United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Healthy Indoor
Environment
Protocols for Home
Energy Upgrades
GUIDANCE FOR ACHIEVING SAFE AND HEALTHY
INDOOR ENVIRONMENTS DURING HOME ENERGY
RETROFITS
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HEALTHY INDOOR ENVIRONMENT PROTOCOLS FOR
HOME ENERGY UPGRADES
Purpose and Scope
Millions of American homes will be retrofitted in the coming years to improve their energy efficiency, make them more
"green" or add features their owners want. Integrated healthy home and energy-efficiency retrofit activities can simultaneously
lower utility costs and improve indoor air quality. Leading energy-efficiency retrofit programs have demonstrated the feasibility
of integrating many indoor air quality and safety improvements. However, home energy retrofit activities might negatively
affect indoor air quality if the appropriate home assessment is not made before work begins and issues that may affect indoor
air quality are not identified and properly addressed. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) developed Healthy
Indoor Environment Protocols for Home Energy Upgrades to provide practical guidance on improving or maintaining
indoor air quality and indoor environments during home energy upgrades, retrofits or remodeling.
The protocols apply to existing single-family and multi-family low-rise residential buildings. They provide guidance for
conducting home assessments and undertaking the responses necessary to maintain or improve indoor air quality and safety.
The protocols also can help improve the quality of home weatherization projects and other energy-efficiency retrofit or
remodeling jobs, thus reducing failures and call-backs.
The protocols are intended for use by the home energy retrofit industry, including energy-efficiency retrofit and housing
rehabilitation professionals and contractors, and others engaged in energy-focused residential retrofit, renovation or
remodeling efforts. They are also intended for voluntary adoption by federal, state, tribal and local weatherization assistance
programs, federally funded housing programs, industry standards organizations, private sector home performance contracting
organizations and public and environmental health professionals.
EPA developed these voluntary protocols in coordination with the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Workforce Guidelines
for Home Energy Upgrades (http://www.weatherization.energy.gov/retrofit guidelines) and the White House Council on
Environmental Quality (CEQ) Recovery Through Retrofit initiative
(http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/Recovery Through Retrofit Final Report.pdf).
Programs and contractors undertaking energy retrofits and renovations are encouraged to coordinate their services with local
health and housing resources to provide families the support they may need.
This document is not intended to 1) set new EPA regulatory standards, 2) provide guidance on diagnosing occupant
health problems or building-related illness, 3) address emerging issues that have not been linked to adverse health effects,
4) make training or training documents unnecessary, 5) provide detailed guidance on how to achieve the intent of each
recommendation in all situations or 6) identify funding availability or which programmatic funding sources should be used.
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How the Protocols Are Organized
This document is organized into four sections to highlight priority indoor environmental issues that may relate to home
energy-efficiency retrofits.
1. Priority Issues are listed in Column 1.
2. The Assessment Protocols in Column 2 are EPA-recommended or EPA-required protocols for evaluating existing
conditions of concern and the potential for additional concerns that may arise from retrofit activities.
3- The Minimum Actions in Column 3 include critical actions that home energy retrofit contractors should take to help
ensure their work does not introduce new indoor air quality concerns or make existing conditions worse. These actions
often refer to national standards and guidance; however, work should be conducted in compliance with state and local
requirements as well. All equipment removals should include proper disposal so that hazardous units are not reinstalled
or used elsewhere.
4. The Expanded Actions in Column 4 include additional actions to promote healthy indoor environments that can
be taken during many home energy retrofit projects. They can be performed by properly trained home energy retrofit
workers who have sufficient resources. National standards and guidance are also referenced; however, work should
be conducted in compliance with state and local requirements as well. All equipment removals should include proper
disposal so that hazardous units are not reinstalled or used elsewhere.
Relevant standards and guidance documents are listed in the Assessment Protocols, Minimum Actions and Expanded
Actions columns for each priority issue in an abbreviated format that can be identified with more detailed information in the
References section.
The icons used in these protocols are:
Indicates an issue where worker safety is a primary concern. See Appendix A: Worker Protection for information
on assessing the risks to workers, recommended actions to minimize risks to workers' health and safety and
additional resources.
Indicates an issue where occupant education is especially important. If the icon appears in a priority issue section,
appropriate occupant education about health and safety is strongly recommended as part of the retrofit activities.
See Appendix B: Client Education for recommended occupant health messages and additional resources.
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Contents
PURPOSE AND SCOPE i
HOW THE PROTOCOLS ARE ORGANIZED ii
CONTAMINANTS 1
ASBESTOS 1
BELOWGROUND CONTAMINANTS (EXCEPT RADON) 3
BUILDING PRODUCTS/MATERIALS EMISSIONS 4
CARBON MONOXIDE (CO) AND OTHER COMBUSTION APPLIANCE EMISSIONS
(NITROGEN OXIDES, VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS [VOCs] AND PARTICULATES) 6
EN VI RON MENTAL TOBACCO SMOKE (ETS) 7
GARAGE AIR POLLUTANTS (CO, BENZENE AND OTHER VOCs) 8
LEAD 9
MOISTURE (MOLD AND OTHER BIOLOGICALS) 9
OZONE 11
PESTS 11
POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS (PCBs) 12
RADON 12
WOOD SMOKE AND OTHER SOLID FUEL EMISSIONS 16
CRITICAL BUILDING SYSTEMS FOR HEALTHY INDOOR ENVIRONMENTS 17
HEATING, VENTILATING AND AIR CONDITIONING (HVAC) EQUIPMENT 17
COMBUSTION SAFETY 18
Vented Combustion Appliances 18
Unvented Combustion Appliances 20
SOURCE VENTILATION 21
WHOLE-HOUSE VENTILATION FOR DISTRIBUTED CONTAMINANT SOURCES 22
MULTI-FAMILY VENTILATION 22
SAFETY 23
HOME SAFETY 23
JOBSITE SAFETY 24
REFERENCES 26
STANDARDS AND OTHER REQUIREMENTS 26
GUIDANCE 27
ADDITIONAL RESOURCES 31
APPENDICES 32
APPENDIX A: WORKER PROTECTION 32
APPENDIX B: CLIENT EDUCATION 38
APPENDIX C: ABBREVIATIONS 43
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HEALTHY INDOOR ENVIRONMENT PROTOCOLS FOR HOME ENERGY UPGRADES
PRIORITY ISSUES
ASSESSMENT PROTOCOLS
Minimum Actions
Expanded Actions
Additional actions to promote healthy indoor
environments that can be taken during energy-
efficiency retrofit projects. EPA recommends
considering these improvements when feasible.
CONTAMINANTS
ASBESTOS
Determine potential asbestos hazard. Consider
the age of the structure; homes built after 1930
and before the 1970s especially may have asbestos
insulation. Asbestos may also be present in other
building materials in homes built or renovated
prior to the 1990s.
Note
Possible sources of asbestos are:
Attic insulation (especially vermiculite).
Wall insulation (e.g., vermiculite, insulation
blocks).
Insulation on steam pipes, boilers and furnace
ducts.
Vinyl flooring (including 9-inch by 9-inch
or 12-inch by 12-inch floor tiles, vinyl sheet
flooring and the mastics and other adhesives used
to secure the flooring).
Cement sheet, millboard and paper used as
insulation around furnaces and wood- or coal-
burning appliances.
Door gaskets in furnaces and wood- or coal-
burning appliances (seals may contain asbestos).
Soundproofing or decorative surface materials
sprayed on walls or ceilings, including popcorn
ceilings.
Patching and joint compounds and textured
paints on walls and ceilings.
Roofing, shingles and siding (including cement or
adhesives).
Artificial ashes and embers (used in gas-fired
fireplaces).
Transite (cement and asbestos) combustion vent
or transiteflue.
Original plaster or plaster that is old enough to
potentially contain asbestos.
If suspected asbestos-containing material (ACM) is
in good condition, do not disturb.
If suspected ACM is damaged (e.g., unraveling,
frayed, breaking apart), immediately isolate
the area(s). For example, separate work area in
question from occupied portions of the building
using appropriate containment practices AND do
not disturb. For suspected ACM that is damaged
or that must be disturbed as part of the retrofit
activity, contact an asbestos professional for
abatement or repair, in accordance with federal,
state and local requirements. Only a licensed or
trained professional may abate, repair or remove
This cell is intentionally blank.
Note
Typically, trained professionals can repair asbestos
by-
Sealing or Encapsulating: Treating the material
with a sealant that either binds the asbestos
fibers together or coats the material so fibers are
not released. Pipe, furnace and boiler insulation
can often be repaired this way.
Covering or Enclosing: Placing a protective layer
over OR around the ACM to prevent release of
fibers. Exposed insulated piping may be covered
with a protective wrap or jacket.
Removing: Removing ACM may be
advantageous when remodeling OR making
major changes to a home that will disturb
ACM, or if ACM is damaged extensively and
cannot be otherwise repaired (by covering,
enclosing, sealing or encapsulating).
(Continued on next page)
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PRIORITY ISSUES
ASBESTOS (continued)
ASSESSMENT PROTOCOLS
Minimum Actions
Expanded Actions
If unsure whether material contains asbestos,
contact a qualified asbestos professional to assess
the material. Sample and test as needed.
Note
The EPA vermiculate guidance referenced below
includes photos to aid the identification of
vermiculite insulation.
Relevant Guidance/Standards
The National Institute of Standards and
Technology (NIST) maintains a list of asbestos
laboratories accredited under the National
Voluntary Laboratory Accreditation Program
(NVLAP):
Call NIST at (301) 975-4016 or email
NVLAP@nist.gov.
NIST/NVLAP: Accredited Laboratories for
the Polarized Light Microscopy (PLM) Test
Method.
NIST/NVLAP: Accredited Laboratories for
the Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)
Test Method.
DOL, OSHA, 29 CFR Part 1926, subpart Z.
EPA Asbestos: Asbestos in Your Home.
EPA Asbestos: Regional and State Asbestos
Contacts.
EPA Vermiculite.
If working in a pre-1980 building, see:
Appendix A: Worker Protection Asbestos and
Confined Spaces.
When working around ACM, do not:
Dust, sweep or vacuum ACM debris.
Saw, sand, scrape or drill holes in the
material.
Use abrasive pads or brushes to strip
materials.
Do not remove OR disturb attic insulation that
looks like vermiculite unless the material has been
tested and found not to contain asbestos.
Any asbestos abatement or repair work should be
completed prior to blower door testing. Exercise
appropriate caution when conducting blower door
testing where friable asbestos or vermiculite attic
insulation is present to avoid drawing asbestos
fibers into the living space (i.e., use positively
pressurized blower door testing) unless the
material has been tested and found not to contain
asbestos.
Notes
Appropriate identification of ACM is necessary to
ensure the continued safety of the occupants and
the safety of workers, who may not be aware of
asbestos hazards.
