Ecological Soil Screening Levels
for
Chromium
Interim Final
OSWER Directive 9285.7- 66
57
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response
1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W.
Washington, DC 20460
March 2005
Revised April 2008
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.0 INTRODUCTION 1
2.0 SUMMARY OF ECO-SSLs FOR CHROMIUM 1
3.0 ECO-SSL FOR TERRESTRIAL PLANTS 3
4.0 ECO-SSL FOR SOIL INVERTEBRATES 3
5.0 ECO-SSL FOR AVIAN WILDLIFE 6
5.1 Avian TRV 6
5.2 Estimation of Dose and Calculation of the Eco-SSL 6
6.0 ECO-SSL FORMAMMALIAN WILDLIFE 10
6.1 Mammalian TRV 10
6.2 Estimation of Dose and Calculation of the Eco-SSL \6_
7.0 REFERENCES 17
7.1 General Chromium References 17
7.2 References Used in Deriving Plant and Soil Invertebrate Eco-SSLs 18
7.3 References Rejected for Use in Deriving Plant and Soil Invertebrate Eco-SSLs . 18
7.4 References Used in Deriving Wildlife TRVs 30
7.5 References Rejected for Use in Derivation of Wildlife TRV 34
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 2.1 Chromium Eco-SSLs (mg/kg dry weight in soil) 2
Table 3.1 Plant Toxicity Data - Chromium 4
Table 4.1 Invertebrate Toxicity Data - Chromium 5.
Table 5.1 Avian Toxicity Data Extracted for Wildlife Toxicity Reference Value (TRV) -
Trivalent Chromium 7
Table 5.2 Calculation of the Avian Eco-SSLs for Trivalent Chromium 9
Table 6.1 Mammalian Toxicity Data Used to Derive TRV - Trivalent Chromium 11_
Table 6.2 Mammalian Toxicity Data Used to Derive TRV - Hexavalent Chromium 1_3
Table 6.3 Calculation of the Mammalian Eco-SSLs for Trivalent Chromium \6_
Table 6.4 Calculation of the Mammalian Eco-SSLs for Hexavalent Chromium 16
Figure 2.1
Figure 5.1
Figure 6.1
Figure 6.2
LIST OF FIGURES
Typical Background Concentrations of Chromium in U.S. Soils 3_
Avian TRV Derivation for Trivalent Chromium 8
Mammalian TRV Derivation for Trivalent Chromium .
Mammalian TRV Derivation for Hexavalent Chromium
12
15
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LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix 5-1
Appendix 5-2
Appendix 6-1
Appendix 6-2
Avian Toxicity Data Extracted and Reviewed for Wildlife Toxicity
Reference Value (TRV) - Trivalent Chromium
Avian Toxicity Data Extracted and Reviewed for Wildlife Toxicity
Reference Value (TRV) - Hexavalent Chromium
Mammalian Toxicity Data Extracted and Reviewed for Wildlife Toxicity
Reference Value (TRV) - Trivalent Chromium
Mammalian Toxicity Data Extracted and Reviewed for Wildlife Toxicity
Reference Value (TRV) - Hexavalent Chromium
in
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1.0 INTRODUCTION
Ecological Soil Screening Levels (Eco-SSLs) are concentrations of contaminants in soil that are
protective of ecological receptors that commonly come into contact with and/or consume biota
that live in or on soil. Eco-SSLs are derived separately for four groups of ecological receptors:
plants, soil invertebrates, birds, and mammals. As such, these values are presumed to provide
adequate protection of terrestrial ecosystems. Eco-SSLs are derived to be protective of the
conservative end of the exposure and effects species distribution, and are intended to be applied
at the screening stage of an ecological risk assessment. These screening levels should be used to
identify the contaminants of potential concern (COPCs) that require further evaluation in the
site-specific baseline ecological risk assessment that is completed according to specific guidance
(U.S. EPA, 1997, 1998, and 1999). The Eco-SSLs are not designed to be used as cleanup levels
and the United States (U.S.) Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) emphasizes that it would
be inappropriate to adopt or modify the intended use of these Eco-SSLs as national cleanup
standards.
The detailed procedures used to derive Eco-SSL values are described in separate documentation
(U.S. EPA, 2003). The derivation procedures represent the collaborative effort of a
multi-stakeholder team consisting of federal, state, consulting, industry, and academic
participants led by the U.S. EPA, Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response.
This document provides the Eco-SSL values for chromium and the documentation for their
derivation. This document provides guidance and is designed to communicate national policy on
identifying chromium concentrations in soil that may present an unacceptable ecological risk to
terrestrial receptors. The document does not, however, substitute for EPA's statutes or
regulations, nor is it a regulation itself. Thus, it does not impose legally-binding requirements on
EPA, states, or the regulated community, and may not apply to a particular situation based upon
the circumstances of the site. EPA may change this guidance in the future, as appropriate. EPA
and state personnel may use and accept other technically sound approaches, either on their own
initiative, or at the suggestion of potentially responsible parties, or other interested parties.
Therefore, interested parties are free to raise questions and objections about the substance of this
document and the appropriateness of the application of this document to a particular situation.
EPA welcomes public comments on this document at any time and may consider such comments
in future revisions of this document.
2.0 SUMMARY OF ECO-SSLs FOR CHROMIUM
Chromium is the 21st most common element in the earth's crust. Chromium ore deposits are
primarily used for metallurgical applications such as the production of stainless steel. Other uses
include wood preservation, leather tanning, pigments, and refractories (Earnhardt, 1997). In the
natural environment, chromium occurs as two oxidation states or valences: chromium (III) and
chromium (VI).
Eco-SSL for Chromium 1 April 2008
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Chromium speciation in soils is complex. Among the factors that affect the speciation of
chromium in soil and water and its uptake into animals and plants include: organic matter
content, ferrous ion content, redox state, and pH (Outridge and Scheuhammer, 1993; CCME,
1996). In general, chromium (VI) is favored by higher pH, aerobic conditions, low amounts of
organic matter and the presence of manganese and iron oxides which oxidize chromium (III).
Transformation of chromium (VI) to the trivalent form tends to occur in acidic, anoxic soils with
high organic content. Chromium (III) is cationic and adsorbs onto clay particles, organic matter,
metal oxyhydroxides, and other negatively charged particles in contrast to chromium (VI) which
does not interact significantly with clay or organic matter. As a result, chromium (VI) is more
water-soluble and mobile than chromium (III) (Outridge and Scheuhammer, 1993).
Plants are reported to play a major role in the geochemistry of chromium as they contain a
significant fraction of the biologically active pool of chromium, approximately three orders of
magnitude greater than that found in animal tissues. In contrast to animals, chromium (III)
uptake by plants occurs more rapidly than chromium (VI). It is uncertain, however, if chromium
is an essential element for plant nutrition although some investigators have observed a
stimulatory effect of chromium on plant growth (Outridge and Scheuhammer, 1993).
Chromium has, however, been shown to be an essential nutrient for humans and animals (NRC,
1997). Several reviews are available concerning its role in nutrition (Anderson, 1987; Anderson,
1988; Borel and Anderson, 1984; Prasad, 1978; Underwood, 1977). Chromium (III) has been
shown to have antioxidative properties in vivo and it is integral in activating enzymes and
maintaining the stability of proteins and nucleic acids. Its primarily metabolic role is to
potentiate the action of insulin through its presence in an organometallic molecule called the
glucose tolerance factor (GIF).
The hexavalent forms of chromium are absorbed three to five times better in the intestine
compared to chromium (III) forms. Some evidence suggests that ingested orally, most of the
chromium (VI) is believed to be reduced to chromium (III) before reaching sites of absorption in
the small intestine (Outridge and Scheuhammer, 1993). Anionic forms of both chromium (III)
and chromium (VI) are absorbed more rapidly than the cationic forms (Eastin et al., 1980).
Chromium in synthetic organic forms is more readily absorbed and accumulated into tissues
compared to the inorganic forms of chromium (NRC, 1997). Chromium toxicosis in ruminants
is associated with severe congestion and inflammation of the digestive tract, and kidney and liver
damage, with the precipitating properties of chromium believed to be the basis of the tissue
damage (Thompson et al., 1991).
The Eco-SSL values derived to date for chromium are summarized in Table 2.1.
Table 2.1 Chromium Eco-SSLs (mg/kg dry weight in soil)
Plants
Not enough data to derive
Eco-SSL.
Soil Invertebrates
Not enough data to derive Eco-
SSL.
Wildlife
Avian
CrIII-26
Cr VI - NA
Mammalian
CrIII-34
CrVI-130
Eco-SSL for Chromium
April 2008
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140 -
120 -
^ 100 -
•a
j*f 80 -
"a
!«,-
o
u 40 -
o -
X
I
•
1
East
X
•
1
West
figure 2.1 Typical Background
Concentrations of
Chromium in U.S. Soils
003).
x •< Maximum
T •* 95th
i-*-! ^ 75th
• -^ 50th
LJ ^ 25th
•^ -^ 5th P ere entile
Eco-SSL values for trivalent chromium
were derived for avian and mammalian
wildlife. Eco-SSL values for hexavalent
chromium were derived for mammalian
wildlife. Data were insufficient to
derive Eco-SSLs for plants or soil
invertebrates. The Eco-SSLs for
trivalent chromium range from 26 mg/kg
dry weight (dw) for birds to 34 mg/kg
dw for mammals. The Eco-SSL for
hexavalent chromium for mammals is
equal to 130 mg/kg dw. The Eco-SSL
values are lower than the 50th percentile
of reported background concentrations
for both eastern and western U.S. soils
(Figure 2.1). Background
concentrations reported for many metals
in U.S. soils are described in Attachment
1-4 of the Eco-SSL guidance (U.S. EPA, 2003).
3.0 ECO-SSL FOR TERRESTRIAL PLANTS
Of the papers identified from the literature search process, 150 were selected for acquisition for
further review. Of those papers acquired, 11 met all 11 Study Acceptance Criteria (U.S. EPA,
2003; Attachment 3-1). Each of these papers were reviewed and the studies were scored
according to the Eco-SSL guidance (U.S. EPA, 2003; Attachment 3-2). Thirteen studies
received an Evaluation Score greater than ten. These studies are listed in Table 3.1. An Eco-
SSL for terrestrial plants could not be calculated from these studies as the endpoints are not
acceptable for Eco-SSL derivation (U.S. EPA, 2003). The endpoints are either unbounded
values, or EC50 values (concentration adversely affecting 50% of the test population) or values
that could not be determined.
4.0 ECO-SSL FOR SOIL INVERTEBRATES
Of the papers identified from the literature search process, 31 were selected for acquisition for
further review. Of those papers acquired, 4 met all 11 Study Acceptance Criteria (U.S. EPA,
2003; Attachment 3-1). Each of these papers were reviewed and the studies were scored
according to the Eco-SSL guidance (U.S. EPA, 2003; Attachment 3-2). Two studies received an
Evaluation Score greater than ten. These studies are listed in Table 4.1. There are only two
studies eligible for Eco-SSL derivation. At least three studies are required to derive an Eco-SSL
for soil invertebrates (U.S. EPA, 2003; Attachment 3-2). An Eco-SSL for soil invertebrates
could not be calculated for chromium.
Eco-SSL for Chromium
April 2008
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Table 3.1 Plant Toxicity Data - Chromium
Reference
Adema and Henzen, 1989
Adema and Henzen, 1989
Adema and Henzen, 1989
Adema and Henzen, 1989
Adema and Henzen, 1989
Adema and Henzen, 1989
Gunther and Pestemer, 1990
Gunther and Pestemer, 1990
Kadar and Morvai, 1998
Kadar and Morvai, 1998
Kadar and Morvai, 1998
Kadar and Morvai, 1998
Singh and Jeng, 1993
IP
Number
2125
2125
2125
2125
2125
2125
7099
7099
12988
12988
12988
12988
12400
Study
ID
a
b
c
d
e
f
a
b
a
b
c
d
Test Organism
Oat
Tomato
Lettuce
Oat
Tomato
Lettuce
Oat
Turnip
Carrot
Pea
Carrot
Pea
Ryegrass
Avena saliva
Lycopersicon esculentum
Latuca sativa
Avena sativa
Lycopersicon esculentum
Latuca sativa
Avena sativa
Brassica rapa
Daucus carota
Pisum sativum
Daucus carota
Pisum sativum
Lolium perenne
Soil
PH
5.1
5.1
5.1
7.5
7.5
7.5
6.1
6.1
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
5.6
OM%
3.7
3.7
3.7
1.4
1.4
1.4
2.2
2.2
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
0.7
Bio-
availability
Score
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
ERE
GRO
GRO
GRO
GRO
GRO
GRO
GRO
GRO
GRO
GRO
GRO
GRO
GRO
Tox
Parameter
NOAEC
NOAEC
cnbd
NOAEC
NOAEC
NOAEC
EC50
EC50
LOAEC
NOAEC
NOAEC
NOAEC
NOAEC
Tox Value
(Soil Cone
mg/kg dw)
21
20
cnbd
24
23
20.4
9
3
15
109
138
138
50
Total
Evaluation
Score
13
13
13
13
13
13
14
14
11
11
11
11
14
Eligible for
Eco-SSL
Derivation?
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
Used for
Eco-SSL?
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
cnbd = could not be determined
EC50 = Effect concentration for 50% of test population
ERE = Ecologically relevant endpoint
GRO = Growth
LOAEC = Lowest observed adverse effect concentration
N = No
NOAEC = No observed adverse effect concentration
OM = Organic matter content
Bioavailability Score described in Guidance for Developing Eco-SSLs (U.S. EPA, 2003)
Total Evaluation Score described in Guidance for Developing Eco-SSLs (U.S. EPA, 2003)
Eco-SSL for Chromium
April 2008
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Table 4.1 Invertebrate Toxicity Data - Chromium
Reference
Van Gestel et al., 1992
Van Gestel et al., 1993
IP
Number
12874
6828
Study
ID
a
Test Organism
Earthworm
Earthworm
Eisenia andrei
Eisenia andrei
Soil
PH
6.7
6.0
OM%
10.0
10.0
Bio-
availability
Score
1
1
ERE
REP
REP
Tox
Parameter
MATC
MATC
Tox Value
(Soil Cone.
mg/kg dw)
57
57
Total
Evaluation
Score
16
12
Eligible for
Eco-SSL
Derivation?
Y
Y
Used for
Eco-SSL?
N
N
ERE = Ecologically relevant endpoint
LOAEC = Lowest observed adverse effect concentration
MATC = Maximum acceptable toxicant concentration = geometric mean of NOAEC and LOAEC
N = No
NOAEC = No observed adverse effect concentration
OM = Organic matter content
REP = Reproduction
Y = Yes
Unavailability Score described mGuidance for Developing Eco-SSLs (USEPA, 2003)
Total Evaluation Score described mGuidance for Developing Eco-SSLs (USEPA, 2003)
Eco-SSL for Chromium
April 2008
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5.0 ECO-SSL FOR AVIAN WILDLIFE
The derivation of the Eco-SSL for avian wildlife was completed as two parts. First, the toxicity
reference value (TRV) was derived according to the Eco-SSL guidance (U.S. EPA, 2003;
Attachment 4-5). Second, the Eco-SSL (soil concentration) was back-calculated for each of three
surrogate species based on the wildlife exposure model (USEPA, 2003; Attachment 4-1), and the
TRV (U.S. EPA, 2003).
5.1 Avian TRV
The literature search completed according to the Eco-SSL guidance (U.S. EPA, 2003; Attachment
4-2) identified 704 papers with possible toxicity data for chromium for either avian or mammalian
species. Of these papers, 649 were rejected for use as described in Section 7.5. Of the remaining
papers, 13 contained data for avian test species. These papers were reviewed and the data were
extracted and scored according to the Eco-SSL guidance (U.S. EPA, 2003; Attachment 4-3 and 4-
4). The results of the data extraction and review are summarized in Table 5.1 for trivalent
chromium. The complete results are included as Appendix 5-1. A TRV could not be derived for
hexavalent chromium as there were not enough study results to meet the minimum data
requirements. The available hexavalent chromium data extracted and reviewed are included as
Appendix 5-2.
Within the reviewed papers, there are 28 results for trivalent chromium for biochemical (BIO),
behavior (BEH), physiology (PHY), pathology (PTH), reproduction (REP), growth (GRO), and
survival (MOR) effects that meet the Data Evaluation Score of >65 for use to derive the TRV
(U.S. EPA, 2003; Attachment 4-4). These data are plotted in Figure 5.1 and correspond directly
with the data presented in Table 5.1. The no-observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) results for
growth and reproduction are used to calculate a geometric mean NOAEL. This mean NOAEL is
examined in relationship to the lowest bounded lowest-observed adverse effect level (LOAEL)
for reproduction, growth, and survival to derive the TRV according to procedures in the Eco-SSL
guidance (U.S. EPA, 2003; Attachment 4-5).
A geometric mean of the NOAEL values for reproduction and growth was calculated at 2.66 mg
chromium/kg bw/day. This value is lower than the lowest bounded LOAEL for reproduction,
growth, or survival (Figure 5.1). Therefore, the TRV is equal to the geometric mean of the
NOAEL values for reproduction and growth and is equal to 2.66 mg chromium/kg bw/day.
5.2 Estimation of Dose and Calculation of the Eco-SSL
Three separate Eco-SSL values were calculated for avian wildlife, one each for three receptor
groups representing different trophic levels. The avian Eco-SSLs for trivalent chromium were
calculated according to the Eco-SSL guidance (U.S. EPA, 2003) and are summarized in Table
5.2.
Eco-SSL for Chromium 6 April 2008
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Table 5.1 Avian Toxicity Data Extracted for Wildlife Toxicity Reference Value (TRV)
Trivalent Chromium
Pagel
Result #
Reference
RefNo.
Test Organism
# of Cone/ Doses
Method of Analyses
Route of Exposure
Exposure Duration
Duration Units
1
Age Units
Lifestage
x
»
Effect Type
Effect Measure
Response Site
NOAELDose
(mg/kg bw/day)
LOAEL Dose
(mg/kg bw/day)
Data Evaluation Score
Biochemical
1
2
3
Jensen and Maurice, 1980
Guerraetal., 2002
Guerraetal., 2002
9749
25909
25909
Chicken (Gallus domesticus')
Chicken (Gallus domesticus')
Chicken (Gallus domesticus)
2
3
3
U
U
U
FD
FD
FD
4
28
28
w
d
d
NR
32
32
NR
w
w
LB
JV
JV
F
F
F
CHM
ENZ
ENZ
GLUC
GENZ
GENZ
BL
LI
LI
0.494
1.14
1.14
2.28
2.28
69
76
76
Behavior
4
5
6
7
Sauveur and Thapon, 1983
Hossainetal, 1998
Motozonoetal., 1998
Meluzzietal., 1996
9621
11682
3067
2771
Chicken (Gallus domesticus)
Chicken (Gallus domesticus)
Chicken (Gallus domesticus)
Chicken (Gallus domesticus)
2
2
3
4
u
u
u
u
FD
FD
FD
FD
8
19
35
75
w
d
d
d
40
28
7
22
w
d
d
w
AD
JV
JV
AD
F
B
F
F
FDB
FDB
FDB
FDB
FCNS
FCNS
FCNS
FCNS
WO
WO
WO
WO
0.744
0.0247
20.4
42.4
73
68
69
69
Physiology
8
9
Hossainetal, 1998
Steele and Rosebrough, 1979
11682
13720
Chicken (Gallus domesticus)
Turkey (Meleagris gallopavo )
2
4
u
u
FD
FD
19
14
d
d
28
1
d
w
JV
JV
B
B
PHY
PHY
FDCV
FDCV
WO
WO
0.0247
1.61
68
73
Pathology
10 |Cupo and Donaldson, 1987
5971 | Chicken (Gallus domesticus)
2
u
FD
21
d
1
d
JV
M
ORW
ORWT
LI
1.45
69
Reproduction
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
Jensen and Maurice, 1980
Maurice and Jensen, 1979
Jensen and Maurice, 1980
Haseltine et al., unpublished
Sauveur and Thapon, 1983
Ousterhout and Berg, 1981
Meluzzietal., 1996
9749
12571
9749
3739
9621
6508
2771
Chicken (Gallus domesticus)
Chicken (Gallus domesticus)
Chicken (Gallus domesticus)
Black duck (Anas rubripes)
Chicken (Gallus domesticus)
Chicken (Gallus domesticus)
Chicken (Gallus domesticus)
2
2
2
3
2
2
4
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
FD
FD
FD
FD
FD
FD
FD
4
12
4
180-190
8
6
15
w
w
w
d
w
d
d
NR
40
NR
NR
40
50
22
NR
w
NR
NR
w
w
w
LB
LB
LB
LB
LB
LB
LB
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
REP
REP
REP
REP
REP
EGG
EGG
TPRD
TPRD
TPRD
RSUC
TPRD
ESQU
ALWT
WO
WO
WO
WO
WO
SL
EG
0.238
0.483
0.494
0.569
0.744
0.988
37.7
2.78
75.4
78
70
69
78
79
69
81
Growth
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
Maurice and Jensen, 1979
Cupo and Donaldson, 1987
Steele and Rosebrough, 1979
Hill, 1974
Hafez and Kratzer, 1976
Motozonoetal., 1998
Nielsen etal, 1980
12571
5971
13720
92
8663
3067
15690
Chicken (Gallus domesticus)
Chicken (Gallus domesticus)
Turkey (Meleagris gallopavo )
Chicken (Gallus domesticus)
Chicken (Gallus domesticus)
Chicken (Gallus domesticus)
Chicken (Gallus domesticus)
2
2
4
2
3
3
2
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
FD
FD
FD
FD
FD
FD
FD
12
21
14
2
4
35
4
w
d
d
w
w
d
w
40
1
1
1
1
7
1
w
d
w
d
d
d
d
SM
JV
JV
JV
AD
JV
JV
F
M
B
B
M
F
M
GRO
GRO
GRO
GRO
GRO
GRO
GRO
BDWT
BDWT
BDWT
BDWT
BDWT
BDWT
BDWT
WO
WO
WO
WO
WO
WO
WO
0.483
1.45
6.42
85.9
359
9.91
28.7
68
77
77
76
76
73
72
Survival
25
26
27
28
Hossainetal, 1998
Haseltine et al., unpublished
Hill, 1974
Hafez and Kratzer, 1976
11682
3739
92
8663
Chicken (Gallus domesticus)
Black duck (Anas rubripes)
Chicken (Gallus domesticus)
Chicken (Gallus domesticus)
2
3
2
3
u
u
u
u
FD
FD
FD
FD
19
10
5
4
d
m
w
w
28
NR
1
1
d
NR
d
d
JV
MA
JV
AD
B
M
B
M
MOR
MOR
MOR
MOR
MORT
MORT
MORT
MORT
WO
WO
wo
wo
0.0248
0.557
85.9
359
2.78
79
77
77
77
AD = adult; ALWT = albumin weight; B = both sexes; BDWT = body weight changes; BL = blood; CHM = chemical changes; d = days; EG = egg; EGG = effects on eggs;
ENZ = enzyme changes; ESQU = eggshell quality; F= female; FCNS = food consumption; FD =food; FDB = feeding behavior; FDCV = feed conversion efficiency; GENZ =
general enzyme changes; GLUC = glucose; GRO= growth; JV = juvenile; LB = laying bird; LI = iver; m = months; M = male; MA = mature; MOR = effects on survival;
MORT = mortality; NR = not reported; ORW = organ weight changes; ORWT = Organ weight changes; PHY = physiology; REP = reproductive effects; RSUC = reproductive
success; SL = spleen; SM = sexually mature; TPRD = total production; U = unmeasured; w = weeks; WO = whole organism.
