Ecological Soil Screening Levels
for
Cobalt
Interim Final
OSWER Directive 9285.7-67
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response
1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W.
Washington, DC 20460
March 2005
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.0 INTRODUCTION 1
2.0 SUMMARY OF ECO-SSLs FOR COBALT 2
3.0 ECO-SSL FOR TERRESTRIAL PLANTS 3
4.0 ECO-SSL FOR SOIL INVERTEBRATES 3
5.0 ECO-SSL FOR AVIAN WILDLIFE 5
5.1 Avian TRV 5
5.2 Estimation of Dose and Calculation of the Eco-SSL 5.
6.0 ECO-SSL FOR MAMMALIAN WILDLIFE 8
6.1 Mammalian TRV 8
6.2 Estimation of Dose and Calculation of the Eco-SSL H
7.0 REFERENCES L2
7.1 General Cobalt References L2
7.2 References Used for Derivation of Plant and Soil Invertebrate Eco-SSLs L2
7.3 References Rejected for Use in Derivation of Plant and Soil Invertebrate Eco-SSLs
H
7.4 References Used for Derivation of Wildlife TRVs 23
7.5 References Rejected for Use in Derivation of Wildlife TRVs 25.
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 2.1 Cobalt Eco-SSLs (mg/kg dry weight in soil) 2
Table 3.1 Plant Toxicity Data - Cobalt 4
Table 5.1 Summary of Avian Toxicity Data Used to Derive TRV - Cobalt 6
Table 5.2 Calculation of the Avian Eco-SSLs for Cobalt £
Table 6.1 Summary of Mammalian Toxicity Data Used to Derive TRV - Cobalt 9
Table 6.2 Calculation of the Mammalian Eco-SSLs for Cobalt 11
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 2.1 Typical Background Concentrations of Cobalt in U.S. Soils 2
Figure 5.1 Avian TRV Derivation for Cobalt 7
Figure 6.1 Mammalian TRV Derivation for Cobalt K)
LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix 5-1 Avian Toxicity Data Extracted and Reviewed for Wildlife Toxicity
Reference Value (TRV) - Cobalt
Appendix 6-1 Mammalian Toxicity Data Extracted and Reviewed for Wildlife Toxicity
Reference Value (TRV) - Cobalt
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1.0 INTRODUCTION
Ecological Soil Screening Levels (Eco-SSLs) are concentrations of contaminants in soil that are
protective of ecological receptors that commonly come into contact with soil or ingest biota that
live in or on soil. Eco-SSLs are derived separately for four groups of ecological receptors:
plants, soil invertebrates, bird and mammals. As such, these values are presumed to provide
adequate protection of terrestrial ecosystems. Eco-SSLs for wildlife are derived to be protective
of the representative of the conservative end of the distribution in order to make estimates for
local populations. The Eco-SSLs are conservative and are intended to be applied at the
screening stage of an ecological risk assessment. These screening levels should be used to
identify the contaminants of potential concern (COPCs) that require further evaluation in the
site-specific baseline ecological risk assessment that is completed according to specific guidance
(U.S. EPA, 1997, 1998, and 1999). The Eco-SSLs are not designed to be used as cleanup levels
and the United States (U.S.) Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) emphasizes that it would
be inappropriate to adopt or modify these Eco-SSLs as cleanup standards.
The detailed procedures used to derive Eco-SSL values are described in separate documentation
(U.S. EPA, 2003). The derivation procedures represent the collaborative effort of a
multi-stakeholder group consisting of federal, state, consulting, industry, and academic
participants led by the U.S. EPA, Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response.
This document provides the Eco-SSL values for cobalt and the documentation for their
derivation. This document provides guidance and is designed to communicate national policy on
identifying cobalt concentrations in soil that may present an unacceptable ecological risk to
terrestrial receptors. The document does not, however, substitute for EPA's statutes or
regulations, nor is it a regulation itself. Thus, it does not impose legally-binding requirements on
EPA, states, or the regulated community, and may not apply to a particular situation based upon
the circumstances of the site. EPA may change this guidance in the future, as appropriate. EPA
and state personnel may use and accept other technically sound approaches, either on their own
initiative, or at the suggestion of potentially responsible parties, or other interested parties.
Therefore, interested parties are free to raise questions and objections about the substance of this
document and the appropriateness of the application of this document to a particular situation.
EPA welcomes public comments on this document at any time and may consider such comments
in future revisions of this document.
Eco-SSL for Cobalt 1 March 2005
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1.0 INTRODUCTION
Ecological Soil Screening Levels (Eco-SSLs) are concentrations of contaminants in soil that are
protective of ecological receptors that commonly come into contact with and/or consume biota
that live in or on soil. Eco-SSLs are derived separately for four groups of ecological receptors:
plants, soil invertebrates, birds, and mammals. As such, these values are presumed to provide
adequate protection of terrestrial ecosystems. Eco-SSLs are derived to be protective of the
conservative end of the exposure and effects species distribution, and are intended to be applied
at the screening stage of an ecological risk assessment. These screening levels should be used to
identify the contaminants of potential concern (COPCs) that require further evaluation in the
site-specific baseline ecological risk assessment that is completed according to specific guidance
(U.S. EPA, 1997, 1998, and 1999). The Eco-SSLs are not designed to be used as cleanup levels
and the United States (U.S.) Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) emphasizes that it would
be inappropriate to adopt or modify the intended use of these Eco-SSLs as national cleanup
standards.
The detailed procedures used to derive Eco-SSL values are described in separate documentation
(U.S. EPA, 2003). The derivation procedures represent the collaborative effort of a
multi-stakeholder group consisting of federal, state, consulting, industry, and academic
participants led by the U.S. EPA, Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response.
This document provides the Eco-SSL values for cobalt and the documentation for their
derivation. This document provides guidance and is designed to communicate national policy on
identifying cobalt concentrations in soil that may present an unacceptable ecological risk to
terrestrial receptors. The document does not, however, substitute for EPA's statutes or
regulations, nor is it a regulation itself. Thus, it does not impose legally-binding requirements on
EPA, states, or the regulated community, and may not apply to a particular situation based upon
the circumstances of the site. EPA may change this guidance in the future, as appropriate. EPA
and state personnel may use and accept other technically sound approaches, either on their own
initiative, or at the suggestion of potentially responsible parties, or other interested parties.
Therefore, interested parties are free to raise questions and objections about the substance of this
document and the appropriateness of the application of this document to a particular situation.
EPA welcomes public comments on this document at any time and may consider such comments
in future revisions of this document.
Eco-SSL for Cobalt 1 March 2005
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2.0 SUMMARY OF ECO-SSLs FOR COBALT
Cobalt belongs to Group VIII of the periodic classification of elements and shares properties
with nickel and iron. Cobalt is a relatively rare element in the earth's crust (0.0023%) and is
usually found in association with other metals such as copper, nickel, manganese, and arsenic.
Release of cobalt to the environment occurs via soil and natural dust, seawater spray, volcanic
eruptions, forest fires, and other continental and marine biogenic emissions. Anthropogenic
sources include fossil fuel burning, processing of cobalt-containing alloys, copper and nickel
smelting and refining, sewage sludge, and agricultural use of phosphate fertilizers.
Cobalt is an essential trace metal that functions as a component of vitamin B12 Vitamin B12 acts
as coenzyme in many enzymatic reactions, including some involved in hematopoiesis, and is
essential to growth and normal neural function. Non-ruminant animals require dietary intake of
cobalt in the physiologically active form of vitamin B12. Intake of inorganic cobalt is sufficient
to meet the nutritional requirements of ruminant animals, since ruminal microorganisms have the
capacity to biosynthesize vitamin B12 (Henry, 1995). No other essential functions of cobalt have
been identified.
Although cobalt is an essential nutrient, excessive oral doses result in a variety of adverse
responses. The best characterized toxic responses are increases in red blood cell counts
(polycythemia), cardiomyopathy, and effects on the male reproductive system (Paternain et al.,
1988; Haga et al., 1996, Pedigo and Vernon, 1993). In addition, reduced food and water intake
and growth inhibition are commonly observed (Diaz et al., 1994a; 1994b). At present, the
mechanisms underlying cobalt toxicity are poorly understood.
In the terrestrial environment, the availability of cobalt is primarily regulated by pH and is
usually found in soils as divalent cobalt. At low pH it is oxidized to trivalent cobalt and often
found associated with iron. Adsorption of divalent cobalt on soil colloids is high between pH 6
and 7, whereas leaching and plant uptake of cobalt are enhanced by a lower pH. Soil pH is very
important in cobalt uptake by plants and phytotoxicity. More acidic soils sorb cobalt less
strongly (http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov).
The Eco-SSL values derived to date for cobalt are summarized in Table 2.1.
Table 2.1 Cobalt Eco-SSLs (mg/kg dry weight in soil)
Plants
13
Soil Invertebrates
NA
Wildlife
Avian
120
Mammalian
230
NA = Not Available. Data were insufficient to derive an Eco-SSL.
Eco-SSL for Cobalt
March 2005
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Eco-SSL values for cobalt were derived
for plants and avian and mammalian
wildlife. Eco-SSL values for cobalt
could not be derived for soil
invertebrates as data were insufficient.
The Eco-SSLs range from 13 mg/kg dry
weight (dw) for plants to 230 mg/kg dw
for mammalian wildlife. These
concentrations are higher than the
reported range of background soil
concentrations in eastern and western
U.S. soils (Figure 2.1). Background
concentrations of many metals in U.S.
soils are described in Attachment 1-4 of
the Eco-SSL guidance (U.S. EPA,
2003).
25
•d
Sf
o
o
20 -
15 -
10 -
5 -
X
East
West
Figure 2.1
Typical Background
Concentrations of
Cobalt in U.S. Soils
3.0 ECO-SSL FOR TERRESTRIAL PLANTS
Of the papers identified from the literature search process, 152 were selected for acquisition for
further review. Of those papers acquired, four met all 11 Study Acceptance Criteria (U.S. EPA
2003; Attachment 3-1). Each of these papers were reviewed and the studies were scored
according to the Eco-SSL guidance (U.S. EPA, 2003; Attachment 3-2). Seven studies received
an Evaluation Score greater than ten. These studies are summarized in Table 3.1.
The data in Table 3.1 are sorted by bioavailability score and all study results with a
bioavailability score of two are used to derive the plant Eco-SSL for cobalt. Six separate studies
are used to derive the plant Eco-SSL according to the Eco-SSL guidance (U.S. EPA, 2003;
Attachment 3-2). The Eco-SSL is the geometric mean of the EC20 values reported for each of
three test species under two separate test conditions (pH and % organic matter (OM)) and is
equal to 13 mg/kg dw.
4.0 ECO-SSL FOR SOIL INVERTEBRATES
A soil invertebrate Eco-SSL could not be derived for cobalt. Of the papers identified from the
literature search process, 11 were acquired for further review. Of those acquired, none met all
11 Study Acceptance Criteria (U.S. EPA, 2003; Attachment 3-1).
Eco-SSL for Cobalt
March 2005
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Table 3.1 Plant Toxicity Data - Cobalt
Reference
TN & Associates, Inc., 2000
TN & Associates, Inc., 2000
TN & Associates, Inc., 2000
TN & Associates, Inc., 2000
TN & Associates, Inc., 2000
TN & Associates, Inc., 2000
Study
ID
a
b
c
d
e
f
Test Organism
Alfalfa
Barley
Radish
Alfalfa
Barley
Radish
Medicago Sative
Horde um vilgare
Raphanus sative
Medicago Sative
Horde um vilgare
Raphanus sative
Soil
PH
5.0
5.0
5.0
6.3
6.3
6.3
OM
%
5.0
5.0
5.0
0.1
0.1
0.1
Bio-
availability
Score
2
2
2
2
2
2
ERE
GRO
GRO
GRO
GRO
GRO
GRO
Tox
Parameter
EC 20
EC 20
EC20
EC20
EC 20
EC 20
Geometric Mean
Tox Value
Soil Cone.
(mg/kg dw)
0.60
29.8
14.5
13.4
36.4
45.2
13.4
Total
Eval.
Score
18
18
18
18
18
18
Eligible for
Eco-SSL
Derivation?
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Used for
Eco-
SSL?
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Data not Used to Derive Eco-SSL
Rehab, F.I., 1978
Cotton \Gossypium spp.
6.6
2.4
1
GRO
LOAEC
100
12
Y
N
EC20 = Effect concentration for 20% of test population
ERE = Ecologically relevant endpoint
GRO = growth
NOAEC = No-observed adverse effect concentration
LOAEC = Lowest-observed adverse effect concentration
MATC = Maximum acceptable toxicant concentration. Geometric mean of NOAEC and LOAEC.
N = No
OM = Organic matter content
Y = yes
Bioavailability Score described in Guidance for Developing Eco-SSLs (USEPA, 2003)
Total Evaluation Score described in Guidance for Developing Eco-SSLs (USEPA, 2003)
Eco-SSL for Cobalt
March 2005
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5.0 ECO-SSL FOR AVIAN WILDLIFE
The derivation of the Eco-SSL for avian wildlife was completed as two parts. First, the toxicity
reference value (TRV) was derived according to the Eco-SSL guidance (U.S. EPA, 2003;
Attachment 4-5). Second, the Eco-SSL (soil concentration) was back-calculated for each of
three surrogate species based on the wildlife exposure model and the TRV (U.S. EPA, 2003).
5.1 Avian TRV
The literature search completed according to the Eco-SSL guidance (U.S. EPA, 2003;
Attachment 4-2) identified 530 papers with possible toxicity data for either avian or mammalian
species. Of these papers, 498 were rejected for use as described in Section 7.5. Of the
remaining papers, 11 contained data for avian test species. These papers were reviewed and data
were extracted and scored according to the Eco-SSL guidance (U.S. EPA, 2003; Attachment 4-3
and 4-4). The results of the data extraction and review are summarized in Table 5.1. The
complete results are included as Appendix 5-1.
Within the 11 reviewed papers, there are 24 results for biochemical (BIO), behavioral (BEH),
pathology (PTH), growth (GRO), and survival (MOR) effects that meet the Data Evaluation
Score of >65 for use to derive the TRV (U.S. EPA 2003; Attachment 4-5). These data are
plotted in Figure 5.1 and correspond directly with the data presented in Table 5.1. The no-
observed adverse effect (NOAEL) values for growth and reproduction are used to calculate a
geometric mean NOAEL. This result is examined in relationship to the lowest bounded lowest-
observed adverse effect level (LOAEL) for reproduction, growth and survival to derive the TRV
according to procedures in the Eco-SSL guidance (U.S. EPA, 2003; Attachment 4-5).
A geometric mean of the NOAEL values for growth was calculated at 7.61 mg cobalt/kg bw/day.
This value is lower than the lowest bounded LOAEL for either growth or mortality results.