If ACM may be disturbed during a planned
retrofit, a competent person needs to conduct an
initial exposure assessment to determine potential
worker exposures and required exposure controls.1^/
Asbestos awareness training is recommended for
retrofit workers, especially auditors and crew
chiefs. <|>
Relevant Guidance/Standards
BPI Technical Standards: Technical Standards for
the Heating Professional.
DOL, OSHA, Asbestos.
DOL, OSHA, Asbestos - Construction.
EPA Asbestos: Asbestos in Your Home.
EPA Vermiculite.
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PRIORITY ISSUES
ASSESSMENT PROTOCOLS
Minimum Actions
Expanded Actions
BELOWGROUND CONTAMINANTS (except radon)
Visually evaluate potential sources AND check for
odors of gasoline, sewer gas or fuel oil.
Visually evaluate the integrity of sewer vent
system (e.g., ensure drain traps have water in
them, inspect drain lines for breaks or leaks),
particularly if there is the odor of sewer gas in the
home (e.g., during the initial assessment or a fan
depressurization test).
If you detect an odor but cannot identify its source
and the house is in a known contaminated area,
notify local or state authorities AND/OR pursue
additional assessment before making additional
energy upgrades.
If soil or groundwater contamination is suspected
on or near the building site (e.g., former industrial
site), volatile contaminants or breakdown products
may pose an indoor air quality risk through soil
gas intrusion. In such cases, EPA recommends
further assessment before air sealing. Consult
your state OR tribal voluntary brownfield cleanup
program OR environmental regulatory agency for
information on the risks of vapor intrusion in your
Relevant Guidance/Standards
ASTM E2600.
EPA OSWER Draft Guidance for Evaluating
Vapor Intrusion.
Repair or replace failed or unattached sewer vent
system components before proceeding with energy
retrofits.
If the assessments reveal sewer gas odors from
drain traps that are dry due to infrequent use, fill
the traps with a non-toxic liquid that has a slow
evaporation rate (e.g., mineral oil).
If soil gas vapor intrusion is suspected, assess
AND mitigate in compliance with state or
local standards. If there are no such standards,
follow EPA guidance, below, for vapor intrusion
evaluation and mitigation.
Note
The causes or sources of contaminants must be
identified and corrected before air sealing or other
weatherization retrofit actions are performed to
ensure the problem is not exacerbated.
Relevant Guidance/Standards
ASPE Data Book.
Conduct work in compliance with state and local
standards. Otherwise follow:
ASTM E2600.
EPA OSWER Draft Guidance for Evaluating
Vapor Intrusion.
EPA Vapor Intrusion Mitigation Approaches.
If there is an untrapped floor drain, consider
installing a low-cost floor drain seal like those
often used during radon mitigations, as described
inASTME2121.
Relevant Guidance/Standards
ASTM E2121.
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PRIORITY ISSUES
ASSESSMENT PROTOCOLS
Minimum Actions
Expanded Actions
BUILDING PRODUCTS/ MATERIALS EMISSIONS
Review information on the contents of products
being considered for purchase and installation
during an energy upgrade project to determine
whether they contain potentially hazardous
compounds. Many of these products and
materials (e.g., paints, particle board, pressed
wood, insulation, sealants, plywood and cleaning
supplies) may contain volatile organic compounds
(VOCs), including formaldehyde, or other
hazardous compounds to which exposure should
be minimized or eliminated during and after an
energy upgrade.
Assess ventilation to determine compliance
with the Minimum Actions and Whole-House
Ventilation for Distributed Contaminant Sources
(page 22).
Note:
Dilution using whole-house ventilation will help
reduce VOCs and other airborne contaminants
from indoor sources in most homes.
In most circumstances, testing for VOCs is not
necessary. If odors or occupant complaints indicate
potential VOCs or other airborne contaminants,
follow the source control and ventilation actions
under Minimum Actions and Expanded Actions.
If working with materials associated with chemical
emissions or dust generation, including spray
polyurethane foam insulation, see Jobsite Safety
(page 24) and Appendix A: Worker Protection.<^>
Relevant Guidance/Standards
American Chemistry Council: Spray Polyurethane
Foam Health and Safety.
DOL, OSHA, Green Jobs Hazards.
EPA SPF: Spray Polyurethane Foam, Building
Occupants and Other Workers Should Vacate
During SPF Installation.
Whole-House Ventilation for Distributed
Contaminant Sources (page 22).
Minimize occupant and worker exposure to VOCs
or other airborne contaminants by:
Ensuring that work areas are properly isolated
(e.g., by sealing with plastic sheeting) and
ventilated to the outdoors during activities that
result in VOC emissions (e.g., installing spray
foam insulation, painting, sealing, finishing)
AND that they are ventilated as close as
possible to the source of those emissions.
Using appropriate dust-control and protective
equipment.
Thoroughly cleaning work areas and allowing
any odors to dissipate before re-occupancy.
Following manufacturers' recommendations,
which may indicate the need to evacuate
building occupants and other unprotected
individuals from work areas during and for
some period after the use of a product.
Source Control
When installing new products and materials,
consider using the least toxic product or material
feasible to effectively do the job. For example, use
products and materials that indicate they have (or
are certified as having) low VOC content or low
VOC emissions.
Note:
California Title 17 requires reduced formaldehyde
emissions from composite wood products and
finished goods that contain composite wood
products sold, offered for sale, supplied, used or
manufactured for sale in California.
Ventilation
Ensure the home meets the Minimum Actions
in the Whole-House Ventilation for Distributed
Contaminant Sources section (page 22).
Ventilate the building with as much outside air
as possible before permanently occupying. Do
not conduct a "bake-out" in an attempt to reduce
VOC emissions after the building is occupied,
because it may cause VOCs to be absorbed by
other interior materials and may damage building
components.
New Products Source Control
When available, specify products and materials
that meet independent certification and testing
protocols, such as:
California Department of Public Health,
Emission Testing Method for California
Specification 01350.
Carpet and Rug Institute (CRI) Green Label
or Green Label Plus program criteria or
equivalent standards for carpet.
Collaborative for High Performance Schools
(CHPS) High Performance Products Database.
Green Seal Standard GS-11.
Greenguard Children and Schools
Certification Program.
Master Painters Institute (MPI) Green
Performance Standards GPS-1 or GPS-2.
Scientific Certification Systems (SCS) Standard
EC-10.2-2007, Indoor Advantage Gold.
When installing structural plywood or pressed or
composite wood products, select those that are
certified compliant with California Title 17. If
California Title 17 compliant materials are not
available, use products that meet section 6.1 of EPAs
Indoor airPLUS Construction Specifications.
Existing Condition Source Control/
Supplemental Ventilation
If odors, complaints or testing indicate potential
VOCs or other airborne contaminants, remove
any potential sources (e.g., hobby materials,
fiberglass that may contain formaldehyde) from
the room or area. If removal is not feasible,
consider installing local exhaust ventilation for
sources that are isolated in a specific room or area.
(Continued on next page)
4
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PRIORITY ISSUES
ASSESSMENT PROTOCOLS
BUILDING PRODUCTS/MATERIALS EMISSIONS (continued)
Minimum Actions
Relevant Guidance/Standards
American Chemistry Council: Spray Polyurethane
Foam Health and Safety.
California Title 17.
EPA SPF: Spray Polyurethane Foam.
Whole-House Ventilation for Distributed
Contaminant Sources (page 22).
Expanded Actions
Seal composite wood products (e.g., particle board
and pressed wood) that are not compliant with
California Title 17 or that do not meet section
6.1 of EPAs Indoor airPLUS Construction
Specifications with a sealant intended to reduce
VOC emissions. Seal all exposed surfaces and
holes, as appropriate. Check with vendors for
recommendations on sealing their engineered
wood products. If these actions do not solve
the problem (e.g., persistent odors, occupant
complaints), hiring an environmental professional
and testing may be necessary.
Testing
If VOCs appear to be present based on odors or
complaints and source control or ventilation do
not alleviate the problem, testing by a qualified
professional may be useful.
Relevant Guidance/Standards
California Department of Public Health, Emission
Testing Method for California Specification
01350.
California Title 17.
GARB: Formaldehyde.
CHPS.
CRI.
EPA Design for the Environment.
EPA Indoor airPLUS Specification Section 6.
Green Seal Standard GS-11.
Greenguard Children and Schools Certification
Program.
MPI GPS-1 and GPS-2.
SCS Standard EC-10.2-2007.
Whole-House Ventilation for Distributed
Contaminant Sources (page 22).
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PRIORITY ISSUES
ASSESSMENT PROTOCOLS
Minimum Actions
Expanded Actions
Locate and identify any fuel-burning combustion
appliances in the home (e.g., gas, oil, kerosene,
wood- or coal-burning appliances). See
Combustion Safety (page 18) and Wood Smoke
and Other Solid Fuel Emissions (page 16)
for assessment protocols to complete safety
inspections of all combustion appliances in a
dwelling.
Determine if there is an attached garage. See
Garage Air Pollutants (page 8) for ways to locate
air leaks from a garage to occupied spaces.
Determine whether there are working carbon
monoxide (CO) alarms and smoke alarms, ^jj^
Ask occupants whether they have supplemental
portable combustion equipment (e.g., generators,
unvented gas or kerosene space heaters), ^fo"
Test interior living space for CO. Avoid testing
near combustion equipment that has already
undergone CO testing.
Test for CO outside of the home (e.g., near front
entrance) to document general outdoor levels.
Avoid testing near obvious sources of CO (e.g.,
motor vehicles, lawn equipment).
Relevant Guidance/Standards
BPI-1100-T-2010, Combustion Appliance Testing
section.
Combustion Safety (page 18).
Garage Air Pollutants (page 8).
Wood Smoke and Other Solid Fuel Emissions
(page 16).
If CO levels in interior living spaces exceed
outdoor levels, investigate potential sources and
take appropriate action to reduce them (e.g., have
a qualified professional tune, repair or replace
improperly operating combustion appliances;
apply weatherstripping or conduct air sealing
between the garage and the home).
Specify and install CO alarms in all homes. See
Home Safety (page 23) for details/jjy
See Garage Air Pollutants (page 8) for
recommendations on how to minimize the
movement of air and contaminants (including CO
and other combustion appliance emissions) from
the garage to the house.
See Combustion Safety (page 18) and Heating,
Ventilating and Air Conditioning (HVAC)
Equipment (page 17). as appropriate, for
recommendations on repairing, removing or
replacing combustion appliances.
Relevant Guidance/Standards
Combustion Safety (page 18).
Garage Air Pollutants (page 8).
Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning
(HVAC) Equipment (page 17).
Home Safety (page 23).
See Home Safety (page 23) for recommended
installation of CO alarms that can detect and store
peak CO levels of less than 30
See the Expanded Actions for Garage
Air Pollutants (page 8) for additional
recommendations on minimizing airflow from the
garage to the house.
