DRAFT Generic Verification Protocol for ETV DRT Version 0.0
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DRAFT
GENERIC VERIFICATION PROTOCOL
FOR THE VERIFICATION OF PESTICIDE SPRAY DRIFT REDUCTION
TECHNOLOGIES FOR ROW AND FIELD CROPS
This protocol has been reviewed and approved by:
Original signed by Andrew Trenholm 5/3/07
A. Trenholm, Verification Organization Manager, RTI International Date
Original signed by W. Gary Eaton 5/3/07
C. Eaton, Verification Organization Quality Manager, RTI International
Original signed by Michael Kosusko 5/9/07
M. Kosusko, EPA Project Manager Date
Original signed by Paul Groff 5/10/07
P. Groff, EPA Quality Manager Date
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A2: Table of Contents
List of Figures v
List of Tables v
List of Acronyms/Abbreviations vi
Preface viii
Acknowledgements x
GROUP A: PROJECT MANAGEMENT 1
A4: Project/Task Organization 1
A5: Project Definition and Background 3
A6: Project/Task Description 5
A6.1 Description 5
A6.2 Test Facility Description 5
A6.3 Schedule 9
A7: Quality Objectives and Criteria 9
A8: Special Training/Certifications 15
A9: Documentation and Records 16
Bl: Sampling Process Design (Experimental Design) 17
B2: Sampling Methods for Measurement of Droplet Size, Deposit, and Test
Conditions 17
B2.1 Sampling Locations 19
B2.2 Process/Application Data Collection 19
B2.3 Wind Tunnel Measurement of Spray Drift Potential 21
B2.4 Measurement of Droplet Size Spectrum Near the Nozzle (Determination
of appropriate reference test system) 23
B2.5 Measurement of Deposition within Wind Tunnel 24
B2.6 Wind Tunnel and Spray System Operation Data Collection 24
B3: Sample Handling and Custody Requirements 24
B4: Analytical Methods 24
B5: Quality Control 25
B6: Instrument/Equipment Testing, Inspection, and Maintenance 25
B7: Instrument/Equipment Calibration and Frequency 25
B8: Inspection/Acceptance of Supplies and Consumables 25
B9: Non-Direct Measurements 26
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BIO: Data Management 26
B10.1 Data Flow 26
B10.2 Data Reduction 27
BIO.3 Analysis of Verification Data 28
GROUP C: DATA GENERATION AND ACQUISITION FOR HIGH SPEED WIND
TUNNEL TESTS 29
Cl: Sample Process Design (Experimental Design) 29
C2: Sampling Methods for Measurement of Droplet Size and Test Conditions 29
C2.1 Sampling Locations 30
C2.2 Process/Application Data Collection 31
C2.3 Wind Tunnel Measurement of Spray Drift Potential (Droplet Size
Distribution at Aerial Application Air Speeds at the nozzle) 31
C2.4 Measurement of Droplet Size Spectrum Near the Nozzle, Without the
Effects of Flight Speed Air Flow (Determination of appropriate reference
test system) 33
C2.5 Wind Tunnel and Spray System Operation Data Collection 33
C3: Sample Handling and Custody Requirements 33
C4: Analytical Methods 33
C5: Quality Control 34
C6: Instrument/Equipment Testing, Inspection, and Maintenance 34
C7: Instrument/Equipment Calibration and Frequency 34
C8: Inspection/Acceptance of Supplies and Consumables 34
C9: Non-Direct Measurements 35
CIO: Data Management 35
C10.1 Data Flow 35
C10.2 Data Reduction: 35
CIO.3 Analysis of Verification Data: 35
GROUP D: DATA GENERATION AND ACQUISITION FOR FIELD STUDIES 36
Dl: Sampling Process Design (Experimental Design) 36
D2: Sampling Methods for Measurement of Droplet Size, Deposit, and Test
Conditions 36
D2.1 Sampling Locations 37
D2.2 Process/Application Data Collection 38
D2.3 Ambient Data Collection 38
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D3: Sample Handling and Custody Requirements 38
D4: Analytical Methods 39
D5: Quality Control 39
D6: Instrument/Equipment Testing, Inspection, and Maintenance 40
D7: Instrument/Equipment Calibration and Frequency 40
D8: Inspection/Acceptance of Supplies and Consumables 40
D9: Non-Direct Measurements 40
D10: Data Management 40
D10.1 Data Flow 40
D10.2 Data Reduction 40
D10.3 Analysis of Verification Data 41
GROUP E: DATA REPORTING 42
El: Outline of the Verification Test Report 42
E2: Draft Report Preparation 43
E3: Data Storage and Retrieval 43
GROUP F: ASSESSMENT/OVERSIGHT 44
Fl: Assessments and Response Actions 44
Fl.l Internal Audits 44
F1.2 Audits of Data Quality 44
F1.3 External Audits 44
F1.4 Corrective Action 44
F2: Reports to Management 44
GROUP G: DATA VALIDATION AND USABILITY ELEMENTS 45
Gl: Data Review, Verification, and Validation 45
G2: Verification and Validation Methods 45
G3: Reconciliation with Data Quality Objectives 45
APPENDIX A: APPLICABLE DOCUMENTS AND PROCEDURES 47
1. EPA Documents 47
2. Verification Organization Documents 47
APPENDIX B: EXAMPLE FORMAT FOR TEST DATA 48
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List of Figures
Figure 1. Example of a low speed wind tunnel (by permission of Silsoe Spray Application
Unit - part of The Arable Group) 7
Figure 2. Example of a high speed wind tunnel 8
Figure 3. Example of schedule 9
Figure 4. Low speed wind tunnel sampling locations 21
Figure 5. ETV data management system 27
Figure 6. Sampling locations for field testing 38
List of Tables
Table 1. DRT versus Testing Approach 6
Table 2. Data Quality Indicator Goals (DQIGs) 11
Table 3. Summary of Spray and Test Condition Measurements for Low Speed Wind
Tunnels 18
Table 4. Summary of Spray and Test Condition Measurements for High Speed Wind
Tunnels 30
Table 5. Summary of Spray and Test Condition Measurements for Field Testing 37
Table B-l. Example of Test Data Report Format 48
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List of Acronyms/Abbreviations
ADQ audit of data quality
ANSI American National Standards Institute
APCT Center Air Pollution Control Technology Verification Center
AS ABE American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers
ASAE American Society of Agricultural Engineers (precursor to ASABE)
ASHRAE American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air Conditioning Engineers
ASME American Society of Mechanical Engineers
ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials
BBA Biologische Bundesanstalt fur Land- und Forstwirtschaft (Germany's Federal
Biological Research Center for Agriculture and Forestry)
°C degrees Celsius
cfm cubic feet per minute
cm centimeter
CV coefficient of variance
DQIG data quality indicator goal
DQO data quality objective
DRT drift reduction technology
DVO.X droplet diameter (|im) at which 0.x fraction of the spray volume is contained in
smaller droplets
dyne/cm dynes per centimeter
EC emulsifiable concentrates
EPA United States Environmental Protection Agency
ESTE Environmental and Sustainable Technology Evaluations
ETV Environmental Technology Verification
fpm feet per minute
ft foot
gal/acre gallons per acre
Hz hertz
ISO International Standards Organization
kPa kilopascal
L liter
LERAP Local Environmental Risk Assessment for Pesticides (UK scheme)
m meters
mph miles per hour
min minute
mg milligram
mL milliliter
mm millimeter
ms millisecond
m/s meters per second
uL microliter
um microns
OPP Office of Pesticide Programs
ORD Office of Research and Development
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PE
PES
PMT
psi
QA
QC
QM
QMP
QSM
RH
RTI
S
SNR
SOP
ISA
VMD
v/v
performance evaluation
performance evaluation system
photo multiplier transistor
pounds per square inch
quality assurance
quality control
quality manager
quality management plan
quality system manual
relative humidity
Research Triangle Institute
second
signal to noise ratio
standard operating procedure
technical systems audit
volume median diameter
volume/volume
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Preface
This generic verification protocol was prepared by stakeholders and staff for the Environmental
and Sustainable Technology Evaluations (ESTE) project Verification of Pesticide Drift
Reduction Technologies. The protocol provides a detailed methodology for conducting and
reporting results from a verification test of pesticide drift reduction technologies (DRTs). The
plan was reviewed by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and interested stakeholders.
These stakeholders are acknowledged below.
The EPA is charged with licensing the sale and use of pesticides and ensuring that when
applicators use pesticides according to product label directions the pesticides will not cause
unreasonable adverse effects to humans or the environment. To perform these important
functions, EPA must rely, in part, on quality scientific data and other information to estimate a
pesticide's potential hazards, exposures, and risks from its intended use. An important
component of this scientific assessment is the potential risks to humans and the environment
from pesticide droplets or particles that drift from the application target site (e.g., a corn field)
during or shortly after application. Generally, applications of most if not all sprays result in some
amount of drift; however, application equipment and technologies, as well as meteorological
conditions and the applicator's behavior and use of the equipment and technologies, can all
profoundly affect the amount of pesticide drift.
The pesticide industry and government have conducted considerable research and assessments in
recent years to determine the sources, pathways, and exposure to the environment from airborne
spray which can often drift off-target at the time of spray application. However, most of the
research has focused on "conventional" technologies. A number of underutilized commercial
technologies exist for managing drift; however, little information exists on their effectiveness in
reducing spray drift levels. Verification of the effectiveness of pesticide spray drift reduction
technologies is a focus of this EPA initiative.
EPA's Office of Research and Development (ORD) is partnering with EPA's Office of Pesticide
Programs to complete this project under the ESTE program. The ESTE program is part of EPA's
Environmental Technology Verification Program (ETV), which was created in 1995 to facilitate
the commercialization of innovative or improved environmental technologies through
performance verification and dissemination of information. In 2005, ETV established the ESTE
program to focus these verifications specifically on Agency needs. Consistent with other ESTE
efforts, a technical panel of knowledgeable and interested stakeholders representing application
equipment manufacturers or vendors, pesticide applicators and government agencies, as well as
research scientists, educators and others related to spray application technology and drift
management prepared this test protocol to be used to evaluate the performance of technologies
that reduce pesticide spray drift. This protocol describes the testing approach used to generate
high-quality, peer-reviewed data for several drift reducing technologies, including test design
and quality assurance aspects.
The ultimate goal is to accelerate acceptance and use of improved and cost-effective application
technologies which, when used properly, have the potential to significantly reduce pesticide
spray drift. The Agency will encourage equipment manufacturers to voluntarily use this test plan
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for testing their equipment. Initially, EPA will work closely with several vendors of DRTs to
evaluate DRT performance. If proven significantly effective for reducing spray drift, DRTs will
be considered in EPA's scientific review of pesticides and development of spray drift restrictions
for product labels. Eventually, pesticide manufacturers can request EPA approval of product
labels with these technologies and reduced application restrictions. These technologies will allow
pesticide applications equally, or more, protective of the environment and the health of those in
the vicinity than current methods. In addition, applicators will have more flexibility in making
application decisions. Use of DRTs will allow more targeted, and therefore more effective,
pesticide applications. The ETV APCT Center can conduct this testing and resulting datasets
would be readily accepted by OPP as inputs in their review of pesticides and spray drift
restrictions for product labels.
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Acknowledgements
Stakeholder Technical Panel
Individuals selected for their technical expertise to participate on a Drift Reduction Technology
Stakeholder Technical Panel are listed below. We want to thank the panel members for
contributing their technical input to this protocol document.
Carolyn Baecker, CP Products Co., Inc.
Tom Bals, Micron Inc.
Aldos Barefoot, DuPont Crop Protection, CropLife America
Terrell Barry, Ph.D., California Department of Pesticide Regulation
Sandra Bird, EPA/Office of Research and Development
Clare Butler Ellis, Pesticide Action Network (Pesticide Action Network UK)
Dennis Gardisser, Ph.D., University of Arkansas
Ken Giles, Ph.D., University of California, Davis
W. Clint Hoffmann, USD A-Agricultural Research Service
Ted Kuchnicki, Pesticide Management Regulatory Agency Canada
Stephen Pearson, Ph.D., Spraying Systems Co
Carmine Sesa, Rhodia
Harold Thistle, USDA Forest Service
David L. Valcore, Dow AgroSciences, Spray Drift Task Force
Jan Van de Zande, WUR-A&F
Tom Wolf, Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada
Alvin R. Womac, Ph.D., University of Tennessee
Other Contributors
In addition to the STP members listed above, several other individuals provided technical input
and resources in the development of this protocol. We would like to thank the following for
making contributions to this protocol document.