Eco-SSLfor Chromium
April 2008
-------
Figure 5.1 Avian TRV Derivation for Trivalent Chromium
.Q
u
M
Biochemical (BIO)
Physiology (PHY) Pathology (PTH)
Reproduction (REP)
Growth (GRO)
Mortality (MOR)
• BIO-NOAEL OBIO-LOAEL •BEH-NOAEL OBEH-LOAEL OPHY-NOAEL PHY-LOAEL OPTH-NOAEL PTH-LOAEL •REP-NOAEL OREP-LOAEL OGRO-NOAEL OGRO-LOAEL OMOR-NOAEL MOR-LOAEL
Data Evaluation Score
^0
Lowest-Observed Adverse Effect Dose
Paired values from same study whenjoined by line
No-Observed Adverse Effect Dose
Wildlife TRV Derivation Process
1) There are at least three results available for two test species within the growth, reproduction, and mortality effect groups. There are enough data to derive a TRV.
2) There are three NOAEL results available for calculation of a geometric mean.
4) The geometric mean is equal to 2.66 mg/kg bw/d and is higher than the lowest bounded LOAEL within the reproduction, growth, and survival effect groups.
5) The avian wildlife TRV for trivalent chromium is equal to 2.66 mg chromium/kg bw/day which is the geometric mean of NOAEL values for growth, and reproduction.
Eco-SSLfor Chromium
April 2008
-------
Table 5.2 Calculation of the Avian Eco-SSLs for Trivalent Chromium
Surrogate
Receptor Group
Avian herbivore
(dove)
Avian ground
insectivore
(woodcock)
Avian carnivore
(hawk)
TRY for Trivalent
Chromium
(mg dw/kg bw/d) 1
2.66
2.66
2.66
Food Ingestion
Rate (Fffi)2
(kg dw/kg
bw/d)
0.190
0.214
0.0353
Soil Ingestion
as Proportion
of Diet (PJ2
0.139
0.164
0.057
Concentration of
Chromium in Biota
Type (i)2'3
(B,)
(mg/kg dw)
Bi= 0.041 * Soilj
where i = plants
Bj = 0.306 * Soil,
where i = earthworms
111(60 = 0.7338 *
In(Soilj)- 1.4599
where i = mammals
Eco-SSL
(mg/kg dw)4
78
26
780
1 The process for derivation of wildlife TRVs is described in Attachment 4-5 of U.S. EPA (2003).
2 Parameters (FIR, Ps, Bj values, regressions) are provided in U.S. EPA (2003) Attachment 4-1 (revised February 2005).
3 B; = Concentration in biota type (i) which represents 100% of the diet for the respective receptor.
4 HQ = FIR * (Soilj * Ps + Bj) / TRY) solved for HQ=1 where Soil, = Eco-SSL (Equation 4-2; U.S. EPA, 2003).
NA = Not Applicable
Eco-SSL for Chromium
April 2008
-------
6.0 ECO-SSL FOR MAMMALIAN WILDLIFE
The derivation of the Eco-SSL for mammalian wildlife was completed as two parts. First, the
TRY was derived according to the Eco-SSL guidance (U.S. EPA, 2003; Attachment 4-5).
Second, the Eco-SSL (soil concentration) was back-calculated for each of three surrogate
species based on the wildlife exposure model (USEPA, 2003; Attachment 4-1), and the TRV
(U.S. EPA, 2003).
6.1 Mammalian TRV
The literature search was completed according to the Eco-SSL guidance (U.S. EPA, 2003;
Attachment 4-2) and identified 704 papers with possible toxicity data for chromium for either
avian or mammalian species. Of these studies, 649 were rejected for use as described in Section
7.5. Of the remaining papers, 20 contained data for mammalian test species. These papers were
reviewed and the data were extracted and scored according to the Eco-SSL guidance (U.S. EPA,
2003; Attachment 4-3). The results of the data extraction and review are summarized in Table
6.1 for trivalent chromium and Table 6.2 for hexavalent chromium. The complete results are
provided in Appendices 6-1 and 6-2 for trivalent and hexavalent chromium, respectively.
Within the 20 papers there are 33 results for biochemical (BIO), behavioral (BEH), physiology
(PHY), pathology (PTH), reproduction (REP), growth (GRO), and survival (MOR) endpoints
with a total Data Evaluation Score >65 that were used to derive the TRV (U.S. EPA, 2003;
Attachment 4-4) for trivalent chromium. These data are plotted in Figure 6.1 and correspond
directly with the data presented in Table 6.1. There are 71 results for hexavalent chromium.
These data are plotted in Figure 6.2 and correspond directly with the data presented in Table 6.2.
The NOAEL results for growth and reproduction are used to calculate a geometric mean
NOAEL. This mean NOAEL is examined in relationship to the lowest bounded LOAEL for
reproduction, growth, and survival to derive the TRV according to procedures in the Eco-SSL
guidance (U.S. EPA, 2003; Attachment 4-5).
For trivalent chromium, a geometric mean of the NOAEL values for reproduction and growth
was calculated at 2.40 mg chromium/kg bw/day. There are no bounded LOAEL values for
reproduction, growth or mortality results for comparison. Therefore, the TRV is equal to the
geometric mean of NOAEL values for reproduction and growth and is equal to 2.40 mg
chromium/kg bw/day.
For hexavalent chromium, a geometric mean of the NOAEL values for reproduction and growth
was calculated at 9.24 mg chromium/kg bw/day. The geometric mean is lower than the lowest
bounded LOAEL value for reproduction, growth and survival results. Therefore, the TRV is
equal to the geometric mean of NOAEL values for reproduction and growth and is equal to 9.24
mg chromium/kg bw/day.
Eco-SSL for Chromium 10 April 2008
-------
Table 6.1 Mammalian Toxicity Data Extracted for Wildlife Toxicity Reference Value (TRV)
Trivalent Chromium
Page 1 of 1
Result #
Reference
RefNo.
Test Organism
# of Cone/ Doses
Method of Analyses
Route of Exposure
Exposure Duration
Duration Units
1
Age Units
Lifestage
x
»
Effect Type
Effect Measure
Response Site
NOAELDose
(mg/kg bw/day)
LOAEL Dose
(mg/kg bw/day)
Data Evaluation Score
Biochemical
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Samsell and Spears, 1989
Mooney and Cromwell, 1997
Mooney and Cromwell, 1997
Anderson etal., 1997
Ivankovic and Preussmann, 1975
Meenakshi et al., 1989
Cobo etal 1995
13415
25905
25905
3004
3729
3061
15198
Sheep (Ovis aries)
Pig (Sus scrofa )
Pig (Sus scrofa )
Rat (Rattus narvegicus)
Rat (Rattus narvegicus)
Rat (Rattus narvegicus)
Rat (Rattus norvegicus)
2
2
3
5
3
2
2
U
M
M
U
U
U
M
FD
FD
FD
FD
FD
GV
DR
28
103
35
20
90
60
8
d
d
d
w
d
d
w
9
NR
NR
4
100
NR
NR
mo
NR
NR
w
d
NR
NR
JV
JV
JV
JV
SM
JV
JV
F
B
B
NR
F
M
M
CHM
CHM
CHM
CHM
CHM
CHM
CHM
GLUC
PRTL
PRTL
GLUC
HMGL
GLUC
GBIO
PL
SR
SR
SR
BL
BL
BL
0.222
0.595
0.927
8.09
1770
10.0
565
71
67
67
70
74
77
69
Behavior
8
9
10
Mooney and Cromwell, 1997
Mooney and Cromwell, 1997
Batamehetal., 1997
25905
25905
3009
Pig (Sus scrofa )
Pig (Sus scrofa )
Rat (Rattus norvegicus)
2
3
2
Ph
11
12
13
14
Mooney and Cromwell, 1997
Mooney and Cromwell, 1997
Kanisawa and Schroeder, 1969
Mercado and Bibby 1973
25905
25905
15061
757
Pig (Sus scrofa )
Pig (Sus scrofa )
Rat (Rattus norvegicus)
Rat (Rattus narvegicus)
2
3
2
2
M
M
U
FD
FD
DR
103
35
12
d
d
w
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
JV
JV
AD
B
B
M
FDB
FDB
BEH
FCNS
FCNS
AGGT
WO
WO
WO
0.595
0.927
36.2
70
70
68
ysiology
M
M
U
U
FD
FD
DR
DR
103
35
17
50
d
d
mo
d
NR
NR
21
23
NR
NR
d
d
JV
JV
JV
JV
B
B
B
M
PHY
PHY
PHY
PHY
FDCV
FDCV
BLPR
GPHY
WO
WO
BL
TH
0.595
0.927
0.569
2.82
70
70
67
67
Pathology
15
16
17
Kanisawa and Schroeder, 1969
Meenakshi et al., 1989
Batamehetal., 1997
15061
3061
3009
Rat (Rattus norvegicus)
Rat (Rattus norvegicus)
Rat (Rattus narvegicus)
2
2
2
U
U
U
DR
GV
DR
30
60
12
mo
d
w
21
NR
NR
d
NR
NR
JV
JV
AD
B
M
M
HIS
HIS
GRS
GSLN
NCRO
BDWT
KI
LI
WO
0.569
10.0
36.2
67
80
68
Reproduction
18
19
20
21
Zahidetal., 1990
Batamehetal., 1997
Elbetieha and Al-Hamood, 1997
Elbetieha and Al-Hamood, 1997
3098
3009
3025
3025
Mouse (Mus musculus)
Rat (Rattus norvegicus)
Mouse (Mus musculus)
Mouse (Mus musculus )
4
2
3
2
U
U
U
U
FD
DR
DR
DR
35
12
12
12
d
w
w
w
21
NR
50
50
d
NR
d
d
JV
AD
JV
JV
M
M
F
M
REP
REP
REP
REP
SPCL
TEWT
PROG
ORWT
TE
TE
WO
OV
9.62
36.2
91.1
228
80
74
73
74
Growth
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
Van Heugten and Spears, 1 997
Kegley and Spears, 1995
Shroederetal., 1963
Mooney and Cromwell, 1997
Mooney and Cromwell, 1997
Anderson etal., 1997
Zahidetal., 1990
Elbetieha and Al-Hamood, 1997
Ivankovic and Preussmann, 1975
Elbetieha and Al-Hamood, 1997
25908
25914
14446
25905
25905
3004
3098
3025
3729
3025
Pig (Sus scrofa )
Cattle (Bos taurus)
Rat (Rattus narvegicus)
Pig (Sus scrofa )
Pig (Sus scrofa )
Rat (Rattus narvegicus')
Mouse (Mus musculus )
Mouse (Mus musculus )
Rat (Rattus narvegicus)
Mouse (Mus musculus )
2
2
2
2
3
5
4
2
3
3
U
U
U
M
M
U
U
U
U
U
FD
FD
DR
FD
FD
FD
FD
DR
FD
DR
32
56
60
103
35
20
35
12
90
12
d
d
d
d
d
w
d
w
d
w
3
NR
28
NR
NR
4
21
50
100
50
w
NR
d
NR
NR
w
d
d
d
d
JV
JV
JV
JV
JV
JV
JV
JV
SM
JV
NR
M
M
B
B
NR
M
M
F
M
GRO
GRO
GRO
GRO
GRO
GRO
GRO
GRO
GRO
GRO
BDWT
BDWT
BDWT
BDWT
BDWT
BDWT
BDWT
BDWT
BDWT
BDWT
WO
WO
WO
WO
WO
WO
WO
WO
WO
WO
0.00663
0.00933
0.537
0.595
0.927
8.09
44.6
228
1770
92.1
69
69
66
74
74
68
69
72
72
72
Survival
32
33
Meenakshi et al., 1989
Mercado and Bibby 1973
3061
757
Rat (Rattus narvegicus)
Rat (Rattus norvegicus)
2
2
U
U
GV
DR
60
50
d
d
NR
23
NR
d
JV
JV
M
M
MOR
MOR
MORT
MORT
WO
wo
10.0
2.82
85
72
AD = adult; AGGT = aggression; B = both; BEH = behavior; BDWT = body weight changes; BEH = behavior; BL = blood; BLPR = blood pressure; CHM = chemical
changes; d = days; DR = drinking; F = fema e; FCNS= food consumption; FD = food; FDB = feeding behavior; FDCV = food conversion efficiency; GBIO = general
biochemical; GLUC = glucose; GPHY = general physiology; GRO = growth; GRS = gross body weight changes; GSLN = gross lesions; GV = gavage; HMGL =
hemoglobin; HIS = histology; JV = juvenile; KI = kidney; LI = liver; M = male; M = measured; mo = months; MOR = effects on surviva ; MORT = mortality; NCRO =
necrosis; NR = not reported; ORWT = organ weight changes; OV = ovary; PHY = physiology; PL = plasma; PROG = progeny counts or numbers; PRTL = total protein;
REP = reproduction; SM = sexually mature; SPCL = sperm cell counts; SR = serum; TE = testes; TEWT = testes weight; TH = teeth; U = unmeasured; w = weeks; WO =
who e organism.
Eco-SSLfor Chromium
11
April 2008
-------
Figure 6.1 Mammalian TRV Derivation for Trivalent Chromium
.Q
hH
HH :
u -
^-s :
4»
(K
i i '
0 ! ! i
i i '
i i ! /
! ! | V
.^^ i i '
i e? i i,
i i !
®- ^^ /^~\ ; i
• /~\ (. ) s~\ vv •
^p 1 ^^ ^ (lOJ ^-^ 67 | 67 !
" 1 1 i
i i !
i i !
i i '
i i '
i i '
, i j, ,1 ,i
©
©
1
1
1
© '
.1 72
/ ^ ••
z
Geometri Mean of
NOAELs f r REP and
GRO 2.40
1
1
©(691 1
^-s ;
i
i
o.ooi -1 • « =
Biochemical (BIO) Behavior (BEH) Physiulogy (PHY) Pathology (PTH) Reproduct on (REP)
Growth (GRO) Mortality (MOR)
• BIO-NOAEL OBIO-LOAEL • BEH-NOAEL OBEH-LOAEL • PHY-NOAEL OPHY-LOAEL o PTH-NOAEL PTH-LOAEL OREP-LOAEL o GRO-NOAEL GRO-LOAEL o MOR-NOAEL MOR-LOAEL
s~\ .
Lv ) •
Data Evaluation Score ^*~~~ ^^^X
In
served Adverse Effect Dose
es from same study when joined by line
Wildlife TRV Derivation Process
1) There are at least three results available for two test species within the growth, reproduction, and mortality effect groups. There are enough data to derive a TRV.
2) There are three NOAEL results available for calculation of a geometric mean.
4) The geometric mean is equal to 2.40 mg/kg bw/d. There are no bounded LOAEL values for comparison.
5) The mammalian wildlife TRV for trivalent chromium is equal to 2.40 mg chromium/kg bw/day which is the geometric mean NOAEL for effects on growth and reproduction.
Eco-SSLfor Chromium
12
April 2008
-------
Table 6.2 Mammalian Toxicity Data Extracted for Wildlife Toxicity Reference Value (TRV)
Hexavalent Chromium
Iof2
Result #
Reference
RefNo.
Test Organism
# of Cone/ Doses
Method of Analyses
Route of Exposure
Exposure Duration
Duration Units
1
Age Units
Lifestage
x
9,
Effect Type
Effect Measure
Response Site
NOAELDose
(mg/kg bw/day)
LOAEL Dose
(mg/kg bw/day)
Data Evaluation Score
Biochemical
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Raoetal, 1983
Raoetal., 1981
R.O.W. Sciences, Inc.
R.O.W. Sciences, Inc.
Vyskociletal., 1993
R.O.W.SciencesInc, 1997
Meenakshi et al., 1989
Chow dhury and Mitra, 1995
3074
3073
25925
25927
3095
25926
3061
3020
Mouse (Mm musculus)
Rat (Rattus norvegicus)
Rat (Rattus norvegicus)
Mouse (Mm musculus')
Rat (Rattus norvegicus)
Mouse (Mus musculus')
Rat (Rattus norvegicus)
Rat (Rattus norvegicus)
2
2
5
5
2
4
2
4
M
M
UX
UX
U
UX
U
U
FD
FD
FD
FD
DR
FD
GV
GV
1
1
9
3
6
14
60
90
yr
yr
w
w
mo
w
d
d
NR
NR
9
9
8
10
NR
NR
NR
NR
w
w
w
w
NR
NR
JV
JV
JV
JV
JV
GE
JV
JV
M
F
M
M
F
F
F
M
CHM
CHM
CHM
CHM
CHM
CHM
CHM
HRM
HMGL
HMGL
MCPV
MCPV
ALBM
MCPV
GLUC
TSTR
BL
BL
BL
BL
UR
BL
BL
SR
0.0322
0.146
2.12
5.66
8.48
12.0
2.47
6.86
10.0
20.0
68
69
83
83
69
79
77
77
Behavior
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
R.O.W. Sciences, Inc.
R.O.W. Sciences, Inc.
R.O.W.SciencesInc, 1997
Al-Hamoodetal., 1998
Gnbble, 1974
Gates etal, 1947
Batameh et al., 1997
Tnvedietal., 1989
25927
25925
25926
3003
11440
3029
3009
31
Mouse (Mus musculus)
Rat (Rattus norvegicus)
Mouse (Mus musculus)
Mouse (Mus musculus)
Mouse (Mus musculus')
Rat (Rattus norvegicus)
Rat (Rattus norvegicus)
Mouse (Mus musculus')
5
5
4
2
2
4
2
4
UX
UX
UX
U
u
u
u
u
FD
FD
FD
DR
DR
DR
DR
DR
9
9
14
29
7
5
12
19
w
w
w
d
d
d
w
d
9
9
10
NR
7
NR
NR
NR
w
w
w
NR
w
NR
NR
NR
JV
JV
GE
GE
JV
JV
AD
GE
M
M
F
F
F
B
M
F
FOB
FOB
FOB
FDB
FDB
FDB
BEH
FDB
WCON
FCNS
FCNS
WCON
WCON
WCON
AGGT
WCON
WO
WO
WO
WO
WO
WO
WO
WO
5.66
8.48
30.3
68.1
12.0
5.50
7.20
38.7
40.5
88
82
82
66
69
72
68
69
Physiology
17 |Dmz-Mayansetal., 1986
3023 |Rat (Rattus norvegicus)
3
u |DR| 28
d
NR |NR|SM| M
PHY
EXCR
UR
4.47
44.7
73
Pathology
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
Raoetal, 1983
Raoetal., 1981
Vyskociletal., 1993
R.O.W.SciencesInc, 1997
R.O.W. Sciences, Inc.
Meenakshi et al., 1989
Batameh etal., 1997
3074
3073
3095
25926
25927
3061
3009
Mouse (Mus musculus)
Rat (Rattus norvegicus)
Rat (Rattus norvegicus)
Mouse (Mus musculus )
Mouse (Mus musculus )
Rat (Rattus norvegicus)
Rat (Rattus norvegicus)
2
2
2
4
5
2
2
M
M
u
UX
UX
u
u
FD
FD
DR
FD
FD
GV
DR
1
1
6
14
9
60
12
yr
yr
mo
w
w
d
w
NR
NR
8
10
9
NR
NR
NR
NR
w
w
w
NR
NR
JV
JV
JV
GE
JV
JV
AD
M
F
F
F
M
F
M
ORW
ORW
ORW
ORW
HIS
HIS
GRS
SMTX
SMTX
SMTX
ORWT
GHIS
NCRO
BDWT
KI
LI
KI
LI
MT
LI
WO
0.0322
0.146
2.47
13.6
32.5
30.3
10.0
38.7
67
72
72
88
73
80
68
Reproduction
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
Raoetal, 1983
Raoetal., 1981
R.O.W. Sciences, Inc.
Chow dhury and Mitra, 1995
R.O.W.SciencesInc, 1997
R.O.W. Sciences, Inc.