Therefore, the TRV is equal to the geometric mean NOAEL at 7.61 mg cobalt/kg bw/day.
5.2 Estimation of Dose and Calculation of the Eco-SSL
Three separate Eco-SSL values were calculated for avian wildlife, one each for three surrogate
species representing different trophic groups. The avian Eco-SSLs for cobalt were calculated
according to the Eco-SSL guidance (U.S. EPA, 2003; Attachment 4-5) and are summarized in
Table 5.2.
Eco-SSL for Cobalt 5 March 2005
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Table 5.1 Avian Toxicity Data Extracted for Wildlife Toxicity Reference Value (TRY)
Cobalt
Page 1 of 1
Result #
Reference
Ref
No.
Q
•Q
o
U
Cone/Dose Units
Method of Analyses
Route of Exposure
Exposure Duration
Duration Units
Q
DJD
<:
Age Units
Lifestage
X
Q
K
Effect Group
Effect Measure
Response Site
NOAEL Dose (mg/kg/day)
LOAEL Dose (mg/kg/day)
Data Evaluation Score
Biochemical
1
2
Diaz et al., 1994
Ling et al., 1979
100
6666
Chicken (Callus domesticus)
Chicken (Gattus domesticus)
4
4
U
U
FD
FD
42
3
d
w
i
i
d
d
JV
JV
B
M
BIO
BIO
RBCE
HMCT
BL
BL
0.920
9.30
4.59
18.7
74
70
Behavior
3
4
Diaz et al., 1994
Diaz et al., 1994
90
100
Chicken (Gattus domesticus)
Chicken (Gattus domesticus)
4
2
M
U
FD
FD
14
42
d
d
i
i
d
d
JV
JV
M
B
BEH
BEH
FCNS
FCNS
WO
WO
13.0
29.0
4.58
85
74
Pathology
5
6
7
Diaz et al., 1994
Diaz et al., 1994
Van Vleet et al., 1981
90
100
80
Chicken (Gattus domesticus)
Chicken (Gattus domesticus)
Duck (Anas sp.)
4
2
3
M
U
U
FD
FD
FD
14
42
15
d
d
d
i
i
i
d
d
d
JV
JV
JV
M
B
M
PTH
PTH
PTH
GLSN
ORWT
GLSN
wo
HE
MB
13.0
29.0
4.59
15.3
85
74
72
Growth
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
Hill, 1979
Ling et al., 1979
Hill, 1974
Paulov, 1971
Berg and Martinson, 1972
Hill, 1979
Diaz et al., 1994
Brown and Southern, 1985
Southern and Baker, 1981
Diaz et al., 1994
397
6666
92
91
93
1370
90
6215
81
100
Chicken (Gattus domesticus)
Chicken (Gattus domesticus)
Chicken (Gattus domesticus)
Duck (Anas sp.)
Chicken (Gattus domesticus)
Chicken (Gattus domesticus)
Chicken (Gattus domesticus)
Chicken (Gattus domesticus)
Chicken (Gattus domesticus)
Chicken (Gattus domesticus)
4
4
6
3
3
2
4
2
3
2
U
U
U
U
U
U
M
U
U
U
FD
FD
FD
FD
FD
FD
FD
FD
FD
FD
5
3
2
8
2
2
14
14
15
14
w
w
w
d
w
w
d
d
d
d
i
i
i
2
1
1
1
0
8
1
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
JV
JV
JV
JV
JV
JV
JV
IM
JV
JV
F
M
B
NR
B
B
M
M
M
B
GRO
GRO
GRO
GRO
GRO
GRO
GRO
GRO
GRO
GRO
BDWT
BDWT
BDWT
BDWT
BDWT
BDWT
BDWT
BDWT
BDWT
BDWT
WO
WO
WO
WO
WO
WO
WO
WO
WO
WO
3.89
4.10
4.29
14.8
25.2
7.80
8.20
8.59
148
17.0
12.0
21.5
22.3
29.5
82
77
82
80
68
76
83
76
77
78
Survival
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
Diaz et al., 1994
Hill, 1974
Diaz et al., 1994
Hill, 1979
Van Vleet et al., 1981
Ling et al., 1979
Van Vleet et al., 1981
100
92
90
1370
80
6666
80
Chicken (Gattus domesticus)
Chicken (Gattus domesticus)
Chicken (Gattus domesticus)
Chicken (Gattus domesticus)
Duck (Anas sp.)
Chicken (Gattus domesticus)
Duck (Anas sp.)
2
6
4
2
3
4
2
U
U
M
U
U
U
U
FD
FD
FD
FD
FD
FD
FD
42
5
14
2
15
3
28
d
w
d
w
d
w
d
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
JV
JV
JV
JV
JV
JV
JV
B
B
M
B
M
M
M
MOR
MOR
MOR
MOR
MOR
MOR
MOR
MORT
MORT
MORT
MORT
MORT
SURV
MORT
WO
NR
WO
NR
WO
WO
WO
4.59
5.74
12.3
17.0
15.0
22.0
11.5
26.7
38.0
79
83
90
77
77
72
77
B = both; BIO = biochemical; BL = blood; BDWT = body weight changes; BEH = behavior; bw = body weight; d = days; F = female; FCNS = food
consumption; FD = food; g = grams; GLSN = gross lesions; GRO = growth; HE = heart; HMCT = hematocrit; IM = immature; JV = juvenile; kg =
kilograms; LOAEL = lowest-observed adverse effect level; M = male; M = measured; MB = muscle and bone; mg = milligrams; MOR = effects on
mortality and survival; MORT = mortality; NOAEL = No-Observed Advese Effect Level; NR = Not reported; ORWT = organ weight changes; PTH =
pathology; SURV = survival; U = unmeasured; w = weeks; WO = whole organism.
Eco-SSLfor Cobalt
March 2005
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1? :
5
.a
M)
^
O
M)
£
O
sc
0
Q
Bioche
Figure 5.1 Avian TRV Derivation for Cobalt
1 i ! i
! I ! i
' i ! i
i i ' 9 i
i i ! 21 i
ill- 1
! i ! so i
i J i j
i i ' i
' i ! 9 i
ill ° i
^\ " V77J
i V ' 85 ' © ^ 76 77 7S ! 90 fa *
© ! 0 '0 Q!827782 ^ 8 ~ t • -9V~
-^0 . en -^ 1 en co . -\ - -• ^-xfSS) 6 <2 £T
©1 i ff © i B » p ; ®@® \ g i ©V i * ^
— • o • o ; o \ _ . c^
"' 6 i o !o9^ \ ' ' •"
I °| 2 IriSSl \_I jo?
j ^ S" J co § ° Geometric Mean of • o
JL • ! j ST ST NOAELsfor ! ^
^9 • I • Growth = 7.61 ! S
X_^ 1 1 ' 1
O'l1 1
8 i i ! i
P i i ! i
1 i ! i
i 1 ! 1
mical(BIO) Behavior (BEH) Pathology (PTH) Growth (GRO) Mortality (MOR)
• BIO-NOAEL OBIO-LOAEL •BEH-NOAEL OBEH-LOAEL OPTH-NOAEL PTH-LOAEL GRO-NOAEL GRO-LOAEL
OMOR-NOAEL OMOR-LOAEL
Result number
Reference Number
Test Species
Test Species Key
C = chicken
D = duck
Data Evaluation Score
Lowest-Observed Adverse Effect Dose
Paired values from same study when j oined by line
No-Observed Adverse Effect Dose
Wildlife TRV Derivation Process
1) There are at least three results available for two test species within the growth and survival effect groups.
There are enough data to derive TRV. There is no data available on reproductive effects in avian species.
2) There are are at least three NOAEL results available for calculation of a geometric mean.
3) The geometric mean of the NOAEL values for growth equals 7.61 mg cobalt/kg bw/day.
4) The geometric mean NOAEL value is lower than the lowest bounded LOAEL for growth or survival results.
5) The avian wildlife TRV for cobalt is equal to 7.61 mg cobalt/kg bw/day which is the geometric mean of the NOAEL values for growth.
Eco-SSL for Cobalt
March 2005
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Table 5.2 Calculation of the Avian Eco-SSLs for Cobalt
Surrogate
Receptor Group
Avian herbivore
(dove)
Avian ground
insectivore
(woodcock)
Avian carnivore
(hawk)
TRY for Cobalt
(mg dw/kg bw/d) 1
7.61
7.61
7.61
Food Ingestion
Rate (FIR)2
(kg dw/kg
bw/d)
0.190
0.214
0.0353
Soil
Ingestion as
Proportion
of Diet (Ps)2
0.139
0.164
0.057
Concentration of
Cobalt in Biota
Type (i)2'3
(B,)
(mg/kg dw)
Bi = 0.0075 * Soilj
where i = plants
Bj= 0.122* Soilj
where i =
earthworms
ln(Bi)= 1.307*
In(Soilj) - 4.4669
where i = mammals
Eco-SSL
(mg/kg dw)4
270
120
1300
1 The process for derivation of wildlife TRVs is described in Attachment 4-5 of U.S. EPA (2003).
2 Parameters (FIR, Ps, Bj values, regressions) are provided in U.S. EPA (2003) Attachment 4-1 (revised February 2005).
3 B; = Concentration in biota type (i) which represents 100% of the diet for the respective receptor.
4 HQ = FIR * (Soil, * Ps + Bj) / TRY) solved for HQ=1 where Soil, = Eco-SSL (Equation 4-2; U.S. EPA, 2003).
NA = Not Applicable
6.0 ECO-SSL FOR MAMMALIAN WILDLIFE
The derivation of the Eco-SSL for mammalian wildlife was completed as two parts. First the
TRY was derived according to the Eco-SSL guidance (U.S. EPA, 2003; Attachment 4-5).
Second the Eco-SSL (soil concentration) was back-calculated for each of three surrogate species
based on the wildlife exposure model and the TRY (U.S. EPA, 2003).
6.1 Mammalian TRV
The literature search was completed according to the Eco-SSL guidance (U.S. EPA, 2003;
Attachment 4-2) and identified 530 papers with possible toxicity data for cobalt for either avian
or mammalian test species. Of these studies, 498 were rejected for use as described in Section
7.5. Of the remaining papers, 20 contained data for mammalian test species. These papers were
reviewed and the data were extracted and scored according to the Eco-SSL guidance (U.S. EPA,
2003; Attachment 4-3 and 4-4). The results of the data extraction and review are summarized in
Table 6.1. The complete results are provided in Appendix 6.1.
Within the 20 papers there are 38 results for biochemical (BIO), behavioral (BEH), physiology
(PHY), pathology (PTH), reproduction (REP), growth (GRO), and survival (MOR) endpoints
with a total Data Evaluation Score >65 that were used to derive the TRV (U.S. EPA 2003;
Attachment 4-3). These data are plotted in Figure 6.1 and correspond directly with the data
presented in Table 6.1. The NOAEL values for growth and reproduction are used to calculate a
geometric mean NOAEL. This result is examined in relationship to the lowest bounded LOAEL
for reproduction, growth and survival to derive the TRV according to procedures in the Eco-SSL
guidance (U.S. EPA, 2003; Attachment 4-4).
Eco-SSL for Cobalt
March 2005
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Table 6.1 Mammalian Toxiicty Data Extracted for Wildlife Toxicity Reference Value (TRV)
Cobalt
Page 1 of 1
Result #
Reference
Ref
No.