Norman Birchfield, Ph.D., EPA/Office of the Science Advisor
Kerry Bullock, Ph.D., EPA/ Office of Research and Development
Jay Ellenberger, EPA/Office of Pesticide Programs
Christine Hartless, EPA/Office of Pesticide Programs
Andrew Hewitt, Ph.D., Centre for Pesticide Application and Safety, University of Queensland
Faruque Khan, EPA/Office of Pesticide Programs
Michael Kosusko, EPA/Office of Research and Development
Steven Perry, EPA/Office of Research and Development
Mohammed Ruhman, EPA/Office of Pesticide Programs
Karen Schaffner, RTI International
Dee Ann Staats, CropLife America
Bill Taylor, Hardi International
Drew Trenholm, RTI International
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GROUP A: PROJECT MANAGEMENT
A4: Project/Task Organization
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has overall responsibility for the
Environmental Technology Verification (ETV) Program and for the Verification of Pesticide
Drift Reduction Technologies project under the Environmental and Sustainable Technology
Evaluations (ESTE) Program. The ESTE Program operates as part of the Agency's larger ETV
Program. ETV develops testing protocols and verifies the performance of innovative
technologies that have the potential to improve protection of human health and the environment.
Both the EPA's Office of Pesticide Programs (OPP) and Office of Research and Development
(ORD) are involved in the project.
In 2005, the EPA created a new program element, ESTE, under its current ETV. This program is
designed to support the Agency's ability to address important environmental issues (and
environmental sustainability) and to protect human health. As part of ESTE, innovative,
commercial-ready technologies showing potential to significantly reduce risks may be selected
for verification testing. Testing—conducted with the same commitment to quality assurance,
cost-sharing, and stakeholder involvement fundamental to the larger ETV program—provides
credible performance data needed for accurate assessment of the effectiveness of these
technologies. The future verification testing program could be conducted by the APCT Center,
under the sponsorship of EPA, with the participation of DRT manufacturers and vendors. The
APCT Center's role as verification organization is to provide technical and administrative
leadership and manage the conduct of verification testing and reporting. Subcontractors may
have roles as testing organizations. Site specific test/QA plans are prepared to meet the
requirements of the generic verification protocols (this document) and approved by the APCT
Center.
Management and testing of pesticide DRTs within the APCT Center are performed in
accordance with procedures and protocols defined by a series of quality management documents.
The primary source for the APCT Center quality system is EPA's Policy and Program
Requirements for the Mandatory Agency-wide Quality System, EPA Order 5360.1 A2 (May
2000). The quality system that will govern testing under this plan is in compliance with the
following:
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• EPA Requirements for Quality Management Plans (EPA QA/R-2)
• EPA Environmental Technology Verification Program, Quality Management Plan
(EPA ETV QMP), for the overall ETV program
• APCT Verification Center's Verification Testing of Air Pollution Control
Technology - Quality Management Plan (APCT Center QMP)1
• [Testing Organization's Standard Operating Procedures (SOP)]1
• This protocol.
EPA's ETV QMP provides the definitions, procedures, processes, organizational relationships,
and outputs that will ensure the quality of the data and the programmatic elements of ETV. Part
A of the EPA ETV QMP includes the specifications and guidelines that are applicable to
common or routine quality management functions and activities necessary to support the ETV
program. Part B of the EPA ETV QMP includes the specifications and guidelines that apply to
test-specific environmental activities involving the generation, collection, analysis, evaluation,
and reporting of test data.
APCT Center QMP describes the quality systems in place for the overall APCT Center
program. It was prepared by RTI and approved by EPA. Among other quality management
items, it defines what must be covered in the generic verification protocols and test/QA plans for
technologies undergoing verification testing.
Generic verification protocols are prepared for each technology to be verified. These
documents describe the overall procedures to be used for testing a type of technology and define
the critical data quality objectives (DQOs). The document herein is the generic verification
protocol for pesticide spray DRTs. It was written with input from the technical panel and
approved by EPA.
Test/QA plans are prepared by the testing organization. The test/QA plan describes in detail
how the testing organization will implement and meet the testing requirements of the generic
verification protocol. The test/QA plan also sets data quality objectives (DQOs) for
supplemental non-critical measurements that are specific to the site of the test. The test/QA plan
addresses issues such as the test organization's management organization, test schedule,
documentation, analytical methods, data collection requirements, calibration, and traceability. It
also specifies the QA and quality control (QC) requirements for obtaining verification data of
sufficient quantity and quality to satisfy the DQOs of the generic verification protocol. A test
plan addendum will also be developed that describes the specific DRT. For pesticide spray DRT,
the critical measurements include the droplet size distribution, the spray flux (low speed wind
tunnels only), and deposition (field testing only). Other supplemental, non-critical measurements
may also be conducted (e.g., application rate, material usage, dose, worker exposure).
1 Each ESTE project is required to have a QMP in place and is allowed to use the QMP of an existing ETV Center.
This project has elected to use the QMP from the Air Pollution Control Technology Verification Center (APCT
Center). The verification organization for DRT verifications that occur after completion of this ESTE project is
anticipated to be the APCT Center and this document reflects that assumption. This does not preclude other testing
organizations from using the protocol. The testing organization for this ESTE effort has not yet been identified.
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Appendix A lists full citations for these documents. This protocol is in conformance with EPA
Requirements for Quality Assurance Project Plans (EPA QA/R-5), EPA Guidance for Quality
Assurance Project Plans (EPA QA/G-5), and the documents listed above.
A testing organization with a quality system in compliance with the EPA ETV and APCT Center
QMPs and with the capability to carry out the methods and procedures contained in this plan will
conduct the testing. The testing organization will verify the emissions reductions of drift
reduction technologies. The testing organization will perform the testing, evaluate the data, and
submit a report documenting the results. The APCT Center will use the data to prepare the
verification reports and the verification statements. The various QA and management
responsibilities are divided among the testing organization, APCT Center, and EPA key project
personnel.
A5: Project Definition and Background
For the purpose of this document and associated testing projects, pesticide spray drift is defined
as the movement of spray droplets through the air at the time of application or soon thereafter
from the target site to any non- or off-target site, excluding pesticide movements by erosion,
migration, volatility, or windblown soil particles after application. Spray drift management is of
interest to pesticide and other chemical manufacturers, application equipment manufacturers,
pesticide applicators, government agencies, advocacy groups, and the public. Spray drift risks are
correlated to deposition in EPA risk assessment. To reduce exposure, DRTs that can reduce drift
downwind are beneficial; the results of the testing to be conducted under the ETV program are to
be used to estimate downwind deposition. For example, the testing results from wind tunnel
testing (droplet size distribution and/or spray flux) will be used as inputs to models that will
estimate deposition downwind. (Any model results will be determined outside of this ETV
protocol, the test/QA plan, and results.) This test approach to evaluate DRT is one more
approach in addition to other understood methods for testing DRT.
Industry, including pesticide applicators, and government researchers have over many years
developed and employed a variety of pesticide application strategies and technologies to reduce
spray drift. Examples include low drift spray nozzles and sprayers, drift control chemical
adjuvants, barrier structures, and vegetation. Although these and other technologies have the
potential to provide drift reduction, there is often uncertainty about their effectiveness or
performance for this goal. Verification testing of DRTs provides objective, quality-assured data
regarding the effectiveness of the tested technologies to reduce spray drift. Effective employment
of these test results by EPA and pesticide and equipment manufacturers will enable pesticide
applicators to make more informed and confident decisions for selecting and using DRTs. Use of
these DRTs in the application of pesticides has the potential for significant benefits: reduced
spray drift and the associated risks to humans and the environment; greater on-target deposition
of pesticides applications; increased efficacy; and applications under a wider range of
environmental conditions.
Testing will be performed on application technologies with one or more of the following test
methods: low speed wind tunnel testing, high speed wind tunnel testing, and field testing. Field
testing is an acceptable method of testing all DRTs. Low speed would be the speed of the air in
the wind tunnel crossing the spray nozzle for ground application, and high speed would be the
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speed of the air in the wind tunnel crossing the nozzle for aerial application; for example, low
speed would be less than 20 mph and high would be greater than 20 mph. For certain DRTs,
wind tunnel testing may be an appropriate test method. The verification tests will gather
information and data for evaluating the performance of the strategies and technologies as
claimed by the vendors and the technologies' associated environmental impacts and resource
requirements. The scope will, in most cases, cover four principal study questions:
1. What is the performance of the technology in terms of the manufacturer/vendor's
statement of capabilities for reducing downwind deposition? Answering this question
is critical to determining the performance of the technology and thus the measurements
made to address this question are critical. The specific DQOs for these measurements
are included in Element A7.
2. What are the test conditions (a range for equipment conditions and ambient conditions)
over which the performance is measured (e.g., spray pressure, formulation type, release
height, crop canopy, ambient temperature, wind speed, relative humidity)? The range
of conditions that the technology is evaluated will be used to determine the conditions
required for performance in the field. The DQOs for the measurement the test
conditions are described in Element A7.
3. What are the associated environmental impacts, if any, of operating the technology
within this range other than drift reduction (e.g., effects on application rate/material
usage, dose, other sources of environmental exposure, worker exposure)? Evaluation
of the associated environmental impacts is a supplemental non-critical product of this
test plan and as a result available instrumentation may be used to make measurements
for this purpose. No DQOs are defined for this question.
4. What are the resources associated with operating the technology within this range
relative to standard pesticide application equipment (e.g., energy, waste disposal, and
product usage, as well as sprayer handling - for example, some technologies may
affect the safety of operation of aircraft or other sprayers)? Measurement of
consumption of resources is a supplemental non-critical measurement of this test plan
and as a result, available instrumentation may be used to make measurements for this
purpose. No DQOs are defined for this question.
This ETV protocol describes the overall procedures to be used. The test/QA plan for pesticide
drift reduction technology will describe how test procedures will be specifically implemented for
this testing program. Each test site or testing organization will need to develop a test/QA plan for
its test facility. The plan will address application of pesticides to row and field crops (including
bare ground) using aerial and ground spraying systems that spray swaths. (Other applications
such as radial orchard and vineyard spraying may be addressed in the future.) Where the test
procedures allow flexibility (e.g., "alternate methods ... may be used"), the specific
implementation using this flexibility will be described by the testing organization. Where
flexibility in test procedures is not stated, it is intended that the methods will be followed without
deviation. Deviations from described protocols must be described by the testing organization in
its test/QA plan and addenda.
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A6: Project/Task Description
A6.1 Description
This ETV protocol describes the test and QA procedures that will conform to all specifications of
EPA Requirements for Quality Assurance Project Plans, EPA QA/R-5, the EPA ETV QMP, and
the ETV APCT Center QMP. The test/QA plan will specifically describe the quality system
required of the testing organization and the procedures applicable to meeting EPA quality
requirements that are common to all ETV tests. Test/QA plans, developed for each test site, and
test plan addenda, developed for each technology, will be reviewed and approved by EPA prior
to testing.
The verification tests will gather information and data for evaluating the performance of the
DRT. Also, any adverse environmental impacts of operating the DRT will be evaluated. The
specific operating conditions used during the testing will be documented as part of the
verification process. Table 3 in Element B2, Table 4 in Element C2, and Table 5 in Element D2
of this protocol, present a summary of all measurements that will be made to evaluate the
performance of the DRT and document the test conditions.
A description of a specific technology, the test procedures to be used and test-specific details will
be documented as a applicant-specific addendum to the test/QA plan that will be prepared and
submitted for EPA review and approval prior to the start of testing. The applicant-specific
addendum will provide additional information needed to conform to required Elements A5
(Problem Definition/Background) and A6 (Project/Task Description) of EPA QA/R-5.
Categories of DRTs include:
1. Spray nozzles (e.g., atomizers with fewer fines);
2. Sprayer (passive delivery assistance) modifications (e.g., shields and shrouds, wingtip
devices);
3. Spray (active) delivery assistance (e.g., air assisted spraying);
4. Spray property modifiers (e.g., formulation/tank mix ingredients that modify spray
solution physical properties);
5. Landscape modifications (e.g., artificial or natural hedges and shelterbelts).
A6.2 Test Facility Description
A description of the test facility will be included in the test/QA plan for each test site.