Junaidetal., 1996
Elbetieha and Al-Hamood, 1997
Zahidetal., 1990
Kanojiaetal., 1996
Kanojiaetal., 1998
Junaidetal., 1995
Murthyetal., 1996
Batameh etal., 1997
Tnvedietal, 1989
Junaidetal., 1996
Elbetieha and Al-Hamood, 1997
Elbetieha and Al-Hamood, 1997
3074
3073
25925
3020
25926
25927
3047
3025
3098
3049
3050
3045
3068
3009
31
3046
3025
3025
Mouse (Mus musculus)
Rat (Rattus norvegicus)
Rat (Rattus norvegicus)
Rat (Rattus norvegicus)
Mouse (Mus musculus')
Mouse (Mus musculus)
Mouse (Mus musculus)
Mouse (Mus musculus)
Mouse (Mus musculus)
Rat (Rattus norvegicus)
Rat (Rattus norvegicus)
Mouse (Mus musculus)
Mouse (Mus musculus)
Rat (Rattus norvegicus)
Mouse (Mus musculus)
Mouse (Mus musculus)
Mouse (Mus musculus )
Mouse (Mus musculus )
2
2
5
4
4
5
4
5
4
4
4
4
4
2
4
4
3
2
M
M
UX
u
UX
UX
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
FD
FD
FD
GV
FD
FD
DR
DR
FD
DR
DR
DR
DR
DR
DR
DR
DR
DR
1
1
9
90
14
9
8
12
35
39
3
6
20
12
19
20
12
12
yr
yr
w
d
w
w
d
w
d
d
mo
d
d
w
d
d
w
w
NR
NR
9
NR
10
9
NR
50
21
120
50
4
90
NR
NR
4
50
50
NR
NR
w
NR
w
w
NR
d
d
d
d
mo
d
NR
NR
mo
d
d
JV
JV
JV
JV
GE
JV
GE
JV
JV
GE
JV
GE
SM
AD
GE
GE
JV
JV
M
M
M
M
F
M
F
M
M
F
F
F
F
M
F
F
M
F
REP
REP
REP
REP
REP
REP
REP
REP
REP
REP
REP
REP
REP
REP
REP
REP
REP
REP
TEWT
TEWT
SPCL
TEWT
PROG
GREP
PROG
TEWT
TEDG
PROG
PRWT
PRWT
GREP
TEWT
RSEM
PRWT
TEWT
ORWT
TE
TE
TE
TE
WO
SM
WO
TE
TE
WO
WO
WO
OV
TE
WO
WO
TE
OV
0.0322
0.146
8.48
20.0
30.3
32.5
44.2
49.4
40.0
82.9
98.7
10.8
26.8
33.2
33.7
35.1
38.7
40.5
43.7
98.7
246
72
78
81
92
88
81
80
80
80
74
73
74
74
74
75
74
74
74
Growth
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
Raoetal, 1983
Raoetal., 1981
R.O.W. Sciences, Inc.
R.O.W. Sciences, Inc.
R.O.W.SciencesInc, 1997
Chow dhury and Mitra, 1995
Kanojiaetal., 1998
Junaidetal., 1995
Tnvedietal, 1989
Zahidetal., 1990
Junaidetal., 1996
Junaidetal., 1996
Elbetieha and Al-Hamood, 1997
Schroeder and Mitchener, 1971
Gates etal, 1947
3074
3073
25927
25925
25926
3020
3050
3045
31
3098
3047
3046
3025
3085
3029
Mouse (Mus musculus )
Rat (Rattus norvegicus)
Mouse (Mus musculus )
Rat (Rattus narvegicus)
Mouse (Mus musculus)
Rat (Rattus norvegicus)
Rat (Rattus narvegicus)
Mouse (Mus musculus)
Mouse (Mus musculus)
Mouse (Mus musculus)
Mouse (Mus musculus)
Mouse (Mus musculus)
Mouse (Mus musculus)
Mouse (Mus musculus)
Rat (Rattus narvegicus)
2
2
5
5
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
2
2
4
M
M
UX
UX
UX
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
FD
FD
FD
FD
FD
GV
DR
DR
DR
FD
DR
DR
DR
DR
DR
1
1
3
9
16
90
3
6
19
35
8
20
12
10
5
yr
yr
w
w
w
d
mo
d
d
d
d
d
w
d
d
NR
NR
9
9
10
NR
50
4
NR
21
NR
4
50
19-20
NR
NR
NR
w
w
w
NR
d
mo
NR
d
NR
mo
d
d
NR
JV
JV
JV
JV
LC
JV
JV
GE
GE
JV
GE
GE
JV
JV
JV
M
M
F
M
F
M
F
F
F
M
F
F
F
M
B
GRO
GRO
GRO
GRO
GRO
GRO
GRO
GRO
GRO
GRO
GRO
GRO
GRO
GRO
GRO
BDWT
BDWT
BDWT
BDWT
BDWT
BDWT
BDWT
BDWT
BDWT
BDWT
BDWT
BDWT
BDWT
BDWT
BDWT
WO
WO
WO
WO
WO
WO
WO
WO
WO
wo
wo
wo
wo
wo
wo
0.0322
0.146
5.66
8.48
13.8
20.0
33.2
33.7
40.5
43.2
44.2
84.0
246
12.0
28.0
40.0
60.6
67.4
82.8
82.9
123
0.730
7.20
70
74
92
86
92
90
78
78
79
69
78
78
70
72
76
Eco-SSLfor Chromium
April 2008
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Table 6.2 Mammalian Toxicity Data Extracted for Wildlife Toxicity Reference Value (TRV)
Hexavalent Chromium
2 of 2
1
58
59
Reference
Kanojiaetal., 1996
Elbetieha and Al-Hamood, 1997
RefNo.
3049
3025
Test Organism
Rat (Rattus norvegicus)
Mouse (Mus musculus )
# of Cone/ Doses
4
3
1
Method of Anal
U
U
B
Route of Exposi
DR
DR
c
o
Exposure Dural
39
12
Duration Units
d
w
.
120
50
'5
u
d
d
Lifestage
GE
JV
x
F
M
Effect Type
GRO
GRO
Effect Measure
BDWT
BDWT
Response Site
WO
WO
NOAELDose
(mg/kg bw/day)
LOAEL Dose
(mg/kg bw/day)
26.8
98.7
0
Data Evaluation
72
72
Survival
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
R.O.W. Sciences, Inc.
Meenakshi et al., 1989
R.O.W.SciencesInc, 1997
R.O.W. Sciences, Inc.
Gates etal, 1947
Diaz-Mayans etal., 1986
Kanojiaetal., 1998
Kanojiaetal., 1996
Junaidetal., 1996
Junaidetal., 1996
Tnvedietal, 1989
25925
3061
25926
25927
3029
3023
3050
3049
3046
3047
31
Rat (Rattus norvegicus)
Rat (Rattus norvegicus)
Mouse (Mus musculus )
Mouse (Mus musculus )
Rat (Rattus norvegicus)
Rat (Rattus norvegicus)
Rat (Rattus norvegicus)
Rat (Rattus norvegicus)
Mouse (Mus musculus)
Mouse (Mus musculus)
Mouse (Mus musculus)
5
2
4
5
4
3
4
4
4
4
4
UX
u
UX
UX
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
FD
GV
FD
FD
DR
DR
DR
DR
DR
DR
DR
9
60
14
9
25
28
3
39
20
8
19
w
d
w
w
d
d
mo
d
d
d
d
9
NR
10
9
NR
NR
50
120
4
NR
NR
w
NR
w
w
NR
NR
d
d
mo
NR
NR
JV
JV
GE
JV
JV
SM
JV
GE
SM
GE
GE
M
F
F
M
B
M
F
F
F
F
F
MOR
MOR
MOR
MOR
MOR
MOR
MOR
MOR
MOR
MOR
MOR
MORT
MORT
MORT
MORT
MORT
MORT
MORT
MORT
MORT
MORT
MORT
wo
wo
wo
wo
wo
wo
wo
wo
wo
wo
wo
8.48
10.0
30.3
32.5
25.0
25.4
33.2
63.7
82.1
131
163
60.6
121
87
85
87
87
77
74
79
73
79
73
74
AD = adult; AGGT = agression; ALBM = albumins; B = both; BEH = behavior; BDWT = body weight changes; BEH = behavior; BL = blood; CHM = chemica changes;
d = days; DR = drinking water; EXCR = excretion; F = female; FCNS = food consumption; FD = food; FDB = feeding behavior; GE = gestationa ; GHIS = general
histology; GLUC = glucose; GREP = general reproduction; GRO = growth; GRS = gross body weight changes; GV = gavage; HIS = histology; HMGL = hemoglobin;
HRM = hormone changes; JV = juvenile; KI = kidney; LC = lactation; LI = liver; M = ma e; M = measured; MCPV = mean corpuscular volume; mo = months; MOR =
mortality; MORT = mortality; MT = multiple; NCRO = necrosis; NR = not reported; ORW = organ weight changes ORWT = organ weight changes (absolute); OV =
oviduct; PHY = physiology; PROG = progeny counts or numbers; PRWT = progeny weight; REP = reproduction; RSEM = resorbed embryos; SM = sexually mature; SM
= sperm;SMTX = weight relative to body weight; SPCL = sperm cell counts; SR = serum; TE = testes; TEDG = testes degeneration; TEWT = testes weight; TSTR =
testosterone; U = unmeasured; UR = urine; UX = measured but concentrations not reported; w = weeks; WCON = water consumption; WO = whole organism;
yr = years.
Eco-SSLfor Chromium
April 2008
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Figure 6.2 Mammalian TRV Derivation for Hexavalent Chromium
biochemical (BIO) Behavior (BEH) Physiology (PHY) Pathology (PTH)
Reproduction (REP)
Growth (GRO)
Mortality (MOR)
• BIO-NOAEL OBIO-LOAEL •BEH-NOAEL OBEH-LOAEL OPHY-NOAEL PHY-LOAEL OPTH-NOAEL PTH-LOAEL •REP-NOAEL OREP-LOAEL OGRO-NOAEL GRO-LOAEL OMOR-NOAEL OMOR-LOAEL
Data Evaluation Score
^0
Lowest-Observed Adverse Effect Dose
Paired values from same study whenjoined by line
No-Observed Adverse Effect Dose
Wildlife TRV Derivation Process
1) There are at least three results available for two test species within the growth, reproduction, and mortality effect groups. There are enough data to derive a TRV.
2) There are three NOAEL results available for calculation of a geometric mean.
4) The geometric mean is equal to 9.24 mg/kg bw/d. The geometric mean is lower than the lowest bounded LOAEL for growth, reproduction or mortality.
5) The mammalian wildlife TRV for hexavalent chromium is equal to 9.24 mg chromium/kg bw/day which is equal to the geometric mean of NOAEL values
for reproduction and growth.
Eco-SSLfor Chromium
15
April 2008
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6.2 Estimation of Dose and Calculation of the Eco-SSL
Three separate Eco-SSL values are calculated for mammalian wildlife, one each for three
receptor groups representing different trophic levels. The mammalian Eco-SSLs derived for
chromium are calculated according to the Eco-SSL guidance (U.S. EPA 2003) and are
summarized in Table 6.3 for trivalent chromium and 6.4 for hexavalent chromium.
Table 6.3 Calculation of the Mammalian Eco-SSLs for Trivalent Chromium
Surrogate
Receptor Group
Mammalian
herbivore (vole)
Mammalian
ground insectivore
(shrew)
Mammalian
carnivore (weasel)
TRY for Trivalent
Chromium
(mg dw/kg bw/d) 1
2.40
2.40
2.40
Food Ingestion
Rate (Fffi)2
(kg dw/kg bw/d)
0.0875
0.209
0.130
Soil Ingestion
as Proportion
of Diet (Ps)2
0.032
0.030
0.043
Concentration of
Chromium in Biota
Type (i)2-3
(B,)
(mg/kg dw)
Bi = 0.041 * Soilj
where i = plants
Bj = 0.306* Soilj
where i =
earthworms
ln(Bi) = 0.7338 *
In(Soilj)- 1.4599
where i = mammals
Eco-SSL
(mg/kg dw)4
380
34
180
1 The process for derivation of wildlife TRVs is described in Attachment 4-5 of U.S. EPA (2003).
2 Parameters (FIR, Ps, Bj values, regressions) are provided in U.S. EPA (2003) Attachment 4-1 (revised February 2005).
3 B; = Concentration in biota type (i) which represents 100% of the diet for the respective receptor.
4 HQ = FIR * (Soilj * Ps + Bj) / TRY) solved for HQ=1 where Soil, = Eco-SSL (Equation 4-2; U.S. EPA, 2003).
NA = Not Applicable
Table 6.4 Calculation of the Mammalian Eco-SSLs for Hexavalent Chromium
Surrogate
Receptor Group
Mammalian
herbivore (vole)
Mammalian
ground insectivore
(shrew)
Mammalian
carnivore (weasel)
TRY for
Hexavalent
Chromium
(mg dw/kg bw/d) 1
9.24
9.24
9.24
Food Ingestion
Rate (FTR)2
(kg dw/kg bw/d)
0.0875
0.209
0.130
Soil
Ingestion as
Proportion
of Diet (Ps)2
0.032
0.030
0.043
Concentration of
Chromium in Biota
Type (i)2'3
(B,)
(mg/kg dw)
Bi= 0.041 * Soi^
where i = plants
Bj = 0.306 * Soilj
where i = earthworms
111(60 = 0.7338 *
ln( Soilj) -1.4599
where i = mammals
Eco-SSL
(mg/kg dw)4
1400
130
870
1 The process for derivation of wildlife TRVs is described in Attachment 4-5 of U.S. EPA (2003).
2 Parameters (FIR, Ps, Bj values, regressions) are provided in U.S. EPA (2003) Attachment 4-1 (revised February 2005).
3 Bj = Concentration in biota type (i) which represents 100% of the diet for the respective receptor.
4 HQ = FIR * (Soil, * Ps + Bj) / TRY) solved for HQ=1 where Soilj = Eco-SSL (Equation 4-2; U.S. EPA, 2003).
NA = Not Applicable
Eco-SSL for Chromium
16
April 2008
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7.0 REFERENCES
7.1 General Chromium References
Anderson, R.A. 1987. Chromium in Trace Elements in Human and Animal Nutrition, Vol. 1, 5th ed., pp. 225-244.
W. Mertz (ed.), Academic Press, Inc, New York.
Anderson, R.A. 1988. Recent advances in the role of chromium in human health and diseases. In: Essential and
Toxic Trace Elements in Human Health and Disease, pp!89-197. A. S Prasad (ed.), AlanR. Liss, Inc., New York.
Barnhart, J. 1997. Chromium chemistry and implications for environmental fate and toxicity. In: Chromium in Soil:
Perspectives in Chemistry, Health, and Environmental Regulation, Proctor et al (eds.), AEHS, CRC Lewis
Publishers, Boca Raton, FL.
Borel, J. S. and R. A. Anderson. 1984. Chromium. In: Biochemistry of the Essential Ultratrace Elements, pp 175-
99. E. Frieden (ed.), Plenum Press, New York.
Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment (CCME). 1996. Recommended Canadian Soil Quality
Guidelines for Chromium: Environmental, Supporting Document - Final Draft. December 1996.
Eastin, W. C. Jr., S.D. Haseltine, and H. C. Murray. 1980. Intestinal absorption of 5 chromium compounds in young
black ducks (Anasrubripes). Toxicol. Lett. 6: 193-197.
National Research Council (NRC). 1997. The Role of Chromium in Animal Nutrition. Committee on Animal
Nutrition Board on Agriculture National Research Council. National Academy Press, Washington D.C.
Outridge, P. M., and A. M. Scheuhammer. 1993. Bioaccumulation and toxicology of chromium: Implication for
wildlife. Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 30: 31-77.
Prasad, A. S. 1978. Chromium. Trace Elements andiron in Human Metabolism, pp 3-15. A. S. Prasad (ed.),
Plenum Medical Book Co., New York.
Thompson, L. J., J. O. Hall, and G. L. Meerdink. 1991. Toxic effects of trace element excess. Beef Cattle Nutrition.
7(1): 277-306.
Underwood, E. J. 1977. Chromium. In: Trace Elements in Human and Animal Nutrition, 4th ed,
Pp 258-70. E. J. Underwood, ed. Academic Press, New York.
United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). 2003. Guidance for Developing Ecological Soil
Screening Levels (Eco-SSLs). November. Office of Emergency and Remedial Response, Washington, DC.
OSWER Directive 9285.7-55.
United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). 1999. Ecological Risk Assessment and Risk
Management Principles for Superfund Sites. Office of Emergency and Remedial Response, Washington, DC.
OSWER Directive 9285.7-28.P.
United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). 1998. Guidelines for Ecological Risk Assessment.
Risk Assessment Forum. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington DC. EPA/630/R-95/002F. April.
May 14, 1998 Federal Register 63(93): 26846-26924.
United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). 1997. Ecological Risk Assessment Guidance for
Superfund: Process for Designing and Conducting Ecological Risk Assessments. Interim Final. U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Response Team (Edison, NJ). June 5, 1997.
Eco-SSLfor Chromium 17 April 2008
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7.2 References Used in Deriving Plant and Soil Invertebrate Eco-SSLs
Adema, D. M. M. and Henzen, L. 1989. A Comparison of Plant Toxicities of Some Industrial Chemicals in Soil
Culture and Soilless Culture. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 18(2): 219-229.
Gunther, P. and Pestemer, W. 1990. Risk Assessment for Selected Xenobiotics by Bioassay Methods with Higher
Plants. Environ. Manag. 14: 381-388 (OECDG Data File)
Kadar, I. and Morvai, B. 1998. Effect of Micropollutants on Soil and Crop on Calcareous Sandy Soil.
Agrokem.Talajtan. 47(1-4): 207-214.
Singh, B. R. and Jeng, A. S. 1993. Uptake of Zinc, Cadmium, Mercury, Lead, Chromium and Nickel by Ryegrass
Grown in a Sandy Soil. Norw. J. Agric. Sci. 7(2): 147-157.
Van Gestel, C. A. M., Dirven-Breemen, E. M., and Baerselman, R. 1993. Accumulation and Elimination of
Cadmium, Chromium and Zinc and Effects on Growth an Reproduction in Eisenia andrei (Oligochaeta, Annelida).
Sci.TotalEnviron. Part 1, 585-597.
Van Gestel, C. A. M., Dirven-Van Breemen, E. M., Baerselman, R., Emans, H. J. B., Janssen, J. A. M., Postuma, R.,
and Van Vliet, P. J. M. 1992. Comparison of Sublethal and Lethal Criteria for Nine Different Chemicals in
Standardized Toxicity Tests Using the Earthworm Eisenia andrei. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 23(2), 206-220
(OECDG Data File)
7.3 References Rejected for Use in Deriving Plant and Soil Invertebrate Eco-SSLs
These references were reviewed and rejected for use in derivation of the Eco-SSL. The
definition of the codes describing the basis for rejection is provided at the end of the reference
sections.
Rev (NAS) National Academy of Sciences. 1974. Chromium: Medical and Biologic Effects of
Environmental Pollutants. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C. 125-145.
Rev (NRCC) National Research Council of Canada. 1976. Effects of Chromium in the Canadian
Environment. NRCC No. 15017, Associate Committee on Scientific Criteria for Environmental
Quality, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, 168
OM,pH Abbasi, S. A. and Soni, R. 1983. Stress-Induced Enhancement of Reproduction in Earthworm
Octochaetus pattoni Exposed to Chromium (VI) and Mercury (II) - Implications in Environmental
Management 39210. Int J Environ Stud 22, 43-47.
No ERE Achazi, R. K., Flenner, C., Livingstone, D. R., Peters, L. D., Schaub, K., and Scheiwe, E. 1998.
Cytochrome P450 and Dependent Activities in Unexposed and PAH-Exposed Terrestrial Annelids.
Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 121C(l-3), 339-350.
Media Aggangan, N. S., Dell, B., and Malajczuk, N. 1998. Effects of chromium and nickel on growth of the
ectomycorrhizal fungus Pisolithus and formation of ectomycorrhizas on Eucalyptus urophylla S.T.
Blake. Geoderma. 84(1-3), 15-27.
Rev Akatsuka, K. and Fairhall, L. T. 1934. The Toxicology of Chromium JIndHyg. 16, 1-24.
Mix Alberici, T. M., Sopper, W. E., Storm, G. L., and Yahner, R. H. 1989. Trace Metals in Soil
Vegetation and Voles from Mine Land Treated with Sewage Sludge. J Environ Qual. 18, 115-120.
Eco-SSL for Chromium 18 April 2008
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Mix Anderson, A. J., Meyer, D. R., and Mayer, F. K. 1973. Heavy Metal Toxicities: Levels of Nickel,
Cobalt, and Chromium in the Soil and Plants Associated with Visual Symptoms and Variation in
Growth of an Oat Crop. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 24: 557-571.
No Dose Arillo, A. and Melodia, F. 1991. Reduction Of Hexavalent Chromium By The Earthworm Eisenia
foetida (Savigny). Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 21(1): 92-100.
No Control Athalye, V. V., Ramachandran, V., and D'souza, T. J. 1995. Influence of Chelating Agents on Plant
Uptake of 51Cr,210Pb and 210Po. Environmental Pollution. 89(1): 47-53.
FL Austenfeld, F. A. 1979. Effects of Nickel, Cobalt and Chromium on Net Photosynthesis of Primary
and Secondary Leaves ofPhaseolus vulgaris L. (Nettophotosynthese der Primarund Folgeblatter von
Phaseolus vulgaris L. unter dem Einfluss von Nickel, Kobalt und Chrom). Photosynthetica. 13(4):
434-438.
Media Babich, H., Schiffenbauer, M., and Stotzky, G. 1982. Comparative Toxicity of Trivalent and
Hexavalent Chromium to Fungi. Bull Environ. Contain. Toxicol. 28(4), 452-459.
No Control Baig, M. M. H., Khan, M. S., Khan, N., Ferhat, S., Hossain, A., Osmani, M. J. A., and Lord, K. A.
1972. Gas Chromatographic and Radiometric Study of the Behavior of Carbon-14 DDT on Mustard
Plants Under Tropical Conditions. Pak. J. Sci. Ind. Res. 15(3): 220-226.
Media Barcelo, I, Poschenrieder, C., and Gunse, B. 1985. Effect of Chromium VI on Mineral Element
Composition of Bush Beans. J. Plant Nutr. 8(3): 211-217.
Media Barcelo, I, Poschenrieder, C., and Gunse, B. 1986. Water Relations in Chromium VI Treated Bush
Bean Plants (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Contender) Under Both Normal and Water Stress Conditions.
J.Exp.Bot. 37(175): 178-187.
No Dur Bardgett, R. D., Speir, T. W., Ross, D. J., Yeates, G. W., and Kettles, H. A. 1994. Impact of pasture
contamination by copper, chromium, and arsenic timber preservative on soil microbial properties and
nematodes. Biol. Fertil. Soils. 18(1): 71-79.