Test Organism
ft of Cone/ Doses
Method of Analyses
Route of Exposure
Exposure Duration
Duration Units
Q
DJD
<
Age Units
Lifestage
X
&
General Effect Group
Effect Measure
Response Site
NOAEL Dose
(mg/kg/day)
LOAEL Dose
(mg/kg/day)
Data Evaluation Score
Biochemical
1
2
3
4
Maro et al., 1980
Chetty et al., 1979
Kadiiska et al., 1985
Derr et al., 1970
171
116
19290
129
Cow (Bos taurus )
Rat (Rattus norvegicus )
Rat (R. norvegicus )
Rat (R. norvegicus )
2
6
2
2
M
U
U
U
FD
FD
DR
DR
45
4
30
35
d
w
d
d
1
NR
NR
NR
mo
NR
NR
NR
JV
NR
JV
JV
F
B
M
M
BIO
BIO
BIO
BIO
HMGL
HMGL
P450
HMCT
BL
BL
LI
BL
0.300
19.3
28.9
20.0
118
70
75
69
65
Behavior
5
6
7
Gershbein et al., 1983
Huck and Clawson, 1976
Bourg et al., 1985
136
86
111
Rat (R. norvegicus )
Pig (Sus scrofa)
Rat (R. norvegicus )
2
4
2
U
U
M
FD
FD
DR
80
28
57
d
d
d
44
NR
80
d
NR
d
JV
NR
JV
M
NR
M
BEH
BEH
BEH
NMVM
FCNS
ACTP
WO
WO
wo
1.47
7.08
20.0
66
69
77
Physiology
8
Haga et al., 1996
105 |Rat (R. norvegicus )
2
U
FD
16
w
NR
NR
NR
M
PHY
Other
HE
8.76
77
Pathology
9
10
11
12
13
14
Gershbein et al., 1983
Chetty et al., 1979
Haga et al., 1996
Van Vleet et al., 1981
Seidenberg et al., 1986
Derr et al., 1970
136
116
105
149
113
129
Rat (R. norvegicus )
Rat (R. norvegicus )
Rat (R. norvegicus )
Pig (S. scrofa)
Mouse (Mus musculus )
Rat (R. norvegicus )
2
6
2
2
2
2
U
U
U
U
U
U
FD
FD
FD
FD
GV
DR
80
4
16
10
5
35
d
w
w
w
d
d
44
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
d
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
JV
NR
NR
JV
GE
JV
M
B
M
M
F
M
PTH
PTH
PTH
PTH
PTH
PTH
GHIS
SMIX
BDWT
GLSN
BDWT
SMIX
NR
TS
WO
HE
WO
HE
1.47
4.81
9.63
8.76
19.3
81.7
118
73
78
77
73
75
67
Reproduction
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
Nation et al., 1983
Domingo et al., 1985
Paternain et al., 1988
Seidenberg et al., 1986
Pedigo et al., 1988
Anderson et al., 1992
Corrier et al., 1985
Mollenhauer et al., 1985
Anderson et al., 1993
Pedigo et al., 1993
126
124
109
113
121
120
123
119
139
187
Rat (R. norvegicus )
Rat (R. norvegicus )
Rat (R. norvegicus )
Mouse (M. musculus )
Mouse (M. musculus )
Mouse (M. musculus )
Rat (R. norvegicus )
Rat (R. norvegicus )
Mouse (M. musculus )
Mouse (M. musculus )
3
4
4
2
4
2
2
2
2
2
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
FD
GV
GV
GV
DR
DR
FD
FD
DR
DR
69
28
9
5
13
9
70
98
13
10
d
d
d
d
w
w
d
d
w
w
80
NR
NR
NR
12
12
100
100
12
8 to 10
d
NR
NR
NR
w
w
d
d
w
w
MA
MA
GE
GE
SM
MA
SM
MA
MA
JV
M
F
F
F
M
M
M
M
M
M
REP
REP
REP
REP
REP
REP
REP
REP
REP
REP
TEWT
PRWT
PRWT
PROG
RSUC
TEWT
TEDG
TEWT
TEWT
PRFM
TE
WO
WO
WO
WO
TE
TE
TE
TE
WO
5.00
5.45
24.9
81.7
20.0
10.9
10.0
13.7
20.0
24.2
43.4
55.9
83
87
81
72
78
73
77
73
78
73
Growth
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
Maro et al., 1980
Gershbein et al., 1983
Huck and Clawson, 1976
Pedigo et al., 1988
Mohiuddin et al., 1970
Bourg et al., 1985
Chetty et al., 1979
Paternain et al., 1988
Van Vleet et al., 1981
Anderson et al., 1993
Derr et al., 1970
171
136
86
121
132
111
116
109
149
139
129
Cow (Bos taurus )
Rat (R. norvegicus )
Pig (S. scrofa)
Mouse (M. musculus )
Guinea pig (Caviaporcellus
Rat (R. norvegicus )
Rat (R. norvegicus )
Rat (R. norvegicus )
Pig (Sus scrofa)
Mouse (M. musculus )
Rat (R. norvegicus )
2
2
4
4
2
2
6
4
2
2
2
M
U
U
U
U
M
U
U
U
U
U
FD
FD
FD
DR
OR
DR
FD
GV
FD
DR
DR
45
80
16
5
5
57
4
9
5
13
24
d
d
w
w
w
d
w
d
w
w
d
7
44
NR
12
NR
80
NR
NR
NR
12
NR
mo
d
NR
w
NR
d
NR
NR
NR
w
NR
JV
JV
NR
SM
MA
JV
NR
GE
JV
MA
JV
F
M
NR
M
M
M
B
F
M
M
M
GRO
GRO
GRO
GRO
GRO
GRO
GRO
GRO
GRO
GRO
GRO
BDWT
BDWT
BDWT
BDWT
BDWT
BDWT
BDWT
BDWT
BDWT
BDWT
BDWT
WO
WO
WO
WO
WO
WO
WO
WO
WO
WO
WO
0.300
1.47
2.41
19.0
20.0
20.0
33.0
0.963
6.23
20.2
43.4
122
77
68
74
82
72
72
77
79
77
76
72
Survival
36
37
38
Van Vleet et al., 1981
Seidenberg et al., 1986
Mohiuddin et al., 1970
149
113
132
Pig (S. scrofa)
Mouse (M. musculus )
Guinea pig (Caviaporcellus
2
2
2
U
U
U
FD
GV
OR
10
5
5
w
d
w
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
JV
GE
MA
M
F
M
MOR
MOR
MOR
MORT
MORT
SURV
WO
wo
wo
19.3
81.7
20.0
78
80
73
ACTP = activity level; B = both;BDWT = body weight changes; BEH = behavior; BIO = biochemical; BL = blood; d = days; DR = Drinking
water; F = female; FCNS = food consumption; FD = food; GE = gestation; GHIS = histologic; GLSN = gross lesions; GRO = growth; GV =
gavage; HE = heart; HMCT = hematocrit; HMGL = hemoglobin; JV = juvenile; LI = liver; M = male; M = measured; MA = mature; mo = months;
MOR = mortality, MORT = Mortality; NMVM = number of movements; NR = Not reported; OR = other oral; P450 = changes in cytochrome
P450; PHY = physiology; PTH = pathology; PRFM = sexual performance; PROG = progeny count ; PRWT = progeny weight; REP =
reproduction; RSUC = reproductive success; SM = sexually mature; SMIX = weight relative to body weight; SURV = survival; TE = testes; TEDG
= testes degeneration; TEWT = testes weight; TS = Thymus; U = unmeasured; w = weeks; WO = whole organism
Eco-SSLfor Cobalt
March 2005
-------
o/kgBW/day)
C
5 C
0
Q
Figure 6.1 Mammalian TRV Derivation for Cobalt
1 i • •
1 i ! •
1 i ! •
1 ! ! •
5 J] SSl d ;ii|;
S °j ! /~\~ '• 71 ' '° 71 ?r ' J-^^-F >«-<'-= - R ' ^ — 9 ' 2 ss
' S ' - ! Sr ^ ! ^^^ ~ ^ / i ^ " i
1 ^^ I • f 73J -^ 1 K" ^ Geometric Mean of • (^^) ^ ^ j
i ! ! ^-^ ! ^ 1 NOAELs for REP and 1 • ^^ S
<3 j o: j ! OL \ GRO = 7.33 • g p " •
p- i B- i ! i- 1 J s <° |
© i i ! i !©£, ^ i
i i • i Iff
i • i ™ [
i tf* I '• lit »'* m »
Biochemical (BIO) Behavior (BEH) Pathology (PTH) Reproduction (REP) Growth (GRO) Mortality (MOR)
•BIO-NOAEL OBIO-LOAEL »BEH-NOAEL OBEH-LOAEL OPHY-NOAEL PHY-LOAEL OPTH-NOAEL
PTH-LOAEL • REP-NO AEL OREP-LOAEL OGRO-NOAEL GRO-LOAEL OMOR-NOAEL MOR-LOAEL
Result number Test Species Key — ^
Reference Ni
i '^^\tv- M = mouse Gp = guineapig XT' . .
iVildlife TRV Derivation Process
1) There are at least three results available for two test species within the growth, reproduction and survival effect groups.
There are enough data to derive TRV.
2) There are are at least three NOAEL results available for calculation of a geometric mean.
3) The geometric mean of the NOAEL values for growth and reproduction equals 7.33 mg cobalt/kg BW/day.
4) The geometric mean NOAEL value is less than the lowest bounded LOAEL for reproduction, growth, or survival.
5) The mammalian wildlife TRV for cobalt is equal to 7.33 mg cobalt/kg BW/day.
Eco-SSLfor Cobalt
10
March 2005
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A geometric mean of the NOAEL values for growth and reproduction was calculated at 7.33 mg
cobalt/kg bw/day. This value is lower than the lowest bounded LOAEL for either reproductive,
growth, or survival results. Therefore, the TRV is equal to the geometric mean of the NOAEL
values for reproduction and growth at 7.33 mg cobalt/kg bw/day.
6.2 Estimation of Dose and Calculation of the Eco-SSL
Three separate Eco-SSL values were calculated for mammalian wildlife, one each for three
surrogate species representing different trophic groups. The mammalian Eco-SSLs for cobalt are
calculated according to the Eco-SSL guidance (U.S. EPA, 2003; Attachment 4-5) and are
summarized in Table 6.2
Table 6.2 Calculation of the Mammalian Eco-SSLs for Cobalt
Surrogate Receptor
Group
Mammalian
herbivore (vole)
Mammalian ground
insectivore (shrew)
Mammalian
carnivore (weasel)
TRV for
Cobalt
(mg dw/kg
bw/d) 1
7.33
7.33
7.33
Food Ingestion
Rate (Fffi)2
(kg dw/kg
bw/d)
0.0875
0.209
0.130
Soil Ingestion as
Proportion of
Diet (Ps)2
0.032
0.030
0.043
Concentration of
Cobalt in Biota
Type (i)2'3
(B,)
(mg/kg dw)
Bj = 0.0075 * Soil,
where i = plants
Bi = 0.122*Soilj
where i = earthworms
ln(Bj) = 1.307*
In(SoiL) - 4.4669
where i = mammals
Eco-SSL
(mg/kg dw)4
2100
230
470
1 The process for derivation of wildlife TRVs is described in Attachment 4-5 of U.S. EPA (2003).
2 Parameters (FIR, Ps, Bj values, regressions) are provided in U.S. EPA (2003) Attachment 4-1 (revised February 2005).
3 Bj = Concentration in biota type (i) which represents 100% of the diet for the respective receptor.
4 HQ = FIR * (Soilj * Ps + Bt) / TRV) solved for HQ=1 where Soil, = Eco-SSL (Equation 4-2; U.S. EPA, 2003).
NA = Not Applicable
Eco-SSL for Cobalt
11
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This Page Intentionally Left Blank
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7.0 REFERENCES
7.1 General Cobalt References
Diaz, G. I, R. J. Julian, and E. J. Squires. 1994a. Cobalt-induced polycythaemia causing right ventricular
hypertrophy and ascites in meat-type chickens. Avian Pathology. 91-104.
Diaz, G. J., R. J. Julian, and E. J. Squires. 1994b. Lesions in broiler chickens following experimental intoxication
with cobalt. Avian Dis. 38(2): 308-16.
Haga, Y., N. Clyne, N. Hatroi, C. Hoffman-Bang, S. K. Pehrsson, and L. Ryden. 1996. Impaired myocardial
function following chronic cobalt exposure in an isolated rat heart model. Trace Elements and
Electrolytes. 13 (2): 69-74.
Henry, P. 1995. Copper Bioavailability. Chapter 6. In: Bioavailability of Nutrients for Animals: Amino Acids,
Minerals, and Vitamins. C. Ammerman, D. Baker, and A. Lewis (eds.), Academic Press. San Diego, CA.
Paternain, J. L., J. L. Domingo, and J. Corbella. 1988. Developmental toxicity of cobalt in the rat. J Toxicol
Environm Health. 24(2): 193-200.
Pedigo, N. G. and M. W. Vernon. 1993. Embryonic losses after 10-week administration of cobalt to male mice.
Reprod Toxicol. 7:111-116.
United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). 2003. Guidance for Developing Ecological Soil
Screening Levels. November. Office of Solid Waste and Emergency and Remedial Response. OSWER
Directive 9285.7-55
United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). 1999. Ecological Risk Assessment and Risk
Management Principles for Super fund Sites. Office of Emergency and Remedial Response, Washington,
DC. OSWER Directive 9285.7-28.P.
United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). 1998. Guidelines for Ecological Risk Assessment.
Risk Assessment Forum. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington DC. EPA/630/R-95/002F.
April. May 14, 1998 Federal Register 63(93): 26846-26924.
United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). 1997. Ecological Risk Assessment Guidance for
Superfund: Process for Designing and Conducting Ecological Risk Assessments. Interim Final. U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Response Team (Edison, NJ). June 5, 1997.
7.2 References Used for Derivation of Plant and Soil Invertebrate Eco-SSLs
Rehab, F. I. and Wallace, A. 1978. Excess Trace Metal Effects on Cotton: 2. Copper, Zinc, Cobalt and Manganese
in Yolo Loam Soil. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 9[6]: 519-527.
TN&Associates Inc. 2000. Plant Toxicity Testing to Support Development of Ecological Soil Screening Levels.
Subcontract Agreement No.SC-IDIQ-1999142-29, National Center for Environ.Assess., Washington, D.C.
53 p.
Eco-SSLfor Cobalt 12 March 2005
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7.3 References Rejected for Use in Derivation of Plant and Soil Invertebrate Eco-SSLs
These references were reviewed and rejected for use in derivation of the Eco-SSL. The
definition of the codes describing the basis for rejection is provided at the end of the reference
sections.
No Dose Abdel-Sabour, M. F., El Naggr, H. A., and Suliman, S. M. 1994. Use of Inorganic and Organic
Compounds as Decontaminants for Cobalt T-60 and Cesium-134 by Clover Plant Grown on
INSHAS Sandy Soil. Govt Reports Announcements & Index (GRA&I) 15, 17 p.
Mix Abou Hussien, E. A. and Faiyad, M. N. 1996. The Combined Effect of Poudrette, Zinc and Cobalt
on Corn Growth and Nutrients Uptake in Alluvial Soils. Egypt. J. Soil Sci. 36[l-4], 47-58.
No Control Adams, S. N. and Honeysett, J. L. 1964. Some Effects of Soil Waterlogging on the Cobalt and
Copper Status of Pasture Plants Grown in Pots. AustJ.Agric.Res. 15, 357-367
OM, pH Adams, S. N., Honeysett, J. L., Tiller, K. G., and Norrish, K. 1969. Factors Controlling the
Increase of Cobalt in Plants Following the Addition of a Cobalt Fertilizer
38333. AustJ.SoilRes. 7, 29-42
No Dose Agarwala, S. C., Bisht, S. S., and Sharma, C. P. 1977. Relative Effectiveness of Certain Heavy
Metals in Producing Toxicity and Symptoms of Iron Deficiency in Barley. Can J Bot 55, 1299-
1307
Media
Media
Media
Mix
Mix
FL
Media
Mix
Mix
Ahmed, M. B. and Twyman, E. S. 1953. The Relative Toxicity of Manganese and Cobalt to the
Tomato Plant. J.Exp.Bot.(London) 4[11], 164-172
Ahmed, S. and Evans, H. J. 1959. Effect of Cobalt on the Growth of the Soybeans in the Absence
of Supplied Nitrogen. Biochem.Biophys.Res.Comm. 1[5], 271-275
Ahmed, S. and Evans, H. J. 1960. Cobalt: A Micronutrient Element for the Growth of Soybean
Plains Under Symbiotic Conditions. Soil Sci 90, 205-210
Alberici, T. M., Sopper, W. E., Storm, G. L., and Yahner, R. H. 1989. Trace Metals in Soil
Vegetation and Voles from Mine Land Treated with Sewage Sludge. J Environ Qua! 18, 115-120
Alegria, A., Barbera, R., Boluda, R., Errecalde, F., Farre, R., and Lagarda, M. J. 1992.
Relationship Between Cobalt, Copper and Zinc Content of Soils and Vegetables. Nahrung 36 [5],
451-460
Aleshin, E. P., Sheudzhen, A. K., Doseeva, O. A., and Rymar, V. T. 1987. Photosynthetic and
Respiratory Activity in Rice Leaves as a Function of Cobalt Supply to the Plants.
Dokl.Vses.Akad.Sel'skokhoz.Nauk 2, 15-17
Amir, Hamid and Pineau, Rene. 1998. Effects of metals on the germination and growth of fungal
isolates from new Caledonian ultramafic soils. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 30[14], 2043-2054
Anderson, A. J., Meyer, D. R., and Mayer, F. K. 1973. Heavy Metal Toxicities: Levels of Nickel,
Cobalt, and Chromium in the Soil and Plants Associated with Visual Symptoms and Variation in
Growth of an Oat Crop. AustJ.Agric.Res. 24, 557-571.
