisition of literature for developing TRVs. The flowchart in Appendix A summarizes this procedure. 3.0 PERSONNEL REQUIREMENTS SOP1 presents the information necessary to perform a literature search and review the literature retrieved; however, specialists should be consulted regarding various aspects of the procedure. A research librarian with a specialization in technical information and experience in performing scientific literature searches should be consulted to develop the search strategy (see Section 5.3). A chemist should be consulted for review of specific chemical synonyms (see Section 5.1). A toxicologist should assess the abstracts and publications retrieved from the literature search for their suitability for TRV development (see Section 5.5.1). 4.0 DATABASE SELECTION The following background information briefly describes the more commonly used electronic databases and nonelectronic sources of ecotoxicity data. ------- 4.1 ELECTRONIC DATABASES AND PROVIDERS The databases described in this section may be accessed via the World Wide Web (Web), dial-up modem, directly from the provider, and/or through a commercial information vendor. Some of the databases may be accessed without charge via the Web; however, there may be certain search limitations or restrictions. Individuals using these databases will need to obtain information and training concerning use of the various search systems. The databases described below are grouped according to the information vendor, and instructions for obtaining access are provided. Database vendors include the DIALOG Corporation, the National Library of Medicine (NLM), EPA, Chemical Information Systems (CIS), and the National Information Services Corporation (NISC). 4.1.1 DIALOG DIALOG offers more than 450 databases from a broad range of disciplines (e.g., chemistry, environment, science, technology, patents and trademarks, worldwide company information, and domestic and international news). See Appendix B for file descriptions and contents. File selection can be accomplished by using their Dialindex feature or by using a "OneSearch" strategy or a combination of these. Although much of the toxicological literature can be found in BIOSIS (File 5), MEDLINE (File 155), and TOXLINE (156), the following additional databases contain toxicological information: • AGRICOLA (Agricultural OnLine Access) (File 10) • AGRIS International (File 203) • CAB Abstracts (File 50) • CA Search (Chemical Abstracts) (File 399) • CHEMTOX Online (File 337) • Conference Papers Index (File 77) • Dissertation Abstracts (File 35) • Enviroline (File 40) • Environmental Bibliography (File 68) • Life Sciences Collection (File 76) • NTIS (National Technical Information Service) (File 6) • Pollution Abstracts (File 41) • RTECS (Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances) (File 336) • Science (File 370) • Wilson Biological and Agricultural Index (File 143) • Zoological Record (File 185) • Pascal (File 144) • SciSearch (File 434) The OneSearch strategy in DIALOG allows up to 60 files to be searched simultaneously. This is advantageous because the "remove duplicates" command can be utilized to remove the majority of duplicate records from all the files. It is recommended that Files 68, 336, 337, 370, 143, and ------- 144 not initially be used in the OneSearch strategy but rather be added as needed. Some chemical and receptor combinations do not have a large body of toxicological literature, and these files may be helpful in exhausting all the possible sources of information available on DIALOG. File 144 contains many foreign language publications, many of which have been translated from English originals. Therefore, the user should be aware that some of these records may be duplicates of English language papers retrieved from other files. File 336 is useful only as a source for background information on a particular chemical, not as a primary source of toxicological studies. Science Citation Index (File 434) is another database that could be used to expand the initial search. This source is further discussed in section 4.2.5. DIALOG can be accessed via the Web at http://www.dialog.com and via modem using a telecommunications system. Additionally, selected databases are available on compact disk- read only memory (CD-ROM) through subscription. Information on pricing and access is available from the Web address or from The Dialog Corporation, U.S. Headquarters, 11000 Regency Parkway, Suite 400, Cary, NC 27511; telephone (919) 462-8600. 4.1.2 National Library of Medicine The Specialized Information Services (SIS) Division of NLM is responsible for information coverage and services for several topics, including toxicology and environmental health, and directories to other information resources related to health and biomedicine. The SIS Division's Toxicology and Environmental Health Information Program (TEHIP) responds to information queries and develops interactive retrieval services in toxicology, environmental health, and other health-related areas. The SIS TEHIP online databases that contain toxicology information include TOXNET, TOXLINE, and Chemical Identification (ChemID). These databases are described below. • TOXNET is a computerized system of files from which toxicological and related information may be obtained (see Appendix B for file descriptions and contents). TOXNET provides a free Web-based interface. The Hazardous Substances Databank (HSDB) and Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) files in this system may be useful for their bibliographies. TOXNET files can be accessed without charge on the Web at http://sis.nlm.nih.gov. The Web interface provides an approach to searching files of varying formats and contents, and toxicology data and literature references on particular chemicals can be extracted from these files. Alternately, a search may be performed using subject terms to identify chemicals that cause certain effects. A variety of display options is available, including sending results by e-mail or FTP (File Transfer Protocol). • The TOXLINE database produced by NLM contains more than 2 million bibliographic references including journal publications, letters to the editor, meeting abstracts, meeting papers, meeting reports, monographs, technical reports, theses, and research in progress. Subjects covered include pharmacological, biochemical, physiological, and toxicological effects of drugs, other chemicals, physical stressors, and biological agents. TOXLINE is updated monthly. Records in the Toxicology Research Projects (CRISP) and Federal Research in Progress (FEDRIP) subfiles in this system are not useful because they describe studies in progress and may not have been completed or peer reviewed. ------- TOXLINE can be accessed online without charge through NLM's Internet Grateful Med (IGM) search system (http://igm.nlm.nih.gov). TOXLINE searching through IGM is somewhat restricted in that search statements are limited by the number of terms that can be entered at one time. TOXLINE can be searched as a single file (File 156) (i.e., pre-1965- present) via DIALOG. • ChemID is a database available from NLM via the IGM Web interface. ChemID is a chemical dictionary file of more than 339,000 compounds of biomedical and regulatory interest. Records include Chemical Abstract Service (CAS) registry numbers and other identifying numbers, molecular formulae, generic names, synonyms, MESH (Medical Subject Headings), and file locators that lead users to other files available through NLM. 4.1.3 Environmental Protection Agency The ECOTOX Database System produced by EPA is a source of toxicity data for aquatic life, terrestrial plants, and wildlife. This system integrates three toxicology effects databases: AQUIRE (aquatic life), PHYTOTOX (terrestrial plants), and TERRETOX (terrestrial wildlife). TERRETOX contains 40,000 records related to the toxic effects of 1300 chemical substances on terrestrial animals, primarily mammals and birds. The subjects covered include chemical name identification, toxicology, test conditions, species identification, CAS numbers, assay results/analyses, and environmental effects. The ACQUIRE database in ECOTOX can be accessed without charge at http://www.epa.gov/ecotox/. PHYTOTOX and TERRATOX are currently unavailable on the ECOTOX system; however, CIS, a commercial vendor, provides access to all three databases. 4.1.4 Chemical Information Systems CIS is a commercial provider of the Oxford Molecular Group, Inc. CIS provides access to a number of databases including EPA's AQUIRE, PHYTOTOX, and TERRATOX. Access is available via dial-up modem. Questions regarding CIS should be directed to CIS User Support, Chemical Information Systems, 810 Gleneagle Court, Suite 300, Towson, MD 21286; telephone (800) CIS-USER. Product information may be accessed at http://www.oxmol.com/prods/cis/. 4.1.5 National Information Services Corporation Wildlife Worldwide Index provides access to more than 345,000 records regarding wild mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians. Subject coverage includes all aspects of wildlife and wildlife management. This database can be accessed via BiblioLine, an online service at http://www.nisc.com, or by contacting NISC International, Inc., 3100 St. Paul Street, Baltimore, MD 21218; telephone (410) 243-1198. 4.2 OTHER DATABASES AND HARDCOPY SOURCES The following sources may also be examined for toxicological information and references. ------- 4.2.1 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) has published several contaminant-specific documents listing toxicological data on terrestrial, avian, and aquatic wildlife (e.g., those studies produced by Eisler, R. 1985). The FWS maintains a bibliographic database that is available online at http://FA.R9.FWS.gov/R9fwrs/Dbinfo.htm. 4.2.2 Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry The Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) has produced toxicological profiles (e.g., Toxicological Profile for RDX) (ATSDR 1995) for hazardous substances that are most commonly found at Superfund sites (e.g., ATSDR 1993). ATSDR records are available online at http://atsdr.cdc.gov/toxpro2.html. 4.2.3 Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) provides toxicological information on wildlife receptors in Toxicological Benchmarks for Wildlife: 1996 Revision (ORNL 1996). ORNL records are available online at http://www.hsrd.gov/ecorisk/tm86r3. 4.2.4 Environmental Protection Agency The Wildlife Exposure Factors Handbook (EPA 1993a,b) provides information and guidance for conducting exposure assessments for wildlife species exposed to toxic chemicals in the environment. Included is information on exposure factors (e.g., body weight, dietary composition, food ingestion rates, home range, etc.) for 34 selected wildlife species. The Handbook can be viewed at http://www.epa.gov/nceawwwl/wefh.htm. EPA-sponsored health effects documents are maintained in the Chemical Assessments and Related Activities (CARA) list (EPA 1994) produced by the Office of Health and Environmental Assessment (OHEA). CARA is an alphabetical file of chemicals and projects and lists the types of documents available, the OHEA offices responsible for producing the documents, the names of the client offices, and other publication information. CARA covers the period from 1980- 1994. Documents listed in CARA include the following: • Air Quality Criteria Documents • Ambient Water Quality Criteria Documents • Drinking Water Quality Criteria • Exposure Assessments • Health Assessment Documents • Health Effects Assessments • Health and Environmental Effects Documents • Health and Environmental Effects Profiles • Risk Assessments ------- 4.2.5 Science Citation Index The manual or electronic version of Science Citation Index is a useful resource, especially if more information for a particular chemical is needed to expand a search that has produced only a few retrievals. This database, produced by the Institute for Scientific Information, indexes 5300 major journals in science. The electronic version includes many minor journals and also includes abstracts. This tool is invaluable for updating searches. 4.2.6 Amphibian and Reptile Contamination and Toxicology Bibliography The Amphibian and Reptile Contamination and Toxicology Bibliography is a useful Internet resource for amphibian and reptile toxicological literature. The file is located at http://www.cciw.ca/green-lane/herptox/ and is frequently updated. 5.0 LITERATURE SEARCH PROCEDURE Sections 5.1 through 5.6 present the information required and the sequence of events necessary to execute a literature search and the subsequent screening process using the DIALOG system (refer to the flow chart in Appendix A). An example search is provided in Appendix C. 5.1 CHEMICAL NAME, SYNONYMS, AND CAS NUMBER IDENTIFICATION The CAS registry number for the chemical of interest must be identified. Organic chemical nomenclature has undergone many revisions, and some compounds have several common names (synonyms), and in some instances many trade names, but the use of the CAS number provides positive identification for each particular chemical. CAS numbers appear in the format "nnnnn- nn-n," and the hyphens must be included when the DIALOG system is searched. Both CAS numbers and common names should be used to search DIALOG databases even though some files are not indexed by CAS number. Use of the root name of the parent compound captures most of the relevant publications. For example, use of the term "cadmium" captures "cadmium chloride," "cadmium acetate," etc. A list of recommended chemical terms, synonyms, and CAS numbers is presented in Appendix D. Truncation of some terms is necessary to identify all variations of an element. For example, a search for copper should include "copper," its CAS number (7440-50-8), "cupr," and all of the CAS numbers listed for copper compounds listed in Appendix D. A search for an organic compound should include the common name, CAS number, and all synonyms. For example, a search for Dieldrin should include "dieldrin," its CAS number (60-57-1), and its synonyms (e.g., alvit, dieldrix, heod, etc.). Searches containing truncations should be tested in a preliminary file before the search is performed because using the truncated term may retrieve more extraneous studies than if the term were actually spelled out in its various forms. For example, truncating chromium (chrom*) will retrieve numerous unrelated studies such as those for chromosome and chromatography. ------- CAS numbers and synonyms for chemicals not included in Appendix D may be obtained from printed sources such as Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials, The Merck Index, Patty's Industrial Hygiene & Toxicology, Handbook of Toxic & Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens, the Handbook of Environmental Data on Organic Chemicals, the Sigma catalog of biochemicals and reagents, and theAldrich catalog of fine chemicals. CAS numbers and synonyms can also be obtained from electronic databases available on the Web (e.g., ChemID) or from commercial vendors (e.g., DIALOG). The Internet is also an excellent source for the online versions of chemical catalogs and related chemical Web sites. A chemist should review the results of the synonym search to ensure that it is fully inclusive and that the search queries for the metallic and other elements are constructed accurately. For example, the metallic element chromium may be identified in the literature as chromium, chromic, dichromate, chromate, chrome, Cr, Cr(III), or Cr(VI). The metallo-organic complexes, where they are known to exist (e.g., methylmercury) and all the valence states of metallic elements (e.g., "ferric" and "ferrous" for iron) should be included in a search. The CAS numbers of simple salts should be added to the search strategy for metallic elements [e.g., aluminum chloride (CAS No. 7446-70-0) and aluminum sulfate (CAS No. 16828-11-8)]. To retrieve all information for a compound such as phenol, incorporate CAS numbers for sodium phenate, potassium phenate, and phenol into the search strategy. It is essential that all synonyms in common usage for a chemical are used in the search strategy to provide an inclusive search. 