No Dur Bartosova, M., Pavel, I, and Koch, M. 1995. Relations between heavy metal levels in soil,
detritophagous and phytophagous invertebrates. Toxicol. Environ. Chem. 52(1-4): 13-23.
Media Berry, W. L. 1978. Comparative Toxicity of VO3, CrO2-4, Ni2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, and Cd2+to
Lettuce Seedlings. In: D.C.Adriano and I.L.Brisbin,Jr.(Eds.), Environmental Chemistry and Cycling
Processes, Proc.Symp.Held at Augusta, Georgia, April 18-May 1, 1976, Tech.Info.Center, U.S.Dep
of Energy (U.S.NTIS CONF-760429), 582-589
No Control Bhuiya, M. R. H. and Cornfield, A. H. 1976. Effect of Addition of Cu, Cr, Pb and Zn on Nitrogen
Mineralisation and Nitrification No During Incubation of Sandy Soils. Bangladesh. J. Biol. Sci.
5(1): 18-20.
OM, pH Biacs, P. A., Daood, H. G., and Kadar, I. 1995. Effect of Mo, Se, Zn and Cr Treatments on the
Yield, Element Concentration, and Carotenoid Content of Carrot. Journal of Agricultural and Food
Chemistry. 43(3): 589-591.
Media Bishnoi, N. R., Chugh, L. K., and Sawhney, S. K. 1993. Effect of Chromium on Photosynthesis,
Respiration and Nitrogen Fixation in Pea (Pisum sativum L.) Seedlings. J. Plant Physiol. 142: 25-
30.
OM,pH
Bishnoi, N. R., Dua, A., Gupta, V. K., and Sawhney, S. K. 1993. Effect of Chromium on Seed
Eco-SSLfor Chromium
19
April 2008
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Germination, Seedling Growth and Yield of Peas. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 47(1): 47-57.
Media Bobak, M. 1974. Influence of Exogenous Added Cobalt upon the Submicroscopic Structure and the
Chromosomes of Meristematic Cells of the Horse Bean (Viciafaba L.,C.V. Zborovicky). Physiol.
Plant. 8: 17-24.
No Dur Breeze, V. G. 1973. Land Reclamation and River Pollution Problems in the Croal Valley Caused by
Waste from Chromate Manufacture. J Appl Ecol. 10(4): 513-525.
FL Cao, Renlin, He, Zonglan, and Huo, Wenrui. 1988. Effects of chromium(VI) added to soil on plant
growth and its accumulation. Zhongguo Huanjing Kexue. 8(3): 27-34.
FL Cao, Renlin, He, Zonglan, and Huo, Wenrui. 1988. Effects of chemical fertilizers produced with
chromium residues on growth of crops. Huanjing Kexu. 9(3): 44-48.
Media Gary, E. E., Allaway, W. H., and Olson, O. E. 1977. Control of Chromium Concentrations in Food
Plants. 1. Absorption and Translocation of Chromium in Plants 40337. J. Agric. Food Chem. 25:
300-304.
OM
OM
Gary, E. E., Allaway, W. H., and Olson, O. E. 1977. Control of Chromium Concentrations in Food
Plants. II. Chemistry of Chromium in Soils and Its Availability to Plants 40338. J. Agric. Food.
Chem. 25(2): 305-309.
Gary, E. E., Allaway, W. H., and Olson, O. E. 1977. Control of Chromium Concentrations in Food
Plants. 2. Chemistry of Chromium in Soils and Its Availability to Plants 40340. J. Agric. Food
Chem. 25: 305-309.
OM Gary, E. E., Allaway, W. H., and Olson, O. E. 1977. Control of Chromium Concentrations in Food
Plants. I. Absorption and Translocation of Chromium by Plants 40339. J. Agric. Food Chem.
25(2): 300-304.
Rev Gary, E. E. 1982. Chromium in Air, Soil and Natural Waters. In: S.Langard (Ed.), Biological and
Environmental Aspects of Chromium, Chapter 3, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 49-64
No Dur Gary, Earle E. and Kubota, Joe. 1990. Chromium concentration plants: effects of soil chromium
concentration and tissue contamination by soil. J. Agric. Food Chem. 38(1): 108-114.
No Dose Cataldo, D. A. and Wildung, R. E. 1978. Soil and Plant Factors Influencing the Accumulation of
Heavy Metals by Plants. Environ. Health Perspect.. 27: 149-159.
FL Celardin, F. and Landry, J. C. 1988. Bioindicators of pollution earthworms and heavy metals in soil.
Archives des Sciences (Geneva). 41(2: 225-228.
Rev Chang, A. C., Granato, T. C., and Page, A. L. 1992 . A Methodology for Establishing Phytotoxicity
Criteria for Chromium, Copper, Nickel, and Zinc in Agricultural Land Application of Municipal
Sewage Sludges. J Environ Qual. 21(4): 521-536.
No Dose Chatterjee, J. and Chatterjee, C. 2000. Phytotoxicity of Cobalt, Chromium and Copper in
Cauliflower. Environ. Pollut. 109(1): 69-74.
No Toxicity Chebotar, A. A., Kaptar, S. G., Suruzhiu, A. L, and Bukhar, B. I. 1975. Chromosomal and
nucleoplasmic changes in maize and wheat induced by bhc naphthalene and phenol. Dokl. Biol. Sci.
223(1-6): 320-321.
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Media Srivastava, S., Srivastava, S., Prakash, S., and Srivastava, M. M. 1998. Fate of Trivalent Chromium
in Presence of Organic Acids: A Hydroponic Study on the Tomato Plant. Chem.Spec.Bioavail.
10(4), 147-150
No ERE Srivastava, S., Shanker, K., Srivastava, S., Shrivastav, R., Das, S., Prakash, S., and Srivastava, M.
M. 1998. Effect of Selenium Supplementation on the Uptake and Translocation of Chromium by
Spinach (Spinacea oleracea). Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 60(5), 750-758
No ERE Srivastava, S., Shanker, K., Shrivastav, R., Das, S., Prakash, S., and Srivastava, M. M. 1998. Effect
of Selenium Supplementation on the Uptake and Translocation of Chromium by Spinach (Spinacea oleracea)
47545. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination & Toxicology 60(5), 750-758
Media Srivastava, S., Nigam, R., Prakash, S., and Srivastava, M. M. 1999. Mobilization of Trivalent
Chromium in Presence of Organic Acids: A Hydroponic Study of Wheat Plant (Triticum vulgare).
Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 63(4), 524-530
Media Starich, G. H. and Blincoe, C. 1982. Properties of a Chromium Complex from Higher Plants.
J.Agric.Food Chem. 30, 458-462
No Control Starich, G. H. and Blincoe, C. 1983. Dietary Chromium - Forms and Availabilities. Sci.Total
Environ. 28, 443-454
Media Strati, S., Paoletti, E., Barbolani, E., and Pirazzi, R. 1999. Boot Length and Distribution of
Chromium in Corylus avellana with Tuber Albidum mycorrhizas. Water Air Soil Pollut 113(1-4), 33-
41
Species Thorgeirsson, S. S., Atlas, S. A., Boobis, A. R., andFelton, J. S. 1979. Species Differences in the
Substrate Specificity of Hepatic Cytochrome P-448 from Poly cyclic Hydrocarbon-Treated Animals.
Biochem.Pharmacol. 28, 217-226
Media Tiefenbacher, K., Tuschl, P., and Woidich, H. 1983. An experiment on the uptake of polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons by higher plants using chromatographic methods and isotope techniques.
Bodenkultur 34(2), 147-160
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28
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Mix Tolle, Duane A., Arthur, Mickey F., Chesson, Jean, and Van Voris, Peter. 1985. Comparison of pots
versus microcosms for predicting agroecosystem effects due to waste amendment.
Environ.Toxicol.Chem. 4(4), 501-509
OM, pH Tripathi, A. K. and Tripathi, S. 1999. Changes in Some Physiological and Biochemical Characters in
Albizia lebbek as Bio-Indicators of Heavy Metal Toxicity. J Environ Biol 20(2), 93-98
Media Tso, T. C., Sorokin, T. P., and Engelhaupt, M. E. 1973. Effects of Some Rare Elements on Nicotine
Content of the Tobacco Plant. Plant Physiol 51, 805-806
OM, pH Turner, M. A. and Rust, R. H. 1971. Effect of Chromium on Growth and Mineral Nutrition of
Soybeans. Soil Sci AmProc 35(1), 755-758
FL Uccelli, Raffaella, Angelone, Massimo, Cima, Maria Grazia, Ferrandi, Luigi, Pompei, Franco,
Stronati, Laura, and Triolo, Lucio. 1992. Air pollution on the territory of the Tarquinia Agricultural
University. Concentrations of nickel, chromium, lead, and cadmium in soil and in some plant and
animal species. Inquinamento 34(10), 64-74
Mix Vago, I., Gyori, Z., and Loch, J. 1996. Comparison of Chromium and Nickel Uptake of Plants
Grown in Different Soils. Fresenius' J.Anal.Chem. 354(5/6), 714-717
No Dur Van der Merwe, A. J. and Anderssen, F. G. 1937. Chromium and Manganese Toxicity. Is it
Important in Transvaal Citrus Growing? Farming South Afr. 12, 439-440
FL Van Gestel, C. A. M., van Breemen, E. M., Stolk, M., Baerselman, R., and De Boer, J. L. M. 1989.
Toxicity and Bioaccumulation of Chronic Nitrate in the Earthworm Eisenia andrei in Artificial Soil
(Toxiciteit en Bioaccumulatie van Chroom(III)Nitraat in de Regenworm Eisenia andrei in een
Kunstgrond). RIVM, Bilthoven, Rapp.758707001, 16 p. (OUT)
Media Vazquez, M. D., Poschenrieder, C., and Barcelo, J. 1987. Chromium VI Induced Structural and
Ultrastructural Changes in Bush Bean Plants (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Ann.Bot. 59, 427-438
Media Wallace, A., Alexander, G. V., and Chaudhry, F. M. 1977. Phytotoxicity of Cobalt Vanadium
Titanium Silver and Chromium. Comm.Soil Sci.Plant Anal. 8(9), 751-756
Score Wallace, A., Soufi, S. M., Cha, J. W., and Romney, E. M. 1976. Some Effects of Chromium Toxicity
on Bush Bean Plants Grown in Soil. Plant Soil 44(2), 471-473
Media Wallace, A., Alexander, G. V., and Chaudry, F. M. 1977. Phytotoxicity of Cobalt, Vanadium,
Titanium, Silver, and Chromium. Commun.Soil Sci.Plant Anal. 8(9), 751-756
No Control Wallace, A., Romney, E. M., and Patel, P. M. 1978. Role of Synthetic Chelating Agents in Trace
Metal Uptake by Plants. In: D.C.Adriano and I.L.Brisbin,Jr.(Eds.), Environmental Cemistry and
Cycling Processes, Proc.Symp.Held at Augusta, Georgia, April 18-May 1, 1976, Tech.Info.Center,
U.S.Dep of Energy (U.S.NTIS CONF-760429), 645-657
Media Wang, W. 1987. Root Elongation Method for Toxicity Testing of Organic and Inorganic Pollutants.
Environ Toxicol Chem 6(5), 409-414
Media Wang, W. 1993. Comparative Rice Seed Toxicity Tests using Filter Paper, Growth Pouch, and Seed
Tray Methods. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 24(3), 257-265
Media Wang, W. 1994. Rice Seed Toxicity Tests for Organic and Inorganic Substances.
Environ.Monit.Assess. 29, 101-107
Eco-SSLfor Chromium
29
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FL Wang, Y. P. and Chao, C. C. 1992. Effects of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae and heavy metals on
the growth of soybean and phosphate and heavy metal uptake by soybe AGRIC ASSOC CHINA
NEW SER (157), 6-20
No Dur Webber, J. 1972. Effects of Toxic Metals in Sewage on Crops. Water Pollut Control 71, 404-413
Media Welch, R. M. and Gary, E. E. 1975. Concentration of Chromium, Nickel, and Vanadium in Plant
Materials. J.Agric.Food Chem. 23, 479
Media Wettlaufer, S. H., Osmeloski, J., and Weinstein, L. H. 1991. Response of polyamines to heavy metal
stress in oat seedlings. Environ Toxicol Chem 10(8), 1083-1088
No Control Whitten, M. G., Ritchie, G. S. P., and Willett, I. R. 1992. Forms of soluble aluminium in an in major
soil groups of taiwan. J acidic topsoils estimated by ion chromatography and 8 hydroxyquinoline
and their correlation with growth of subterranean clover. J Soil Sci 43(2), 283-293
Media Wong, M. H. and Bradshaw, A. D. 1982. A Comparison of the Toxicity of Heavy Metals, Using
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FL Xi, Yuying, Li, Feng, and Fan, Jiaren. 1989. Rule of accumulation and movement of chromium and
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Mix Yeates, G. W., Orchard, V. A., and Speir, T. W. 1995. Reduction In Faunal Populations And
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Zool.Fenn. (196), 297-300
Not Avail Young, L. Y. 1994. Microbial Mediated Transformations Of Chromium And Cadmium In The
Environmentl0791. Crisp-Data-Base-National-Institutes-Of-Health 1994
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Environmentl0792. Crisp-Data-Base-National-Institutes-Of-Health 1995.
FL Yuan, T. L. 1955. The Accumulation and Distribution of Scandium, Chromium, Iodine, Cesium and
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FL Zhang, Chunlong, He, Zengyao, and Ye, Zhaojie. 1988. Effects of chromium on nodulation and
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FL Zhou, Yiyong, Liu, Tongchou, and Deng, Boer. 1990. Toxicological effect of chromium on
chlorophyll and iron contents and activities of some enzymes in the leaves of pepper (Capsicum
annum). Huanjing Kexue (CHI) 11(3), 28-29
7.4 References Used in Deriving Wildlife TRVs
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picolinate in rats. J. Am. Coll. Nutr. 16(3): 273-279. RefID: 3004
Eco-SSLfor Chromium
30
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Arthington, J. D., Corah, L. R., Minton, J. E., Elsasser, T. H., and Blecha, F. A. 1997. supplemental dietary
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rats. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology. 33(7): 480-484. RefID: 3020
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supplementation in dairy cows in the peripartal period. Acta Vet. BRNO . 71: 9-18. RefID: 25907
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Eco-SSLfor Chromium 33 April 2008
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7.5 References Rejected for Use in Derivation of Wildlife TRV
These references were reviewed and rejected for use in derivation of the Eco-SSL. The
definition of the codes describing the basis for rejection is provided at the end of the reference
sections.
Unrel Addition of calcium ions for enhancing the safety of metal-ligand chelates as magnetic resonance
imaging agents and x-ray contrast agents. PCTInt.Appl. 10pp.
Not Avail Amino acid metal complexes using hydrolyzed protein as the amino acid source and methods re
same. U.S. llpp.
HHE Autoradiographic and immunofluorescent detection of low concentrations of actinomycin d bound to
human metaphase chromosomes. 791581 ORDER NO: AAD82-23004
Diss Content and evolution of cadmium, cobalt, chromium, copper, nickel, lead, and zinc in soils of
1'horta and ribera baixa regions (Valencia) (spain) original title: contenido y evolucion de cadmio,
cobalto, cromo, cobre, niquel, plomo, cine en suelos de las comarcas de 1'horta y la baixa
(Valencia). 01269400 ORDER NO: NOT A VAILABLE FROM UNIVERSITY MICROFILMS
INTL.
Unrel
Diss
Mix
Surv
Diss
FL
Diss
Herp
Herp
FL
1996. Environmental Cleanup: Progress in Resolving Long-Standing Issues at the Rocky
Mountain Arsenal
Epigenetic mechanisms of chromium action (glutathione).
Immune response to orthopaedic biomaterials. 01440048 ORDER NO: AADAA-I9534554
1993. NTP technical report on toxicity studies of a chemical mixture of 25 groundwater
contaminants administered in drinking water to f344/n rats*** andb6c3fl mice. Natl.
Toxicol. Program Toxic. Rep. Ser. 35: 184 pp.
1958. Regional Monitoring Activities, May 1958. HW-56226
A study of the chemistry and mutagenicity of welding fume. 910380 ORDER NO: NOT
AVAILABLE FROM UNIVERSITY MICROFILMS INT'L.
1980. [A study on the combined toxicity of DDT, 666, As, Hg and Cr (author's transl)]. Chung-
Hua Yu Fang i Hsueh Tsa Chih 14(2): 86-8.
Theoretical studies of the electronic structure and bonding in some transition metal complexes of
vanadium, chromium, iron, nickel and palladium. 765403 ORDER NO: AAD81-24610
Abbasi, S. A. and Soni, R. 1989. Relative toxicity of seven heavy metals with respect to impact
towards larvae of amphibian rana tigrina. Int. J. Environ. Stud. 35(1-2): 121.
Abbasi, S. A. and Soni, R. 1984. Teratogenic effects of chromium (vi) in environment as
evidenced by the impact on larva of amphibian Rana tigrina: implications in the environmental
management of chromium. INT J ENVIRON STUD . 23: 131-137.
Abe, H., Urakabe, S., Sugita, M, Shichiri, M, and Suematsu, T. 1973. environmental pollution
and health problems: pathophysiology: interpretation of physical disorders induced by heavy
Eco-SSL for Chromium
34
April 2008
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metals. Jap. J. CM. Med. 31(6): 2017-2026.
Unrel
No Oral
Anat
CP
CP
Fate
FL
No Control
Herp
CP
No Oral
Abe, Y., Fujiura, K., Togawa, N., Morita, H., and Shimomura, S. 1993. simultaneous
multielement analysis of so-called health foods by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission
spectroscopy. Jpn. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health. 39(4): 356-67.
Adamis, Z., Tatrai, E., Honma, K., Karpati, J., and Ungvary, G. 1997. a study on lung toxicity of
respirable hard metal dusts in rats. Ann. Occup. Hyg. (1997) 41(5): 515-526.
Adams, J. C. 1979. a fast, reliable silver-chromate golgi method for perfusion-fixed tissue.
Stain Technology 54(4): 225-6.
Foley, P., Linkswiler, H., Kim, Y, Wolinsky, I., Guggenheim, K., Simkin, A.,
Brown, E. D., Howard, M. P., Smith, J. C. Jr., Rayton, J. K., Harris, E. D., O'Neal, R. M,
Abrahams, O. G., Paulsen, D. S., Lorah, E. J., Eklund, D. L., Dowdy, R. P., Anderson, R. A.,
Brantner, J. H., Polansky, M. M., Anderson, R. A., Liu, V. J. K., Nordstrom, J., Kohrs, M. B.,
Lorah, E., Dowdy, R., Nielsen, F. H., Uthus, E. O., Coupain, J. G., Beecher, G. R., Robbins, B.,
Carlisle, E. M., Tripp, M. J., Black, R. S., Christman, D., Whanger, P. D., Porta, E. A., Ching, B.
K. F., Joun, N. S., Freeland, J. H., Ebangit, M. L., Bodzy, P. W., Vaughan, L. A., Weber, C. W.,
Kemberling, S. R., Miller, J., O'Hanlon, P., Eklund, D., Johnson, P. E., Evans, G. W., Martin, P.
G., Kuemmerle, N. B., King, J. F., Chen, N., Johnson, R. J., Dyer, I. A., Nichols, B. L., Soriano,
H. A., Kimzey, S., Mizrahi, L., Hazlewood, C. F., Schwartz, R., Spencer, H., Wentworth, R. A.,
Greger, J. L., Bennett, O. A., Abernathy, R. P., Kramer, L., Lesniak, M., Osis, D., Norris, C.,
Johnson, H. L., Consolazio, C. F., Schnakenberg, D. D., Ghumman, M., Schwenneker, B. W.,
Buck, D. R., Mahoney, A. W., Hendricks, D. G., Johnson, R. M., Chang, Y. O., Pan, M. J. F.,
Varnell, T. R., Sifri, M., Kratzer, F. H., Norris, L. C., Garlich, J. D., Edens, F. W., Parkhurst, C.
R., Garg, R. C., Powanda, M. C., Powers, J. D., and Powers, T. E. 1977. federation of american
societies for experimental biology; 61st annualmeeting, Chicago, Illinois april 1-8, 1977. minerals.
Federation Proceedings 36(3): 1122-1125,1130-1131.
Aguilar, M. V., Martinez-Para, M. C., and Gonzalez, M. J. 1998. effect of as(v)-cr(iii) interaction
on body weight, plasma protein, urea, uric acid and creatinine levels in growing rats. Met. Ions
Biol. Med. Proc. Int. Symp., 5th : 280-284. Editor(s): Collery, Phillipe. Publisher: Libbey
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Aguilar, M. V., Martinez-Para, M. C., and Gonzalez, M. J. 1997. effects of arsenic (v)-chromium
(iii) interaction on plasma glucose and cholesterol levels in growing rats. Ann Nutr Metab.
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induced ulcers under experimental conditions]. Gig Tr ProfZabol. (8): 52-5.
No Dose Uriu-Hare, J. Y., Swan, S. H., Bui, L. M., Neutra, R. R., and Keen, C. L. 1995. drinking water
source and reproductive outcomes in sprague-dawley rats. Reprod. Toxicol. 9(6): 549-61.
No Dose Uriu-Hare, Janet Y., Swan, Shanna H., Bui, Linh M., Neutra, Raymond R., and Keen, Carl L.
drinking water source and reproductive outcomes in sprague-dawley rats. Reprod.
Toxicol. (1995) 9(6): 549-61.
Species Van Eeden Ph and Schoonbee, H. J. 1993. metal concentrations in sediments and some organisms
from a polluted wetland. S Afr J Wildl Res 23(1): 12-16.
IMM Van Hoogstraten, Ingrid M. W., Boden, Dagmar, Von Blomberg, B. Mary E., Kraal, Georg, and
Scheper, Rik J. persistent immune tolerance to nickel and chromium by oral administration prior
to cutaneous sensitization. J. Invest. Dermatol. (1992) 99(5): 608-16.
No Oral Van Hoogstraten, Ingrid M. W., Boos, Colin, Boden, Dagmar, Von Blomberg, Mary E., Scheper,
Rik J., and Kraal, Georg. oral induction of tolerance to nickel sensitization in mice. J. Invest.
