Ecological Soil Screening Levels
                   for
                 Cobalt

              Interim Final
           OSWER Directive 9285.7-67
         U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
      Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response
           1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W.
              Washington, DC 20460
                 March 2005

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                             TABLE OF CONTENTS


1.0    INTRODUCTION	1

2.0    SUMMARY OF ECO-SSLs FOR COBALT  	2

3.0    ECO-SSL FOR TERRESTRIAL PLANTS	3

4.0    ECO-SSL FOR SOIL INVERTEBRATES	3

5.0    ECO-SSL FOR AVIAN WILDLIFE	5
      5.1   Avian TRV	5
      5.2   Estimation of Dose and Calculation of the Eco-SSL	5.

6.0    ECO-SSL FOR MAMMALIAN WILDLIFE	8
      6.1   Mammalian TRV	8
      6.2   Estimation of Dose and Calculation of the Eco-SSL	H

7.0   REFERENCES 	L2
      7.1   General Cobalt References  	L2
      7.2   References Used for Derivation of Plant and Soil Invertebrate Eco-SSLs	L2
      7.3   References Rejected for Use in Derivation of Plant and Soil Invertebrate Eco-SSLs
             	H
      7.4   References Used for Derivation of Wildlife TRVs	23
      7.5   References Rejected for Use in Derivation of Wildlife TRVs  	25.

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                                 LIST OF TABLES


Table 2.1     Cobalt Eco-SSLs (mg/kg dry weight in soil)	2

Table 3.1     Plant Toxicity Data - Cobalt 	4

Table 5.1     Summary of Avian Toxicity Data Used to Derive TRV - Cobalt	6

Table 5.2     Calculation of the Avian Eco-SSLs for Cobalt	£

Table 6.1     Summary of Mammalian Toxicity Data Used to Derive TRV - Cobalt  	9

Table 6.2     Calculation of the Mammalian Eco-SSLs for Cobalt  	11



                                LIST OF FIGURES


Figure 2.1    Typical Background Concentrations  of Cobalt in U.S. Soils 	2

Figure 5.1    Avian TRV Derivation for Cobalt	7

Figure 6.1    Mammalian TRV Derivation for Cobalt	K)
                              LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix 5-1       Avian Toxicity Data Extracted and Reviewed for Wildlife Toxicity
                   Reference Value (TRV) - Cobalt

Appendix 6-1       Mammalian Toxicity Data Extracted and Reviewed for Wildlife Toxicity
                   Reference Value (TRV) - Cobalt

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1.0    INTRODUCTION

Ecological Soil Screening Levels (Eco-SSLs) are concentrations of contaminants in soil that are
protective of ecological receptors that commonly come into contact with soil or ingest biota that
live in or on soil.  Eco-SSLs are derived separately for four groups of ecological receptors:
plants, soil invertebrates, bird and mammals.  As such, these values are presumed to provide
adequate protection of terrestrial ecosystems. Eco-SSLs for wildlife are derived to be protective
of the representative of the conservative end of the distribution in order to make estimates for
local populations. The Eco-SSLs are conservative and are intended to be applied at the
screening stage of an ecological risk assessment. These screening levels should be used to
identify the contaminants of potential concern (COPCs) that require further evaluation in the
site-specific baseline ecological risk assessment that is completed according to specific guidance
(U.S. EPA, 1997, 1998, and 1999).  The Eco-SSLs are not designed to be used as cleanup levels
and the United States (U.S.) Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) emphasizes that it would
be inappropriate to adopt  or modify these Eco-SSLs as cleanup standards.

The detailed procedures used to derive Eco-SSL values are described in separate documentation
(U.S. EPA, 2003). The derivation procedures represent the collaborative effort of a
multi-stakeholder group consisting of federal, state, consulting, industry, and academic
participants led by the U.S.  EPA, Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response.

This document provides the Eco-SSL values for  cobalt and the documentation for their
derivation. This document provides guidance and is designed to communicate national policy on
identifying cobalt concentrations in soil that may present an unacceptable ecological risk to
terrestrial receptors. The document does not, however, substitute for EPA's statutes or
regulations, nor is it a regulation itself. Thus, it does not impose legally-binding requirements on
EPA,  states, or the regulated community, and may not apply to a particular situation based upon
the circumstances of the site. EPA may change this guidance in the  future, as appropriate. EPA
and state personnel may use and accept other technically sound approaches, either on their own
initiative, or at the suggestion of potentially responsible parties, or other interested parties.
Therefore, interested parties are free to raise questions and objections about the substance of this
document and the appropriateness of the application of this document to a particular situation.
EPA welcomes public comments on this document at any time and may consider such comments
in future revisions of this  document.
Eco-SSL for Cobalt                            1                                 March 2005

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1.0    INTRODUCTION

Ecological Soil Screening Levels (Eco-SSLs) are concentrations of contaminants in soil that are
protective of ecological receptors that commonly come into contact with and/or consume biota
that live in or on soil. Eco-SSLs are derived separately for four groups of ecological receptors:
plants, soil invertebrates, birds, and mammals. As such,  these values are presumed to provide
adequate protection of terrestrial ecosystems. Eco-SSLs are derived to be protective of the
conservative end of the exposure and effects species distribution, and are intended to be applied
at the screening stage of an ecological risk assessment. These screening levels should be used to
identify the contaminants of potential concern (COPCs) that require further evaluation in the
site-specific baseline ecological risk assessment that is completed according to specific guidance
(U.S. EPA, 1997, 1998, and 1999). The Eco-SSLs are not designed to be used as cleanup levels
and the United States (U.S.) Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) emphasizes that it would
be inappropriate to adopt or modify the intended use of these Eco-SSLs as national cleanup
standards.

The detailed procedures used to derive Eco-SSL values are described in separate documentation
(U.S. EPA, 2003). The derivation procedures represent the  collaborative effort of a
multi-stakeholder group consisting of federal, state, consulting, industry, and academic
participants led by the U.S. EPA, Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response.

This document provides the Eco-SSL values for cobalt and the documentation for their
derivation. This document provides guidance and is designed to communicate national policy on
identifying cobalt concentrations in soil that may present an unacceptable ecological risk to
terrestrial receptors. The document does not, however, substitute for EPA's statutes or
regulations, nor is it a regulation itself. Thus, it does not impose legally-binding requirements on
EPA, states, or the regulated community, and may not apply to a particular situation based upon
the circumstances of the site. EPA may change this guidance in the future, as appropriate. EPA
and state personnel may use and accept other technically sound approaches, either on their own
initiative, or at the suggestion of potentially responsible parties, or other interested parties.
Therefore, interested parties are free to raise questions and objections about the substance of this
document and the appropriateness of the application of this document to a particular situation.
EPA welcomes public comments on this document at any time and may consider such comments
in future  revisions of this document.
Eco-SSL for Cobalt                            1                                 March 2005

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2.0    SUMMARY OF ECO-SSLs FOR COBALT
Cobalt belongs to Group VIII of the periodic classification of elements and shares properties
with nickel and iron. Cobalt is a relatively rare element in the earth's crust (0.0023%) and is
usually found in association with other metals such as copper, nickel, manganese, and arsenic.
Release of cobalt to the environment occurs via soil and natural dust, seawater spray, volcanic
eruptions, forest fires, and other continental and marine biogenic emissions.  Anthropogenic
sources include fossil fuel burning, processing of cobalt-containing alloys, copper and nickel
smelting and refining, sewage sludge, and agricultural use of phosphate fertilizers.

Cobalt is an essential trace metal that functions as a component of vitamin B12  Vitamin B12 acts
as coenzyme in many enzymatic reactions, including some involved in hematopoiesis, and is
essential to growth and normal neural function. Non-ruminant animals require  dietary intake of
cobalt in the physiologically active form of vitamin B12. Intake of inorganic cobalt is sufficient
to meet the nutritional requirements of ruminant animals, since ruminal microorganisms have the
capacity to biosynthesize vitamin B12 (Henry, 1995). No  other essential functions of cobalt have
been identified.

Although cobalt is an essential nutrient, excessive oral doses result in a variety  of adverse
responses.  The best characterized toxic responses are increases in red blood cell counts
(polycythemia), cardiomyopathy, and effects on the male reproductive system (Paternain et al.,
1988; Haga et al., 1996, Pedigo and Vernon, 1993). In addition, reduced food and water intake
and growth inhibition are commonly observed (Diaz et al., 1994a; 1994b). At present, the
mechanisms underlying cobalt toxicity are poorly understood.

In the terrestrial environment, the availability of cobalt is primarily regulated by pH and is
usually found in soils as divalent cobalt. At low pH it is oxidized to trivalent cobalt and often
found associated with iron. Adsorption of divalent cobalt on soil colloids is high between pH 6
and 7, whereas leaching and plant uptake of cobalt are enhanced by a lower pH. Soil pH is very
important in cobalt uptake by plants and phytotoxicity. More acidic soils sorb cobalt less
strongly (http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov).

The Eco-SSL values derived to date for cobalt are summarized in Table 2.1.
Table 2.1 Cobalt Eco-SSLs (mg/kg dry weight in soil)
Plants
13
Soil Invertebrates
NA
Wildlife
Avian
120
Mammalian
230
NA = Not Available. Data were insufficient to derive an Eco-SSL.
Eco-SSL for Cobalt
March 2005

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Eco-SSL values for cobalt were derived
for plants and avian and mammalian
wildlife. Eco-SSL values for cobalt
could not be derived for soil
invertebrates as data were insufficient.
The Eco-SSLs range from 13 mg/kg dry
weight (dw) for plants to 230 mg/kg dw
for mammalian wildlife.  These
concentrations are higher than the
reported range of background soil
concentrations in eastern and western
U.S. soils (Figure 2.1). Background
concentrations of many metals in U.S.
soils are described in Attachment 1-4 of
the Eco-SSL guidance (U.S. EPA,
2003).
       25
   •d
   Sf
    o
    o
       20 -
       15 -
       10 -
       5 -
                                      X
                  East
                                     West
Figure 2.1
Typical Background
Concentrations of
Cobalt in U.S. Soils
3.0    ECO-SSL FOR TERRESTRIAL PLANTS

Of the papers identified from the literature search process, 152 were selected for acquisition for
further review.  Of those papers acquired, four met all 11 Study Acceptance Criteria (U.S. EPA
2003; Attachment 3-1). Each of these papers were reviewed and the studies were scored
according to the Eco-SSL guidance (U.S. EPA, 2003; Attachment 3-2). Seven studies received
an Evaluation Score greater than ten. These studies are summarized in Table 3.1.

The data in Table 3.1 are sorted by bioavailability score and all study results with a
bioavailability score of two are used to derive the plant Eco-SSL for cobalt. Six separate studies
are used to derive the plant Eco-SSL according to the Eco-SSL guidance (U.S. EPA, 2003;
Attachment 3-2). The Eco-SSL is the geometric mean of the EC20 values reported for each of
three test species under two separate test conditions (pH and % organic matter (OM)) and is
equal to 13 mg/kg dw.
4.0    ECO-SSL FOR SOIL INVERTEBRATES

A soil invertebrate Eco-SSL could not be derived for cobalt. Of the papers identified from the
literature search process, 11 were acquired for further review. Of those acquired, none met all
11 Study Acceptance Criteria (U.S. EPA, 2003; Attachment 3-1).
Eco-SSL for Cobalt
                                       March 2005

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Table 3.1 Plant Toxicity Data - Cobalt
Reference
TN & Associates, Inc., 2000
TN & Associates, Inc., 2000
TN & Associates, Inc., 2000
TN & Associates, Inc., 2000
TN & Associates, Inc., 2000
TN & Associates, Inc., 2000
Study
ID
a
b
c
d
e
f
Test Organism
Alfalfa
Barley
Radish
Alfalfa
Barley
Radish
Medicago Sative
Horde um vilgare
Raphanus sative
Medicago Sative
Horde um vilgare
Raphanus sative
Soil
PH
5.0
5.0
5.0
6.3
6.3
6.3
OM
%
5.0
5.0
5.0
0.1
0.1
0.1
Bio-
availability
Score
2
2
2
2
2
2
ERE
GRO
GRO
GRO
GRO
GRO
GRO
Tox
Parameter
EC 20
EC 20
EC20
EC20
EC 20
EC 20
Geometric Mean
Tox Value
Soil Cone.
(mg/kg dw)
0.60
29.8
14.5
13.4
36.4
45.2
13.4
Total
Eval.
Score
18
18
18
18
18
18
Eligible for
Eco-SSL
Derivation?
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Used for
Eco-
SSL?
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y

Data not Used to Derive Eco-SSL
Rehab, F.I., 1978

Cotton \Gossypium spp.
6.6
2.4
1
GRO
LOAEC
100
12
Y
N
EC20 = Effect concentration for 20% of test population
ERE = Ecologically relevant endpoint
GRO = growth
NOAEC = No-observed adverse effect concentration
LOAEC = Lowest-observed adverse effect concentration
MATC = Maximum acceptable toxicant concentration. Geometric mean of NOAEC and LOAEC.
N = No
OM = Organic matter content
Y = yes
Bioavailability Score described in Guidance for Developing Eco-SSLs (USEPA, 2003)
Total Evaluation Score described in Guidance for Developing Eco-SSLs  (USEPA, 2003)
      Eco-SSL for Cobalt
March 2005

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5.0    ECO-SSL FOR AVIAN WILDLIFE

The derivation of the Eco-SSL for avian wildlife was completed as two parts. First, the toxicity
reference value (TRV) was derived according to the Eco-SSL guidance (U.S. EPA, 2003;
Attachment 4-5).  Second, the Eco-SSL (soil concentration) was back-calculated for each of
three surrogate species based on the wildlife exposure model and the TRV (U.S. EPA, 2003).

5.1  Avian TRV

The literature search completed according to the Eco-SSL guidance (U.S. EPA, 2003;
Attachment 4-2) identified 530 papers with possible toxicity data for either avian or mammalian
species.  Of these papers, 498 were rejected for use as described in Section 7.5. Of the
remaining papers, 11 contained data for avian test species. These papers were reviewed and data
were extracted and scored according to the Eco-SSL guidance (U.S. EPA, 2003; Attachment 4-3
and 4-4). The results of the data extraction and review are summarized in Table 5.1.  The
complete results are included as Appendix 5-1.

Within the 11 reviewed papers, there are 24 results for biochemical (BIO), behavioral (BEH),
pathology (PTH), growth (GRO), and survival (MOR) effects that meet the Data Evaluation
Score of >65 for use to derive the TRV (U.S. EPA 2003; Attachment 4-5).  These data are
plotted in Figure 5.1 and correspond directly with the data presented in Table 5.1. The no-
observed adverse effect (NOAEL) values for growth and reproduction are used to calculate a
geometric mean NOAEL.  This result is examined in relationship to the lowest bounded lowest-
observed adverse effect level (LOAEL) for reproduction, growth and survival to derive the TRV
according to procedures in the Eco-SSL guidance  (U.S. EPA, 2003; Attachment 4-5).

A geometric mean of the NOAEL values for growth was calculated at 7.61 mg cobalt/kg bw/day.
This value is lower than the lowest bounded LOAEL for either growth or mortality results.
Therefore, the TRV is equal to the geometric mean NOAEL at 7.61 mg cobalt/kg bw/day.

5.2  Estimation of Dose and Calculation of the Eco-SSL

Three separate Eco-SSL values were calculated for avian wildlife, one each for three surrogate
species representing different trophic groups.  The avian Eco-SSLs for cobalt were calculated
according to the Eco-SSL guidance (U.S. EPA, 2003; Attachment 4-5) and are summarized in
Table 5.2.
Eco-SSL for Cobalt                          5                                March 2005

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             Table 5.1 Avian Toxicity Data Extracted for Wildlife Toxicity Reference Value (TRY)
                                                 Cobalt
                                               Page 1 of 1
Result #
Reference
Ref
No.
Q
•Q
o
U
Cone/Dose Units
Method of Analyses
Route of Exposure
Exposure Duration
Duration Units
Q
DJD
<:
Age Units
Lifestage
X
Q
K
Effect Group
Effect Measure
Response Site
NOAEL Dose (mg/kg/day)
LOAEL Dose (mg/kg/day)
Data Evaluation Score
Biochemical
1
2
Diaz et al., 1994
Ling et al., 1979
100
6666
Chicken (Callus domesticus)
Chicken (Gattus domesticus)
4
4
U
U
FD
FD
42
3
d
w
i
i
d
d
JV
JV
B
M
BIO
BIO
RBCE
HMCT
BL
BL
0.920
9.30
4.59
18.7
74
70
Behavior
3
4
Diaz et al., 1994
Diaz et al., 1994
90
100
Chicken (Gattus domesticus)
Chicken (Gattus domesticus)
4
2
M
U
FD
FD
14
42
d
d
i
i
d
d
JV
JV
M
B
BEH
BEH
FCNS
FCNS
WO
WO
13.0

29.0
4.58
85
74
Pathology
5
6
7
Diaz et al., 1994
Diaz et al., 1994
Van Vleet et al., 1981
90
100
80
Chicken (Gattus domesticus)
Chicken (Gattus domesticus)
Duck (Anas sp.)
4
2
3
M
U
U
FD
FD
FD
14
42
15
d
d
d
i
i
i
d
d
d
JV
JV
JV
M
B
M
PTH
PTH
PTH
GLSN
ORWT
GLSN
wo
HE
MB
13.0


29.0
4.59
15.3
85
74
72
Growth
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
Hill, 1979
Ling et al., 1979
Hill, 1974
Paulov, 1971
Berg and Martinson, 1972
Hill, 1979
Diaz et al., 1994
Brown and Southern, 1985
Southern and Baker, 1981
Diaz et al., 1994
397
6666
92
91
93
1370
90
6215
81
100
Chicken (Gattus domesticus)
Chicken (Gattus domesticus)
Chicken (Gattus domesticus)
Duck (Anas sp.)
Chicken (Gattus domesticus)
Chicken (Gattus domesticus)
Chicken (Gattus domesticus)
Chicken (Gattus domesticus)
Chicken (Gattus domesticus)
Chicken (Gattus domesticus)
4
4
6
3
3
2
4
2
3
2
U
U
U
U
U
U
M
U
U
U
FD
FD
FD
FD
FD
FD
FD
FD
FD
FD
5
3
2
8
2
2
14
14
15
14
w
w
w
d
w
w
d
d
d
d
i
i
i
2
1
1
1
0
8
1
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
JV
JV
JV
JV
JV
JV
JV
IM
JV
JV
F
M
B
NR
B
B
M
M
M
B
GRO
GRO
GRO
GRO
GRO
GRO
GRO
GRO
GRO
GRO
BDWT
BDWT
BDWT
BDWT
BDWT
BDWT
BDWT
BDWT
BDWT
BDWT
WO
WO
WO
WO
WO
WO
WO
WO
WO
WO
3.89
4.10
4.29
14.8
25.2





7.80
8.20
8.59
148

17.0
12.0
21.5
22.3
29.5
82
77
82
80
68
76
83
76
77
78
Survival
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
Diaz et al., 1994
Hill, 1974
Diaz et al., 1994
Hill, 1979
Van Vleet et al., 1981
Ling et al., 1979
Van Vleet et al., 1981
100
92
90
1370
80
6666
80
Chicken (Gattus domesticus)
Chicken (Gattus domesticus)
Chicken (Gattus domesticus)
Chicken (Gattus domesticus)
Duck (Anas sp.)
Chicken (Gattus domesticus)
Duck (Anas sp.)
2
6
4
2
3
4
2
U
U
M
U
U
U
U
FD
FD
FD
FD
FD
FD
FD
42
5
14
2
15
3
28
d
w
d
w
d
w
d
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
JV
JV
JV
JV
JV
JV
JV
B
B
M
B
M
M
M
MOR
MOR
MOR
MOR
MOR
MOR
MOR
MORT
MORT
MORT
MORT
MORT
SURV
MORT
WO
NR
WO
NR
WO
WO
WO
4.59
5.74
12.3
17.0
15.0
22.0


11.5
26.7



38.0
79
83
90
77
77
72
77
B = both; BIO = biochemical; BL = blood; BDWT = body weight changes; BEH = behavior; bw = body weight; d = days; F = female; FCNS = food
consumption; FD = food; g = grams; GLSN = gross lesions; GRO = growth; HE = heart; HMCT = hematocrit; IM = immature; JV = juvenile; kg =
kilograms; LOAEL = lowest-observed adverse effect level; M = male; M = measured; MB = muscle and bone; mg = milligrams; MOR = effects on
mortality and survival; MORT = mortality; NOAEL = No-Observed Advese Effect Level; NR = Not reported; ORWT = organ weight changes; PTH =
pathology; SURV = survival; U = unmeasured; w = weeks; WO = whole organism.
Eco-SSLfor Cobalt
March 2005

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1? :
5
.a
M)
^
O
M)
£
O
sc
0
Q