See the Expanded Actions for Combustion Safety
(page 18) for additional recommendations on
repairing, removing or replacing combustion
appliances.
Relevant Guidance/Standards
Combustion Safety (page 18).
Garage Air Pollutants (page 8).
Home Safety (page 23).
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PRIORITY ISSUES
ASSESSMENT PROTOCOLS
ENVIRONMENTAL TOBACCO SMOKE (ETS)
Single Family Dwelling: Look for signs of smoking
indoors (e.g., ashtrays, cigarette packs, odors).
Multi-Family Dwelling: Determine whether there
is a smoke-free housing policy. Determine whether
tenants have complained about smoking odors or
smoking related concerns.
Minimum Actions
Single-Family Dwelling: See Appendix B: Client
Education.
Multi-Family Dwelling: If there have been
complaints, ask the owner if a smoke-free housing
policy is being considered. If a policy has not
been adopted, address the complaints through the
following actions:
Reduce unintended excess airflow from
common exhaust ventilation systems due to
duct and shaft leakage, excess fan flow and
unbalanced unit flows.
Seal enough to enable ventilation systems
to increase capture in smokers' units, match
flows to remove fan-induced pressure
difference between units, and increase
outdoor air supply ventilation rates in non-
smokers' units.
Reduce ETS transfer from smokers' units by:
Air sealing the walls, ceilings and floors
that separate the unit from neighboring
units, corridors, chases and stairwells. Seal
smoker's unit as tightly as possible.
Adjusting outdoor air and exhaust flows
so the unit is negative relative to bounding
wall and ceiling cavities and the overall
ventilation rate for the unit has increased.
Smoke current tubes or other air flow tests
should show that air flows into the dwelling
unit through openings in bounding walls
(e.g., electrical outlets).
Note
The above air sealing strategies are intended to help
reduce the exposure of occupants in the non-smoking
units adjacent to the smokers' units. These actions
may not reduce the risks of ETS to occupants living
in the smokers' units.
Relevant Guidance/Standards
ASHRAE 62.2-2010.
MNCEE: Reduction of Environmental Tobacco
Smoke Transfer in Minnesota Multifamily
Buildings Using Air Sealing and Ventilation
Treatments.
Expanded Actions
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(Continued on next page)
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PRIORITY ISSUES
ASSESSMENT PROTOCOLS
ENVIRONMENTAL TOBACCO SMOKE (ETS) (continued)
GARAGE AIR POLLUTANTS (CO, BENZENE AND VOCS)
If there is an attached garage (i.e., sharing at least
one wall, ceiling, ductwork, etc.), identify the
location of any air leaks from the garage to the
occupied spaces that may provide pathways for
hazardous emissions to enter the occupied spaces.
Look for leaks around walls, doors, ceilings,
ductwork, air conditioners, furnaces, chimneys
and electrical and pipe penetrations.
Determine (visual inspection and/or occupant
inquiry) if there are unvented combustion
appliances or hobby equipment that may be used
in the garage.
Note
If combustion appliances are present, see Carbon
Monoxide (CO) and Other Combustion Appliance
Emissions (page 6), Vented Combustion Appliances
(page 18) and Unvented Combustion Appliances
(page 20) for recommended actions.
Relevant Guidance/Standards
Carbon Monoxide (CO) and Other Combustion
Appliance Emissions (page 6).
Energy Conservatory: Blower Door.
Unvented Combustion Appliances (page 20).
Vented Combustion Appliances (page 18).
Minimum Actions
NCHH Fact Sheet: Improving Ventilation in
Existing or New Buildings with Central Roof
Exhaust.
NCHH Fact Sheet: Improving Ventilation in
Multi-Family Buildings That Do Not Have Fan-
Powered Ventilation Systems.
NCHH Fact Sheet: Improving Ventilation in
New and Existing Multi-Family Buildings with
Individual Unit Ventilation Systems.
Expanded Actions
To minimize the movement of air and
contaminants from the attached garage to the
house, air seal walls and ceilings separating the
garage from the living spaces. ^8*
At a minimum, air seal these locations (if present):
Doors (ensure tight closure AND install
weather-stripping).
Electrical, plumbing and duct penetrations.
Cracks between mud sill, rim joists, subfloors
and/or bottom of gypsum board.
Leaks in the ductwork and air handlers and
gaps around the ductwork penetrating from
the garage to the occupied space.
To keep garage air from being drawn into the
home, eliminate or disconnect supply diffusers
and return grilles in the garage that connect to air
handlers serving the occupied space.
If heat is needed in the garage, use a properly
installed supplemental heating system.
Relevant Guidance/Standards
ACCA5QI-2010.
ASHRAE 62.2-2010.
Steps that can reduce air pressure in the garage
and minimize flow from the garage to the house
include the following:
If occupants spend significant time in the
garage (e.g., the garage is used as a workshop
or playroom), at a minimum, install local
exhaust fan(s) rated for continuous operation
and vented outdoors in attached garages in
accordance with section 5.6 of EPA's Indoor
airPLUS Construction Specifications or 2009
International Mechanical Code, table 403-3.
Relocate the air handling equipment and
associated ductwork from the garage to an area
within a conditioned space.
If accessible, add blocking in the floor system
to assist with air sealing between the garage
and living space in homes that have a room
above the garage.
Use advanced blower door techniques (see
guidance listed below) to identify air leakage
pathways between the house and garage and
to verify the effectiveness of air sealing.
Relevant Guidance/Standards
EPA Indoor airPLUS Specification 5.6.
Home Energy, Advanced Blower Door
Techniques.
International Mechanical Code, 2009.
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PRIORITY ISSUES
ASSESSMENT PROTOCOLS
Minimum Actions
Expanded Actions
Assume there is lead-based paint in homes built
before 1978 unless testing shows otherwise.
Determine whether paint will be disturbed by the
work or the assessment.
Consider using an EPA-recognized testing method
(e.g., X-ray fluorescence [XRF] testing, or an
on-site test kit) on suspect surfaces that will be
disturbed in order to determine whether the
paint is lead-based. The lead-safe work practices
minimum and expanded actions apply only to
paint assumed to be or tested to confirm that it is
lead-based.
Relevant Guidance/Standards
HUD Title 24.
EPA Renovation, Repair and Painting (RRP)
Program Rule: 24 CFR Part 25, subpart J.
EPA Lead.
EPA Lead-Based Paint Renovation, Repair, and
Painting Program: Small Entity Compliance
Guide to Renovate Right.
If working in a pre-1978 building, see
Appends A: Worker Protection - Lead. <£>
MOISTURE (MOLD AND OTHER BIOLOGICALS)
Inspect the interior and exterior of the building
for evidence of moisture problems. Document
the extent and location of the problems, and
the proposed repairs, to avoid exacerbating the
problems when the repairs are made. Examples of
moisture and mold problems are:
Water damage or stains.
Foundation cracks that leak water.
Visible mold growth.
Comply with EPA's Lead-Based Paint Renovation,
Repair, and Painting (RRP) Program Rule. Among
the rule's key elements are:
Use a Certified Renovator.
Follow lead-safe work practices if disturbing
more than 6 ft2 of interior or 20 ft2 of exterior
painted surfaces.
Contain the work area to avoid resident
exposure.
Minimize lead dust and leave no dust or
debris behind.
Achieve visual post-cleaning criteria.
Comply with state and local lead-related
regulations, which may be applicable to lead
hazard reduction activities and may require
additional certified personnel.
Note
This is not a complete summary of the regulatory
requirements. The intent of this protocol is to
promote the most health-protective steps that
are feasible and practical. The minimum action
recommended in this protocol is to comply with
whatever the most current version of the RRP
Program Rule prescribes.
Relevant Guidance/Standards
DOL, OSHA, Lead.
EPA Renovation, Repair and Painting (RRP)
Program Rule: 24 CFR Part 25, subpart J.
EPA Renovation, Repair and Painting (RRP)
Program Rule: 40 CFR Part 745.
EPA Lead Accredited Training Programs.
Follow the U.S. Department of Housing
and Urban Development (HUD) lead-safe
rehabilitation practices. In addition to EPA's RRP,
these HUD practices:
Lower the thresholds for interior painted
surface area from 6 ft2 to 2 ft2.
Require repair of painted surfaces that
are disturbed when using lead-safe work
practices.
Require meeting lead dust clearance testing
standards if more than 2 ft2 of paint is
disturbed.
Note
Lead dust clearance testing includes measuring
for lead dust on floors, windowsills and window
troughs. See NCHHFact Sheet: Testing for Lead-
Contaminated Dust.
Relevant Guidance/Standards
EPA Renovation, Repair and Painting (RRP)
Program Rule: 24 CFR Part 25, subpart J.
HUD Lead Safe Work Practices.
NCHH Fact Sheet: Testing for Lead-
Contaminated Dust.
Repair roof leaks before air sealing or insulating the
attic.
Address surface water pooling near the foundation
before insulating basement or crawlspace walls near
wet areas.
Repair additional moisture problems identified
during the assessment (e.g., plumbing leaks,
rain leaks including leaks around windows and
flashing, and foundation leaks).
Retrofit crawlspaces so that they are unvented,
sealed, insulated, properly drained and
waterproofed, following guidance in section
1.4 of EPA's Indoor airPLUS Construction
Specifications.
(Continued on nex.
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PRIORITY ISSUES
ASSESSMENT PROTOCOLS
Minimum Actions
Expanded Actions
MOISTURE (MOLD AND OTHER BIOLOGICALS) (continued)
Wet or damp spots.
Musty odor.
Moisture damage on windows.
Groundwater, surface water and rainwater
intrusion.
Plumbing leaks.
Condensation.
Consider temperature, relative humidity
and absolute humidity (e.g., dew point
temperature and humidity ratio [i.e., pounds
or grains of water vapor per pound of dry
air]).
Determine whether the project requires
mold remediation and additional moisture
control measures (e.g., as determined during a
Weatherization Assistance Program audit).
Document which moisture problems will be
addressed as part of the energy-conserving project,
and which must be repaired by the homeowner or
another contractor before certain, specific energy
conserving measures can be implemented.
If moisture issues cannot be addressed, do not
install energy upgrades that will reduce the
home's air infiltration rate. Homes where this may
be the case include those that have significant
condensation or humidity problems, such as
condensation on multiple windows, condensation
in attics or significant moisture or mold problems
that are beyond the scope of the remedies under
Minimum Actions.
See Appendix A: Worker Protection Mold and
Confined Spaces as appropriate. <£>
Manage rainwater in assemblies receiving retrofits
(e.g., drainage planes and flashings), following
guidance in EPA's Indoor airPLUS Construction
Specifications 1.5 and 1.6.
Ensure proper HVAC condensate drainage.
Prevent condensation in the enclosure by:
Air sealing the enclosure. Note: This also
prevents ice dams in cold, snowy climates.