A6.2.1 Test Site Description
Three potential testing sites or approaches are covered in this protocol: low speed wind tunnel,
high speed wind tunnel, and field testing. The low speed wind tunnel and the high speed wind
tunnel test results will be used by EPA in conjunction with modeling to determine downwind
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drift deposition reduction. Low speed wind tunnel testing is appropriate for certain types of
DRTs intended for use on or with some ground boom sprayers while high speed wind tunnel
testing is for certain DRTs, such as nozzles and devices intended to reduce air shear, on aerial
application equipment. Field testing is acceptable for testing all types of DRTs.
In Table 1, the DRT categories are matched to the potential testing approaches and a map to the
testing procedures laid out in this document is provided.
Table 1. DRT versus Testing Approach
Test Method
Low speed wind
tunnel1
High speed
wind tunnel2
Field testing3
Type of Drift Reduction Technology
Spray Nozzle
Acceptable
Acceptable
Acceptable
Spray Material
Property
Modifiers
Acceptable
Acceptable
Acceptable
Sprayer
Modification
Questionable4
and
Supplemental5
Not Acceptable
Acceptable
Spray Delivery
Assistance
Not Acceptable
Not Acceptable
Acceptable
Landscape
Modification
Supplemental5
Not Acceptable
Acceptable
1 For DRTs intended for use on or with ground boom spray equipment
2 For DRTs intended for use on or with aerial spray equipment
3 For DRTs intended for use with either ground boom or aerial spray equipment
4 It is advisable to confirm with the EPA ETV project manager that the test methods will be adequate for
verification of these types of DRTs.
5 Low speed wind tunnel testing may provide information that can reduce the extent of field testing required for
validation, or supplement field data; however, field testing is also required.
Low speed wind tunnel testing
A wind tunnel with the following characteristics will be used:
1. A wind tunnel with working section dimensions at least 1.75 meter (m) wide x 1.75 m
high x 7 m long shall be used for measurement of the spray distribution vertically
("airborne drift potential") and horizontally ("deposition drift potential") and droplet
size distribution for a spray.
2. An example of a suitable wind tunnel setup is shown on Figure 1.
3. The airflow characteristics of the wind tunnel shall be known and documented. The air
speed at different horizontal and vertical locations in the wind tunnel must be
documented in order to identify the distance from the tunnel's surface that edge effects
occur and document the space where air flows uniformly in the working section. The
wind tunnel working section used for sampling shall have less than 8 percent
turbulence and local variability of air velocity below 5 percent.
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ryiw.TĄ!*vn
Figure 1. Example of a low speed wind tunnel
(by permission of Silsoe Spray Application Unit - part of The Arable Group).
High speed wind tunnel testing
For high speed wind tunnel testing, a wind tunnel of the following characteristics will be used:
1. A wind tunnel with working section dimensions at least 0.8m wide x 0.8 m high x 2 m
long shall be used for measurement of droplet size distribution for a spray.
2. An example of a suitable wind tunnel setup is shown on Figure 2.
3. The airflow characteristics of the wind tunnel shall be known and documented. The air
speed at different horizontal and vertical locations in the wind tunnel must be
documented in order to identify the distance from the tunnel's surface that edge effects
occur and document the space where air flows uniformly in the working section. The
wind tunnel working section used for sampling shall have less than 8 percent
turbulence and local variability of air velocity below 5 percent.
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Pressure and Flow
Control Systems
1 ft X 1ft wind
tunnel outlet
Droplet Sizing Equipment
PMS, Sympatec, or LaVision
Airspeeds of 40-150
mph can be produced
Spray nozzle can be held static
or traverse with a configuration
not shown.
3D Traverse System
Figure 2. Example of a high speed wind tunnel.
Field testing
For field testing, the test site with the following characteristics will be used:
For field testing, the designated trial/spray site should be an exposed area with no obstructions
that could influence the air flow in the areas of application or measurement. There should be a
bare ground (or stubble less than 7.5 cm high) treatment area and a similarly bare downwind area
for sampling stations. The measurement area should be downwind of the treatment area. The
length of the spray track should be at least twice that of the largest downwind sampling distance
and should be symmetrical about the axis of the sampling array. All downwind distances should
be measured from the downwind edge of the directly sprayed treatment area. The requirements
for the field test site are consistent with requirements from United Kingdom's Local
Environmental Risk Assessments for Pesticides (LERAP), Germany's Biologische Bundesanstalt
fur Land- und Forstwirtschaft (Federal Biological Research Center for Agriculture and Forestry
[BBA]), the International Standards Organization (ISO), and the American Society of
Agricultural and Biological Engineers (ASABE) (formerly known as the American Society of
Agricultural Engineers [ASAE]).
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A 6.2.2 Application/Process Equipment Description
The description of the application and process equipment including photographs will be included
in the applicant-specific addendum.
A6.2.3 Control Technology (i.e., DRT) Description
The technology to be verified must be described fully and concisely. The description, provided
by the technology manufacturer/vendor, must include: technology name, model number, the
DRT principle, key specifications, manufacturer's name and address, serial number or other
unique identification, warning and caution statements, capacity or output rate, and other
information necessary to describe the specific DRT. The performance guarantee coupled with
operating conditions and instructions will be provided. Examples of an ETV verification
statement are presented on the ETV Website [http://www.epa.gov/etv/]. If combinations of
independent technologies are being submitted, the description of the combined technology
should completely identify and describe those technologies being combined.
A6.3 Schedule
Figure 3 shows an example schedule for completion of a first draft verification report and
statement. The test-specific schedule is expected to vary from technology to technology based on
the scheduling needs of the applicant and the testing organization.
TASK
APCT Center develops applicant-specific test/QA plan <
addendum
Applicant accepts addendum, signs Terms & Conditions
EPA approves applicant-specific test/QA plan addendum
Testing organization receives test items from applicant
Testing organization conducts testing
Testing organization delivers test report to APCT Center
APCT Center completes first draft verification report and
statement
MONTH
1
>
•
<
2
>
<
3
>
^m
4
^m
5
<
6
>
4
Figure 3. Example of schedule.
A7: Quality Objectives and Criteria
The DQOs of this testing focus on the direct or indirect measurements of spray drift deposition
using field testing or wind tunnel testing. For field tests, measurements of spray drift on
horizontal collectors are collected to directly measure spray drift deposition in the area
downwind. For wind tunnel testing, the testing organization will measure droplet size and spray
volume data (and will later use these generated data with spray drift models such as the
dispersion models, AGDISP or WTDISP, capable of translating the droplet size and spray
volume measurements made using this protocol to downwind deposition). Test requirements for
low speed wind tunnels, high speed wind tunnels, and field testing are found in Groups B, C, and
D, respectively.
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For wind tunnel testing, the product of this test design will be the measurement of a droplet size
distribution consisting of 32 or more droplet size bins (32 droplet size bins are necessary for
input to the models). The degree of consistency of volume median diameter (VMD), droplet
diameter (jim) at which 0.1 fraction of the spray volume is contained in smaller droplets (Dvo.i)
and droplet diameter (|im) at which 0.9 fraction of the spray volume is contained in smaller
droplets (Dvo.9) are used as a measure of data quality. Variation of less than ±3 percent is
considered acceptable.
The rationale for the number of test runs will be included in the site-specific test/QA plans and
the applicant-specific addenda, which will conform to required Element Bl of EPA QA/R-5. In
general, the number of test runs would include: (1) a minimum of three test runs, (2) additional
test runs indicated to meet certain statistical criteria, and (3) additional test runs desired by the
applicant vendor or manufacturer. The number of test runs (or sample size) necessary depends
on the variance of the data and the size of the difference that is to be detected. For the validation
testing of this protocol, three test runs will be conducted. The data results from the validation
testing of the protocol will be used to decide what additional test runs will be necessary to meet
statistical criteria. In field testing, for example, it has been discussed that candidate test systems
will be assigned a drift reduction bin of 25 to 50 percent, 50 to 75 percent, 75 to 90 percent, and
greater than 90 percent. If the candidate test system is anticipated to achieve a drift reduction in
the middle of a drift reduction bin, then it is likely that three test runs are necessary; however, for
those candidate test systems with drift reduction near the edge of a drift reduction bin, it is likely
that three test runs may be too few and additional test runs may be necessary to demonstrate the
drift reduction bin with sufficient confidence.
The DQIG for individual measurements will conform to those specified in relevant sections of
the test protocols and referenced procedures, as shown in Table 2. The DQOs for this testing are
the Table 2 DQIG. Test-specific DQIG will be documented in the site-specific test/QA plans
and its applicant-specific addenda.
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Table 2. Data Quality Indicator Goals (DQIGs)
Parameter
Standard Operating
Procedure
(if applicable)
Acceptance Criteria
Section 1. Droplet Size Measurement at the atomizer for LSWT and HSWT and Droplet Size
Measurement at 2 m for LSWT
Spray material flow rate
Spray pressure (nozzle
operating pressure)
Dynamic surface tension of
spray liquid (not for use with
drift retardant adjuvants)
Spray volume in largest and
smallest droplet size class
bands in laser diffraction
measurements
Number of size class bands for
reported data
Spray measurement chamber
or wind tunnel cross-section
diameter
Distance of farthest edge of
spray from collecting lens
(Malvern instruments)
Standard deviation around
mean Dv0 5 for three replicate
droplet size measurements
Obscuration for spray
measurements across a spray
diameter (for laser diffraction
systems)
Minimum obscuration for
sampling to achieve cross-
section average spray (e.g.,
start/ end trigger using traverse
with laser diffraction systems)
Spray material temperature
Ambient air temperature
ASAE S572
ASAE S572
ASHRAE Standard
41.1
ASHRAE Standard
41.1
±0.04 L/min of values specified in the
ASAE standard for reference and evaluation
nozzles.
±3.4 kPa of values specified in the ASAE
standard for reference and evaluation
nozzles.
40 ±4 dynes/cm at surface lifetime age of 10
to 20 ms
<1% of total volume in each case (i.e., < 2
percent total of the spray volume) - to be
achieved through selection of appropriate
lens and instrument configuration for the
dynamic size range of the spray being
sampled
>32
Cross section at least three diameters larger
than plume of nozzle (at measurement
location)
<1 lens focal length to avoid vignetting
sampling errors
<7% for measurements with the same
nozzle
<60% unless corrected for multiple
scattering, whereupon the report shall
include the measured obscuration, the
algorithm used to correct for multiple
scattering, and the manufacturer-stated
limits of applicability for that algorithm.
2%
Measured within 0. 1°C
Measured within 0. 1°C
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Parameter
Standard Operating
Procedure
(if applicable)
Acceptance Criteria
Relative spray material and air
temperatures
Spray material temperature must be within
2°C of the air temperature to avoid
atomization anomalies
Air speed
For low speed wind tunnels, between 2 m/s
and 10 m/s, and measured to an accuracy
within 0.1 m/s, close to nozzle location
(with nozzle absent). For high speed wind
tunnels, between 50 mph (22 m/s) and 180
mph (80 m/s), and measured to an accuracy
within 5 mph (2 m/s), close to nozzle
location (with nozzle absent)
Sample size per replicate
measurement
>10,000 droplets for particle counting
instruments or > 5 s for laser diffraction
instruments
Diode suppression (laser
diffraction systems)
Diodes may not be suppressed (no channels
may be killed) in sampling. Correct
selection of focal length lens, system
alignment, avoidance of vibrations and
cleanliness of optical surfaces should
prevent the need for diode suppression (data
loss). (If the laser is displaced during
sampling, all diodes will measure incorrect
scattering angles, and diode suppression is
not an appropriate solution to such sampling
problems.)
Replicate measurements
Measurements to be carried out with an
atomizer or nozzle with a maximum
deviation of output rate of ±2.5% from the
value specified by the manufacturer at the
nominal rated recommended spray
operating conditions. A randomly selected
representative nozzle must be used.