5.2 RECOMMENDED RECEPTOR GROUPS The terms in the recommended list presented below have proven to be the most useful in retrieving toxicological studies for both laboratory and wildlife receptors. Additional species- specific receptor terms can be added to address site-specific concerns. The recommended list for wild mammals includes all the major families found in the continental United States with the exception of bats, seals, and manatees. To avoid duplication of effort with the laboratory mammal search (which includes the terms rat, rats, mice, mouse), the family Muridae was omitted from the recommended list for the wild mammal receptors because most of the search results would come from the sub-family Murinae. Two sub-families, Sigmodontinae and Arvicolinae, and genera belonging to these sub-families, as well as some common names for members of the genera have been included in the recommended list for wild mammals. These terms will retrieve publications for the wildlife members of the family Muridae. Common names have been included in the recommended list where testing has shown that their inclusion increased the number of literature retrievals for a family (e.g., opossum, beaver). When common names did not increase the total number of retrievals, they were not retained in the receptor list. The common names cat and dog were included in the recommended list for wild mammal receptors rather than in the laboratory mammal receptor list. The terms aves, avian, bird, waterfowl, waterbird, and songbird were included to broaden the strategy for the avian receptor search. Each of these terms was tested and resulted in more retrievals for wild birds. ------- Recommended Receptor List Avian Receptors chicken duckling Japanese quail platyrhyn* bob white aves quail ducks coturnix anas waterbird avian duck mallard gallus domesticus songbird waterfowl bird Laboratory Mammals rat mice monkey rats hamster rabbit mouse guinea pig Wild Mammals Didelphidae Dasypodidae Aplodontidae Heteromyidae Dipodidae Canidae Mustelidae Suidae Antilocapridae Harvest mice Peromyscus Sigmodon cat opossum skunk ferret Soricidae Ochotonidae Sciuridae Castoridae Erethizontidae Ursidae Felidae Dicotylidae Bovidae Harvest mouse Reithrodontomy s vole dog beaver marten mink Talpidae Leporidae Geomyidae Arvicolinae Myocastoridae Procyonidae Equidae Cervidae Sigmodontinae Microtus Onychomys lemming bear weasel badger Amphibians and Reptiles amphibian newt crocodile snake tortoise frog toad alligator lizard terrapin salamander reptile caiman turtle *Denotes the term is truncated ------- 5.3 SEARCH STRATEGY DEVELOPMENT When performing a literature search, it is important that the search be sufficiently broad to retrieve all relevant literature but not so broad that an undue number of unrelated records are retrieved. It is recommended that a preliminary search be performed in one or two database files for each chemical and receptor group combination before the strategy is executed in all files. Broad search strategies may need to be further refined to exclude as much irrelevant material as possible, whereas narrow search strategies may need to be expanded to capture more relevant studies. A review of the output of the preliminary search will indicate the necessity of using additional terms, exclusion terms, or truncations to focus the search. The following search strategy example is constructed for use in the DIALOG search system. Step 1: Identify and test the chemical name, synonyms, and CAS numbers and search the relevant databases in DIALOG listed in Section 4.1.1 to determine the total number of retrievals for the chemical. Appropriate synonyms should be included because not all files support CAS numbers. The proximity connector "or" should be used to connect search terms within a specific category of information, as illustrated below: cobalt or RN=7740-48-4 or RN=7646-79-9 Step 2: Perform a preliminary test search. Test the terms and truncations in one or two files and remove those that do not retrieve any records. Files 5, 155 and 156 are suggested for this preliminary search. Step 3: Combine the total number of chemical retrievals with a particular receptor group. The two categories are connected by the proximity connector "and". For example, combine the results of Step 1 with the following: and(rat or rats or mouse or mice or hamster? or (guineaQpig?) or monkey? or rabbit?) Step 4: Focus the search by combining the results of Step 3 with the following toxicological terms: Note that the asterisks denote where the word was truncated. • reproduc* • systemic • development* • histology • growth • neurological • behav* • mortal* • lethal* • diet ------- • dietary • surviv* • drinkingQwater In DIALOG, the symbol for the question mark (?) is used to permit variations in word length or spelling. For example, "reproduction" when truncated to "reproduc?" will also capture terms such as "reproductive," "reproducing," "reproduce," or "reproduction." Combine the results of the previous searches with the toxicological terms as shown below: and (reproduc? or diet or dietary or systemic or development? or histolog? or growth or neurological or behav? or mortal? or lethal? or surviv? or (drinkingQwater)) Step 5: Focus the search with exclusion terms. Exclusion statements must be carefully constructed to ensure that relevant papers are not excluded. For example, the exclusion statement not tumo? may exclude publications that contain information about non-cancer endpoints as well as the carcinogenic effect that is the main subject of the document. In DIALOG, the use of the limiting connector "not" will eliminate records that contain terms that are not desired. Some recommended general exclusion terms are: • human* • vitro • culture* • inhalation • subcutaneous • inject* • gene • carcin* • cancer* • tumo* The use of the "not' connector for these searches is limited to the title and descriptor fields to ensure that relevant articles are not eliminated from the search. However, in an effort to eliminate all instances of literature retrieval associated with the terms human, inhalation, subcutaneous, the MESH (medical subject heading) may also be included in the "not" statement. The abstract field should not be included because of the possibility that relevant papers will not be captured. Note that not all database files in DIALOG support medical subject headings. Proximity operators [e.g., near (n), with (w)] can be used to focus the strategy more precisely by requesting that terms be adjacent to each other and in the order specified. They may also be used to request that terms be within a certain number of words of each other and in the order specified as well as many other combinations. For example, not(aluminum(w)garnet(2n)laser). It is helpful to use limiting connectors one-by-one to evaluate the effect of each exclusion term, at least in the preliminary searches. However, it is also possible to nest the exclusion statement. Combine the results of the chemical, receptor, and toxicological end-point retrievals and apply the exclusion terms as shown below: 10 ------- not human?/ti,de,mesh Alternatively the exclusion terms can be nested as indicated below: not (human? or culture? or subcutaneous or vitro or gene or inject? or tumo? or inhalation or carcin? or cancer?)/ti,de,mesh For more information concerning the use of proximity connectors, please consult with the Dialog Corporation, which provides manuals and intensive training sessions. Step 6: The removal of duplicate records is the final step in refining the search and may need to be done by date-delimited increments if the number of retrievals exceeds 5,000 (the upper limit of retrievals for which duplicate detection is supported in DIALOG). Duplicates can only be removed by grouping the results into year range segments of less than 5,000 hits [e.g., group one may contain records with the publication year greater than (PY >1990) and and group two would contain all records with the publication year less than 1991 (PY<1991)]. The duplicate detection command, which is supported in most DIALOG files, is a useful command but does not always remove duplicate records within files. Foreign language papers may have more than one translation of the title, and descriptors and cannot be identified as a duplicate by the remove duplicate (RD) command. 5.4 SUMMARY Although the search strategy is presented in this SOP in a linear manner, literature searching is actually an iterative process and requires collaboration between information specialists, chemists, and toxicologists. An example of this iterative process and the close collaboration between the information specialist and the toxicologist is illustrated by the search for the chemical cobalt. Examination of preliminary search results indicated that the literature associated with cobalt-60 (radiotherapy) needed to be excluded [e.g., not (irradiation or radiation or fission)]. After the preliminary search has been completed and reviewed, all files should be searched as a "OneSearch." The results (which can be several thousand records) should be downloaded and printed in Format 6 (title and keywords in context (KWIC)) for review and coding by a toxicologist. Printing the titles with the KWIC makes the preliminary review much easier and eliminates the cost of printing full abstracts for records unrelated to the development of TRVs. 11 ------- Recommended Strategies for Receptor Groups The following strategies have been tested and are recommended for the various receptor groups. Note that in DIALOG-Link, the type-ahead buffer is limited to 240 characters, thus some of the larger receptor groups (e.g., wild mammals and avian receptors) must be divided into smaller sets and the results combined. For example, each of the avian receptor groups can be searched as a separate set and then the results of each search combined. This total can then be combined with the total results from the chemical search. Site-specific species can be added to the receptor terms as needed. Truncations of receptor terms should be used with caution and be tested to avoid the retrieval of unrelated records. For example if the term "newt" is truncated, records with the word "newton" will be retrieved. Avian Receptors • chemical term and CAS numbers • and (chicken? or duck or duckling? or ducks or mallard? or quail? or (JapaneseQquail?) or coturnix or (gallus()domesticus) or platyrhyn? or anas) • or ((songQbird?) or bobwhite? or (waterQbird?) or (waterQfowl) or aves or avian or bird?) • and (reproduc? or diet or dietary or systemic or development? or histolog? or growth or neurological or behav? or mortal? or lethal? or surviv? or (drinkingQwater)) • not (exclusion terms to be determined after initial review of search) • rd (remove duplicates) Laboratory Mammals • chemical term and CAS numbers • and (rat or rats or mouse or mice or hamster? or (guineaQpig?) or monkey? or rabbit?) • and (reproduc? or diet or dietary or systemic or development? or histolog? or growth or neurological or behav? or mortal? or lethal? or surviv? or (drinkingQwater)) • not (exclusion terms to be determined after initial review of search) • rd (remove duplicates) Wild Mammals • chemical term and CAS numbers 12 ------- • and (didelphidae or opossum? or soricidae or shrew? or talpidae or armadillo? or dasypodidae or ochotonidae or leporidae) • or canidae or ursidae or procyonidae or mustelidae or felidae or cat or cats or dog or dogs or bear or bears or weasel? or skunk? or marten or martens or badger? or ferret? or mink or minks? • or aplodontidae or beaver? or sciuridae or geomyidae or heteromyidae or castoridae or equidae or suidae or dicotylidae or cervidae or antilocapridae or bovidae • or arvicolinae or mycocastoridae or dipodidae or erethizontidae or sigmodon? or (harvestQmice) or (harvest()mouse) or microtus or peromyscus or reithrodontomys or onychomys or vole or voles or lemming? • and (reproduc? or diet or dietary or systemic or development? or histolog? or growth or neurological or behav? or mortal? or lethal? or surviv? or (drinkingQwater)) • not (exclusion terms to be determined after initial review of search) • rd (remove duplicates) Amphibians and Reptiles • chemical term and CAS numbers • and (amphibi? or frog or frogs or salamander? or newt or newts or toad? or reptil? or crocodil? or alligator? or caiman? or snake? or lizard? or turtle? or tortoise? or terrapin?) • and (reproduc? or diet or dietary or systemic or development? or histolog? or growth or neurological or behav? or mortal? or lethal? or surviv? or (drinkingQwater)) • not (exclusion terms to be determined after initial review of search) • rd (remove duplicates) 5.5 ELECTRONIC LITERATURE SEARCH The following instructions relate to performing a literature search of the DIALOG databases. It is recommended that the DIALOG databases be searched first because this is the provider most likely to identify the greatest number of applicable references. The relevant DIALOG files should be searched as a "OneSearch" following the strategy developed in Section 5.3. For a large number of records, print titles and KWIC to facilitate the selection of relevant abstracts. This format is the most cost effective method of reducing the total costs of the search. If only a few records are retrieved, print the full abstracts rather than titles and KWIC. The steps for conducting the electronic search are as follows: 13 ------- • Use the "OneSearch" option to search the recommended DIALOG files as described in Section 4.1.1. • If using DIALOG-Link, type the search statement and proofread the statement to correct possible errors. Save the search statement in a file for reuse. • Search for the chemical of interest using the nomenclature described in Section 5.1. • Combine the results of the chemical search with each receptor group as described in Section 5.2 (common names and taxonomic nomenclature of mammalian wildlife receptors, laboratory mammals, etc.). • Combine the results with all of the toxicological terms. • Combine the results with the exclusion terms listed in Section 5.3, Step 5. • Remove duplicate records. • Download titles and KWIC for review by a toxicologist • Download applicable abstracts and print them. 5.5.1 Review and Coding of the Electronic Search Results The results of the electronic search are coded in two stages. In the first stage, the toxicologist reviews and codes the appropriate titles from the initial Dialog search output using "RA" to indicate that the full abstract should be retrieved or using the codes described below to indicate why they did not meet the necessary criteria for further consideration. The codes are marked directly on the printed search. The DIALOG accession numbers are used to retrieve those titles selected for retrieval which are then downloaded and printed for the second stage of review by the toxicologist. In the second stage, the toxicologist reviews and codes the full abstracts (which were marked for retrieval from the initial stage) using "RP" to indicate the retrieval of the paper or using the codes outlined in the following paragraphs to indicate the reason it was eliminated from further consideration. Both of the screening processes are necessary to determine the relevance of the publication for TRV development. The codes used for eliminating records from further consideration are the same for both stages. All abstracts identified for possible use in TRV development as well as those that were coded with the appropriate rejection code(s) are downloaded into a data management system. The review and coding procedures are described below. 