Bioche

Figure 5.1 Avian TRV Derivation for Cobalt
1 i ! i
! I ! i
' i ! i
i i ' 9 i
i i ! 21 i
ill- 1
! i ! so i
i J i j
i i ' i
' i ! 9 i
ill ° i
^\ " V77J
i V ' 85 ' © ^ 76 77 7S ! 90 fa *
© ! 0 '0 Q!827782 ^ 8 ~ t • -9V~
-^0 . en -^ 1 en co . -\ - -• ^-xfSS) 6 <2 £T
©1 i ff © i B » p ; ®@® \ g i ©V i * ^
— • o • o ; o \ _ . c^
"' 6 i o !o9^ \ ' ' •"
I °| 2 IriSSl \_I jo?
j ^ S" J co § ° Geometric Mean of • o
JL • ! j ST ST NOAELsfor ! ^
^9 • I • Growth = 7.61 ! S
X_^ 1 1 ' 1
O'l1 1
8 i i ! i
P i i ! i
1 i ! i
i 1 ! 1

mical(BIO) Behavior (BEH) Pathology (PTH) Growth (GRO) Mortality (MOR)
• BIO-NOAEL OBIO-LOAEL •BEH-NOAEL OBEH-LOAEL OPTH-NOAEL PTH-LOAEL GRO-NOAEL GRO-LOAEL
OMOR-NOAEL OMOR-LOAEL











       Result number
    Reference Number
                         Test Species
Test Species Key
C = chicken
D = duck
         Data Evaluation Score
Lowest-Observed Adverse Effect Dose
Paired values from same study when j oined by line
No-Observed Adverse Effect Dose
   Wildlife TRV Derivation Process
   1)  There are at least three results available for two test species within the growth and survival effect groups.
      There are enough data to derive TRV.  There is no data available on reproductive effects in avian species.
   2)  There are are at least three NOAEL results available for calculation of a geometric mean.
   3)  The geometric mean of the NOAEL values for growth equals 7.61 mg cobalt/kg bw/day.
   4)  The geometric mean NOAEL value is lower than the lowest bounded LOAEL for growth or survival results.
   5)  The avian wildlife TRV for cobalt is equal to 7.61 mg cobalt/kg bw/day which is the geometric mean of the NOAEL values for growth.
Eco-SSL for Cobalt
                                                                                     March 2005

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Table 5.2 Calculation of the Avian Eco-SSLs for Cobalt
Surrogate
Receptor Group
Avian herbivore
(dove)
Avian ground
insectivore
(woodcock)
Avian carnivore
(hawk)
TRY for Cobalt
(mg dw/kg bw/d) 1
7.61
7.61
7.61
Food Ingestion
Rate (FIR)2
(kg dw/kg
bw/d)
0.190
0.214
0.0353
Soil
Ingestion as
Proportion
of Diet (Ps)2
0.139
0.164
0.057
Concentration of
Cobalt in Biota
Type (i)2'3
(B,)
(mg/kg dw)
Bi = 0.0075 * Soilj
where i = plants
Bj= 0.122* Soilj
where i =
earthworms
ln(Bi)= 1.307*
In(Soilj) - 4.4669
where i = mammals
Eco-SSL
(mg/kg dw)4
270
120
1300
1 The process for derivation of wildlife TRVs is described in Attachment 4-5 of U.S. EPA (2003).
2 Parameters (FIR, Ps, Bj values, regressions) are provided in U.S. EPA (2003) Attachment 4-1 (revised February 2005).
3 B; = Concentration in biota type (i) which represents 100% of the diet for the respective receptor.
4 HQ = FIR * (Soil, * Ps + Bj) / TRY) solved for HQ=1 where Soil, = Eco-SSL (Equation 4-2; U.S. EPA, 2003).
NA = Not Applicable
6.0    ECO-SSL FOR MAMMALIAN WILDLIFE

The derivation of the Eco-SSL for mammalian wildlife was completed as two parts. First the
TRY was derived according to the Eco-SSL guidance (U.S. EPA, 2003; Attachment 4-5).
Second the Eco-SSL (soil concentration) was back-calculated for each of three surrogate species
based on the wildlife exposure model and the TRY (U.S. EPA, 2003).

6.1   Mammalian TRV

The literature search was completed according to the Eco-SSL guidance (U.S. EPA, 2003;
Attachment 4-2) and identified 530 papers with possible toxicity data for cobalt for either avian
or mammalian test species. Of these studies, 498 were  rejected for use as described in Section
7.5. Of the remaining papers, 20 contained data for mammalian test species. These papers were
reviewed and the data were extracted and scored according to the Eco-SSL guidance (U.S. EPA,
2003; Attachment 4-3 and 4-4).  The results of the data extraction and review are summarized in
Table 6.1. The complete results are provided in Appendix 6.1.

Within the 20 papers there are 38 results for biochemical (BIO), behavioral (BEH), physiology
(PHY), pathology (PTH), reproduction (REP),  growth (GRO), and survival (MOR) endpoints
with a total Data Evaluation Score >65 that were used to derive the TRV (U.S. EPA 2003;
Attachment 4-3). These data are plotted in Figure 6.1 and correspond directly with the data
presented in Table 6.1.  The NOAEL values for growth and reproduction are used to calculate a
geometric mean NOAEL.  This result is examined in relationship to the lowest bounded LOAEL
for reproduction, growth and survival to derive the TRV according to procedures in the Eco-SSL
guidance (U.S. EPA, 2003; Attachment 4-4).
Eco-SSL for Cobalt
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          Table 6.1 Mammalian Toxiicty Data Extracted for Wildlife Toxicity Reference Value (TRV)
                                                 Cobalt
                                               Page 1 of 1
Result #
Reference
Ref
No.
Test Organism
ft of Cone/ Doses
Method of Analyses
Route of Exposure
Exposure Duration
Duration Units
Q
DJD
<
Age Units
Lifestage
X
&
General Effect Group
Effect Measure
Response Site
NOAEL Dose
(mg/kg/day)
LOAEL Dose
(mg/kg/day)
Data Evaluation Score
Biochemical
1
2
3
4
Maro et al., 1980
Chetty et al., 1979
Kadiiska et al., 1985
Derr et al., 1970
171
116
19290
129
Cow (Bos taurus )
Rat (Rattus norvegicus )
Rat (R. norvegicus )
Rat (R. norvegicus )
2
6
2
2
M
U
U
U
FD
FD
DR
DR
45
4
30
35
d
w
d
d
1
NR
NR
NR
mo
NR
NR
NR
JV
NR
JV
JV
F
B
M
M
BIO
BIO
BIO
BIO
HMGL
HMGL
P450
HMCT
BL
BL
LI
BL
0.300
19.3



28.9
20.0
118
70
75
69
65
Behavior
5
6
7
Gershbein et al., 1983
Huck and Clawson, 1976
Bourg et al., 1985
136
86
111
Rat (R. norvegicus )
Pig (Sus scrofa)
Rat (R. norvegicus )
2
4
2
U
U
M
FD
FD
DR
80
28
57
d
d
d
44
NR
80
d
NR
d
JV
NR
JV
M
NR
M
BEH
BEH
BEH
NMVM
FCNS
ACTP
WO
WO
wo
1.47



7.08
20.0
66
69
77
Physiology
8
Haga et al., 1996
105 |Rat (R. norvegicus )
2
U
FD
16
w
NR
NR
NR
M
PHY
Other
HE

8.76
77
Pathology
9
10
11
12
13
14
Gershbein et al., 1983
Chetty et al., 1979
Haga et al., 1996
Van Vleet et al., 1981
Seidenberg et al., 1986
Derr et al., 1970
136
116
105
149
113
129
Rat (R. norvegicus )
Rat (R. norvegicus )
Rat (R. norvegicus )
Pig (S. scrofa)
Mouse (Mus musculus )
Rat (R. norvegicus )
2
6
2
2
2
2
U
U
U
U
U
U
FD
FD
FD
FD
GV
DR
80
4
16
10
5
35
d
w
w
w
d
d
44
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
d
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
JV
NR
NR
JV
GE
JV
M
B
M
M
F
M
PTH
PTH
PTH
PTH
PTH
PTH
GHIS
SMIX
BDWT
GLSN
BDWT
SMIX
NR
TS
WO
HE
WO
HE
1.47
4.81





9.63
8.76
19.3
81.7
118
73
78
77
73
75
67
Reproduction
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
Nation et al., 1983
Domingo et al., 1985
Paternain et al., 1988
Seidenberg et al., 1986
Pedigo et al., 1988
Anderson et al., 1992
Corrier et al., 1985
Mollenhauer et al., 1985
Anderson et al., 1993
Pedigo et al., 1993
126
124
109
113
121
120
123
119
139
187
Rat (R. norvegicus )
Rat (R. norvegicus )
Rat (R. norvegicus )
Mouse (M. musculus )
Mouse (M. musculus )
Mouse (M. musculus )
Rat (R. norvegicus )
Rat (R. norvegicus )
Mouse (M. musculus )
Mouse (M. musculus )
3
4
4
2
4
2
2
2
2
2
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
FD
GV
GV
GV
DR
DR
FD
FD
DR
DR
69
28
9
5
13
9
70
98
13
10
d
d
d
d
w
w
d
d
w
w
80
NR
NR
NR
12
12
100
100
12
8 to 10
d
NR
NR
NR
w
w
d
d
w
w
MA
MA
GE
GE
SM
MA
SM
MA
MA
JV
M
F
F
F
M
M
M
M
M
M
REP
REP
REP
REP
REP
REP
REP
REP
REP
REP
TEWT
PRWT
PRWT
PROG
RSUC
TEWT
TEDG
TEWT
TEWT
PRFM
TE
WO
WO
WO
WO
TE
TE
TE
TE
WO
5.00
5.45
24.9
81.7






20.0
10.9


10.0
13.7
20.0
24.2
43.4
55.9
83
87
81
72
78
73
77
73
78
73
Growth
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
Maro et al., 1980
Gershbein et al., 1983
Huck and Clawson, 1976
Pedigo et al., 1988
Mohiuddin et al., 1970
Bourg et al., 1985
Chetty et al., 1979
Paternain et al., 1988
Van Vleet et al., 1981
Anderson et al., 1993
Derr et al., 1970
171
136
86
121
132
111
116
109
149
139
129
Cow (Bos taurus )
Rat (R. norvegicus )
Pig (S. scrofa)
Mouse (M. musculus )
Guinea pig (Caviaporcellus
Rat (R. norvegicus )
Rat (R. norvegicus )
Rat (R. norvegicus )
Pig (Sus scrofa)
Mouse (M. musculus )
Rat (R. norvegicus )
2
2
4
4
2
2
6
4
2
2
2
M
U
U
U
U
M
U
U
U
U
U
FD
FD
FD
DR
OR
DR
FD
GV
FD
DR
DR
45
80
16
5
5
57
4
9
5
13
24
d
d
w
w
w
d
w
d
w
w
d
7
44
NR
12
NR
80
NR
NR
NR
12
NR
mo
d
NR
w
NR
d
NR
NR
NR
w
NR
JV
JV
NR
SM
MA
JV
NR
GE
JV
MA
JV
F
M
NR
M
M
M
B
F
M
M
M
GRO
GRO
GRO
GRO
GRO
GRO
GRO
GRO
GRO
GRO
GRO
BDWT
BDWT
BDWT
BDWT
BDWT
BDWT
BDWT
BDWT
BDWT
BDWT
BDWT
WO
WO
WO
WO
WO
WO
WO
WO
WO
WO
WO
0.300
1.47
2.41
19.0
20.0
20.0








33.0


0.963
6.23
20.2
43.4
122
77
68
74
82
72
72
77
79
77
76
72
Survival
36
37
38
Van Vleet et al., 1981
Seidenberg et al., 1986
Mohiuddin et al., 1970
149
113
132
Pig (S. scrofa)
Mouse (M. musculus )
Guinea pig (Caviaporcellus
2
2
2
U
U
U
FD
GV
OR
10
5
5
w
d
w
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
JV
GE
MA
M
F
M
MOR
MOR
MOR
MORT
MORT
SURV
WO
wo
wo
19.3
81.7



20.0
78
80
73
ACTP = activity level; B = both;BDWT = body weight changes; BEH = behavior; BIO = biochemical; BL = blood; d = days; DR = Drinking
water; F = female; FCNS = food consumption; FD = food; GE = gestation; GHIS = histologic; GLSN = gross lesions; GRO = growth; GV =
gavage; HE = heart; HMCT = hematocrit; HMGL = hemoglobin; JV = juvenile; LI = liver; M = male; M = measured; MA = mature; mo = months;
MOR = mortality, MORT = Mortality; NMVM = number of movements; NR = Not reported; OR = other oral; P450 = changes in cytochrome
P450; PHY = physiology; PTH = pathology; PRFM = sexual performance; PROG = progeny count ; PRWT = progeny weight; REP =
reproduction; RSUC = reproductive success; SM = sexually mature; SMIX = weight relative to body weight; SURV = survival; TE = testes; TEDG
= testes degeneration; TEWT = testes weight; TS = Thymus; U = unmeasured; w = weeks; WO = whole organism
Eco-SSLfor Cobalt
March 2005

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o/kgBW/day)
C
5 C
0
Q

Figure 6.1 Mammalian TRV Derivation for Cobalt
1 i • •
1 i ! •
1 i ! •
1 ! ! •
5 J] SSl d ;ii|;
S °j ! /~\~ '• 71 ' '° 71 ?r ' J-^^-F >«-<'-= - R ' ^ — 9 ' 2 ss
' S ' - ! Sr ^ ! ^^^ ~ ^ / i ^ " i
1 ^^ I • f 73J -^ 1 K" ^ Geometric Mean of • (^^) ^ ^ j
i ! ! ^-^ ! ^ 1 NOAELs for REP and 1 • ^^ S
<3 j o: j ! OL \ GRO = 7.33 • g p " •
p- i B- i ! i- 1 J s <° |
© i i ! i !©£, ^ i
i i • i Iff
i • i ™ [
i tf* I '• lit »'* m »

Biochemical (BIO) Behavior (BEH) Pathology (PTH) Reproduction (REP) Growth (GRO) Mortality (MOR)

•BIO-NOAEL OBIO-LOAEL »BEH-NOAEL OBEH-LOAEL OPHY-NOAEL PHY-LOAEL OPTH-NOAEL
PTH-LOAEL • REP-NO AEL OREP-LOAEL OGRO-NOAEL GRO-LOAEL OMOR-NOAEL MOR-LOAEL


Result number Test Species Key — ^
Reference Ni
i '^^\tv- M = mouse Gp = guineapig XT' . .


iVildlife TRV Derivation Process
1) There are at least three results available for two test species within the growth, reproduction and survival effect groups.
   There are enough data to derive TRV.

2) There are are at least three NOAEL results available for calculation of a geometric mean.

3) The geometric mean of the NOAEL values for growth and reproduction equals 7.33 mg cobalt/kg BW/day.

4)  The geometric mean NOAEL value is less than the lowest bounded LOAEL for reproduction, growth, or survival.

5)  The mammalian wildlife TRV for cobalt is equal to 7.33 mg cobalt/kg BW/day.
Eco-SSLfor Cobalt
10
March 2005

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A geometric mean of the NOAEL values for growth and reproduction was calculated at 7.33 mg
cobalt/kg bw/day. This value is lower than the lowest bounded LOAEL for either reproductive,
growth, or survival results.  Therefore, the TRV is equal to the geometric mean of the NOAEL
values for reproduction and growth at 7.33 mg cobalt/kg bw/day.

6.2   Estimation of Dose and Calculation of the Eco-SSL

Three separate Eco-SSL values were calculated for mammalian wildlife, one each for three
surrogate species representing different trophic groups. The mammalian Eco-SSLs for cobalt are
calculated according to the Eco-SSL guidance (U.S. EPA, 2003; Attachment 4-5) and are
summarized in Table 6.2
Table 6.2 Calculation of the Mammalian Eco-SSLs for Cobalt
Surrogate Receptor
Group
Mammalian
herbivore (vole)
Mammalian ground
insectivore (shrew)
Mammalian
carnivore (weasel)
TRV for
Cobalt
(mg dw/kg
bw/d) 1
7.33
7.33
7.33
Food Ingestion
Rate (Fffi)2
(kg dw/kg
bw/d)
0.0875
0.209
0.130
Soil Ingestion as
Proportion of
Diet (Ps)2
0.032
0.030
0.043
Concentration of
Cobalt in Biota
Type (i)2'3
(B,)
(mg/kg dw)
Bj = 0.0075 * Soil,
where i = plants
Bi = 0.122*Soilj
where i = earthworms
ln(Bj) = 1.307*
In(SoiL) - 4.4669
where i = mammals
Eco-SSL
(mg/kg dw)4
2100
230
470
1 The process for derivation of wildlife TRVs is described in Attachment 4-5 of U.S. EPA (2003).
2 Parameters (FIR, Ps, Bj values, regressions) are provided in U.S. EPA (2003) Attachment 4-1 (revised February 2005).
3 Bj = Concentration in biota type (i) which represents 100% of the diet for the respective receptor.
4 HQ = FIR * (Soilj * Ps + Bt) / TRV) solved for HQ=1 where Soil, = Eco-SSL (Equation 4-2; U.S. EPA, 2003).
NA = Not Applicable
Eco-SSL for Cobalt
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7.0    REFERENCES

7.1    General Cobalt References

Diaz, G. I, R. J. Julian, and E. J. Squires. 1994a. Cobalt-induced polycythaemia causing right ventricular
        hypertrophy and ascites in meat-type chickens.  Avian Pathology.  91-104.

Diaz, G. J., R. J. Julian, and E. J. Squires. 1994b. Lesions in broiler chickens following experimental intoxication
        with cobalt.  Avian Dis.  38(2): 308-16.

Haga, Y., N. Clyne, N. Hatroi, C. Hoffman-Bang, S. K. Pehrsson, and L. Ryden.  1996.  Impaired myocardial
        function following chronic cobalt exposure in an isolated rat heart model.  Trace Elements and
        Electrolytes.  13 (2):  69-74.

Henry, P.  1995. Copper Bioavailability. Chapter 6.  In: Bioavailability of Nutrients for Animals: Amino Acids,
        Minerals, and Vitamins. C. Ammerman, D. Baker, and A. Lewis (eds.), Academic Press.  San Diego, CA.

Paternain, J. L., J. L. Domingo, and J. Corbella.  1988.  Developmental toxicity of cobalt in the rat. J Toxicol
        Environm Health. 24(2): 193-200.

Pedigo, N. G. and M. W. Vernon.  1993. Embryonic losses after 10-week administration of cobalt to male mice.
        Reprod Toxicol. 7:111-116.

United States Environmental  Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). 2003. Guidance for Developing Ecological Soil
        Screening Levels. November.  Office of Solid Waste and Emergency and Remedial Response.  OSWER
        Directive 9285.7-55

United States Environmental  Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). 1999. Ecological Risk Assessment and Risk
        Management Principles for Super fund Sites. Office of Emergency and Remedial Response, Washington,
        DC. OSWER Directive 9285.7-28.P.

United States Environmental  Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). 1998. Guidelines for Ecological Risk Assessment.
        Risk Assessment Forum. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington DC. EPA/630/R-95/002F.
        April. May 14,  1998 Federal Register 63(93): 26846-26924.

United States Environmental  Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). 1997. Ecological Risk Assessment Guidance for
        Superfund: Process for Designing and Conducting Ecological Risk Assessments. Interim Final. U.S.
        Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Response Team (Edison, NJ). June 5,  1997.
7.2    References Used for Derivation of Plant and Soil Invertebrate Eco-SSLs

Rehab, F. I. and Wallace, A. 1978. Excess Trace Metal Effects on Cotton: 2.  Copper, Zinc, Cobalt and Manganese
        in Yolo Loam Soil. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal.  9[6]: 519-527.

TN&Associates Inc. 2000. Plant Toxicity Testing to Support Development of Ecological Soil Screening Levels.
        Subcontract Agreement No.SC-IDIQ-1999142-29, National Center for Environ.Assess., Washington, D.C.
        53 p.
Eco-SSLfor Cobalt                               12                                     March 2005

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7.3   References Rejected for Use in Derivation of Plant and Soil Invertebrate Eco-SSLs

These references were reviewed and rejected for use in derivation of the Eco-SSL.  The
definition of the codes describing the basis for rejection is provided at the end of the reference
sections.

No Dose        Abdel-Sabour, M. F., El Naggr, H.  A., and Suliman, S. M. 1994. Use of Inorganic and Organic
               Compounds as Decontaminants for Cobalt T-60 and Cesium-134 by Clover Plant Grown on
               INSHAS Sandy Soil. Govt Reports Announcements & Index (GRA&I) 15, 17 p.

Mix           Abou Hussien, E. A. and Faiyad, M. N. 1996. The Combined Effect of Poudrette, Zinc and Cobalt
               on Corn Growth and Nutrients Uptake in Alluvial Soils. Egypt. J. Soil Sci. 36[l-4], 47-58.