Measured volume median
diameter (VMD), Dv0.i and
Dv0 9 (i.e., the droplet diameter
bounding the upper and lower
10% fractions of the spray)
Vary by less than ±3%
Section 2. Drift Potential Measurement in Wind Tunnel (Spray Flux and Deposition in LSWT)
Ambient air temperature (dry
bulb air temperature)
ASHRAE Standard
41.1
Measured to an accuracy within 0.1°C
Wet bulb/dew point
temperature
or
Percent relative humidity
Thermohygrometer
equivalent to ASTM
E337-84(1996)el; or
ASHRAE Standard
41.1
Measured to an accuracy within 0.1°C
or
Within 5%
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Parameter
Air speed
Sampling rate for air speed
Wind tunnel working section
width
Wind tunnel turbulence
Consistency of air speed in
wind tunnel working section
Spray nozzle and sampling
height measurement
Spray material flow rate
Spray pressure (nozzle
operating pressure)
Spray material temperature
Ambient air temperature
Relative spray material and air
temperatures
Percent relative humidity (low
speed wind tunnel)
Solvent volume for extraction
of tracer, if using collectors
Spray duration for replicate
measurements
Spray duration for similar
nozzle types
Standard Operating
Procedure
(if applicable)
ASAES561.1
ISO 22856
ISO 22856
ISO 22856
ASAE S572
ASAE S572
ISO 22856
ISO 22856
ISO 22856
Acceptance Criteria
Between 2 m/s and 10 m/s, and measured
to an accuracy within 0. 1 m/s, close to
nozzle location (with nozzle absent)
Sampling should occur over a measuring
period of 10 s
Minimum to avoid boundary layer and
blockage effects
<8%
<5%
Within 5 mm (without airflow)
±0.04 L/min of values specified in the
ASAE standard for reference and evaluation
nozzles.
±3.4 kPa of values specified in the ASAE
standard for reference and evaluation
nozzles.
Measured within 0. 1°C
Measured within 0. 1°C
Spray material temperature must be within
2°C of the air temperature to avoid
atomization anomalies
80% ±5%
Within 5% of volume required for analytical
recovery and assessments (i.e., all samples
should be washed with the same volume of
solvent within 5% of the target volume)
Minimum spray time of 5 s for each
replicate measurement should be used, to
allow stability of spray formation and to
avoid under- or over-dosing of samplers or
collectors. (Appropriate spray duration
should be verified prior to measurement).
Replicate measurements for a nozzle type
should be within ±5% of mean time
duration for a given setup.
Similar nozzle types from different
vendors/manufacturers should be tested for
a similar time duration, within ±5%.
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Parameter
For spray flux sampling using
droplet size analyzers, also see
Droplet Size Measurement
section criteria in this table
Standard Operating
Procedure
(if applicable)
Acceptance Criteria
Instrument criteria as listed in droplet size
measurement section
Sections. Field Study
Dry bulb air temperature
Wet bulb/dew point
temperature
or
Percent relative humidity
Horizontal wind speed
Horizontal wind direction
Nozzle flow rate
Horizontal wind angle relative
to sample line
Frequency of meteorological
measurement sampling
Dynamic surface tension of
spray liquid
Surface vegetation height
Sample line and collection
station locations
Sampling media area for
individual collectors
Collector orientation for flat
card/ plate/ cylindrical
collectors
Diameter of cylindrical
collectors (if used)
Number of samples at each
sampling location
ISO 22866
ASAES561.1
ISO 22866
ASAES561.1
ASAES561.1
ASAES561.1
ASAES561.1
ASAES561.1
ASAES561.1
ASAES561.1
Between 5 and 35°C, measured to an
accuracy within 0.5°C
Measured to an accuracy within 0.5°C
or
Within 5%
At least 1 m/s for all applications, measured
at an accuracy within 0.2 m/s at nozzle
height
90° + 30° to the spray track or the
downwind edge of the sprayed area during
the spray application. > 70% of results shall
be > 45° from the perpendicular of spray
track when sampling at a frequency of 1.0
Hz within 2°
Repeat measurements for individual nozzles
within ±2. 5%
Mean angle between the sample line and the
horizontal wind direction should not exceed
30°
> 1.0 Hz sampling rate
40 ±4 dynes/cm at surface lifetime age of 10
to 20 ms
< 7.5 cm absolute height for all vegetation
surface heights in drift sampling areas
±2.5% of required location distances (at a
minimum 2 m downwind of nozzle)
> 1000 cm2 for deposition cards
Horizontal ±15° relative to spirit level
instrument or for vertical towers (optional
additional collector), vertical ±15°
2 mm ±5%
Determined from tests for the specific setup
to produce confidence interval of ±10%
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Parameter
Boom length (swath width)
and boom height above ground
Application rate of tank mix in
treated area
Forward speed of sprayer
Solvent volume for extraction
of tracer if using collectors
Stability of tracer under
conditions of study (light
intensity, relative humidity,
temperature, sampling media,
storage conditions/ duration,
etc.) measured as the amount
recovered relative to the
amount mixed for control
samples
Standard Operating
Procedure
(if applicable)
Acceptance Criteria
Measured with accuracy within 1.0 cm
when stationary
Within 2.5% of intended application rate
Within 10% of target speed throughout
entire application period. For aerial, at least
140 mph, and measured to an accuracy
within 5 mph.
5% of volume required for analytical
recovery and assessments (i.e., all samples
should be washed with the same volume of
solvent within 5% of the target volume)
Tracer must exhibit adequate photostability
(documented or published) allowing within
10% of the initial mixture detection values
for all samples (note: samples should be
collected in minimum possible time after
exposure to drift sampling, stored in dark
containers at <4°C and analyzed as soon as
possible after collection)
Standards Cited
ANSI/ASHRAE 41.1 (1986) Standard Method for Temperature Measurement, American Society
of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers, Inc. 1791 Tullie Circle, NE, Atlanta,
GA 30329.
ASAE S561.1 Procedure for Measuring Drift Deposits from Ground, Orchard and Aerial
Sprayers. American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, St. Joseph, MI.
ASAE S572 (1999) (sometimes referred to as ASABE S572) Spray Nozzle Classification by
Droplet Spectra. Standard No. S572, American Society of Agricultural and Biological
Engineers, St. Joseph, MI.
ISO Standard 22866 Field Measurement of Spray Drift. International Standards Organization.
ISO Draft Standard 22856: Equipment for Crop Protection - Laboratory Drift Methods
Measurements. International Standards Organization.
A8: Special Training/Certifications
The testing organization may include any registrations, accreditations, qualifications,
independently-assessed quality systems of the testing organization in the test site-specific
test/QA plan.
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A9: Documentation and Records
Test-specific documentation and records will be processed as specified in the testing
organization's SOPs, protocols, etc.. See Element BIO for details of test data acquisition and
management.
In accordance with Part A, Sections 5.1 and 5.3 of EPA's QMP, the testing organization will
retain all test-specific documentation and records for 7 years after the final payment of the
agreement between the testing organization and the APCT Center. RTI will retain all
verification reports and statements for 7 years after final payment of the agreement between RTI
and EPA.
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GROUP B: DATA GENERATION AND ACQUISITION
FOR LOW SPEED WIND TUNNELS
Bl: Sampling Process Design (Experimental Design)
The measure of performance for the DRT for low speed wind tunnels will be derived from
airborne droplet size distribution measurements and airborne liquid volume measurements.
These values will be used by EPA to model deposition from 0 to 200 ft downwind. The basic
experimental design will be to measure the droplet size spectrum under targeted test conditions
with the DRT operating at specified spray pressure, air speed, boom height, and the "ambient"
conditions. The measurement of droplet size spectrum and flux volume at 2 m distance
downwind of the spray nozzle are the critical measurements for this verification test. Wind
tunnel conditions and application conditions are important measurements for establishing the
bounds of the verification test design. Deposition measurements in the wind tunnel are important
for comparison to model estimates and evaluating model mass accountancy. Deposition
measurements made in the wind tunnel and compared to near-field model predictions are an
indicator of model accuracy.
In order to meet the DQOs, three replications will be used for each set of applications conditions
intended for actual use in the field. For instance, three replications will be conducted for each
combination of release height and nozzle pressure. As required by the DQO in Element A7, the
product of this test design will be the measurement of a droplet size distribution consisting of 32
or more droplet size bins for the specified operating range. The DQIGs for appropriate
parameters identified in sections 1 and 2 of Table 2 must be met. For example, the measured
volume median diameter (VMD), Dv0.i and Dv0.9 (the droplet diameter bounding the upper and
lower 10 percent fractions of the spray) should vary by less than ±3 percent. The standard
deviation around mean Dvo.s should be less than 7 percent for three replicate droplet size
measurements for the same nozzle.
Measurements of candidate test systems are compared to measurements from a reference spray
system based on the ASAE S572 standard for droplet size. Before drift potential measurements
are conducted, the candidate test system is categorized into droplet size category for very fine,
fine, medium, coarse, very coarse, and extremely coarse using ASAE S572. The reference
system should use the ASAE S572 reference nozzle associated with the lower (coarser) boundary
of the droplet size category in which the candidate test system falls.
During drift potential measurements, the height of the reference nozzle (and nozzle spacing, if
multiple nozzles are used) should be appropriate for the spray angle produced by the reference
nozzle and does not need to be identical to the candidate test system. The reference nozzle
should be directed straight down. The vendor may select the spray angle for the candidate test
system nozzle.
B2: Sampling Methods for Measurement of Droplet Size, Deposit, and Test Conditions
Table 3 lists all the measurements required for this verification test. Measurements are
categorized in the table as performance factors and test conditions. Performance factors are
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critical to verifying the performance of the DRT. Test conditions are important to understand the
conditions of performance. Further detail is provided in Elements B2.1 through B2.4 and B4.
Table 3. Summary of Spray and Test Condition Measurements
for Low Speed Wind Tunnels
Factors to Be
Verified
Parameter to be
Measured
Sampling and Measurement
Method
Comments
Performance Factors
Spray flux 2 m
downwind from the
atomizer
Droplet size 2 m
downwind from the
atomizer
Tracer flux (|jL or
mg/cm2/min) at the 6
(or more)
measurement heights
used in the downwind
droplet size
distribution
measurement.
At least six
measurements of
droplet size
distribution
corresponding to six or
more heights.
Multiple horizontal
monofilament lines (or non-
intrusive sampling methods
appropriate for the spray
material may be used).
Non-intrusive sampling
methods appropriate for the
spray material such as laser
diffraction, phase-Doppler,
laser imaging instruments
If a method other than
monofilament line is used,
less than 2 percent total of the
spray volume should be
contained in the uppermost or
lowermost size classes.
Less than 2 percent total of the
spray volume should be
contained in the uppermost or
lowermost size classes.
Test Conditions Documentation
Deposition
Droplet size at the
atomizer
Spray pressure
Spray materials
temperature
Spray nozzle height/ or
boom height
Deposition within 7 m
downwind of the
atomizer
Droplet size
distribution produced
by the atomizer
Pressure of spray mix
at the atomizer
Temperature of the
spray mixture
Height of the atomizer
above the floor of the
wind tunnel
Sampled using smooth
horizontal surfaces such as
filter paper. Measurement of
extracted tracer using
spectrofluorometer or other
appropriate method.
Non-intrusive sampling
methods appropriate for the
spray material such as laser
diffraction, phase-Doppler,
laser imaging instruments.
See ASAE S572, section 3.
Calibrated thermometers
accurate within 0. 1°C
Deposition should be
described in terms of mass of
tracer per unit area.
Less than 2 percent total of the
spray volume should be
contained in the uppermost or
lowermost size classes.
Temperature of the ambient
air and spray mixture should
be within 2°C
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Factors to Be
Verified
Wind tunnel
conditions
Parameter to be
Measured
Air speed
Ambient air
temperature
Air humidity
Sampling and Measurement
Method
An appropriate and calibrated
anemometer such as hot wire
or pitot-static tubes.
Measurement should occur as
close as possible to the
atomizer without affecting its
performance.
Calibrated thermometers
accurate within 1°C
Thermohygrometer equivalent
to ASTM E337-84(1996)el;
ASHRAEStd41.1; or other
similar approach
Comments
The air speed measured in the
wind tunnel will be used to
define acceptable field
conditions of use.
Testing organization conducts
air speed, temperature, and
humidity measurements
simultaneously.
B2.1 Sampling Locations
Spray shall be sampled using one of several laser measurement systems: laser diffraction, phase-
Doppler (excluding multi-phase droplets, e.g., air inclusion or emulsions), or laser imaging.