Dermatol. (1993) 101(1): 26-31.
No Oral Van Hoogstraten, Intrid M. W., De Groot, Jan, Boden, Dagmar, Von Blomberg, B. Mary E., Kraal,
Georg, and Scheper, Rik J. development of a concomitant nickel and chromium sensitization
model in the guinea pig. Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol. (1992) 97(4): 258-66.
Mix vanRyssen, J. B. J. and Mavimbela, D. T. 1999. broiler litter as a source of selenium for sheep.
Animal Feed Science and Technology. 78(3/4): 263-272.
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Mix Veeramachaneni, D. N. R. and Amann, J. S. Palmer And R P. 1995. sexual dysfunction and
abnormal acrosomes in rabbits following infantile exposure to a mixture of chemical contaminants
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Rev Venugopal, B. andLuckey, T. D. 191%Metal Toxicity in Mammals 1
FL Vishnyakov, S. I. 1992. chromium concentration in tissues of pigs depending on its dosage in
diet. Sel'SkokhozyaistvennayaBiologiya.(2)\ 156-158.
FL Volmer, K., Doell, G., and Herzog, A. determination of various elements in the foot horn of the
mouflon ovis-ammon-musimon with healthy and fully-grown feet. Zeitschrift Fuer
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FL Votyakov, A. V. and Krasovskii, G. N. activity of .beta.-galactosidase in seminal fluid and gonad
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(1989) (3): 62-3.
IMM Vreeburg, K. J., de Groot, K., van Hoogstraten, I. M, von Blomberg, B. M, and Scheper, R. J.
1991. successful induction of allergic contact dermatitis to mercury and chromium in mice.
International Archives of Allergy and Applied Immunology 96(2)
IMM Vreeburg, K. J., Van Hoogstraten, I. M., Von Blomberg, B. M., de Groot, K., and Scheper, R. J.
1990. oral induction of immunological tolerance to chromium in the guinea pig. Journal of
Dental Research 69(10): 1634-9.
Mix Vyaizenen, G., Savin, V., Tokar', A., Gulyaev, V., Zinkevich, V., Kuznetsova, I., Chugunova, Yu.,
Nikitina, Yu., Fedotov, A., and Marinets, R. 1997. reduction of the concentration of heavy metals
in pork. Svinovodstvo (Moskva) (1): 18-22.
Unrel Vyaizenen, G. N., Tokar', A. I., Gulyaev, V. A, Marinets, R. M., and Struchkov, A. A. 1998.
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No Oral Waalkes, M. P. and Klaassen, C. D. 1985. concentration of metallothionein in major organs of
rats after administration of various metals. Fundam Appl Toxicol; 5 (3). 473-477.
Model Walsh, C. T. and Ryden, E. B. 1984. the effect of chronic ingestion of lead on gastrointestinal
transit in rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 75(3): 485-95.
No Org Wang, Chonglu and Liu, Shiguo. 1991. growth of alexandrite cat 's eye. Rengong Jingti
Xuebao (1991) 20(1): 39-41 .
Diss Ward, T. L. \995.Dietary Chromium Supplementation for Pigs and Chickens (Trace Minerals)
CP Ward, T. L., Southern, L. L., and Boleman, S. L. 1993. effect of dietary chromium picolinate on
growth, nitrogen balance and body composition of growing broiler chicks. Poultry Science.
72(SUPPL. 1): 37.
Herp Wasser, J. S. 1985.Hibernation in the Northern Water Snake, Nerodia Sipedon: Seasonal
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FL Wenk, C, Gebert, S., andPfirter, H. P. 1995. chromium supplements in the feed for growing
pigs: influence on growth and meat quality. Archives of Animal Nutrition. 48(1-2): 71-81.
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Surv
Surv
Abstract
No Oral
Rev
Unrel
growth eye cataracts plasma cholesterol and blood glucose in selenium deficient vitamin e
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foods and feathers of California condors gymnogyps-californianus. ENVIRONMONIT ASSESS.
6(1): p91-lll.
Wiemeyer, Stanley N., Schmeling, Sheila K., and Anderson, Allen. 1987. environmental
pollutant and necropsy data for ospreys from the eastern united states, 1975-1982. J. WML Dis.
23(2): 279-91 .
Wiener, S. L., Shahoda, P., and Venton, D. 1984. inhibition of an inflammatory fluid and cell
growth inhibitor and cytocidal factor by zinc-ii or cadmium-ii or mixtures of Metals. 24th
Annual Meeting of the American Society for Cell Biology, Kansas City, Mo., Lisa, Nov. 12-16,
1984. JCellBiol. 99 (4 Part 2).: 390a.
Wight, P. A. L., Dewar, W. A., Saunderson, C. L., Wiemeyer, S. N., Jurek, R. M., and Moore, J.
F. 1986. zinc toxicity in the fowl ultrastructural pathology and relationship to selenium lead and
copper: environmental contaminants in surrogates foods and feathers of California condors
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Williams, S. N. and McDowell, L. R. 1985. newly discovered and toxic elements. Animal
Feeding and Nutrition: Nutrition of Grazing Ruminants in Warm Climates. 317-338.
Wilson, C. B. and Essig, T. H. 191Q.Environmental Status of the Hanford Reservation for
January—June 1969
Unrel
Sed
Wilson, M. J. and Berrow, M. L. 1978. the mineralogy and heavy metal content of some
serpentinite soils in north-east Scotland. Chemie Der Erde. 37: 181-205.
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Surv
Unrel
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Unrel
Winger, P. V(A), Lasier, P. J., White, D. H., and Seginak, J. T. 2000. effects of contaminants in
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Wood, J. R. and Wood, F. E. 1981. growth and digestibility for the green turtle (chelonia
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Nut def Woolliscroft, J. and Barbosa, J. 1977. analysis of chromium induced carbohydrate intolerance in
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Literature Rejection Categories
Rejection Criteria
ABSTRACT
(Abstract)
ACUTE STUDIES
(Acu)
AIR POLLUTION
(AirP)
ALTERED RECEPTOR
(Alt)
AQUATIC STUDIES
(Aquatic)
ANATOMICAL STUDIES
(Anat)
BACTERIA
(Bact)
BIOACCUMULATION
SURVEY
(Bio Ace)
BIOLOGICAL PRODUCT
(BioP)
BIOMARKER
(Biom)
CARCINOGENICITY
STUDIES
(Carcin)
CHEMICAL METHODS
(Chem Meth)
CONFERENCE
PROCEEDINGS
(CP)
DEAD
(Dead)
DISSERTATIONS
(Diss)
DRUG
(Drug)
DUPLICATE DATA
(Dup)
Description
Abstracts of journal publications or conference
presentations.
Single oral dose or exposure duration of three days or less.
Studies describing the results for air pollution studies.
Studies that describe the effects of the contaminant on
surgically-altered or chemically -modified receptors (e.g.,
right nephrectomy, left renal artery ligature, hormone
implant, etc.).
Studies that investigate toxicity in aquatic organisms.
Studies of anatomy. Instance where the contaminant is
used in physical studies (e.g., silver nitrate staining for
histology).
Studies on bacteria or susceptibility to bacterial infection.
Studies reporting the measurement of the concentration of
the contaminant in tissues.
Studies of biological toxicants, including venoms, fungal
toxins, Bacillus thuringiensis, other plant, animal, or
microbial extracts or toxins.
Studies reporting results for a biomarker having no
reported association with an adverse effect and an
exposure dose (or concentration).
Studies that report data only for carcinogenic endpoints
such as tumor induction. Papers that report systemic
toxicity data are retained for coding of appropriate
endpoints.
Studies reporting methods for determination of
contaminants, purification of chemicals, etc. Studies
describing the preparation and analysis of the contaminant
in the tissues of the receptor.
Studies reported in conference and symposium
proceedings.
Studies reporting results for dead organisms. Studies
reporting field mortalities with necropsy data where it is
not possible to establish the dose to the organism.
Dissertations are excluded. However, dissertations are
flagged for possible future use.
Studies reporting results for testing of drug and therapeutic
effects and side-effects. Therapeutic drugs include
vitamins and minerals. Studies of some minerals may be
included if there is potential for adverse effects.
Studies reporting results that are duplicated in a separate
publication. The publication with the earlier year is used.
Receptor
Wildlife
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
Wildlife
Wildlife
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
Wildlife
Wildlife
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
Wildlife
Wildlife
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
Wildlife
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
Wildlife
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
Wildlife
Wildlife
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
Wildlife
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
Wildlife
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
Wildlife
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
Wildlife
Wildlife
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
Wildlife
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
-------
Literature Rejection Categories
Rejection Criteria
ECOLOGICAL
INTERACTIONS
(Ecol)
EFFLUENT
(Effl)
ECOLOGICALLY
RELEVANT ENDPOINT
(ERE)
CONTAMINANT
FATE/METABOLISM
(Fate)
FOREIGN LANGUAGE
(FL)
FOOD STUDIES
(Food)
FUNGUS
(Fungus)
GENE
(Gene)
HUMAN HEALTH
(HHE)
IMMUNOLOGY
(IMM)
INVERTEBRATE
(Invert)
IN VITRO
(In Vit)
LEAD SHOT
(Lead shot)
MEDIA
(Media)
METHODS
(Meth)
MINERAL REQUIREMENTS
(Mineral)
MIXTURE
(Mix)
Description
Studies of ecological processes that do not investigate
effects of contaminant exposure (e.g., studies of "silver"
fox natural history; studies on ferrets identified in iron
search).
Studies reporting effects of effluent, sewage, or polluted
runoff.
Studies reporting a result for endpoints considered as
ecologically relevant but is not used for deriving Eco-SSLs
(e.g., behavior, mortality).
Studies reporting what happens to the contaminant, rather
than what happens to the organism. Studies describing the
intermediary metabolism of the contaminant (e.g.,
radioactive tracer studies) without description of adverse
effects.
Studies in languages other than English.
Food science studies conducted to improve production of
food for human consumption.
Studies on fungus.
Studies of genotoxicity (chromosomal aberrations and
mutagenicity).
Studies with human subjects.
Studies on the effects of contaminants on immuno logical
endpoints.
Studies that investigate the effects of contaminants on
terrestrial invertebrates are excluded.
In vitro studies, including exposure of cell cultures,
excised tissues and/or excised organs.
Studies administering lead shot as the exposure form.
These studies are labeled separately for possible later
retrieval and review.
Authors must report that the study was conducted using
natural or artificial soil. Studies conducted in pore water or
any other aqueous phase (e.g., hydroponic solution), filter
paper, petri dishes, manure, organic or histosoils (e.g., peat
muck, humus), are not considered suitable for use in
defining soil screening levels.
Studies reporting methods or methods development
without usable toxicity test results for specific endpoints.
Studies examining the minerals required for better
production of animals for human consumption, unless
there is potential for adverse effects.
Studies that report data for combinations of single
toxicants (e.g. cadmium and copper) are excluded.
Exposure in a field setting from contaminated natural soils
or waste application to soil may be coded as Field Survey.
Receptor
Wildlife
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
Wildlife
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
Wildlife
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
Wildlife
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
Wildlife
Wildlife
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
Wildlife
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
Wildlife
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
Wildlife
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
Wildlife
Wildlife
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
Wildlife
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
Wildlife
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
Wildlife
Wildlife
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
-------
Literature Rejection Categories
Rejection Criteria
MODELING
(Model)
NO CONTAMINANT OF
CONCERN
(No COC)
NO CONTROL
(No Control)
NO DATA
(No Data)
NO DOSE or CONC
(No Dose)
NO DURATION
(No Dur)
NO EFFECT
(No Efct)
NO ORAL
(No Oral)
NO ORGANISM
(No Org) or NO SPECIES
NOT AVAILABLE
(Not Avail)
NOT PRIMARY
(Not Prim)
NO TOXICANT
(No Tox)
NO TOX DATA
(No Tox Data)
NUTRIENT
(Nutrient)
NUTRIENT DEFICIENCY
(Nut def)
NUTRITION
(Nut)
OTHER AMBIENT
CONDITIONS
(OAC)
Description
Studies reporting the use of existing data for modeling,
i.e., no new organism toxicity data are reported. Studies
which extrapolate effects based on known relationships
between parameters and adverse effects.
Studies that do not examine the toxicity of Eco-SSL
contaminants of concern.
Studies which lack a control or which have a control that is
classified as invalid for derivation of TRVs.
Studies for which results are stated in text but no data is
provided. Also refers to studies with insufficient data
where results are reported for only one organism per
exposure concentration or dose (wildlife).
Studies with no usable dose or concentration reported, or
an insufficient number of doses/concentrations are used
based on Eco-SSL SOPs. These are usually identified
after examination of full paper. This includes studies
which examine effects after exposure to contaminant
ceases. This also includes studies where offspring are
exposed in utero and/or lactation by doses to parents and
then after weaning to similar concentrations as their
parents. Dose cannot be determined.
Studies with no exposure duration. These are usually
identified after examination of full paper.
Studies with no relevant effect evaluated in a biological
test species or data not reported for effect discussed.
Studies using non-oral routes of contaminant
administration including intraperitoneal injection, other
injection, inhalation, and dermal exposures.
Studies that do not examine or test a viable organism (also
see in vitro rejection category).
Papers that could not be located. Citation from electronic
searches may be incorrect or the source is not readily
available.
Papers that are not the original compilation and/or
publication of the experimental data.
No toxicant used. Publications often report responses to
changes in water or soil chemistry variables, e.g., pH or
temperature. Such publications are not included.
Studies where toxicant used but no results reported that
had a negative impact (plants and soil invertebrates).
Nutrition studies reporting no concentration related
negative impact.
Studies of the effects of nutrient deficiencies. Nutritional
deficient diet is identified by the author. If reviewer is
uncertain then the administrator should be consulted.
Effects associated with added nutrients are coded.
Studies examining the best or minimum level of a
chemical in the diet for improvement of health or
maintenance of animals in captivity.
Studies which examine other ambient conditions: pH,
salinity, DO, UV, radiation, etc.
Receptor
Wildlife
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
Wildlife
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
Wildlife
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
Wildlife
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
Wildlife
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
Wildlife
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
Wildlife
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
Wildlife
Wildlife
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
Wildlife
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
Wildlife
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
Wildlife
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
Wildlife
Wildlife
Wildlife
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
-------
Literature Rejection Categories
Rejection Criteria
OIL
(Oil)
OM,pH
(OM, pH)
ORGANIC METAL
(Org Met)
LEAD BEHAVIOR OR HIGH
DOSE MODELS
(Pb Behav)
PHYSIOLOGY STUDIES
(Phys)
PLANT
(Plant)
PRIMATE
(Prim)
PUBLAS
(Publ as)
QSAR
(QSAR)
REGULATIONS
(Reg)
REVIEW
(Rev)
Description
Studies which examine the effects of oil and petroleum
products.
Organic matter content of the test soil must be reported by
the authors, but may be presented in one of the following
ways; total organic carbon (TOC), particulate organic
carbon (POC), organic carbon (OC), coarse particulate
organic matter (CPOM), particulate organic matter (POM),
ash free dry weight of soil, ash free dry mass of soil,
percent organic matter, percent peat, loss on ignition
(LOI), organic matter content (OMC).
With the exception of studies on non-ionizing substances,
the study must report the pH of the soil, and the soil pH
should be within the range of >4 and <8.5. Studies that
do not report pH or report pH outside this range are
rejected.
Studies which examine the effects of organic metals. This
includes tetraethyl lead, triethyl lead, chromium
picolinate, phenylarsonic acid, roxarsone, 3-nitro-4-
phenylarsonic acid,, zinc phosphide, monomethylarsonic
acid (MMA), dimethylarsinic acid (DMA), trimethylarsine
oxide (TMAO), or arsenobetaine (AsBe) and other organo
metallic fungicides. Metal acetates and methionines are
not rejected and are evaluated.
There are a high number of studies in the literature that
expose rats or mice to high concentrations of lead in
drinking water (0.1, 1 to 2% solutions) and then observe
behavior in offspring, and/or pathology changes in the
brain of the exposed dam and/or the progeny. Only a
representative subset of these studies were coded.
Behavior studies examining complex behavior (learned
tasks) were also not coded.
Physiology studies where adverse effects are not
associated with exposure to contaminants of concern.
Studies of terrestrial plants are excluded.
Primate studies are excluded.
The author states that the information in this report has
been published in another source. Data are recorded from
only one source. The secondary citation is noted as Publ
As.
Derivation of Quantitative Structure- Activity
Relationships (QSAR) is a form of modeling. QSAR
publications are rejected if raw toxicity data are not
reported or if the toxicity data are published elsewhere as
original data.
Regulations and related publications that are not a primary
source of data.
Studies in which the data reported in the article are not
primary data from research conducted by the author. The
publication is a compilation of data published elsewhere.
These publications are reviewed manually to identify other
relevant literature.
Receptor
Wildlife
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
Wildlife
Wildlife
Wildlife
Wildlife
Wildlife
Wildlife
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
Wildlife
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
Wildlife
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
Wildlife
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
-------
Literature Rejection Categories
Rejection Criteria
SEDIMENT CONC
(Sed)
SCORE
(Score)
SEDIMENT CONC
(Sed)
SLUDGE
SOIL CONC
(Soil)
SPECIES
STRESSOR
(QAC)
SURVEY
(Surv)
REPTILE OR AMPHIBIAN
(Herp)
UNRELATED
(Unrel)
WATER QUALITY STUDY
(Wqual)
YEAST
(Yeast)
Description
Studies in which the only exposure concentration/dose
reported is for the level of a toxicant in sediment.
Papers in which all studies had data evaluation scores at or
lower then the acceptable cut-off (_s 10 of 18) for plants
and soil invertebrates).
Studies in which the only exposure concentration/dose
reported is for the level of a toxicant in sediment.
Studies on the effects of ingestion of soils amended with
sewage sludge.
Studies in which the only exposure concentration/dose
reported is for the level of a toxicant in soil.
Studies in which the species of concern was not a
terrestrial invertebrate or plant or mammal or bird.
Studies examining the interaction of a stressor (e.g.,
radiation, heat, etc.) and the contaminant, where the effect
of the contaminant alone cannot be isolated.
Studies reporting the toxicity of a contaminant in the field
over a period of time. Often neither a duration nor an
exposure concentration is reported.
Studies on reptiles and amphibians. These papers flagged
for possible later review.
Studies that are unrelated to contaminant exposure and
response and/or the receptor groups of interest.
Studies of water quality.
Studies of yeast.
Receptor
Wildlife
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
Wildlife
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
Wildlife
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
Wildlife
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
Wildlife
Wildlife
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
Wildlife
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
Wildlife
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
Wildlife
Wildlife
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
Wildlife
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
-------
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
-------
Soil Seroonlnq
Appendix 5-1
Avian Toxicity Data Extracted and Reviewed for Wildlife Toxicity
Reference Value (TRY) - Trivalent Chromium
April 2008
-------
This page intentionally left blank
-------
Appendix 5.1 Avian Toxicity Data Extracted for Wildlife Toxicity Reference Value (TRV)
Trivalent Chromium
Page 1 of 1
Ref
*
3
1
2;
1
E
1
"«
u
V
6
£
£
§
Q
*c
8.
CO
•a
s
Phase #
ft of Cone/ Doses
Cone/ Doses
Cone/Dose Units
Wet Weight Reported?
Percent Moisture
Application Frequency
Method of Analyses
Route of Exposure
Endpoint Number
Exposure Duration
Duration Units
&
<
Age Units
§i
1
J
X
$
Control Type
Critical Lifestage?
Test Location
Effects
General Effect Group
Effect Type
Effect Measure
Response Site
Study NOAEL
Study LOAEL
onversion to mg/kg bw/d
Body Weight Reported?
3?
C
j=
.SP
*3
»
•§•
&
Ingestion Rate Reported?