No Control     Adams, S. N. and Honeysett, J. L. 1964. Some Effects of Soil Waterlogging on the Cobalt and
               Copper Status of Pasture Plants Grown in Pots. AustJ.Agric.Res. 15, 357-367

OM, pH        Adams, S. N., Honeysett, J. L., Tiller, K. G., and Norrish, K. 1969. Factors Controlling the
               Increase of Cobalt in Plants Following the Addition of a Cobalt Fertilizer
               38333. AustJ.SoilRes. 7, 29-42

No Dose        Agarwala, S. C., Bisht, S. S., and Sharma, C. P.  1977. Relative Effectiveness of Certain Heavy
               Metals in Producing Toxicity and Symptoms of Iron Deficiency in Barley. Can J Bot 55, 1299-
               1307
Media
Media
Media
Mix
Mix
FL
Media
Mix
Mix
Ahmed, M. B. and Twyman, E. S. 1953. The Relative Toxicity of Manganese and Cobalt to the
Tomato Plant. J.Exp.Bot.(London) 4[11], 164-172

Ahmed, S. and Evans, H. J. 1959. Effect of Cobalt on the Growth of the Soybeans in the Absence
of Supplied Nitrogen. Biochem.Biophys.Res.Comm.  1[5], 271-275

Ahmed, S. and Evans, H. J. 1960. Cobalt: A Micronutrient Element for the Growth of Soybean
Plains Under Symbiotic Conditions. Soil Sci 90, 205-210

Alberici, T. M., Sopper, W. E., Storm, G. L., and Yahner, R. H. 1989. Trace Metals in Soil
Vegetation and Voles from Mine Land Treated with Sewage Sludge. J Environ Qua! 18, 115-120

Alegria, A., Barbera, R., Boluda, R., Errecalde, F., Farre, R., and Lagarda, M. J. 1992.
Relationship Between Cobalt, Copper and Zinc Content of Soils and Vegetables. Nahrung 36 [5],
451-460

Aleshin, E. P., Sheudzhen, A. K., Doseeva, O. A., and Rymar, V. T. 1987. Photosynthetic and
Respiratory Activity in Rice Leaves as a Function of Cobalt Supply to the Plants.
Dokl.Vses.Akad.Sel'skokhoz.Nauk 2, 15-17

Amir, Hamid and Pineau, Rene. 1998. Effects of metals on the germination and growth of fungal
isolates from new Caledonian ultramafic soils. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 30[14], 2043-2054

Anderson, A. J., Meyer, D. R., and Mayer, F. K. 1973. Heavy Metal Toxicities: Levels  of Nickel,
Cobalt, and Chromium in the Soil and Plants Associated with Visual Symptoms and Variation in
Growth of an Oat Crop. AustJ.Agric.Res. 24, 557-571.

Andreae, H. Verteilung Von Schwermetallen In Einem Forstlich Genutzten Wassereinzugsgebiet
Unter Dem Einfluss Saurer Deposition Am Beispiel Der Soesemulde (Westharz). (Distribution Of
Eco-SSL for Cobalt
                                  13
March 2005

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OM,pH
FL
FL
Media
Heavy Metals In A Wood Culture Water Catchment Area Under The Influence Of Acid De. Govt-
Reports-Announcements-&-Index-(GRA&I),-Issue-21,-1995.

Askew, H. O. and Dixon, J. K. 1937. Influence of Cobalt Top-Dressing on the Cobalt Status of
Pasture Plants. N.Z.J.Sci.Technol. 18, 688-693

Astapovich, N. I. and Orel, M. V. 1975. Effects of Various Cobalt Salts and Their Concentrations
on the Activity of Pectolytic Enzymes Systemizedby Microscopic Fungi. Biol.Akt.Veshchestva
Mikroorg. 36-39.

Austenfeld, F. A. 1979. Effects of Nickel, Cobalt and Chromium on Net Photosynthesis of Primary
and Secondary Leaves of Phaseolus vulgaris L. (Nettophotosynthese der Primarund Folgeblatter
von Phaseolus vulgaris L. unter dem Einfluss von Nickel, Kobalt und Chrom). Photosynthetica
13[4], 434-438.

Baker, A. J. M., Brooks, R.  R., Pease, A. J., and Malaisse, F. 1983. Studies on Copper and Cobalt
Tolerance in Three Closely Related Taxa Within the Genus Silene L. (Caryophyllaceae) from
Zaire. Plant Soil 73, 377-385.
Media          Barker, A. V. and Corey, K. A. 1991. Interrelationships of ammonium toxicity and ethylene action
                in tomato. Hortscience. 26[2], 177-180.

Media          Berry, W. L. 1978. Comparative Toxicity of VO3, CrO2-4, Ni2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, and Cd2+ to
                Lettuce Seedlings. In: D.C.Adriano and I.L.Brisbin,Jr.(Eds.), Environmental Cemistry and Cycling
                Processes, Proc.Symp.Held at Augusta, Georgia, April 18-May 1, 1976, Tech.Info.Center,
                U.S.Dep of Energy (U.S.NTIS CONF-760429), 582-589.

Media          Bittell, J., Koeppe, D. E., and Miller, R. J. 1974. Sorption of Heavy Metals Cations by corn
                Mitochondria and the Effects on Electron and Energy Transfer Reactions. Physiol Plant 30, 226-
                230.

Species         Blankenship, M. L. and Wilbur, K. M. 1975.  Cobalt Effects on Cell Division and Calcium Uptake
                in the Coccolithophoroid Cricosphaera carterae (Haptophyceae) 38589. J.Physiol. 11, 211-219.

Media          Bobak, M. 1974. Influence of Exogenous Added Cobalt upon the Submicroscopic Structure and
                the Chromosomes of Meristematic Cells of the Horse Bean (Vicia faba L.,C.V. Zborovicky).
                Physiol.Plant. 8, 17-24.

Media          Bolle-Jones, E. W. and Mallikarjuneswara, V. R.  1957. A Beneficial Effect of Cobalt on the
                Growth of the Rubber Plant (Hevea brasiliensis). Nature 179, 738-739.

Rev            Bozhenkov, V.  P. 1968. Effect of Aluminum and Cobalt on the Nucleic Acid Content and
                Ribonuclease Acitivty in the Growth Points of Sunflower Under Water  Deficit Conditions 37728.
                Russ.J.PlantP/zywo/.(Transl.of Fiziol.Rast. 15(1): 116-122) 68, 94-99.

Media          Brenchley, W. E. 1938. Comparative Effects  of Cobalt, Nickel and Copper on Plant Growth.
                Ann.Appl.Biol. 25 [4], 671-694.

Dup            Brenchley, W. E. 1938. Comparative Effects  of Cobalt, Nickel, and Copper on Plant Growth
                40004. Ann.Appl.Biol. 25[4], 671-694.

No Control      Brooks, R. R. 1977. Copper and Cobalt Uptake by Haumaniastrum Species. Plant Soil 48, 541-
                544.
Eco-SSLfor Cobalt
                                   14
March 2005

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Rev
FL
No Dose
No Dose
FL
Brooks, R. R., Reeves, R. D., Morrison, R. S., and Malaisse, F. 1980. Hyperaccumulation of
Copper and Cobalt: A Review. Bull.Soc.R.Bot.Belgique 113, 166-172.

Burca, S., Cachita-Cosma, D., Craciun, C., and Trifu, M. 1984. Modifications Caused by the Trace
Elements Manganese and Cobalt in the Ultrastructure of the Roots of Tomato Seedlings
(Modificari Cauzate de Microelementele Mangansi Cobalt in Ultrastructura Radacinilor
Plantulelor de Tomate). Stud.Univ.Babes-Bolyai.Biol. 29, 27-34.

Cataldo, D. A. and Wildung, R. E. 1978. Soil and Plant Factors Influencing the Accumulation of
Heavy Metals by Plants. Environ.Health Perspect. 27, 149-159.

Cataldo, D. A., Fellows, R. I, and Harvey, S. D. 1996. Evaluation of the Metabolic Fate of
Munitions Material (TNT RDX) in Plant Systems and Initial Assessment of Material Interaction
with Plant Genetic Material. Govt Reports Announcements & Index (GRA&I), (8):

Celardin, F. and Landry, J. C.  1988. Bioindicators of pollution earthworms and heavy metals in
soil. ARCH SCI (GENEVA).Archives des Sciences (Geneva).41 (2). 1988.225-228. 41[2], 225-
228.
No Dose        Chatterjee, J. and Chatterjee, C. 2000. Phytotoxicity of Cobalt, Chromium and Copper in
                Cauliflower. EnviroaPollut. 109[1], 69-74.

No Tox         Clapp, R. B. Annual Report Of The Environmental Restoration Monitoring And Assessment
                Program At Oak Ridge National Laboratory For Fy 1992. Environmental Restoration Program.
                Govt-Reports-Announcements-&-Index-(GRA&I),-Issue-09,-1993.

Media          Clark, R. B., Pier, P. A., Knudsen, D., and Maranville, J. W. 1981. Effect of Trace Element
                Deficiencies and Excesses on Mineral Nutrients in Sorghum. J.Plant Nutr. 3 [1-4], 357-374.

Rev             Cole, C. J. and Carson, B. L. 1981. Cobalt in the Food Chain. In: I.C.Smith, and B.L.Carson
                (Eds.), Trace Metals inthe Environment, Volume 6, Cobalt, Ann Arbor Science Publ.Inc., Ann
                Arbor, MI, 777-924.

No Control      Crossley, D. A. J., Blood, E. R., Hendrix, P. F., and Seastedt, T. R.  1995. Turnover of Cobalt-60
                by Earthworms (Eisenia foetida) (Lumbricidae, Oligochaeta). Appl.Soil Ecol. 2[2], 71-75.

FL             Danilova, T. A. and Demkina, E. N.  1967. The Role of Cobalt in Nitrogen Accumulation by
                Leguminosae. Dokl.Akad.Nauk 172[2], 487-490.

FL             Danilova, T. A., Tishchenko, I. V., and Demikina, E. N. 1969. Some Characteristic Effects of
                Cobalt on Peas. Agrokhimiya 1, 85-89.

Media          Dekock, P. C. 1956. Heavy Metal Toxicity and Iron Chlorosis. Ann.Bot. 20[77], 133-141.

Media          Doncheva,  S. 1992. Qualitative and structural changes in maize plant root cells under increased
                concentrations of manganese and cobalt. Dokl.Bulg.Akad.Nauk. 45[8], 119-122.

OM, pH        Fischer, Erno and Molnar, Laszlo. 1997. Growth and reproduction of Eisenia fetida (oligochaeta,
                lumbricidae) in semi-natural soil containing various metal chlorides. Soil Biol Biochem 29 [3/4],
                667-670.
Media
Gabbrielli, R., Mattioni, C., and Vergnano, O. 1991. Accumulation Mechanisms and Heavy Metal
Tolerance of a Nickel Hyperaccumulator. J.Plant Nutr. 14[10], 1067-1080.
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                                  15
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Media          Gerendas, I, Polacco, J. C., Freyermuth, S. K., and Sattelmacher, B. 1998. Co does not replace Ni
                with respect to urease activity in zucchini (Cucurbita pepo convar. giromontiina) and Soybean
                (Glycine max). Plant Soil 203[1], 127-135.

No Control      Gerzabek, M. H., Mohamad,  S. A., Mueck, K., and Horak, O. 1994. 60Co, 63Ni and 94Nb Soil-to-
                Plant Transfer in Pot Experiments. J.Environ.Radioact. 25, 205-212.

No Dur         Gheesling, S. E., Gideon, J. C., Gregory, S. M., Hamilton, L. V., and Horwedel, B. M.
                Environmental Surveillance Data Report For The First Quarter Of 1993. Govt-Reports-
                Announcements-&-Index-(GRA&I),-Issue-16,-1994.

No Dur         Gheesling, S. E., Gideon, J. C., Gregory, S. M., Hamilton, L. V., and Loffman, R.  S.
                Environmental Surveillance Data Report For The Second Quarter Of 1993. Govt-Reports-
                Announcements-&-Index-(GRA&I),-Issue-15,-1994.

FL             Godnev, T. N. and Leshina, A. V. 1967. After Effects of Molybdenum and Cobalt on Peas. Dokl
                Akad.NaukBeloruss. 11 [4], 359-361.

No Dur         Goldberg, P. Y., Cooper, R. C., Hamilton, L. V., Hughes, J. F., and Horwedel, B. M.
                Environmental Surveillance Data Report For The First Quarter Of 1992. Govt-Reports-
                Announcements-&-Index-(GRA&I),-Issue-15,-1993.

FL             Gorid'ko, I. V. 1967. The Effect of Cobalt on Water Content, Water Retention, and Transporation
                of Potato Leaves. Nauchn.Dokl.Vyssh.Skh.Biol.Nauki 3, 84-87.

Media          Gorsuch, J. W., Kringle, R. O., and Robillard, K. A. 1990. Chemical Effects on the Germination
                and Early Growth of Terrestrial Plants. In: W.Wang, J.W.Gorsuch., and W.RLower (Eds.), Plants
                forToxicity Assessment, ASTM STP 1091, Philadelphia, PA , 49-58.

Media          Grover, S. and Purves, W. K. 1976. Cobalt and Plant Development Interactions with Ethylene in
                Hypocotyl Growth. Plant Physiol. 57, 886-889.

Mix            Grummitt, W. E. 1976. Transfer of Cobalt-60 to Plants from Soils Treated with Sewage Sludge. In:
                C.E.Cushing,Jr.(Ed.), Radioecology and Energy Resources, Dowden, Hutchinson, and  Ross,
                Stroudsburg, PA, 331-335.

Media          Halsall, D. M. 1977. Effects of Certain Cations on the Formation and Infectivity of Phytophthora
                Zoospores.  2.  Effects of Copper, Boron, Cobalt, Manganese, Molybdenum, and Zinc Ions.
                CanJ.Microbiol. 23[8], 1002-1010.

Media          Handreck, K. A. and Riceman, D. S. 1969. Cobalt Distribution in Several Pasture Species Grown
                in Culture Solution. Aust.J.Agric.Res. 20, 213-226.

Mix            Hartenstein, R., Neuhauser, E. F., and Narahara, A.  1981. Effects of Heavy Metal and Other
                Elemental Additives to Activated Sludge on Growth ofEiseniafoetida. J. Environ. Qual. 10[3],
                372-376.

Mix            Hewitt, E. J. and Bolle-Jones, E. W. 1951. Investigations on Possible Micronutrient Elements for
                Higher Plants. I. Experiments with Cobalt, Nickel and Gallium in Sand Culture.
                Ann.Rep.Agric.Hortic.Res.Sta., Long Ashton, Bristol, England, 62-66.

Species         Hodgson, J. F. 1969. Effect of Iron Removal on Cobalt Sorption By Clays. Soil Sci. 108[6], 391-
                396.
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16
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Media
Media
Howard, B. and Simkiss, K. 1981. Metal Binding by Helix aspersa Blood. Comp Biochem Physiol
70A, 559-561.

Imai, I. and Siegel, S. M. 1973. A Specific Response to Toxic Cadmium Levels in Red Kidney
Bean Embryos. Physiol.Plant. 29, 118-120.
FL             Ishchenko, G. S. and Butnik, A. S. 1991. The influence of cobalt and cadmium on the growth,
                development and crops of the basic cultivated plants in central Asia. Uzb.Biol.Zh. [5], 30-33.

Media          Jacobs, E. E., Jacob, M., Sanandi, D. R., and Bradley, L. B. 1956. Uncoupling of Oxidative
                Phosphorylation by Cadmium Ion. Journal of Biological Chemistry 223, 147-156.

Species         Jardine, P. M. and Jacobs, G. K. 1991. Unsaturated Transport Of Inorganic Cations In Undisturbed
                Soil Columns. Gov.Rep.Announce.Index Issue 14.

Media          Jarosik, J., Zvara, P., Konecny, J., and Obdrzalek, M. 1988. Dynamics of Cobalt-60 Uptake by
                Roots of Pea Plant (Pisum sativum). Sci.Total Environ. 71, 225-229.

Media          Jaworska, M., Gorczyca, A., Sepiol, J., and Tomasik, P. 1997. Effect of Metal Ions on the
                Entomopathogenic Nematode Heterohabditis becteriophora poinar (Nematode: Heterohabditidae)
                Under Laboratory Conditions. Water Air Soil Pollut 93, 157-166.

FL             Kalashnikova, E. V. Cobalt and cadmium accumulation in the yield of several crops in plant
                irradiation carried out on soils polluted with heavy metals. Agrokhimiya. Agrokhimiya.O
                (9). 1991.77-82.

FL             Kamenova, S. M. Y., Kudrev, T. G., and Shakhpazova, L. K.  A. 1983. Effect of Cobalt and
                Mercury on Some Maize Plant Reactions. Fiziol.Rast. 9, 78-82.

OM, pH        Khan, M. R., Singh, S. K., and Khan, M. W. 1988. Response of Lentil to Cobalt as a Soil
                Pollutant. Ann.Appl.Biol. 112[Suppl], 104-105.

OM, pH        Khan, M. R., Khan, M. W., and Nabi, S. T. 1994. Effect of cobalt, a soil-pollutant, on hatching,
                mortality and penetration of root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita. Chem.Environ.Res.
                3[3/4], 265-269.

OM, pH        Khan, M. W. and Salam, M. A. 1990. Interactions of Meloidogyne-javanica Fusarium-udum and
                Rhizobium on pigeon pea in the presence of nickel and cobalt as pollutants. Ann.Appl.Biol.
                116[3], 549-556.

Media          Khan, Mujeebur Rahman, Khan, M. Wajid, and Singh, Kamal. 1996. Growth performance of
                chickpea under the influence of nickel and cobalt as soil pollutants. J.Indian Bot.Soc. 75[3/4], 193-
                196.

OM            Kloke, A. and Egels, W. 1976. Effect of Excess Fertilization with Boron, Cobalt, Copper
                Manganese, and Zinc on the Content of These Elements in Soil and Plants
                38813.  Dokl.Zarub.Uchastnikov-Mezhdunar.Kongr.Miner.Udobr., 8th2[4/5], 115-121.

Media          Komczynski, L., Nowak, H., and Rejniak, L. 1963.  Effect of Cobalt, Nickel and Iron on Mitosis in
                the Roots of the Broad Bean (Vicia faba). Nature 198[4884], 1016-1017.

No Control      Kramer, James R., Adams, Nicholas W. H., Manolopoulos, Helen, and Collins, Pamela V. 1999.
                Silver at an old mining camp, Cobalt, Ontario, Canada. Environ.Toxicol.Chem. 18[1], 23-29.
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                                  17
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OM, pH        Kubota, I, Lemon, E. R., and Allaway, W. H. 1963. The Effect of Soil Moisture upon the Uptake
                of Molybdenum, Copper and Cobalt by Alsike Clover. Soil Sci.Soc.Am.Proc. 27, 679-683.

Media          Lane, I. and Puckett, K. J. 1979. Responses of the Phosphatase Activity of the Lichen Cladina
                rangiferina to Various Environmental Factors Including Metals. CanJ.Bot. 57, 1534-1540.

FL             Leshina, A. V. 1969. Effect of the Presowing Treatment of Seeds with Cobalt and Molybdenum
                Salts on Some Physiological and Biochemical Indexes of Leguminous Crops. Botanika 11, 179-
                183.
FL

FL



FL


FL


FL



FL


FL
Lipskaya, G. A. 1970. Anatomo-Cytological Features of Cucumber Leaves in the Presence of
Cobalt and Manganese in the Nutrient Mixture 37794. Fiziol.Rast. 17[5], 997-1003 (RUS)
Lipskaya, G. A. 1970. Accumulation of Chlorophyll in Sugar Beet Chloroplasts Under the
Influence of Cobalt Applied Separately and Together with Boron, Manganese, Copper, Zinc, and
Molybdenum. Agrokhimiya 2, 105-110

Lipskaya, G. A. 1971. Accumulation of Chlorophyll in Chloroplasts of Cucumber Leaves Under
the Effect of Cobalt and Manganese Applied Separately and Together. Biol.Nauki 15[1], 14-2.

Lipskaya, G. A., Matvyeyentsava, V. S., and Sergeichik, S. A. 1972. Effect of Cobalt on
Accumulation of Various Forms of Chlorophyll. Dokl.Akad.Nauk.B SSR 116, 70-72.

Lipskaya, G. A., Matvyeyentsava, V. S., and Charkaskaya, S. K. 1973. Effect of Various
Combination of Cobalt with Other Trace Elements on the Change of Activity of the Hill Reaction.
Vysti.Akad.Nauk.B.SSR Syer.Biyal.Navuk. 2[2], 32-36.

Lipskaya, G. A. 1974. Effect of Cobalt and Heteroauxin on the Morphology and  Structure of a
Barley Leaf. Vestsi Akad.Navuk Belaruski, Ser.Biyal.Navuk, No.2 , 121-123.