Andreae, H. Verteilung Von Schwermetallen In Einem Forstlich Genutzten Wassereinzugsgebiet
Unter Dem Einfluss Saurer Deposition Am Beispiel Der Soesemulde (Westharz). (Distribution Of
Eco-SSL for Cobalt
13
March 2005
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OM,pH
FL
FL
Media
Heavy Metals In A Wood Culture Water Catchment Area Under The Influence Of Acid De. Govt-
Reports-Announcements-&-Index-(GRA&I),-Issue-21,-1995.
Askew, H. O. and Dixon, J. K. 1937. Influence of Cobalt Top-Dressing on the Cobalt Status of
Pasture Plants. N.Z.J.Sci.Technol. 18, 688-693
Astapovich, N. I. and Orel, M. V. 1975. Effects of Various Cobalt Salts and Their Concentrations
on the Activity of Pectolytic Enzymes Systemizedby Microscopic Fungi. Biol.Akt.Veshchestva
Mikroorg. 36-39.
Austenfeld, F. A. 1979. Effects of Nickel, Cobalt and Chromium on Net Photosynthesis of Primary
and Secondary Leaves of Phaseolus vulgaris L. (Nettophotosynthese der Primarund Folgeblatter
von Phaseolus vulgaris L. unter dem Einfluss von Nickel, Kobalt und Chrom). Photosynthetica
13[4], 434-438.
Baker, A. J. M., Brooks, R. R., Pease, A. J., and Malaisse, F. 1983. Studies on Copper and Cobalt
Tolerance in Three Closely Related Taxa Within the Genus Silene L. (Caryophyllaceae) from
Zaire. Plant Soil 73, 377-385.
Media Barker, A. V. and Corey, K. A. 1991. Interrelationships of ammonium toxicity and ethylene action
in tomato. Hortscience. 26[2], 177-180.
Media Berry, W. L. 1978. Comparative Toxicity of VO3, CrO2-4, Ni2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, and Cd2+ to
Lettuce Seedlings. In: D.C.Adriano and I.L.Brisbin,Jr.(Eds.), Environmental Cemistry and Cycling
Processes, Proc.Symp.Held at Augusta, Georgia, April 18-May 1, 1976, Tech.Info.Center,
U.S.Dep of Energy (U.S.NTIS CONF-760429), 582-589.
Media Bittell, J., Koeppe, D. E., and Miller, R. J. 1974. Sorption of Heavy Metals Cations by corn
Mitochondria and the Effects on Electron and Energy Transfer Reactions. Physiol Plant 30, 226-
230.
Species Blankenship, M. L. and Wilbur, K. M. 1975. Cobalt Effects on Cell Division and Calcium Uptake
in the Coccolithophoroid Cricosphaera carterae (Haptophyceae) 38589. J.Physiol. 11, 211-219.
Media Bobak, M. 1974. Influence of Exogenous Added Cobalt upon the Submicroscopic Structure and
the Chromosomes of Meristematic Cells of the Horse Bean (Vicia faba L.,C.V. Zborovicky).
Physiol.Plant. 8, 17-24.
Media Bolle-Jones, E. W. and Mallikarjuneswara, V. R. 1957. A Beneficial Effect of Cobalt on the
Growth of the Rubber Plant (Hevea brasiliensis). Nature 179, 738-739.
Rev Bozhenkov, V. P. 1968. Effect of Aluminum and Cobalt on the Nucleic Acid Content and
Ribonuclease Acitivty in the Growth Points of Sunflower Under Water Deficit Conditions 37728.
Russ.J.PlantP/zywo/.(Transl.of Fiziol.Rast. 15(1): 116-122) 68, 94-99.
Media Brenchley, W. E. 1938. Comparative Effects of Cobalt, Nickel and Copper on Plant Growth.
Ann.Appl.Biol. 25 [4], 671-694.
Dup Brenchley, W. E. 1938. Comparative Effects of Cobalt, Nickel, and Copper on Plant Growth
40004. Ann.Appl.Biol. 25[4], 671-694.
No Control Brooks, R. R. 1977. Copper and Cobalt Uptake by Haumaniastrum Species. Plant Soil 48, 541-
544.
Eco-SSLfor Cobalt
14
March 2005
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Rev
FL
No Dose
No Dose
FL
Brooks, R. R., Reeves, R. D., Morrison, R. S., and Malaisse, F. 1980. Hyperaccumulation of
Copper and Cobalt: A Review. Bull.Soc.R.Bot.Belgique 113, 166-172.
Burca, S., Cachita-Cosma, D., Craciun, C., and Trifu, M. 1984. Modifications Caused by the Trace
Elements Manganese and Cobalt in the Ultrastructure of the Roots of Tomato Seedlings
(Modificari Cauzate de Microelementele Mangansi Cobalt in Ultrastructura Radacinilor
Plantulelor de Tomate). Stud.Univ.Babes-Bolyai.Biol. 29, 27-34.
Cataldo, D. A. and Wildung, R. E. 1978. Soil and Plant Factors Influencing the Accumulation of
Heavy Metals by Plants. Environ.Health Perspect. 27, 149-159.
Cataldo, D. A., Fellows, R. I, and Harvey, S. D. 1996. Evaluation of the Metabolic Fate of
Munitions Material (TNT RDX) in Plant Systems and Initial Assessment of Material Interaction
with Plant Genetic Material. Govt Reports Announcements & Index (GRA&I), (8):
Celardin, F. and Landry, J. C. 1988. Bioindicators of pollution earthworms and heavy metals in
soil. ARCH SCI (GENEVA).Archives des Sciences (Geneva).41 (2). 1988.225-228. 41[2], 225-
228.
No Dose Chatterjee, J. and Chatterjee, C. 2000. Phytotoxicity of Cobalt, Chromium and Copper in
Cauliflower. EnviroaPollut. 109[1], 69-74.
No Tox Clapp, R. B. Annual Report Of The Environmental Restoration Monitoring And Assessment
Program At Oak Ridge National Laboratory For Fy 1992. Environmental Restoration Program.
Govt-Reports-Announcements-&-Index-(GRA&I),-Issue-09,-1993.
Media Clark, R. B., Pier, P. A., Knudsen, D., and Maranville, J. W. 1981. Effect of Trace Element
Deficiencies and Excesses on Mineral Nutrients in Sorghum. J.Plant Nutr. 3 [1-4], 357-374.
Rev Cole, C. J. and Carson, B. L. 1981. Cobalt in the Food Chain. In: I.C.Smith, and B.L.Carson
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Korzeniowy Vicia faba L.). Pr.Nauk.Univ.Slask.Katowicak. 7[24], 74-91.
Eco-SSLfor Cobalt
22
March 2005
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FL Yagodin, B. A. and Zhiznevskaya, G. Y. 1969. Variations in Protein Composition of Vicia faba
Leaves During Chlorosis Induced by Excessive Cobalt 37858. Fiziol.Rast. 16[3], 505-511 (RUS)
FL Yagodin, B. A., Ovcharenko, G. A., Vasil'eva, V. Y., and Ivanova, M. A. 1970. Effect of Cobalt
on Nitrate Reductase Activity in Legumes. S-kh.Biol. 5[1], 134-136.
FL Yagodin, B. A. and Sablina, S. M. 1981. Effect of Cobalt on Buckwheat Yield and on the Content
of Mineral Elements and Rutin. Izv.Timiryazev.S-Kh.Akad. 6, 68-72.
FL Yagodin, B. A. and Romanova, L. P. 1982. Yield and Quality of Chinese Cabbage is Seed
Treatment with Trace Elements. Izv.Timiryazev.S-Kh.Akad. 2, 98-104.
7.4 References Used for Derivation of Wildlife TRVs
Anderson, M. B., Lepak, K., Farinas, V., and George, W. J. 1993. Protective action of zinc against cobalt-induced
testicular damage inthe mouse. Reprod. Toxicol.l(l): 49-54. Ref#139
Anderson, M. B., Pedigo, N. G., Katz, R. P., and George, W. J. 1992. Histopathology of testes from mice
chronically treated with cobalt. Reprod. Toxicol.6(l): 41-50. Ref#120
Berg, L. R. and Martinson, R. D. 1972. Effect of diet composition of the toxicity of zinc for the chick. Poultry Sci.
51(5): 1690-4. Ref#93
Bourg, W. J., Nation, J. R., and Clark, D. E. 1985. The effects of chronic cobalt exposure on passive-avoidance
performance in the adult rat. Bull. Psychon. Soc. 3(6): 527-530. Ref #111
Brown, D. R. and L. Southern. 1985. Effect ofEimeria acervulina infection in chicks fed excess dietary cobalt
and/or manganese. 115(3): 347-51. Ref #6215
Chetty, K. N., Subba, R. A. O. D SV, Drummond, L., and Desaiah, D. 1979. Cobalt-induced changes in immune
response and atpase activities in rats. J Environ. Sci. Health Part B Pestic. Food. Contain. Agric. Wastes.
14(5): 525-544. Ref # 116
Comer, D. E., Mollenhauer, H. H., Clark, D. E., Hare, M. F., and Elissalde, M. H. 1985. Testicular degeneration
and necrosis induced by dietary cobalt. VetPathol. 22(6): 610-6. Ref #123
Derr, R. F., Aaker, H., Alexander, C. S., and Nagasawa, H. T. 1970. Synergism between cobalt and ethanol on rat
growth rate. J. Nutr. 100(5): 521-524. Ref #129
Diaz, G. J., Julian, R. J., and Squires, E. J. 1994. Cobalt-induced polycythaemia causing right ventricular
hypertrophy and ascites in meat-type chickens. Avian Pathology. 91-104. Ref #100
Diaz, G. J., Julian, R. J., and Squires, E. J. 1994. Lesions in broiler chickens following experimental intoxication
with cobalt. Avian Dis. 38(2):308-16. Ref #90
Domingo, J. L., Paternain, J. L., Llobet, J. M., and Corbella, J. 1985. Effects of cobalt on postnatal development
and late gestation in rats upon oral administration. Rev Esp Fisiol. 41(3): 293-8. Ref #124
Gershbein, L. L., Gershbein, J. D., and French, R. 1983. Behavior of male rats fed low levels of metallic salts. Res
Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol. 39(3):507-510. Ref #136
Haga, Y., Clyne, N., Hatroi, N., Hoffman-Bang, C., Pehrsson, S. K., and Ryden, L. 1996. Impaired myocardial
function following chronic cobalt exposure in an isolated rat heart model. Trace Elements and
Eco-SSLfor Cobalt 23 March 2005
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Electrolytes. 13(2): 69-74. Ref # 105
Hill,C.H. 1979. The effect of dietary protein levels on mineral toxicity in chicks. JNutr. 109(3): 501-7. Ref#
397
Hill, C. H. 1979. Studies on the ameliorating effect of ascorbic acid on mineral toxicities in the chick. J. Nutr.
109(1): 84-90. Ref # 1370
Hill, C. H. 1974. Influence of high levels of minerals on the susceptibility of chicks to Salmonella gallinarum. J.
Nutr. 104(10): 1221-1226. Ref #92
Huck, D. W. and Clawson, A. J. 1976. Excess dietary cobalt in pigs. JAnimSci. 43(6): 1231-1246. Ref #86
Kadiiska, M., T. Stoytchev, and E. Serbinova. 1985. On the mechanism of the enzyme-inducing action of some
heavy metal salts. Archives of Toxicology. 56(3): 167-9. Ref #19290
Ling, J. R. and R. M. Leach. Jr. 1979. Studies on nickel metabolism: interaction with other mineral elements
Poult. Sci. 58(3): 591-6 .
Maro, J. K., Kategile, J. A., and Hvidsten, H. 1980. Studies on copper and cobalt in dairy calves. British Journal of
Nutrition. 44(1): 25-31. Ref #171
Mohiuddin, S. M., Taskar, P. K., Rheault, M., Roy, P. E., Chenard, J., and Morin, Y. 1970. Experimental cobalt
cardiomyopathy. Am Heart J. 80(4): 532-543. Ref #132
Mollenhauer, H. H., Corrier, D. E., Clark, D. E., Hare, M. F., and Elissalde, M. H. 1985. Effects of dietary cobalt
on testicular structure Virchow Arch [Cell Pathol]. 49(3): 241-248. Ref # 119
Nation, J. R., Bourgeois, A. E., Clark, D. E., and Hare, M. F. 1983. The effects of chronic cobalt exposure on
behavior and metallothionein levels in the adult rat. Neurobehav Toxicol Teratol. 5(1): 9-15. Ref #126
Paternain, J. L., Domingo, J. L., and Corbella, J. 1988. Developmental toxicity of cobalt in the rat. J. Toxicol.
Environm. Health. 24(2): 193-200. Ref #109
Paulov, S. 1971. Changes of growth and of serum proteins in ducklings intoxicated with cobalt. Nutr Metab
13(1):66-70. Ref#91
Paulov, S., Veselovsky, J., and Demers, J. M. 1971. Metabolic pool of heart proteins and amino acids in cobalt-
poisoned ducklings. Acta Physiol AcadSci Hung . 40(2): 173-177. Ref #84
Pedigo, N. G. and Vernon, M. W. 1993. Embryonic losses after 10-week administration of cobalt to male mice.
Reprod. Toxicol. 7: 111-116. Ref #187
Pedigo, N. G., George, W. J., and Anderson, M. B. 1988. Effects of acute and chronic exposure to cobalt on male
reproduction in mice. Reprod Toxicol. 2(1): 45-53. Ref # 121
Seidenberg, J. M., Anderson, D. G., and Becker, R. A. 1986. Validation of an in vivo developmental toxicity screen
in the mouse. TeratogCarcinogMutagen. 6:361-374. Ref #113
Southern, L. L. and Baker, D. H. 1981. The effect of methionine or cysteine on cobalt toxicity in the chick Poultry
Sci. 60(6): 1303-8. Ref #81
Van Vleet, J. F., Boon, G. D., and Ferraris, V. J. 1981. Induction of lesions of selenium-vitamin E deficiency in
ducklings fed silver, copper, cobalt, tellurium, cadmium, or zinc: protection by selenium or vitamin E
supplements. Am J Vet Res 42(1): 1206-1217. Ref #80
Eco-SSLfor Cobalt 24 March 2005
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Van Vleet, J. F., Boon, G. D., andFerrans, V. J. 1981. Induction of lesions of selenium-vitamin E deficiency in
weanling swine fed silver, cobalt, tellurium, zinc, cadmium, and vanadium. Am. J. Vet. Res. 42(5): 789-
799. Ref#149
7.5 References Rejected for Use in Derivation of Wildlife TRVs
These references were reviewed and rejected for use in derivation of the Eco-SSL. The
definition of the codes describing the basis for rejection is provided at the end of the reference
sections.
Abstract 1973. annual report of the secretary for agricultural technical services forthe period 1 July 1971 to
30 June 1972. Department of Agricultural Technical Services, South Africa : 270pp.
Nutdef 1985. Annual Report of the West of Scotland Agricultural College : 92-95.