1. For the titles and KWIC or abstracts meeting one or more of the following criteria, code appropriate KWIC as "RA" (retrieve abstract) or abstracts as "RP" (for retrieval of the entire publication) directly on the printed search results: • studies with relevant titles but no abstracts • review articles (use bibliography to acquire primary citations) • field studies describing the effect of a chemical on a target population or ecosystem (potential use as modifying information for TRV values derived from laboratory studies) • studies that describe changes in the following: 14 ------- - morphology or histology of target organs - patterns of growth and development - fetal weight, fetal re-absorption, fetal abnormalities, and neonatal survival - behavior of the test organism - survival of the test organism 2. Do not retrieve publications for titles and KWIC or abstracts that meet one or more of the following criteria. Use the codes provided in parentheses below to indicate directly on the printed search results the reason the publication was rejected: • genetic/mutagenicity studies (Gene) • carcinogenicity studies (Carcin) • physiology studies (Phys) • in vitro studies (In Vit) • human health effects studies (HHE) • acute studies (Acu) • analytical studies that describe the preparation and analysis of the chemical in the tissues of the receptor (Chem Meth) • studies that describe the intermediary metabolism of the chemical (e.g., radioactive tracer studies) (Fate) • studies that record the effects of two or more simultaneously administered chemicals (Simlt) • studies that record the effects of a stressor (e.g., radiation, heat, etc.) and the chemical (QAC) • studies that describe the effects of the chemical on surgically altered or chemically modified receptors (e.g., right nephrectomy, left renal artery ligature, hormone implant, etc.) (Alt) • bioaccumulation/survey studies only measuring amounts of chemical present in tissues (Surv) • studies using non-oral routes of chemical administration (i.e. injection, inhalation, skin absorption) (No Oral) • studies that are unrelated to the chemical/receptor group of interest (Unrel) • drug/therapeutic studies (Drug) • anatomical studies (Anat) • field studies (Field sur) • field studies (Field sur -aquatic) • field studies (Field sur - marine) • field studies (Field Sur-sediment) • mathematical model or model ecosystem (Model) • lipid studies (lipid study) • cardiovascular studies e.g. blood pressure changes (Cardiovas) • physiological deficiency e.g., dietary study designed to deplete receptor of an element (Phys Defic) • meeting poster/abstract (meeting poster/asbstract) • conference proceeding (ConfProc) 15 ------- • behavioral studies, either simple or complex (behav -simple)(behav-complex) • primate studies (primate) • isolated, perfused organ studies (iso) • larval stage of amphibians (larv) • lead shot studies of effects of lead weights/sinkers and lead shot (lead shot) • epilepsy studies describing induction of epilepsy by chemical agent (epilep) • sub-chronic, generally a study of less than 10% of the test organism's lifetime (sub chronic) • ecological risk assessment (risk assess) • drug administered by intraruminal pellet, glass bolus, etc. (bul) 3. Code abstracts with questionable applicability as "?" for evaluation by a second reviewer. Enter the retrieved abstracts and codes are into an electronic database management system such as ProCite or Microsoft Access. Additional electronic databases (e.g., TOXNET, TERRATOX, BiblioLine, etc.) should be searched according to the providers' instructions. Although search strategies vary, follow the basic outline provided in Section 5.3 where applicable. 5.5.2 Retrieve Selected Publications Retrieve publications with abstracts that meet the preliminary screening criteria. Selected publications may be obtained from a technical library; a national laboratory library; or from a commercial vendor such as Carl Uncover, OCLC (Online Computer Library Center), Purdue's Technical Information Service, or other commercial vendors. 5.6 MANUAL LITERATURE SEARCH The basic components of the manual search include (1) identification and retrieval of applicable publications identified in the bibliographies of reviews retrieved from the results of the electronic search, and (2) search of other recommended sources (see Section 4.2). The following steps should be undertaken in the manual search: Step 1: Evaluate the bibliographies of review articles retrieved from the electronic search to identify potentially useful publications. Step 2: Make a copy of the bibliographies from the review articles retrieved from the search. Step 3: Code the potentially useful citations as "RP" for retrieval. Step 4: Mark publications with questionable applicability as "?" for a second reviewer to evaluate. 16 ------- Step 5: Consult the resources listed in Section 4.2 (e.g., ATSDR profiles, FWS reviews, CARA, Science Citation Index, etc.). Step 6: Enter literature citations for retrieved publications into an electronic database management system. 5.7 SEARCH RESULTS DOCUMENTATION The search results should be managed electronically in an electronic database management system such as ProCite or Microsoft Access. The electronic database management system should contain all the bibliographic information necessary to retrieve the record, including the abstract code, database file number, the chemical symbol, and the receptor. A well-designed database management system can be used for tracking the search and screening procedure and generating various reports. Documentation for each electronic and manual search should include the following information: • date of search • name of person conducting search • name and version of database or source citation • publication years searched • documentation of the search strategy (i.e., search terms) • complete citation of abstracts retrieved [i.e., title, author(s), date, primary source] • abstract code (e.g., "RP", HHE, Acu, etc.) • recommendations for future search strategy The above information can be used to determine the most appropriate databases to search, the most effective search strategy, and thoroughness of the search. 6.0 QUALITY ASSURANCE The literature search and preliminary screening procedure is designed to be transparent, credible, and reproducible; therefore, maintaining comprehensive, accurate, and timely records is important. Electronic and paper copies should be maintained of all files and data generated during the course of the search. Someone other than the person performing the initial task should review all entries into the database management system for completeness and accuracy . A review of all records marked for retrieval in the initial search should be made by someone other than the searcher and toxicologist. 7.0 REFERENCES Aldrich Catalog Handbook of Fine Chemicals. 1998-99 or latest edition. St. Louis, MO. 17 ------- ATSDR (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease registry). Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service. Budavari, S., Ed. Merck Index, latest edition, Merck & Co., Inc. Rathway, NJ. Clayton, D. G., and F. E. Clayton, Eds. 1994. Patty's Industrial Hygiene & Toxicology, 4th edition. John Wiley & Sons, New York. Lewis, R. J. Sr., Ed. 1996. Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials, 9th ed. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York. Montgomery, J. H. 1993. Agrochemicals Desk Reference: Environmental Data. Lewis Publishers, Chelsea, MI. Sample, B.E., D.M. Opresko, and G.W. Suter II. 1996. Toxicological Benchmarks for Wildlife: 1996 Revision. ES/ER/TM-86/R3. Prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Environmental Management by Lockheed Martin Energy Systems, Inc. Oak Ridge National Laboratory. SIGMA Biochemicals and Reagents for Life Science Research. 1999 or latest edition. St. Louis, MO. Sittig, M., Ed. 1985. Handbook of Toxic & Hazardous Chemicals & Carcinogens, 2nd ed. Noyes Publications, Park Ridge, NJ. United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1997. Ecological Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund : Process for Designing Ecological Risk Assessments. EPA/R- 97/006. Environmental Response Team.. Washington, DC. United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1996. Soil Screening Guidance EPA/540/R-96/018. Office of Emergency and Remedial Response, Washington, DC. United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1997. Supplemental Ecological Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund. EPA/910/R-97/005. (EPA Region 10). Seattle, WA United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1993a. Wildlife Exposure Factors Handbook Volume I. EPA/600/R-93/187a. Office of Research and Development, Washington, DC. United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1993b. Wildlife Exposure Factors Handbook Volume II. EPA/600/R-93/187b. Office of Research and Development, Washington, DC. 18 ------- United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1994. Chemical Assessments and Related Activities. Office of Health and Environmental Assessment, Washington, DC. OHEA-1-127. United States Fish and Wildlife Service. Biological Report Series. Contaminant Hazard Reviews. Verschueren, K., Ed. 1983. Handbook of Environmental Data on Organic Chemicals, 2nd ed. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York 19 ------- This Page Intentionally Left Blank ------- APPENDIX A LITERATURE SEARCH FLOWCHART Identify chemical; list synonyms and CAS numbers. ^ r Identify receptor group; list synonyms. 1 r Develop search strategy. 1 r Conduct preliminary search and modify strategy as needed. ^ r Conduct electronic searches: • DIALOG • TOXNET • TERRATOX • etc. 1 r Review and code literature search results. ^ r Conduct manual searches: • Review articles •FWS • ATSDR •ORNL •CARA • etc. ^ r Document search results. 1 r Perform QA review. A-l ------- This Page Intentionally Left Blank ------- APPENDIX B ELECTRONIC DATABASE FILE DESCRIPTIONS National Library of Medicine TOXNET includes the following files: • CCRIS (Chemical Carcinogenesis Research Information System) - CCRIS is sponsored by the National Cancer Institute and contains scientifically evaluated data derived from carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, tumor promotion, and tumor inhibition tests on approximately 8000 chemicals. • DART (Development and Reproductive Toxicology) and ETICBACK (Environmental Teratology Information Center Backfile) - DART is a bibliographic database containing literature on teratology and other aspects of developmental toxicology. It is managed by NLM and funded by EPA, the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), and the National Center of Toxicology Research of the Food and Drug Administration. ETICBACK contains literature published from 1950-1989. • EMIC (Environmental Mutagen Information Center) and EMICBACK (Environmental Mutagen Information Center Backfile) - EMIC is a bibliographic database containing literature on chemical, biological, and physical agents that have been tested for genotoxic activity. It is produced by Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) and funded by EPA and NIEHS. EMIC contains literature published since 1991. EMICBACK contains literature published from 1950-1990. • GENE-TOX (Genetic Toxicology) - GENE-TOX, produced by EPA, contains genetic toxicology test results on more than 3000 chemicals. Selected mutagenicity assay systems and the source literature are reviewed by panels of scientific experts for each of the test systems under evaluation. Each test system in GENE-TOX has been peer reviewed and is referenced. • HSDB (Hazardous Substance Data Bank) - HSDB is a factual database focusing on the toxicology of over 4500 potentially hazardous chemicals. The file also includes information regarding emergency handling procedures, environmental fate, human exposure, detection methods, and regulatory requirements. The data are fully referenced and peer reviewed by a panel of expert toxicologists and other scientists. • IRIS (Integrated Risk Information Services) - IRIS is an online database maintained by EPA. It contains information regarding carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risks of more than 500 chemicals. The data have been scientifically reviewed by groups of EPA scientists and represent EPA consensus. The IRIS database is also available without charge on the Web at http://www.epa.gov/iris. B-l ------- TOXLINE contains the following subfiles: • ANEUPL (Aneuploidy File) • BIOSIS (Toxicological Aspects of Environmental Health) • CIS (International Labour Office) • CRISP (Toxicology Research Projects) • DART (Developmental & Reproductive Toxicology) • EMIC (Environmental Mutagen Information Center) • EPIDEM (Epidemiology Information System) • ETIC (Environmental Teratology Information Center) • FEDRIP (Federal Research in Progress) • HMTC (Hazardous Materials Technical Center) • IPA (International Pharmaceutical Abstracts) • NIOSHTIC (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) • NTIS (Toxicology Document and Data Depository) • PESTAB (Pesticides Abstracts) • PPBIB (Poisonous Plants Bibliography) • RISKLINE (Swedish National Chemicals Inspectorate) • TOXBIB/MEDLINE (Toxicity Bibliography) • TSCATS (Toxic Substances Control Act Test Submissions) DIALOG The following DIALOG databases contain toxicological information: • AGRICOLA (Agricultural OnLine