Lipskaya, G. A. 1988. Morphofunctional Characteristics of the Photo synthetic Apparatus of the
Growing Barley Leaf Under the Effect of Cobalt and Auxin. Fiziol.Biokhim.Kul't.Rast. 20[3],
241-246.
FL
Lipskaya, G. A. 1988. Effect of cobalt and auxin on morphological and functional characteristics
of the photosynthetic apparatus of growing barley leaves. FizioLBiokhimKul'tRast. 20 [3], 241-
245.
FL
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OM
Mix
Lipskaya, G. A. 1990. Development of the Photosynthetic Apparatus in Barley Grown from Seeds
Varied in Cobalt Content Under Sterile and Non-Sterile Conditions. Fiziol.Rast. 37[4], 668-674.

Lui, Donghua, Jiang, Wusheng, Wang, Wei, and Zhai, Lin. 1995. Evaluation of metal ion toxicity
on root tip cells by the allium test. Israel Journal of Plant Sciences 43, 125-133.

McKenzie, R. M. 1978. The Effect of Two Manganese Dioxides on the Uptake of Lead, Cobalt,
Nickel, Copper and Zinc by Subterranean Clover. Aust.J.Soil Res. 16[2], 209-214.

Memon, A. R., Ito, S., and Yatazawa, M. 1980. Taxonomic Characteristics in Accumulating
Cobalt and Nickel in the Temperate Forest Vegetation of Central Japan. Soil Sci.Plant Nutr. 26 [2],
271-280.
Media
Millikan, C. R. 1948. Effect of Molybdenum on the Severity of Toxicity Symptoms in Flax
Induced by an Excess of Either Manganese, Zinc, Copper, Nickel or Cobalt in the Nutrient
Solution. J.Aust.Inst.Agric.Sci. 5, 180-186.
Eco-SSLfor Cobalt
                                  18
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Media
Millikan, C. R. 1949. Effects of Flax of a Toxic Concentration of Boron Iron, Molybenum,
Aluminum, Copper, Zinc, Cobalt, or Nickel in the Nutrient Solution. R Soc Victoria Proc 61, 25-
42.
No Control     Mitchell, R. L. 1945. Cobalt and Nickel in Soils and Plants. Soil Sci. 60, 63-70.

Media          Moreno-Caselles, I, Perez-Espinosa, A., Perez-Murcia, M. D., Moral, R., and Gomez, I. 1997.
                Effect of Increased Cobalt Treatments on Cobalt Concentration and Growth of Tomato Plants.
                J.PlantNutr. 20[7/8], 805-811.

Media          Moreno-Caselles, I, Perez-Espinosa, A., Perez-Murcia, M. D., Moral, R., and Gomez, I. 1998.
                Cobalt-Induced Stress in Soilless Lettuce Cultivation: I. Effect on Yield and Pollutant
                Accumulation. ActaHortic. 458, 239-242.

Media          Moreno-Caselles, I, Perez-Espinosa, A., Perez-Murcia, M. D., Moral, R., and Gomez, I. 1998.
                Cobalt-induced stress in soilless lettuce cultivation: II. Effect on nutrient evolution. Acta Hortic.,
                V458, NWater Quality and Quantity in Greenhouse Horticulture , 243-246.

No Control     Morrison, R. S., Brooks, R. R., Reeves, R.  D., and Malaisse, F. 1979. Copper and Cobalt Uptake
                by Metallophytes from Zaire. Plant Soil 53, 535-539.

OM, pH        Neuhauser, E. F., Meyer, I, Malecki, M. R., and Thomas, J. M.  1984. Impact of Dietary Cobalt
                Supplements on Growth and Reproduction in the Earthworm Eisenia foetida. Soil Biol Biochem
                16[5], 521-523.

Score           Nicholas, D. J. D. 1950. Some Effects of Metals in Excess on Crop Plants Grown in Soil Culture.
                I. Effects of Copper, Zinc, Lead, Cobalt, Nickel and Manganese on Tomato Grown in an Acid
                Soil. Bristol Agric.Hortic.Res.Stn.Annu.Rep. 1950 , 96-108.

Media          Okamoto, K., Suzuki, M., Fukanim, M., Toda, S., and Fuwa, K.  1977. Heavy Metal Tolerance of
                Penicillium Ochro-Chloron II. Uptake of Heavy Metals by Copper Tolerant Fungus Penicillium
                Ochro-Chloron. Agric.Biol.Chem.  41, 17-22.

Media          Paliouris, G. and Hutchinson,  T. 1991. Arsenic, Cobalt and Nickel Tolerances in Two Populations
                of Silene vulgaris (Moench) Garcke from Ontario, Canada. New Phytol. 117, 449-459.

Rev             Palit, S., Sharma, A., and Talukder, G. 1994. Effects of Cobalt on Plants. Bot.Rev. 60[2], 149-181.

Media          Patel, P. M., Wallace, A., and Mueller, R. T. 1976. Some Effects of Copper, Cobalt, Cadmium,
                Zinc, Nickel, and Chromium on Growth and Mineral Element Concentration in Chrysanthemum.
                J.AmSoc.Hortic.Sci. 101[5], 553-556.

OM, pH        Patterson III, W. A. and Olson, J. J. 1982. Effects of Heavy Metals on Radicle Growth of Selected
                Woody Species Germinated on Filter Paper, Mineral and Organic Soil Substrates. Can J For Res
                13,233-238.
OM
Score
Patterson III, W. A. and Olson, J. J. 1983. Effects of Heavy Metals on Radicle Growth of Selected
Woody Species Germinated on Filter Paper, Mineral and Organic Soil Substrates. CanJ.For.Res.
13,233-238.

Perez-Espinosa, A., Moreno-Caselles, J., Moral, R., Perez-Murcia, M. D., and Gomez, I. 1999.
Effect of Sewage Sludge and Cobalt Treatments on Tomato Fruit Yield, Weight and Quality. J.
Plant Nutr. 22[2]: 379-385.
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FL
Media
Media
Media
Media
Poletaeva, V. F. 1969. Effect of Cobalt on Fusarium Cotton Wilt. Izv.Akad.Nauk Turkm.SSR,
Ser.Biol.Nauk, 71[3], 73-74.

Puckett, K. J., Nieboer, E., Gorzynski, M. J., and Richardson, D. H. S. 1973. The Uptake of Metal
Ions by Lichens: A Modified Ion-Exchange Process. New Phytol 72, 329-342.

Rauser, W. E. 1978. Early Effects of Phytotoxic Burdens of Cadmium, Cobalt, Nickel and Zinc in
White Beans. Can.J.Bot. 56, 1744-1749.

Rauser, W. E. and Dumbroff, E. B. 1981. Effects of Excess Cobalt, Nickel and Zinc on the Water
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Reisenauer, H. M. 1960. Cobalt in Nitrogen Fixation by a Legume. Nature (London) 186[4722],
375-376.
Media          Reisenauer, H. M. 1960. Cobalt in Nitrogen Fixation by a Legume. Nature 186, 375-376.

No Control      Romney, E. M. and Toth, S. J. 1954. Plant and Soil Studies with Radioactive Manganese. Soil Sci.
                77, 107-117.

No COC        Rosolem, C. A. and Caires, E. F. 1998. Yield and Nitrogen Uptake of Peanuts as Affected by
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OM            Rossiter, R. C., Curnow, D. H., and Underwood, E. J. 1948. The Effect of Cobalt Sulphate on the
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                Stages of Growth 20464. J.Aust.Inst.Agric.Sci. 14[1], 9-14.

Mix            Sanglimsuwan, Sarunya, Yoshida, Naoto, Morinaga, Tsutomu, and Murooka, Yoshikatsu. 1993.
                Resistance to and uptake of heavy metals in mushrooms. Journal of Fermentation and
                Bioengineering75[2], 112-114.

Media          Sarada, R. L. and Polasa, H. 1992. Effect of Manganese, Copper and Cobalt on the In Vitro
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                J.Agric.Res. 26[4], 187-194.

FL             Semina, P. M. 1967. The Action of Cobalt on Chlorophyll Accumulation, the Intensity of
                Photosynthesis, and the Seed Crop of Buckwheat. NauchaDokl.Vyssk.Shk.Biol.Nauki 3, 80-83.

FL             Semina, P. M. 1970. Effect of Cobalt on the Water Regime of Buckwheat. Biol.Nauki No.6 , 69-
                72.

Media          Shaukat-Ahmed, and Evans, H. J. 1961. The Essentiality of Cobalt for Soybean Plants Grown
                Under Symbiotic Conditions. Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci. 47, 24-36.

OM            Sheppard, M. I. and Sheppard, S. C. 1985. Concentrations and Concentrations Ratios of U, As and
                Co in Scots Pine Grown in a Waste-Site Soil and an Experimentally Contaminated Soil
                47149. Water Air Soil Pollut 26[1], 85-94.

OM, pH        Sheppard, M. I., Thibault, D. H., and Sheppard, S. C. 1985. Concentrations  and Concentration
                Ratios of U,As and Co in Scots Pine Grown in a Waste-Site Soil and an Experimentally
                Contaminated Soil 47150. Water Air Soil Pollut 26[1], 85-94.

Mix            Shinonaga, Taeko and Ambe, Shizuko. 1998. Multitracer study on absorption of radionuclides in
                atmosphere-plant model system.  Water Air and Soil Pollution 10[l-4], 93-103.
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                                  20
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FL             Shklyaev, Y. N. 1978. Effect of Top Dressing with Cobalt-60 and Carbon-14 Distribution in Vetch
                Plants (Vliyanie Nekornevoi Podkormki Kobal'tom na Raspredelenie 60co i 14C v Rasteniyakh
                Viki). Agrokhimiya 1, 115-118.

In Vit          Siegel, S. M. 1977. The Cytotoxic Response of Nicotiana Protoplast to Metal Ions: A Survey of
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                Singh, R. K., Shukla, R. P., and Dwivedi, R. S. 1992. Effect of Cadmium, Cobalt and Nickel Salts
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Rev            Suttle, N. F. 1988. The Role of Comparative Pathology in the Study of Copper and Cobalt
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FL             Tanaka, A., Tadano, T., and Ebine, Y. 1978. Comparison of Adaptability to Heavy Metals Among
                Crop Plants.  III. Adaptability to  Nickel and Cobalt. Nippon Dojo Hiryogaku Zasshi 49[4], 314-
                320.

Media          Tiffin, L. O. 1967. Translation of Manganese, Iron, Cobalt and Zinc in Tomato. Plant Physiol. 42,
                1427-1432.

Mix            Tolle, Duane A., Arthur, Mickey  F., Chesson, Jean, and Van Voris, Peter. 1985. Comparison of
                pots versus microcosms for predicting agroecosystem effects due to waste amendment.
                Environ.Toxicol.Chem. 4[4], 501-509.

FL             Torshin, S. P., Yagodin, B. A., Klinskii, G. D., Goncharuk, E. A., Kalashnikova, E. A., and
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Media          Tso, T. C., Sorokin, T. P., and Engelhaupt, M. E. 1973. Effects of Some Rare Elements on
                Nicotine Content of the Tobacco  Plant. Plant Physiol 51, 805-806.

FL             Uesaka, S., Takahashi, H., and Chang, T. Y. 1953. Importance of Trace Elements in Farm Animal
                Feeding. II. Effect of Addition of Iron, Cobalt, and Fluorine on Propagation of Antinomycetes.
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Rev            Vanselow, A. P. 1966. Cobalt. In: H.D.Chapman (Ed.), Diagnostic Criteria for Plants and Soils,
                University of California, Berkeley,  CA , 142,  153-142, 156.

Media          Veltrup, W. 1979. The Effect  of Ni2+, Cd2+, and Co2+ on the Uptake of Copper by Intact Barley
                Roots. Z.Pflanzenphysiol. 93,  1-9.

Media          Venkatarayappa, T., Tsujita, M. J., and Murr, D. P. 1980. Influence of Cobaltous Ion (Co2+) on
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Media          Venkateswerlu,  G. and Sastry, K. S. 1973. Interrelationships in Trace-Element Metabolism in
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Media          Vergnano, O. and Hunter, J. G. 1952. Nickel and Cobalt Toxicities in Oat Plants
                20391.Ann.Bot.(London) 17[66], 317-328.

OM            Vernano, O. and Hunter, J. G. 1952. Nickel and Cobalt Toxicities in Oat Plants. Ann.Bot. 17, 317-
                328.
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FL             Volkorezov, V. I. 1968. Pretreatment of Pinus sylvestris with Cobalt Sulfate
                38625. Uch.Zap.Gor'k Univ. 90, 114-117.

Media          Von Rosen, G. 1964. Mutations Induced by the Action of Metal Ions in Pisum. II. Further
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FL             Von Scharrer, K. and Schropp, W. 1933.  Sand and Water Culture Experiments with Nickel and
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OM            Wallace, A. and Mueller, R. T. 1973. Effects of Chelated and Nonchelated Cobalt and Copper on
                Yields and Microelement Composition of Bush Beans Grown on Calcareous Soil in a Glasshouse
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No Dose        Wallace, A., Mueller, R. T., and Alexander,  C. V. 1976. High Levels of Four Heavy Metals on the
                Iron Status of Plants. CommSoil Sci.Plant Anal. 7[1], 43-46.

Media          Wallace, A., Alexander, G. V., and Chaudhry, F. M. 1977. Phytotoxicity of Cobalt Vanadium
                Titanium Silver and Chromium. Comm.Soil  Sci.Plant Anal. 8[9], 751-756.

Media          Wallace, A., Alexander, G. V., and Chaudry, F. M.  1977. Phytotoxicity of Cobalt, Vanadium,
                Titanium, Silver, and Chromium. Commun.Soil Sci.Plant Anal. 8[9], 751-756.

Meth           Wallace, A., Romney, E. M., and Patel, P. M. 1978. Role of Synthetic Chelating Agents in Trace
                Metal Uptake by Plants. In: D.C.Adriano and IL.Brisbin,Jr.(Eds.), Environmental Cemistry and
                Cycling Processes, Proc.Symp.Held  at Augusta, Georgia, April 18-May 1, 1976, Tech.Info.Center,
                U.S.Dep of Energy (U.S.NTIS CONF-760429), 645-657.

No Dose        Wallace, A. 1989. Phytotoxicity of Cobalt when Uniformly Mixed in Soil Versus Localized Spot
                Placement in Soil. Soil Sci. 147[6], 449-450.

Media          Wettlaufer, S. H., Osmeloski, I, and Weinstein, L. H. 1991. Response of polyamines to heavy
                metal stress in oat seedlings. Environ Toxicol Chem 10[8],  1083-1088.

Mix            Wild, S. R. and Jones, K. C. 1992. Organic Chemicals in the Environment. Polynuclear Aromatic
                Hydrocarbon Uptake by Carrots Grown in Sludge-Amended Soil. J Environ Qua! 21, 217-225.

Mix            Wilson, D. O. and Reisenauer, H. M. 1970. Effects  of Some Heavy Metals on the Cobalt Nutrition
                of Rhizobium meliloti. Plant Soil 32, 81-89.

Media          Wilson, S. B. and Reisenauer, H. M. 1963. Cobalt Requirements of Symbiotically Grown Alfalfa.
                Plant Soil 19[3], 364-373.

OM, pH        Wilson, S. B. and Hallsworth, E. G.  1965. Studies ont he Nutrition of Forage Legumes. IV. The
                Effect of Cobalt on the Growth of Nodulated and Non-Nodulated Trifolium subterraneum. Plant
                Soil 22[2], 260-279.

Media          Wilson, S. B. and Nicholas, D. J. D.  1967. A Cobalt requirement for Non-Nodulated Legjmes and
                for Wheat. Phytochemistry 6, 1057-1066.

FL             Wojciechowska, B. and Kocik, H. 1987. Effect of Cadmium, Cobalt and Bismuth Nitrate on the
                Root Meristem of Vicia faba L. (Wplyw Azotanow  Kobaltu, Kadmu i Bizmutu na Merystem
                Korzeniowy Vicia faba L.). Pr.Nauk.Univ.Slask.Katowicak. 7[24], 74-91.
Eco-SSLfor Cobalt
22
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FL             Yagodin, B. A. and Zhiznevskaya, G. Y. 1969. Variations in Protein Composition of Vicia faba
                Leaves During Chlorosis Induced by Excessive Cobalt 37858. Fiziol.Rast. 16[3], 505-511 (RUS)

FL             Yagodin, B. A., Ovcharenko, G. A., Vasil'eva, V. Y., and Ivanova, M. A. 1970. Effect of Cobalt
                on Nitrate Reductase Activity in Legumes. S-kh.Biol. 5[1], 134-136.

FL             Yagodin, B. A. and Sablina, S. M. 1981. Effect of Cobalt on Buckwheat Yield and on the Content
                of Mineral Elements and Rutin. Izv.Timiryazev.S-Kh.Akad. 6, 68-72.

FL             Yagodin, B. A. and Romanova, L. P. 1982. Yield and Quality of Chinese Cabbage is Seed
                Treatment with Trace Elements. Izv.Timiryazev.S-Kh.Akad. 2, 98-104.

7.4    References Used for Derivation of Wildlife TRVs
Anderson, M. B., Lepak, K., Farinas, V., and George, W. J.  1993.  Protective action of zinc against cobalt-induced
        testicular damage inthe mouse. Reprod. Toxicol.l(l): 49-54.  Ref#139

Anderson, M. B., Pedigo, N. G., Katz, R. P., and George, W. J. 1992. Histopathology of testes from mice
        chronically treated with cobalt. Reprod. Toxicol.6(l): 41-50.  Ref#120

Berg, L. R. and Martinson, R. D. 1972. Effect of diet composition of the toxicity of zinc for the chick. Poultry Sci.
        51(5): 1690-4. Ref#93

Bourg, W. J., Nation, J. R., and Clark, D. E. 1985.  The effects of chronic cobalt exposure on passive-avoidance
        performance in the adult rat. Bull. Psychon. Soc. 3(6): 527-530. Ref #111

Brown, D. R. and L. Southern. 1985. Effect ofEimeria acervulina infection in chicks fed excess dietary cobalt
        and/or manganese.  115(3): 347-51. Ref #6215

Chetty, K. N., Subba, R. A. O. D SV, Drummond, L., and Desaiah, D. 1979. Cobalt-induced changes in immune
        response and atpase activities in rats.  J Environ. Sci. Health Part B Pestic. Food. Contain. Agric.  Wastes.
        14(5): 525-544. Ref # 116

Comer, D. E., Mollenhauer, H. H., Clark, D. E., Hare, M. F., and Elissalde, M. H.  1985. Testicular degeneration
        and necrosis induced by dietary cobalt.  VetPathol.  22(6):  610-6. Ref #123

Derr, R. F., Aaker, H., Alexander, C. S., and Nagasawa, H. T.  1970.  Synergism between cobalt and ethanol on rat
        growth rate.  J. Nutr. 100(5): 521-524.  Ref #129

Diaz, G. J., Julian, R. J., and Squires, E. J.  1994. Cobalt-induced polycythaemia causing right ventricular
        hypertrophy and ascites in meat-type chickens. Avian Pathology.  91-104. Ref #100

Diaz, G. J., Julian, R. J., and Squires, E. J.  1994. Lesions in broiler chickens following experimental intoxication
        with cobalt.  Avian Dis.  38(2):308-16. Ref #90

Domingo, J. L., Paternain, J. L., Llobet, J. M., and Corbella, J. 1985. Effects of cobalt on postnatal development
        and late gestation in rats upon oral administration. Rev Esp Fisiol.  41(3):  293-8.  Ref #124

Gershbein, L. L., Gershbein, J. D., and French, R. 1983. Behavior of male rats fed low levels of metallic salts. Res
        Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol. 39(3):507-510. Ref #136

Haga, Y., Clyne, N., Hatroi, N., Hoffman-Bang, C., Pehrsson,  S. K., and Ryden, L.  1996. Impaired myocardial
       function following chronic cobalt exposure in an isolated rat heart model.  Trace Elements and


Eco-SSLfor Cobalt                              23                                      March 2005

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        Electrolytes.  13(2): 69-74. Ref # 105

Hill,C.H.  1979.  The effect of dietary protein levels on mineral toxicity in chicks.  JNutr. 109(3):  501-7.  Ref#
        397

Hill, C. H.  1979.  Studies on the ameliorating effect of ascorbic acid on mineral toxicities in the chick. J. Nutr.
109(1): 84-90.  Ref # 1370

Hill, C. H.  1974.  Influence of high levels of minerals on the susceptibility of chicks to Salmonella gallinarum. J.
        Nutr. 104(10): 1221-1226. Ref #92

Huck, D. W. and Clawson, A. J. 1976. Excess dietary cobalt in pigs.  JAnimSci.  43(6):  1231-1246. Ref #86

Kadiiska, M., T. Stoytchev, and E. Serbinova. 1985.  On the mechanism of the enzyme-inducing action of some
        heavy metal salts.  Archives of Toxicology. 56(3):  167-9. Ref #19290

Ling, J. R. and R. M. Leach. Jr.  1979.  Studies on nickel metabolism:  interaction with other mineral elements
        Poult. Sci. 58(3): 591-6 .