Unrel Birds and fowls fodder additive prescription and its prepn. Faming Zhuanli Shenqing Gongkai
Shuomingshu : 10 pp.
Diss Content and evolution of cadmium, cobalt, chromium, copper, nickel, lead, and zinc in soils of
1'horta and ribera baixa regions (Valencia) (spain)
Nutdef 1978. grasslands and animal health, nutritional disorders in cattle andsheep. Annotated
Bibliography, Commonwealth Bureau of Animal Health (No.V22)
Unrel Metallic complexes of streptogramin-b, their preparation and their use in animal food. Eur. Pat.
Appl. 12 pp.
HHE 1971. Synergism of cobalt and ethanol. NutrRev 29(2): 43-5.
FL Abe, H., Urakabe, S., Sugita, M, Shichiri, M, and Suematsu, T. 1973. environmental pollution
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metals. Jap. J. Clin. Med. 31(6): 2017-2026.
FL Admina, L. 1983. trace element requirements of young pigs. Svinovodstvo.(4)\ 28-29.
Unrel Agarwala, O. N., Mehra, U. R., and Pachauri, V. C. 1985. plasma cholesterol and yellowing of
wool in chokla sheep. Indian Vet J. 62(2): 182-183.
FL Akulov, A. V. and Shumilov, K. V. 1967. [the effect of trace elements on the development of
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FL Aleksiev, A., Danov, D., and Semkov, M. 1972. effect of differentiated feeding on the sperm of
cocks and the incubation characteristics of the eggs. 2. effect of differentiated feeds with a large
increase in protein and cobalt. Veterinarnomeditsinki Nauki. 9(8): 81-88.
FL Aleksiev, A. D., Kr"steva, E., and Aleksieva-Drbokhlavova, D. 1986. study on the interaction of
vitamin a and cobalt in feeding broilerchickens. Zhivotnov"Dni Nauki 23(6): 84-89.
FL Aleksiev, A. D., Kr"Steva, E., and Aleksieva-Drboklavova, D. a study on interaction of vitamin a
with cobalt on feeding broiler chickens. Zhivotnov'Dni Nauki. 23(6). 1986.84-89.
Mix Aleksiev, A. D., Krusteva, E., and Aleksieva-Drbokhlavova, D. 1986. interaction of vitamin a
Eco-SSL for Cobalt
25
March 2005
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with cobalt on feeding broiler chickens. Zhivotnovud. Nauki. 23(6): 84-9.
CP Allen, W. M. 1984. use and misuse of minerals and trace elements in cattle diets. British Cattle
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Surv Amiard-Triquet, C., Pain, D., and Delves, H. T. exposure to trace elements of flamingos living in
a biosphere reserve, the camargue (france). Environ. Pollut. (1991) 69(2-3): 193-201.
Unrel Ammerman, C. B. 1970. recent developments in cobalt and copper in ruminant nutrition a review.
JDairy Sci. 53(8): 1097-1107.
CP Ammerman, C. B., Henry, P. R., Black, J. R., Margolin, J. E., Echevarria, M. G., and Miles, R. D.
1985. tissue uptake of trace minerals as a measure of their bioavailability in ruminants and
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Rev Ammerman, C. B. and Miller, S. M. 1972. biological availability of minor mineral ions: a review.
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Mix Amrith Kumar, M. N., Bhaskar, B. V., Nagarcenkar, R., and Sampath, S. R. 1973. Study on the
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Acute Andrews, E. D. 1965. Cobalt poisoning in sheep. NZVet.J. 13: 101.
CP Apsite, M. 99-124. Editor(s): Bermane, S.. Publisher: Izd. "Zinatne", Riga, USSR.
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Phys Arvy, L. 1970. The kidney and cobamides. LavalMed. 41(3): 393-428.
In Vit Asatryan, R. M., Badalyan, R. B., and Simonyan, A. A. anion-sensitive atpase in the subcellular
fractions of hen brain in ontogenesis. Neirokhimiya (1986) 5(2): 194-9.
FL Aslanyan, M. M. and Dariush, N. S. 1972. stimulation of reproduction in rams by trace elements.
Ovtsevodstvo.(9): 38-39.
Phys Assan, R., Pignard, P., Rosselin, G., and Tchobroutsky, G. 1968. [glucagon: recent physiological
data]: le glucagon. donnees physiologiques recentes. PatholBiol. 16(21): 979-1002.
Eco-SSLfor Cobalt 26 March 2005
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Mix Atabekov, T. A., Rakhimov, T. T., Smaglyuk, N., Salikhodzhaev, Z., Seifulhn, F. Kh., and
Iskhanbekov, B. I. 1985. effect of covit on biochemical indexes of (various) organs in poultry.
Uzb. Biol. Zh., N4, P55-7.
Rev ATSDR. 1990. lexicological Profile for Cobalt.
FL Babin, Ya. A., Latyshev, V. I., Strugovshchikov, V. R., Ogarenko, N. B., Kolganov, V. A.,
Kolpakova, L. V., Vasyunin, V. V., and Kolesnikov, S. A. 1985. effect of trace elements on egg
laying and the nutritional value of hen eggs. Khim. Sel'Sk. Khoz.(5): 36-7.
Mix Babin, Ya. A., Latyshev, V. L, and Vasyunin, V. V. 1982. use of paired trace element salt
combinations in chick rations. Khim. Sel'Sk. Khoz. 2: 44-7.
FL Babin, Ya. A., Vasyunin, V. V., and Latyshev, V. I. 1975. effect of cobalt, iodine, and zinc salts
on oxidative phosphorylation in chick tissues. Biol. Akt. Veshchestva (Mikroelem. Vitam.
Drugie) Rastenievod., Zhivotnovod. Med. 45-8. Editor(s): Babin, Ya. A. Publisher: Sarat. S-kh.
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FL Baiturin, M. A. and Tanatarov, A. B. determination of effective doses of the trace elements cobalt
and manganese during the raising of chicks. Tr. Alma-At. Zoovet. Inst. (1968). 15(3): 87-90
CODEN: TAZIAK.
FL Baiturin, M. A. and Tanatarov, A. B. 1972. determination of optimum doses of a combination of
trace elements for ducklings. Tr. Alma-At. Zoovet. Inst. 24: 135-8.
FL Baiturin, M. A. and Tanatarov, A. B. 1972. effect of iodine and cobalt on growth and
development of chicks. Tr. Alma-At. Zoovet. Inst. 24: 116-20.
FL Baiturin, M. A. and Tanatarov, A. B. 1968. effect of the trace elements cobalt and manganese on
the growth and development of chicks. Tr. Alma-At. Zoovet. Inst. 15(3): 91-3.
Rev Baker, D. H. and Czarnecki-Maulden, G. L. 1987. pharmacologic role of cysteine in ameliorating
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FL Balakhontseva, V., Dubinskaya, A., and Rozhkova, M. 1986. products of microbiological
synthesis -paprin. Mukomol'No-Elevatornaya i Kombikormovaya Promyshlennost' (IQ): 41-42.
HHE Balazs, T. and Herman, E. H. 1976. toxic cardiomyopathies. Ann Clin Lab Sci. 6(6): 467-76 .
FL Barkhatov, N. A. 1978. trace elements for restoring normal reproductive function in swine(cobalt,
zinc, manganese). Veterinariya, Moscow, LASSR.(No.8): 75-78.
Nut def Barnouin, J., Quechon, M., Petit, B., Nicolas, J. A., and Brochart, M. 1985. continuous eco-
pathological survey. 5. the main diseases and healthmanagement of sheep flocks under semi-
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Mix Bastien, R. W., Bradley, J. W., Pennington, B. L., and Ferguson, T. M. 1979. effect of dietary
mineral supplements on radius breaking strength andegg characteristics of caged layers. Poultry
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Drug
Phys
Nut
Bio Ace
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Bio Ace
Mix
Beers, K. W., Nicoll, D. W., Anestis, D. K., Brown, P. I., and Rankin, G. O. 1993. effect of
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Behlke, I, Krantz, S., Lober, M, and Fiedler, H. 1969. [hydrodynamic behavior of fibrinogen
from cobalttreated rabbits]: zum hydrodymanischen verhalten des fibrinogens
kobaltbehandelter kaninchen. Acta BiolMed Ger. 23(6): 933-6.
Beker, V. F., Urtane, M. S., Vasil'eva, S. V., Krauze, R. Yu., Apsite, M. R., and Kalntsiema, V.
Kh. 1984. composition and biological value of biomass from mycelium of the funguspolyporus
squamosus a-42. <. Document Title>Transportnye i Obmennye Protsessy v
Kishechnikezhivotnykh. 183-194.
Belokobyl'skii, A. I., Ginturi, E. N., Shoniya, N. I., Rcheulishvili, A. N., and Mosulishvili, L. M.
1990. trace elements in chromatin in embryo- and postembryogenesis. Soobshch. Akad. Nauk
Gmz.SSR(1990) 137(1): 157-60.
Belokobyl'skii, A. L, Ginturi, E. N., Shoniya, N. L, Rcheulishvili, A. N., and Mosulishvili, L. M.
1990. trace elements in chromatin in embryogenesis and postembryogenesis. Soobshch Akad
NaukGruzSsr. 137(1): 157-160.
Belokobyliskii, A. L, Ginturi, E. N., Saginadze, N. V., and Shoniya, N. I. 1983. change of iron,
zinc, rubidium, selenium and cobalt content in chick embryos in the course of their development.
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Bengoumi, M., Essamadi, A. K., Tressol, J. C., and Faye, B. a. 1998. comparative study of
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FL Berestova, V. I. 1981. cobalt content in the bodies on mink, arctic foxes (alopex lagopus) and
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Phys Berlin, Nathaniel. 1949.Studies on the Mechanism and Development of the Cobalt Polycythemi a
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Bio Ace Besschetnov, 1.1. and Chorayan, O. G. dynamics of informational characteristics of the chemical
content of developing chicken embryo organs. Arkh.Anat. Gistol. Embriol. (1981): 81(11),
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FL
Unrel
Bessonov, A. L, Grozhevskaya, S. B., Vikharev, V. Ya., and Savkin, V. V. 1986. sperm yield and
non-specific reactivity in boars given a diet containing iodine and cobalt.: puti
povysheniya produktivnosti svinei i ovets. 79-85.
Bicanin, M. 1975. contribution to the knowledge of quality of grassland herbage on thewestern
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Eco-SSLfor Cobalt
28
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Veterinaria, Yugoslavia. 24(2): 199-207.
Phys Binnerts, W. T., D. Giesecke, G. Dirksen editor, and M. Stangassinger (editor). 1981.
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Nut def Black, H., Hutton, J. B., Sutherland, R. J., and James, M. P. 1988. white liver disease in goats.
New Zealand Veterinary Journal. 36(1): 15-17.
Diss Blalock, T. L. 1986. studies on the role of iron in the reversal of zinc, cadmium, vanadium, nickel
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CP BLALOCK, T. L. and HILL, C. H. 1986. Mechanisms of alleviation of zinc cadmium vanadium
nickel and cobalt toxicities by dietary iron. 70th Annual Meeting of the Federation of American
Societies for Experimental Biology
Bio Ace Blomqvist, Sven, Frank, Adrian, and Petersson, Lars R. 1987. Metals in liver and kidney tissues
of autumn-migrating dunlin calidris alpina and curlew sandpiper calidris ferruginea staging at the
balticsea. Mar. Ecol Prog. Ser. (1987) 35(1-2): 1-13 .
Phys Boitor, I., Muntean, M., Groza, I., Moise, D., Musca, M., Kadar, L., and Ghitulescu, C. 1988.
Investigations on the stimulating effect of minerals in heifers with acquired utero-ovarian
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FL Bolotnikov, I. A., Malazhaev, E. D., Nikol'skii, V. M., and Smirnova, T. I. 1988. Use of complex
of trace elements and iminodisuccinic acid in poultry husbandry. 3
Vsesoyuznoe Soveshchenie Po Khimii i Primeneniyukompleksonov i Kompleksonatov Metodov.
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FL Bonnet-Masimbert, O., Prenat, M. F., Valentin, J., and Sengel, P. 1971. [Restatement of a method
of analysis by activation, using the (p, 2n) reaction followed by spectrometry applied to iron
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FL Bonomi, A., Quarantelli, A., Sabbioni, A., Superchi, P., and Lucchelli, L. 1985. Chelated trace
element complexes in the feeding of ducks, (experimentalcontribution). Annali Delia Facolta Di
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FL Bonomi, A., Quarantelli, A., Superchi, P., Sabbioni, A., and Bolsi, D. 1982. Chelated trace
element complexes in the feeding of meat turkeys. Annali Delia Facolta Di Medicina
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1993. The Dynamics of Feeding Amino Acid Chelates to Broilers.: The Roles ofAminoAcid
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Nutrition Bonomi, Alberto, Quarantelli, Afro, Superchi, Paola, Sabbiono, Alberto, and Lucchelli, Luigina.
1993. The dynamics of feeding amino acid chelates to broilers. Roles Amino Acid Chelates
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FL
Unrel
Unrel
Alt
Surv
Surv
No Oral
Unrel
FL
Mix
FL
NoCOC
FL
FL
Gene
Noyes, Park Ridge, N. J..
Boquist, L., Falkmer, S., Havu, N., and Pihl, E. 1968. [Insulinbiosynthesis, storage and secretion.
8. pancreatic-islet tissue and heavy metals-some ultrastructural and experimental observations]:
insulinets syntes, upplagring och sekretion. 8. pankreasovavnad och tunga metaller--
aang.agra ultrastrukturella och experimentella iakttagelser. Lakartidningen. 65(37): 3603-7.
Bowell, R. J(A) and Ansah, R. K. 1993. Trace element budget in an african savannah ecosystem.
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Bramson, P. E. and Corley, J. P. 1972. Environmental Status of the Hanford Reservation for 1971
Bruere, A. N. 1977. Poor reproductive performance in sheep: the effects of low bodyweight(a
case study) (cobalt deficiency and parasitism). Proceedings of the 7th Seminar of the Nw
Zealand Veterinary Association Sheep Society, 1977: 22-29.
Burch, R. E., Williams, R. V., and Sullivan, J. F. 1973. Effect of cobalt, beer, and thiamin-
deficient diets in pigs. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 26(4): 403-408.
Burger, J. and Gochfeld, M. 1988-1989. Metals in tern eggs in a new jersey estuary usa a decade
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absorption of cobalt-60, iron-59, manganese-54, and zinc-65 by chickens. Poultry Sci. 47(5):
1417-25 .
Mineral Suttle, M. and Jones, D. G. 1989. Recent developments in trace element metabolism and function
trace elements disease resistance and immune responsiveness in ruminants. JNutr. 119(7):
1055-1061.