Managing water vapor flow and condensing
surface temperatures to avoid dew point
conditions (achieved by selection of materials
with appropriate combination of R-value and
vapor permeability).
Managing air pressure relationships as needed.
Controlling indoor humidity sources, for
example:
Ensuring bath fans are operating properly
and vented to the outdoors.
Ensuring clothes dryers are correctly vented
to the outdoors.
Covering earthen floors in basements and
crawlspaces with sealed vapor barriers; seal
sump crocks.
If adding an air conditioning (AC) unit,
ensure it is sized properly. If the relative
humidity or moisture in the air is high,
evaluate whether the AC unit is oversized.
Install dehumidifiers, if appropriate.
Remove unvented combustion space heaters.
Ensure proper crawlspace ventilation.
Ensure proper attic ventilation, unless sealed
or conditioned.
Conduct any required mold remediation following
EPA or other professional guidance (see see
Appendix A, Mold section, page 34).<^>
See Mold and Moisture section in Appendix B:
Client Education.
Perform additional activities, beyond those
required for the weatherization project, in order to
remediate any mold growth. Follow EPA or other
professional guidance (see Appendix A, Mold
section,
Relevant Guidance/Standards
EPA Indoor airPLUS Specification: 1 .4.
EPA Mold Remediation.
10
(Continued on next page)
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PRIORITY ISSUES
ASSESSMENT PROTOCOLS
MOISTURE (MOLD AND OTHER BIOLOGI'
ntinued)
Relevant Guidance/Standards
DOE: Workforce Guidelines for Home Energy
Upgrades (under development).
Minimum Actions
Notes
Replacing an atmospherically vented or fan-
powered combustion device that draws combustion
air from inside the home with a high-efficiency
sealed combustion device can reduce the ventilation
rate, which could result in cold-weather
condensation in some building enclosures.
If an atmospherically vented combustion device is
causing an indoor humidity problem, it should be
repaired in accordance with the Combustion Safety
section (page 18).
Relevant Guidance/Standards
Combustion Safety (page 18).
DOE: Workforce Guidelines for Home Energy
Upgrades (under development).
EPA Indoor airPLUS Specifications 1.5 and 1.6.
Expanded Actions
Determine if there is any air-cleaning equipment
designed to intentionally produce ozone (i.e.,
ozone generators) in the house.
Relevant Guidance/Standards
GARB: Ozone.
Identify evidence of mice, squirrels or other
rodents; termites; birds; bats; cockroaches or
other pests. Note the location and identify
pest-contaminated materials (e.g., nests, feces).
Determine whether rodenticides or pesticides are
being used.
Remove pest-infested materials OR determine if
professional assistance is needed to do so before
conducting energy retrofit work in pest-infested
Do not install air-cleaning equipment designed to This cell is intentionally blank.
intentionally produce ozone (i.e., ozone generators).
Recommend removal of air-cleaning equipment
designed to intentionally produce ozone, if present.
Relevant Guidance/Standards
EPA Indoor airPLUS Specification 4.7.
EPA lAQ: Ozone Generators that are Sold as Air
Cleaners.
Alert owner of any termite infestations and inform
owner of the need to seek assistance from an
integrated pest management (IPM) professional
(e.g., Greenpro, Greenshield or equivalently trained
IPM professional).
In areas with evidence of rodent infestations, patch
with pest-resistant materials (e.g., copper mesh,
hardware cloth, sheet metal, concrete) exterior
holes that are larger than l/4 inch by % inch before
applying air sealing materials (e.g., caulk or foam)
OR before insulating.
Protect air intakes from potential bird and pest
entry (e.g., cover openings with Vi-inch screen or
galvanized mesh).
Protect exhaust vents from rodent, bird and
pest entry (e.g., cover openings with louvers).
Avoid creating conditions that can clog exhaust,
particularly dryer vents.
11
(Continued on next page)
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PRIORITY ISSUES
ASSESSMENT PROTOCOLS
Minimum Actions
Expanded Actions
PESTS (continued)
Note
Termite and some other types of pest infestations
are often an indication of moisture problems.
See Moisture (pave 9) for diagnosing moisture
Relevant Guidance/Standards
AFHH.
CDC Resource on Rodents.
Advise owner/resident to regularly clean/fix screens
or dampers over exterior air intakes and exhausts
(e.g., at least semi-annually or when replacing
HVAC filters). Remove clutter, eliminate wood
piles near house, and remove bushes, trees or
other vegetation closer than two feet from the
structure.
Relevant Guidance/Standards
EPA IPM.
NCHH IPM.
New York City Department of Health and Mental
Hygiene.
Follow IPM guidelines for roach control AND, if
feasible, apply boric acid or gels in holes for roach
issues. Follow relevant state pesticide applicator
standards.
Note
Some states require that pest management
professionals be licensed.
Provide scalable outside garbage cans OR advise
clients to use them.
Relevant Guidance/Standards
ASHRAE 62.2-2010.
EPA IPM.
New York City Department of Health and Mental
Hygiene.
POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS (PCBs)
Determine whether fluorescent light ballasts
containing polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are
present.
Note
Some homes may contain fluorescent light fixtures
with ballasts manufactured before 1979 that
contain polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Ballasts
manufactured between 1979 and 1998 that do
not contain PCBs were required to be labeled "No
PCBs. " Newer fluorescent lighting typically uses
electronic ballasts that do not contain PCBs and
should be clearly marked as electronic.
Relevant Guidance/Standards
EPA PCB-Containing Light Ballasts.
If fluorescent light ballasts do not have the
statement "No PCBs" or are not marked as
electronic, assume that the ballasts contain
PCBs and replace with new lighting fixtures OR
contact the manufacturer to determine whether
the ballasts contain PCBs. If the manufacturer
is not sure whether the ballasts contain PCBs,
assume that they do and replace with new lighting
fixtures.
Relevant Guidance/Standards
EPA PCB.
EPA PCB-Containing Light Ballasts.
The presence of PCBs may not be limited to
fluorescent light ballasts. PCBs were also used
in other products, including caulk. See EPA's
website on PCBs for a complete list of products of
concern, and where possible, remove and replace
them.
Relevant Guidance/Standards
EPA PCB.
EPA PCBs in Caulk.
Follow one of two testing options to determine the
radon level as summarized below and in Table 1.
Option 1: Test-In/Test-Out Test for radon
before and after energy upgrade work.
Option 2: Post-Work Test Test for radon only
after completing energy upgrade work.
Before completing retrofit activities, take
precautionary measures listed below in Column 1
of Table 1, depending on pre-work test results. After
work, follow the appropriate Minimum and/or
Expanded Actions outlined in Table 1, depending
on post-work test results.
Additional actions to reduce radon exposure are
summarized below and outlined in Table 1.
Mitigate according to ASTM E2121 when
the post-work radon level is > 4 pCi/L.
If the post-work radon level is between 2 and
4 pCi/L, refer the client to EPA's Citizens
Guide to Radon or mitigate in accordance
with ASTM E2121.
12
(Continued on next page)
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PRIORITY ISSUES
RADON (continued)
ASSESSMENT PROTOCOLS
Perform radon testing in accordance with applicable
state requirements or federal guidance. Individuals
conducting tests should be trained or certified by
either of these groups:
National Environmental Health Association
(NEHA) National Radon Proficiency Program.
National Radon Safety Board (NRSB).
Notes
Two radon tests may be performed simultaneously
and averaged to increase confidence in the short-
term test result. This approach can be used for both
pre- and post-work testing. Another option is to take
two tests sequentially. DO NOT average the pre-
work and post-work test results.
Long-term testing is the most accurate way to test
for radon, but it may not be feasible. See EPA's
Citizens Guide to Radon for information on long-
term testing.
The recommended testing protocols are designed
to ensure that radon exposure does not increase
above EPA thresholds in homes where radon levels
are initially below those thresholds. This protocol
is not designed to mitigate radon risks that existed
prior to the energy upgrade. All clients should be
provided with radon testing results.
Determine whether the home has an active or
passive radon mitigation system.
Note
Active mitigation systems include a radon vent fan,
usually located in an attic, in an attached garage
or on the building exterior.
Relevant Guidance/Standards
ASHI Radon Mitigation System Inspection
Checklist.
EPA Radon Guidance: Guidance for Radon
Testing and Mitigation.
EPA Radon: State Radon Contact Information.
Minimum Actions
When the pre-work radon level is > 2 pCi/L,
complete precautionary foundation air sealing
strategies:
Cover exposed earthen floors in basements
and crawlspaces according to section 1.2
of EPA's Indoor airPLUS Construction
Specifications.
Air seal sumps (e.g., install an airtight sump
cover) in such a way that water can drain
from above and below the sump cover.
Install airtight drain fittings (e.g., trap or
flange system) in foundation floor drains.
Seal and caulk penetrations, openings or
cracks in below-grade walls and floors that
contact the ground with a sealant that meets
the requirements of ASTM C920.
Note
These foundation air sealing strategies are also
important elements of radon mitigation according
toASTME2121, which addresses both foundation
air sealing and fan-powered radon mitigation
systems.
Educate the client about the test results and radon
reduction measures that were followed. Inform
the client that the radon testing protocols were
completed to ensure that the energy upgrade work
did not introduce indoor radon problems, but
the protocols do not necessarily mitigate a prior
indoor radon problem in the home. Advise the
client to refer to EPA's Citizen's Guide to Radon
for more information about radon risk.^Jy
Mitigate in accordance with ASTM E2121 if:
Option 1: Post-work radon level is >4pCi/L
AND it exceeds the pre-work radon level OR
Option 2: Post-work radon level is >4pCi/L
AND no pre-work levels were taken.
Expanded Actions
Relevant Guidance/Standards
ASTM C920.
ASTM E2121.
EPA Radon. State Radon Contact Information.
EPA Radon Guidance: Citizen's Guide to Radon.
13
(Continued on next page)
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PRIORITY ISSUES
RADON (continued)
ASSESSMENT PROTOCOLS
Minimum Actions
For homes equipped with an active radon
mitigation system:
Verify that the radon vent fan is operating.
If a previously installed radon mitigation
system is not operating correctly OR if the
post-work tested radon level is >4 pCi/L,
advise the client to consult the state radon
office.
Relevant Guidance/Standards
ASTM C920.
ASTM E2121.
EPA Indoor airPLUS Specification 1.2.
EPA Radon Guidance: Citizen's Guide to Radon.
Expanded Actions
14
-------
Table 1: Radon Testing Options and Reduction Strategies
Pre-Work
Test Result and
Precautionary Measures
<2 pCi/L
Consider precautionary
radon-reduction actions as
part of energy upgrade work,
especially covering exposed
earth, air sealing open sumps,
ensuring floor drains have
traps and that traps are not
dry.
Post-Work
Test Result
<2 pCi/L
>2 and <4 pCi/L
>4 pCi/L >4 pCi/L
Minimum Actions
No action.