For droplet size distribution for determining the appropriate reference test system nozzle, the
continuous traverse method is usually the optimal technique for sampling the spray plume, and
data should be expressed as mass-balanced average droplet size data across the traverse. Multiple
chordal measurements or (for phase-Doppler measurement systems), two- or three-dimensional
mapping of droplet size and velocity throughout the spray plume, may also be used. Sampling
should occur across a representative cross-sectional sample of the spray. Sampling should occur
far enough from the atomizer to allow for both atomization of ligaments and secondary break up
of droplets in the air stream to be complete. However, the sampling distance must be close
enough to the atomizer that spray is not contacting the wind tunnel's surfaces. The sampling
distance may need to be adjusted for different atomizers, flow rates, and test substances, but in
general, the optimal sampling distance is between 20 to 50 cm from a nozzle.
For droplet size distribution and spray flux for drift potential, sampling will occur at the same
locations for both, i.e., at 2 m downwind of the atomizer and at a minimum of six positions (or
heights).
Measurement of air temperature and humidity should occur upwind of the atomizer and as close
as possible to the atomizer without affecting its performance or the air speed at the atomizer.
B2.2 Process/Application Data Collection
1. Droplet size distribution sampling
- Droplet size at the atomizer: Near the nozzles, see Element B2.4, Measurement
of Droplet Size Spectrum Near the Nozzle (Determination of appropriate
reference test system).
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- Spray flux 2 m downwind from the atomizer and Droplet size 2 m downwind
from the atomizer: For all measurements the downwind sampling distance will be
2 m from the nozzle orifice. The spray droplet size distribution and volume per
unit time (i.e., spray flux) will be sampled at a minimum of six heights evenly
distributed from the O.lm above the wind tunnel floor to a height equal to the
nozzle height. The flux at the highest measurement height must be less than 1
percent of the cumulative flux measurements from lower heights. If amount of
spray measured at the highest height exceeds 1 percent of the total volume
measured at the lower heights, additional measurements at increments consistent
with the lower measurement heights must be made. Alternatively, a continuous
traverse spanning the specified height range may be used if the data droplet size
distribution and spray volume data for specific heights can be recovered and it can
be demonstrated that flux above the measured range accounts for less than 1
percent of the cumulative flux below. See Element B2.3, Wind Tunnel
Measurement of Spray Drift Potential.
2. Horizontal samplers
- Horizontal sampler location will be defined as the vertical distance below the
atomizer's orifice and horizontal distance downwind of the atomizer.
- Horizontal samplers will be placed directly downwind from atomizers.
- Horizontal samplers will be placed at a height of 0.1 m above the wind tunnel
floor to avoid boundary layer effects.
- Horizontal samplers will be placed at 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 m downwind of the
atomizer.
3. Wind tunnel conditions
- The following conditions shall be measured at the same height as the nozzle,
upwind of the nozzle in the wind tunnel working section at the time of spray
release: ambient air temperature, air speed, relative humidity.
4. Sprayer conditions
- Spray pressure shall be measured at the nozzle tip using a capillary connected to a
pressure gauge (as is consistent with ASAE S572, section 3).
The sampling locations for these parameters are shown in Figure 4.
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D
nozzle
-0-
D Windspeed
.0. Measurement heights for droplet
size distribution and spray flux
(monofilament lines).
| | Horizontal samples
•e-
2m 3m 4m 5m 6m
Figure 4. Low speed wind tunnel sampling locations.
B2.3 Wind Tunnel Measurement of Spray Drift Potential
All sampling will follow the requirements of the specific test method being used unless
otherwise stated in this document or approved by EPA ETV project manager prior to the
verification test. Laser-based measurement devices are used to measure droplet size distribution
at 2 m and monofilament line is used to measure flux in the wind tunnel at 2 m at various
heights. Horizontal sampling (for example, with filter paper) is used to measure horizontal
deposition within the wind tunnel (see Element B2.5).
1. The spraying system shall be mounted to minimize effects on airflow.
2. The orientation of the nozzle (predominant spray direction or axis of rotation) that the
fan sprays discharge relative to the air flow direction must be measured with a
protractor and recorded.
3. Droplet size shall be measured using one of several laser or optical measurement
systems: laser diffraction, phase-Doppler (excluding multi-phase droplets, e.g., air
inclusion or emulsion) or laser imaging. The instruments and apparatus used in the test
shall be listed. Names, model numbers, serial numbers, scale ranges, software version
number, and calibration verification shall be recorded.
4. The test spray nozzle(s) shall be mounted at a defined height not less than of 600 mm
above the wind tunnel floor and not greater than a height 100 mm below the wind
tunnel ceiling. Nozzles must be positioned in a place free from edge effects.
5. A representative cross-section average sample must be obtained, using a mass-
weighted traverse or multiple chordal measurements of the full spray (or half spray for
axi-symmetric spray plumes).
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6. For each height, the sampling system must be configured to measure the entire
dynamic size range of the instrument with less than 2 percent total of the spray volume
contained in the uppermost or lowermost size classes.
7. The wind tunnel floor shall be covered with an artificial turf surface to minimize
droplet bounce and mimic stubble vegetation for field conditions.
8. For monofilament spray flux measurements, approximately 2 mm in diameter
monofilament sampling lines should be used, extended horizontally across the wind
tunnel, and cause minimal disruption to air flow in the wind tunnel.
9. For testing atomizers without using adjuvants, water containing surfactant may be
used. Acceptable surfactants and surfactant concentrations are those that will provide a
Newtonian tank mix with dynamic surface tension of 40 dyne/cm at surface lifetime
age of 10 to 20 ms.
- Use of other surfactants or concentrations should be approved by the EPA ETV
project manager prior to testing.
10. When adjuvants are included as the DRT in the test spray material, emulsifiable
concentrates (EC) formulations (blank or containing pesticide) must be included to
make the results of the test extend to EC formulation. Water with surfactant (as
described in Item 9 above) may be used if the results are only intended for aqueous
solutions of 15 gal/acre or higher. An example of a commonly-used adjuvant in the
U.S. is Triton X-77 in water at 0.25 percent v/v.
11. The spraying system shall be primed with spray prior to measurements to ensure that
rinsing liquid is removed from the line and the liquid discharging from the nozzle is
the actual intended tank mix. In addition, sprayer systems should be "run-in" for 5 min
to ensure removal of machining burrs or plastic mold residue.
12. Spray material flow rate shall be measured at the operating pressure for the tests. The
liquid flow rate measurement may include techniques using liquid collected for a
known duration, using Coriolis mass flow sensors, calibrated flow turbine, oval
displacement meter, weighing system for the spray mix tank, or other method. Nozzle
output should remain constant with a maximum deviation of ±2.5 percent. These liquid
flow rate measurements are consistent with ISO 5682 part 1.
13. The wind tunnel shall be operated during sampling to provide a wind speed between 2
m/s and 10 m/s at the nozzle height.
14. To minimize evaporation effects, the relative humidity in the working section at the
time of measurements shall be at least 80 percent ±5 percent.
15. The wind tunnel measurements of spray drift potential should comply with ISO Draft
Standard 22856.
16. The type of nozzle being tested must be documented as follows:
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- Flat fan, cone (hollow or full), impingement (deflector), and solid stream nozzles:
manufacturer, fan angle at reference operating pressure, orifice size, material of
manufacture.
- Other types of atomizers (e.g., rotary, electrostatic, ultrasonic): the type of nozzle
must be described in the test/QA plan provided to EPA prior to testing in order to
identify the appropriate parameters to be recorded.
- Include a close-up photograph of the nozzle and manifold and a cross-sectional
drawing.
- Include the manufacturer nozzle part number.
- Document the type of nozzle body and cap used in the tests.
B2.4 Measurement of Droplet Size Spectrum Near the Nozzle (Determination of
appropriate reference test system)
The droplet size of the test system near the nozzle is used to determine the appropriate reference
test system. The droplet size measurement and classification shall be consistent with ASAE
S572 in addition to the criteria below. The candidate test system is categorized into droplet size
category for very fine, fine, medium, coarse, very coarse, and extremely coarse.
1. Droplet size spectra for spray drift tests shall be made under the same conditions (e.g.,
spray material, spray pressure, nozzle settings) and following the same procedures
outlined in Element B2.3 except the measurements do not need to be made within a
wind tunnel.
2. Droplet size may be measured using one of several laser measurement systems: laser
diffraction, phase-Doppler (excluding multi-phase droplets, e.g., air inclusion or
emulsion) or laser imaging. The instruments and apparatus used in the test shall be
listed. Names, model numbers, serial numbers, scale ranges, software version number,
and calibration verification shall be recorded.
3. A representative cross-section average sample must be obtained, using a mass-
weighted traverse or multiple chordal measurements of the full spray (or half spray for
axi-symmetric spray plumes).
4. The sampling distance from the nozzle must be sufficient that the spray has atomized
into droplets, for example through completion of breakup of sheets or ligaments of
liquid following discharge from the nozzle.
5. The sampling system must be configured to measure the entire dynamic size range of
the instrument with less than 2 percent total of the spray volume contained in the
uppermost and lowermost size classes.
6. If a number-density weighted ("spatial") sampling system is used, the setup should
minimize the development of a size-velocity profile within the spray (e.g., by using a
concurrent airflow if spray discharge is in the horizontal plane) to avoid data bias
toward slower-moving (usually smaller) droplets.
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7. The droplet size measurements should include assessment of the droplet size category
of the candidate test system and reference system according to ASAE S572.
B2.5 Measurement of Deposition within Wind Tunnel
Horizontal samplers (e.g., filter papers, strings, monofilament line) of known collection
efficiency characteristics should be placed in the wind tunnel at the distances specified in
Element B2.2. A representative photograph of a sampler placed in the wind tunnel should be
provided.
B2.6 Wind Tunnel and Spray System Operation Data Collection
The following conditions shall be measured at the same height as the nozzle, upwind of the
nozzle in the wind tunnel working section at the time of spray release: ambient air temperature,
air speed, and relative humidity. Spray pressure shall be measured at the nozzle tip using a
capillary connected to a pressure gauge, as is consistent with ASAE S572, section 3. Spray
material temperature shall be measured and shall be within ±2°C of the ambient air temperature.
B3: Sample Handling and Custody Requirements
Procedures consistent with ISO 22856-1, Annex A should be followed. The samples collected
during the test program will consist of horizontal samplers (filter paper) and monofilament line,
if used. Analysis of these samples will be conducted using spectrofluorometers, as described in
Element B4. To maintain sample integrity, the following procedure will be used. Each horizontal
sampler and monofilament line will, prior to use, be stamped with a unique identification number
or other numbering system to identify testing, test run, and position. A file folder or envelope
will also be stamped with the identification number and the sampler will be placed in the
corresponding folder.
The horizontal sampler filters and monofilament line containing tracer are placed in individual
protective containers and then into numbered folders or envelopes. For transport, groups of
samplers are sealed in heavy-duty plastic bags and stored in a heavy corrugated cardboard or
plastic filing box equipped with a tight-fitting lid. All exposed and unexposed samplers are
always kept separate to avoid any cross-contamination.
The date and time of sample collection and analysis must be recorded. Sample holding
conditions (e.g., temperature, containers, light) must be noted for the period between sample
collection and analysis.
If data collection and analysis is to be done on-site and no samples will be transported to a
laboratory, sample custody requirements are not a required part of this verification test program.
B4: Analytical Methods
Measurement of deposited material will occur by extracting tracer from the horizontal samplers
and monofilament lines followed by measurement of the amount of tracer in the extract. Tracer
measurements should be expressed as the amount of material per unit area. Instruments used to
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measure tracer (e.g., spectrofluorometers) should be of adequate sensitivity to measure
deposition at the most distant sampler.
B5: Quality Control
Air speed should vary by less than 5 percent within a trial and less than 5 percent across
replicates.
Horizontal samplers and monofilament lines should be spiked with tracer at levels below that
observed at the largest sampling distance in order to demonstrate adequate (>93 percent)
recovery at the lowest measured deposition levels. Linearity of deposition relative to
measurement instrumentation response should be demonstrated in the deposition range
measured.
B6: Instrument/Equipment Testing, Inspection, and Maintenance
The site-specific test/QA plan resulting from this protocol needs to reference the testing
organization's SOP for testing, inspection, and maintenance of instruments and equipment.
B7: Instrument/Equipment Calibration and Frequency
Calibration verification of some laser diffraction particle size analyzers can be achieved using
ASTM Standard Test Method E 1458 "Test Method for Calibration Verification of Laser
Diffraction Particle Sizing Instruments using Photomask Reticles."
Alternative techniques include reference particles and sprays of known size distribution.