Ingestion Rate in kg or
L/day
Result
NOAEL Dose (mg/kg/day)
LOAEL Dose (mg/kg/day)
Data Evaluation Score
Data Source
Dose Route
Test Concentrations
Chemical form
Dose Quantification
Endpoint
Dose Range
Statistical Power
Exposure Duration
Test Conditions
"«
$
Biochemical
1
2
3
9749
25909
25909
Jensen and Maurice, 1980
Guerra et al., 2002
Guerra et al., 2002
Chromium chloride hexahydrate
Chromium yeast
Chromium chloride
100
100
100
Chicken (Gallus domesticus )
Chicken {Gallus domesticus )
Chicken {Gallus domesticus )
2
1
2
3
3
0/10
0/25/50
0/25/50
mg/kg diet
mg/kg diet
mg/kg diet
N
N
N
na
na
na
ADL
ADL
ADL
U
U
U
FD
FD
FD
1
1
1
4
28
28
w
d
d
NR
32
32
NR
w
w
LB
JV
JV
F
F
F
C
C
C
Y
N
N
Lab
Lab
Lab
BIO
BIO
BIO
CHM
ENZ
ENZ
GLUC
GENZ
GENZ
BL
LI
LI
10
25
25
50
50
N
Y
Y
1.6
2.0
2.0
N
N
N
0.0790
0.0914
0.0914
0.494
1.14
1.14
2.28
2.28
10
10
10
10
10
10
5
5
5
10
10
10
5
6
6
1
1
1
4
10
10
10
10
10
3
10
10
4
4
4
69
76
76
Behavior
4
5
6
7
9621
11682
3067
2771
Sauveur and Thapon, 1983
Hossain et al, 1998
Motozono et al., 1998
Meluzzi et al., 1996
Chromium chloride hexahydrate
Chromium yeast
Chomium in yeast
Chromium chloride
100
100
100
100
Chicken {Gallus domesticus )
Chicken {Gallus domesticus )
Chicken {Gallus domesticus )
Chicken {Gallus domesticus )
1
2
1
1
2
2
3
4
0/10
0/400
0/200/400
0/500/1000/2000
mg/kg diet
ug/kg diet
mg/kg diet
mg/kg diet
N
N
N
N
na
na
na
na
ADL
ADL
NR
NR
U
U
U
U
FD
FD
FD
FD
2
2
1
1
8
19
35
75
w
d
d
d
40
28
7
22
w
d
d
w
AD
JV
JV
AD
F
B
F
F
C
C
C
C
Y
Y
Y
N
Lab
Lab
Lab
Lab
BEH
BEH
BEH
BEH
FOB
FOB
FOB
FOB
FCNS
FCNS
FCNS
FCNS
WO
WO
WO
WO
10
400
400
500
N
Y
Y
N
1.6
2.33
2.01
1.6
Y
Y
Y
Y
0.119
0.144
0.1026
0.1356
0.744
0.0247
20.4
42.4
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
5
5
5
5
10
4
5
10
6
7
7
6
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
6
4
4
4
4
73
68
69
69
Physiology
8
9
11682
13720
Hossain et al, 1998
Steele and Rosebrough, 1979
Chromium yeast
Chromium chloride hexahydrate
100
100
Chicken {Gallus domesticus )
Turkey {Meleagris gallopavo )
2
1
2
4
0/400
0/20/40/80
ug/kg diet
mg/kg diet
N
N
na
na
ADL
ADL
U
U
FD
FD
3
2
19
14
d
d
28
1
d
w
JV
JV
B
B
C
C
Y
Y
Lab
Lab
PHY
PHY
PHY
PHY
FDCV
FDCV
WO
WO
400
20
Y
Y
2.33
0.398
Y
N
0.144
0.0319
0.0247
1.61
10
10
10
10
5
5
4
10
7
6
4
4
4
4
10
10
10
10
4
4
68
73
Pathology
10
5971 |Cupo and Donaldson, 1987 |Chromium chloride hexahydrate
100
Chicken {Gallus domesticus )
1
2 |0/20 |mg/kgdiet
N
na
ADL | U | FD | 2
21
d
1
d
JV
M
C
Y
Lab
PTH
ORW
ORWT
LI
20
Y
0.534
N
0.0387
1.45
10
10
5
10
6
4
4
6
10
4
69
Reproduction
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
9749
12571
9749
3739
9621
6508
2771
Jensen and Maurice, 1980
Maurice and Jensen, 1979
Jensen and Maurice, 1980
Haseltine et al., unpublished
Sauveur and Thapon, 1983
Ousterhout and Berg, 1981
Meluzzi et al., 1996
Chromium chloride hexahydrate
Chromium chloride hexahydrate
Chromium chloride hexahydrate
Chrome alum doceahydrate
Chromium chloride hexahydrate
Chromium chloride hexahydrate
Chromium chloride
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
Chicken {Gallus domesticus )
Chicken {Gallus domesticus )
Chicken {Gallus domesticus )
Black duck {Anas rubripes)
Chicken {Gallus domesticus )
Chicken {Gallus domesticus )
Chicken {Gallus domesticus )
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
2
2
3
2
2
4
0/5
0/10
0/10
0/10/50
0/10
0/20
0/500/1000/2000
mg/kg diet
ug/g diet
mg/kg diet
mg/kg diet
mg/kg diet
mg/kg diet
mg/kg diet
N
N
N
Y
N
N
N
na
na
na
1
na
na
na
ADL
ADL
ADL
NR
ADL
ADL
NR
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
FD
FD
FD
FD
FD
FD
FD
1
2
1
1
1
1
2
4
12
4
180-190
8
6
15
w
w
w
d
w
d
d
NR
40
NR
NR
40
50
22
NR
w
NR
NR
w
w
w
LB
LB
LB
LB
LB
LB
LB
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
N
Lab
Lab
Lab
FieldA
Lab
Lab
Lab
REP
REP
REP
REP
REP
REP
REP
REP
REP
REP
REP
REP
EGG
EGG
TPRD
TPRD
TPRD
RSUC
TPRD
ESQU
ALWT
WO
WO
wo
wo
wo
SL
EG
5
10
10
10
10
20
500
50
1000
Y
Y
N
Y
N
N
N
1.775
1.70
1.6
1.17
1.6
1.60
1.6
N
N
N
N
Y
N
Y
0.0850
0.0823
0.0790
0.0619
0.119
0.0790
0.1356
0.238
0.483
0.494
0.569
0.744
0.988
37.7
2.84
75.4
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
10
10
10
5
10
10
10
6
6
5
6
6
5
6
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
4
4
4
8
4
4
10
1
1
1
10
10
1
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
6
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
70
70
69
78
79
69
81
Growth
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
Surv
25
26
27
28
12571
5971
13720
92
8663
3067
15690
Maurice and Jensen, 1979
Cupo and Donaldson, 1987
Steele and Rosebrough, 1979
Hill, 1974
Hafez and Kratzer, 1976
Motozono et al., 1998
Nielsen et al, 1980
Chromium chloride hexahydrate
Chromium chloride hexahydrate
Chromium chloride hexahydrate
Chromium chloride
Chromium chloride hexahydrate
Chomium in yeast
Chromium acetate
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
Chicken {Gallus domesticus )
Chicken {Gallus domesticus )
Turkey {Meleagris gallopavo )
Chicken {Gallus domesticus )
Chicken {Gallus domesticus )
Chicken {Gallus domesticus )
Chicken {Gallus domesticus )
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
4
2
3
3
2
0/10
0/20
0/20/40/80
0/1000
0/1000/2000
0/200/400
0/500
ug/g diet
mg/kg diet
mg/kg diet
mg/kg diet
mg/kg diet
mg/kg diet
ug/g diet
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
ADL
ADL
ADL
ADL
ADL
NR
DLY
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
FD
FD
FD
FD
FD
FD
FD
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
12
21
14
2
4
35
4
w
d
d
w
w
d
w
40
1
1
1
1
7
1
w
d
w
d
d
d
d
SM
JV
JV
JV
AD
JV
JV
S
M
B
B
M
F
M
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Lab
Lab
Lab
Lab
Lab
Lab
Lab
GRO
GRO
GRO
GRO
GRO
GRO
GRO
GRO
GRO
GRO
GRO
GRO
GRO
GRO
BDWT
BDWT
BDWT
BDWT
BDWT
BDWT
BDWT
WO
WO
WO
WO
WO
WO
wo
10
20
80
1000
2000
200
500
Y
Y
Y
N
N
Y
Y
1.70
0.534
0.398
0.328
1.04
2.08
1.044
N
N
N
N
N
Y
N
0.0823
0.0387
0.0319
0.0282
0.0598
0.1030
0.0599
0.483
1.45
6.42
85.9
359
9.91
28.7
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
10
10
10
10
10
5
5
6
6
6
5
5
7
6
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
1
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
68
77
77
76
76
73
72
val
11682
3739
92
8663
Hossain et al, 1998
Haseltine et al., unpublished
Hill, 1974
Hafez and Kratzer, 1976
Chromium yeast
Chrome alum doceahydrate
Chromium chloride
Chromium chloride hexahydrate
100
100
100
100
Chicken {Gallus domesticus )
Black duck {Anas rubripes)
Chicken {Gallus domesticus )
Chicken {Gallus domesticus )
2
1
1
1
2
3
2
3
0/400
0/10/50
0/1000
0/1000/2000
ug/kg diet
mg/kg diet
mg/kg diet
mg/kg diet
N
Y
N
N
na
1
na
na
ADL
NR
ADL
ADL
U
U
U
U
FD
FD
FD
FD
4
3
2
2
19
10
5
4
d
m
w
w
28
NR
1
1
d
NR
d
d
JV
MA
JV
AD
B
M
B
M
C
C
C
C
Y
N
Y
Y
Lab
FieldA
Lab
Lab
MOR
MOR
MOR
MOR
MOR
MOR
MOR
MOR
MORT
MORT
MORT
MORT
wo
wo
NR
WO
400
10
1000
2000
50
Y
Y
N
N
2.33
1.17
0.328
1.04
Y
N
N
N
0.1440
0.0640
0.0282
0.0598
0.0248
0.557
85.9
359
2.78
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
5
5
5
5
10
5
10
10
7
6
5
5
9
9
9
9
4
8
4
4
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
4
4
4
4
79
77
77
77
Data Not Used to Derive Wildlife Toxicity Reference Value
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
11682
11682
11682
11682
11682
11682
11682
9749
12571
12571
5971
3739
3739
15690
Hossain et al, 1998
Hossain et al, 1998
Hossain et al, 1998
Hossain et al, 1998
Hossain et al, 1998
Hossain et al, 1998
Hossain et al, 1998
Jensen and Maurice, 1980
Maurice and Jensen, 1979
Maurice and Jensen, 1979
Cupo and Donaldson, 1987
Haseltine et al., unpublished
Haseltine et al., unpublished
Nielsen et al, 1980
Chromium yeast
Chromium yeast
Chromium yeast
Chromium yeast
Chromium yeast
Chromium yeast
Chromium yeast
Chromium chloride hexahydrate
Chromium chloride hexahydrate
Chromium chloride hexahydrate
Chromium chloride hexahydrate
Chrome alum doceahydrate
Chrome alum doceahydrate
Chromium acetate
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
Chicken {Gallus domesticus )
Chicken {Gallus domesticus )
Chicken {Gallus domesticus )
Chicken {Gallus domesticus )
Chicken {Gallus domesticus )
Chicken {Gallus domesticus )
Chicken {Gallus domesticus )
Chicken {Gallus domesticus )
Chicken {Gallus domesticus )
Chicken {Gallus domesticus )
Chicken {Gallus domesticus )
Black duck {Anas rubripes )
Black duck {Anas rubripes )
Chicken {Gallus domesticus )
3
3
3
2
1
1
1
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
3
3
2
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
3
3
2
0/150/300
0/150/300
0/150/300
0/400
0/300/600
0/300/600
0/300/600
0/5
0/10
0/10
0/20
0/10/50
0/10/50
0/500
ug/kg diet
ug/kg diet
ug/kg diet
ug/kg diet
ug/kg diet
ug/kg diet
ug/kg diet
mg/kg diet
ug/g diet
ug/g diet
mg/kg diet
mg/kg diet
mg/kg diet
ug/g diet
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
Y
Y
N
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
1
1
na
ADL
ADL
ADL
ADL
ADL
ADL
ADL
ADL
ADL
ADL
ADL
NR
NR
DLY
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
FD
FD
FD
FD
FD
FD
FD
FD
FD
FD
FD
FD
FD
FD
1
2
3
1
1
2
3
1
3
4
3
7
6
2
6
6
6
19
20
20
20
4
12
12
21
10
10
32
w
w
w
d
d
d
d
w
w
w
d
m
m
d
0
0
0
28
1
1
1
NR
40
40
1
NR
NR
1
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
NR
w
w
d
NR
NR
d
JV
JV
JV
JV
JV
JV
JV
SM
SM
SM
JV
MA
MA
JV
B
B
B
B
M
M
M
F
F
F
M
M
M
M
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
N
Y
Lab
Lab
Lab
Lab
Lab
Lab
Lab
Lab
Lab
Lab
Lab
FieldA
FieldA
Lab
GRO
BEH
PHY
GRO
GRO
BEH
PHY
PTH
PTH
BIO
BEH
BIO
PTH
BIO
GRO
FOB
PHY
GRO
GRO
FOB
PHY
GRS
ORW
CHM
FOB
ENZ
ORW
CHM
BDWT
FCNS
FDCV
BDWT
BDWT
FCNS
FDCV
BDWT
SMIX
LIPD
FCNS
ASAT
ORWT
HMCT
WO
WO
WO
wo
wo
wo
wo
wo
LI
PL
WO
BL
LI
BL
300
300
300
400
600
600
600
5
10
10
20
50
50
500
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
2.39
2.39
2.39
2.33
0.85
0.85
0.85
1.775
1.70
1.70
0.534
1.17
1.17
1.044
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
0.0754
0.0754
0.0754
0.144
0.0577
0.0577
0.0577
0.0850
0.0823
0.0823
0.0387
0.0640
0.0640
0.0599
0.00946
0.00946
0.00946
0.0247
0.0407
0.0407
0.0407
0.238
0.483
0.483
1.45
2.78
2.78
28.7
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
10
10
10
10
5
10
5
7
6
7
7
7
7
7
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
8
4
4
8
8
4
4
4
4
1
4
1
4
1
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
1
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
3
10
10
10
10
10
10
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
63
58
59
63
63
59
59
57
64
61
64
58
64
65
The abbreviations and definitions used in coding data are provided in Attachment 4-3 of the Eco-SSL Guidance (U.S.EPA, 2003).
Eco-SSLfor Chromium
April 2008
-------
-------
Soil Seroonlnq
Appendix 5-2
Avian Toxicity Data Extracted and Reviewed for Wildlife Toxicity
Reference Value (TRY) - Hexavalent Chromium
April 2008
-------
This page intentionally left blank
-------
Appendix 5.2 Avian Toxicity Data Extracted for Wildlife Toxicity Reference Value (TRV)
Hexavalent Chromium
Page 1 of 1
Ref
*
3
1
2;
1
Chemical Form
MW%
«
*C
8.
CO
•68
£
Phase #
ft of Cone/ Doses
Cone/ Doses
Cone/Dose Units
Wet Weight Reported?
Percent Moisture
Application Frequency
Method of Analyses
Route of Exposure
Endpoint Number
Exposure Duration
Duration Units
§i
<;
Age Units
Lifestage
X
£
Control Type
Critical Lifestage?
Test Location
Effects
General Effect Group
Effect Type
Effect Measure
Response Site
Study NOAEL
Study LOAEL
Conversion to mg/kg bw/da;
Body Weight Reported?
Body Weight in kg
Ingestion Rate Reported?
Ingestion Rate in kg or
L/day
Result
NOAEL Dose (mg/kg/day)
LOAEL Dose (mg/kg/day)
Data Evaluation Score
Data Source
Dose Route
Test Concentrations
Chemical form
Dose Quantification
Endpoint
Dose Range
Statistical Power
Exposure Duration
Test Conditions
"(3
£
Behavior
1
3008 |Asmatullah et al, 1999 |Potassium dichromate
35.35 (Chicken {Gallus domesticus}
1
3 |0/250/500 |mg/kgdiet
N
na
ADL | U | FD | 1
17
w
1
d
JV
B
C
Y
Lab
BEH
FOB
FCNS
NR
250
500
Y
1.48
N
0.0752
4.48
8.97
10
10
5
10
6
4
10
10
10
4
79
Pathology
2
3
3074
3008
Rao et al, 1983
Asmatullah et al, 1999
Sodium chromate
Potassium dichromate
100
35.35
Chicken {Gallus domesticus )
Chicken {Gallus domesticus )
2
1
2
3
0/40.9
0/250/500
ug/org/d
mg/kg diet
N
N
na
na
NR
ADL
M
U
FD
FD
4
3
1
32
yr
w
1
1
d
d
JV
JV
M
B
C
C
Y
Y
Lab
Lab
PTH
PTH
ORW
ORW
SMIX
SMIX
LI
RC
40.9
250
Y
Y
1.708
2.02
N
N
0.0820
0.0920
0.0240
4.02
10
10
10
10
10
5
4
10
7
6
4
4
4
4
3
10
10
10
4
4
66
73
Reproduction
4
5
6
3074
9749
3008
Rao et al, 1983
Jensen and Maurice, 1980
Asmatullah et al, 1999
Sodium chromate
Potassium chromate
Potassium dichromate
100
100
35.35
Chicken {Gallus domesticus )
Chicken {Gallus domesticus )
Chicken {Gallus domesticus )
2
2
1
2
2
3
0/40.9
0/5
0/250/500
ug/org/d
mg/kg diet
mg/kg diet
N
N
N
na
na
na
NR
ADL
ADL
M
U
U
FD
FD
FD
3
1
4
1
4
32
yr
w
w
1
NR
1
d
NR
d
JV
LB
JV
M
F
B
C
C
C
Y
Y
Y
Lab
Lab
Lab
REP
REP
REP
REP
REP
EGG
TEWT
TPRD
ESTH
GO
WO
EG
40.9
5.0
250
Y
N
Y
1.708
1.740
2.02
N
N
N
0.0820
0.0830
0.0920
0.0240
0.240
4.02
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
5
5
4
10
10
7
5
6
10
10
10
4
4
4
8
1
10
10
10
10
4
4
4
77
69
79
Growth
7
8
9
3074
3740
3008
Rao et al, 1983
Romoser et al., 1961
Asmatullah et al, 1999
Sodium chromate
Sodium dichromate
Potassium dichromate
100
100
35.35
Chicken {Gallus domesticus )
Chicken {Gallus domesticus )
Chicken {Gallus domesticus )
2
1
1
2
3
3
0/40.9
0/30/100
0/250/500
ug/org/d
mg/kg diet
mg/kg diet
N
N
N
na
na
na
NR
ADL
ADL
M
U
U
FD
FD
FD
1
1
2
1
21
32
yr
d
w
1
11
1
d
d
d
JV
JV
JV
M
M
B
C
C
C
Y
Y
Y
Lab
Lab
Lab
GRO
GRO
GRO
GRO
GRO
GRO
BDWT
BDWT
BDWT
WO
WO
WO
40.9
100
250
Y
N
Y
1.708
0.328
2.02
N
N
N
0.0820
0.0282
0.0920
0.0240
8.59
4.02
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
5
5
4
10
10
7
5
6
8
8
8
4
4
4
10
1
10
10
10
10
4
4
4
77
67
77
Survival
10
3740 |Romoser et al., 1961 | Sodium dichromate
100 |Chicken (Gallus domesticus )
1
3 |0/30/100 |mg/kgdiet
N
na
ADL | U | FD | 1
21
d
11
d
JV
M
C
Y
Lab | MOR | MOR
MORT
WO
100
N
0.328
N
0.0282
8.59
10
10
5
5
5
9
4
10
10
4
72
Data Not Used to Derive Wildlife Toxicity Reference Value
11
12
13
3074
9749
3740
Rao et al, 1983
Jensen and Maurice, 1980
Romoser et al., 1961
Sodium chromate
Potassium chromate
Sodium dichromate
100
100
100
Chicken {Gallus domesticus )
Chicken {Gallus domesticus )
Chicken {Gallus domesticus )
2
2
1
2
2
3
0/40.9
0/5
0/30/100
ug/org/d
mg/kg diet
mg/kg diet
N
N
N
na
na
na
NR
ADL
ADL
M
U
U
FD
FD
FD
2
1
1
1
4
21
yr
w
d
1
NR
11
d
NR
d
JV
SM
JV
M
F
M
C
C
C
Y
N
Y
Lab
Lab
Lab
BIO
PTH
PHY
CHM
GRS
PHY
HMGL
BDWT
FDCV
BL
WO
WO
40.9
5.0
100
Y
Y
N
1.708
1.740
0.328
N
N
N
0.0820
0.0830
0.0282
0.0240
0.240
8.59
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
5
5
4
10
10
7
6
5
1
4
4
4
4
4
3
1
1
10
3
10
4
4
4
63
57
63
The abbreviations and definitions used in coding data are provided in Attachment 4-3 of the Eco-SSL Guidance (U.S.EPA, 2003).
Eco-SSLfor Chromium
Chromium Wildlife TRVs 03-l5-05.xls4/l6/2008
April 2008
-------
-------
Soil Seroonlnq
Appendix 6-1
Mammalian Toxicity Data Extracted and Reviewed for Wildlife
Toxicity Reference Value (TRY) - Trivalent Chromium
April 2008
-------
This page intentionally left blank
-------
Appendix 6.1 Mammalian Toxicity Data Extracted for Wildlife Toxicity Reference Value (TRV)
Trivalent Chromium
Page 1 of 2
Ref
*
3
1
2;
1
E
1
"«
u
0>
6
£
"$•
Test Species
Phase #
ft of Cone/ Doses
Cone/ Doses
Cone/Dose Units
Wet Weight Reported?
Percent Moisture
Application Frequency
Method of Analyses
Route of Exposure
Endpoint Number
Exposure Duration
Duration Units
§i
<
Age Units
Lifestage
X
*
Control Type
Critical Lifestage?
Test Location
Effects
Effect Type
Effect Measure
Response Site
Study NOAEL
Study LOAEL
Conversion to mg/kg bw/day
Body Weight Reported?
Body Weight in kg
Ingestion Rate Reported?