CP
Phys
CP
Mix
CP
Suttle, N., Wright, C., MacPherson, A., Harkess, R., Halliday, G., Miller, K., Phillips, P., and
Evans, C. 1986. How important are trace element deficiencies in lambs on improved hill pastures
in Scotland. Proceedings Sixth International Conference on Production Disease in Farm
Animals, September 1986, Belfast, UK: 100-103.
Suttle, N. F. 1986. Problems in the diagnosis and anticipation of trace element deficiencies in
grazing livestock. Veterinary Record. 119(7): 148-152.
Suttle, N. F., Gunn, R. G., Allen, W. M., Linklater, K. A., and Wiener, G. 1983. Trace elements
in animal production and veterinary practice. Proceedings of a symposium organized jointly by
the British Society of Animal Production and the British Veterinary Association and held at the
University of York in July 1982. ix + 155pp.
Svezhentsov, A. and Gavrish, A. 1994. A feed supplement - soevit. Ptitsevodstvo.(3): 25-27.
Szakmary, E., Ungvary, G., Naray, M., Mede, A., Tatrai, E., and Morvai, V. 1989. Harmful
effects of heavy metals chromium nickel cobalt on offspring. 17th Conference of the European
Teratology Society. Budapest, Hungary, September 4-7, 1989. Teratology; 40 (3). 1989. 298-299.
Eco-SSLfor Cobalt
53
March 2005
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Bio Ace Szefer, P. and Falandysz, J. 1987. Trace metals in the soft tissues of scaup ducks (Aythya marila
/.) wintering in Gdansk bay, Baltic sea . Sci Total Environ. 65: 203-213.
FL Tanatarov, A. B. 1983. Trace elements for broiler chickens. Zhivotnovodstvo (5): 47-48.
FL Tanatarov, A. B. 1986. Trace elements in duck feeding. Zhivotnovodstvo. (2): 44-45.
FL Tanatarov, A. B. 1986. Trace elements in the feeding of ducklings. 1986. Zhivotnovodstvo. (2):
44-5.
FL
FL
Unrel
No Oral
In Vitro
Tanatarov, A. B. and Baiturin, M. A. 1972. Determination of the optimum dose of iodine and
cobalt for laying hens. Tr. Alma-At. Zoovet. Inst. 24: 120-7.
Tanatarov, M. A., Egorov, N. P., Tanatarov, A. B., Egeubaev, A. A., and Dabzhanova, S. T.
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Tauson, Anne-Helene a and Neil, Maria. 1993. Vitamin b!2 supplementation to mink (mustela
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Telib, M. 1972. Effects of cobaltous chloride in laboratory animals part 1 the histological and
electron microscopical changes in the islets of rabbits. Endokrinologie. 60(1): 81-102.
Telib, M. 1972. The purification and properties of nucleoside phosphotransferase from mucosa of
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Alt Thomson, C. M. and Dry den, W. F. 1981. Different actions of calcium channel blocking agents
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No Dose Thurston, R. J., Korn, N., Froman, D. P., and Bodine, A. B. 1993. Proteolytic enzymes in seminal
plasma of domestic turkey (Meleagris gallopavo). Biology of Reproduction 48(2): 393-402.
FL Tkachenko, A. V. 1995. Hemoxygenase activity, metabolic homeostasis of bih'rubin in brain and
transport function of serum albumin in animals receiving cobalt chloride. Eksperimental'Naya i
Klinicheskaya Farmakologiya.: 41-45.
FL Tolokonnikov, Yu., Orlov, L., Pisarskaya, T., Nikil'burskii, N., and Stratiichuk, A. 1985.
Utilization of colloidal jellyfish during fattening of broilers. Ptitsevodstvo (3): 29.
Nut def Tseng, R. Y., Cohen, N. L., Reyes, P. S., and Briggs, G. M. 1976. Metabolic changes in golden
hamsters fed vitamin b-12-deficient diets. JNutr. 106(1): 77-85.
No Oral Tsujii, H. and Hoshishima, K. 1979. Effect of the administration of trace amounts of metals to
pregnant mice upon the behavior and learning of their offspring. Shinshu Daigaku Nogakubu
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Abstract Turk, J. L Jr. and Kratzer, F. H. 1960. The effects of cobalt in the diet of chicks. Poult Sci. 39:
1302.
Not Oral
Turner, W. B, Corp, E. S, and Galbraith, R. A. 1994. Lack of npy-induced feeding in cobalt
Eco-SSLfor Cobalt
54
March 2005
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Mix Ulvund, M. J. 1990. Ovine white-liver disease owld serum copper and effects of copper and
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Nut def Ulvund, M. J. 1990. Ovine white-liver disease owld vitamin b-12 and methyl malonic acid mma
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Surv Ulvund, M. J. and Pestalozzi, M. 1990. Ovine white-liver disease owld botanical and chemical
composition of pasture grass. Acta Vet Scand. 31(3): 257-266.
Unrel Underwood, E. J. 1976. Mineral imbalances in farm animals and their study and diagnosis with
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Rev Underwood, E. J. 1981. The Mineral Nutrition of Livestock, ix + 180pp.
CP Underwood, E. J. 1977. Trace Elements in Human and Animal Nutrition. 4th Edition. New York.
FL Ustinskova, L. A. 1979. Change in the chemical composition of turkey bones in connection with
age and physiological state. Nauchn. Tr. Kazan. Gos. Vet. Inst. im. N. E. Baumana. 131, 78-80.
FL Vakhitova, R. Z. 1978. Effect of cobalt (in feed rations) on protein indicators of blood in the
process of duck growth. Vestnik Sel'Skokhoziaistvennoi Nauki Kazakhstana. Ezhemesiachnyi
Nauchnyi Zhurnalkazakh S.s.r. ; Ministerstvo Sel'Skogo Khoziaistva. 21(4): 114-116.
CP Vallee, B. L. The entatic properties of cobalt carboxypeptidase and cobalt procarboxypeptidase.
IN: Trace Element Metabolism in Animals -2:5.
Mix Valyushkin, K. D. 1982. Combined use of vitamins and trace elements and the reproductive
function of Cows. VyestsiAkadNavukBssrSyerSyel'skahaspadNavuk. 0(2): 68-71.
Mix Van Ryssen, J. B. J., Miller, W. J., Gentry, R. P., and Neathery, M. W. 1987. Effect of added
dietary cobalt on metabolism and distribution of radioactive selenium and stable minerals. J
Dairy Sci. 70(3): 639-644.
Mix Van Vleet, J. F. 1982. Amounts of 8 combined elements required to induce selenium vitamin e
deficiency in ducklings and protection by supplements of selenium and vitamin E. Am J Vet Res.
43(6): 1049-1055.
Mix Van Vleet, J. F. 1982. Amounts of twelve elements required to induce selenium vitamin e
deficiency in ducklings. Am. J. Vet. Res. 43(5): 851-857.
Mix Van Vleet, John F. Van Vleet, J. F. 1982. Amounts of eight combined elements required to induce
selenium-vitamin E deficiency in ducklings and protection by supplements of selenium and
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supplementation on serum vitamin b-12 levels, weight gain and survival rate in lambs grazing
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Eco-SSLfor Cobalt 55 March 2005
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disturbance in metabolism in farm animals. Probl. Vzaimodeistviya Chelovka s Okruzh. Sredoi.
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Mix Volobueva, R. A. and Khadanovich, I. V. 1983. Vitamin b-12 and cobalt in diets for young pigs.
Khimiya v Sel'Skom Khozyaistve. 20(7): 43-44.
Rev Watson, A. and O'Hare, P. J. 1979. Red grouse populations on experimentally treated and
untreated irish bog. JApplEcol. 16(2): 433-452.
Acu Wellman, P. J., Watkins, P. A., Nation, J. R., and Clark, D. E. 1984. Conditioned taste aversion
in the adult rat induced by dietary ingestion of cadmium or cobalt. Neurotoxicology. 5(2): 81-
90.
Nut def Whanger, P. D. and Weswig, P. H. 1978. Influence of 19 elements on development of liver
necrosis in selenium and vitamin e deficient rats. Nutr Rep Int. 18(4): 421-428.
Nut Def Whanger, P. D., Weswig, P. H., Schmitz, J. A., and Oldfield, J. E. 1976. Effects of selenium,
cadmium, mercury, tellurium, arsenic, silver and cobalt on white muscle disease in lambs and
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No Oral Wide, M. 1984. Effect of short-term exposure to five industrial metals on the embryonic and fetal
development of the mouse. Environ Res. 33: 47-53.
Nut Def Winter, W. H., Siebert, B. D., and Kuchel, R. E. 1977. Cobalt deficiency of cattle grazing
improved pastures in northern cape york peninsula. Aust J Exp Agric Anim Husb. 17(84): 10-
15.
Phys
Acute
Alt
Phys
Phys
InVit
Acute
Unrel
Wise, W. R., Weswig, P. H., Muth, O. H., and Oldfield, J. E. 1968. Dietary interrelationship of
cobalt and selenium in lambs alfalfa-d white muscle disease. J Anim Sci. 27(5): 1462-1465.
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on plaque formation by semliki forest virus (sfv) in chicken embryo fibroblasts. Archives of
Virology 47(1): 57-69.
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metabolism in weanling rats: comparison with zinc and other metals' actions. Res Exp Med
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Yamaguchi, M. and Yamaguchi, R. 1986. Action of zinc on bone metabolism in rats, increases
Eco-SSLfor Cobalt
56
March 2005
-------
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deficiencies in grazing ruminants. II. sheep. Deltion Tes Ellenikes Kteniatrikes Etaireias =
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muscles of white russian chickens. Timiryazev. Sel'Skokhoz. Akad: No. 157, 247-50 .
Bio Ace Zharova, E. P. 1969. Level of some trace elements in a growing chick embryo Dokl. Tskha
(Timiryazev. Sel'skokhoz. Akad.) No. 151, 199-202
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reduce copper deposition in selected tissues of weanling pigs fed growth promoting level of
copper. Animal Science Research Report, Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station. (10): 44-46.
FL Zivkovic, R., Kostic, V., and Velickovic, G. 1972. Effect of trace elements (cu, co) on production
and reproduction of ewes. Savremena Poljoprivreda. 20(2): 5-12.
Mix Zlobina, I. E. and Skukovskii, B. A. 1990. effect of dietary trace element level on physiological
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Zhivotnovodstva.(2): 31-36.
Eco-SSLfor Cobalt 57 March 2005
-------
Literature Rejection Categories
Rejection Criteria
ABSTRACT
(Abstract)
ACUTE STUDIES
(Acu)
AIR POLLUTION
(AirP)
ALTERED RECEPTOR
(Alt)
AQUATIC STUDIES
(Aquatic)
ANATOMICAL STUDIES
(Anat)
BACTERIA
(Bact)
BIOACCUMULATION
SURVEY
(Bio Ace)
BIOLOGICAL PRODUCT
(BioP)
BIOMARKER
(Biom)
CARCINOGENICITY
STUDIES
(Carcin)
CHEMICAL METHODS
(Chem Meth)
CONFERENCE
PROCEEDINGS
(CP)
DEAD
(Dead)
DISSERTATIONS
(Diss)
DRUG
(Drug)
DUPLICATE DATA
(Dup)
Description
Abstracts of journal publications or conference
presentations.
Single oral dose or exposure duration of three days or less.
Studies describing the results for air pollution studies.
Studies that describe the effects of the contaminant on
surgically-altered or chemically -modified receptors (e.g.,
right nephrectomy, left renal artery ligature, hormone
implant, etc.).
Studies that investigate toxicity in aquatic organisms.
Studies of anatomy. Instance where the contaminant is
used in physical studies (e.g., silver nitrate staining for
histology).
Studies on bacteria or susceptibility to bacterial infection.
Studies reporting the measurement of the concentration of
the contaminant in tissues.
Studies of biological toxicants, including venoms, fungal
toxins, Bacillus thuringiensis, other plant, animal, or
microbial extracts or toxins.
Studies reporting results for a biomarker having no
reported association with an adverse effect and an
exposure dose (or concentration).
Studies that report data only for carcinogenic endpoints
such as tumor induction. Papers that report systemic
toxicity data are retained for coding of appropriate
endpoints.
Studies reporting methods for determination of
contaminants, purification of chemicals, etc. Studies
describing the preparation and analysis of the contaminant
in the tissues of the receptor.
Studies reported in conference and symposium
proceedings.
Studies reporting results for dead organisms. Studies
reporting field mortalities with necropsy data where it is
not possible to establish the dose to the organism.
Dissertations are excluded. However, dissertations are
flagged for possible future use.
Studies reporting results for testing of drug and therapeutic
effects and side-effects. Therapeutic drugs include
vitamins and minerals. Studies of some minerals may be
included if there is potential for adverse effects.
Studies reporting results that are duplicated in a separate
publication. The publication with the earlier year is used.
Receptor
Wildlife
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
Wildlife
Wildlife
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
Wildlife
Wildlife
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
Wildlife
Wildlife
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
Wildlife
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
Wildlife
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
Wildlife
Wildlife
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
Wildlife
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
Wildlife
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
Wildlife
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
Wildlife
Wildlife
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
Wildlife
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
-------
Literature Rejection Categories
Rejection Criteria
ECOLOGICAL
INTERACTIONS
(Ecol)
EFFLUENT
(Effl)
ECOLOGICALLY
RELEVANT ENDPOINT
(ERE)
CONTAMINANT
FATE/METABOLISM
(Fate)
FOREIGN LANGUAGE
(FL)
FOOD STUDIES
(Food)
FUNGUS
(Fungus)
GENE
(Gene)
HUMAN HEALTH
(HHE)
IMMUNOLOGY
(IMM)
INVERTEBRATE
(Invert)
IN VITRO
(In Vit)
LEAD SHOT
(Lead shot)
MEDIA
(Media)
METHODS
(Meth)
MINERAL REQUIREMENTS
(Mineral)
MIXTURE
(Mix)
Description
Studies of ecological processes that do not investigate
effects of contaminant exposure (e.g., studies of "silver"
fox natural history; studies on ferrets identified in iron
search).
Studies reporting effects of effluent, sewage, or polluted
runoff.
Studies reporting a result for endpoints considered as
ecologically relevant but is not used for deriving Eco-SSLs
(e.g., behavior, mortality).
Studies reporting what happens to the contaminant, rather
than what happens to the organism. Studies describing the
intermediary metabolism of the contaminant (e.g.,
radioactive tracer studies) without description of adverse
effects.
Studies in languages other than English.
Food science studies conducted to improve production of
food for human consumption.
Studies on fungus.
Studies of genotoxicity (chromosomal aberrations and
mutagenicity).
Studies with human subjects.
Studies on the effects of contaminants on immuno logical
endpoints.
Studies that investigate the effects of contaminants on
terrestrial invertebrates are excluded.
In vitro studies, including exposure of cell cultures,
excised tissues and/or excised organs.