Access) (File 10) is an extensive bibliographic database with subject coverage including chemistry, pesticides, pollution, veterinary medicine, wildlife, and zoology. • AGRIS International (File 203) is an international information system for agricultural science and technology. It reflects research in all aspects of world food supply. Subject coverage includes animal production, forestry, pollution, plant production, and other topics related to food production. • BIOSIS (File 5) provides worldwide coverage in the biological and biomedical sciences. Subject coverage includes agriculture, botany, clinical medicine, environmental biology, genetics, immunology, toxicology, veterinary science, zoology, and much more. • CAB Abstracts (File 50) is a comprehensive file of agricultural information containing all records in the more than 50 abstract journals published by CAB International, a leading scientific information service in agriculture and related sciences. Subject coverage includes veterinary medicine, environmental degradation, conservation, and amelioration. B-2 ------- • CA Search (Chemical Abstracts) (File 399) includes over 13 million citations of the worldwide literature regarding chemistry and its applications from 1967 forward. Some of the principal areas of chemical applications and technologies of chemical substances included are environmental chemistry and toxicology. • CHEMTOX Online (File 337) is a collection of environmental, health, and safety data for chemical substances that are addressed by legislation or regulation and substances that are potential candidates for legislation or regulation. • Conference Papers Index (File 77) provides access to more than 100,000 scientific and technical papers presented at over 1000 major regional, national, and international meetings each year. Main subject areas include the life sciences, chemistry, physical sciences, geosciences, and engineering. • Dissertation Abstracts (File 35) provides a definitive subject, title, and author guide for almost every American dissertation accepted at an accredited institution since 1861. Subject coverage includes agriculture, biological and environmental sciences, chemistry, and other topics. • Enviroline (File 40) contains international environmental information. It indexes and abstracts more than 1000 primary and secondary publications reporting all aspects of the environment. • Environmental Bibliography (File 68) provides access to the contents of periodicals regarding the environment. Subject coverage includes human and animal ecology, and wildlife conservation. • Life Sciences Collection (File 76) includes abstracts from the worldwide literature of the life sciences, corresponding to the series of 17 abstracting journals from Cambridge Scientific Abstracts. Subject coverage includes biology, medicine, ecology, and some aspects of veterinary science. • MEDLINE (File 155), produced by NLM, includes indexing to articles from more than 3700 journals. • NTIS (National Technical Information Service) (File 6) NTIS contains summaries of U.S. government-sponsored research, development, and engineering, plus analyses prepared by federal agencies, their contractors, or grantees. Also included are the results of government- sponsored research and development from countries outside the United States. Some state and local government agencies also contribute summaries of their reports to the database. NTIS has a broad range of subject coverage including environmental pollution and control, agriculture and food, medicine, and biology. B-3 ------- • Pollution Abstracts (File 41) is a leading resource for references to environmentally related literature on pollution, its sources, and its control. Subject coverage includes, air pollution, environmental quality, pesticides, and water pollution. • RTECS (Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances) (File 336) is a non-bibliographic databank focusing upon the acute and chronic effects of potentially toxic chemicals, data on skin/eye irritation, carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, and reproductive consequences. References are available for all data. Toxicology and carcinogenic reviews, when available are cited. RTECS is built and maintained by NIOSH. This file is updated quarterly and contains toxicity information on more than 100,000 chemicals. • Science (File 370) is published by the American Association for the Advancement of Science and covers the physical, biological, and social sciences. • SCISEARCH (Files 34, 434, 294) is an international, multidisciplinary index to the literature of science, technology, biomedicine, and related disciplines, and is produced by the Institute for Scientific Information. It contains all of the records published in the Science Citation Index , plus additional records from the Current Contents publications. This file is useful for searching for specific authors and keeping abreast of current publications in the field of toxicology. It is not recommended for inclusion in standard searches. • TOXLINE (File 156) is international in coverage and comprises several subfiles covering lexicological, pharmacological, biochemical, and physiological effects of chemicals and drugs. TOXLINE is updated monthly and contains more than 2,400,000 records. • Wilson Biological and Agricultural Index (File 143) indexes approximately 258 periodicals that pertain to biology and agriculture. Subject coverage includes agricultural chemicals, biology, botany, ecology, environmental science, fishery sciences, genetics, and other topics. • Zoological Record (File 185) provides extensive coverage of the world's zoological literature and includes a unique systematics field that provides complete taxonomic hierarchy information. Subject coverage includes ecology, genetics, habitat, histology, life cycle and development, and related topics. • Pascal (File 144) is a multidisciplinary database including literature from international sources. Subjects include life sciences, biology, medicine, chemistry, food and agricultural sciences. B-4 ------- APPENDIX C COBALT SEARCH EXAMPLE FOR LABORATORY MAMMALS Cover Sheet Date of Search 6/4/99 Performed By Carmen Diaz Results Examined By Diego Reviera Summary of Strategy The following files in Dialog were searched: 154, 155,156, 5,10, 203, 399, 337, 77, 35, 40, 68, 76, 41, 336, 370,143, 185, 6, 50,144 with no year restrictions. File 154 was included in the example search but was dropped from subsequent searches because it overlaps with the information in File 155, the more comprehensive file in Medline. Please note that the term "drinking water" was not in the list of toxicological terms. Subsequent searches included this term. The detailed search strategy from DIALOG is appended to this cover sheet. Included is a summarized version of the Cobalt search strategies for each receptor. Examination of preliminary searches for cobalt and laboratory mammal receptors indicated the need to add many exclusion terms specific to cobalt. It became apparent that the literature associated with the use of cobalt 60 as a radiotherapeutic agent would need to be excluded. Therefore, exclusion terms such as not cobalt 60, irridation, co60, 60co were used to focus the search. Similarly the large number of literature retrievals related to the use of cobalt alloys in surgical implants were excluded by using exclusion terms such as prosthesis, implant, alloy, and cobalt samarium were used. Retrieved abstracts were coded and downloaded into ProCite. C-l ------- DIALOG Example of Cobalt Search for Laboratory Mammals (Note that the bold and italicized wording is not system supplied.) Enter an option number to view information or to connect to an online service. Enter a BEGIN command plus a file number to search a database (e.g.,Bl for ERIC). Ibl54,155,156,5,10,203,399,337,77,35,40,68,76,41,336,370,143,185,6,50,144 SYSTEM:OS - DIALOG OneSearch File 154:MEDLINE(R) 1993-1999/Jul W4 (c) format only 1999 Dialog Corporation *File 154: reloaded, note accession numbers changed. File 155:MEDLINE(R) 1966-1999/Jul W4 (c) format only 1999 Dialog Corporation *File 155: reloaded, note accession numbers changed. File 156:Toxline(R) 1965-1999/May (c) format only 1999 The Dialog Corporation *File 156: reloaded, note accession numbers changed. File 5:BiosisPreviews(R) 1969-1999/May W4 (c) 1999 BIOSIS File 10:AGRICOLA 70-1999/May (c) format only 1999 The Dialog Corporation File 203 :AGRIS 1974-1999/Apr Dist by NAL, Intl Copr. All rights reserved File 399:CA SEARCH(R) 1967-1999/UD=13023 (c) 1999 American Chemical Society *File 399: Use is subject to the terms of your user/customer agreement. RANK charge added; see HELP RATES 399. File 337:CHEMTOX (R) Online 1998/Q3 (c) 1998 MDL Info Systems File 77: Conference Papers Index 1973-1999/May (c) 1999 Cambridge Sci Abs File 35dissertation Abstracts Online 1861-1999/Jun (c) 1999 UMI File 40:Enviroline(R) 1975-1999/Mar (c) 1999 Congressional Information Service File 68:Env.Bib. 1974-1999/May (c) 1999 Internl Academy at Santa Barbara File 76:Life Sciences Collection 1982-1999/Mar (c) 1999 Cambridge Sci Abs File 41 Pollution Abs 1970-1999/Jun (c) 1999 Cambridge Scientific Abstracts File 336:RTECS 1999/Q2 Comp & dist by NIOSH, Intl Copyright All Rights Res File 3 70: Science 1996-1999/AprW3 (c) 1999AAAS File 143:Biol. & Agric. Index 1983-1999/Apr (c) 1999 The HW Wilson Co C-2 ------- File 185:Zoological Record Online(R) 1978-1999/V135P26 (c) 1999 BIOSIS File 6:NTIS 64-1999/Jun W4 Comp&distr 1998 NTIS, Intl Copyright All Rights Res File 50:CAB Abstracts 1972-1999/May (c) 1999 CAB International File 144:Pascal 1973-1999/May (c) 1999 INIST/CNRS STEP 1 Search the chemical name, synonyms, CAS numbers Set Items Description ?s cobalt? or RN=7440-48-4 or rn=71-48-7 or rn=7646-79-9 or rn=10141-05-6 or rn=10124-43-3 or rn=544-18-3 or rn=60459-08-7or rn=69098-14-2 >»One or more prefixes are unsupported >» or undefined in one or more files. 332504 COBALT? 126866 RN=7440-48-4 2513 RN=71-48-7 7238 RN=7646-79-9 2003 RN=10141-05-6 2295 RN=10124-43-3 103 RN=544-18-3 6 RN=60459-08-7 10 RN=69098-14-2 SI 399089 COBALT? ORRN=7440-48-4 ORRN=71-48-7 ORRN=7646-79-9 OR RN=10141-05-6 OR RN= 10124-43-3 ORRN=544-18-3 ORRN=60459-08-7 OR RN=69098-14-2 TOTAL HITS FOR SET 1 = 399,089 STEP 2 Combine set 1 hits with receptors ?s si and (rat or rats or mice or mouse or hamster? or (guineaQpig?) or rabbit? or monkey?) Processing Processing Processed 10 of 21 files ... Processing Processed 20 of 21 files ... Processing Completed processing all files 399089 SI 2965989 RAT 2588600 RATS 1575461 MICE 1454660 MOUSE 308385 HAMSTER? 456112 GUINEA C-3 ------- 1310041 PIG? 408460 GUINEA(W)PIG? 958907 RABBIT? 252393 MONKEY? S2 18205 S1 AND (RAT OR RATS OR MICE OR MOUSE OR HAMSTER? OR (GUINEA()PIG?) OR RABBIT? OR MONKEY?) TOTAL HITS FOR SET 2 =18,205 STEP 3 Combine set 2 hits with toxicological terms 7s s2 and (reproduc? or diet or dietary or systemic or development? or histolog? or growth or neurological or behav? or mortal? or lethal? or surviv?) Processing Processing Processed 10 of 21 files ... Processing Processing Processed 20 of 21 files ... Processing Completed processing all files 18205 S2 1451016 REPRODUC? 801329 DIET 511117 DIETARY 473838 SYSTEMIC 4531328 DEVELOPMENT? 879511 HISTOLOG? 3464725 GROWTH 163753 NEUROLOGICAL 2562160 BEHAV? 857457 MORTAL? 229774 LETHAL? 1062016 SURVIV? S3 4622 S2 AND (REPRODUC? OR DIET OR DIETARY OR SYSTEMIC OR DEVELOPMENT? OR HISTOLOG? OR GROWTH OR NEUROLOGICAL OR BEHAV? OR MORTAL? OR LETHAL? OR SURVIV?) Total Hits for SET 3 = 4,622 7s s3 not human/ti,de,mesh >»Term "MESH" is not defined in one or more files Processing >»Term "TI" is not defined in one or more files >»Term "DE" is not defined in one or more files Processed 10 of 21 files ... Completed processing all files 4622 S3 8984086 HUMAN/TI,DE,MESH S4 4401 S3 NOT HUMAN/TI,DE,MESH C-4 ------- 7s s4 not vitro/ti,de >»Term "TI" is not defined in one or more files >»Term "DE" is not defined in one or more files 4401 S4 1035942 VITRO/TI,DE S5 4231 S4 NOT VITRO/TI,DE 7s s5 not culture?/ti,de >»Term "TI" is not defined in one or more files >»Term "DE" is not defined in one or more files Processing Processed 20 of 21 files ... Completed processing all files 4231 S5 2025762 CULTURE?/TI,DE S6 3817 S5 NOT CULTURE?/TI,DE 7s s6 not inhalation/ti,de,mesh >»Term "MESH" is not defined in one or more files >»Term "TI" is not defined in one or more files >»Term "DE" is not defined in one or more files 3817 S6 128292 INHALATION/TI,DE,MESH S7 3768 S6 NOT INHALATION/TI,DE,MESH 7s s7 not subcutaneous/ti,de,mesh >»Term "MESH" is not defined in one or more files >»Term "TI" is not defined in one or more files >»Term "DE" is not defined in one or more files 3768 S7 88182 SUBCUTANEOUS/TI,DE,MESH S8 3742 S7 NOT SUBCUTANEOUS/TI,DE,MESH 7s s8 not inject?/ti,de >»Term "TI" is not defined in one or more files >»Term "DE" is not defined in one or more files 3742 S8 501953 INJECT?/TI,DE S9 3638 S8 NOT INJECT?/TI,DE 7s s9 not gene/ti,de >»Term "TI" is not defined in one or more files >»Term "DE" is not defined in one or more files 3638 S9 1853901 GENE/TI,DE S10 3549 S9 NOT GENE/TI,DE 7s slO not tumo?/ti,de >»Term "TI" is not defined in one or more files >»Term "DE" is not defined in one or more files Processing Processed 20 of 21 files ... Completed processing all files 3549 SlO 1541887 TUMO?/TI,DE Sll 3330 S10NOTTUMO?/TI,DE C-5 ------- 7s sll not carcin?/ti,de >»Term "TI" is not defined in one or more files >»Term "DE" is not defined in one or more files 3330 Sll 1110313 CARCIN?/TI,DE S12 3233 S11NOTCARCIN?/TI,DE 7s s!2 not cancer?/ti,de >»Term "TI" is not defined in one or more files >»Term "DE" is not defined in one or more files 3233 S12 830864 CANCER?/TI,DE S13 3212 S12NOTCANCER?/TI,DE 7s s!3 not (60co or co60 or (cobaltQ60) or irradiat? or (gamma()ray?) or neutron? or (gamma()irradiat?) or radiation or (xQray?) or (fission) or alloy?) Processing Processing Processed 10 of 21 files ... Processing Processed 20 of 21 files ... Processing Processing Completed processing all files 3212 S13 11936 60CO 1210 CO60 326867 COBALT 1117638 60 15594 COBALT(W)60 614534 IRRADIAT? 942297 GAMMA 1563886 RAY? 196437 GAMMA(W)RAY? 297005 NEUTRON? 942297 GAMMA 614534 IRRADIAT? 57791 GAMMA(W)IRRADIAT? 1853870 RADIATION 2068374 X 1563886 RAY? 927158 X(W)RAY? 76200 FISSION 1283639 ALLOY? S14 1527 S13 NOT (60CO OR CO60 OR (COBALT()60) OR IRRADIAT? OR (GAMMAQRAY?) OR NEUTRON? OR (GAMMAQIRRADIAT?) OR RADIATION OR (XQRAY?) OR (FISSION) OR ALLOY?) 7s s!4 not (radiotherap? orprosthes? or implant? or radioiso? or (samarium()cobalt) or patient? or worker? or child? or epileps? or epilept?) Processing Processing Processed 10 of 21 files ... C-6 ------- Processing Processed 20 of 21 files ... Completed processing all files 1527 S14 276877 RADIOTHERAP? 36145 PROSTHES? 443740 IMPLANT? 306004 RADIOISO? 29125 SAMARIUM 326867 COBALT 2126 SAMARIUM(W)COBALT 5104818 PATIENT? 316132 WORKER? 2165976 CHILD? 137760 EPILEPS? 