Ingestion Rate in kg or
L/day
Result
NOAEL Dose (mg/kg/day)
LOAEL Dose (mg/kg/day)
Data Evaluation Score
Data Source
Dose Route
Test Concentrations
Chemical form
Dose Quantification
Endpoint
Dose Range
Statistical Power
Exposure Duration
Test Conditions
"«
3
Biochemical
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
13415
25905
25905
3004
3729
3061
15198
Samsell and Spears, 1989
Mooney and Cromwell, 1997
Mooney and Cromwell, 1997
Anderson et al., 1997
Ivanksvic and Preussmann, 1975
Meenakshi et al., 1989
Cobo et al 1995
Chromium chloride hexahydrate
Chromium chloride hexahydrate
Chromium chloride hexahydrate
Chromium chloride
Chromium oxide green
Chromium chloride hexahydrate
Chromium chloride hexahydrate
100
100
100
100
100
100
19.514
Sheep (Ovis aries )
Pig (Sus scrofa )
Pig (Sus scrofa )
Rat (Rattus norvegicus )
Rat (Rattus norvegicus)
Rat {Rattus norvegicus )
Rat {Rattus norvegicus )
1
2
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
3
5
3
2
2
0/10
0/25200
0/5100/25300
0/5/25/50/100
0/0.8/1.77
0/10
0/2.95
ug/g
ug/kg
ug/kg
mg/kg diet
g/kg bw/d
mg/kg bw/d
mg/g bw
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
DLY
ADL
ADL
NR
5 perw
1 per d
ADL
U
M
M
U
U
U
M
FD
FD
FD
FD
FD
GV
DR
1
4
4
2
2
2
1
28
103
35
20
90
60
8
d
d
d
w
d
d
w
9
NR
NR
4
100
NR
NR
mo
NR
NR
w
d
NR
NR
JV
JV
JV
JV
SM
JV
JV
F
B
B
NR
F
M
M
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Lab
Lab
Lab
Lab
Lab
Lab
Lab
CHM
CHM
CHM
CHM
CHM
CHM
CHM
GLUC
TOPR
TOPR
GLUC
HMGL
GLUC
GBIO
PL
SR
SR
SR
BL
BL
BL
10
25200
25300
100
1.77
10.0
2.95
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
45
108.34
42.58
0.4
0.200
0.05
0.338
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
N
N
1.0
2.56
1.56
0.03235
0.015
0.005855
0.03730
0.222
0.595
0.927
8.09
1770
10.0
565
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
8
5
5
10
10
5
5
10
5
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
7
7
7
6
10
10
10
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
10
1
1
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
71
67
67
70
74
77
69
Behavior
8
9
10
25905
25905
3009
Mooney and Cromwell, 1997
Mooney and Cromwell, 1997
Bataineh et al., 1997
Chromium chloride hexahydrate
Chromium chloride hexahydrate
Chromium chloride
100
100
32.83
Pig {Sus scrofa )
Pig {Sus scrofa )
Rat {Rattus norvegicus )
2
1
1
2
3
2
0/25200
0/5100/25300
0/1000
ug/kg
ug/kg
mg/L
N
N
N
na
na
na
ADL
ADL
ADL
M
M
U
FD
FD
DR
2
2
1
103
35
12
d
d
w
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
JV
JV
AD
B
B
M
C
C
C
Y
Y
N
Lab
Lab
Lab
FOB
FOB
BEH
FCNS
FCNS
AGGT
WO
WO
wo
25200
25300
1000
Y
Y
Y
108.34
42.58
0.3405
Y
Y
N
2.56
1.56
0.03754
0.595
0.927
36.2
10
10
10
10
10
5
10
10
5
10
10
10
7
7
6
4
4
4
4
4
4
1
1
10
10
10
10
4
4
4
70
70
68
Physiology
11
12
13
14
25905
25905
15061
757
Mooney and Cromwell, 1997
Mooney and Cromwell, 1997
Kanisawa and Schroeder, 1969
Mercado andBibby 1973
Chromium chloride hexahydrate
Chromium chloride hexahydrate
Chromium acetate
Chromium chloride hexahydrate
100
100
100
100
Pig {Sus scrofa )
Pig {Sus scrofa )
Rat {Rattus norvegicus )
Rat {Rattus norvegicus )
2
1
1
1
2
3
2
2
0/25200
0/5100/25300
0/5
0/25
ug/kg
ug/kg
mg/L
mg/L
N
N
N
N
na
na
na
na
ADL
ADL
ADL
ADL
M
M
U
U
FD
FD
DR
DR
3
3
2
1
103
35
17
50
d
d
mo
d
NR
NR
21
23
NR
NR
d
d
JV
JV
JV
JV
B
B
B
M
C
C
C
C
Y
Y
Y
Y
Lab
Lab
Lab
Lab
PHY
PHY
PHY
PHY
FDCV
FDCV
BLPR
GPHY
wo
wo
BL
NR
25200
25300
5.0
25.0
Y
Y
N
N
108.34
42.58
0.248
0.267
Y
Y
N
N
2.56
1.56
0.02823
0.03016
0.595
0.927
0.569
2.82
10
10
10
10
10
10
5
5
10
10
5
5
10
10
10
10
7
7
5
5
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
1
1
10
10
10
10
10
10
4
4
4
4
70
70
67
67
Pathology
15
16
17
15061
3061
3009
Kanisawa and Schroeder, 1969
Meenakshi et al., 1989
Bataineh et al., 1997
Chromium acetate
Chromium chloride hexahydrate
Chromium chloride
100
100
32.83
Rat {Rattus norvegicus )
Rat {Rattus norvegicus )
Rat {Rattus norvegicus )
1
1
1
2
2
2
0/5
0/10
0/1000
mg/L
mg/kg bw/d
mg/L
N
N
N
na
na
na
ADL
1 per d
ADL
U
U
U
DR
GV
DR
1
1
3
30
60
12
mo
d
w
21
NR
NR
d
NR
NR
JV
JV
AD
B
M
M
C
C
C
Y
Y
N
Lab
Lab
Lab
HIS
HIS
GRS
GSLN
NCRO
BDWT
KI
LI
WO
5.0
10.0
1000
N
Y
Y
0.248
0.05
0.34052
N
N
N
0.02823
0.005855
0.03755
0.569
10.0
36.2
10
10
10
5
8
5
5
10
5
10
10
10
5
10
6
4
4
4
4
4
4
10
10
10
10
10
10
4
4
4
67
80
68
Reproduction
18
19
20
21
3098
3009
3025
3025
Zahid et al., 1990
Bataineh et al., 1997
Elbetieha and Al-Hamood, 1997
Elbetieha and Al-Hamood, 1997
Chromium sulfate
Chromium chloride
Chromium chloride
Chromium chloride
38.02
32.83
32.83
32.83
Mouse (Mus musculus )
Rat {Rattus norvegicus )
Mouse {Mus musculus )
Mouse (Mus musculus )
1
1
1
2
4
2
3
2
0/100/200/400
0/1000
0/2000/5000
0/5000
mg/kg diet
mg/L
mg/L
mg/L
N
N
N
N
na
na
na
na
ADL
ADL
NR
NR
U
U
U
U
FD
DR
DR
DR
3
2
1
2
35
12
12
12
d
w
w
w
21
NR
50
50
d
NR
d
d
JV
AD
JV
JV
M
M
F
M
C
C
C
C
Y
N
Y
Y
Lab
Lab
Lab
Lab
REP
REP
REP
REP
SPCL
TEWT
PROG
ORWT
TE
TE
WO
0V
100
1000
2000
5000
Y
Y
N
Y
0.0249
0.34052
0.0342
0.034
Y
N
N
N
0.0063
0.03755
0.004745
0.004288
9.62
36.2
91.1
228
10
10
10
10
10
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
10
10
10
10
7
6
5
6
10
10
10
10
4
4
4
4
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
4
4
4
4
80
74
73
74
Growth
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
25908
25914
25905
14446
25905
3004
3098
3025
3729
3025
Van Heugten and Spears, 1997
Kegley and Spears, 1995
Mooney and Cromwell, 1997
Shroeder et al., 1963
Mooney and Cromwell, 1997
Anderson et al., 1997
Zahid et al., 1990
Elbetieha and Al-Hamood, 1997
Ivanksvic and Preussmann, 1975
Elbetieha and Al-Hamood, 1997
Chromium chloride
Chromium chloride hexahydrate
Chromium chloride hexahydrate
Trivalent chromium
Chromium chloride hexahydrate
Chromium chloride
Chromium sulfate
Chromium chloride
Chromium oxide green
Chromium chloride
100
100
100
100
100
100
38.02
32.83
100
32.83
Pig (Sus scrofa )
Cattle (B os taurus )
Pig (Sus scrofa )
Rat (Rattus norvegicus )
Pig (Sus scrofa )
Rat (Rattus norvegicus )
Mouse (Mus musculus )
Mouse (Mus musculus )
Rat (Rattus norvegicus)
Mouse (Mus musculus )
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
3
5
4
2
3
3
0/0.2
0/0.4
0/25200
0/5
0/5100/25300
0/5/25/50/100
0/100/200/400
0/5000
0/0.8/1.77
0/2000/5000
mg/kg diet
mg/kg diet
ug/kg
mg/L
ug/kg
mg/kg diet
mg/kg diet
mg/L
g/kg bw/d
mg/L
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
ADL
ADL
ADL
ADL
ADL
NR
ADL
NR
5 perw
NR
U
U
M
U
M
U
U
U
U
U
FD
FD
FD
DR
FD
FD
FD
DR
FD
DR
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
2
32
56
103
332
35
20
35
12
90
12
d
d
d
d
d
w
d
w
d
w
3
NR
NR
28
NR
4
21
50
100
50
w
NR
NR
d
NR
w
d
d
d
d
JV
JV
JV
JV
JV
JV
JV
JV
SM
JV
NR
M
B
M
B
NR
M
M
F
M
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Lab
Lab
Lab
Lab
Lab
Lab
Lab
Lab
Lab
Lab
GRO
GRO
GRO
GRO
GRO
GRO
GRO
GRO
GRO
GRO
BDWT
BDWT
BDWT
BDWT
BDWT
BDWT
BDWT
BDWT
BDWT
BDWT
WO
WO
WO
WO
WO
WO
WO
WO
WO
WO
0.20
0.40
25200
5
25300
100
400
5000
1.77
2000
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
16.3
263.7
108.34
0.4407
42.58
0.4
0.0249
0.034
0.200
0.03056
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
N
Y
N
Y
N
0.54000002
6.15
2.56
0.04730
1.56
0.03235
0.0073
0.004288
0.015
0.004288
0.00663
0.00933
0.595
0.537
0.927
8.09
44.6
228
1770
92.1
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
5
10
10
10
5
10
5
5
5
10
5
10
5
5
5
5
5
10
10
10
4
10
10
10
10
10
10
7
7
7
6
7
6
7
6
10
6
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
1
1
1
10
1
1
1
10
1
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
69
69
74
66
74
68
69
72
72
72
Surv val
32
33
3061
757
Meenakshi et al., 1989
Mercado andBibby 1973
Chromium chloride hexahydrate
Chromium chloride hexahydrate
100
100
Rat (Rattus norvegicus )
Rat (Rattus norvegicus )
1
1
2
2
0/10
0/25
mg/kg bw/d
mg/L
N
N
na
na
1 per d
ADL
U
U
GV
DR
1
2
60
50
d
d
NR
23
NR
d
JV
JV
M
M
C
C
Y
Y
Lab
Lab
MOR
MOR
MORT
MORT
WO
NR
10.0
25.0
Y
N
0.05
0.267
N
N
0.005855
0.03016
10.0
2.82
10
10
8
5
10
5
10
10
10
5
9
9
4
4
10
10
10
10
4
4
85
72
Data Not Used to Derive Wildlife Toxicity Reference Value
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
25908
25908
25908
25914
25914
25914
25914
25914
25914
25914
10159
10159
25907
10473
Van Heugten and Spears, 1997
Van Heugten and Spears, 1997
Van Heugten and Spears, 1997
Kegley and Spears, 1995
Kegley and Spears, 1995
Kegley and Spears, 1995
Kegley and Spears, 1995
Kegley and Spears, 1995
Kegley and Spears, 1995
Kegley and Spears, 1995
Arthington et al, 1997
Arthington et al, 1997
Pechova et al, 2002
Brackdorfer et al, 1971
Chromium chloride
Chromium chloride
Chromium chloride
Chromium chloride hexahydrate
Chromium chloride hexahydrate
Chromium chloride hexahydrate
Chromium yeast
Chromium yeast
Chromium yeast
Chromium yeast
Chromium yeast
Chromium yeast
Chromium yeast
Chromium acetate
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
Pig (Sus scrofa )
Pig (Sus scrofa )
Pig (Sus scrofa )
Cattle (B os taurus )
Cattle (Bos taurus )
Cattle (Bos taurus )
Cattle (Bos taurus )
Cattle (Bos taurus )
Cattle (Bos taurus )
Cattle (Bos taurus )
Cattle (Bos taurus )
Cattle (Bos taurus )
Cattle (Bos taurus )
Rat (Rattus norvegicus )
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
0/0.2
0/0.2
0/0.2
0/0.4
0/0.4
0/0.4
0/0.4
0/0.4
0/0.4
0/0.4
0/3
0/3
0/10
0/0.14
mg/kg diet
mg/kg diet
mg/kg diet
mg/kg diet
mg/kg diet
mg/kg diet
mg/kg diet
mg/kg diet
mg/kg diet
mg/kg diet
mg/d
mg/d
mg/org/d
mg/d
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
ADL
ADL
ADL
ADL
ADL
ADL
ADL
ADL
ADL
ADL
ADL
ADL
ADL
ADL
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
FD
FD
FD
FD
FD
FD
FD
FD
FD
FD
FD
FD
FD
FD
4
2
3
4
3
2
4
2
3
1
1
2
1
4
32
32
32
56
56
56
56
56
56
56
53
53
51
9
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
w
3
3
3
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
6-8
6-8
NR
30
w
w
w
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
w
w
NR
d
JV
JV
JV
JV
JV
JV
JV
JV
JV
JV
JV
JV
LC
JV
NR
NR
NR
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
F
M
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Lab
Lab
Lab
Lab
Lab
Lab
Lab
Lab
Lab
Lab
Lab
Lab
Lab
Lab
HRM
FOB
PHY
CHM
PHY
FOB
CHM
FOB
PHY
GRO
GRO
CHM
CHM
CHM
CRTS
FCNS
FDCV
GLUC
FDCV
FCNS
GLUC
FCNS
FDCV
BDWT
BDWT
HMGL
GLUC
LIPD
SR
WO
WO
SR
WO
WO
SR
WO
WO
wo
wo
BL
BL
LI
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
3
3
10
0.14
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
N
16.3
16.3
16.3
263.7
263.7
263.7
263.2
263.2
263.2
263.2
118.9
118.9
272
0.523
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
N
N
N
0.54000002
0.54000002
0.54000002
6.15
6.15
6.15
6.41
6.41
6.41
6.41
3.49
3.49
6.89
0.04032
0.00663
0.00663
0.00663
0.00933
0.00933
0.00972
0.00974
0.00974
0.00974
0.00974
0.0252
0.0252
0.0368
0.268
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
10
10
10
10
10
10
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
6
6
5
5
1
4
4
1
4
4
1
4
4
8
8
1
1
1
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
10
10
1
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
62
65
65
62
65
65
57
60
60
64
63
65
64
55
Eco-SSLfor Chromium
April 2008
-------
Appendix 6.1 Mammalian Toxicity Data Extracted for Wildlife Toxicity Reference Value (TRV)
Trivalent Chromium
Page 2 of 2
*
«
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
2;
02
10473
10473
10473
14446
3701
15198
757
3098
3003
15198
15198
15506
Bruckdorfer et al, 1971
Bruckdorfer et al, 1971
Bruckdorfer et al, 1971
Shroeder et al., 1963
Kanisawa and Schroeder, 1969
Cobo et al 1995
Mercado andBibby 1973
Zahid et al., 1990
Al-Hamood et al., 1998
Cobo et al 1995
Cobo et al 1995
Schroeder, 1968
E
1
1
.c
U
Chromium acetate
Chromium acetate
Chromium acetate
Trivalent chromium
Chromium acetate
Organic Cr+3
Chromium chloride hexahydrate
Chromium sulfate
Chromium chloride
Chromium chloride hexahydrate
Organic Cr+3
Chromium acetate
£
^
§
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
38.02
32.83
19.514
100
100
Oi
U
8.
CO
88
H
Rat (Rattus norvegicus )
Rat (Rattus norvegicus )
Rat (Rattus norvegicus )
Rat (Rattus norvegicus )
Rat (Rattus norvegicus )
Rat (Rattus norvegicus )
Rat (Rattus norvegicus )
Mouse (Mus musculus )
Mouse (Mus musculus )
Rat (Rattus norvegicus )
Rat (Rattus norvegicus )
Rat (Rattus norvegicus )
*
-
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
U
3
3t
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
4
2
2
2
2
1
S
o
U
0/0.14
0/0.14
0/0.14
0/5
0/5
0/13.08
0/25
0/100/200/400
0/1000
0/2.95
0/13.08
0/3.596
•3
a
S
o
O
mg/d
mg/d
mg/d
mg/L
mg/L
mg/L
mg/L
mg/kg diet
mg/L
mg/g bw
mg/L
mg/kg bw/d
5^.
•o
S
§.
S
£
*3
^
is.
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
£
•68
'o
S
~s
Q
-
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
,
c
3
CT-
C
1
Q.
•*t
ADL
ADL
ADL
ADL
ADL
ADL
ADL
ADL
NR
ADL
ADL
ADL
1
>>
«
<
O
•§
^
U
U
U
U
U
M
U
U
U
M
M
U
£
g.
X
CM
o
Q
o
«
FD
FD
FD
DR
DR
DR
DR
FD
DR
DR
DR
DR
8
S
3
C
S
•o
H
2
3
1
2
2
2
3
1
1
2
1
1
c
Q
1
8.
W
9
9
9
332
1189
8
50
35
29
8
8
487
S
$
o
3
Q
w
w
w
d
d
w
d
d
d
w
w
d
•»
x
13.08
3.596
O-
•S
1
rt
S
DJD
~t
«
•o
"DJD
^
"DJD
I
j
H
<;
n
y
0.268
0.268
0.268
0.537
0.569
1.44
2.82
44.6
84.0
565
>•»
«
?n
^
•a
s
^
j
H
<;
,
1.44
3.60
-------
Soil Seroonlnq
Appendix 6-2
Mammalian Toxicity Data Extracted and Reviewed for Wildlife
Toxicity Reference Value (TRY) - Hexavalent Chromium
April 2008
-------
This page intentionally left blank
-------
Appendix 6.2 Mammalian Toxicity Data Extracted for Wildlife Toxicity Reference Value (TRV)
Hexavalent Chromium
Page 1 of 2
Ref
Result #
2;
1
Chemical Form
MW%
Test Species
Phase #
# of Cone/ Doses
Cone/ Doses
Cone/Dose Units
Wet Weight Reported?
Percent Moisture
Application Frequency
Method of Analyses
Route of Exposure
Endpoint Number
Exposure Duration
Duration Units
§i
<;
Age Units
Lifestage
X
$
Control Type
Critical Lifestage?
Test Location
Effects
General Effect Group
Effect Type
Effect Measure
Response Site
Study NOAEL
Study LOAEL
Conversion to mg/kg bw/day
Body Weight Reported?
Body Weight in kg
Ingestion Rate Reported?
Ingestion Rate in kg or
L/day
Result
NOAEL Dose (mg/kg/day)
LOAEL Dose (mg/kg/day)
Data Evaluation Score
Data Source
Dose Route
Test Concentrations
Chemical form
Dose Quantification
Endpoint
Dose Range
Statistical Power
Exposure Duration
Test Conditions
"c3
£
Biochemical
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
3074
3073
25925
25927
3095
25926
3061
3020
Rao et al, 1983
Raoetal., 1981
R.O.W. Sciences, Inc.
R.O.W. Sciences, Inc.
Vyskocil et al., 1993
R.O.W. Sciences Inc, 1997
Meenakshi et al., 1989
Chowdhury andMitra, 1995
Sodium chromate
Sodium chromate
Potassium dichromate
Potassium dichromate
Potassium dichromate
Potassium dichromate
Potassium dichromate
Sodium dichromate
100
100
35.35
35.35
100
35.35
100
100
Mouse (Mm musculus )
Rat {Rattus norvegicus )
Rat {Rattus norvegicus )
Mouse (Mus musculus )
Rat (Rattus norvegicus )
Mouse (Mus musculus )
Rat (Rattus norvegicus )
Rat (Rattus norvegicus )
1
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
2
2
5
5
2
4
2
4
0/1.5
0/1.8
0/1/3/6/24
0/5/16/34/137
0/2.47
0/19.4/38.6/85.7
0/10
0/20/40/60
ug/org/d
mg/kg diet
mg/kg bw/d
mg/kg bw/d
mg/kg bw/d
mg/kg bw/d
mg/kg bw/d
mg/kg bw/d
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
NR
NR
ADL
ADL
NR
ADL
1 per d
DLY
M
M
UX
UX
U
UX
U
U
FD
FD
FD
FD
DR
FD
GV
GV
3
2
5
5
1
4
2
3
1
1
9
3
6
14
60
90
yr
yr
w
w
mo
w
d
d
NR
NR
9
9
8
10
NR
NR
NR
NR
w
w
w
w
NR
NR
JV
JV
JV
JV
JV
GE
JV
JV
M
M
M
F
F
F
F
M
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Lab
Lab
Lab
Lab
Lab
Lab
Lab
Lab
BIO
BIO
BIO
BIO
BIO
BIO
BIO
BIO
CHM
CHM
CHM
CHM
CHM
CHM
CHM
HRM
HMGL
HMGL
MCPV
MCPV
ALBM
MCPV
GLUC
TSTR
BL
BL
BL
BL
UR
BL
BL
SR
1.50
1.80
6
16.0
24
34.0
2.47
19.4
10.0
20.0
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
0.0466
0.3902
0.5285
0.02036
0.156
0.03246
0.05
0.3085
N
N
Y
Y
N
Y
N
N
0.005525
0.03170
0.0912
0.007
0.01860
0.00605
0.005855
0.02613
0.0322
0.146
2.12
5.66
8.48
12.0
2.47
6.86
10.0
20.0
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
5
10
8
8
10
10
10
10
5
10
10
10
4
4
10
10
10
10
10
10
7
6
10
10
10
10
10
10
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
4
4
8
8
4
4
4
4
8
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
68
69
83
83
69
79
77
77
Behavior
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
25927
25925
25926
3003
11440
3029
3009
31
R.O.W. Sciences, Inc.
R.O.W. Sciences, Inc.