Phase-Doppler instruments are optically calibrated during production - this is a lifetime
calibration. Electronic phase calibration is normally done for each set of instrument settings,
particularly photo multiplier transistor (PMT) voltage, sampling rate (pass band), and laser
power level. This is done using a built-in calibration diode that generates a Doppler burst-like
signal. Calibration values may also be obtained for various PMT voltages, for example, and
recorded for later input during testing.
2°
The accuracy depends on instrument settings, mainly through the signal to noise ratio (SNR).
Typical values for experienced users can be expected to be within ±1 percent of the reading +
phase. The resolution in phase is 1/4096, or 0.0878906°.
The repeatability also depends on instrument settings, and with experience an operator may be
expected to achieve typical values of ±2° phases. Single particle counting/imaging systems
should measure at least 10,000 droplets per sample for statistical validity. Calibration can be
achieved using reference materials of known size and/or following instrument manufacturer
instructions such as lens focal length/size factor relationships.
B8: Inspection/Acceptance of Supplies and Consumables
The primary supplies and consumables for this exercise consist of the horizontal samplers,
monofilament lines, and tracer materials. Prior to labeling, each sampler is visually inspected and
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is discarded for use if any damage is found. The tracer selected should allow for adequate
sensitivity to measure deposition at all test distances. The tracer should be stable and nonvolatile
in the test frame for testing and analysis. Background measurement samples from the testing site
should demonstrate negligible levels of tracer or other interfering compounds.
Water used in spray tanks should have a hardness of less than 300 ppm.
B9: Non-Direct Measurements
If applicable, data that are not gathered directly by the testing organization may be used,
however, the testing organization must describe these measurements in the test/QA plan or the
applicant-specific addendum.
BIO: Data Management
Results will be calculated as droplet size distribution and flux [i.e., volume or mass per unit area
per unit time] at 2 m downwind from the nozzle at six heights and horizontal deposition at 2, 3,
4, 5, and 6 m for each set of sampling conditions (e.g., air speed, nozzle pressure, nozzle
orientation). Droplet size distributions will be described by 32 categories of droplet diameter.
Higher resolution distributions (more categories of droplet diameter) may be presented in
addition to the 32-category description. Requirements for the verification test report, verification
statement, and data storage and retrieval are provided in Group E, Data Reporting.
B10.1 Data Flow
Data measurement and collection activities are shown in Figure 5. This flow chart includes all
data activities from the initial pretest QA steps to the passing of the data to EPA.
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1
1
1
Oversight
Testing Organization Technical Leader: Test Oversight and Data Production
Testing Organization Quality Manager: Quality System and Data Integrity
1
Data Flow
DRT Information from
Manufacturer/Vendor
Instrument Data and
Sampling Data
QC Data
Assemble Data
Calculations & Data Analysis
QA Review
Report
Data Flow •
Figure 5. ETV data management system.
B10.2 Data Reduction
Data from each measurement for droplet size from the verification test will be reported as the
incremental and cumulative volumes of 32 appropriately spaced and described bins of droplet
diameter (microns). The Dv0.i, Dv0.s, Dv0.9, and relative span will also be presented. An example
of a presentation of the output data is shown in Table B-l in Appendix B. Raw data of droplet
sizing instrument output should be provided as an appendix.
Data from measurements for flux (i.e., volume/unit area/unit time) from the verification test will
be reported as "mL/cm2/min" and labeled with the height at which the flux measurement was
taken.
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B10.3 Analysis of Verification Data
Measurements should be presented separately (raw data) and as an average across repetitions for
the following types of measurements.
1. Downwind measurements:
- Flux at each height
- Volume per droplet size category (i.e., each of the 32 droplet size categories) at
each height
- Deposition on horizontal samplers at each downwind distance
2. Droplet size at the nozzle: Volume per droplet size category and reference spray type.
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GROUP C: DATA GENERATION AND ACQUISITION
FOR HIGH SPEED WIND TUNNEL TESTS
Cl: Sample Process Design (Experimental Design)
The measure of performance for the DRT for high speed wind tunnels will be derived from
droplet size distribution measurements. These values will be used by EPA to model deposition
from 0 to 200 ft downwind. The basic experimental design will be to measure the droplet size
spectrum under targeted test conditions with the DRT operating at specified spray pressure, air
speed, and the "ambient" conditions. Droplet size spectrum is the critical measurement for this
verification test. Wind tunnel conditions and application conditions are important measurements
for establishing the bounds of the verification test design. Unlike the low speed wind tunnel
testing, no deposition measurements are made with high speed wind tunnel testing.
In order to meet the DQOs, at least three replications will be used for each set of application
conditions intended for actual use in the field. For instance, at least three replications will be
conducted for each combination of air speed and nozzle pressure. As required by the DQO in
Element A7, the product of this test design will be the measurement of a droplet size distribution
consisting of 32 or more droplet size bins for the specified operating range. The DQIGs for
appropriate parameters identified in sections 1 and 2 of Table 2 must be met. For example, the
measured volume median diameter (VMD), Dv0.i and Dv0.9 (the droplet diameter bounding the
upper and lower 10 percent fractions of the spray) should vary by less than ±3 percent.
Measurements of candidate test systems are compared to a reference spray system based on the
ASAE S572 standard for droplet size. Before drift potential measurements are conducted, the
candidate test system is categorized into droplet size category for very fine, fine, medium,
coarse, very coarse, and extremely coarse using ASAE S572. The reference system should use
the ASAE S572 reference nozzle associated with the lower (coarser) boundary of the droplet size
category in which the candidate test system falls.
During drift potential measurements, the angle of the candidate test system does not need to be
identical to that of the reference spray system. The vendor may select the spray angle for the
candidate test system nozzle. Acceptable nozzles, associated wind tunnel air speeds, and nozzle
angles relative to air direction are identified below.
C2: Sampling Methods for Measurement of Droplet Size and Test Conditions
Table 4 lists all the measurements required for this verification test. Measurements are
categorized in the table as performance factors and test conditions. Performance factors are
critical to verifying the performance of the DRT. Test conditions are important to understand the
conditions of performance. Further detail is provided in Elements C2.1 through C2.4.
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Table 4. Summary of Spray and Test Condition Measurements
for High Speed Wind Tunnels
Factors to Be
Verified
Parameter to Be
Measured
Sampling and Measurement
Method
Comments
Performance Factors
Droplet size at the
atomizer
Droplet size
distribution produced
by the atomizer
Non-intrusive sampling
methods appropriate for the
spray material such as laser
diffraction, phase-Doppler,
laser imaging instruments.
The range of droplet size
categories measured must
account for at least 99% of
the spray volume.
Test Conditions Documentation
Spray pressure
Spray materials
temperature
Wind tunnel
conditions
Pressure of spray mix
at the atomizer
Temperature of the
spray mixture
Air speed
Ambient air
temperature
Air humidity
See ASAE S572, section 3.
Calibrated thermometers
accurate within 0. 1°C
An appropriate and calibrated
anemometer such as hot wire
or pitot-static tubes.
Measurement should occur as
close as possible to the
atomizer without affecting its
performance.
Calibrated thermometers
accurate within 0. 1°C
Thermohygrometer
equivalent to ASTM E337-
84(1996)el; ASHRAE Std
4 1 . 1 ; or other similar
approach
Temperature of the ambient
air and spray mixture should
be within 2°C
The air speed measured in the
wind tunnel will be used to
define acceptable field
conditions of use.
Testing organization conducts
air speed, temperature, and
humidity measurements
concurrently.
C2.1 Sampling Locations
Spray shall be sampled using one of several laser measurement systems: laser diffraction, phase-
Doppler (excluding multi-phase droplets, e.g., air inclusion or emulsions) or laser imaging.
For both droplet size distribution for determining the appropriate reference test system nozzle
and for determining drift potential, the continuous traverse method is usually the optimal
technique for sampling the spray plume, and data should be expressed as mass-balanced average
droplet size data across the traverse. Multiple chordal measurements or (for phase-Doppler
measurement systems), two- or three-dimensional mapping of droplet size and velocity
throughout the spray plume may also be used. Sampling should occur across a representative
cross-sectional sample of the spray. Sampling should occur far enough from the atomizer to
allow for both atomization of ligaments and secondary break up of droplets in the air stream to
be complete. However, the sampling distance must be close enough to the atomizer that spray is
not contacting the wind tunnel's surfaces. The sampling distance may need to be adjusted for
different atomizers, flow rates, and test substances but in general the optimal sampling distance
is between 20 to 50 cm from a nozzle.
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Measurement of air temperature and humidity should occur upwind of the atomizer and as close
as possible to the atomizer without affecting its performance or the air speed at the atomizer.
C2.2 Process/Application Data Collection
1. Droplet size distribution sampling
- Droplet size at the atomizer, for classification: Near the nozzles, see Element
C2.4, Measurement of Droplet Size Spectrum Near the Nozzle, Without the
Effects of Flight Speed Air Flow (Determination of appropriate reference test
system).
- Droplet size at the atomizer, drift potential: Near the nozzles, see Element C2.3,
Wind Tunnel Measurement of Spray Drift Potential (Droplet Size Distribution at
Aerial Application Air Speeds at the nozzle).
2. Wind tunnel conditions
- The following conditions shall be measured at the same height as the nozzle,
upwind of the nozzle in the wind tunnel working section at the time of spray
release: ambient air temperature, air speed, relative humidity.
3. Sprayer conditions
- The Spray pressure shall be measured at the nozzle tip using a capillary connected
to a pressure gauge (as is consistent with ASAE S572, section 3).
C2.3 Wind Tunnel Measurement of Spray Drift Potential (Droplet Size Distribution at
Aerial Application Air Speeds at the nozzle)
All sampling will follow the requirements of the specific test method being used unless
otherwise stated in this document or approved by EPA ETV project manager prior to the
verification test. Laser-based measurement devices are used to measure droplet size distribution
at the nozzle in the wind tunnel.
1. The spraying system shall be mounted to minimize effects on airflow.
2. The orientation of the nozzle (predominant spray direction or axis of rotation) that the
fan sprays discharge relative to the air flow direction must be measured with a
protractor and recorded.
3. Droplet size shall be measured using one of several laser or optical measurement
systems: laser diffraction, phase-Doppler (excluding multi-phase droplets, e.g., air
inclusion or emulsion) or laser imaging. The instruments and apparatus used in the test
shall be listed. Names, model numbers, serial numbers, scale ranges, software version
number, and calibration verification shall be recorded.
4. Nozzles must be positioned in a place free from edge effects.
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5. A representative cross-section average sample must be obtained, using a mass-
weighted traverse or multiple chordal measurements of the full spray (or half spray for
axi-symmetric spray plumes).
6. The sampling system must be configured to measure the entire dynamic size range of
the instrument with less than 2 percent total of the spray volume contained in the
uppermost or lowermost size classes.
7. If a number-density weighted ("spatial") sampling system is used, the setup should
minimize the development of a size-velocity profile within the spray (e.g., by using a
concurrent airflow if spray discharge is in the horizontal plane) to avoid data bias
toward slower-moving (usually smaller) droplets.
8. The droplet size measurements should include assessments of the droplet size category
of the candidate test system and reference system according to ASAE S572.
9. For testing atomizers without using adjuvants, water containing surfactant may be
used. Acceptable surfactants and surfactant concentrations are those that will provide a
Newtonian tank mix with dynamic surface tension of 40 dyne/cm at surface lifetime
age of 10 to 20 ms.Use of other surfactants or concentrations should be approved by
the EPA ETV project manager prior to testing.
10. When adjuvants are included as the DRT in the test spray material, emulsifiable
concentrates (EC) formulations (blank or containing pesticide) must be included to
make the results of the test extend to EC formulation. Water with surfactant (as
described in item 9 above) may be used if the results are only intended for aqueous
solutions of 15 gal/acre or higher. An example of a commonly-used adjuvant in the
U.S. is Triton X-77 at 0.25 percent v/v.
11. The spraying system shall be primed with spray prior to measurements to ensure that
rinsing liquid is removed from the line and the liquid discharging from the nozzle is
the actual intended tank mix. In addition, sprayer systems should be "run-in" for 5 min
to ensure removal machining burrs or plastic mold residue.