70125 EPILEPT? S15 1245 S14 NOT (RADIOTHERAP? OR PROSTHES? OR IMPLANT? OR RADIOISO? OR (SAMARIUMQCOBALT) OR PATIENT? OR WORKER? OR CHILD? OR EPILEPS? OR EPILEPT?) STEP 5 Remove duplicates 7rd >»Duplicate detection is not supported for File 337. >»Duplicate detection is not supported for File 336. >»Records from unsupported files will be retained in the RD set. ...examined 50 records (50) ...examined 50 records (100) ...examined 50 records (150) ...examined 50 records (200) ...examined 50 records (250) ...examined 50 records (300) ...examined 50 records (350) ...examined 50 records (400) ...examined 50 records (450) ...examined 50 records (500) ...examined 50 records (550) ...examined 50 records (600) ...examined 50 records (650) ...examined 50 records (700) ...examined 50 records (750) ...examined 50 records (800) ...examined 50 records (850) ...examined 50 records (900) ...examined 50 records (950) ...examined 50 records (1000) ...examined 50 records (1050) ...examined 50 records (1100) ...examined 50 records (1150) ...examined 50 records (1200) C-7 ------- This Page Intentionally Left Blank ------- ...completed examining records S16 760 RD (unique items) TOTAL HITS USING ALL EXCLUSION TERMS = 760 EXAMPLE OF TITLES FROM THIS SEARCH WITH KEY WORDS IN CONTEXT It s!6/6,k/378-384 >»KWIC option is not available in file(s): 41, 77, 399 16/6,K/378 (Item 61 from file: 156) DIALOG(R)File 156:(c) format only 1999 The Dialog Corporation. All rts. reserv. 01972309 Subfile: ETIC-35645 The influence of zinc and cobalt on the deoxyribonucleic acid biosynthesis and on the genetic information transmission in experimental animals. 2. Effect on the serum protein biosynthesis and on embryonic development Publication Year: 1984 The influence of zinc and cobalt on the deoxyribonucleic acid biosynthesis and on the genetic information transmission in experimental animals. 2. Effect on the serum protein biosynthesis and on embryonic development Descriptors/Keywords: RATTUS; MAMMAL, RAT; FEMALE; VIABILITY, FERTILITY AND MORTALITY ; GROWTH ; EXTRA-EMBRYONIC STRUCTURES; HEMIC AND LYMPHATIC SYSTEMS; CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM; ZINC CHLORIDE; COBALT CHLORIDE 16/6,K/379 (Item 62 from file: 156) DIALOG(R)File 156:(c) format only 1999 The Dialog Corporation. All rts. reserv. 01971449 Subfile: ETIC-34372 The action of zn and co upon DNA synthesis and serum proteins during prenatal development of albino rats Publication Year: 1984 The action of zn and co upon DNA synthesis and serum proteins during prenatal development of albino rats Descriptors/Keywords: RATTUS, ALBINO; MAMMAL, RAT ; FEMALE; VIABILITY, FERTILITY AND MORTALITY ; GROWTH ; GENETICS; BIOCHEMISTRY AND METABOLISM; DIGESTIVE SYSTEM; ZINC CHLORIDE; COBALT CHLORIDE 16/6,K/380 (Item 63 from file: 156) DIALOG(R)File 156:(c) format only 1999 The Dialog Corporation. All rts. reserv. Co -o ------- 01970572 Subfile: ETIC-32560 Effect of short-term exposure to five industrial metals on the embryonic and fetal development of the mouse Publication Year: 1984 Effect of short-term exposure to five industrial metals on the embryonic and fetal development of the mouse Descriptors/Keywords: MUS, NMRI; MAMMAL, MOUSE ; FEMALE; VIABILITY, FERTILITY AND MORTALITY ; HEMIC AND LYMPHATIC SYSTEMS; GROWTH ; MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM; NERVOUS SYSTEM; CRANIUM AND FACE; ALUMINUM CHLORIDE; COBALT DICHLORIDE; SODIUM MOLYBDATE; SODIUM TUNGSTATE; VANADIUM PENTOXIDE CAS Registry No.: 7446-70-0; 7646-79-9 ; 7631-95-0; 13472-45-2; 1314-62-1 16/6,K/3 81 (Item 64 from file: 15 6) DIALOG(R)File 156:(c) format only 1999 The Dialog Corporation. All rts. reserv. 01903739 Subfile: NTIS-PB83-209841 Development of a Toxicity Test System Using Primary Rat Liver Cells. Publication Year: 1981 Development of a Toxicity Test System Using Primary Rat Liver Cells. TD3: A model in vitro rat liver parenchymal cellular toxicity system employing cells obtained by the in situ collagenase perfusion technique... ... toxicants. The initial evaluation of this test system was accomplished using cadmium chloride, chromium chloride, cobalt chloride, mercuric chloride, nickelous chloride, sodium arsenite, sodium selenite, and ammonium vanadate. Linear regression analysis... 16/6,K/382 (Item 65 from file: 156) DIALOG(R)File 156:(c) format only 1999 The Dialog Corporation. All rts. reserv. 01898117 Subfile: HEEP-82-13891 Cobaltous chloride effects on hexa chloro butadiene nephro toxicity KEEP COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Publication Year: 1982 Cobaltous chloride effects on hexa chloro butadiene nephro toxicity ABSTRACT RAT MORTALITY PROTEIN SYNERGISM CAS Registry No.: 7646-79-9 ; 87-68-3 16/6,K/383 (Item 66 from file: 156) DIALOG(R)File 156:(c) format only 1999 The Dialog Corporation. All rts. reserv. C-9 ------- 01891217 Subfile: HEEP-82-06474 Serum lipoprotein patterns in rats and the effects of some pollutants. HEEP COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Publication Year: 1981 Serum lipoprotein patterns in rats and the effects of some pollutants. Serum tissue lipids were analyzed to determine the suspected role of dietary oils in combination with some chemicals on induced hyperlipidemia in rats. Mustard and rapeseed oils increased triglyceride levels of tissues and blood. Trace elements (V) and... CAS Registry No.: 8002-13-9; 7440-62-2; 7440-48-4 ; 57-06-7; 50-29-3 16/6,K/384 (Item 67 from file: 156) DIALOG(R)File 156:(c) format only 1999 The Dialog Corporation. All rts. reserv. 01884542 Subfile: HEEP-81-08151 Iron, lead and cobalt absorption: Similarities and dissimilarities. HEEP COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Publication Year: 1981 Iron, lead and cobalt absorption: Similarities and dissimilarities. Using isolated intestinal segments in rats , the absorption of Fe, Pb and Co was increased in Fe deficiency and decreased in... ... i.v. Fe injection and after parenteral endotoxin injection. Acute bleeding or abbreviated intervals of dietary Fe deprivation resulted in increased Fe absorption from isolated intestinal segments and in intact animals... ... absorptive mechanism apparently is selectively enhanced for Fe absorption by phlebotomy or brief periods of dietary Fe deprivation, or 2 or more mucosal pathways for Fe absorption may exist. CAS Registry No.: 7440-48-4 ; 7439-92-1; 7439-89-6 Summarized version of Cobalt Search Strategies by Receptor (Note that the term "drinking water" should be added to list of toxicological endpoints for future searches) Cobalt Laboratory Mammal Search b 155,156,5,10,203,399,337,77,35,40,68,76,41,336,370,143,185,6,50,144 s cobalt? or rn=7440-48-4 or rn=71-48-7 or rn=7646-79-9 or rn=10141-05-6 or rn=10124-43- 3 or rn=544-18-3 or rn=60459-08-7 or rn=69098-14-2 and (rat or rats or mice or mouse or hamster? or (guineaQpig?) or rabbit? or monkey?) and (reproduc? or diet or dietary or systemic or development? or histolog? or growth or neurological or behav? or mortal? or lethal? or surviv?) C-10 ------- Not human/ti,de Not vitro/ti,de Not culture ?/ti,de Not inhalation/ti,de Not subcutaneous/ti,de Not gene/ti,de Not inject? Ai,de Not tumo?/ti,de Not carcin?/ti,de Not cancer?/ti,de Additonal exclusions: Not (60c or co60 or (cobalt()60) or irradiat? Or (gamma()ray?) or neutron? Or (gamma()irradiat?) or radiation or (x()ray?) or fission or alloy?) Not (radiotherap? Or prosthes? Or implant? Or radioiso? Or (samarium()cobalt) or patient? Or worker? Or child? Or epileps? or epilept?) Rd Cobalt Wild Mammal Search b 155,156,5,10,203,399,337,77,35,40,68,76,41,336,370,143,185,6,50,144 s cobalt? or RN=7440-48-4 or rn=71-48-7 or rn=7646-79-9 or rn=10141-05-6 or rn=10124- 43-3 or rn=544-18-3 or rn=60459-08-7 or rn=69098-14-2 and (didelphidae or opossum? or soricidae or shrew? or talpidae or armadillo? or dasypodidae or ochotonidae or leporidae) or canidae or ursidae or procyonidae or mustelidae or felidae or cat or cats or dog or dogs or bear or bears or weasel? or skunk? or marten or martens or badger? or ferret? or mink? or aplodontidae or beaver? or sciuridae or geomyidae or heteromyidae or castoridae or equidae or suidae or dicotylidae or cervidae or antilocapridae or bovidae or arvicolinae or mycocastoridae or dipodidae or erethizontidae or sigmodon? or (harvest()mice) or (harvest()mouse) or microtus or peromyscus or reithrodontomys or onychomys or vole or voles or lemming? and (reproduc? or diet or dietary or systemic or development? or histolog? or growth or neurological or behav? or mortal? or lethal? or surviv? ) Not human/ti,de Not vitro/ti,de Not culture ?/ti,de Not inhalation/ti,de Not subcutaneous/ti,de C-ll ------- Not gene/ti,de Not inject?/ti,de Not tumo?/ti,de Not carcin?/ti,de Not cancer?/ti,de Additonal exclusions: Not (60c or co60 or (cobalt()60) or irradiat? Or (gamma()ray?) or neutron? Or (gammaQirradiat?) or radiation or (x()ray?) or fission or alloy?) Not (radiotherap? Or prosthes? Or implant? Or radioiso? Or (samarium()cobalt) or patient? Or worker? Or child? Or epileps? or epilept?) Rd Cobalt Avian Receptor Search b 155,156,5,10,203,399,337,77,35,40,68,76,41,336,370,143,185,6,50,144 s cobalt? or RN=7440-48-4 or rn=71-48-7 or rn=7646-79-9 or rn=10141-05-6 or rn=10124- 43-3 or rn=544-18-3 or rn=60459-08-7 or rn=69098-14-2 and (chicken? or duck or duckling? or ducks or mallard? or quail? or (japanese()quail?) or coturnix or (gallus()domesticus) or platyrhyn? or anas or aves or avian or bird?) or (song()bird?) or bobwhite? or (water()bird?) or (water()fowl) and (reproduc? or diet or dietary or systemic or development? or histolog? or growth or neurological or behav? or mortal? or lethal? or surviv? ) Not Human/ti,de Not vitro/ti,de Not culture ?/ti,de Not inhalation/ti,de Not subcutaneous/ti,de Not gene/ti,de Not inject?Ai,de Not tumo?/ti,de Not carcin?/ti,de Not cancer?/ti,de Additonal exclusions: Not (60c or co60 or (cobalt()60) or irradiat? Or (gamma()ray?) or neutron? Or (gamma()irradiat?) or radiation or (x()ray?) or fission or alloy?) Not (radiotherap? Or prosthes? Or implant? Or radioiso? Or (samariumQcobalt) or patient? Or worker? Or child? Or epileps? or epilept?) Rd C-12 ------- Cobalt Amphibians & Reptiles Search b 155,156,5,10,203,399,337,77,35,40,68,76,41,336,370,143,185,6,50,144 s cobalt? or RN=7440-48-4 or rn=71-48-7 or rn=7646-79-9 or rn=10141-05-6 or rn=10124- 43-3 or rn=544-18-3 or rn=60459-08-7 or rn=69098-14-2 and (amphibi? or frog? or salamander? or newt or newts or toad? or reptil? or crocodil? or alligator? or caiman? snake? or lizard? or turtle? or tortoise? or terrapin?) and (reproduc? or diet or dietary or systemic or development? or histolog? or growth or neurological or behav? or mortal? or lethal? or surviv? ) Not human/ti,de Not vitro/ti,de Not culture ?/ti,de Not inhalation/ti,de Not subcutaneous/ti,de Not gene/ti,de Not inject?/ti,de Not tumo?/ti,de Not carcin?/ti,de Not cancer?/ti,de Additonal exclusions: Not (60c or co60 or (cobalt()60) or irradiat? Or (gamma()ray?) or neutron? Or (gamma()irradiat?) or radiation or (x()ray?) or fission or alloy?) Not (radiotherap? Or prosthes? Or implant? Or radioiso? Or (samarium()cobalt) or patient? Or worker? Or child? Or epileps? or epilept?) Rd C-13 ------- This Page Intentionally Left Blank ------- APPENDIX D CHEMICAL LIST METALS: The names of salts marked with a bullet (•) are included as general information. CHEMICAL CAS # ALUMINUM (alumin*) •Aluminum 7429-90-5 •Aluminum chloride 7446-70-0 •Aluminum fluoride 7784-18-1 •Sulfuric acid, Aluminum ammonium salt (2:1:1) 7784-25-0 •Sulfuric acid, Aluminum salt (3:2) 10043-01-3 •Sulfuric acid, Aluminum potassium salt 10043-67-1 •Aluminum nitrate (A1(NO3)3) 13473-90-0 •Aluminum potassium sulfate (A1K(SO4)2) 10043-67-1 •Aluminum sulfate 10043-01-3 •Aluminum sulfate hydrate 17927-65-0 •Aluminum nitrate nonahydrate 7784-27-2 •Aluminum chloride hexahydrate 7784-13-6 •Aluminum fluoride trihydrate 15098-87-0 •Aluminum chloride hydrate 10124-27-3 •Aluminum sulfate octahydrate 7784-31-8 •Aluminum fluoride dihydrate 32287-65-3 •Aluminum sulfate hydrate 16828-11-8 •These terms were not used in the search strategy. All references to these aluminum salts are retrieved by truncating alumin* and using the CAS numbers. ANTIMONY (antimon*) •Antimony III 7440-36-0 •Potassium antimonate 1333-78-4 • Antimony potassium tartrate 28300-74-5 •Antimony trichloride 10025-91-9 •Antimony trifluoride 7783-56-4 •Antimony trisulfide 1345-04-6 •L-Antimony potassium tartrate 11071-15-1 •Potassium hexahydroantimonate 12208-13-8 • Sodium hexahydroxy antimonate 3 3 908-66-6 •Hexahydroxyantimonate (1 -) potassium 63 994-3 3 -2 •These terms were not used in the search strategy. All references to these antimony salts are retrieved by truncating antimon* and using the CAS numbers. D-l ------- ** ARSENIC (arsen*) Arsenic 7440-38-2 Arsenic acid, Sodium salt 7631-89-2 Arsenic acid (H3AsO4) 7778-39-4 Arsenic acid, Disodium salt 7778-43-0 Arsenous trichloride 7784-34-1 Arsenic acid, Lead (2+) salt (1:1) 7784-40-9 Arsenic acid, Diammonium salt 7784-44-3 Arsenenous acid, Sodium salt 7784-46-5 Arsenic acid, Disodium salt, Heptahydrate (Na2AsH3O4.7H2O) 10048-95-0 Sodium arsenate (NaAsO3) 15120-17-9 Sodium arsenate (NaAsO4) 13464-38-5 Sodium arsenate (generic form) 7631-89-2 Sodium arsenite (Na2HAsO3) 13466-06-3 Sodium arsenate (Na3AsO3) 13464-37-4 ** BARIUM (barium/ barite) Barium carbonate Barium acetate Barium nitrate hydrate Barium chloride hydrate Barium Barium sulfate Barium nitrate Barium chloride Barite (barium sulfate) Barium sulfide 513-77-9 543-80-6 115216-77-8 10326-27-9 7440-39-3 7727-43-7 10022-31-8 10361-37-2 13462-86-7 21109-95-5 ** BERYLLIUM (beryllium) Beryllium Beryllium chloride Beryllium fluoride Beryllium hydroxide Beryllium nitrate (Be(NO3)2.3H20) Beryllium nitrate (BeN2O6) Beryllium silicate Beryllium sulfate Beryllium sulfate tetrahydrate 7440-41-7 7787-47-5 7787-49-7 13327-32-7 7787-55-5 13597-99-4 12161-82-9 13510-49-1 7787-56-6 CADMIUM (cadmium) Cadmium •Cadmium acetate •Cadmium bromide •Cadmium chloride •Cadmium iodide (CdCI2) •Nitric acid, Cadmium salt tetrahydrate •Cadmium nitrate •Cadmium sulfate •Cadmium chloride hydrate •Cadmium sulfate 8/3H2O •Cadmium acetate hydrate 7440-43-9 543-90-8 7789-42-6 10108-64-2 7790-80-9 10022-68-1 10325-94-7 10124-36-4 7790-78-5 7790-84-3 89759-80-8 D-2 ------- •Cadmium chloride hydrate 34330-64-8 • These terms were not used in the search strategy. All references to these cadmium salts are retrieved by cadmium and the CAS numbers. CHROMIUM (chromium, chromate,, chromic, chrome, (chrome(n)6), (chromium(n)6), hexachrome, chromous) •Acetic acid, Chromium (3+) salt 1066-30-4 Chromium 7440-47-3 •Chromic acid (+6) 7738-94-5 •Sodium chromate (+6) 7775-11-3 •Chromic acid, Dipotassium salt (+6) 7778-50-9 •Chromium fluoride (+3) 7788-97-8 •Chromic acid, Diammonium salt (+6) 7788-98-9 •Chromic acid, Dipotassium salt (+6) 7789-00-6 •Chromium chloride (+3) 10025-73-7 •Sulfuric acid, Chromium (3+) salt (3:2) 10101-53-8 •Chromium potassium sulfate (+3) 10141-00-1 •Sodium dichromate (+6) 10588-01-9 •Sodium chromate (unknown formula) 12680-48-7 •Chromic acid (+6) 13530-68-2 •Chromium (III) nitrate (+3) 13548-38-4 •Chromate (CrO4) (+6) 13907-45-4 •Chromate (+6) 13907-47-6 •Chromium sulfate pentahydrate (+3) 15244-38-9 