R.O.W. Sciences Inc, 1997
Al-Hamood et al., 1998
Gribble, 1974
Gates et al, 1947
Bataineh et al., 1997
Trivedi et al., 1989
Potassium dichromate
Potassium dichromate
Potassium dichromate
Potassium dichromate
Chromate ion
Potassium dichromate
Potassium dichromate
Potassium dichromate
35.35
35.35
35.35
35.35
44.83
100
35.35
100
Mouse (Mus musculus )
Rat (Rattus norvegicus )
Mouse (Mus musculus )
Mouse (Mus musculus )
Mouse (Mus musculus )
Rat (Rattus norvegicus )
Rat (Rattus norvegicus )
Mouse (Mus musculus )
2
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
5
5
4
2
2
4
2
4
0/5/16/34/137
0/1/3/6/24
0/19.4/38.6/85.7
0/1000
0/400
0/7.2/13.1/25.0
0/1000
0/1.76/3.6/7.03
mg/kg bw/d
mg/kg bw/d
mg/kg bw/d
mg/1
mg/L
mg/kg bw/d
mg/1
mg/org/d
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
ADL
ADL
ADL
NR
ADL
ADL
ADL
ADL
UX
UX
UX
U
U
U
U
U
FD
FD
FD
DR
DR
DR
DR
DR
4
4
3
1
2
3
1
1
1
9
14
29
7
5
12
19
w
w
w
d
d
d
w
d
9
9
10
NR
7
NR
NR
NR
w
w
w
NR
w
NR
NR
NR
JV
JV
GE
GE
JV
JV
AD
GE
F
M
F
F
F
B
M
F
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
N
Lab
Lab
Lab
Lab
Lab
Lab
Lab
Lab
BEH
BEH
BEH
BEH
BEH
BEH
BEH
BEH
FOB
FOB
FOB
FOB
FOB
FOB
BEH
FOB
WCNS
FCNS
FCNS
WCON
WCON
WCON
AGGT
WCON
WO
WO
WO
WO
WO
WO
WO
WO
16.0
24.0
85.7
1000
34.0
400
7.20
1000
1.76
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
0.01893
0.5285
0.03052
0.025
0.031
0.08
0.36133
0.043
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
0.00546
0.0912
0.00702
0.0050
0.00095
0.0134
0.03960
0.007050
5.66
8.48
30.3
68.1
12.0
5.50
7.20
38.7
40.5
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
5
5
5
5
5
10
10
10
5
5
5
5
5
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
6
7
10
6
7
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
10
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
10
10
10
8
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
88
82
82
66
69
72
68
69
Physiology
17
3023 |Diaz-Mayans et al., 1986 | Sodium chromate
100
Rat (Rattus norvegicus )
1
3 |0/0.07/0.7
g/L
N
na
ADL
u |DR| 3
28
d
NR |NR| SM
M
C
N
Lab
PHY
PHY
EXCR
UR
0.070
0.70
Y
0.26
Y
0.0166
4.47
44.7
10
5
5
10
7
4
8
10
10
4
73
Pathology
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
3074
3073
3095
25926
25927
3061
3009
Rao et al, 1983
Raoetal., 1981
Vyskocil et al., 1993
R.O.W. Sciences Inc, 1997
R.O.W. Sciences, Inc.
Meenakshi et al., 1989
Bataineh et al., 1997
Sodium chromate
Sodium chromate
Potassium dichromate
Potassium dichromate
Potassium dichromate
Potassium dichromate
Potassium dichromate
100
100
100
35.35
35.35
100
35.35
Mouse (Mus musculus )
Rat (Rattus norvegicus )
Rat (Rattus norvegicus )
Mouse (Mus musculus )
Mouse (Mus musculus )
Rat (Rattus norvegicus )
Rat (Rattus norvegicus )
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
4
5
2
2
0/1.5
0/1.8
0/2.47
0/19.4/38.6/85.7
0/3/10/21/92
0/10
0/1000
ug/org/d
mg/kg diet
mg/kg bw/d
mg/kg bw/d
mg/kg bw/d
mg/kg bw/d
mg/1
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
NR
NR
NR
ADL
ADL
1 per d
ADL
M
M
U
UX
UX
U
U
FD
FD
DR
FD
FD
GV
DR
2
4
2
5
2
1
3
1
1
6
14
9
60
12
yr
yr
mo
w
w
d
w
NR
NR
8
10
9
NR
NR
NR
NR
w
w
w
NR
NR
JV
JV
JV
GE
JV
JV
AD
M
M
F
F
M
F
M
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
Lab
Lab
Lab
Lab
Lab
Lab
Lab
PTH
PTH
PTH
PTH
PTH
PTH
PTH
ORW
ORW
ORW
ORW
HIS
HIS
GRS
SMIX
SMIX
SMIX
ORWT
GHIS
NCRO
BDWT
KI
LI
KI
LI
MT
LI
WO
1.50
1.80
2.47
38.6
92.0
85.7
10.0
1000
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
0.0466
0.3902
0.156
0.0259
0.02684
0.05
0.36133
N
N
N
Y
Y
N
N
0.005525
0.03170
0.01860
0.00702
0.00546
0.005855
0.03960
0.0322
0.146
2.47
13.6
32.5
30.3
10.0
38.7
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
5
10
10
8
5
10
10
5
10
10
10
5
5
4
10
10
10
10
10
7
6
10
10
10
10
6
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
10
4
4
4
3
10
10
10
1
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
67
72
72
88
73
80
68
Reproduction
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
3074
3073
25925
3020
25926
25927
3047
3025
3098
3049
3050
3045
3068
3009
31
3046
3025
3025
Rao et al, 1983
Raoetal., 1981
R.O.W. Sciences, Inc.
Chowdhury andMitra, 1995
R.O.W. Sciences Inc, 1997
R.O.W. Sciences, Inc.
Junaid et al., 1996
Elbetieha and Al-Hamood, 1997
Zahid et al., 1990
Kanojia et al., 1996
Kanojia et al., 1998
Junaid et al., 1995
Murthy et al., 1996
Bataineh et al., 1997
Trivedi et al., 1989
Junaid et al., 1996
Elbetieha and Al-Hamood, 1997
Elbetieha and Al-Hamood, 1997
Sodium chromate
Sodium chromate
Potassium dichromate
Sodium dichromate
Potassium dichromate
Potassium dichromate
Potassium dichromate
Potassium dichromate
Potassium dichromate
Potassium dichromate
Potassium dichromate
Potassium dichromate
Potassium dichromate
Potassium dichromate
Potassium dichromate
Potassium dichromate
Potassium dichromate
Potassium dichromate
100
100
35.35
100
35.35
35.35
100
35.35
35.35
100
100
100
100
35.35
100
100
35.35
35.35
Mouse (Mus musculus )
Rat (Rattus norvegicus )
Rat (Rattus norvegicus )
Rat (Rattus norvegicus )
Mouse (Mus musculus )
Mouse (Mus musculus )
Mouse (Mus musculus )
Mouse (Mus musculus )
Mouse (Mus musculus )
Rat (Rattus norvegicus )
Rat (Rattus norvegicus )
Mouse (Mus musculus )
Mouse (Mus musculus )
Rat (Rattus norvegicus )
Mouse (Mus musculus )
Mouse (Mus musculus )
Mouse (Mus musculus )
Mouse (Mus musculus )
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
4
5
2
2
5
4
4
5
4
5
4
4
4
4
4
2
4
4
3
2
0/1.5
0/1.8
0/1/3/6/24
0/20/40/60
0/19.4/38.6/85.7
0/3/10/21/92
0/2.0/3.75/5.47
0/1000/2000/4000/5000
0/100/200/400
0/6.44/12.2/15.28
0/5.57/10.18/13.56
0/250/500/750
0/250/500/750
0/1000
0/1.76/3.6/7.03
0/1.9/3.56/5.23
0/2000/5000
0/5000
ug/org/d
mg/kg diet
mg/kg bw/d
mg/kg bw/d
mg/kg bw/d
mg/kg bw/d
mg/org/d
mg/1
mg/kg diet
mg/org/d
mg/org/d
mg/1
mg/L
mg/1
mg/org/d
mg/org/d
mg/1
mg/1
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
NR
NR
ADL
DLY
ADL
ADL
ADL
NR
ADL
NR
NR
ADL
ADL
ADL
ADL
ADL
NR
NR
M
M
UX
U
UX
UX
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
u
FD
FD
FD
GV
FD
FD
DR
DR
FD
DR
DR
DR
DR
DR
DR
DR
DR
DR
4
3
3
2
6
6
3
2
3
2
3
2
1
2
3
3
1
1
1
1
9
90
14
9
8
12
35
39
3
6
20
12
19
20
12
12
yr
yr
w
d
w
w
d
w
d
d
mo
d
d
w
d
d
w
w
NR
NR
9
NR
10
9
NR
50
21
120
50
4
90
NR
NR
4
50
50
NR
NR
w
NR
w
w
NR
d
d
d
d
mo
d
NR
NR
mo
d
d
JV
JV
JV
JV
GE
JV
GE
JV
JV
GE
JV
GE
SM
AD
GE
GE
JV
JV
M
M
M
M
F
M
F
M
M
F
F
F
F
M
F
F
M
F
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
Lab
Lab
Lab
Lab
Lab
Lab
Lab
Lab
Lab
Lab
Lab
Lab
Lab
Lab
Lab
Lab
Lab
Lab
REP
REP
REP
REP
REP
REP
REP
REP
REP
REP
REP
REP
REP
REP
REP
REP
REP
REP
REP
REP
REP
REP
REP
REP
REP
REP
REP
REP
REP
REP
REP
REP
REP
REP
REP
REP
TEWT
TEWT
SPCL
TEWT
PROG
GREP
PROG
TEWT
TEDG
PROG
PRWT
PRWT
GREP
TEWT
RSEM
PRWT
TEWT
ORWT
TE
TE
TE
TE
WO
SM
WO
TE
TE
WO
WO
WO
0V
TE
WO
WO
TE
OV
1.50
1.80
24.0
20.0
85.7
92.0
2.0
1000
40.0
3.75
2000
100
6.44
5.57
250
250
1000
1.76
1.90
2000
5000
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
0.0466
0.3902
0.5285
0.3084
0.03052
0.02684
0.04521
0.03080
0.0249
0.24002
0.168
0.04537
0.03
0.36133
0.0435
0.04343
0.03080
0.03273
N
N
Y
N
Y
Y
N
N
Y
N
N
N
N
N
Y
N
N
N
0.005525
0.03170
0.0912
0.02612
0.00702
0.00546
0.006100
0.004480
0.0076
0.02741
0.01988
0.006120
0.004217
0.03960
0.007050
0.005884
0.004480
0.004480
0.0322
0.146
8.48
20.0
30.3
32.5
44.2
49.4
40.0
82.9
98.7
10.8
26.8
33.2
33.7
35.1
38.7
40.5
43.7
98.7
246
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
8
10
10
5
5
10
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
10
10
10
10
10
10
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
4
4
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
7
6
10
10
10
10
6
5
7
6
5
6
6
6
7
6
6
6
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
4
4
4
10
4
4
10
10
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
3
10
3
10
10
3
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
72
78
81
92
88
81
80
79
80
74
73
74
74
74
75
74
74
74
Growth
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
3074
3073
25927
25925
25926
3020
3050
Rao et al, 1983
Raoetal., 1981
R.O.W. Sciences, Inc.
R.O.W. Sciences, Inc.
R.O.W. Sciences Inc, 1997
Chowdhury andMitra, 1995
Kanojia et al., 1998
Sodium chromate
Sodium chromate
Potassium dichromate
Potassium dichromate
Potassium dichromate
Sodium dichromate
Potassium dichromate
100
100
35.35
35.35
35.35
100
100
Mouse (Mus musculus )
Rat (Rattus norvegicus )
Mouse (Mus musculus )
Rat (Rattus norvegicus )
Mouse (Mus musculus )
Rat (Rattus norvegicus )
Rat (Rattus norvegicus )
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
2
2
5
5
4
4
4
0/1.5
0/1.8
0/5/16/34/137
0/1/3/6/24
0/39.11/79.26/164
0/20/40/60
0/5.57/10.18/13.56
ug/org/d
mg/kg diet
mg/kg bw/d
mg/kg bw/d
mg/kg bw/d
mg/kg bw/d
mg/org/d
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
NR
NR
ADL
ADL
ADL
DLY
NR
M
M
UX
UX
UX
U
U
FD
FD
FD
FD
FD
GV
DR
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
3
9
16
90
3
yr
yr
w
w
w
d
mo
NR
NR
9
9
10
NR
50
NR
NR
w
w
w
NR
d
JV
JV
JV
JV
LC
JV
JV
M
M
F
M
F
M
F
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Lab
Lab
Lab
Lab
Lab
Lab
Lab
GRO
GRO
GRO
GRO
GRO
GRO
GRO
GRO
GRO
GRO
GRO
GRO
GRO
GRO
BDWT
BDWT
BDWT
BDWT
BDWT
BDWT
BDWT
WO
WO
WO
WO
WO
WO
WO
1.50
1.80
16.0
24.0
39.11
20.0
5.57
34.0
79.26
40.0
10.2
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
0.0466
0.3902
0.2036
0.5285
0.03456
0.3084
0.168
N
N
Y
Y
N
N
N
0.005525
0.03170
0.00546
0.0912
0.004322
0.02612
0.01988
0.0322
0.146
5.66
8.48
10.5
20.0
33.2
12.0
21.2
40.0
60.6
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
8
5
10
10
10
10
10
10
5
4
4
10
10
10
10
10
7
6
10
10
10
10
6
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
4
4
10
4
10
10
10
3
8
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
70
74
92
86
92
90
78
Eco-SSLfor Chromium
April 2008
-------
Appendix 6.2 Mammalian Toxicity Data Extracted for Wildlife Toxicity Reference Value (TRV)
Hexavalent Chromium
Page 2 of 2
Result #
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
2;
3045
31
3098
3047
3046
3025
3085
3029
3049
3025
Junaid et al., 1995
Trivedi et al., 1989
Zahid et al., 1990
Junaid et al., 1996
Junaid et al., 1996
Elbetieha and Al-Hamood, 1997
Schroeder and Mitchener, 1971
Gates et al, 1947
Kanojia et al., 1996
Elbetieha and Al-Hamood, 1997
Chemical Form
Potassium dichromate
Potassium dichromate
Potassium dichromate
Potassium dichromate
Potassium dichromate
Potassium dichromate
Potassium dichromate
Potassium dichromate
Potassium dichromate
Potassium dichromate
MW%
100
100
35.35
100
100
35.35
100
100
100
35.35
Test Species
Mouse (Mm musculus )
Mouse (Mm musculus )
Mouse (Mm musculus )
Mouse (Mm musculus )
Mouse (Mm musculus )
Mouse (Mm musculus )
Mouse (Mm musculus )
Rat (Rattus norvegicus )
Rat (Rattus norvegicus )
Mouse (Mm musculus )
Phase #
1
1
2
1
1
5
1
1
1
4
ft of Cone/ Doses
4
4
4
4
4
2
2
4
4
3
Cone/ Doses
0/250/500/750
0/1.76/3.6/7.03
0/100/200/400
0/2.0/3.75/5.47
0/1.9/3.56/5.23
0/5000
0/5
0/7.2/13.1/25.0
0/6.44/12.2/15.28
0/2000/5000
Cone/Dose Units
mg/1
mg/org/d
mg/kg diet
mg/org/d
mg/org/d
mg/1
mg/1
mg/kg bw/d
mg/org/d
mg/1
Wet Weight Reported?
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
Percent Moisture
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
Application Frequency
ADL
ADL
ADL
ADL
ADL
NR
NR
ADL
NR
NR
Method of Analyses
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
Route of Exposure
DR
DR
FD
DR
DR
DR
DR
DR
DR
DR
Endpoint Number
1
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
3
2
Exposure Duration
6
19
35
8
20
12
10
5
39
12
Duration Units
d
d
d
d
d
w
d
d
d
w
4
NR
21
NR
4
50
19-20
NR
120
50
Age Units
mo
NR
d
NR
mo
d
d
NR
d
d
Lifestage
GE
GE
JV
GE
GE
JV
JV
JV
GE
JV
F
F
M
F
F
F
M
B
F
M
Control Type
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
p-
a
3
•s
3
"«
_u
u
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Test Location
Lab
Lab
Lab
Lab
Lab
Lab
Lab
Lab
Lab
Lab
General Effect Group
GRO
GRO
GRO
GRO
GRO
GRO
GRO
GRO
GRO
GRO
Effect Type
GRO
GRO
GRO
GRO
GRO
GRO
GRO
GRO
GRO
GRO
Effect Measure
BDWT
BDWT
BDWT
BDWT
BDWT
BDWT
BDWT
BDWT
BDWT
BDWT
Response Site
WO
WO
wo
wo
wo
wo
wo
wo
wo
wo
Study NOAEL
250
1.76
400
2.0
3.56
5000
Study LOAEL
500
3.60
3.75
5.23
5.0
7.20
6.44
2000
Body Weight Reported?
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Body Weight in kg
0.04537
0.0435
0.0249
0.04521
0.04238
0.03273
0.0206
0.08
0.24002
0.03080
Ingestion Rate Reported?
N
Y
Y
N
N
N
N
Y
N
N
Ingestion Rate in kg or
L/day
0.006120
0.007200
0.0076
0.006100
0.005755
0.004480
0.003007
0.0157
0.02741
0.004480
NOAEL Dose (mg/kg/day)
33.7
40.5
43.2
44.2
84.0
246
LOAEL Dose (mg/kg/day)
67.4
82.8
82.9
123
0.730
7.20
26.8
98.7
Data Source
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
Dose Route
5
5
10
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
Test Concentrations
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
Chemical form
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
Dose Quantification
6
7
7
6
6
6
6
10
6
6
Endpoint
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
Dose Range
10
10
4
10
10
4
4
4
4
4
Statistical Power
10
10
1
10
10
8
10
10
10
10
Exposure Duration
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
Test Conditions
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
78
79
69
78
78
70
72
76
72
72
Surv val
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
25925
3061
25926
25927
3029
3023
3050
3049
3046
3047
31
R.O.W. Sciences, Inc.
Meenakshi et al., 1989
R.O.W. Sciences Inc, 1997
R.O.W. Sciences, Inc.
Gates et al, 1947
Diaz-Mayans et al., 1986
Kanojia et al., 1998
Kanojia et al., 1996
Junaid et al., 1996
Junaid et al., 1996
Trivedi et al., 1989
Potassium dichromate
Potassium dichromate
Potassium dichromate
Potassium dichromate
Potassium dichromate
Sodium chromate
Potassium dichromate
Potassium dichromate
Potassium dichromate
Potassium dichromate
Potassium dichromate
35.35
100
35.35
35.35
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
Rat (Rattus norvegicus )
Rat (Rattus norvegicus )
Mouse (Mm musculus )
Mouse (Mm musculus )
Rat (Rattus norvegicus )
Rat (Rattus norvegicus )
Rat (Rattus norvegicus )
Rat (Rattus norvegicus )
Mouse (Mm musculus )
Mouse (Mm musculus )
Mouse (Mm musculus )
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
5
2
4
5
4
3
4
4
4
4
4
0/1/3/6/24
0/10
0/19.4/38.6/85.7
0/3/10/21/92
0/7.2/13.1/25.0
0/0.07/0.7
0/5.57/10.18/13.56
0/6.44/12.2/15.28
0/1.9/3.56/5.23
0/2.0/3.75/5.47
0/1.76/3.6/7.03
mg/kg bw/d
mg/kg bw/d
mg/kg bw/d
mg/kg bw/d
mg/kg bw/d
g/L
mg/org/d
mg/org/d
mg/org/d
mg/org/d
mg/org/d
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
ADL
1 per d
ADL
ADL
ADL
ADL
NR
NR
ADL
ADL
ADL
ux
U
ux
ux
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
FD
GV
FD
FD
DR
DR
DR
DR
DR
DR
DR
1
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
9
60
14
9
25
28
3
39
20
8
19
w
d
w
w
d
d
mo
d
d
d
d
9
NR
10
9
NR
NR
50
120
4
NR
NR
w
NR
w
w
NR
NR
d
d
mo
NR
NR
JV
JV
GE
JV
JV
SM
JV
GE
SM
GE
GE
M
F
F
M
B
M
F
F
F
F
F
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
N
Y
N
Lab
Lab
Lab
Lab
Lab
Lab
Lab
Lab
Lab
Lab
Lab
MOR
MOR
MOR
MOR
MOR
MOR
MOR
MOR
MOR
MOR
MOR
MOR
MOR
MOR
MOR
MOR
MOR
MOR
MOR
MOR
MOR
MOR
MORT
MORT
MORT
MORT
MORT
MORT
MORT
MORT
MORT
MORT
MORT
wo
wo
wo
wo
wo
wo
wo
wo
wo
wo
wo
24.0
10.0
85.7
92.0
25.0
0.70
5.57
15.3
3.56
5.47
7.03
10.2
5.23
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
0.5285
0.05
0.03052
0.02684
0.08
0.26
0.168
0.24002
0.04338
0.04179
0.043
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
N
N
N
Y
0.0912
0.005855
0.00702
0.00546
0.0134
0.00942
0.01988
0.02741
0.005878
0.005683
0.007030
8.48
10.0
30.3
32.5
25.0
25.4
33.2
63.7
82.1
131
163
60.6
121
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
8
10
10
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
10
10
10
10
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
7
6
6
6
6
7
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
4
4
4
4
4
4
10
4
10
4
4
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
87
85
87
87
77
74
79
73
79
73
74
Data Not Used to Derive Wildlife Toxicity Reference Value
71
72
73
74
75
3085
11440
3023
3098
3023
Schroeder and Mitchener, 1971
Gribble, 1974
Diaz-Mayans et al., 1986
Zahid et al., 1990
Diaz-Mayans et al., 1986
Potassium dichromate
Chromate ion
Sodium chromate
Potassium dichromate
Sodium chromate
100
44.83
100
35.35
100
Mouse (Mm musculus )
Mouse (Mm musculus )
Rat (Rattus norvegicus )
Mouse (Mm musculus )
Rat (Rattus norvegicus )
1
1
1
2
1
2
2
3
4
3
0/5
0/400
0/0.07/0.7
0/100/200/400
0/0.07/0.7
mg/1
mg/L
g/L
mg/kg diet
g/L
N
N
N
N
N
na
na
na
na
na
NR
ADL
ADL
ADL
ADL
U
U
U
U
U
DR
DR
DR
FD
DR
1
1
4
1
2
30
7
28
35
28
d
d
d
d
d
19-20
7
NR
21
NR
d
w
NR
d
NR
JV
JV
SM
JV
SM
M
F
M
M
M
C
C
C
C
C
Y
Y
N
Y
N
Lab
Lab
Lab
Lab
Lab
MOR
BIO
BEH
BEH
GRO
MOR
CHM
FOB
FOB
GRO
SURV
HMGL
WCON
FCNS
BDWT
wo
BL
wo
wo
wo
5.0
400
0.70
400
0.70
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
0.0206
0.031
0.26
0.0249
0.26
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
0.003007
0.00095
0.00942
0.0076
0.00942
0.730
5.50
25.4
43.2
79.3
10
10
10
10
10
5
5
5
10
5
5
5
5
5
5
10
10
10
10
10
6
7
7
7
7
9
1
4
4
8
4
4
4
4
4
1
1
3
1
1
10
10
10
10
10
4
4
4
4
4
64
57
62
65
64
The abbreviations and definitions used in coding data are provided in Attachment 4-3 of the Eco-SSL Guidance (U.S.EPA, 2003).
Eco-SSLfor Chromium
April 2008
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