Maro, J. K., Kategile, J. A., and Hvidsten, H. 1980. Studies on copper and cobalt in dairy calves. British Journal of
        Nutrition. 44(1): 25-31. Ref #171

Mohiuddin, S. M., Taskar, P. K., Rheault,  M., Roy, P. E., Chenard, J., and Morin, Y.  1970. Experimental cobalt
        cardiomyopathy. Am Heart J. 80(4): 532-543. Ref #132

Mollenhauer, H. H., Corrier, D. E., Clark,  D. E., Hare,  M.  F., and Elissalde, M. H.  1985. Effects of dietary cobalt
        on testicular structure Virchow Arch [Cell Pathol].  49(3):  241-248.  Ref # 119

Nation, J. R.,  Bourgeois, A. E., Clark, D. E., and Hare, M. F. 1983. The effects of chronic cobalt exposure on
        behavior and metallothionein levels in the adult rat. Neurobehav Toxicol Teratol. 5(1): 9-15.  Ref #126

Paternain, J. L., Domingo, J. L., and Corbella, J.  1988. Developmental toxicity of cobalt in the rat.  J. Toxicol.
        Environm. Health. 24(2): 193-200.  Ref #109

Paulov, S.  1971.  Changes of growth and of serum proteins in ducklings intoxicated with cobalt. Nutr Metab
        13(1):66-70. Ref#91

Paulov, S., Veselovsky, J., and Demers, J.  M. 1971. Metabolic pool of heart proteins and amino acids in cobalt-
        poisoned ducklings. Acta Physiol AcadSci Hung .  40(2):  173-177. Ref #84

Pedigo, N. G. and Vernon, M. W.  1993. Embryonic losses after 10-week administration of cobalt to male mice.
        Reprod. Toxicol. 7:  111-116. Ref #187

Pedigo, N. G., George, W. J., and Anderson, M. B. 1988.  Effects of acute and chronic exposure to cobalt on male
        reproduction in mice. Reprod Toxicol. 2(1):  45-53. Ref # 121

Seidenberg, J. M., Anderson, D.  G., and Becker, R. A.  1986. Validation of an in vivo developmental toxicity screen
        in the mouse. TeratogCarcinogMutagen.  6:361-374. Ref #113

Southern, L. L. and Baker, D. H.  1981. The effect of methionine or cysteine on cobalt toxicity in the chick Poultry
        Sci. 60(6): 1303-8. Ref #81

Van Vleet, J.  F., Boon, G. D., and Ferraris, V. J.  1981. Induction of lesions  of selenium-vitamin E deficiency in
        ducklings fed silver, copper, cobalt, tellurium, cadmium, or zinc: protection by selenium or vitamin E
        supplements.  Am J Vet Res 42(1): 1206-1217. Ref #80


Eco-SSLfor Cobalt                                24                                       March 2005

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Van Vleet, J. F., Boon, G. D., andFerrans, V. J. 1981. Induction of lesions of selenium-vitamin E deficiency in
        weanling swine fed silver, cobalt, tellurium, zinc, cadmium, and vanadium.  Am. J. Vet. Res.  42(5): 789-
        799.  Ref#149
7.5    References Rejected for Use in Derivation of Wildlife TRVs

These references were reviewed and rejected for use in derivation of the Eco-SSL.  The
definition of the codes describing the basis for rejection is provided at the end of the reference
sections.

Abstract        1973.  annual report of the secretary for agricultural technical services forthe period 1 July 1971 to
                30 June 1972.  Department of Agricultural Technical Services, South Africa :  270pp.

Nutdef         1985.  Annual Report of the West of Scotland Agricultural College :  92-95.

Unrel           Birds and fowls fodder additive prescription and its prepn.  Faming Zhuanli Shenqing Gongkai
                Shuomingshu :  10 pp.

Diss            Content and evolution of cadmium, cobalt, chromium, copper, nickel, lead, and zinc in soils of
                1'horta and ribera baixa regions (Valencia) (spain)

Nutdef         1978.  grasslands and animal health, nutritional disorders in cattle andsheep.  Annotated
                Bibliography, Commonwealth Bureau of Animal Health (No.V22)

Unrel           Metallic complexes of streptogramin-b, their preparation and their use in animal food.   Eur. Pat.
                Appl.  12 pp.

HHE           1971.  Synergism of cobalt and ethanol.   NutrRev 29(2):  43-5.

FL             Abe, H., Urakabe, S., Sugita, M, Shichiri, M, and Suematsu, T. 1973. environmental pollution
                and health problems: pathophysiology: interpretation of physical disorders induced by heavy
                metals.  Jap. J.  Clin. Med. 31(6):  2017-2026.

FL             Admina, L. 1983.  trace element requirements of young pigs.   Svinovodstvo.(4)\  28-29.

Unrel           Agarwala, O. N., Mehra, U. R., and Pachauri, V. C. 1985. plasma cholesterol and yellowing of
                wool in chokla sheep.  Indian Vet J. 62(2):  182-183.

FL             Akulov, A. V. and Shumilov, K. V. 1967. [the effect of trace elements on the development of
                immunomorphological reactions in guinea pigs in brucellosis].   Veterinariia.  44(3):  38-40.

FL             Aleksiev, A., Danov, D., and Semkov, M.  1972. effect of differentiated feeding on the sperm of
                cocks and the incubation characteristics of the eggs. 2. effect of differentiated feeds with a large
                increase in protein and cobalt.   Veterinarnomeditsinki Nauki. 9(8): 81-88.

FL             Aleksiev, A.  D., Kr"steva, E., and Aleksieva-Drbokhlavova, D. 1986. study on the interaction of
                vitamin a and cobalt in feeding broilerchickens.  Zhivotnov"Dni Nauki  23(6): 84-89.

FL             Aleksiev, A.  D., Kr"Steva, E., and Aleksieva-Drboklavova, D.  a study on interaction of vitamin a
                with cobalt on feeding broiler chickens.   Zhivotnov'Dni Nauki. 23(6). 1986.84-89.

Mix            Aleksiev, A.  D., Krusteva, E., and Aleksieva-Drbokhlavova, D.  1986. interaction of vitamin a
Eco-SSL for Cobalt
25
March 2005

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                with cobalt on feeding broiler chickens.   Zhivotnovud. Nauki. 23(6):  84-9.

CP             Allen, W. M. 1984. use and misuse of minerals and trace elements in cattle diets.   British Cattle
                Veterinary Association Proceedings for 1983-1984.  47-52.

Surv           Amiard-Triquet, C., Pain, D., and Delves, H. T.  exposure to trace elements of flamingos living in
                a biosphere reserve, the camargue (france).   Environ. Pollut. (1991)   69(2-3):  193-201.

Unrel           Ammerman, C.  B.  1970.  recent developments in cobalt and copper in ruminant nutrition a review.
                 JDairy Sci. 53(8):  1097-1107.

CP             Ammerman, C.  B., Henry, P. R., Black, J. R., Margolin, J. E., Echevarria, M. G., and Miles, R. D.
                1985. tissue uptake of trace minerals as a measure of their bioavailability in ruminants and
                poultry.  Trace Elem. ManAnim. - TEMA 5 Proc. Int. Symp., 5th :  Meeting Date 1984, 699-
                702. Editor(s):  Mills, C. F.; Bremner, I.; Chesters, J. K. Publisher: CAB, Farnham Royal, Slough,
                UK.

Rev            Ammerman, C.  B. and Miller, S. M.  1972.  biological availability of minor mineral ions: a review.
                 J.Anim.Sci. 35(3): 681-694.

Mix            Amrith Kumar,  M. N., Bhaskar, B. V., Nagarcenkar, R., and Sampath, S. R.  1973.  Study on the
                effect of supplementation of copper, cobalt and liv-52 in the ration of heifers.  Indian Journal of
                Nutrition and Dietetics.  10(3): 139-147.

Surv           Anderson, S. H., Dodson, C. J., and Van, Hook R. I. 1976. Comparative retention of 60co, 109cd
                and 137cs following acute and.  Er'da/Radiological Soc of Am 4th Natl Symp on Radioecology,
                Ore.: p321(4).

Surv           Andreu Perez, Vicente. 1991. Content and evolution of cadmium, cobalt, chromium, copper,
                nickel, lead, and zinc in soils of 1'horta and ribera baixa regions (Valencia) (spain): 
                contenido y evolucion de cadmio, cobalto, cromo, cobre, niquel, plomo, cine en suelos de las
                comarcas de 1'horta y la ribera baixa (Valencia).

Acute           Andrews, E. D.  1965. Cobalt poisoning in sheep.  NZVet.J. 13: 101.

CP             Apsite, M.  99-124. Editor(s): Bermane, S.. Publisher: Izd. "Zinatne", Riga,  USSR.

FL             Apsite, M.  1968.  63-83.  Editor(s): Bermane, S.. Publisher:  Izd.  "Zinatne", Riga, USSR.

Mix            Apsite, M.  Effect of trace nutrients and amino acid mixture on the blood system of chicks.
                Regul. RostaMetab. Zhivotn. (1971)  169-79. Editor:  169-79. Editor(s): Valdmanis, A.
                Publisher: "Zinatne", Riga, Latv. SSR.

Phys           Arvy, L.  1970.  The kidney and cobamides. LavalMed. 41(3):  393-428.

In Vit           Asatryan, R. M., Badalyan, R. B., and Simonyan, A. A.  anion-sensitive atpase in the subcellular
                fractions of hen brain in ontogenesis.  Neirokhimiya (1986)   5(2): 194-9.

FL             Aslanyan, M. M. and Dariush, N. S.  1972.  stimulation of reproduction in rams by trace elements.
                 Ovtsevodstvo.(9):  38-39.

Phys           Assan, R., Pignard, P., Rosselin, G., and Tchobroutsky, G. 1968.  [glucagon: recent physiological
                data]:  le glucagon. donnees physiologiques recentes.  PatholBiol. 16(21):  979-1002.
Eco-SSLfor Cobalt                                26                                       March 2005

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Mix            Atabekov, T. A., Rakhimov, T. T., Smaglyuk, N., Salikhodzhaev, Z., Seifulhn, F. Kh., and
                Iskhanbekov, B. I.  1985. effect of covit on biochemical indexes of (various) organs in poultry.
                Uzb. Biol. Zh., N4, P55-7.

Rev            ATSDR. 1990.  lexicological Profile for Cobalt.

FL             Babin, Ya. A., Latyshev, V. I., Strugovshchikov, V. R., Ogarenko, N. B., Kolganov, V. A.,
                Kolpakova, L. V., Vasyunin, V. V., and Kolesnikov, S. A.  1985. effect of trace elements on egg
                laying and the nutritional value of hen eggs.  Khim. Sel'Sk. Khoz.(5):  36-7.

Mix            Babin, Ya. A., Latyshev, V. L, and Vasyunin, V. V. 1982.  use of paired trace element salt
                combinations in chick rations.   Khim. Sel'Sk. Khoz. 2: 44-7.

FL             Babin, Ya. A., Vasyunin, V. V., and Latyshev, V. I. 1975.  effect of cobalt, iodine, and zinc salts
                on oxidative phosphorylation in chick tissues.   Biol. Akt. Veshchestva (Mikroelem. Vitam.
                Drugie) Rastenievod., Zhivotnovod. Med.   45-8.  Editor(s): Babin, Ya. A. Publisher: Sarat. S-kh.
                Inst, Saratov, USSR..

FL             Baiturin, M. A. and Tanatarov, A. B.  determination of effective doses of the trace elements cobalt
                and manganese during the raising of chicks.  Tr. Alma-At.  Zoovet.  Inst. (1968).  15(3): 87-90
                CODEN: TAZIAK.

FL             Baiturin, M. A. and Tanatarov, A. B.  1972. determination of optimum doses of a combination of
                trace elements for ducklings.   Tr. Alma-At. Zoovet. Inst. 24:  135-8.

FL             Baiturin, M. A. and Tanatarov, A. B.  1972. effect of iodine and cobalt on growth and
                development of chicks.   Tr. Alma-At. Zoovet. Inst. 24: 116-20.

FL             Baiturin, M. A. and Tanatarov, A. B.  1968. effect of the trace elements cobalt and manganese on
                the growth and  development  of chicks.  Tr. Alma-At.  Zoovet.  Inst.   15(3):  91-3.

Rev            Baker, D. H. and Czarnecki-Maulden, G. L. 1987. pharmacologic  role of cysteine in ameliorating
                or exacerbating mineraltoxicities. Journal of Nutrition 117(6):  1003-1010.

Drug           Bal, M.  S. and Dwarkanath, P. K. 1989. effect of cobalt feeding on the blood and milk vitamin b-
                12 levels in cattle.  Indian Vet J. 66(4):  300-302.

FL             Balakhontseva, V., Dubinskaya, A., and Rozhkova, M. 1986.  products of microbiological
                synthesis -paprin.  Mukomol'No-Elevatornaya i Kombikormovaya Promyshlennost' (IQ): 41-42.

HHE           Balazs, T. and Herman, E. H. 1976. toxic cardiomyopathies.  Ann Clin Lab Sci. 6(6):  467-76 .

FL             Barkhatov, N. A. 1978. trace elements for restoring normal reproductive function in swine(cobalt,
                zinc, manganese).   Veterinariya, Moscow, LASSR.(No.8):  75-78.

Nut def         Barnouin, J., Quechon, M., Petit, B., Nicolas, J. A., and Brochart, M. 1985.  continuous eco-
                pathological survey. 5. the main diseases and healthmanagement of sheep flocks under semi-
                confinement conditions.  Bulletin Technique Centre De Recherches Zootechniques Et
                Veterinaires De Theix.(No.61):  11-19.

Mix            Bastien, R. W., Bradley, J. W., Pennington, B. L., and Ferguson, T. M.  1979. effect of dietary
                mineral supplements on radius breaking strength andegg characteristics of caged layers.   Poultry
                Science  58(1):  90-92.
Eco-SSLfor Cobalt                                27                                      March 2005

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Drug
Phys
Nut
Bio Ace
Unrel
Bio Ace
Bio Ace
Mix
Beers, K. W., Nicoll, D. W., Anestis, D. K., Brown, P. I., and Rankin, G. O. 1993. effect of
microsomal enzyme modulators on n-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-2-hydroxysuccinimide (ndhs)-induced
nephrotoxicity in the fischer 344 Rat.   Toxicology. 84(1-3): 141-155.

Behlke, I, Krantz, S., Lober, M, and Fiedler, H.  1969.  [hydrodynamic behavior of fibrinogen
from cobalttreated rabbits]:  zum hydrodymanischen verhalten des fibrinogens
kobaltbehandelter kaninchen.  Acta BiolMed Ger. 23(6): 933-6.

Beker, V. F., Urtane, M. S., Vasil'eva, S. V., Krauze, R. Yu., Apsite, M. R., and Kalntsiema, V.
Kh.  1984. composition and biological value of biomass from mycelium of the funguspolyporus
squamosus a-42. <.  Document Title>Transportnye i Obmennye Protsessy v
Kishechnikezhivotnykh.  183-194.

Belokobyl'skii, A. I., Ginturi, E. N., Shoniya, N. I., Rcheulishvili, A. N., and Mosulishvili, L. M.
1990. trace elements in chromatin in embryo- and postembryogenesis.  Soobshch. Akad. Nauk
Gmz.SSR(1990)   137(1):  157-60.

Belokobyl'skii, A. L, Ginturi, E. N., Shoniya, N. L, Rcheulishvili, A. N., and Mosulishvili, L. M.
1990. trace elements in chromatin in embryogenesis and postembryogenesis.  Soobshch Akad
NaukGruzSsr. 137(1):  157-160.

Belokobyliskii, A. L, Ginturi, E.  N., Saginadze, N. V., and Shoniya, N. I. 1983. change of iron,
zinc, rubidium, selenium and cobalt content in chick embryos in the course of their development.
Soobshch. Akad. Nauk Gmz. SSR  109(1):  149-51 .

Bendell-Young, L. I(a) and Bendell, J. F.  1999. grit ingestion as a source of metal exposure in the
spruce grouse, dendragapus canadensis.  Environmental Pollution.  106(3): 405-412.

Bengoumi, M., Essamadi, A. K., Tressol, J. C., Chacornac, J. P., and Faye, B. a. 1998.
comparative effects of selenium supplementation on the plasma selenium concentration and
erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase activity in cattle and camels.   Animal Science.  67(3): 461-
466.
Mix
Bengoumi, M., Essamadi, A. K., Tressol, J. C., and Faye, B. a. 1998. comparative study of
copper and zinc metabolism in cattle and camel.   Biological Trace Element Research. 63(2):  81-
94.
FL             Berestova, V. I. 1981. cobalt content in the bodies on mink, arctic foxes (alopex lagopus) and
                silver foxes at various stages of growth:  soderzhanije kobal'ta v organizme norok,
                nestsov i lisits ranogo vozrasta.  Scientifur. 5(1):  34-37.

Phys           Berlin, Nathaniel. 1949.Studies on the Mechanism and Development of the Cobalt Polycythemi a
                in the Rat With the Aid of Radioactive Isotopes

Bio Ace         Besschetnov, 1.1. and Chorayan, O. G.  dynamics of informational characteristics of the chemical
                content of developing  chicken  embryo organs.   Arkh.Anat.   Gistol. Embriol. (1981): 81(11),
                89-92 .
FL
Unrel
Bessonov, A. L, Grozhevskaya, S. B., Vikharev, V. Ya., and Savkin, V. V.  1986.  sperm yield and
non-specific reactivity in boars given a diet containing iodine and cobalt.: puti
povysheniya produktivnosti svinei i ovets.    79-85.

Bicanin, M.   1975. contribution to the knowledge of quality of grassland herbage on thewestern
sides of mount sara with special reference to essential traceelements in the diet of sheep.
Eco-SSLfor Cobalt
                                   28
March 2005

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                Veterinaria, Yugoslavia. 24(2):  199-207.

Phys           Binnerts, W. T., D. Giesecke, G. Dirksen editor, and M. Stangassinger (editor). 1981.
                intensification and trace element intake of dairy cows.   Metabolic Disorders in Farm Animals.
                Proceedings of the IVth International Conference on Production Disease in Farm Animals.: 263-
                266.

Nut def         Black, H., Hutton, J. B., Sutherland, R. J., and James, M. P.  1988. white liver disease in goats.
                New Zealand Veterinary Journal. 36(1):  15-17.

Diss            Blalock, T. L.  1986.  studies on the role of iron in the reversal of zinc, cadmium, vanadium, nickel
                and cobalt toxicities in broiler pullets.  Diss. Abstr. Int. B 1986, 47(2), 577-8.:  188 pp.

CP             BLALOCK, T. L. and HILL, C. H.  1986.  Mechanisms of alleviation of zinc cadmium vanadium
                nickel and cobalt toxicities by dietary iron.   70th Annual Meeting of the Federation of American
                Societies for Experimental Biology

Bio Ace         Blomqvist, Sven, Frank, Adrian, and Petersson, Lars R. 1987. Metals in liver and kidney tissues
                of autumn-migrating dunlin calidris alpina and  curlew sandpiper calidris ferruginea staging at the
                balticsea.  Mar. Ecol Prog. Ser. (1987)  35(1-2):  1-13 .