Hexavalent chromium 18540-29-9 •Chromium nitrate nonahydrate 7789-02-8 • These terms were not used in the search strategy. All references to these chromium salts are retrieved by the use of the terms: chromium, chromate, chromic, chrome, (chrome(n)6),, (chromium(n)6),, hexachrome, chromous and the CAS numbers. COBALT (cobalt*) •Cobalt 7440-48-4 •Cobalt acetate 71-48-7 •Cobalt chloride 7646-79-9 •Cobalt nitrate 10141-05-6 •Cobalt sulfate 10124-43-3 •Cobalt(2)formate 544-18-3 •Cobalt sulfate hydrate 60459-08-7 •Cobalt chloride hydrate 690098-14-2 • These terms were not used in the search strategy. All references to these cobalt salts are retrieved by the truncation of cobalt* and the CAS numbers. D-3 ------- COPPER (copper, cupr*) Copper 7440-50-8 •Copper chloride 1344-67-8 •Copper sulfate 13 3 3 -22-8 •Copper sulfate 7758-98-7 •Copper acetone 598-54-9 •Copper chloride hydroxide 1332-65-6 •Copper acetate 4180-12-5 •Acetic acid, Copper 2+ salt monohydrate 6046-93-1 •Sulfuric acid copper (2+) salt (1:1), Pentahydrate 7758-99-8 •Cupric acetate 142-71-2 •Cupric nitrate 3251-23-8 •Cuprous nitrate 3251-29-4 •Cupric chloride 7447-39-4 •Cuprous chloride 7758-89-6 •Cupric perchlorate 13770-18-8 •Copper acetate hydrate 66923-66-8 •Cupric chloride hydrate 13468-85-4 •Cupric nitrate hydrate 19004-19-4 •Copper chloride dihydrate 10125-13-0 • These terms were not used in the search stragegy. All references to these copper salts are retrieved by using the terms copper and truncating cupr* and the CAS number. ** IRON (iron, ferr*) Carbonic acid, Iron(2+)salt (1:1) 563-71-3 Iron 7439-89-6 Iron chloride 7705-08-0 Iron chloride FeC12 7758-94-3 Ironsulfates 10124-49-9 Nitric acid, Iron(3+) salt 10421-48-4 Iron hydroxide 11113 -66-9 Iron chloride 12040-57-2 Carbonic acid, Iron (3+) salt 26273-46-1 Ferric hydroxide 1309-33-7 Ferrous suffide 1317-37-9 Ferrous sulfate 7720-78-7 Ferric sulfate 10028-22-5 Ferrous hydroxide 18624-44-7 Ferric sulfate hydrate 10028-22-5 Iron trichloride hexahydrate 7705-08-0 Iron dichloride tetrahydrate 13478-10-9 •LEAD The term "lead" cannot be used in a search strategy because the word is commonly used as a verb and noun. The following terms were developed to search this element and were used in combination with the CAS numbers listed below. Lead level* 7439-92-1 Lead intake 301-04-2 Lead induce* 7758-95-4 Lead poison* 10099-74-8 Leadintoxi* 7446-14-2 D-4 ------- Blood lead 546-67-8 Lead toxic* 13826-65-8 Leadmetabol* 5224-23-7 Lead burden* 78-00-2 Dietary lead 7442-13-9 Lead emcephalopathy 15347-57-6 Lead expos* Trimethyl lead Trimethyllead Tributyl lead Tributyllead Lead tetraacetate Lead acetate Tetraethyl lead Trialkyl lead Inorganic lead Ambient lead Lead compound* Lead acetic TEL Pb Lead chloride Lead nitrate Lead sulfate Lead concentrat* Diethyl lead Plumbic Plumbous The term "lead compound" was used in the search strategy for this metal, but its use for future searches is not recommended. The pharmaceutical industry uses the term as a description for a particularly promising therapeutic agent from a group of structurally closely related compounds. Use of this term will retrieve many unrelated records. **MANGANESE (manganese) Manganese 7439-96-5 Manganese (III) sulfate 13444-72-9 Manganese chloride 11132-78-8 Manganese chloride (MnC12) 7773-01-5 Manganese nitrate 10377-66-9 Manganese nitrate hydrate 15710-66-4 Manganese sulfate hydrate 15244-36-7 ** NICKEL (nickel) Acetic acid, Nickel (2+) salt 373-02-4 Nickel chloride hexahydrate 7791 -20-0 Nickel chloride hydrate 69098-15-3 Nickel (II) selenate 15060-62-5 Nickel 7440-02-0 Nickelous chloride 7718-54-9 Nickelous nitrate 13138-45-9 Sulfuric acid, nickel (2+) salt (1:1) 7786-81-4 D-5 ------- Nickel sulfate hexahydrate Nickelous acetate tetrahydrate Nickel (II) chloide hydrate 10101-97-0 373-02-4 13478-00-7 SELENIUM (, seleni*, selenate, selenium) •Selenium dioxide •Potassium selenate •Potassium selenite •Selenium •Selenous acid •Sodium selenate •Sodium selinite 7446-08-4 7790-59-2 10431-14-7 7782-49-2 7783-00-8 13410-01-0 10102-18-8 • These terms were not used in the search strategy. All references to these selenium salts are retrieved by using the terms seleni*, selenate, selenium and the CAS number. ** SILVER (silver) Acetic acid, Silver (l+)salt Silver Silver nitrate Silver chloride Silver iodide Silver sulfate 563-63-3 7440-22-4 7761-88-8 7783-90-6 7783-96-2 10294-26-5 **VANADIUM (vanad*) Vanadium Vanadium chloride Vanadyl chloride Vanadic acid, Ammonium salt Sodium vanadate Vanadic acid, Trisodium salt o-Vanadate 7440-62-2 7718-98-1 7727-18-6 7803-55-6 13718-26-8 13721-39-6 14333-18-7 ** ZINC (zinc) Zinc Zinc chloride Zinc nitrate Zinc sulfate Zinc acetate Zinc peroxide Zinc phosphide Zinc sulfate heptahydrate Zinc bromide Zinc iodide Sulfurous acid, Zinc salt (1:1) Zinc nitrate hydrate Zinc acetate dihydrate 7440-66-6 7646-85-7 7779-88-6 7733-02-0 557-34-6 1314-22-3 1314-84-7 7446-20-0 7699-45-8 10139-47-6 13597.44.9 10196-18-6 5970-45-6 D-6 ------- ORGANICS CHEMICAL CAS # DIELDRIN 60-57-1 dieldrin* alvit dieldrex heod panoram quintox dimethanonaphthalene **DDT GROUP 50-29-3 DDT agritan anofex arkotine azotox bosan bovidermol chlorophenothan citox clofenotane dedelo deoval detox detoxan dibovan dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane dicophane didigam didimac diphenyltrichloroethane dodat dykol estonate genitox gesafid gesapon gesarex gesarol guesapon guesarol byron havero* hildit ivoran ixodex kopsol mutoxin neocide parachlorocidum pentachlorin D-7 ------- pentech rukseam santobane ze*dane **DDD 72-54-8 dichlorodiphenyl(w)dichloroethane dilene rhothane TDE **DDE 72-55-9 dichlorodiphenyl(w)dichloroethylene **PENTACHLOROPHENOL 87-86-5 pentachlorophen* PCP acutox chem-penta chem-tol chlorophen cryptogil dowcide crotox fungifen lauxtol liroprem nci penchlorol pentachlorofen* pentacon penta-kil pentasol penwar peratox permite pervenol priltox santo* weedone witophen RDX 121-82-4 RDX hexolite cyclonite cyclotrimethy lene * trinitro (w)triazine hexogen pbx trimethylenetrinitramine trinitrocyclotrimethylene triaza(n)trinitro(n)cycloc(n)hexane trinitro(n)hexahydro(n)triazine D-8 ------- hexahydro(n)trinitro()triazine Note: The term PBX was used in the search strategy for 121-82-4 but its use is not recommended. PBX is an acronym for several organic chemicals, e.g. piperonyl butoxide and the use of the term will retrieve unrelated records. **TNT 118-96-7 TNT trinitrotoluene tolit* entosufon tritol triton trotyl trinitrotoluol **These chemicals terms have not been tested in a search strategy. D-9 ------- Wildlife PAH Literature Search and Acquisition OVERVIEW This Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) documents the procedure for used for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) wildlife toxicological literature acquisition. The literature search and acquisition was completed by EPA MED-Duluth. These procedures were developed from Eco-SSL Standard Operating Procedure (SOP #3): Acquisition of Literature to Support the Development ofToxicity Reference Values (TRVs) for Wildlife , which provides direction for the retrieval of wildlife (birds, mammals, reptiles and amphibians) toxicological literature. Additional procedures for chemical terms, search strategy, literature tracking and acquisition were incorporated from the Attachment 3-1 Eco-SSL SOP #1'. Plant and Soil Invertebrate Literature Search and Acquisition LITERATURE IDENTIFICATION Literature Identification in MED-Duluth Files The literature identification process includes the scanning the terrestrial toxicity reference file for PAH citations. This reference file is located at the U.S. EPA, National Health and Ecological Effects Research Laboratory (NHEERL), Mid-Continent Ecology Division-Duluth (MED- Duluth). If the citation includes a PAH chemical and an identified species group, the citation was forwarded to the appropriate party for review of applicability. Computerized Literature Searches Online searches were performed using the DIALOG or SilverPlatter commercial database vendors. The search terms used for each database are listed in Attachment A. The first group of databases that were the focus of Eco-SSL literature searches were: • AGRICOLA database (http://www.nal.usda.gov) provides a strong U.S. agricultural focus that has strict indexing codes for both toxicity and soil organisms. • AGRIS International (http://www.icpa.ro/AgroWeb/AIC/RACC/Agris.htm) provides a strong international agricultural focus that has toxicity indexing codes. • BIOSIS database (http://www.biosis.org/) provides a strict taxonomical indexing system. BIOSIS recently (1998) began adding Chemical Abstract Service (CAS) Registry numbers. • CA Search database (http://www.cas.org/) provides a strict chemical indexing system, but lacks a taxonomical indexing system. Page 1 ------- • Life Sciences Abstracts (http://www.csa.com/) provides toxicology abstracts. Some portions are already included in PolTox. • PolTox database includes Toxline, NTIS and Pollution Abstracts, provided through SilverPlatter is available on CD-ROM at MED-Duluth. DEVELOPMENT OF LITERATURE SEARCH STRATEGY Literature search strategies were developed iteratively with each section of terms examined using different criteria. The search strategies included category codes, chemical terms, species specific terms, publication years, and exclusion terms. Attachment B provides a detailed summary of the literature search strategy development documentation. Category Codes Category codes are used within DIALOG databases to group documents by subject or topic. By specifically selecting category codes relevant to the Eco-SSL effort, the literature search output should result in a more focused data set. The Eco-SSL literature search strategy documentation (Attachment B) includes a summary of the category codes selected to focus the search (if necessary) for each DIALOG database. Chemical Terms The Eco-SSL Steering Committee identified the following list of terms as the initial focus of the poly cyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) Eco-SSL effort. Chemical Abstract Registry Numbers: 83329, 208968, 120127 56553, 50328, 205992, 191242, 207089, 218019, 53703, 206440, 86737, 193395, 91203, 85018 , 129000, 130498292 Chemical Name Terms: acenaphthene, acenaphth?lene, albocarbon, anthrac?n, anthrac?ne , benz*(w) (acephenanthrylene or anthracene or chrysene or fluoranthene, or fluorene or perylene or phenanthrene or pyrene or pyrilene), benzacenaphthene, benzanthracene, benzanthrazen, benzanthrene, benzfluoranthene, benzindene, benzoanthracene, benzochrysene, benzofluoranthene, benzofluorene, benzoperylene, benzophenanthrene, benzopyrene, benzopyrilene, benzperylene, benzphenanthrene, benzpyrene, benzypyrene, beta-pyren*, binaphthylene, biphenylenemethane, biphenylmethane, bis-alkylamino(w)anthracene, camphor(nl)tar, chrysene, coal(w)tar(w)pitch, cyclopenta(w)naphthalene, dezodorator, dibenz(w)antracene, dibenz*(w)anthracene, dibenz*(w)fluorene, dibenzanthracene, dibenzoanthracene, dibenzofluorene, dibenzonaphthalene, dihydroacenaphthylene, diphenylenemethane, ethylenenaphthalene, fluoranthene, fluorene, green(w)oil, idryl, inden*(w)pyrene, indenopyrene, methylenebiphenyl, mighty(w)(150 orrdl), naphthal?n, naphthal?ne, naphthalenediylbenzene, naphthanthracene, naphthene, naphthalenebenzene, naphthylenebenzene, naphthyleneethylene, ortho-phenylenepyrene, paranaphthalene, Page 2 ------- peri-ethyl?nenaphthalene, phenanthr?n*, phenantrin, phenylenepyrene, pyrene, ravatite, tetra(w)olive, tetraphene, white(w)tar, (polynuclear or polycyclic(w) arom * (w)hy drocarb on * ) Species Terms For species terms, refer to Table 1 CONDUCTING THE LITERATURE SEARCH Instructions for performing the searches and defining BIBLIOLINKS output format for DIALOG and SilverPlatter are found in Eco-SSL Attachment 3-1. The following procedures were followed when conducting the literature search using an electronic abstracting database system. • All chemicals were searched within a single search strategy. • An attempt was made to search all databases at the same time, allowing for removal of duplicate entries across the various databases prior to downloading citations. • Each species term grouping (amphibian/reptile, avian, mammal) was conducted as a separate search to reduce the number of records downloaded in a single search and to allow for the use of more specific search strategies. • The Eco-SSL task group responsible for development of the wildlife toxicity reference values (TRVs) approved any modification to the search strategy prior to conducting the search. • The strategies used for all searches were saved and downloaded electronically to avoid the possibility of typographical errors. • Any modifications to the literature search strategy was examined by a second person before conducting the search. • Copies of all search strategies and results (number of hits) were saved and a report provided to EPA (see 'Analysis of Search Results' section below). • All data retrieved from the computerized literature search were transferred to a temporary ProCite database file using BIBLIOLINKS software and procedures according to the specifications provided for each commercial database. Page 3 ------- IDENTIFICATION OF POTENTIALLY APPLICABLE PUBLICATIONS The temporary ProCite bibliographic file containing the computerized search results was provided to the staff (contractor) responsible for identification of publications to be physically retrieved. Page 4 ------- ATTACHMENT A: Literature Search Strategy AGRICOLA, AGRIS International, BIOSIS, CASearch, databases provide an index code(s) for toxic effects data (see detailed search strategies below). Life Sciences Abstracts and PolTox do not require category codes to refine the search. The basic search will intersect two or three areas: • species terms in the title, descriptor and abstract fields only • PAH chemical terms in the title, descriptor and abstract fields only • toxic effects indexing codes, as needed Exclusion terms may also be used to further reduce the number of non-applicable citations located by a search strategy and included in the species list. AGRICOLA Search Species Terms (See Species List) Chemical Names acenaphthene, acenaphth?lene, albocarbon, anthrac?n, anthrac?ne , benz*(w) (acephenanthrylene or anthracene or chrysene or fluoranthene, or fluorene or perylene or phenanthrene or pyrene or pyrilene), benzacenaphthene, benzanthracene, benzanthrazen, benzanthrene, benzfluoranthene, benzindene, benzoanthracene, benzochrysene, benzofluoranthene, benzofluorene, benzoperylene, benzophenanthrene, benzopyrene, benzopyrilene, benzperylene, benzphenanthrene, benzpyrene, benzypyrene, beta-pyren*, binaphthylene, biphenylenemethane, biphenylmethane, bis-alkylamino(w)anthracene, camphor(nl)tar, chrysene, coal(w)tar(w)pitch, cyclopenta(w)naphthalene, dezodorator, dibenz*(w)antracene, dibenz*(w)anthracene, dibenz*(w)fluorene, dibenzanthracene, dibenzoanthracene, dibenzofluorene, dibenzonaphthalene, dihydroacenaphthylene, diphenylenemethane, ethylenenaphthalene, fluoranthene, fluorene, green(w)oil, idryl, inden*(w)pyrene, indenopyrene, methylenebiphenyl, mighty(w)(150 