Complete foundation air sealing strategies.
Mitigate in accordance with ASTM E2121.
Expanded Actions
For post-work radon levels between 2 and 4 pCi/L, refer
client to EPA's Citizen's Guide to Radon and Consumer's
Guide to Radon Reduction and/or mitigate in accordance
with ASTM E2121.
>2 and <4 pCi/L
Take precautionary radon-
reduction actions: complete
foundation air sealing
strategies as part of energy
upgrade work.
<4 pCi/L and NOT
higher than pre-work
level.
<4 pCi/L AND higher
than pre-work level.
>4 pCi/L
No further minimum action.
Verify that foundation air sealing strategies were completed
appropriately and correct deficiencies.
Mitigate in accordance with ASTM E2121.
For post-work radon levels between 2 and 4 pCi/L, refer
client to EPA's Citizen's Guide to Radon and Consumer's
Guide to Radon Reduction and/or mitigate in accordance
with ASTM E2121.
For post-work radon levels between 2 and 4 pCi/L, refer
client to EPA's Citizen's Guide to Radon and Consumer's
Guide to Radon Reduction and/or mitigate in accordance
with ASTM E2121.
>4 pCi/L
Complete all foundation air
sealing strategies as part of
energy upgrade work.
<4 pCi/L
>4 pCi/L but NOT
higher than pre-work
level.
>4 pCi/L AND higher
than pre-work level.
No further minimum action.
Refer client to EPA's Citizen's Guide to Radon and
recommend radon mitigation.
Mitigate in accordance with ASTM E2121.
For post-work radon levels between 2 and 4 pCi/L, refer
client to EPA's Citizen's Guide to Radon and Consumer's
Guide to Radon Reduction and/or mitigate in accordance
with ASTM E2121.
Mitigate in accordance with ASTM E2121.
No Pre-Work Test
Consider precautionary
radon-reduction actions as
part of energy upgrade work,
especially covering exposed
earth, air sealing open sumps,
ensuring floor drains have
traps and that traps are not
dry.
<4 pCi/L
>4 pCi/L
No further minimum action.
Mitigate in accordance with ASTM E2121.
For post-work radon levels between 2 and 4 pCi/L, refer
client to EPA's Citizen's Guide to Radon and Consumers
Guide to Radon Reduction and/or mitigate in accordance
with ASTM E2121.
15
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PRIORITY ISSUES
ASSESSMENT PROTOCOLS
Minimum Actions
Expanded Actions
WOOD SMOKE AND OTHER SOLID FUEL EMISSIONS
Determine whether there are wood- or coal-
burning appliances (e.g., wood stove or furnace,
wood pellet stove, fireplace) in the home.
If wood- or coal-burning appliances are present,
determine whether there is evidence of wood
smoke emissions affecting the home, using any of
the following practices or the equivalent (note that
many of the following may require input from
certified/trained professionals):
Look for evidence of soot on the walls or
ceiling or creosote staining near the flue pipe.
Determine whether the inside of the home
smells like wood smoke.
Ask occupants whether they regularly (i.e.,
daily) smell wood smoke during the heating
season.
If certified/trained professionals are available,
consider using a particle counter to quantify
particulates in the indoor air.
Assess appliance safety by considering:
Appliance condition, especially leaks, cracks
or faulty flue connections.
Proper distance of appliance to combustible
materials (minimum clearances) and/or
proper protection of combustibles.
Proper size and materials of floor protection.
Proper venting system (Vented Combustion
Appliances [page 181 and Unvented
Combustion Appliances [page 201).
Determine whether the wood- or coal-burning
appliance is EPA-certified (i.e., more energy
efficient and cleaner burning).
Determine whether a hydronic heater (e.g.,
outdoor wood-fired boiler) is present.
If the wood- or coal-burning appliance is
operating during the assessment, observe the
opacity of the smoke leaving the chimney.
Assess what the proper size of any wood- or
coal-burning appliances will be after the retrofit
is complete. If the current unit is oversized,
recommend replacement with a properly sized,
EPA-certified appliance.
If evidence of soot, wood smoke or other health
safety concern is apparent, determine the source
of the problem and work with the appropriate
certified professional (e.g., NFI, CSIA, etc.) to
resolve it.
Encourage the homeowner to have a certified
professional chimney sweep (e.g., certified by the
Chimney Safety Institute of America) inspect the
chimney and wood- or coal-burning appliance
annually. ^8"
Share EPA Burn Wise tips with the homeowner:
http://www.epa.gov/burnwise/pdfs/BurnWiseTips.
pdf. <0&
Relevant Guidance/Standards
CSIA.
EPA Burn Wise Guides: Burn Wise Guide for Best
Burn Practices for Wood Stoves.
EPA Burn Wise Tips.
NESCAUM Regulations.
NFPA211.
Replace non-certified wood- or coal-burning
appliances with properly sized and installed
EPA-certified wood- or coal-burning appliances
after the retrofit is complete. Appliances should
be installed according to the manufacturer's
instructions.
Relevant Guidance/Standards
EPA Burn Wise Lists.
(Continued on next page)
16
-------
PRIORITY ISSUES
ASSESSMENT PROTOCOLS
Minimum Actions
Expanded Actions
WOOD SMOKE AND OTHER SOLID FUEL EMISSIONS (continued)
Note
One hundred percent opacity means nothing can
be seen through the smoke. At 20% opacity, there is
very little smoke and you can see almost completely
through it. Smoke with opacity of more than 20%
is an indication that unseasoned wood is being
burned, a non-EPA approved stove is in use or
poor operation.
Relevant Guidance/Standards
EPA Burn Wise Guides: Burn Wise Guide for
Identifying Cleaner-Burning Appliances.
Carbon Monoxide (CO) and Other Combustion
Appliance Emissions (page 6).
NFPA211.
Unvented Combustion Appliances (page 20)
Vented Combustion Appliances
CRITICAL BUILDING SYSTEMS FOR HEALTHY INDOOR ENVIRONMENTS
HEATING, VENTILATING AND AIR CONDITIONING (HVAC) EQUIPMENT
Evaluate the condition of the existing HVAC
system components (e.g., furnace, boiler, air
handler, heat pump, associated ductwork) in
accordance with minimum inspection standards
of ANSI/ACCA Standard 4 (Maintenance of
Residential HVAC Systems), ASHRAE handbooks
or other equivalent standards and guidelines.
Ventilation requirements are also addressed in
Source Ventilation (page 21). Whole-House
Ventilation for Distributed Contaminant Sources
(page 22) and Multi-Family Ventilation (page 22).
The HVAC assessment is to include an evaluation
of whether the system is functioning properly,
based on ANSI/ACCA checklists appropriate for
the type of equipment. Determine whether the
HVAC system is properly sized in accordance
with ASHRAE handbook, or other equivalent
standardized guidelines.
Based on an assessment of equipment condition
and sizing, repair, modify or replace equipment
to meet minimum corrective actions for proper
HVAC function.
If repairs are needed to restore HVAC to proper
functioning, repair in accordance with ANSI/
ACCA Standard 6 (Restoring the Cleanliness of
HVAC Systems), ASHRAE handbooks or other
equivalent standards and guidelines.
If replacing equipment, base sizing calculations
on post-retrofit conditions. Refer to Sections 4.1
and 4.2 of EPA Indoor airPLUS Construction
Specifications.
Install new equipment in accordance with ANSI/
ACCA Standard 5 (HVAC Quality Installation
Specification) AND verify installation in
accordance with ANSI/ACCA Standard 9 (HVAC
Quality Installation Verification Protocols),
ASHRAE handbooks or other equivalent standards
and guidelines.
Replace functioning HVAC equipment that is
near the end of its service life with new energy-
efficient HVAC equipment and base sizing
calculations on post-retrofit conditions. Refer
to Sections 4.1 and 4.2 of EPA Indoor airPLUS
Construction Specifications.
Follow ANSI/ACCA Standard 5 (HVAC Quality
Installation Specification), Standard 9 (HVAC
Quality Installation Verification Protocols),
ASHRAE handbooks or other equivalent
standards and guidelines. Consider using filters
with a high MERV rating (11 or above) if
equipment capacity is sufficient to accommodate
the pressure drop. For existing systems, check with
the manufacturer to determine whether MERV 11
filters can be installed.
17
(Continued on next page)
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PRIORITY ISSUES
ASSESSMENT PROTOCOLS
Minimum Actions
Expanded Actions
HEATING, VENTILATING AND AIR CONDITIONING (HVAC) EQUIPMENT (continued)
If HVAC replacement or modification is
anticipated, base sizing calculations on post-
retrofit conditions. Refer to Sections 4.1 and
4.2 of EPA Indoor airPLUS Construction
Specifications.
Relevant Guidance/Standards
ACCA 4 QM-2007.
ASHRAE Handbooks: ASHRAE Handbook
Series.
EPA Indoor airPLUS Specifications: 4.1 and 4.2.
Multi-Family Ventilation (page 22).
Source Ventilation (page 21).
Whole-House Ventilation for Distributed
Contaminant Sources (page 22).
VENTED COMBUSTION APPLIANCES
Complete a safety inspection of all vented
combustion appliances in the dwelling (e.g.,
furnaces, boilers, space heaters, water heaters). The
inspection shall include observations for proper
clearances, condition of venting, assessment of the
potential for backdrafting, integrity of fuel lines,
safety of electrical connections and the appliance
itself.
For gas-fired appliances and equipment, make
this assessment using applicable installation
standards, including the National Fuel Gas
Code, ANSI Z223.1/NFPA 54, the applicable
ANSI Z21 gas-fired appliance safety standard
and manufacturer's instructions. Determine
whether gas-fired appliance installations
comply with Section 9.3 "Air for Combustion
and Ventilation" of ANSI Z223.1/NFPA 54
for proper venting, including influences of
other building ventilation and exhausting
equipment.
Ensure newly installed central forced-air HVAC
systems have a minimum MERV 6 filter, no filter
bypass, and no air cleaners designed to intentionally
produce ozone.
Relevant Guidance/Standards
ACCA5QI-2010.
ACCA 6 QR-2007.
ACCA 9 QIVP-2008.
ASHRAE 62.2-2010, Section 6.7.
ASHRAE Handbooks: ASHRAE Handbook Series.
ASHRAE 52.2-2007.
EPA Indoor airPLUS Specifications: 4.1, 4.2 and
4.7.
EPA IAQ: Residential Air Cleaners.
^^^^^^^^^^^^
Complete all applicable actions under the
Assessment Protocols AND ensure compliance
with applicable codes and standards. Test
combustion appliances for proper draft and
venting under worst case conditions before and
after retrofit measures that affect envelope leakage
and airflows (e.g., air sealing, insulation, addition
or upgrade of exhaust fans). Repair, remove
or replace combustion equipment and address
other issues or deficiencies as needed to meet the
applicable codes and standards.