Phys           Boitor, I., Muntean, M., Groza, I., Moise, D., Musca, M., Kadar, L., and Ghitulescu, C.  1988.
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FL             Bolotnikov, I. A., Malazhaev, E. D., Nikol'skii, V. M.,  and Smirnova, T. I.  1988. Use of complex
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FL             Bonnet-Masimbert, O.,  Prenat, M. F., Valentin, J., and Sengel, P.  1971.  [Restatement of a method
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FL             Bonomi,  A., Quarantelli, A., Sabbioni, A.,  Superchi, P., and Lucchelli, L.  1985.  Chelated trace
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FL
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Unrel

Alt



Surv


Surv


No Oral


Unrel



FL



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FL


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Burch, R. E., Williams, R. V., and Sullivan, J. F. 1973. Effect of cobalt, beer, and thiamin-
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Burger, J. and Gochfeld, M.  1988-1989.  Metals in tern eggs in a new jersey estuary usa a decade
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Cain, Stephen M. 1975. Oxygen delivery and utilization in dogs with a sublethal dose  of cobalt
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Choi, W. J., Kang, M. H., and Chung, K. H. 1982. Studies on the influence of cobalt on
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Choi, Won J., Kang, Myun H.,  and Chung, Keun H.  1981.  Studies on the influences of cobalt on
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Clark, R. G. 1982. Trace element analysis in the diagnosis of poor growth in sheep; withspecial
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Clark R G, Burbage J, Marshall P M, Valler T, and Wallace D.  1986.  Absence of a vitamin b 12
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Clark, R. G., Wright, D. F., and Millar, K. R. 1985.  A proposed new approach and protocol to
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Cloutier, N. R., Clulow, F. V., Lim,  T. P., and Dave, N. K. 1985.  Metal  copper nickel iron cobalt
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Cloutier, N. R., Clulow, F. V., Lim,  T. P., and Dave, N. K. 1986.  Metal  copper nickel iron cobalt
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Comar, C. L., Davis,  G. K., and Taylor, R. F. 1946.  Cobalt metabolism studies: radioactive cobalt
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Damron, B. L. and Hall, M. F.  1983. Influence of varying vitamin d3 levels upon the
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Dankowski, A. and Janicki, B.  1991.  Preliminary observations on mineral and vitamin feeding of
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Demko, E. B.  1970.  [An increase in the role of iodine in combination with other trace elements in
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Nutdef         Duncan,!. F., Greentree, P. L., and Ellis, K. J.  1986. cobalt deficiency in cattle.  AUST VETJ.-
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No Oral        Dunn, K. M, Ely, R. E.,  and Huffman, C. F.  1952.  alleviation of cobalt toxicity in calves by
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No Oral        Edel, J a, Pozzi, G., Sabbioni, E., Pietra, R., and Devos, S. 1994. metabolic and lexicological
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FL             Fiedler, H. and Hoffmann, H. D. 1970. [the effect of nickel(ii)-l-glutamate and of various cobalt
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FL             Gavrilova, L. N.  1980.  effect of cobalt salt supplements on protein accumulation in the liver and
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Rev            Hansard, S. L. 1983. Microminerals for ruminant animals.   Nutrition Abstracts and Reviews, B.
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In Vit          Hasegawa,  T., Hagiwara, Y., Saito, K., and Ozawa, E.  1982. Effect of transferrin on chick cell
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In Vitro        Hein, W., Roth, W., Schmidt, W., and Hellthaler, G. 1985. In-vitro studies for objectivation of
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Rev            Hill, C. H.  1980.  Interactions of vitamin c with lead and mercury.   Annals of the New York
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Abstract        Hill, C. H.  1975.  The reduction of metal toxicities by ascorbic-acid in the chick.   FED PROC.
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HHE           Hindmarch, I.  1976. A subchronic study of the subjective quality of sleep and psychological
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Nut def         Holmes, J. H. G.  1992. Trace element deficiency in sheep in east gippsland, victoria.
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Nut def         Holmes, J. H. G., Edye, L. A., Potter, J., and Walton, E. 1986. Mineral status of beef cattle in
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Bio Ace         Honda, K., Ichihashi, H., and Tatsukawa, R.  1987. Tissue distribution of heavy metals and their
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CP             Hoshishima, K., Tujii, H., andKano, K. 1978. Effects of the administration of trace  amounts of
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Anat           Huerta, M. and Stefani, E.  1981. Potassium and caffeine contractures in fast and slow muscles of
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Mineral        Hutcheson, D. P.  1987. Minerals for feedlot Cattle.   Agri-practice.  8(3):  3-6.

Nut def         Ibragimov, Kh. Z., Norbaev, K. N., and Bakirov, B. B. 1984. Prevention of protein and mineral
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Bio Ace         Ikebe, Katsuhiko, Nishimune, Takahiro, and Sueki, Kenji. 1994. Behavior  of several elements in
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Food           Jensen, L. S., Maurice, D. V., and Chang, C. H.  Relation of mineral content of drinking   water
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No Oral


Mix



Mix



FL


Unrel


Nut def

Mix


Rev


Surv



InVit


FL
Rev
FL
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Judson, G. I, Brown, T. H., Kempe, B. R., and Turnbull, R. K.  1988. Trace element and vitamin
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                Miguel L., and Barnhart, Harold M. 1998. Accumulation of elements in fractionated broiler litter
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Nut def         Kennedy, D. G., Blanchflower, W. J., Scott, J. M., Weir, D. G., Molloy, A. M., Kennedy, S., and
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Nut def         Kennedy, D. G., Cannavan, A., Molloy, A., O'Harte, F., Taylor, S. M., Kennedy, S., and
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Nut def         Kennedy, D. G(a), Young,  P. B., Kennedy, S., Scott, J. M., Molloy, A. M., Weir, D. G., and Price,
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Nut def         Kennedy, D. Glenn(a), Kennedy Seamus, and Young Paul B.  1996.  Effects of low concentrations
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Nut def         Kennedy, D. Glenn a, Young, Paul B, Blanchflower, W. John, Scott, John M, Weir, Donald G,
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FL             Kim, Y. K., Paik, I. K., Gangadharan, B., Rajan, A., Valsala, K. V., Mariamma, K. L, Miller, E.
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FL             Kirchgessner, M. and Pallauf, J. 1973.  The effect of FE, CO and NI supplements in zinc
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Surv            Klimowicz Zbigniew, Melke  Jerzy, and Uziak Stanislaw. 1997.  peat soils in the bellsund region,


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                Spitsbergen.  Polish Polar Research  18(1): 25-39.

Nut def         Kline, E. A., Kostelic, G. C., Ashton, G. C., Homeyer, P. G., Quinn, L., and Catron, D. V. 1954.
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Drug           Klosowski, B. 1971. the effect of gonadotropic hormones (pms) on gonadal function in rams
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Phys            Ko, Y. D., Cho, Y. H., and Shinn, S. J. 1976. experimental studies on the biosynthesis of vitamin
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Mix            Kolganov, V. A., Latyshev, V. L, and  Strugovshchikov, V. R. 1986. Effect of supplementary
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FL             Konopatov, Yu., Pilaeva, N., and Artem'eva, S. 1989. Cobalt and the resistance of chickens (to
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FL             Konopatov, Yu. V.  1974.  Effect of cobalt chloride on hen blood transaminase activity.  Sb.
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Unrel           Koppl, C. and Gleich, O.  1988.  Cobalt labelling of single primary auditory neurones: an
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FL             Kosla,  T. 1987.  The level of iron manganese and cobalt in the soil grass and in young bulls in the
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FL             Krasovskii, G. N. and Fridliand, S. A.   1971. Experimental data for substantiating the maximum
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Abstract
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In Vitro
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Phys
Alt
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FL             Lempert, B. L. and Levina, L. V. 1974. effect of long-term feeding with toxic doses of cobalt on
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Drug           Livshits, O. D.  1987.  Effect of dietary fiber from vegetable products on the content of sulfhydryl
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Drug           Livshits, O. D.  1987.  Effect of vegetable food fiber on liver function in chronic cobalt poisoning:
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Drug           Llobet, J. M., Domingo, J. L., and Corbella, J.  1985.  Comparison of antidotal efficacy of
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Nut def         Lloyd Davies, H. a, Mann, P. P. b, and Goddard, B. c.  1989.  A comparison of the effects of feed
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Phys            Lober, M. and Krantz, S.  1975. Chemical properties of plasma fibrinogens and fibrins from
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Phys           Lopez-Guisa, J. M. and Satter, L. D.  1992.  Effect of copper and cobalt addition on digestion and
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FL             Mackova, M., Sommerova, H., and Kazdova, M.  1981.  Effect of cobalt sulfate additives on the
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No Dose        Macpherson, Allan. 1993.  Recent developments in cobalt and selenium research.  Journal of the
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No Oral        Masters, D. G. and Peter, D. W. 1990. Marginal deficiencies of cobalt and selenium in weaner
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Nut def         Mburu, J. N a, Kamau, J. M. Z., and Badamana, M. S. 1993. Changes in serum levels of vitamin
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Nut def         Mgongo, F. O. K. 1988. Stress of nutritional origin and its effects on peripheral concentration of
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Nut def         Mgongo, F. O. K., Gombe, S., and Ogaa, J. S. 1984. The influence of cobalt-vitamin b-12
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FL             Nadeenko, V. G., Lenchenko, V. G., Saichenko, S. P., Arkhipenko, T. A., and Radovskaya, T. L.
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Mix            Sapozhkov, S. V.  1982.  Effect of cobalt and nickel on histological changes in the nervous
                system.  SbornikNauchnykh TrudovLeningradskogo Veterinarnogo Instituta.(l\): 102-108.

FL             Sasse, C. 1990. Effect of a Cobalt-Containing Mineral Supplement on the Performance ofAI
                Bulls.: 87pp.

FL             Sato, Y. 1973.  The effect of cobalt in diet on nutrition and incidence of dental caries  in rat.
                Shikwa Gakuho.  73(5): 956-8.

Alt             Saxena, K. K. and Ranjhan, S. K. 1978. Effect of cobalt and copper supplementation separately
                and in combination on the digestibility of organic nutrients and mineral balances in hariana calves.
                Indian JAnim Sci.   48(8): 566-571.

Phys            Saxena, K. K., Srivastava, R. V. N., Srivastava, S. K., and Ranjhan, S. K.  1980.  Effect of cobalt
                and copper supplementation on the ruminal volatilefatty acids concentration and microbial
                population in hariana calves.   Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 50(6): 471 -475.

Nut def         Schottler, J. H.,  Boromana, A., and Williams, W. T.  1977. Comparative performance of cattle and
                buffalo on the sepik plains papua new-guinea.   Aust J Exp Agric Anim Husb. 17(87):  550-554.

Rev            Schubert,!.  1973.  Heavy metals-toxicity and environmental pollution.  Adv Exp Med Biol. 40:
                239-97.
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-------
Unrel
Seekles, L.  1972.  Mineral trace elements and animal reproduction.: riproduzione animale e
fecondazione artificiale.    299-307.
Mix            Shavkun, V. E., Khavinzon, A. G., Shalovilo, S. G., and Zhminka, V. Ya. 1979. The effect of
                biologically active substances on reproductive function of sires.  Zhivotnovodstvo.(ll): 60-62.

Unrel           Sheng, Y. Z., Liang, M. L., Wang, Q. X., Dong, K. Y., Tang, Y. H., and Sheng, M. X.  1986.
                Effect of methionine and trace element supplements on the rate of woolgrowth in angora rabbits.
                Chinese Journal of Rabbit Farming (Zhongguo Yangtu Zazhi).(3 ):  39-42.

Mix            Shkunkova, Yu. SV/Tkachuk, V. G.  1974. Effect of trace elements on the growth of chickens and
                the productivityof hens. Khimiya v Sel'skom Khozyaistve. 12  (8) : 614-616

Mix            Shubin, A. A. 1986.  The effect of biologically active substances on reproductive function and
                productivity of cows.  Zhivotnovodstvo.(\0)\ 43-44.

FL             Shubin, A. A. 1968.  Influence of iodine and cobalt salts on reproductive capacity of cows.
                Byull Vses Nauch-issledInst Fiziol Biokhim Sel'skokhoz Zhivotn. 1: 74-77.

FL             Shvelidze, N. E.  1981. New resources for the production of grass meal for broilers.   Vestnik
                Sel'Skokhozyaistvennoi Nauki, Moscow, USSR(W):  29-33.

Mix            Sidorova,  M. V. and Morozova, N. N.  1986.  Kidney histostructure in young bulls fed with
                distillery grains with the use of trace Elements.  Izv Timiryazev S-kh Akad.  0(5): 155-160.

FL             Simek, M. 1995.  Recommended requirements of mineral substances and their resources in cattle
                and sheep: Doporucene Potreby Mineralnich Latek a Jejich Zdroje U Skotu a Ovci.

NutDef        Singh, K. K., Chhabra, A., and Agrawal, R. K. 1997. Influence of dietary cobalt on blood
                constituents and metabolites in crossbred calves.   Indian Journal of Animal Nutrition.  14(3):
                196-198.
Mix
Acute
FL
FL
Phys
Plant
Singh, K. K a and Chhabra, Aruna.  1996.  Influence of cobalt supplementation on growth, and
utilization of urea in crossbred calves.  Indian Journal of Animal Nutrition.  13(1):  11-14.

Singh, P. P. and Junnarkar, A. Y. 1991. Behavioural and toxic profile of some essential trace
metal salts in mice and Rats.  Indian JPharmacol. 23(3):  153-159.

Sirotkin, A. N., Prister, S. S., Tyumenev, L. N., and Grishin, A. I. 1979.  Metabolism of 60co,
65zn, 59fe and 3h in the hen.  Doklady Vsesoyuznoi Ordena Lenina Akademii
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Skare, J. U.  1995. Environmental toxicology research at a veterinary college-veterinary institute.
Norsk Veterinaertidsskrift. 107(4):  363-376.

SLowinska, R., Sobiech, K. A., Ziomek, E., and Szewczuk, A. 1978. activity and polymorphism
of the cobalt-activated acylase in tissues of rodents during development.  Ada Biochim Pol.
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Smirnova, Z. A.  1970. Use of trace nutrients to increase the  growth of plants and the soil
germination rate of seeds of some introduced varieties  Tr. Kaz. Nauch.-Issled. Inst. Les. Khoz. 7,
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Fate
Snively, W. D. Jr and Becker, B.  1968.  minerals, macro and micro: dynamic nutrients, ii. the
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                                   51
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                micro-minerals.  Ann Allergy.  26(5): 233-40.

Mix            Sobolev, N.  1995.  belotin.   Ptitsevodstvo.(5):  20.

FL             Sominskii, Z. F. and Nikitina, L. P.  1978.  Morphological reaction of the liver of hens after
                administration of various doses of cobalt chloride and manganese sulfate.  Profilakt. i Lechenie
                Boleznei S.-Kh. Zhivotnykh,  Ulianovsk:  64-8.

Rev            Sourkes, T. L. 1982. Transition elements and the nervous System.  Iron Deficiency: Brain
                Biochemistry and Behavior.  ILLUS. ISBN 0-89004-690-5.   1-30.

Acute          Spiridonova, V. S. and Shabalina, L. P. 1973. Experimental study of the toxicity of cobalt
                tetracarbonyL.  GigSanit.  38(1): 97-9.

FL             Splitek, M. 1982. Micro-mineral nutrition of poultry: mikromineralnivyzivadrubeze.
                Krmivarstvi a Sluzby. 18(11): 238-240.

FL             Splitek, M. Vyzkumny Ustav Krmivarskeho Prumyslu a Sluzeb Pecky Czechoslovakia.  1982.
                micro-mineral nutrition of poultry.  mikromineralni vyziva drubeze.  Krmivarstvi a
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Nut def         Squires, R. A. and Budge, G. 1997.Proceedings From the 27th Seminar of the Society of Sheep
                andBeefCattle Veterinarians NZVA. (175): 1-151.

Plant           Staaland, Hans//Brattbakk, Ingvar/TEkern, Karen//Kildemo, Kjetil. 1983. Chemical composition
                of reindeer forage plants in Svalbard and Norway. Holarctic Ecol. 6 (2): 109-22.
Surv
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Nut def
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Model
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Stafford, Kevin J. 1997. The diet and trace element status of sambar deer (Cervus unicolor) in
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Stan, Mariana. 1969.  Cobalt chloride effect on liver, thyroid, and thymus in chicken.  Rev.
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Stangl, G. L, Schwarz, F. J., and Kirchgessner, M. 1998. Amino acid changes in plasma and liver
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Stanojevic, Lazar. 1972.  Trans. ofArhiv Za Poljoprivredne Nauke i Tehniku (Yugoslavia).
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Stebbings, R. St.  J. and Lewis, G.  1986. Cobalt deficiency and urinary formiminoglutamic acid in
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Stelletskii, V. V.  and Korkunov, Yu. P. Trace element requirement of adult  chickens.   Tr.
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Stepurin, G. F., Bularga, I. A., Vranchan, V. G., and Korchevaya, L. G. 1986.  Interaction of
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Stillions, M. C., Teeter, S. M., and Nelson, W. E. 1971. Utilization of dietary vitamin b-12 and
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FL             Stoimenov, K. 1976. Effect of some microelements on heterakis gallinarum infection.
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Nut def         Stokstad, E. L. 1968.  Experimental anemias in animals resulting from folic acid and vitamin b 12
                deficiencies.   VitamHorm. 26: 443-63.

HHE           Stoliar, V. I.  1972. Congenital disorders in the presence of nutritional microelement deficiencies:
                vrozhdennye narusheniia pri alimentarnom defitsite mikroelementov.   Pediatriia. 51(10): 75-8.

Alt             Stomakhina, N. V., Kogan, V. Yu, Sarkisyan, M. A., and Danilova, M. K. 1991. The study of the
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In Vit          Suarez-Isla, B. A., Pelto, D. I, Thompson, J.  M., and Rapoport, S. I. 1984. Blockers of calcium
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Mix             Sumadi, Lebdosoekojo, and Latif, A. 1982.  The effects of vermifuge and cobalt administration
                on the growth of brachman crossbreed and ongole cattle at the 'Bila River Ranch' South Sulawesi:
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Mix            Surma, S. M. and Tabakov, N. A. 1989. The effect of balanced feed rations on milk yield,
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Bio Ace         Suso, F. A. and Edwards, H. M. Jr.  1969.  Whole body counter studies on the absorption of 60co,
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Review         Suso, Francisco A.  and Edwards, Hardy M. Jr.  1968.  Influence of various chelating agents on
                absorption of cobalt-60, iron-59, manganese-54, and zinc-65 by chickens.  Poultry Sci.  47(5):
                1417-25 .

Mineral         Suttle, M. and Jones, D. G.  1989. Recent developments in trace element metabolism and function
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CP
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CP
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CP
Suttle, N., Wright, C., MacPherson, A., Harkess, R., Halliday, G., Miller, K., Phillips, P., and
Evans, C. 1986. How important are trace element deficiencies in lambs on improved hill pastures
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Suttle, N. F.  1986. Problems in the diagnosis and anticipation of trace element deficiencies in
grazing livestock.  Veterinary Record.  119(7):  148-152.

Suttle, N. F.,  Gunn, R. G., Allen, W. M., Linklater, K. A., and Wiener, G. 1983. Trace elements
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Szakmary, E., Ungvary, G., Naray, M., Mede, A., Tatrai, E., and Morvai, V. 1989. Harmful
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Bio Ace         Szefer, P. and Falandysz, J.  1987.  Trace metals in the soft tissues of scaup ducks (Aythya marila
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FL             Tanatarov, A. B. 1983. Trace elements for broiler chickens.  Zhivotnovodstvo (5): 47-48.

FL             Tanatarov, A. B. 1986. Trace elements in duck feeding.   Zhivotnovodstvo. (2): 44-45.

FL             Tanatarov, A. B. 1986. Trace elements in the feeding of ducklings.  1986. Zhivotnovodstvo. (2):
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No Oral
In Vitro
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Tanatarov, M. A., Egorov, N. P., Tanatarov, A. B., Egeubaev, A. A., and Dabzhanova, S. T.
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Tauson, Anne-Helene a and Neil, Maria.  1993. Vitamin b!2 supplementation to mink (mustela
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Telib, M. 1972.  Effects of cobaltous chloride in laboratory animals part 1 the histological and
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Telib, M. 1972.  The purification and properties of nucleoside phosphotransferase from mucosa of
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Alt             Thomson, C. M. and Dry den, W. F. 1981. Different actions of calcium channel blocking agents
                on resting membrane conductance in developing skeletal muscle.  Canadian Journal of
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No Dose        Thurston, R. J., Korn, N., Froman, D. P., and Bodine, A. B.  1993. Proteolytic enzymes in seminal
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FL             Tkachenko, A. V. 1995. Hemoxygenase activity, metabolic homeostasis of bih'rubin in brain and
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                Klinicheskaya Farmakologiya.: 41-45.

FL             Tolokonnikov, Yu., Orlov, L., Pisarskaya, T., Nikil'burskii, N., and Stratiichuk, A.  1985.
                Utilization of colloidal jellyfish during fattening of broilers.   Ptitsevodstvo (3):  29.

Nut def         Tseng, R. Y., Cohen, N. L., Reyes, P. S., and Briggs, G. M.  1976. Metabolic changes in golden
                hamsters fed vitamin b-12-deficient diets.  JNutr.  106(1):  77-85.

No Oral        Tsujii, H. and Hoshishima, K. 1979. Effect of the administration of trace amounts of metals to
                pregnant mice upon the behavior and learning of their offspring.  Shinshu Daigaku Nogakubu
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Not Oral
Turner, W. B, Corp, E. S, and Galbraith, R. A.  1994.  Lack of npy-induced feeding in cobalt
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                protoporphyrin-treated rats is a postreceptor defect.  Physiology & Behavior  56(5):  1009-1014.

Mix            Ulvund, M. J.  1990. Ovine white-liver disease owld serum copper and effects of copper and
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Nut def         Ulvund, M. J.  1990. Ovine white-liver disease owld vitamin b-12 and methyl malonic acid mma
                estimations in blood.   Acta VetScand.  31(3):  267-276.

Surv            Ulvund, M. J. and Pestalozzi, M. 1990. Ovine white-liver disease owld botanical and chemical
                composition of pasture grass.   Acta Vet Scand. 31(3):  257-266.

Unrel           Underwood, E. J. 1976.  Mineral imbalances in farm animals and their study and diagnosis with
                isotopic tracers.  Atomic Energy Review   14(4):  591-619.

Rev            Underwood, E. J. 1981. The Mineral Nutrition of Livestock, ix + 180pp.

CP             Underwood, E. J. 1977.  Trace Elements in Human and Animal Nutrition.  4th Edition. New York.