orrdl), naphthal?n, naphthal?ne, naphthalenediylbenzene, naphthanthracene, naphthene, naphthalenebenzene, naphthylenebenzene, naphthyleneethylene, ortho-phenylenepyrene, paranaphthalene, peri- ethyl?nenaphthalene, phenanthr?n*, phenantrin, phenylenepyrene, pyrene, ravatite, tetra(w)olive, tetraphene, white(w)tar, (polynuclear or polycyclic(w) arom*(w)hydrocarbon*) Category Codes (SH=WOOO Pollution or L600 Animal Physiology ) AGRIS International Search Species Terms (See Species List) Chemical Names acenaphthene, acenaphth?lene, albocarbon, anthrac?n, anthrac?ne , benz*(w) (acephenanthrylene or anthracene or chrysene or fluoranthene, or fluorene or perylene or phenanthrene or pyrene or pyrilene), benzacenaphthene, benzanthracene, benzanthrazen, benzanthrene, benzfluoranthene, benzindene, benzoanthracene, benzochrysene, benzofluoranthene, benzofluorene, benzoperylene, benzophenanthrene, benzopyrene, benzopyrilene, benzperylene, benzphenanthrene, benzpyrene, benzypyrene, beta-pyren*, binaphthylene, biphenylenemethane, biphenylmethane, Page 5 ------- bis-alkylamino(w)anthracene, camphor(nl)tar, chrysene, coal(w)tar(w)pitch, cyclopenta(w)naphthalene, dezodorator, dibenz*(w)antracene, dibenz*(w)anthracene, dibenz*(w)fluorene, dibenzanthracene, dibenzoanthracene, dibenzofluorene, dibenzonaphthalene, dihydroacenaphthylene, diphenylenemethane, ethylenenaphthalene, fluoranthene, fluorene, green(w)oil, idryl, inden*(w)pyrene, indenopyrene, methylenebiphenyl, mighty(w)(150 orrdl), naphthal?n, naphthal?ne, naphthalenediylbenzene, naphthanthracene, naphthene, naphthalenebenzene, naphthylenebenzene, naphthyleneethylene, ortho-phenylenepyrene, paranaphthalene, peri- ethyl?nenaphthalene, phenanthr?n*, phenantrin, phenylenepyrene, pyrene, ravatite, tetra(w)olive, tetraphene, white(w)tar, (polynuclear or polycyclic(w) arom*(w)hydrocarbon*) Category Codes (SC=T01 Pollution or L74 Animal Production (Miscellaneous Disorders of Animals) BIOSIS Search Species Terms Use species terms from Species List Category Codes CC=22501 Toxicology-general; Methods and Experimental CC=22506 Toxicology-Environmental And Industrial Toxicology CC=37015 Public Health: Air, Water or Soil Pollution (add CC22508 Veterinary Toxicology for lab mammals) Chemical name/CAS# Chemical Abstract Registry Numbers: 83329, 208968, 120127 56553, 50328, 205992, 191242, 207089, 218019, 53703, 206440, 86737, 193395, 91203, 85018 , 129000, 130498292 acenaphthene, acenaphth?lene, albocarbon, anthrac?n, anthrac?ne , benz*(w) (acephenanthrylene or anthracene or chrysene or fluoranthene, or fluorene or perylene or phenanthrene or pyrene or pyrilene), benzacenaphthene, benzanthracene, benzanthrazen, benzanthrene, benzfluoranthene, benzindene, benzoanthracene, benzochrysene, benzofluoranthene, benzofluorene, benzoperylene, benzophenanthrene, benzopyrene, benzopyrilene, benzperylene, benzphenanthrene, benzpyrene, benzypyrene, beta-pyren*, binaphthylene, biphenylenemethane, biphenylmethane, bis-alkylamino(w)anthracene, camphor(nl)tar, chrysene, coal(w)tar(w)pitch, cyclopenta(w)naphthalene, dezodorator, dibenz*(w)antracene, dibenz*(w)anthracene, dibenz*(w)fluorene, dibenzanthracene, dibenzoanthracene, dibenzofluorene, dibenzonaphthalene, dihydroacenaphthylene, diphenylenemethane, ethylenenaphthalene, fluoranthene, fluorene, green(w)oil,, idryl, inden*(w)pyrene, indenopyrene, methylenebiphenyl, mighty(w)(150 orrdl), naphthal?n, naphthal?ne, naphthalenediylbenzene, naphthanthracene, naphthene, naphthalenebenzene, naphthylenebenzene, naphthyleneethylene, ortho-phenylenepyrene, paranaphthalene, peri-ethyl?nenaphthalene, phenanthr?n*, phenantrin, phenylenepyrene, pyrene, ravatite, tetra(w)olive, tetraphene, white(w)tar, (polynuclear or polycyclic(w) arom*(w)hydrocarbon*) CA Search Terms Species Terms Use species terms from Species List Category Codes SC=CA?04* (Toxicology) CAS# Chemical Abstract Registry Numbers: 83329, 208968, 120127 56553, 50328, 205992, 191242, 207089, 218019, 53703, 206440, 86737, 193395, 91203, 85018 , 129000, 130498292 Page 6 ------- PolTox and LifeSciences Abstracts Search Species Terms Use species terms from Species List Chemical names acenaphthene, acenaphth?lene, albocarbon, anthrac?n, anthrac?ne , benz*(w) (acephenanthrylene or anthracene or chrysene or fluoranthene, or fluorene or perylene or phenanthrene or pyrene or pyrilene), benzacenaphthene, benzanthracene, benzanthrazen, benzanthrene, benzfluoranthene, benzindene, benzoanthracene, benzochrysene, benzofluoranthene, benzofluorene, benzoperylene, benzophenanthrene, benzopyrene, benzopyrilene, benzperylene, benzphenanthrene, benzpyrene, benzypyrene, beta-pyren*, binaphthylene, biphenylenemethane, biphenylmethane, bis-alkylamino(w)anthracene, camphor(nl)tar, chrysene, coal(w)tar(w)pitch, cyclopenta(w)naphthalene, dezodorator, dibenz*(w)antracene, dibenz*(w)anthracene, dibenz*(w)fluorene, dibenzanthracene, dibenzoanthracene, dibenzofluorene, dibenzonaphthalene, dihydroacenaphthylene, diphenylenemethane, ethylenenaphthalene, fluoranthene, fluorene, green(w)oil, idryl, inden*(w)pyrene, indenopyrene, methylenebiphenyl, mighty(w)(150 orrdl), naphthal?n, naphthal?ne, naphthalenediylbenzene, naphthanthracene, naphthene, naphthalenebenzene, naphthylenebenzene, naphthyleneethylene, ortho-phenylenepyrene, paranaphthalene, peri-ethyl?nenaphthalene, phenanthr?n*, phenantrin, phenylenepyrene, pyrene, ravatite, tetra(w)olive, tetraphene, white(w)tar, (polynuclear or polycyclic(w) arom*(w)hydrocarbon*) Category Codes: none Page? ------- Table 1: Wildlife PAH Species List Amphibian/Reptile alligator alligators amphibi* caiman crocodil* frog frogs lizard lizards newt newts reptil* salamander* snake snakes terrapin* toad toads tortoise* turtle turtles Biosystemic Codes (BIOSIS only)# BC= Amphibians or Reptiles Exclusion Terms human (in descriptor field) venom* Avian aves avian* bird birds bob white* chicken chickens gallus duck ducks duckling* mallard* or anas quail or coturnix quails songbird* turkey turkeys waterbird* waterfowl Biosystemic Codes (BIOSIS only)# BC Birds Exclusion Terms: human (in descriptor field) food* (in descriptor field) cooking (in descriptor field) Mammals **7b Be Developed Species Terms: Effect/Toxicity Terms#: Biosystemic Codes (BIOSIS only)# BC= nonhuman mammals Exclusion Terms: # All species terms are intersected with all effect/process terms and biosystemic codes. NOTE: 3n= the second term is within three terms either before or after the first term; w = the second term is adjacent to the first word PageS ------- Attachment B: Search Development Documentation The Task Group 1 SOP1 listing of applicable wildlife toxicity databases are listed in Table 1. This table is annotated with additional information to recommending the use in PAH searches. The recommendation is noted in Table 1: Yes = high confidence that database will yield applicable citations and will be searched in the initial literature search strategy ? = unsure of confidence that the database will yield applicable citations or may only use for laboratory animals. These databases will be tested to determine a recommendation No = low confidence that database will yield applicable citations and will not be tested further. Tables 2 and 3 contain the amphibian/reptile and bird species term testing, respectively. Table 1: Wildlife Search Database Listing from Task Group 1, SOP 1 Wildlife SOP Database Agricola (File 10) AGRIS International BIOSIS (File 50) CAB Abstracts (File 55) CA Search (File 399) CHEMTOX Conference Papers Index (File 77) Dissertation Abstracts Enviroline Environmental Bibliography Life Science Collection (SilverPlatter) Cost* DU: $2.50 PR: $1.20 DU:$2.25 PR: $1.25 DU:$5.25 PR:$1.55 DU:$2.75 PR: $1.60 DU:$11.75 PR:$2.45 DU:$3.00 PR:$12.90 DU:$2.75 PR:$1.80 DU:$4.00 PR:$2.10 DU:$6.50 PR:$1.10 DU:$2.25 PR: $1.05 DU:$4.75 PR: $1.65 Notes Mostly oriented toward plants and soil organisms, but has useful toxicity data. International companion to Agricola (which is U.S. only) Good categorization of toxicity, species and chemical terms that should be used in a large database. Substance list, but has RTECS file imbedded it it. Not useful, since we want fully completed research publications ? Find in PolTox and other sources. Few toxicity tests Few toxicity tests Would not generally recommend, but can since we have the CDROM disks at MED. Overlaps with PolTox databases. Recommend ation Yes Yes Yes ? Yes ? No No No No Yes Page 9 ------- Wildlife SOP Database MEDLINE NTIS (SilverPlatter) Pascal Pollution Abstracts (SilverPlatter) RTECS Science Toxline (SilverPlatter) Wilson Biological and Agricultural Index Zoological Record Cost* DU:$3.00 PR:$0.20 DU:$5.50 PR: $1.70 DU:$3.25 PR: $1.45 DU:$4.50 PR: $1.65 DU:$2.75 PR:$2.65 DU:$3.25 PR:$2.10 DU:$2.50 PR:$0.75 DU:$2.25 PR: $1.05 DU:$5.75 PR:$2.05 Notes Only for laboratory animal tests? Toxicity related dissertations included in PolTox/Toxline Search within CHEMTOX? Large database that does not specifically categorize toxicity data. Very few toxicity tests. Mostly related to ecological and taxonomic research. Recommend ation Lab mammals only? Yes, within PolTox database ? Yes, within PolTox database ? No Yes ? No * DU= Dialog Unit prices for online time, PR= Print cost per citation in DIALOG Agricola Documents cataloged and indexed in the AGRICOLA database are selected from current acquisitions of NAL and cooperating institutions. More than 2,000 serial titles are reviewed for indexing. Books, pamphlets, conference proceedings, translations, book chapters, research reports, government documents, in both English and many non-English languages, are included in the database. For additional coverage of non-U.S. agricultural materials, see AGRIS INTERNATIONAL, File 203. AGRICOLA includes audio-visual and microform media, and some computer software. Specific source information is indexed in the Subfile field, which contains codes for access of USDA, State Experiment Station, Cooperative Extension Service, and other U.S. publications. Subfile codes are also useful in searching non-U.S. imprints. Past use of subfile tags for subject specific sources has varied over the life of the database. AGRIS International AGRIS International is the international information system for agricultural sciences and technology. The AGRIS International database serves as a comprehensive inventory of worldwide agricultural literature which reflects research results, food production, and rural development to help users identify problems involved in all aspects of world food supply. Emphasis in AGRIS International is non-U.S. This file corresponds in part to the printed publication, Agrindex, published monthly by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations. AGRIS is a cooperative, decentralized system in which over 100 national and multinational centers take part. It collects and makes available current information on the agricultural literature of the world appearing in journals, books, reports, and conference papers. Each country which participates in AGRIS Page 10 ------- does so by submitting information about documents published within its own territories. All contributing sources are of non-U.S. origin. FAO acts as a coordinating agency within this global information system, facilitating the exchange of agricultural information to its member countries. BIOSIS Previews BIOSIS Previews® contains citations from Biological Abstracts® (BA), and Biological Abstracts/ Reports, Reviews, and Meetings® (BA/RRM) (formerly BioResearch Index®), the major publications of BIOSIS®. Together, these publications constitute the major English-language service providing comprehensive worldwide coverage of research in the biological and biomedical sciences. Biological Abstracts includes approximately 350,000 accounts of original research yearly from nearly 6,000 primary journal and monograph titles. Biological Abstracts/RRM includes an additional 200,000+ citations a year from meeting abstracts, reviews, books, book chapters, notes, letters, selected institutional and government reports, and research communications. U.S. patents are included from 1986 through 1989. Abstracts are available for records from the Biological Abstracts portion of the database starting in mid-1976 and for book synopses in BA/RRM starting in 1985. Most BA/RRM records do not contain abstracts. CA SEARCH The CA SEARCH®: Chemical Abstracts® database includes over 13 million citations to the worldwide literature of chemistry and its applications from 1967 forward. CA SEARCH corresponds to the bibliographic information and complete indexing found in the print Chemical Abstracts® published by CAS® (Chemical Abstracts Service). The controlled vocabulary CA General Subject Index Headings, related general subject terminology from the CA Index Guide, and CAS® Registry Numbers, each with its modifying phrase are included. Chemical substances are represented by CAS® Registry Numbers, unique numbers assigned to each specific chemical compound: corresponding substance information may be searched in the DIALOG chemical substance files such as CHEMSEARCHTM (File 398). All records from the 8th Collective Index Period forward are contained in File 399; Files 308-314 contain records from the individual Collective Index (CI) Periods as indicated in the File Data. CAB Abstracts CAB Abstracts is a comprehensive file of agricultural information containing all records in the more than 50 abstract journals published by CAB INTERNATIONAL (CABI). CABI has long been recognized as a leading scientific information service in agriculture and related sciences. Of particular note are sections in the database comprehensively covering literature in the fields of veterinary medicine, human nutrition, developing countries, leisure, recreation, and tourism. Over 14,000 serial journals in over 50 languages are scanned, as well as books, reports, and other publications. About 150,000 items per year are selected for inclusion in CAB Abstracts; over 95 percent of the literature is abstracted, while less important works are reported with bibliographic details only. An online thesaurus is available as an aid in locating broader, narrower, and related subject terms. File 250, ONTAP CAB Abstracts, is available for ONline Training And Practice; it contains approximately 38,000 CAB Abstracts records from early 1993. CHEMTOX The CHEMTOX® Online database is a collection of environmental, health, and safety data for chemical substances that have properties that either cause them to be addressed by legislation or regulation, or make them potential candidates for legislation or regulation. Currently, CHEMTOX includes information on chemicals identified and regulated by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) under regulations such as the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), the Clean Air Act (CAA), the Clean Water Act (CWA), the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA), Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act (SARA), and Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA); the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) under