Note:
All equipment removals should include proper
disposal so that hazardous units are not reinstalled
or used elsewhere.
Address depressurization and potential
backdrafting problems (e.g., with combustion
make-up air, fan interlocks, transfer grilles,
jumper ducts, louvered doors or door undercuts)
OR disable the exhaust equipment causing the
problems.
If a whole-house fan is used for cooling at night,
advise occupants to open several windows before
operating the fan.^Jy
Relevant Guidance/Standards
ACCA5QI-2010.
ACCA 9 QIVP-2008.
ASHRAE Handbooks: ASHRAE Handbook
Series.
ASHRAE 52.2-2007.
EPA Indoor airPLUS Specifications: 4.1, 4.2 and
4.7.
If replacing combustion equipment located
in occupied or conditioned spaces as part of
the retrofit process, recommend power vented
or sealed combustion equipment (see Section
5.1 of EPAs Indoor airPLUS Construction
Specifications). Install new combustion equipment
in accordance with ANSI/ACCA 5 QI 2010
HVAC Quality Installation Specifications.
Relevant Guidance/Standards
ACCA5QI-2010.
EPA Indoor airPLUS Specification 5.1.
18
(Continued on next page)
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PRIORITY ISSUES
ASSESSMENT PROTOCOLS
Minimum Actions
Expanded Actions
VENTED COMBUSTION APPLIANCES (continued)
For oil-fired appliances and equipment, make
this assessment using applicable installation
standards, including the Standard for the
Installation of Oil-Burning Equipment, ANSI/
NFPA 31, the applicable ANSI/UL oil-fired
appliance safety standard and manufacturers
instructions.
Performance test vented combustion appliances
(e.g., boilers, furnaces, space heaters and water
heaters) to ensure proper draft under worst case
depressurization and perform CO testing.
Conduct Combustion Appliance Zone (CAZ)
Worst Case Depressurization testing in accordance
with BPI-1100-T-2010, Section 7.5, to determine
whether there are any combustion safety issues
that may result from changes to the building
envelope.
Note
When conducting CAZ testing, a 5 Pa,
depressurization limit may not be appropriate
for all venting conditions. See the BPI CAZ
Depressurization Limits table referenced below.
Relevant Guidance/Standards
ANSI Z223.1/NFPA 54.
ANSI Z21 Series Standards for Residential Gas-
Fired Appliances.
BPI-1100-T-2010, Combustion Appliance Testing
section.
BPI Technical Standards: Technical Standards
for the Building Analyst Professional, CAZ
Depressurization Limits Table.
Carbon Monoxide (CO) and Other Combustion
Appliance Emissions (page 6).
NFPA 31.
NFPA 211.
Relevant Guidance/Standards
ANSIZ223.1/NFPA54.
ANSI Z21 Series Standards for Residential Gas-
Fired Appliances.
ASHRAE 62.2-2010 Section 6.4.
BPI-1100-T-2010, Combustion Appliance Testing
section.
BPI Technical Standards: Technical Standards
for the Building Analyst Professional, CAZ
Depressurization Limits Table.
Carbon Monoxide (CO) and Other Combustion
Appliance Emissions (page 6).
NFPA 31.
NFPA 211.
19
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PRIORITY ISSUES
ASSESSMENT PROTOCOLS
UNVENTED COMBUSTION APPLIANCES
Identify any unvented gas or kerosene space
heaters or vent-free combustion appliances (e.g.,
fireplaces, cooktops, ovens, kerosene or gas space
heaters).
Determine whether any state or local regulations
prohibiting these devices apply.
Relevant Guidance/Standards
Carbon Monoxide (CO) and Other Combustion
Appliance Emissions (page 6).
State or local regulations.
Minimum Actions
Verify that the kitchen exhaust fan vents to the
outdoors. If not, see Source Ventilation (page 21)
for recommended actions.
Identify illegal unvented gas or kerosene space
heaters that do not conform to state and local
regulations and, with the occupants permission,
remove them as appropriate. If the space heaters
are the primary source of heat, replace them with
electric or vented, code-compliant heating systems.
Note:
All equipment removals should include proper
disposal so that hazardous units are not reinstalled
or used elsewhere.
With the occupants permission, remove other
unvented heaters, except when used as a secondary
heat source AND when it can be confirmed that
the unit is being used in conformance with ANSI
Z21.11.2. Units that are not being operated
in compliance with ANSI Z21.11.2 should be
removed prior to the retrofit, but may remain until
a replacement heating system is in place.
If the occupant objects to these recommendations:
Provide the occupant with information about
the hazards of operating illegal unvented
space heaters or operating vent-free appliances
contrary to manufacturers' instructions. For
example, the manufacturers' instructions
may call for open windows because use of
the device requires adequate or additional
ventilation to remove products of combustion
such as CO, nitrogen oxides, CO2, PM and
water vapor. ^Jy
For gas-fired unvented space heaters without
an oxygen depletion sensor (ODS) shutoff
system, suggest the occupant replace with a
vented appliance or, at a minimum, consider
upgrading the heater to a new model
consistent with ANSI Z21.11.2/CSA.
For gas-fired unvented space heaters and
vent-free fireplaces that are oversized for
the application, advise the occupant of the
improper sizing of the appliance.
Expanded Actions
This cell is intentionally blank.
20
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PRIORITY ISSUES
ASSESSMENT PROTOCOLS
Minimum Actions
Expanded Actions
UNVENTED COMBUSTION APPLIANCES (continued)
Advise the occupant that it is always
important to consult and follow the
manufacturers instructions for proper
operation and maintenance. If the
manufacturers instructions are not available
to the occupant, advise or assist the occupant
in obtaining replacement instructions or
contacting the Air-Conditioning, Heating
and Refrigeration Institute (AHRI) for
information on obtaining these instructions
for gas appliances.
Relevant Guidance/Standards
AHRI.
ANSIZ21.11.2/CSA.
Carbon Monoxide (CO) and Other Combustion
Appliance Emissions (page 6).
Source Ventilation (page 21).
SOURCE VENTILATION
Determine whether the home complies with the
local exhaust requirements for kitchens and baths
of ASHRAE Standard 62.2-2010, Section 5 and
Appendix A, as applicable. Determine whether
kitchen and bath exhausts are present and vent to
the outdoors.
Determine whether the home complies with the
local exhaust requirements for clothes dryers
in ASHRAE Standard 62.2-2010, Section 6.
Determine whether clothes dryers vent to the
outdoors. (Condensing dryers are exempt.) Inspect
or verify that clothes dryer exhaust duct(s) do not
discharge into crawlspaces or attics or within walls.
Inspect clothes dryer vents for restrictions and lint
buildup.
Relevant Guidance/Standards
ASHRAE 62.2-2010.
BPI-1100-T-2010, Indoor Air Quality and
Ventilation and Baseload Energy Efficiency
sections.
If ASHRAE Standard 62.2-2010 requirements
for bathroom, kitchen and clothes dryer exhaust
requirements are not met, repair, replace or
install local exhaust ventilation to meet the
requirements, ensuring ducts are sized, installed
and vented properly to the outdoors, OR increase
whole-house ventilation airflow to compensate
for deficiencies of local exhaust in bathrooms and
kitchens using the alternative compliance method
(Appends A of Standard 62.2-2010).
In multi-family buildings, common spaces
should be served by dedicated ventilation
systems.
Ensure that all clothes dryers exhaust to the
outdoors and cannot be readily diverted
indoors. (Condensing dryers are exempt.)
Relevant Guidance/Standards
ASHRAE 62.2-2010.
BPI-1100-T-2010, Indoor Air Quality and
Ventilation section.
If the home is in compliance with ASHRAE
Standard 62.2-2010 without bathroom or kitchen
exhaust fans (i.e., using Appendix A), EPA
recommends installation of exhaust fans vented
to the outdoors, in accordance with Section 5 of
ASHRAE Standard 62.2-2010 requirements, to
improve pollutant source removal.
For spaces with strong, localized pollutant sources,
consider installing additional (dedicated) local
exhaust ventilation.
Relevant Guidance/Standards
ASHRAE 62.2-2010.
21
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PRIORITY ISSUES
ASSESSMENT PROTOCOLS
Minimum Actions
Expanded Actions
WHOLE-HOUSE VENTILATION FOR DISTRIBUTED CONTAMINANT SOURCES
Determine whether the home complies with the
ventilation requirements of ASHRAE Standard
62.2-2010:
Use Section 4 requirements OR use Appendix
A Existing Buildings if local exhaust
ventilation in bathrooms and kitchens is
deficient. Blower door testing and measuring
fan flows (e.g., bathroom or kitchen exhaust)
will be required.
Determine whether additional ventilation
measures are needed to meet the ASHRAE
Standard 62.2-2010 requirements.
Relevant Guidance/Standards
ASHRAE 62.2-2010.
MULTI-FAMILY VENTILATION
Determine ventilation system type (e.g., fan-
powered exhaust, fan-powered outdoor supply
or a combination of the two) and whether each
system serves individual units, each floor or the
entire building.
Determine whether existing ventilation meets
ASHRAE Standard 62.2-2010 requirements using
Appendix A Existing Buildings for each unit.
Determine whether all doors between dwelling
units and common hallways are gasketed and
airtight with weather stripping (except when the
ventilation system design requires air transfer
from corridors to units). See ASHRAE Standard
62.2-2010 for additional requirements for each
dwelling unit.
Determine whether ventilation for common
corridors meets ASHRAE 62.1-2010 Table 6-1
(0.06 cfm/ft2 floor area).
Relevant Guidance/Standards
ASHRAE 62.2-2010.
ASHRAE 62.1-2010.
Install additional ventilation measures as
necessary to meet ASHRAE Standard 62.2-2010
requirements for whole-building ventilation.
If the local exhaust ventilation in bathrooms
and kitchens is deficient, use the alternative
compliance supplement (Appendix A of Standard
62.2-2010).
Relevant Guidance/Standards
ASHRAE 62.2-2010.
If each dwelling unit is served by its own
ventilation equipment, follow Minimum Actions
for Whole-House Ventilation for Distributed
Contaminant Sources (page 22) and Source
Ventilation (page 21). Be certain to include the
sealing measures between dwelling units required
in Section 6.1 of ASHRAE Standard 62.2-2010.
If multiple dwelling units are served by a
single exhaust fan, fan-powered outdoor air,
or combination of the two, meet 62.2-2010
requirements, paying special attention to sealing
measures in Section 6.1 plus:
Seal all the holes that can be sealed in the
ventilation ductwork.
Specify and install a balancing device at each
exhaust or supply point that, in combination
with a sufficiently high operating pressure,
ensures constant continuous ventilation
which meets the target ventilation rate during
all seasons.
Adjust or replace fans so that outlets or inlets
have at least 0.2 inches water column (w.c.)
pressure difference across the balancing
devices in each dwelling unit.