12. Spray material flow rate shall be measured at the operating pressure for the tests. The
liquid flow rate measurement may include techniques using liquid collected for a
known duration, using Coriolis mass flow sensors, calibrated flow turbine, oval
displacement meter, weighing system for the spray mix tank, or other method. Nozzle
output should remain constant with a maximum deviation of ±2.5 percent. These liquid
flow rate measurements are consistent with ISO 5682 part 1.
13. The air speed in the working section of the wind tunnel must be measured as close as
possible to the nozzle without affecting nozzle performance or allowing the atomizer to
influence the air speed measurement. Air speed must be maintained between 50 and
ISOmph.
14. The type of nozzle being tested must be documented as follows:
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- Flat fan, cone (hollow or full), impingement (deflector), and solid stream nozzles:
manufacturer, fan angle at reference operating pressure, orifice size, material of
manufacture.
- Other types of atomizers (e.g., rotary, electrostatic, ultrasonic): the type of nozzle
must be described in the test/QA plan provided to EPA prior to testing in order to
identify the appropriate parameters to be recorded.
- Include a close-up photograph of the nozzle and manifold and a cross-sectional
drawing.
- Include the manufacturer nozzle part number.
- Document the type of nozzle body and cap used in the tests.
C2.4 Measurement of Droplet Size Spectrum Near the Nozzle, Without the Effects of
Flight Speed Air Flow (Determination of appropriate reference test system).
The droplet size of the candidate test system near the nozzle is used to determine the appropriate
reference test system. The droplet size measurement and classification shall be consistent with
ASAE S572 in addition to the criteria below. The candidate test system is categorized into
droplet size category for very fine, fine, medium, coarse, very coarse, and extremely course.
1. Droplet size spectra for spray drift tests shall be made under the same conditions (e.g.,
spray material, spray pressure, nozzle settings) and following the same procedures
outlined in Element C2.3 except the measurements do not need to be made within a
wind tunnel.
2. Follow methods in Element B2.4, items 2 through 7.
C2.5 Wind Tunnel and Spray System Operation Data Collection
The following conditions shall be measured at the same height as the nozzle, upwind of the
nozzle in the wind tunnel working section at the time of spray release: ambient air temperature,
air speed, and relative humidity. Spray pressure shall be measured at the nozzle tip using a
capillary connected to a pressure gauge (as is consistent with ASAE S572, section 3). Spray
material temperature shall be measured and shall be within ±2°C of the ambient air temperature.
C3: Sample Handling and Custody Requirements
If data collection and analysis is to be done on-site and no samples will be transported to a
laboratory, sample custody requirements are not a required part of this verification test program.
C4: Analytical Methods
No analytical methods are used.
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C5: Quality Control
At least three replicates for each set of test conditions should be conducted. Measured volume
median diameter (VMD), Dv0.i and Dv0.9 (the droplet diameter bounding the upper and lower 10
percent fractions of the spray) should vary by less than 3 percent.
Air speed should vary by less than 5 percent within a trial and less than 5 percent across
replicates. Air speed must be maintained between 50 and 180 mph. If the air speed is less than
140 mph, there may be constraints on the application use label conditions.
C6: Instrument/Equipment Testing, Inspection, and Maintenance
The site-specific test/QA plan resulting from this protocol needs to reference the testing
organization's SOP for testing, inspection, and maintenance of instruments and equipment.
C7: Instrument/Equipment Calibration and Frequency
Calibration verification of some laser diffraction particle size analyzers can be achieved using
ASTM Standard Test Method E 1458 "Test Method for Calibration Verification of Laser
Diffraction Particle Sizing Instruments using Photomask Reticles."
Alternative techniques include reference particles and sprays of known size distribution.
Phase-Doppler instruments are optically calibrated during production - this is a lifetime
calibration. Electronic phase calibration is normally done for each set of instrument settings,
particularly PMT voltage, sampling rate (pass band), and laser power level. This is done using a
built-in calibration diode that generates a Doppler burst-like signal. Calibration values may also
be obtained for various PMT voltages, for example, and recorded for later input during testing.
The accuracy depends on instrument settings, mainly through the signal to noise ratio (SNR).
Typical values for experienced users can be expected to be within ±1 percent of the reading +
phase. The resolution in phase is 1/4096, or 0.0878906°.
The repeatability also depends on instrument settings, and with experience an operator may be
expected to achieve typical values of ±2° phases. Single particle counting/imaging systems
should measure at least 10,000 droplets per sample for statistical validity. Calibration can be
achieved using reference materials of known size and/or following instrument manufacturer
instructions such as lens focal length/size factor relationships.
C8: Inspection/Acceptance of Supplies and Consumables
Water used in spray tanks should have a hardness of less than 300 ppm.
As there are no other supplies and consumables, additional inspection and acceptance
requirements are not a required part of this verification test protocol.
2°
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C9: Non-Direct Measurements
If applicable, data that are not gathered directly by the testing organization may be used,
however, the testing organization must describe these measurements in the test/QA plan or the
applicant-specific addendum.
CIO: Data Management
Results will be calculated as droplet size distribution at the nozzle for each set of sampling
conditions (e.g., air speed, nozzle pressure, nozzle orientation). Droplet size distributions will be
described by 32 categories of droplet diameter. Higher resolution distributions (more categories
of droplet diameter) may be presented in addition to the 32-category description. Requirements
for the verification test report, verification statement, and data storage and retrieval are provided
in Element E, Data Reporting.
C10.1 Data Flow
Data measurement and collection activities are shown in Figure 5 in Element BIO. This flow
chart includes all data activities from the initial pretest QA steps to the passing of the data to
EPA.
C10.2 Data Reduction:
Data from each measurement for droplet size from the verification test will be reported as the
incremental and cumulative volumes of 32 appropriately spaced and described bins of droplet
diameter (microns). The Dv0.i, Dv0.5, Dv0.9, and relative span will also be presented. An example
presentation of the output data is shown in Table B-l of Appendix B. Raw data of droplet sizing
instrument output should be provided in an appendix.
C10.3 Analysis of Verification Data:
Measurements should be presented separately (raw data) and as an average across repetitions for
the following types of measurements. Measurements would include droplet size at the nozzle:
volume per droplet size category (i.e., each of the 32 droplet size categories) and reference spray
type.
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GROUP D: DATA GENERATION AND ACQUISITION FOR FIELD STUDIES
Dl: Sampling Process Design (Experimental Design)
The measure of performance for the DRT in field studies will be directly determined by
deposition measured on horizontal fallout collectors according to either ASAE 561.1 APR04 or
ISO/DIS 22866:2005(E) standard methods with modifications specified in Element D below.
The specific placement of collectors will allow for an estimate of the integrated deposition from
0 to 61 m (200 ft) and the point deposition at 30.5 m (100 ft) downwind of the application site.
The treatment area/spray track must be at least 100 m long and perpendicular to wind direction.
If samplers are placed beyond 61m downwind, the length of the treatment area should be at least
the product of the outermost sampler distance and 1.15 plus the distance between the outermost
samplers in the sampling array.2 This arrangement allows for the outermost samplers to be
downwind of the treatment area when the wind direction approaches ±30 degrees relative to the
length of the treatment area.
The conditions of the study will be selected to allow for the measurement of the DRT and the
reference spray systems under identical or similar conditions (e.g., wind speed, wind direction,
temperature, relative humidity, release height). The measurements of deposition are the critical
measurements for this verification test. Measurements of field and application conditions are
important for establishing the limitations of the verification test design. As required by the DQO
in Element A7, the DQIGs for the parameters identified in section 3 of Table 2 must be met.
Measurements of candidate test systems are compared to a reference spray system based on the
ASAE S572 standard for droplet size. The reference system should use the ASAE S572 nozzle
model associated with the lower (coarser) boundary of the droplet size category (very fine, fine,
medium, coarse, very coarse, and extremely coarse) in which the test system falls. The height
and spacing of the standard nozzle should be appropriate for the spray angle produced by the
reference nozzle and does not need to be identical to the candidate test system. The reference
nozzle should be directed straight down.
D2: Sampling Methods for Measurement of Droplet Size, Deposit, and Test Conditions
Table 5 lists all the measurements required for this verification test. Measurements are
categorized in the table as performance factors and test conditions. Performance factors are
critical to verifying the performance of the DRT. Test conditions are important to understand the
conditions of performance. Further detail is provided in Elements D2.1 through D2.3 and D4.
2 [Outermost sampler distance] x [2 tan(30)] + [distance between outmost array of samplers]
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Table 5. Summary of Spray and Test Condition Measurements for Field Testing
Factors to Be
Verified
Parameter to Be
Measured
Sampling and Measurement
Method
Comments
Performance Factors
Deposition
Tracer deposit at
multiple locations
downwind of the
treatment area
Sampled using smooth horizontal
surface collectors such as filter
paper.
Deposition should be
described in terms of
mass of nonvolatile
tracer per unit area
Test Conditions Documentation
Spray pressure
Spray materials
temperature
Flow rate
Release height
Travel speed
Meteorological
conditions
Pressure of spray mix
at the atomizer
Temperature of the
spray mixture
Volume per unit time
produced by the
nozzle under test
conditions.
Height above the
ground the spray
materials are released
Rate of speed for the
equipment used to
apply the spray
material
Wind speed
Wind direction
Ambient air
temperature
Ambient pressure
Relative humidity
See ASAE S572, section 3.
Calibrated thermometers accurate
within 1°C
SeeASAES561.1
See ASAE S561.1, section 3.2. 3
See ASAE S561.1, section 3.2.4
See ASAE S561.1, section 3.2
See ASAE S561.1, section 3.2
See ASAE S561.1, section 3.2.2
Temperature of the air
and spray mixture should
be within 2°C
Repeat measurements for
individual nozzles within
±2.5%
D2.1 Sampling Locations
Three parallel lines of horizontal collectors within the sampling array should be used. Collector
lines in the sampling array should be spaced at least 15m apart. The center collector line in the
sampling array should be in the center of the application area. Horizontal deposition samplers
should be placed at a minimum of 4 m, 8 m, 16 m, 30.5 m, and 61 m from the downwind edge of
the treated area. At least one collector should be placed in the swath and upwind of the treatment
area.
The placement of the station(s) for measuring meteorological conditions should be located in the
open within 30 m of the treatment area and away from any obstruction or topographical
irregularities.
A map should be provided showing the treatment area, sampler placements, position of the
meteorological station(s), and any obstructions or identifying features of the test area.
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o
o
-L_ L1J L 1 _
4m 8m 16m 30.5m
61m
Treatment Site Horizontal Sampling Area
Figure 6. Sampling locations for field testing.
D2.2 Process/Application Data Collection
All sampling will follow the requirements of the specific test method being used, either ASAE
561.1 APR04 or ISO/DIS 22866:2005(E) standard methods, unless otherwise stated in this
document or approved by EPA prior to the verification test. Example sampling locations for field
testing are shown in Figure 6.
D2.3 Ambient Data Collection
Meteorological conditions will be measured with at least one weather station during applications.
The sampling rate for wind speed and direction should be at least 4 samples per minute. The
wind speed must be at least 1 m/s for all applications.
D3: Sample Handling and Custody Requirements
The date and time of sample collection and analysis must be recorded. Sample holding
conditions (e.g., temperature, containers, light) must be noted for the period between sample
collection and analysis.
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The samples collected during the test program will consist of horizontal samplers (filter paper).
Analysis of these samples will be conducted using gas chromatography, as described in Element
D4. To maintain sample integrity, the following procedure will be used. Each horizontal sampler
will, prior to use, be stamped with a unique identification number or other numbering system to
identify testing, test run, and position. A file folder or envelope will also be stamped with the
identification number and the sampler will be placed in the corresponding folder.
The horizontal sampler filters containing tracer are placed in individual protective containers and
then into numbered folders or envelopes. For transport, groups of samplers are sealed in heavy-
duty plastic bags and stored in a heavy corrugated cardboard or plastic filing box equipped with a
tight-fitting lid. All exposed and unexposed samplers are always kept separate to avoid any
cross-contamination.
The date and time of sample collection and analysis must be recorded. Sample holding
conditions (e.g., temperature, containers, light) must be noted for the period between sample
collection and analysis.
If data collection and analysis is to be done on-site and no samples will be transported to a
laboratory, sample custody requirements are not a required part of this verification test program.
D4: Analytical Methods
Measurement of deposited material will occur by extracting tracer from the horizontal sample
collectors followed by measurement of the amount of tracer in the extract. Tracer measurements
should be expressed as the amount of material per unit area of sampler. Instruments used to
measure tracer (e.g., gas chromatographs) should be of adequate sensitivity to measure
deposition at the most distant sampler.