the Hazardous Materials Transport Act; and the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) under the Occupational Safety and Health Act. In addition, chemicals listed by the U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Page 11 ------- as workplace safety hazards and chemicals in the NIOSH Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (RTECS) are included in CHEMTOX. Various lists of chemicals maintained by various agencies and governments are included in the CHEMTOX database. These lists include the carcinogens listed by the U.S. National Toxicology Program (NTP), the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), and state lists provided by New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and California (Proposition 65). Chemicals listed under Canada's Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System (WHMIS) are also included in CHEMTOX. Conference Papers Index Conference Papers Index (CPI) provides access to records of the more than 100,000 scientific and technical papers presented at over 1,000 major regional, national, and international meetings each year. Conference Papers Index provides a centralized source of information on reports of current research and development from papers presented at conferences and meetings; it provides titles of the papers as well as the names and addresses (when available) of the authors of these papers. Also included in this database are announcements of any publications issued from the meetings, in addition to available preprints, reprints, abstract booklets, and proceedings volumes, including dates of availability, costs and ordering information. Primary subject areas covered include the life sciences, chemistry, physical sciences, geosciences, and engineering. Dissertations Abstracts Online Dissertation Abstracts Online is a definitive subject, title, and author guide to virtually every American dissertation accepted at an accredited institution since 1861. Selected Masters theses have been included since 1962. In addition, since 1988, the database includes citations for dissertations from 50 British universities that have been collected by and filmed at The British Document Supply Centre. Beginning with DAIC Volume 49, Number 2 (Spring 1988), citations and abstracts from Section C, Worldwide Dissertations (formerly European Dissertations), have been included in the file. Abstracts are included for doctoral records from July 1980 (Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume 41, Number 1) to the present. Abstracts are included for masters theses from Spring 1988 (Masters Abstracts, Volume 26, Number 1) to the present. DOSE The Dictionary of Substances and their Effects (DOSE) is a unique guide to the impact of chemicals on organisms and the environment. DOSE contains detailed records for more than 4000 chemicals. These chemicals have been selected from sources such as Europe's Black List and Grey List of dangerous substances, the UK's Red List, priority pollutant lists from the USA and Canada, and the pollutant list from Germany. Other chemicals which are reported to have adverse effects on the environment are also covered. Enviroline Enviroline® covers the world's environmental related information. It provides indexing and abstracting coverage of more than 1,000 international primary and secondary publications reporting on all aspects of the environment. These publications highlight such fields as management, technology, planning, law, political science, economics, geology, biology, and chemistry as they relate to environmental issues. Enviroline corresponds to the print Environment Abstracts. Environmental Bibliography Environmental Bibliography provides access to the contents of periodicals dealing with the environment. Coverage includes periodicals on water, air, soil, and noise pollution; solid waste management; health hazards; urban planning; global warming; and many other specialized subjects of environmental consequence. The print equivalent is Environmental Periodicals Bibliography. More than 400 of the world's journals concerning the environment are scanned to create Environmental Bibliography. Journals represented are from the world's major publishers in science and technology (e.g., Elsevier/Pergamon, Kluwer Academic, John Wiley & Sons, Blackwell, Plenum, and Springer), as well as from smaller Page 12 ------- publishers from many parts of the world. Many university press, society, and private publications are covered as well, some of which are available only on the Internet. (Availability of the Web publications is noted in the Notes field, along with the relevant URL.) Environmental Bibliography covers conference papers and journal articles dating from 1973. Author abstracts appear in the file from July 1997 onward. Descriptors provide excellent indexing for scientific and common names, chemical compounds, geographic designations, computer model names, dates, trademark names, company names, and court cases. Life Sciences Collection Life Sciences Collection contains abstracts and bibliographic citations from recent worldwide research literature in major areas of biology, medicine, biochemistry, biotechnology, ecology, and microbiology, and some aspects of agriculture and veterinary science. Life Sciences Collection is produced by Cambridge Scientific Abstracts and corresponds to print series of more than 20 abstracting journals. MEDLINE MEDLINE (MEDLARS® onLINE), produced by the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM), is one of the major sources for biomedical literature. MEDLINE corresponds to three print indexes: Index Medicus TM, Index to Dental Literature, and International Nursing Index. Additional materials not published in Index Medicus are included in the MEDLINE database in the areas of communication disorders, and population and reproductive biology. MEDLINE is indexed using NLM's controlled vocabulary, MeSH® (Medical Subject Headings). An online thesaurus is available to aid in locating MeSH descriptors. Abstracts, which are taken directly from the published articles, are included for over 59% of the records added from 1975 forward. Records added before 1975 do not contain abstracts; records added from 1985 to the present have abstracts for about 69% of the records. Approximately 400,000 records are added per year, of which more than 85% are in English. NTIS The NTIS: National Technical Information Service database consists of summaries of U.S. government-sponsored research, development, and engineering, plus analyses prepared by federal agencies, their contractors, or grantees. It is the means through which unclassified, publicly available, unlimited distribution reports are made available for sale from agencies such as NASA, DOD, DOE, HUD, DOT, Department of Commerce, and some 240 other agencies. Additionally, some state and local government agencies now contribute summaries of their reports to the database. NTIS also provides access to the results of government-sponsored research and development from countries outside the U.S. Organizations that currently contribute to the NTIS database include: the Japan Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI); laboratories administered by the United Kingdom Department of Industry; the German Federal Ministry of Research and Technology (BMFT); the French National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS); and many more. ONTAP® NTIS, File 206, is available for ONline Training And Practice; it contains records from January through June 1987 from File 6. PASCAL PASCAL is produced by the Institut de I'lnformation Scientifique et Technique (INIST) of the French National Research Council (CNRS). It provides access to the world's scientific and technical literature and includes about 450,000 new citations per year. Available in machine-readable form since 1973, PASCAL corresponds to the print publication Bibliographic Internationale (previously Bulletin signaletique). Each citation includes the article's original title, and, in most cases, a French translated title; for material since 1973, an English translated title is also provided. Most abstracts are in French. Analyzed documents come from all over the world, in 100 different languages. French journals are particularly well Page 13 ------- represented. The file's breakdown by language is as follows: English 63%, French 12%, Russian 10%, German 8%, and other languages 7%. Controlled descriptors from a vocabulary of over 80,000 terms are provided in English, French, and, in some cases, Spanish; German descriptors are also provided in the area of metallurgy. Pollution Abstracts Pollution Abstracts is a leading resource for references to environmentally related literature on pollution, its sources, and its control. The following subjects are covered by the Pollution Abstracts database: air pollution, environmental quality, noise pollution, pesticides, radiation, solid wastes, and water pollution. RTECS The Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (RTECS®) is a comprehensive database of basic toxicity information for over 100,000 chemical substances including: prescription and non-prescription drugs, food additives, pesticides, fungicides, herbicides, solvents, diluents, chemical wastes, reaction products of chemical waste, and substances used in both industrial and household situations. Reports of the toxic effects of each compound are cited. In addition to toxic effects and general toxicology reviews, data on skin and/or eye irritation, mutation, reproductive consequences and tumorigenicity are provided. Federal standards and regulations, NIOSH recommended exposure limits and information on the activities of the EPA, NIOSH, NTP, and OSHA regarding the substance are also included. The toxic effects are linked to literature citations from both published and unpublished governmental reports, and published articles from the scientific literature. The database corresponds to the print version of the Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances, formerly known as the Toxic Substances List started in 1971, and is prepared by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). Toxicity information appearing in RTECS is derived form reports of acute, chronic, lethal and non-lethal effects of chemical substances. The reviewed information from the scientific literature and published governmental reports plus unpublished test data from the EPA TSCA test submissions database (TSCATS) are included in the file. Science Science, published by the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), serves its readers as a forum for the presentation and discussion of important issues related to the advancement of science. Emphasis is on material pertaining to the interactions among science, technology, government, and society. The peer-reviewed section of the journal presents cutting-edge research of either interdisciplinary interest or unusual significance to the specialist. Topical coverage reflects the range of AAAS's interest across the physical, biological, and social sciences. Major sections of the journal are This Week in Science, News and Comments, Research News, Articles, Research Articles, and Reports. Science also includes book reviews, editorial and letters sections, policy forums, perspectives, and information about new techniques and instrumentation. TOXLINE TOXLINE covers the toxicological, pharmacological, biochemical, and physiological effects of drugs and other chemicals. It is composed of a number of subfiles, several of which are unique to TOXLINE. About 45% of the approximately 120,000 records added per year are from the TOXBIB subfile, which is derived from MEDLINE. The TOXBIB and BIOSIS (since August 1985) subfiles may be searched using the U.S. National Library of Medicine's Medical Subject Headings (MeSH). The records in these two subfiles are updated annually with the current version of MeSH headings. An Online thesaurus is available to aid in locating MeSH descriptors. Wilson Biological and Agricultural Index Biological & Agricultural Index provides thorough, reliable indexing of 258 periodicals common to most libraries. Periodical coverage includes a wide range of scientific journals, from popular to professional, Page 14 ------- that pertain to biology and agriculture. About 45% of the focus is on agriculture. Types of materials indexed include feature articles, biographical sketches, reports of symposia and conferences, review articles, abstracts and summaries of papers, selected letters to the editor, special issues or monographic supplements, and book reviews. Zoological Record Zoological Record Online®, produced by BIOSIS, provides extensive coverage of the world's zoological literature, with particular emphasis on systematic/taxonomic information. The database corresponds closely to the printed index, Zoological Record. The database includes thorough subject indexing in both controlled- and natural-language format. It also includes a unique systematics field, which gives complete taxonomic hierarchy information for most organisms discussed. Zoological Record Online indexes articles from over 6,000 international serial publications. Theses, monographs, conference proceedings, and special reports are also scanned for relevant information. Page 15 ------- Table 2: Amphibian Search Term Testing (PolTox Database 7/99) SOP Term alligator* amphibi* caiman crocodil* frog* lizard* newt* reptil* salamander* snake* terrapin* toad* tortoise* SOP Term Example hits/Notes alligator(s) alligatorweed alligatorfish amphibiotic amphibious (sometimes get amphibious plants) amphibia(n)(s) caiman crocodile(s) froglegs frogmen froggahimyia (parasite specific name) froggatti (insect specific name) lizard lizards lizardfish lizardite (rock) lizardo newt newts newtech (new technology name for wastewater management) newton reptile reptiles reptillia salamander(s) snake snakes snakehead snakeroot snakeweed terrapin terrapins toad toads toadfish(es) tortoise tortoises Recommended Term(s) alligator alligators amphibi* caiman crocodil* frog frogs lizard lizards newt newts reptil* salamander* snake snakes terrapin* toad toads tortoise* Page 16 ------- turtle* turtle turtles turtledove turtlegrass turtleplant turtle turtles Table 3 Bird Search Term Testing (PolTox Database 7/99) SOP Term bird chicken gallus domesticus duck or ducks mallard or anas or pltyrhyn quail or coturnix Japanese quail songbird bobwhite turkey aves or avian waterfowl SOP Term Example hits/Notes bird birds birdcage birders birding birdlife birdsville birdwatcher chicken chickens chickenpox gallus domesticus duck ducks duckling ducklings duckweed duckbill mallard mallards anas quail quails quaility songbird songbirds bobwhite bobwhite s turkey (country or organism) turkey turkeyfish aves avian avians waterfowl Recommended Term(s) bird birds chicken chickens gallus duck ducks duckling* mallard* anas quail quails coturnix songbird* bobwhite* turkey turkeys aves avian* waterfowl Page 17 ------- waterbird waterbird waterbirds waterbird* Page 18 ------- |