Ensure that ventilation systems run
continuously or have dampers installed that
prevent airflow between dwelling units when
the system is off.
Install a balanced, whole-house ventilation system
(e.g., heat recovery ventilator [HRV]).
Relevant Guidance/Standards
NAHB Research Center, http://www.toolbase.org.
Search "whole-house ventilation" and "HRV" for
additional resources.
If each dwelling unit is served by its own
ventilation equipment, follow the Expanded
Actions for Whole-House Ventilation for
Distributed Contaminant Sources (page 22) and
Source Ventilation (page 21).
If multiple dwelling units are served by a single
exhaust fan, fan-powered outdoor air, or a
combination of the two, meet all the Minimum
Actions for Multi-Family Ventilation AND
conduct extensive air sealing to compartmentalize
each dwelling unit OR design and install
individual ventilation systems for each unit to
meet the requirements of ASHRAE 62.2-2010 as
it applies to new construction.
Relevant Guidance/Standards
ASHRAE 62.2.2-2010.
MNCEE: Reduction of Environmental Tobacco
Smoke Transfer in Minnesota Multifamily
Buildings Using Air Sealing and Ventilation
Treatments.
NCHH Fact Sheet: Improving Ventilation in
Existing or New Buildings with Central Roof
Exhaust.
NCHH Fact Sheet: Improving Ventilation in
Multi-Family Buildings That Do Not Have Fan-
Powered Ventilation Systems.
22
(Continued on nex.
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PRIORITY ISSUES
ASSESSMENT PROTOCOLS
Minimum Actions
Expanded Actions
MULTI-FAMILY VENTILATION (continued)
SAFETY
HOME SAFETY
Use minimum MERV 6 filters on supply
ventilation systems.
In buildings where vertical shafts or ducts
and passive rooftop ventilators provide non-
fan-powered exhaust to multiple dwelling
units, add exhaust fans in combination with
the above requirements to provide a more
effective ventilation system.
Relevant Guidance/Standards
ASHRAE 62.2-2010.
MNCEE: Reduction of Environmental Tobacco
Smoke Transfer in Minnesota Multifamily
Buildings Using Air Sealing and Ventilation
Treatments.
NCHH Fact Sheet: Improving Ventilation in
Existing or New Buildings with Central Roof
Exhaust.
NCHH Fact Sheet: Improving Ventilation in
Multi-Family Buildings That Do Not Have Fan-
Powered Ventilation Systems.
Source Ventilation (page 21).
Whole-House Ventilation for Distributed
Contaminant Sources (page 22).
Source Ventilation (page 21).
Whole-House Ventilation for Distributed
Contaminant Sources (page 22).
Determine whether there are working smoke
alarms and CO alarms.
Identify knob and tube electrical wiring.
Identify harmful chemicals in accessible locations.
Check whether there is a fire extinguisher in the
home.
Determine whether the hot water heater
temperature setting is within the allowable limits
of the local and state codes.
Document other home safety hazards that are
observed during the energy audit/assessment/
retrofit (e.g., missing handrails, non-intact stairs,
insufficient lighting, holes in floors).
Replace non-working smoke and CO alarms. If
smoke alarms or CO alarms are not present, install
new alarms. If new batteries are used, install 10-
year lithium batteries.
(It is recommended that CO alarms have a digital
display and provide peak level readings.)
Correct life- threatening safety risks (i.e., fall
hazards) and provide client education on safety
concerns.
Do not bury unsafe wiring in attic insulation.
Relevant Guidance/Standards
CPSC Document #466.
NFPA 720.
Install CO alarms that can detect and store peak
CO levels of less than 30 ppm.
Have qualified personnel replace knob and tube
wiring in accordance with applicable electrical
codes.
For households with small children or elderly
occupants, discuss scald prevention with clients
AND adjust hot water heater set-point to 120
degrees Fahrenheit to prevent scalding.
In homes with elderly persons, install grab bars,
handrails and lighting as appropriate.
23
(Continued on next page)
-------
PRIORITY ISSUES
HOME SAFETY (continued)
ASSESSMENT PROTOCOLS
Minimum Actions
JOBSITE SAFETY
Relevant Guidance/Standards
CDC Fall Prevention Checklist.
CDC Home Safety Checklists.
HUD Notice: Public Housing Assessment System
Physical Condition Scoring Process Interim
Scoring, Corrections and Republication.
Expanded Actions
For households with small children, recommend
installation of gates at the tops of stairs.
Recommend installation of light switches at the
top and bottom of stairs.
Recommend installation of safety lighting above
stairs. Consider energy-efficient LED lighting.
Recommend repair of malfunctioning doors,
windows, roofs and floors.
Recommend appropriate and controlled storage
of hazardous chemicals (e.g., strong cleaners,
household hazardous materials) and pesticides
(e.g., remove from accessible locations).
Repair identified safety hazards.
Relevant Guidance/Standards
ANSI/UL 2034.
EPA Design for the Environment.
Evaluate existing and potential health concerns
and activities. Refer to Appendix A: Worker
Protection for recommended evaluation measures
and actions, <£>
Note
By law, employers and supervisors are required
to ensure that workers are working with an
OSHA written Safety and Health Plan. More
details about these requirements and resources are
available in Appendix A: Worker Protection.
Protect workers and occupants from on-site health
and safety hazards by:
Ensuring proper isolation (e.g., sealed with
plastic sheeting) and ventilation of work area
to the outdoors during activities that result
in VOC emissions (e.g., installing spray foam
insulation, painting, sealing, finishing) AND
ventilating as close to the source of VOCs as
possible.
Using appropriate dust control and protective
equipment.
Thoroughly cleaning work area before re-
occupancy.
Adding precautions to protect occupants
during and after installation of spray
polyurethane foam:
Evacuating building occupants and other
unprotected trade workers from the work
For additional information on each of the topics,
visit the resources provided under each issue in
Appendix A: Worker Protection. /£\
24
(Continued on nex.
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PRIORITY ISSUES
JOBSITE SAFETY (continued)
ASSESSMENT PROTOCOLS
Minimum Actions
Expanded Actions
Using appropriate personal protective
equipment (e.g., chemical-resistant [nitrile]
gloves, appropriate respirator, chemical-
resistant clothing) for anyone in work area.
Cleaning the area thoroughly and waiting
until the foam cures before allowing
unprotected workers or occupants to
reoccupy the work area.
See Appendix A: Worker Protection for
recommended actions to protect worker safety,
including available resources.
25
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DOL, OSHA, Carbon Monoxide Poisoning Quick Card:
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DOL, OSHA, Combustible Dust: Combustible Dust.
U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health
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DOL, OSHA, Confined Spaces: Confined Spaces. U.S.
Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health
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DOL, OSHA, Confined Spaces E-Tool: Confined Spaces E-Tool.
U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health
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DOL, OSHA, Electrical Incidents E-Tool: U.S. Department of
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DOL, OSHA, Falls: Falls. U.S. Department of Labor,
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DOL, OSHA, Falls E-Tool: Falls E-Tool. U.S. Department of
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html
28
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DOL, OSHA, Green Jobs Hazards: Green Jobs Hazards, Weather
Insulating/Sealing. U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety
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http://www.osha.gov/dep/greeniobs/weather spf.html
DOL, OSHA, Hazard Communication: Hazard
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and Health Administration.
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DOL, OSHA, Lead: Lead. U.S. Department of Labor,
Occupational Safety and Health Administration.
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DOL, OSHA, Lead Construction: Lead Construction.
U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health
Administration.
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DOL, OSHA, Mold in Workplace: A Brief Guide to Mold
in the Workplace. U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety
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DOL, OSHA, OSH ACT: Section 5 (a)(l). U.S. Department
of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration.
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document?p table=OSHACT&p id=3359
DOL, OSHA, Permissible Exposure Limits (PELs):
Permissible Exposure Limits (PELs). U.S. Department of
Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration.
http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/pel/
DOL, OSHA, Stairways and Ladders: Stairways and Ladders: A
Guide to OSHA Rules. U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational
Safety and Health Administration.
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DOL, OSHA, Wood Dust: Wood Dust. U.S. Department of
Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration.
http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/wooddust/index.html
Energy Conservatory: Blower Door. Automated Blower Door
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EPA Asbestos: Asbestos in Your Home. 1990. U.S. Environmental
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EPA Asbestos: Regional and State Asbestos Contacts. 2011.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
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EPA Asthma: Indoor Environmental Asthma Triggers. 2011.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
http: //www. ep a. gov/as thma/ triggers. html
EPA Burn Wise Guides: Burn Wise Guide for Best Burn Practices
for Wood Stoves. 2011. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
http://www.epa.gov/burnwise/bestburn.html
EPA Burn Wise Guides: Burn Wise Guide for Identifying
Cleaner-Burning Appliances. 2011. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency.
http://www.epa.gov/burnwise/appliances.html
EPA Burn Wise Lists: Burn Wise List of Cleaner Burning, More
Energy Efficient Hydronic Heaters. 2011. U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency.
http://www.epa.gov/burnwise/owhhlist.html
EPA Burn Wise Tips: Burn Wise Tips. U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency.
http://www.epa.gov/burnwise/pdfs/BurnWiseTips.pdf
EPA Carbon Monoxide: An Introduction to Indoor Air Quality,
Carbon Monoxide. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2011.
http://www.epa.gov/iaq/co.html
EPA Design for the Environment: Safer Product Labeling
Program. 2011. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
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EPA Environmental Tobacco Smoke: Smoke-free Homes and
Cars Program. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2010.
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EPA LAOj An Introduction to Indoor Air Quality (IAQ), Carbon
Monoxide. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2011.
http://www.epa.gov/iaq/co.html
EPA IAQ: An Introduction to Indoor Air Quality (IAQ), Volatile
Organic Compounds (VOCs). 2011. U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency.
http://www.epa.gov/iaq/voc.html
EPA IAQ: Ozone Generators that are Sold as Air Cleaners. 2010.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Indoor Air Quality.
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EPAIAOj Residential Air Cleaners. 2009. U.S. Environmental
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EPA IPM: Integrated Pest Management Principles. 2011.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Integrated Pest
Management.
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EPA Lead: EPA Recognized Lead Test Kits. 2010.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
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EPA Lead Accredited Training Programs. Locate Accredited
Renovation Training Programs. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency.
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EPA Lead-Based Paint Renovation, Repair, and Painting
Program: Small Entity Compliance Guide to Renovate Right.
2010. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
http://www.epa.gov/lead/pubs/sbcomplianceguide.pdf
EPA Lead-Based Paint Renovation, Repair, and Painting
Program: Lead Safe Certified Guide to Renovate Right Brochure.
2010. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
http://www.epa.gov/lead/pubs/renovaterightbrochure.pdf
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EPA Mold: A Brief Guide to Mold, Moisture, and Your Home.