FL             Ustinskova, L. A.  1979.  Change in the chemical composition of turkey bones in connection with
                age and physiological state. Nauchn. Tr. Kazan. Gos. Vet. Inst. im. N. E. Baumana.  131, 78-80.

FL             Vakhitova, R. Z. 1978. Effect of cobalt (in feed rations) on protein indicators of blood in the
                process of duck growth.   Vestnik Sel'Skokhoziaistvennoi Nauki Kazakhstana. Ezhemesiachnyi
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CP             Vallee, B. L. The entatic properties of cobalt carboxypeptidase and cobalt procarboxypeptidase.
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Mix            Valyushkin, K. D. 1982.  Combined use of vitamins and trace elements and the reproductive
                function of Cows.  VyestsiAkadNavukBssrSyerSyel'skahaspadNavuk. 0(2):  68-71.

Mix            Van Ryssen, J. B. J., Miller, W. J., Gentry, R. P., and Neathery, M. W. 1987. Effect of added
                dietary cobalt on metabolism and distribution of radioactive selenium and stable  minerals.   J
                Dairy Sci. 70(3): 639-644.

Mix            Van Vleet, J. F. 1982. Amounts of 8 combined elements required to induce selenium vitamin e
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                43(6):  1049-1055.

Mix            Van Vleet, J. F. 1982. Amounts of twelve elements required to induce selenium vitamin e
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Mix            Van Vleet, John F. Van Vleet, J. F.  1982.  Amounts of eight combined elements  required to induce
                selenium-vitamin E deficiency in ducklings  and protection by supplements of  selenium and
                vitamin E. Am. J. Vet.  Res. 43  (6) : 1049-55.

Nut def         Vellema, P a, Moll, L., Barkema, H. W., and Schukken, Y. H. 1997.  Effect of cobalt
                supplementation on serum vitamin b-12 levels, weight gain and survival rate in lambs grazing
                cobalt-deficient pastures.   Veterinary Quarterly.  19(1): 1-5.

InVit           Verger, C, Sassa, S., and Kappas, A.  1983. Growth promoting effects of iron proto porphyrins
                and cobalt proto porphyrins on cultured embryonic cells.   Journal of Cellular Physiology. 116
                (2): 135-141.
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Unrel           Vishnyakov, S. I. and Moskovchenko, L. A.  1978.  Ion antagonism and onset of diseases and a
                disturbance in metabolism in farm animals.   Probl. Vzaimodeistviya Chelovka s Okruzh. Sredoi.
                Materialy Vses. Soveshch., Kursk.: 156-8.

Mix            Volobueva, R. A. and Khadanovich, I. V. 1983. Vitamin b-12 and cobalt in diets for young pigs.
                Khimiya v Sel'Skom Khozyaistve.  20(7): 43-44.

Rev            Watson, A. and O'Hare, P. J. 1979. Red grouse populations on experimentally treated and
                untreated irish bog.  JApplEcol.  16(2): 433-452.

Acu            Wellman, P. J., Watkins, P. A., Nation, J. R., and Clark, D. E. 1984.  Conditioned taste aversion
                in the adult rat induced by dietary ingestion of cadmium or cobalt.  Neurotoxicology.  5(2): 81-
                90.

Nut def         Whanger, P. D. and Weswig, P. H. 1978. Influence of 19 elements on development of liver
                necrosis in selenium and vitamin e deficient rats.  Nutr Rep Int.  18(4): 421-428.

Nut Def         Whanger, P. D., Weswig, P. H., Schmitz, J. A., and Oldfield, J. E. 1976. Effects of selenium,
                cadmium, mercury, tellurium, arsenic, silver and cobalt on white muscle disease in lambs and
                effect of dietary forms of arsenic on its accumulation in tissues.   Nutr Rep Int.  14(1): 63-72.

No Oral         Wide, M.  1984.  Effect of short-term exposure to five industrial metals on the embryonic and fetal
                development of the mouse.  Environ Res.  33:  47-53.

Nut Def         Winter, W. H., Siebert, B. D., and Kuchel, R. E. 1977. Cobalt deficiency of cattle grazing
                improved pastures in northern cape york peninsula.   Aust J Exp Agric Anim Husb. 17(84):  10-
                15.
Phys


Acute




Alt


Phys


Phys


InVit



Acute



Unrel
Wise, W. R., Weswig, P. H., Muth, O. H., and Oldfield, J. E.  1968.  Dietary interrelationship of
cobalt and selenium in lambs alfalfa-d white muscle disease.  J Anim Sci. 27(5):  1462-1465.

Wohllebe, W., Taube, C., and Fiedler, H. 1968. Behavior of thrombin time, activities of
antithrombin ii and 3 following administration of cobalt (ii) compounds in rabbits: das verhalten
der thrombinzeit, der aktivitaten von antithrobmin ii and 3 nach parenteraler verabreichung von
kobalt (ii)-verbindungen an kaninchen.  Z Gesamte Inn Med. 23(17):  537-9.

Wolford, J. H. and Murphy, D.  1972. Effect of diet on fatty liver-hemorrhagic syndrome
incidence in laying chickens.   Poultry Sci.  51(6): 2087-94.

Woods, J. S.  1976. Developmental aspects of hepatic heme biosynthetic capability and
hematotoxicity.  Biochem Pharmacol. 25(19):  2147-52.

Woods, J. S. and Carver, G. T. 1977.  Action of cobalt chloride on the biosynthesis, degradation
and utilization of heme in fetal rat liver.  DrugMetab Dispos. 5(5): 487-492.

Wyler, R. and Wiesendanger, W.  1975.  The enhancing effect of copper, nickel, and cobalt ions
on plaque formation by semliki forest virus (sfv) in chicken embryo fibroblasts.   Archives of
Virology  47(1): 57-69.

Yamaguchi, M., Inamoto, K., and Suketa, Y. 1986. Effect of essential trace metals on bone
metabolism in weanling rats: comparison with zinc and other metals' actions.  Res Exp Med
(Berl).  186(5): 337-42.

Yamaguchi, M. and Yamaguchi, R.   1986. Action of zinc on bone metabolism in rats, increases
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                in alkaline phosphatase activity and dna content.   Biochem Pharmacol.  35(5): 773-7.

Acute          Yi, S. and Maines, M. D. 1990. Heme oxygenase 2 messenger rna developmental expression in
                the rat liver and response to cobalt chloride.  Arch Biochem Biophys.  282(2):  340-345.

Mix            Zervas, G., Telfer, S. B., Al-Tekrity, A., and Jones, D. 1987. Prevention of trace element
                deficiencies in grazing ruminants. II. sheep.  Deltion Tes Ellenikes Kteniatrikes Etaireias =
                Bulletin of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society.  38(4): 258-263.

FL             Zharova, E. P. 1970.  Age dynamics of the levels of copper, zinc, manganese, and cobalt in the
                muscles of white russian  chickens.   Timiryazev. Sel'Skokhoz. Akad:  No. 157, 247-50 .

Bio Ace         Zharova, E. P. 1969.  Level of some trace elements in a growing chick embryo Dokl. Tskha
                (Timiryazev.  Sel'skokhoz. Akad.)  No. 151, 199-202

Mix            Zhou, W., Swinkels, J. W.  G. M., Risley, C.  R., and Kornegay, E. T. 1992.  Ability of cobalt to
                reduce copper deposition in selected tissues of weanling pigs fed growth promoting level  of
                copper.   Animal Science Research Report, Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station. (10): 44-46.

FL             Zivkovic, R., Kostic, V., and Velickovic, G.  1972. Effect of trace elements (cu, co) on production
                and reproduction of ewes.   Savremena Poljoprivreda. 20(2):  5-12.

Mix            Zlobina, I. E. and Skukovskii, B. A.   1990.  effect of dietary trace element level on physiological
                and productiveindicators in broiler chickens.  Nauchno-Tekhnicheskii Byulleten', VASKhNIL,
                Sibirskoe Otdelenie: Sibirskii Nauchno-Issledovatel'Skii i Proektno-Tekhnologicheskii Institut
                Zhivotnovodstva.(2):  31-36.
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Literature Rejection Categories
Rejection Criteria
ABSTRACT
(Abstract)
ACUTE STUDIES
(Acu)
AIR POLLUTION
(AirP)
ALTERED RECEPTOR
(Alt)
AQUATIC STUDIES
(Aquatic)
ANATOMICAL STUDIES
(Anat)
BACTERIA
(Bact)
BIOACCUMULATION
SURVEY
(Bio Ace)
BIOLOGICAL PRODUCT
(BioP)
BIOMARKER
(Biom)
CARCINOGENICITY
STUDIES
(Carcin)
CHEMICAL METHODS
(Chem Meth)
CONFERENCE
PROCEEDINGS
(CP)
DEAD
(Dead)
DISSERTATIONS
(Diss)
DRUG
(Drug)
DUPLICATE DATA
(Dup)
Description
Abstracts of journal publications or conference
presentations.
Single oral dose or exposure duration of three days or less.
Studies describing the results for air pollution studies.
Studies that describe the effects of the contaminant on
surgically-altered or chemically -modified receptors (e.g.,
right nephrectomy, left renal artery ligature, hormone
implant, etc.).
Studies that investigate toxicity in aquatic organisms.
Studies of anatomy. Instance where the contaminant is
used in physical studies (e.g., silver nitrate staining for
histology).
Studies on bacteria or susceptibility to bacterial infection.
Studies reporting the measurement of the concentration of
the contaminant in tissues.
Studies of biological toxicants, including venoms, fungal
toxins, Bacillus thuringiensis, other plant, animal, or
microbial extracts or toxins.
Studies reporting results for a biomarker having no
reported association with an adverse effect and an
exposure dose (or concentration).
Studies that report data only for carcinogenic endpoints
such as tumor induction. Papers that report systemic
toxicity data are retained for coding of appropriate
endpoints.
Studies reporting methods for determination of
contaminants, purification of chemicals, etc. Studies
describing the preparation and analysis of the contaminant
in the tissues of the receptor.
Studies reported in conference and symposium
proceedings.
Studies reporting results for dead organisms. Studies
reporting field mortalities with necropsy data where it is
not possible to establish the dose to the organism.
Dissertations are excluded. However, dissertations are
flagged for possible future use.
Studies reporting results for testing of drug and therapeutic
effects and side-effects. Therapeutic drugs include
vitamins and minerals. Studies of some minerals may be
included if there is potential for adverse effects.
Studies reporting results that are duplicated in a separate
publication. The publication with the earlier year is used.
Receptor
Wildlife
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
Wildlife
Wildlife
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
Wildlife
Wildlife
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
Wildlife
Wildlife
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
Wildlife
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
Wildlife
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
Wildlife
Wildlife
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
Wildlife
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
Wildlife
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
Wildlife
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
Wildlife
Wildlife
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
Wildlife
Plants and Soil Invertebrates

-------
Literature Rejection Categories
Rejection Criteria
ECOLOGICAL
INTERACTIONS
(Ecol)
EFFLUENT
(Effl)
ECOLOGICALLY
RELEVANT ENDPOINT
(ERE)
CONTAMINANT
FATE/METABOLISM
(Fate)
FOREIGN LANGUAGE
(FL)
FOOD STUDIES
(Food)
FUNGUS
(Fungus)
GENE
(Gene)
HUMAN HEALTH
(HHE)
IMMUNOLOGY
(IMM)
INVERTEBRATE
(Invert)
IN VITRO
(In Vit)
LEAD SHOT
(Lead shot)
MEDIA
(Media)
METHODS
(Meth)
MINERAL REQUIREMENTS
(Mineral)
MIXTURE
(Mix)
Description
Studies of ecological processes that do not investigate
effects of contaminant exposure (e.g., studies of "silver"
fox natural history; studies on ferrets identified in iron
search).
Studies reporting effects of effluent, sewage, or polluted
runoff.
Studies reporting a result for endpoints considered as
ecologically relevant but is not used for deriving Eco-SSLs
(e.g., behavior, mortality).
Studies reporting what happens to the contaminant, rather
than what happens to the organism. Studies describing the
intermediary metabolism of the contaminant (e.g.,
radioactive tracer studies) without description of adverse
effects.
Studies in languages other than English.
Food science studies conducted to improve production of
food for human consumption.
Studies on fungus.
Studies of genotoxicity (chromosomal aberrations and
mutagenicity).
Studies with human subjects.
Studies on the effects of contaminants on immuno logical
endpoints.
Studies that investigate the effects of contaminants on
terrestrial invertebrates are excluded.
In vitro studies, including exposure of cell cultures,
excised tissues and/or excised organs.
Studies administering lead shot as the exposure form.
These studies are labeled separately for possible later
retrieval and review.
Authors must report that the study was conducted using
natural or artificial soil. Studies conducted in pore water or
any other aqueous phase (e.g., hydroponic solution), filter
paper, petri dishes, manure, organic or histosoils (e.g., peat
muck, humus), are not considered suitable for use in
defining soil screening levels.
Studies reporting methods or methods development
without usable toxicity test results for specific endpoints.
Studies examining the minerals required for better
production of animals for human consumption, unless
there is potential for adverse effects.
Studies that report data for combinations of single
toxicants (e.g. cadmium and copper) are excluded.
Exposure in a field setting from contaminated natural soils
or waste application to soil may be coded as Field Survey.
Receptor
Wildlife
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
Wildlife
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
Wildlife
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
Wildlife
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
Wildlife
Wildlife
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
Wildlife
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
Wildlife
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
Wildlife
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
Wildlife
Wildlife
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
Wildlife
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
Wildlife
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
Wildlife
Wildlife
Plants and Soil Invertebrates

-------
Literature Rejection Categories
Rejection Criteria
MODELING
(Model)
NO CONTAMINANT OF
CONCERN
(No COC)
NO CONTROL
(No Control)
NO DATA
(No Data)
NO DOSE or CONC
(No Dose)
NO DURATION
(No Dur)
NO EFFECT
(No Efct)
NO ORAL
(No Oral)
NO ORGANISM
(No Org) or NO SPECIES
NOT AVAILABLE
(Not Avail)
NOT PRIMARY
(Not Prim)
NO TOXICANT
(No Tox)
NO TOX DATA
(No Tox Data)
NUTRIENT
(Nutrient)
NUTRIENT DEFICIENCY
(Nut def)
NUTRITION
(Nut)
OTHER AMBIENT
CONDITIONS
(OAC)
Description
Studies reporting the use of existing data for modeling,
i.e., no new organism toxicity data are reported. Studies
which extrapolate effects based on known relationships
between parameters and adverse effects.
Studies that do not examine the toxicity of Eco-SSL
contaminants of concern.
Studies which lack a control or which have a control that is
classified as invalid for derivation of TRVs.
Studies for which results are stated in text but no data is
provided. Also refers to studies with insufficient data
where results are reported for only one organism per
exposure concentration or dose (wildlife).
Studies with no usable dose or concentration reported, or
an insufficient number of doses/concentrations are used
based on Eco-SSL SOPs. These are usually identified
after examination of full paper. This includes studies
which examine effects after exposure to contaminant
ceases. This also includes studies where offspring are
exposed in utero and/or lactation by doses to parents and
then after weaning to similar concentrations as their
parents. Dose cannot be determined.
Studies with no exposure duration. These are usually
identified after examination of full paper.
Studies with no relevant effect evaluated in a biological
test species or data not reported for effect discussed.
Studies using non-oral routes of contaminant
administration including intraperitoneal injection, other
injection, inhalation, and dermal exposures.
Studies that do not examine or test a viable organism (also
see in vitro rejection category).
Papers that could not be located. Citation from electronic
searches may be incorrect or the source is not readily
available.
Papers that are not the original compilation and/or
publication of the experimental data.
No toxicant used. Publications often report responses to
changes in water or soil chemistry variables, e.g., pH or
temperature. Such publications are not included.
Studies where toxicant used but no results reported that
had a negative impact (plants and soil invertebrates).
Nutrition studies reporting no concentration related
negative impact.
Studies of the effects of nutrient deficiencies. Nutritional
deficient diet is identified by the author. If reviewer is
uncertain then the administrator should be consulted.
Effects associated with added nutrients are coded.
Studies examining the best or minimum level of a
chemical in the diet for improvement of health or
maintenance of animals in captivity.
Studies which examine other ambient conditions: pH,
salinity, DO, UV, radiation, etc.
Receptor
Wildlife
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
Wildlife
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
Wildlife
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
Wildlife
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
Wildlife
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
Wildlife
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
Wildlife
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
Wildlife
Wildlife
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
Wildlife
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
Wildlife
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
Wildlife
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
Wildlife
Wildlife
Wildlife
Plants and Soil Invertebrates

-------
Literature Rejection Categories
Rejection Criteria
OIL
(Oil)
OM,pH
(OM, pH)
ORGANIC METAL
(Org Met)
LEAD BEHAVIOR OR HIGH
DOSE MODELS
(Pb Behav)
PHYSIOLOGY STUDIES
(Phys)
PLANT
(Plant)
PRIMATE
(Prim)
PUBLAS
(Publ as)
QSAR
(QSAR)
REGULATIONS
(Reg)
REVIEW
(Rev)
Description
Studies which examine the effects of oil and petroleum
products.
Organic matter content of the test soil must be reported by
the authors, but may be presented in one of the following
ways; total organic carbon (TOC), particulate organic
carbon (POC), organic carbon (OC), coarse particulate
organic matter (CPOM), particulate organic matter (POM),
ash free dry weight of soil, ash free dry mass of soil,
percent organic matter, percent peat, loss on ignition
(LOI), organic matter content (OMC).
With the exception of studies on non-ionizing substances,
the study must report the pH of the soil, and the soil pH
should be within the range of >4 and <8.5. Studies that
do not report pH or report pH outside this range are
rejected.
Studies which examine the effects of organic metals. This
includes tetraethyl lead, triethyl lead, chromium
picolinate, phenylarsonic acid, roxarsone, 3-nitro-4-
phenylarsonic acid,, zinc phosphide, monomethylarsonic
acid (MMA), dimethylarsinic acid (DMA), trimethylarsine
oxide (TMAO), or arsenobetaine (AsBe) and other organo
metallic fungicides. Metal acetates and methionines are
not rejected and are evaluated.
There are a high number of studies in the literature that
expose rats or mice to high concentrations of lead in
drinking water (0.1, 1 to 2% solutions) and then observe
behavior in offspring, and/or pathology changes in the
brain of the exposed dam and/or the progeny. Only a
representative subset of these studies were coded.
Behavior studies examining complex behavior (learned
tasks) were also not coded.
Physiology studies where adverse effects are not
associated with exposure to contaminants of concern.
Studies of terrestrial plants are excluded.
Primate studies are excluded.
The author states that the information in this report has
been published in another source. Data are recorded from
only one source. The secondary citation is noted as Publ
As.
Derivation of Quantitative Structure- Activity
Relationships (QSAR) is a form of modeling. QSAR
publications are rejected if raw toxicity data are not
reported or if the toxicity data are published elsewhere as
original data.
Regulations and related publications that are not a primary
source of data.
Studies in which the data reported in the article are not
primary data from research conducted by the author. The
publication is a compilation of data published elsewhere.
These publications are reviewed manually to identify other
relevant literature.
Receptor
Wildlife
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
Wildlife
Wildlife
Wildlife
Wildlife
Wildlife
Wildlife
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
Wildlife
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
Wildlife
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
Wildlife
Plants and Soil Invertebrates

-------
Literature Rejection Categories
Rejection Criteria
SEDIMENT CONC
(Sed)
SCORE
(Score)
SEDIMENT CONC
(Sed)
SLUDGE
SOIL CONC
(Soil)
SPECIES
STRESSOR
(QAC)
SURVEY
(Surv)
REPTILE OR AMPHIBIAN
(Herp)
UNRELATED
(Unrel)
WATER QUALITY STUDY
(Wqual)
YEAST
(Yeast)
Description
Studies in which the only exposure concentration/dose
reported is for the level of a toxicant in sediment.
Papers in which all studies had data evaluation scores at or
lower then the acceptable cut-off (_s 10 of 18) for plants
and soil invertebrates).
Studies in which the only exposure concentration/dose
reported is for the level of a toxicant in sediment.
Studies on the effects of ingestion of soils amended with
sewage sludge.
Studies in which the only exposure concentration/dose
reported is for the level of a toxicant in soil.
Studies in which the species of concern was not a
terrestrial invertebrate or plant or mammal or bird.
Studies examining the interaction of a stressor (e.g.,
radiation, heat, etc.) and the contaminant, where the effect
of the contaminant alone cannot be isolated.
Studies reporting the toxicity of a contaminant in the field
over a period of time. Often neither a duration nor an
exposure concentration is reported.
Studies on reptiles and amphibians. These papers flagged
for possible later review.
Studies that are unrelated to contaminant exposure and
response and/or the receptor groups of interest.
Studies of water quality.
Studies of yeast.
Receptor
Wildlife
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
Wildlife
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
Wildlife
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
Wildlife
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
Wildlife
Wildlife
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
Wildlife
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
Wildlife
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
Wildlife
Wildlife
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
Wildlife
Plants and Soil Invertebrates