Studies administering lead shot as the exposure form.
These studies are labeled separately for possible later
retrieval and review.
Authors must report that the study was conducted using
natural or artificial soil. Studies conducted in pore water or
any other aqueous phase (e.g., hydroponic solution), filter
paper, petri dishes, manure, organic or histosoils (e.g., peat
muck, humus), are not considered suitable for use in
defining soil screening levels.
Studies reporting methods or methods development
without usable toxicity test results for specific endpoints.
Studies examining the minerals required for better
production of animals for human consumption, unless
there is potential for adverse effects.
Studies that report data for combinations of single
toxicants (e.g. cadmium and copper) are excluded.
Exposure in a field setting from contaminated natural soils
or waste application to soil may be coded as Field Survey.
Receptor
Wildlife
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
Wildlife
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
Wildlife
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
Wildlife
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
Wildlife
Wildlife
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
Wildlife
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
Wildlife
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
Wildlife
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
Wildlife
Wildlife
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
Wildlife
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
Wildlife
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
Wildlife
Wildlife
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
-------
Literature Rejection Categories
Rejection Criteria
MODELING
(Model)
NO CONTAMINANT OF
CONCERN
(No COC)
NO CONTROL
(No Control)
NO DATA
(No Data)
NO DOSE or CONC
(No Dose)
NO DURATION
(No Dur)
NO EFFECT
(No Efct)
NO ORAL
(No Oral)
NO ORGANISM
(No Org) or NO SPECIES
NOT AVAILABLE
(Not Avail)
NOT PRIMARY
(Not Prim)
NO TOXICANT
(No Tox)
NO TOX DATA
(No Tox Data)
NUTRIENT
(Nutrient)
NUTRIENT DEFICIENCY
(Nut def)
NUTRITION
(Nut)
OTHER AMBIENT
CONDITIONS
(OAC)
Description
Studies reporting the use of existing data for modeling,
i.e., no new organism toxicity data are reported. Studies
which extrapolate effects based on known relationships
between parameters and adverse effects.
Studies that do not examine the toxicity of Eco-SSL
contaminants of concern.
Studies which lack a control or which have a control that is
classified as invalid for derivation of TRVs.
Studies for which results are stated in text but no data is
provided. Also refers to studies with insufficient data
where results are reported for only one organism per
exposure concentration or dose (wildlife).
Studies with no usable dose or concentration reported, or
an insufficient number of doses/concentrations are used
based on Eco-SSL SOPs. These are usually identified
after examination of full paper. This includes studies
which examine effects after exposure to contaminant
ceases. This also includes studies where offspring are
exposed in utero and/or lactation by doses to parents and
then after weaning to similar concentrations as their
parents. Dose cannot be determined.
Studies with no exposure duration. These are usually
identified after examination of full paper.
Studies with no relevant effect evaluated in a biological
test species or data not reported for effect discussed.
Studies using non-oral routes of contaminant
administration including intraperitoneal injection, other
injection, inhalation, and dermal exposures.
Studies that do not examine or test a viable organism (also
see in vitro rejection category).
Papers that could not be located. Citation from electronic
searches may be incorrect or the source is not readily
available.
Papers that are not the original compilation and/or
publication of the experimental data.
No toxicant used. Publications often report responses to
changes in water or soil chemistry variables, e.g., pH or
temperature. Such publications are not included.
Studies where toxicant used but no results reported that
had a negative impact (plants and soil invertebrates).
Nutrition studies reporting no concentration related
negative impact.
Studies of the effects of nutrient deficiencies. Nutritional
deficient diet is identified by the author. If reviewer is
uncertain then the administrator should be consulted.
Effects associated with added nutrients are coded.
Studies examining the best or minimum level of a
chemical in the diet for improvement of health or
maintenance of animals in captivity.
Studies which examine other ambient conditions: pH,
salinity, DO, UV, radiation, etc.
Receptor
Wildlife
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
Wildlife
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
Wildlife
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
Wildlife
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
Wildlife
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
Wildlife
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
Wildlife
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
Wildlife
Wildlife
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
Wildlife
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
Wildlife
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
Wildlife
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
Wildlife
Wildlife
Wildlife
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
-------
Literature Rejection Categories
Rejection Criteria
OIL
(Oil)
OM,pH
(OM, pH)
ORGANIC METAL
(Org Met)
LEAD BEHAVIOR OR HIGH
DOSE MODELS
(Pb Behav)
PHYSIOLOGY STUDIES
(Phys)
PLANT
(Plant)
PRIMATE
(Prim)
PUBLAS
(Publ as)
QSAR
(QSAR)
REGULATIONS
(Reg)
REVIEW
(Rev)
Description
Studies which examine the effects of oil and petroleum
products.
Organic matter content of the test soil must be reported by
the authors, but may be presented in one of the following
ways; total organic carbon (TOC), particulate organic
carbon (POC), organic carbon (OC), coarse particulate
organic matter (CPOM), particulate organic matter (POM),
ash free dry weight of soil, ash free dry mass of soil,
percent organic matter, percent peat, loss on ignition
(LOI), organic matter content (OMC).
With the exception of studies on non-ionizing substances,
the study must report the pH of the soil, and the soil pH
should be within the range of >4 and <8.5. Studies that
do not report pH or report pH outside this range are
rejected.
Studies which examine the effects of organic metals. This
includes tetraethyl lead, triethyl lead, chromium
picolinate, phenylarsonic acid, roxarsone, 3-nitro-4-
phenylarsonic acid,, zinc phosphide, monomethylarsonic
acid (MMA), dimethylarsinic acid (DMA), trimethylarsine
oxide (TMAO), or arsenobetaine (AsBe) and other organo
metallic fungicides. Metal acetates and methionines are
not rejected and are evaluated.
There are a high number of studies in the literature that
expose rats or mice to high concentrations of lead in
drinking water (0.1, 1 to 2% solutions) and then observe
behavior in offspring, and/or pathology changes in the
brain of the exposed dam and/or the progeny. Only a
representative subset of these studies were coded.
Behavior studies examining complex behavior (learned
tasks) were also not coded.
Physiology studies where adverse effects are not
associated with exposure to contaminants of concern.
Studies of terrestrial plants are excluded.
Primate studies are excluded.
The author states that the information in this report has
been published in another source. Data are recorded from
only one source. The secondary citation is noted as Publ
As.
Derivation of Quantitative Structure- Activity
Relationships (QSAR) is a form of modeling. QSAR
publications are rejected if raw toxicity data are not
reported or if the toxicity data are published elsewhere as
original data.
Regulations and related publications that are not a primary
source of data.
Studies in which the data reported in the article are not
primary data from research conducted by the author. The
publication is a compilation of data published elsewhere.
These publications are reviewed manually to identify other
relevant literature.
Receptor
Wildlife
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
Wildlife
Wildlife
Wildlife
Wildlife
Wildlife
Wildlife
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
Wildlife
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
Wildlife
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
Wildlife
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
-------
Literature Rejection Categories
Rejection Criteria
SEDIMENT CONC
(Sed)
SCORE
(Score)
SEDIMENT CONC
(Sed)
SLUDGE
SOIL CONC
(Soil)
SPECIES
STRESSOR
(QAC)
SURVEY
(Surv)
REPTILE OR AMPHIBIAN
(Herp)
UNRELATED
(Unrel)
WATER QUALITY STUDY
(Wqual)
YEAST
(Yeast)
Description
Studies in which the only exposure concentration/dose
reported is for the level of a toxicant in sediment.
Papers in which all studies had data evaluation scores at or
lower then the acceptable cut-off (_s 10 of 18) for plants
and soil invertebrates).
Studies in which the only exposure concentration/dose
reported is for the level of a toxicant in sediment.
Studies on the effects of ingestion of soils amended with
sewage sludge.
Studies in which the only exposure concentration/dose
reported is for the level of a toxicant in soil.
Studies in which the species of concern was not a
terrestrial invertebrate or plant or mammal or bird.
Studies examining the interaction of a stressor (e.g.,
radiation, heat, etc.) and the contaminant, where the effect
of the contaminant alone cannot be isolated.
Studies reporting the toxicity of a contaminant in the field
over a period of time. Often neither a duration nor an
exposure concentration is reported.
Studies on reptiles and amphibians. These papers flagged
for possible later review.
Studies that are unrelated to contaminant exposure and
response and/or the receptor groups of interest.
Studies of water quality.
Studies of yeast.
Receptor
Wildlife
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
Wildlife
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
Wildlife
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
Wildlife
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
Wildlife
Wildlife
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
Wildlife
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
Wildlife
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
Wildlife
Wildlife
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
Wildlife
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
-------
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
-------
Appendix 5-1
Avian Toxicity Data Extracted and Reviewed for Wildlife Toxicity
Reference Value (TRY) - Cobalt
March 2005
-------
This page intentionally left blank
-------
Appendix 5.1 Avian Toxicity Data Extracted and Reviewed for Wildlife Toxicity Reference Value (TRV)
Cobalt
Page 1 of 1
Ref
Result #
*
1
Exposure
e
1
~«
_u
O
6
MW%
O
«
e
o
E
E
o
O
Phase #
# of Cone/ Doses
Cone/ Doses
Cone/Dose Units
Method of Analyses
Route of Exposure
Exposure Duration
Duration Units
Q
M
<
Age Units
Lifestage
X
o
w
Effects
Effect Type
Effect Measure
Response Site
Study NOAEL
Study LOAEL
Conversion to mg/kg bw/day
Body Weight Reported
Body Weight (kg)
Ingestion Rate Reported?
Ingestion Rate (kg or L/day)
Result
NOAEL Dose (mg/kg/day)
LOAEL Dose (mg/kg/day)
Data Evaluation Score
8
3
O
W
«
«
Q
Dose Route
Test Concentrations
Chemical form
Dose Quantification
"c
1
•o
C
W
Dose Range
Statistical Power
Exposure Duration
Test Conditions
"«
"o
Biochemical
1
2
100
6666
Cobalt chloride hexahydrate
Cobalt
24.90%
100%
Chicken (Gallus domesticus)
Chicken (Gallus domesticus)
1
1
4
4
0/10/100/500
0/50/100/200
mg/kg
mg/kg
u
u
FD
FD
42
3
d
w
1
1
d
d
JV
JV
B
M
CHM
CHM
RBCE
HMCT
BL
BL
100
100
500
200
N
Y
1.6255
0.2587
Y
N
0.038
0.024
0.920
9.30
4.59
18.7
10
10
10
10
5
5
10
4
6
6
1
1
8
10
10
10
10
10
4
4
74
70
Behavior
3
4
90
100
Cobalt chloride hexahydrate
Cobalt chloride hexahydrate
100%
24.9%
Chicken (Gallus domesticus)
Chicken (Gallus domesticus)
1
2
4
2
0/116/251/472
0/500
mg/kg
mg/kg
M
U
FD
FD
14
42
d
d
1
1
d
d
JV
JV
M
B
FOB
FOB
FCNS
FCNS
WO
WO
116
251
500
Y
Y
0.1238
1.6255
Y
Y
0.014
0.038
13.0
29.0
4.58
10
10
10
10
10
5
10
10
7
7
4
4
10
4
10
10
10
10
4
4
85
74
Pathology
5
6
7
90
100
80
Cobalt chloride hexahydrate
Cobalt chloride hexahydrate
Cobalt chloride hexahydrate
100%
24.90%
100%
Chicken (Gallus domesticus)
Chicken (Gallus domesticus)
Duck (Anas sp.)
1
2
1
4
2
3
0/116/251/472
0/500
0/200
mg/kg
mg/kg
mg/kg
M
U
U
FD
FD
FD
14
42
15
d
d
d
1
1
1
d
d
d
JV
JV
JV
M
B
M
HIS
ORW
HIS
GLSN
ORWT
GLSN
WO
HE
MB
116
251
500
200
Y
Y
N
0.1238
1.6255
0.46
Y
Y
N
0.014
0.038
0.035
13.0
29.0
4.59
15.3
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
5
5
10
10
10
7
7
5
4
4
4
10
4
4
10
10
10
10
10
10
4
4
4
85
74
72
Growth
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
397
6666
92
91
93
1370
90
6215
81
100
Cobalt chloride
Cobalt
Cobalt chloride hexahydrate
Cobalt chloride hexahydrate
Cobalt carbonate
Cobolt chloride
Cobalt chloride hexahydrate
Cobalt chloride hexahydrate
Cobalt chloride heptahydrate
Cobalt chloride hexahydrate
45.39%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
24.9%
Chicken (Gallus domesticus)
Chicken (Gallus domesticus)
Chicken (Gallus domesticus)
Duck (Anas sp.)
Chicken (Gallus domesticus)
Chicken (Gallus domesticus)
Chicken (Gallus domesticus)
Chicken (Gallus domesticus)
Chicken (Gallus domesticus)
Chicken (Gallus domesticus)
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
4
4
6
3
3
2
4
2
3
2
0/100/200/300
0/50/100/200
0/50/100/200/300/400
0/0.02/0.2
0/100/200
0/200
0/116/251/472
0/250
0/250/500
0/500
mg/kg
mg/kg
mg/kg
% in diet
mg/kg
mg/kg
mg/kg
mg/kg
Ug/g
mg/kg
U
U
U
U
U
U
M
U
U
U
FD
FD
FD
FD
FD
FD
FD
FD
FD
FD
5
3
2
8
2
2
14
14
15
14
w
w
w
d
w
w
d
d
d
d
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
0
8
1
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
JV
JV
JV
JV
JV
JV
JV
IM
JV
JV
F
M
B
NR
B
B
M
M
M
B
GRO
GRO
GRO
GRO
GRO
GRO
GRO
GRO
GRO
GRO
BDWT
BDWT
BDWT
BDWT
BDWT
BDWT
BDWT
BDWT
BDWT
BDWT
WO
WO
WO
WO
WO
WO
WO
WO
WO
WO
100
50
50
0.02
200
200
100
100
0.2
200
116
250
250
500
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
N
Y
Y
0.328
0.3738
0.328
0.5
0.109
0.328
0.2532
0.328
0.296
0.2532
N
N
N
Y
N
N
Y
N
N
Y
0.028
0.030
0.00031
0.037
0.014
0.028
0.027
0.028
0.026
0.038
3.89
4.10
4.29
14.8
25.2
7.80
8.20
8.59
148
17.0
12.0
21.5
22.3
29.5
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
5
5
5
5
5
5
10
5
5
5
10
4
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
5
6
6
7
6
5
7
5
6
7
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
10
10
10
6
4
4
4
4
4
4
10
10
10
10
1
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
82
77
82
80
68
76
83
76
77
78
Survival
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
100
92
90
1370
80
6666
80
Cobalt chloride hexahydrate
Cobalt chloride hexahydrate
Cobalt chloride hexahydrate
Cobolt chloride
Cobalt chloride hexahydrate
Cobalt
Cobalt chloride hexahydrate
24.9%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
Chicken (Gallus domesticus)
Chicken (Gallus domesticus)
Chicken (Gallus domesticus)
Chicken (Gallus domesticus)
Duck (Anas sp.)