D5: Quality Control
The boom width, intended swath width, nozzle placement, and nozzle orientation of the
application equipment will be reported. Wind direction during and for 2 minutes after application
should be ±30 degrees perpendicular to the swath. Drive speed for ground equipment will be
between 4 and 24 km/h (2.5 to 15 mph). Aerial application equipment speed must be at least 140
mph. If the aerial application equipment speed is less than 140 mph, there may be constraints on
the application use label conditions.
Randomly selected, unused horizontal sample collectors should be spiked with tracer at 2 and
200 times the level of quantitation for the analytical equipment to be used for measuring tracer.
Tracer recovery should be within 80 to 120 percent of the spiked amount. Stock solutions used in
testing should also be tested. Linearity of deposition relative to measurement instrumentation
response should be demonstrated in the deposition range measured.
Tracer concentration in the spray material tank will be measured and reported before and after
testing on each test day and for each tank mix used.
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D6: Instrument/Equipment Testing, Inspection, and Maintenance
The site-specific test/QA plan needs to reference the testing organization's SOP for testing,
inspection, and maintenance of instruments and equipment.
D7: Instrument/Equipment Calibration and Frequency
Analytical instruments used to measure tracer extracts from collectors will be calibrated on the
same day of analysis. Calibration will use a standard curve consisting of at least three points
spanning the level of quantitation and the highest measured concentration level. The standard
curve should be linear (r2 greater than 0.95).
D8: Inspection/Acceptance of Supplies and Consumables
The primary supplies and consumables for this exercise consist of the horizontal samplers and
tracer materials. Prior to labeling, each sampler is visually inspected and is discarded for use if
any damage is found. The tracer selected should allow for adequate sensitivity to measure
deposition at all test distances. The tracer should be stable and nonvolatile in the test frame for
testing and analysis. Background measurement samples from the testing site should demonstrate
negligible levels of tracer or other interfering compounds.
Water used in spray tanks should have a hardness of less than 300 ppm.
D9: Non-Direct Measurements
If applicable, data that are not gathered directly by the testing organization may be used,
however, the testing organization must describe these measurements in the test/QA plan or the
applicant-specific addendum.
DIG: Data Management
Results will be calculated as deposition for each set of sampling conditions at downwind
positions at 4 m, 8 m, 16 m, 30.5 m, and 61 m, including a summary of meteorological
conditions and application conditions. Requirements for the verification test report, verification
statement, and data storage and retrieval are provided in Group E, Data Reporting.
D10.1 Data Flow
Data measurement and collection activities for deposition are shown in Figure 5 of Element BIO.
This flow chart includes all data activities from the initial pretest QA steps to the passing of the
data to EPA.
D10.2 Data Reduction
Data from each measurement for deposition from the verification test will be reported in units of
mass/area for each downwind distance and the meteorological and application conditions will
clearly be reported.
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D10.3 Analysis of Verification Data
Measurements should be presented separately (raw data) and as an average across repetitions for
each downwind measurements for the deposition on horizontal samplers at each downwind
distance.
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GROUP E: DATA REPORTING
El: Outline of the Verification Test Report
• Verification statement
- DRT manufacturer/vendor information
- Summary of verification test program including testing location and type (LSWT,
HSWT, or Field)
- Results of the verification test
- Droplet size classification, using ASAE S572.
- Any limitations of the verification results
- Brief QA statement
• Introduction
• Description and identification of the DRT
• Procedures and methods used in testing
- The instruments and measurement apparatus used for droplet size measurement
(including name and type, model number, serial number, scale ranges, software
version number, and date of most recent calibration verification)
- Spray flux and deposition sampling (including description of monofilament lines,
size and type of horizontal samplers, placement of monofilament lines and
samplers, and photograph of samplers place for collection)
• Statement of operating range and testing conditions over which the test was
conducted including:
- Nozzle orifice height
- Spray pressure at nozzle
- Volume/unit time produced by nozzle
- Test spray material composition
- Source of spray materials (including water)
- Sampling locations
- Temperature
- Humidity
- Wind speed - wind tunnel testing only
- Flight speed or ground equipment speed - field testing only
- Wind speed/direction - field testing only
- Atmospheric stability (Pascal) - field testing only
- Results of the ASAE S572 droplet size measurement
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• Summary and discussion of results
- Results supporting verification statement
- Deviations and explanations from test plan
- Discussion of QA and QA statement
• References
• Appendices
- QA/QC activities and results
- Raw test data
- Equipment calibration results
- Sample handling
E2: Draft Report Preparation
At the conclusion of the field and wind tunnel testing effort, a copy of all electronic and paper
data will be made and retained by the testing organization task leader.
The testing organization will develop a verification report that verifies and summarizes the DRT
test results.
E3: Data Storage and Retrieval
This section describes the handling and storage of the data. After the completion of a verification
test, labeled three-ring binders containing manually recorded information and data output
generated from instrumentation will be stored with a copy retained by the testing organization.
This is called the 'Data Notebook' in the ETV and APCT Center QMPs. After the completion of
a verification test, a computer diskette containing spreadsheet data files will be stored with a
copy retained by the test analyst.
All data, verification reports, and verification statements will be retained for a period of not less
than 7 years per Part A, Section 5.3 of the EPA ETV QMP.
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GROUP F: ASSESSMENT/OVERSIGHT
Fl: Assessments and Response Actions
Fl.l Internal Audits
Internal audits by the testing organization are conducted as specified in the testing organization's
SOP, which must conform to required Element Cl (Assessments and Response Actions) and C2
(Reports to Management) of EPA QA/R-5. The testing organization SOP documents must be
identified in the site-specific test/QA plan.
F1.2 Audits of Data Quality
In accordance with Table 9.1 of the EPA ETV QMP, the testing organization QM will conduct
an ADQ of at least 10 percent of all of the verification data. The ADQ will be conducted in
accordance with EPA's Guidance on Technical Audits and Related Assessments for
Environmental Data Operations, EPA QA/G-7, including:
• a written report detailing the results of custody tracing,
• a study of data transfer and intermediate calculations,
• a review of QA and QC data, including reconciliation to user requirements, e.g.,
DQOs and DQIGs, and
• a study of project incidents that resulted in lost data, and a review of study statistics.
The ADQ report ends with conclusions about the quality of the data from the project and their
fitness for their intended use.
F1.3 External Audits
The testing organization will cooperate with any external assessments by the EPA. EPA
assessors will conduct a single mandatory quality and technical systems assessment of the testing
organization before the start of the first test for each test facility. They may conduct optional
witness assessments during the first test or any subsequent test. The external assessments will be
conducted as described in EPA QA/G-7.
F1.4 Corrective Action
Corrective action to any audit or assessment is performed according to the testing organization's
SOPs, which must conform to required Elements B5 (Quality Control) and Cl (Assessments and
Response Actions) of EPA QA/R-5.
F2: Reports to Management
Internal assessment reports will be reviewed by the testing organization QM, who will respond
as noted in Element Cl of EPA QA/R-5. The written report of the ADQ will be submitted for
review as noted in Element Fl.2 of this protocol.
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GROUP G: DATA VALIDATION AND USABILITY ELEMENTS
Gl: Data Review, Verification, and Validation
Data review and validation will primarily occur at the following stages:
• On site following each test run - by the test technician
• On site following completion of the test program - by the testing organization
technical leader
• Before writing the draft verification test report - by the testing organization QM
• During QA review of the draft report and audit of the data - The criteria used to
review and validate the data will be the QA/QC criteria specified in each test
procedure, protocol, guideline, or method (see Table 2) and the DQIG analysis of the
parameter test data. Those individuals responsible for onsite data review and
validation are noted in Figure 5, Element BIO, and above. The testing organization
technical leader is responsible for verification of data with all written procedures.
Finally the testing organization QM reviews and validates the data and the draft
report using the site-specific test/QA Plan, test methods, general SOPs, and project-
specific SOPs.
The data review and data audit will be conducted in accordance with the testing organization's
SOP.
G2: Verification and Validation Methods
The process for validating and verifying data has been described in Elements B, C, and D of this
protocol. Results of the testing are conveyed to the data users through the ETV verification
statements and verification reports. Examples of an ETV verification statement are presented on
the ETV Web site [http://www.epa.gov/etv/].
G3: Reconciliation with Data Quality Objectives
DQO requirements have been defined [in Table 2]. This reconciliation step is an integral part of
the test program and will be done at the test site. Attainment of the DQO is confirmed by
analyzing the test data as described in Element A7 and will be completed by the testing
organization test technician and testing organization technical leader at the conclusion of the
scheduled test runs. The DQO is defined as meeting the DQIG in Table 2.
The reconciliation of the results with the DQO will be evaluated using the data quality
assessment process. This process started with the review of the DQO and the sampling design to
assure that the sampling design and data collection documentation are consistent with those
needed for the DQO. When the preliminary data is collected, the data will be reviewed to ensure
that the data are consistent with what was expected and to identify patterns, relationships, and
potential anomalies. The data will be summarized and analyzed using appropriate statistical
procedures to identify the key assumptions. The assumptions will be evaluated and verified with
all deviations from procedures assessed as to their impact on the data quality and the DQO.
Finally, the quality of the data will be assessed in terms of precision, bias, and statistical
significance as they relate to the measurement objectives and the DQO.
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Results from verification testing of the DRT will be presented in a verification statement and a
verification report as described in Element BIO.2.
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APPENDIX A: APPLICABLE DOCUMENTS AND PROCEDURES
1. EPA Documents
EPA. Policy and Program Requirements for the Mandatory Agency-wide Quality System. EPA
Order 5360.1 A2. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. May 2000.
EPA. EPA Requirements for Quality Management Plans. EPA QA/R-2, EPA Publication No.
EPA/240/B-01/002. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Environmental
Information. Washington, DC. March 2001.
EPA. Environmental Technology Verification Program, Quality Management Plan. EPA
Publication No. EPA/600/R-03/021. Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency. Cincinnati, OH. December 2002.
EPA. EPA Requirements for Quality Assurance Project Plans. EPA QA/R-5, EPA Publication
No. EPA/240/B-01/003. Office of Environmental Information, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency. March 2001.
EPA. Guidance for Quality Assurance Project Plans. EPA QA/G-5, EPA Publication No.
EPA/600/R-98/018. Office of Environmental Information, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency. February 1998.
EPA. Guidance on Technical Audits and Related Assessments for Environmental Data
Operations. EPA QA/G-7, EPA Publication No. EPA/600/R-99/080. Office of Environmental
Information, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. January 2000.
2. Verification Organization Documents
RTI International. Verification Testing of Air Pollution Control Technology - Quality
Management Plan, Revision 2.2. RTI International. Research Triangle Park, NC. February
2005.
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APPENDIX B: EXAMPLE FORMAT FOR TEST DATA
Table B-l. Example of Test Data Report Format
Droplet Size
Bin No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
Dv o.i (M.m)
Dv 0.5 (M.m)
Dv 0.9 ((J.m)
Relative Span
Measures of droplet size categories (|j,m)
Largest
1504
1297
1120
965
833
719
620
535
461
399
344
296
256
220
191
164
141
122
105
90.9
78.5
67.7
58.4
50.4
43.5
37.5
32.4
27.9
24.1
20.8
17.9
15.5
74
160
335
0.82
Arithmetic Mean
1400.5
1208.5
1042.5
899
776
669.5
577.5
498
430
371.5
320
276
238
205.5
177.5
152.5
131.5
113.5
97.95
84.7
73.1
63.05
54.4
46.95
40.5
34.95
30.15
26
22.45
19.35
16.7
9.75
Smallest
1297
1120
965
833
719
620
535
461
399
344
296
256
220
191
164
141
122
105
90.9
78.5
67.7
58.4
50.4
43.5
37.5
32.4
27.9
24.1
20.8
17.9
15.5
4.0
Mass Fraction
Incremental
0
0
0
0
0
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.01
0.06
0.05
0.06
0.09
0.09
0.08
0.12
0.11
0.08
0.06
0.03
0.02
0.03
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Cumulative
0
0
0
0
0
0.01
0.02
0.04
0.07
0.08
0.14
0.19
0.25
0.34
0.43
0.51
0.63
0.74
0.82
0.88
0.91
0.93
0.96
0.97
0.98
0.99
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
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