-------
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Appendix 5-1
Avian Toxicity Data Extracted and Reviewed for Wildlife Toxicity
Reference Value (TRY) - Cobalt
March 2005

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This page intentionally left blank

-------
                                                Appendix 5.1 Avian Toxicity Data Extracted and Reviewed for Wildlife Toxicity Reference Value (TRV)
                                                                                                   Cobalt
                                                                                                 Page 1 of 1
Ref
Result #
*
1
Exposure
e
1
~«
_u
O
6
MW%
O
«
e
o
E
E
o
O
Phase #
# of Cone/ Doses
Cone/ Doses
Cone/Dose Units
Method of Analyses
Route of Exposure
Exposure Duration
Duration Units
Q
M
<
Age Units
Lifestage
X
o
w
Effects
Effect Type
Effect Measure
Response Site
Study NOAEL
Study LOAEL
Conversion to mg/kg bw/day
Body Weight Reported
Body Weight (kg)
Ingestion Rate Reported?
Ingestion Rate (kg or L/day)
Result
NOAEL Dose (mg/kg/day)
LOAEL Dose (mg/kg/day)
Data Evaluation Score
8
3
O
W
«
«
Q
Dose Route
Test Concentrations
Chemical form
Dose Quantification
"c
1
•o
C
W
Dose Range
Statistical Power
Exposure Duration
Test Conditions
"«
"o
Biochemical
1
2
100
6666
Cobalt chloride hexahydrate
Cobalt
24.90%
100%
Chicken (Gallus domesticus)
Chicken (Gallus domesticus)
1
1
4
4
0/10/100/500
0/50/100/200
mg/kg
mg/kg
u
u
FD
FD
42
3
d
w
1
1
d
d
JV
JV
B
M
CHM
CHM
RBCE
HMCT
BL
BL
100
100
500
200
N
Y
1.6255
0.2587
Y
N
0.038
0.024
0.920
9.30
4.59
18.7
10
10
10
10
5
5
10
4
6
6
1
1
8
10
10
10
10
10
4
4
74
70
Behavior
3
4
90
100
Cobalt chloride hexahydrate
Cobalt chloride hexahydrate
100%
24.9%
Chicken (Gallus domesticus)
Chicken (Gallus domesticus)
1
2
4
2
0/116/251/472
0/500
mg/kg
mg/kg
M
U
FD
FD
14
42
d
d
1
1
d
d
JV
JV
M
B
FOB
FOB
FCNS
FCNS
WO
WO
116

251
500
Y
Y
0.1238
1.6255
Y
Y
0.014
0.038
13.0

29.0
4.58
10
10
10
10
10
5
10
10
7
7
4
4
10
4
10
10
10
10
4
4
85
74
Pathology
5
6
7
90
100
80
Cobalt chloride hexahydrate
Cobalt chloride hexahydrate
Cobalt chloride hexahydrate
100%
24.90%
100%
Chicken (Gallus domesticus)
Chicken (Gallus domesticus)
Duck (Anas sp.)
1
2
1
4
2
3
0/116/251/472
0/500
0/200
mg/kg
mg/kg
mg/kg
M
U
U
FD
FD
FD
14
42
15
d
d
d
1
1
1
d
d
d
JV
JV
JV
M
B
M
HIS
ORW
HIS
GLSN
ORWT
GLSN
WO
HE
MB
116


251
500
200
Y
Y
N
0.1238
1.6255
0.46
Y
Y
N
0.014
0.038
0.035
13.0


29.0
4.59
15.3
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
5
5
10
10
10
7
7
5
4
4
4
10
4
4
10
10
10
10
10
10
4
4
4
85
74
72
Growth
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
397
6666
92
91
93
1370
90
6215
81
100
Cobalt chloride
Cobalt
Cobalt chloride hexahydrate
Cobalt chloride hexahydrate
Cobalt carbonate
Cobolt chloride
Cobalt chloride hexahydrate
Cobalt chloride hexahydrate
Cobalt chloride heptahydrate
Cobalt chloride hexahydrate
45.39%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
24.9%
Chicken (Gallus domesticus)
Chicken (Gallus domesticus)
Chicken (Gallus domesticus)
Duck (Anas sp.)
Chicken (Gallus domesticus)
Chicken (Gallus domesticus)
Chicken (Gallus domesticus)
Chicken (Gallus domesticus)
Chicken (Gallus domesticus)
Chicken (Gallus domesticus)
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
4
4
6
3
3
2
4
2
3
2
0/100/200/300
0/50/100/200
0/50/100/200/300/400
0/0.02/0.2
0/100/200
0/200
0/116/251/472
0/250
0/250/500
0/500
mg/kg
mg/kg
mg/kg
% in diet
mg/kg
mg/kg
mg/kg
mg/kg
Ug/g
mg/kg
U
U
U
U
U
U
M
U
U
U
FD
FD
FD
FD
FD
FD
FD
FD
FD
FD
5
3
2
8
2
2
14
14
15
14
w
w
w
d
w
w
d
d
d
d
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
0
8
1
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
JV
JV
JV
JV
JV
JV
JV
IM
JV
JV
F
M
B
NR
B
B
M
M
M
B
GRO
GRO
GRO
GRO
GRO
GRO
GRO
GRO
GRO
GRO
BDWT
BDWT
BDWT
BDWT
BDWT
BDWT
BDWT
BDWT
BDWT
BDWT
WO
WO
WO
WO
WO
WO
WO
WO
WO
WO
100
50
50
0.02
200





200
100
100
0.2

200
116
250
250
500
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
N
Y
Y
0.328
0.3738
0.328
0.5
0.109
0.328
0.2532
0.328
0.296
0.2532
N
N
N
Y
N
N
Y
N
N
Y
0.028
0.030
0.00031
0.037
0.014
0.028
0.027
0.028
0.026
0.038
3.89
4.10
4.29
14.8
25.2





7.80
8.20
8.59
148

17.0
12.0
21.5
22.3
29.5
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
5
5
5
5
5
5
10
5
5
5
10
4
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
5
6
6
7
6
5
7
5
6
7
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
10
10
10
6
4
4
4
4
4
4
10
10
10
10
1
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
82
77
82
80
68
76
83
76
77
78
Survival
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
100
92
90
1370
80
6666
80
Cobalt chloride hexahydrate
Cobalt chloride hexahydrate
Cobalt chloride hexahydrate
Cobolt chloride
Cobalt chloride hexahydrate
Cobalt
Cobalt chloride hexahydrate
24.9%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
Chicken (Gallus domesticus)
Chicken (Gallus domesticus)
Chicken (Gallus domesticus)
Chicken (Gallus domesticus)
Duck (Anas sp.)
Chicken (Gallus domesticus)
Duck (Anas sp.)
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
6
4
2
3
4
2
0/500
0/50/100/200/300/400
0/116/251/472
0/200
0/200
0/50/100/200
0/200
mg/kg
mg/kg
mg/kg
mg/kg
mg/kg
mg/kg
mg/kg
U
U
M
U
U
U
U
FD
FD
FD
FD
FD
FD
FD
42
5
14
2
15
3
28
d
w
d
w
d
w
d
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
JV
JV
JV
JV
JV
JV
JV
B
B
M
B
M
M
M
MOR
MOR
MOR
MOR
MOR
MOR
MOR
MORT
MORT
MORT
MORT
MORT
SURV
MORT
WO
WO
wo
wo
wo
wo
wo
500
100
116
200
200
200


200
251



500
Y
N
Y
N
N
Y
N
1.6255
1.042
0.2532
0.328
0.46
0.1662
0.46
Y
N
Y
N
N
N
N
0.059
0.060
0.027
0.028
0.035
0.018
0.035
4.59
5.74
12.3
17.0
15.0
22.0


11.5
26.7



38.0
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
5
5
10
5
5
5
5
10
10
10
10
10
4
10
7
5
7
5
5
6
5
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
4
10
10
4
4
4
4
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
79
83
90
77
77
72
77
     The abbreviations and definitions used in coding data are provided in Attachment 4-3 of the Eco-SSL Guidance (U.S.EPA, 2003).
Eco-SSL for Cobalt
March 2005

-------

-------
          cologiciil Soil Soroonlnq L«v*l«
Appendix 6-1
Mammalian Toxicity Data Extracted and Reviewed for Wildlife
Toxicity Reference Value (TRY) - Cobalt
March 2005

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-------
                                                        Appendix 6-1 Mammalian Toxicity Data Extracted and Reviewed for Wildlife Toxicity Reference Value (TRV)
                                                                                                              Cobalt
                                                                                                               lof 1
Ref
Result #
4t
<*.
Q)
«
Exposure
|
o
ta
"«
fj
0
6
MW%
—
S
«
DJD
6
1
Phase #
# of Cone/ Doses
Cone or Doses
Cone or Dose Units
Method of Analyses
Route of Exposure
Exposure Duration
Duration Units
o
DJD
<
Age Units
Lifestage
X
&
Effects
Effect Type
Effect Measure
Response Site
Study NOAEL
Study LOAEL
inversion to mg/kg bw/day D(
Body Weight Reported?
Body Weight (kg)
Ingestion Rate Reported?
Ingestion Rate (kg or
Lday)
Result
NOAEL (mg/kg/day)
LOAEL (mg/kg/day)
Data Evaluation Score
Data Source
Dose Route
Test Substrate
Chemical form
Dose Quantification
Endpoint
Dose Range
Statistical Power
Exposure Duration
Test Conditions
0
1
"«
"o
H
Biochemical
1
2
3
4
171
116
19290
129
Cobalt nitrate
Cobaltous chloride
Cobalt nitrate
Cobalt chloride
100
100
100
100
Cow (Bos taurus )
Rat (Rattus norvegicus )
Rat (R. norvegicus )
Rat (R. norvegicus )
1
1
1
1
2
6
2
2
0/0.3
0/10/50/100/200/300
0/20
1
mg/kg bw/d
ppm in mg/kg
mg/kg bw/d
mg/ml
M
U
U
U
FD
FD
DR
DR
45
4
30
35
d
w
d
d
7
NR
NR
NR
mo
NR
NR
NR
JV
NR
JV
JV
F
B
M
M
CHM
CHM
ENZ
CHM
HMGL
HMGL
P450
HMCT
BL
BL
LI
BL
0.3
200



300
20
1
Y
Y
Y
Y
99
0.15
0.175
0.1697
N
N
N
N
3.00
0.014
0.020
0.020
0.300
19.3



28.9
20.0
118
10
10
10
10
10
10
5
5
10
5
5
5
10
10
10
10
10
5
10
6
1
1
1
1
4
10
4
4
1
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
4
4
4
4
70
75
69
65
Behavior
5
6
7
136
86
111
Cobalt chloride hexahydrate
Cobalt chloride hexahydrate
Cobalt chloride
24.9
100
100
Rat (R. norvegicus )
Pig (Sus scrofa)
Rat (R. norvegicus )
1
2
1
2
4
2
0/75
0/200/400/600
0/20
ppm in mg/kg
mg/kg
mg/kg bw/d
U
U
M
FD
FD
DR
80
28
57
d
d
d
44
NR
80
d
NR
d
JV
NR
JV
M
NR
M
BEH
FOB
BEH
NMVM
FCNS
ACTP
WO
WO
wo
75



200
20
Y
Y
Y
0.47
41.58
0.347
N
N
Y
0.037
1.47
0.035
1.47



7.08
20.0
10
10
10
10
10
5
5
5
10
10
10
10
6
6
10
4
4
4
4
4
4
3
10
10
10
6
10
4
4
4
66
69
77
Physiology
8
105 |Cobalt sulfate heptahydrate
21.91 |Rat (R. norvegicus )
1
2
0/40 |mg/kg bw/d
U
FD
16
w
NR
NR
NR
M
PHY
Other
HE

40
Y
0.387
N
0.031

8.76
10
10
5
10
10
4
4
10
10
4
77
Pathology
9
10
11
12
13
14
136
116
105
149
113
129
Cobalt chloride hexahydrate
Cobaltous chloride
Cobalt sulfate heptahydrate
Cobalt chloride
Cobalt chloride
Cobalt chloride
24.9
100
21.91
100
45.39
100
Rat (R. norvegicus )
Rat (R. norvegicus )
Rat (R. norvegicus )
Pig (S. scrofa)
Mouse (Mus musculus )
Rat (R. norvegicus )
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
6
2
2
2
2
0/75
0/10/50/100/200/300
0/40
0/500
0/180
1
ppm in mg/kg
ppm in mg/kg
mg/kg bw/d
ppm in mg/kg
mg/kg bw/d
mg/ml
U
U
U
U
U
U
FD
FD
FD
FD
GV
DR
80
4
16
10
5
35
d
w
w
w
d
d
44
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
d
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
JV
NR
NR
JV
GE
JV
M
B
M
M
F
M
HIS
ORW
GRS
HIS
GRS
ORW
GHIS
SMIX
BDWT
GLSN
BDWT
SMIX
NR
TS
WO
HE
WO
HE
75
50





100
40
500
180
1
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
N
0.47
0.15
0.387
25.8
0.036
0.1697
N
N
N
N
N
N
0.037
0.014
0.031
0.99
0.0045
0.020
1.47
4.81





9.63
8.76
19.3
81.7
118
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
8
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
10
10
10
10
10
10
6
5
10
6
10
5
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
10
4
4
4
4
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
4
4
4
4
4
4
73
78
77
73
75
67
Reproduction
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
126
124
109
113
121
120
123
119
139
187
Cobalt chloride
Cobalt chloride
Cobalt chloride hexahydrate
Cobalt chloride
Cobalt chloride hexahydrate
Cobalt chloride hexahydrate
Cobalt chloride hexahydrate
Cobalt
Cobalt chloride hexahydrate
Cobalt chloride hexahydrate
100
45.39
24.9
45.39
45.39
24.9
100
100
100
100
Rat (R. norvegicus )
Rat (R. norvegicus )
Rat (R. norvegicus )
Mouse (M. musculus )
Mouse (M. musculus )
Mouse (M. musculus )
Rat (R. norvegicus )
Rat (R. norvegicus )
Mouse (M. musculus )
Mouse (M. musculus )
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
4
4
2
4
2
2
2
2
2
0/5/20
0/12/24/48
0/25/50/100
0/180
0/23/42/72
0/400
0/20
0/265
0/43.4
0/400
mg/kg bw/d
mg/kg bw/d
mg/kg bw/d
mg/kg bw/d
mg/kg bw/d
mg/1
mg/kg bw/d
ppm in mg/kg
mg/kg bw/d
mg/1
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
FD
GV
GV
GV
DR
DR
FD
FD
DR
DR
69
28
9
5
13
9
70
98
13
10
d
d
d
d
w
w
d
d
w
w
80
NR
NR
NR
12
12
100
100
12
8 to 10
d
NR
NR
NR
w
w
d
d
w
w
MA
MA
GE
GE
SM
MA
SM
MA
MA
JV
M
F
F
F
M
M
M
M
M
M
REP
REP
REP
REP
REP
REP
REP
REP
REP
REP
TEWT
PRWT
PRWT
PROG
RSUC
TEWT
TEDG
TEWT
TEWT
PRFM
TE
WO
WO
WO
WO
TE
TE
TE
TE
WO
5
12
100
180






20
24


23
400
20
265
43.4
400
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
N
Y
Y
N
0.00021
0.3
0.28
0.036
0.0375
0.037
0.523
0.2
0.045
0.0316
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
0.000065
0.026
0.024
0.0045
0.0052
0.0051
0.040
0.018
0.0061
0.0044
5.00
5.45
24.9
81.7






20.0
10.9


10.0
13.7
20.0
24.2
43.4
55.9
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
8
8
8
5
5
10
10
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
4
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
5
10
6
10
5
10
10
10
10
10
10
4
10
10
10
8
10
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
10
10
10
1
10
10
10
10
10
10
6
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
83
87
81
72
78
73
77
73
78
73
Growth
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
171
136
86
121
132
111
116
109
149
139
129
Cobalt nitrate
Cobalt chloride hexahydrate
Cobalt chloride hexahydrate
Cobalt chloride hexahydrate
Cobalt sulfate
Cobalt chloride
Cobaltous chloride
Cobalt chloride hexahydrate
Cobalt chloride
Cobaltous chloride hexahydrate
Cobalt chloride
100
24.9
100
45.39
100
100
100
24.9
100
100
100
Cow (Bos taurus )
Rat (R. norvegicus )
Pig (S. scrofa)
Mouse (M. musculus )
Guinea pig (Cavia porcellus )
Rat (R. norvegicus )
Rat (R. norvegicus )
Rat (R. norvegicus )
Pig (Sus scrofa)
Mouse (M. musculus )
Rat (R. norvegicus )
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
4
4
2
2
6
4
2
2
2
0/0.3
0/75
0/25/50/100
0/23/42/72
0/20
0/20
0/10/50/100/200/300
0/25/50/100
0/500
0/43.4
1
mg/kg bw/d
ppm in mg/kg
mg/kg
mg/kg bw/d
mg/kg bw/d
mg/kg bw/d
ppm in mg/kg
mg/kg bw/d
ppm in mg/kg
mg/kg bw/d
mg/ml
M
U
U
U
U
M
U
U
U
U
U
FD
FD
FD
DR
OR
DR
FD
GV
FD
DR
DR
45
80
16
5
5
57
4
9
5
13
24
d
d
w
w
w
d
w
d
w
w
d
7
44
NR
12
NR
80
NR
NR
NR
12
NR
mo
d
NR
w
NR
d
NR
NR
NR
w
NR
JV
JV
NR
SM
MA
JV
NR
GE
JV
MA
JV
F
M
NR
M
M
M
B
F
M
M
M
GRO
GRO
GRO
GRO
GRO
GRO
GRO
GRO
GRO
GRO
GRO
BDWT
BDWT
BDWT
BDWT
BDWT
BDWT
BDWT
BDWT
BDWT
BDWT
BDWT
WO
WO
WO
WO
WO
WO
WO
WO
WO
WO
WO
0.3
75
100
42
20
20








72


10
25
500
43.4
1
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
99
0.47
97.5
0.0375
0.478
0.347
0.15
0.28
19.8
0.045
0.1262
N
N
Y
Y
N
Y
N
N
N
N
N
3.00
0.037
2.35
0.0078
0.037
0.035
0.014
0.024
0.80
0.0061
0.015
0.300
1.47
2.41
19.0
20.0
20.0








33.0


0.963
6.23
20.2
43.4
122
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
5
8
5
10
8
10
5
5
10
5
5
5
5
10
5
5
5
5
5
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
6
7
10
10
10
6
10
6
10
6
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
4
4
4
10
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
1
1
10
10
10
1
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
6
10
3
10
10
10
10
10
10
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
77
68
74
82
72
72
77
79
77
76
72
Survival
36
37
38
149
113
132
Cobalt chloride
Cobalt chloride
Cobalt sulfate
100
45.39
100
Pig (S. scrofa)
Mouse (M. musculus )
Guinea pig (Cavia porcellus )
1
1
1
2
2
2
0/500
0/180
0/20
ppm in mg/kg
mg/kg bw/d
mg/kg bw/d
U
U
U
FD
GV
OR
10
5
5
w
d
w
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
JV
GE
MA
M
F
M
MOR
MOR
MOR
MORT
MORT
SURV
NR
NR
WO
500
180



20
Y
Y
Y
25.8
0.036
0.478
N
N
N
0.99
0.0045
0.037
19.3
81.7



20.0
10
10
10
10
8
8
5
5
5
10
10
10
6
10
10
9
9
9
4
4
4
10
10
10
10
10
3
4
4
4
78
80
73
Data Not Used to Derive TRV
39
40
41
42
86
149
121
86
Cobalt chloride hexahydrate
Cobalt chloride
Cobalt chloride hexahydrate
Cobalt chloride hexahydrate
100
100
45.39
100
Pig (S. scrofa)
Pig (S. scrofa)
Mouse (M. musculus )
Pig (S. scrofa)
1
1
1
3
4
2
4
2
0/25/50/100
0/500
0/23/42/72
0/400
mg/kg
ppm in mg/kg
mg/kg bw/d
mg/kg
U
U
U
U
FD
FD
DR
FD
16
10
12
2
w
w
w
w
NR
NR
12
NR
NR
NR
w
NR
NR
JV
SM
NR
M
M
M
NR
CHM
ENZ
CHM
CHM
HMGL
GLPX
HMCT
HMGL
BL
BL
BL
BL
100
500
72




400
Y
Y
Y
Y
97.5
25.8
0.038
23.62
Y
N
Y
Y
2.35
0.99
0.0064
0.97
2.40
19.3
30.6




16.4
10
10
10
10
10
10
5
10
5
5
5
5
10
10
10
10
7
6
7
7
1
1
1
1
4
4
4
4
3
3
1
10
6
10
10
3
4
4
4
4
60
63
60
64
             The abbreviations and definitions used in coding data are provided in Attachment 4-3 of the Eco-SSL Guidance (U.S.EPA, 2003).
Eco-SSLfor Cobalt
March 2005

-------