Chicken (Gallus domesticus)
Duck (Anas sp.)
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
6
4
2
3
4
2
0/500
0/50/100/200/300/400
0/116/251/472
0/200
0/200
0/50/100/200
0/200
mg/kg
mg/kg
mg/kg
mg/kg
mg/kg
mg/kg
mg/kg
U
U
M
U
U
U
U
FD
FD
FD
FD
FD
FD
FD
42
5
14
2
15
3
28
d
w
d
w
d
w
d
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
JV
JV
JV
JV
JV
JV
JV
B
B
M
B
M
M
M
MOR
MOR
MOR
MOR
MOR
MOR
MOR
MORT
MORT
MORT
MORT
MORT
SURV
MORT
WO
WO
wo
wo
wo
wo
wo
500
100
116
200
200
200
200
251
500
Y
N
Y
N
N
Y
N
1.6255
1.042
0.2532
0.328
0.46
0.1662
0.46
Y
N
Y
N
N
N
N
0.059
0.060
0.027
0.028
0.035
0.018
0.035
4.59
5.74
12.3
17.0
15.0
22.0
11.5
26.7
38.0
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
5
5
10
5
5
5
5
10
10
10
10
10
4
10
7
5
7
5
5
6
5
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
4
10
10
4
4
4
4
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
79
83
90
77
77
72
77
The abbreviations and definitions used in coding data are provided in Attachment 4-3 of the Eco-SSL Guidance (U.S.EPA, 2003).
Eco-SSL for Cobalt
March 2005
-------
-------
cologiciil Soil Soroonlnq L«v*l«
Appendix 6-1
Mammalian Toxicity Data Extracted and Reviewed for Wildlife
Toxicity Reference Value (TRY) - Cobalt
March 2005
-------
This page intentionally left blank
-------
Appendix 6-1 Mammalian Toxicity Data Extracted and Reviewed for Wildlife Toxicity Reference Value (TRV)
Cobalt
lof 1
Ref
Result #
4t
<*.
Q)
«
Exposure
|
o
ta
"«
fj
0
6
MW%
—
S
«
DJD
6
1
Phase #
# of Cone/ Doses
Cone or Doses
Cone or Dose Units
Method of Analyses
Route of Exposure
Exposure Duration
Duration Units
o
DJD
<
Age Units
Lifestage
X
&
Effects
Effect Type
Effect Measure
Response Site
Study NOAEL
Study LOAEL
inversion to mg/kg bw/day D(
Body Weight Reported?
Body Weight (kg)
Ingestion Rate Reported?
Ingestion Rate (kg or
Lday)
Result
NOAEL (mg/kg/day)
LOAEL (mg/kg/day)
Data Evaluation Score
Data Source
Dose Route
Test Substrate
Chemical form
Dose Quantification
Endpoint
Dose Range
Statistical Power
Exposure Duration
Test Conditions
0
1
"«
"o
H
Biochemical
1
2
3
4
171
116
19290
129
Cobalt nitrate
Cobaltous chloride
Cobalt nitrate
Cobalt chloride
100
100
100
100
Cow (Bos taurus )
Rat (Rattus norvegicus )
Rat (R. norvegicus )
Rat (R. norvegicus )
1
1
1
1
2
6
2
2
0/0.3
0/10/50/100/200/300
0/20
1
mg/kg bw/d
ppm in mg/kg
mg/kg bw/d
mg/ml
M
U
U
U
FD
FD
DR
DR
45
4
30
35
d
w
d
d
7
NR
NR
NR
mo
NR
NR
NR
JV
NR
JV
JV
F
B
M
M
CHM
CHM
ENZ
CHM
HMGL
HMGL
P450
HMCT
BL
BL
LI
BL
0.3
200
300
20
1
Y
Y
Y
Y
99
0.15
0.175
0.1697
N
N
N
N
3.00
0.014
0.020
0.020
0.300
19.3
28.9
20.0
118
10
10
10
10
10
10
5
5
10
5
5
5
10
10
10
10
10
5
10
6
1
1
1
1
4
10
4
4
1
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
4
4
4
4
70
75
69
65
Behavior
5
6
7
136
86
111
Cobalt chloride hexahydrate
Cobalt chloride hexahydrate
Cobalt chloride
24.9
100
100
Rat (R. norvegicus )
Pig (Sus scrofa)
Rat (R. norvegicus )
1
2
1
2
4
2
0/75
0/200/400/600
0/20
ppm in mg/kg
mg/kg
mg/kg bw/d
U
U
M
FD
FD
DR
80
28
57
d
d
d
44
NR
80
d
NR
d
JV
NR
JV
M
NR
M
BEH
FOB
BEH
NMVM
FCNS
ACTP
WO
WO
wo
75
200
20
Y
Y
Y
0.47
41.58
0.347
N
N
Y
0.037
1.47
0.035
1.47
7.08
20.0
10
10
10
10
10
5
5
5
10
10
10
10
6
6
10
4
4
4
4
4
4
3
10
10
10
6
10
4
4
4
66
69
77
Physiology
8
105 |Cobalt sulfate heptahydrate
21.91 |Rat (R. norvegicus )
1
2
0/40 |mg/kg bw/d
U
FD
16
w
NR
NR
NR
M
PHY
Other
HE
40
Y
0.387
N
0.031
8.76
10
10
5
10
10
4
4
10
10
4
77
Pathology
9
10
11
12
13
14
136
116
105
149
113
129
Cobalt chloride hexahydrate
Cobaltous chloride
Cobalt sulfate heptahydrate
Cobalt chloride
Cobalt chloride
Cobalt chloride
24.9
100
21.91
100
45.39
100
Rat (R. norvegicus )
Rat (R. norvegicus )
Rat (R. norvegicus )
Pig (S. scrofa)
Mouse (Mus musculus )
Rat (R. norvegicus )
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
6
2
2
2
2
0/75
0/10/50/100/200/300
0/40
0/500
0/180
1
ppm in mg/kg
ppm in mg/kg
mg/kg bw/d
ppm in mg/kg
mg/kg bw/d
mg/ml
U
U
U
U
U
U
FD
FD
FD
FD
GV
DR
80
4
16
10
5
35
d
w
w
w
d
d
44
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
d
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
JV
NR
NR
JV
GE
JV
M
B
M
M
F
M
HIS
ORW
GRS
HIS
GRS
ORW
GHIS
SMIX
BDWT
GLSN
BDWT
SMIX
NR
TS
WO
HE
WO
HE
75
50
100
40
500
180
1
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
N
0.47
0.15
0.387
25.8
0.036
0.1697
N
N
N
N
N
N
0.037
0.014
0.031
0.99
0.0045
0.020
1.47
4.81
9.63
8.76
19.3
81.7
118
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
8
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
10
10
10
10
10
10
6
5
10
6
10
5
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
10
4
4
4
4
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
4
4
4
4
4
4
73
78
77
73
75
67
Reproduction
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
126
124
109
113
121
120
123
119
139
187
Cobalt chloride
Cobalt chloride
Cobalt chloride hexahydrate
Cobalt chloride
Cobalt chloride hexahydrate
Cobalt chloride hexahydrate
Cobalt chloride hexahydrate
Cobalt
Cobalt chloride hexahydrate
Cobalt chloride hexahydrate
100
45.39
24.9
45.39
45.39
24.9
100
100
100
100
Rat (R. norvegicus )
Rat (R. norvegicus )
Rat (R. norvegicus )
Mouse (M. musculus )
Mouse (M. musculus )
Mouse (M. musculus )
Rat (R. norvegicus )
Rat (R. norvegicus )
Mouse (M. musculus )
Mouse (M. musculus )
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
4
4
2
4
2
2
2
2
2
0/5/20
0/12/24/48
0/25/50/100
0/180
0/23/42/72
0/400
0/20
0/265
0/43.4
0/400
mg/kg bw/d
mg/kg bw/d
mg/kg bw/d
mg/kg bw/d
mg/kg bw/d
mg/1
mg/kg bw/d
ppm in mg/kg
mg/kg bw/d
mg/1
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
FD
GV
GV
GV
DR
DR
FD
FD
DR
DR
69
28
9
5
13
9
70
98
13
10
d
d
d
d
w
w
d
d
w
w
80
NR
NR
NR
12
12
100
100
12
8 to 10
d
NR
NR
NR
w
w
d
d
w
w
MA
MA
GE
GE
SM
MA
SM
MA
MA
JV
M
F
F
F
M
M
M
M
M
M
REP
REP
REP
REP
REP
REP
REP
REP
REP
REP
TEWT
PRWT
PRWT
PROG
RSUC
TEWT
TEDG
TEWT
TEWT
PRFM
TE
WO
WO
WO
WO
TE
TE
TE
TE
WO
5
12
100
180
20
24
23
400
20
265
43.4
400
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
N
Y
Y
N
0.00021
0.3
0.28
0.036
0.0375
0.037
0.523
0.2
0.045
0.0316
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
0.000065
0.026
0.024
0.0045
0.0052
0.0051
0.040
0.018
0.0061
0.0044
5.00
5.45
24.9
81.7
20.0
10.9
10.0
13.7
20.0
24.2
43.4
55.9
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
8
8
8
5
5
10
10
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
4
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
5
10
6
10
5
10
10
10
10
10
10
4
10
10
10
8
10
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
10
10
10
1
10
10
10
10
10
10
6
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
83
87
81
72
78
73
77
73
78
73
Growth
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
171
136
86
121
132
111
116
109
149
139
129
Cobalt nitrate
Cobalt chloride hexahydrate
Cobalt chloride hexahydrate
Cobalt chloride hexahydrate
Cobalt sulfate
Cobalt chloride
Cobaltous chloride
Cobalt chloride hexahydrate
Cobalt chloride
Cobaltous chloride hexahydrate
Cobalt chloride
100
24.9
100
45.39
100
100
100
24.9
100
100
100
Cow (Bos taurus )
Rat (R. norvegicus )
Pig (S. scrofa)
Mouse (M. musculus )
Guinea pig (Cavia porcellus )
Rat (R. norvegicus )
Rat (R. norvegicus )
Rat (R. norvegicus )
Pig (Sus scrofa)
Mouse (M. musculus )
Rat (R. norvegicus )
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
4
4
2
2
6
4
2
2
2
0/0.3
0/75
0/25/50/100
0/23/42/72
0/20
0/20
0/10/50/100/200/300
0/25/50/100
0/500
0/43.4
1
mg/kg bw/d
ppm in mg/kg
mg/kg
mg/kg bw/d
mg/kg bw/d
mg/kg bw/d
ppm in mg/kg
mg/kg bw/d
ppm in mg/kg
mg/kg bw/d
mg/ml
M
U
U
U
U
M
U
U
U
U
U
FD
FD
FD
DR
OR
DR
FD
GV
FD
DR
DR
45
80
16
5
5
57
4
9
5
13
24
d
d
w
w
w
d
w
d
w
w
d
7
44
NR
12
NR
80
NR
NR
NR
12
NR
mo
d
NR
w
NR
d
NR
NR
NR
w
NR
JV
JV
NR
SM
MA
JV
NR
GE
JV
MA
JV
F
M
NR
M
M
M
B
F
M
M
M
GRO
GRO
GRO
GRO
GRO
GRO
GRO
GRO
GRO
GRO
GRO
BDWT
BDWT
BDWT
BDWT
BDWT
BDWT
BDWT
BDWT
BDWT
BDWT
BDWT
WO
WO
WO
WO
WO
WO
WO
WO
WO
WO
WO
0.3
75
100
42
20
20
72
10
25
500
43.4
1
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
99
0.47
97.5
0.0375
0.478
0.347
0.15
0.28
19.8
0.045
0.1262
N
N
Y
Y
N
Y
N
N
N
N
N
3.00
0.037
2.35
0.0078
0.037
0.035
0.014
0.024
0.80
0.0061
0.015
0.300
1.47
2.41
19.0
20.0
20.0
33.0
0.963
6.23
20.2
43.4
122
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
5
8
5
10
8
10
5
5
10
5
5
5
5
10
5
5
5
5
5
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
6
7
10
10
10
6
10
6
10
6
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
4
4
4
10
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
1
1
10
10
10
1
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
6
10
3
10
10
10
10
10
10
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
77
68
74
82
72
72
77
79
77
76
72
Survival
36
37
38
149
113
132
Cobalt chloride
Cobalt chloride
Cobalt sulfate
100
45.39
100
Pig (S. scrofa)
Mouse (M. musculus )
Guinea pig (Cavia porcellus )
1
1
1
2
2
2
0/500
0/180
0/20
ppm in mg/kg
mg/kg bw/d
mg/kg bw/d
U
U
U
FD
GV
OR
10
5
5
w
d
w
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
JV
GE
MA
M
F
M
MOR
MOR
MOR
MORT
MORT
SURV
NR
NR
WO
500
180
20
Y
Y
Y
25.8
0.036
0.478
N
N
N
0.99
0.0045
0.037
19.3
81.7
20.0
10
10
10
10
8
8
5
5
5
10
10
10
6
10
10
9
9
9
4
4
4
10
10
10
10
10
3
4
4
4
78
80
73
Data Not Used to Derive TRV
39
40
41
42
86
149
121
86
Cobalt chloride hexahydrate
Cobalt chloride
Cobalt chloride hexahydrate
Cobalt chloride hexahydrate
100
100
45.39
100
Pig (S. scrofa)
Pig (S. scrofa)
Mouse (M. musculus )
Pig (S. scrofa)
1
1
1
3
4
2
4
2
0/25/50/100
0/500
0/23/42/72
0/400
mg/kg
ppm in mg/kg
mg/kg bw/d
mg/kg
U
U
U
U
FD
FD
DR
FD
16
10
12
2
w
w
w
w
NR
NR
12
NR
NR
NR
w
NR
NR
JV
SM
NR
M
M
M
NR
CHM
ENZ
CHM
CHM
HMGL
GLPX
HMCT
HMGL
BL
BL
BL
BL
100
500
72
400
Y
Y
Y
Y
97.5
25.8
0.038
23.62
Y
N
Y
Y
2.35
0.99
0.0064
0.97
2.40
19.3
30.6
16.4
10
10
10
10
10
10
5
10
5
5
5
5
10
10
10
10
7
6
7
7
1
1
1
1
4
4
4
4
3
3
1
10
6
10
10
3
4
4
4
4
60
63
60
64
The abbreviations and definitions used in coding data are provided in Attachment 4-3 of the Eco-SSL Guidance (U.S.EPA, 2003).
Eco-SSLfor Cobalt
March 2005
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