2010. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
http://www.epa.gov/iedmoldl/moldguide.html
EPA Mold: Mold and Moisture. 2010. U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency.
http://www.epa.gov/mold/
EPA Mold: Mold Remediation in Schools and Commercial
Buildings. 2010. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
http://www.epa.gov/iedmoldl/mold remediation.html
EPA OSWER Draft Guidance for Evaluating Vapor Intrusion:
Draft Guidance for Evaluating the Vapor Intrusion to Indoor Air
Pathway from Groundwater and Soils (Subsurface Vapor Intrusion
Guidance). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
http://www.epa.gov/waste/hazard/correctiveaction/eis/vapor.htm
EPA PCB: Polychlorinated Biphenyls. 2011. U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency.
http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/hazard/tsd/pcbs/index.htm
EPA PCB-Containing Light Ballasts: Proper Maintenance,
Removal, and Disposal of PCB-Containing Fluorescent Light
Ballasts. 2011. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/hazard/tsd/pcbs/pubs/ballasts.htm
EPA PCBs in Caulk: PCBs in Caulk in Older Buildings. 2011.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
http://www.epa.gov/pcbsincaulk
EPA PCBs in Caulk Steps to Safe Renovation and Repair
Activities: 2011. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
http://www.epa.gov/pcbsincaulk/guide/guide-sect2.htm
EPA Pests: Pesticides: Controlling Pests. U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency. 2011.
http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/controlling/index.htm
EPA Radon: State Radon Contact Information.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
http: //www. ep a. gov/radon/whereyo ulive. html
EPA Radon Guidance: Citizens Guide to Radon. 2009.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
http://www.epa.gov/radon/pubs/citguide.html
EPA Radon Guidance: Guidance for Radon Testing and
Mitigation. 2011. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
http://www.epa.gov/radon/pubs/index.html
EPA SPF: Spray Polyurethane Foam. 2011. U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency.
http://www.epa.gov/dfe/pubs/projects/spf/spray polyurethane
foam.html
EPA SPF: Spray Polyurethane Foam, Building Occupants and
Other Workers Should Vacate During SPF Installation. 2011.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
http://www.epa.gov/dfe/pubs/projects/spf/spray polyurethane
foam.html#building
EPA Vapor Intrusion Mitigation Approaches: Indoor Air Vapor
Intrusion Mitigation Approaches. 2008. U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency.
http://www.epa.gov/nrmrl/pubs/600r08115/600r08115.pdf
EPA Vermiculite: Vermiculite. 2011. U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency.
http://www.epa.gov/asbestos/pubs/verm.html
Home Energy, Advanced Blower Door Techniques: David
Bohac, "Zone Pressure Diagnostic." 2002. Home Energy.
http://www.homeenergy.Org/show/article/nav/diagnostics/page/7/
id/267
HUD Lead Safe Work Practices: Lead Safe Work Practices.
U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development.
http://www.hud.gov/offices/cpd/affordablehousing/training/web/
leads afe/keyrequirements/safepractices.cfm
HUD Notice: Public Housing Assessment System Physical
Condition Scoring Process Interim Scoring, Corrections and
Republication. FRVol. 66, No. 117, pages 59084-59124. 2001.
U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development.
http://www.huduser.org/portal/datasets/pis/66FR59084.pdf
MNCEE: Reduction of Environmental Tobacco Smoke Transfer in
Minnesota Multifamily Buildings Using Air Sealing and Ventilation
Treatments. Minnesota Center for Energy and Environment.
http://www.mncee.org/Innovation-Exchange/Reports-and-
Technical-Documents/Reduction-of-Environmental-Tobacco-
Smoke-Transfer-/
NAHB Research Center: ToolBase Resources. Search "whole
house ventilation" and "HRV" for additional resources.
http://www.toolbase.org/
NCHH Fact Sheet: Improving Ventilation in Existing or New
Buildings with Central Roof Exhaust. 2009. National Center for
Healthy Housing.
http://www.nchh.Org/Portals/0/Contents/Green ventilation2.pdf
NCHH Fact Sheet: Improving Ventilation in Multi-Family
Buildings That Do Not Have Fan-Powered Ventilation Systems.
2009. National Center for Healthy Housing. National Center for
Healthy Housing.
http://www.nchh.Org/Portals/0/Contents/Factsheet
Ventilation%201.pdf
NCHH Fact Sheet: Improving Ventilation in New and Existing
Multi-Family Buildings with Individual Unit Ventilation Systems.
2009. National Center for Healthy Housing.
http://www.nchh.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=g%2f9%2fqIHzlw
A%3d&tabid=370
NCHH Fact Sheet: Reasons to Explore Smoke-Free Housing.
2009. National Center for Healthy Housing.
http://www.nchh.Org//Portals/0/Contents/Green%20Factsheet
Smokefree.pdf
NCHH Fact Sheet: Testing for Lead-Contaminated Dust. 2001.
National Center for Healthy Housing.
http://www.nchh.Org/Portals/0/Contents/factsheet lead dust.pdf
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NCHH IPM: Integrated Pest Management in Affordable Housing,
2010. National Center for Healthy Housing.
http://www.healthyhomestraining.org/ipm
NIST/NVLAP: Accredited Laboratories for the Polarized Light
Microscopy (PLM) Test Method. National Institute of Standards
and Technology/National Voluntary Laboratory Accreditation
Program.
http://ts.nist.gov/Standards/scopes/plmtm.htm
NIST/NVLAP: Accredited Laboratories for the Transmission
Electron Microscopy (TEM) Test Method. 2011. National Institute
of Standards and Technology/National Voluntary Laboratory
Accreditation Program.
http://ts.nist.gov/Standards/scopes/temtm.htm
New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene:
How to Control Pests Safely. 2008. New York City Department of
Health and Mental Hygiene.
http://www.healthyhomestraining.org/IPM/IPM MFH Ref 4
NYC Pest Control 9-ll-08.pdf
Additional Resources
CDC, NIOSH: U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,
The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.
http://www.cdc.gov/niosh
DOL, OSHA: U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety
and Health Administration.
http://www.osha.gov/
EPA IAQ: An Introduction to Indoor Air Quality, Formaldehyde.
2011. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
http://www.epa.gov/iaq/formalde.html
EPA IAQ: Care for Your Air: A Guide to Indoor Air Quality. 2008.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
http://www.epa.gov/iaq/pdfs/careforyourair.pdf
White House, Recovery Through Retrofit: Recovery
Through Retrofit by Middle Class Task Force and Council on
Environmental Quality. 2009. White House.
http://www.whitehouse.gov/assets/documents/Recovery Through
Retrofit Final Report.pdf
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APPENDIX A
WORKER PROTECTION
Engaging in energy-focused retrofits, home weatherization projects, renovation or remodeling efforts can present
risks to occupants, and workers' health and safety may also be compromised if risks are not appropriately assessed
and corrective actions are not taken. This appendix was developed to call attention to issues that are of concern to
workers' health and safety. Information on assessing the risks to workers, recommended actions to minimize risks to
workers' health and safety, and additional resources are provided below.
By law, employers and supervisors are required to ensure that:
1) Work site operations are conducted in compliance with OSHA regulatory requirements.
2) Workers are trained in the hazards of their job and the methods to protect themselves.
3) Workers are provided the protective equipment needed to reduce site exposures.
OSHA regulatory requirements identify the following construction hazards to be addressed:
Chemical Hazards 29 CFR 1926.59
Confined Space 29 CFR 1926.21 (b)(6)(i)
Electrical 29 CFR 1926 Subpart K
Falls 29 CFR 1926.501
Ladders 29 CFR 1926.1053
Site plans should address safety and health and should include precautions to address multiple construction
issues, including the issues outlined below in Table 2. Measures an employer needs to take to evaluate existing and
potential health concerns, as well as recommended actions to ensure worker safety, are also included in Table 2.
Free help with developing these plans is often available from state or federal training (consulting) programs.
When known pollutants are being produced or disturbed during retrofit activities, follow appropriate standards
(including OSHA, NIOSH, EPA lead safe, and BPI) to minimize worker and occupant exposure.
When possible, choose construction products whose manufacturers disclose all ingredients and verify that they are
free of formaldehyde, mercury and other known toxic substances.
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Table 2: Recommended Assessments and Actions for Priority Worker Safety Concerns
Asbestos
Assessment: Determine whether workers will be exposed to asbestos-containing material (ACM).
Actions:
Retrofitting/renovation activities may expose workers to ACM (e.g., if the home was built before 1990) and require compliance with
the OSHA rule at 29 CFR 1926.1101. which provides the required protection measures.
See OSHAs website on asbestos for additional information and resources.
Chemical Hazards
Assessment: Determine whether workers will be exposed to chemical hazards.
Actions:
If renovation or retrofitting activities will require the handling of chemical substances, compliance with the OSHA rule at 29 CFR
1926.59 is necessary. It requires that chemical safety information be made available for all chemicals in use, that containers be properly
labeled and that workers handling them be properly trained.
See OSHAs website on chemical hazards communication for additional information and resources.
Confined Space
Assessment: Determine whether workers will be exposed to confined-space hazards.
Actions:
Ensure work space has breathable air (i.e., ventilate the work space if necessary). Section 5(a)(l) of OSH ACT requires employers to
protect workers from serious workplace hazards. Under the OSHA rule at 29 CFR 1926.21 (b)(6)(i). all employees required to enter
confined or enclosed spaces must be instructed as to the nature of the hazards involved, the necessary precautions to be taken and the
use of required protective and emergency equipment.
See OSHAs website on confined spaces and OSHAs Confined Spaces E-Tool for additional resources on confined space hazards in
general industry.
See OSHAs Protecting Yourself from Carbon Monoxide Poisoning Quick Card for additional information on sources of CO and
recommended actions for preventing CO exposure.
See EPAs website on the Design for the Environment Program for more information on selecting less toxic products and materials for
use in confined spaces.
Assessment: Determine if the work will create dust.
Actions:
Workers should know about dust containment procedures and be able to control dust and debris created by equipment used in
construction activities.
Use work methods to minimize dust and prevent dust from spreading to other areas of the home.
The rooms or areas where work is being done may need to be isolated (e.g., sealed with plastic sheeting) to contain any dust that is
generated.
Turn off forced-air, central heating and air-conditioning systems (including local, window air conditioning units) while work that
creates dust is being completed.
Collect and remove all construction debris.
Conduct a careful cleanup.
See OSHAs websites on wood dust, combustible dust, and permissible exposure limits (PELs) for additional information and
resources.
See EPAs Renovation. Repair and Painting (RRP) Program Rule (40 CFR Part 745) for recommended actions to prevent, contain and
clean up dust.
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Electrical
Assessment: Determine whether workers will be exposed to electrical hazards.
Actions:
The OSHA rule at 29 CFR 1926 Subpart K contains requirements for protecting workers from electrical hazards. Employers must
make sure that all non-double-insulated electric equipment is equipped with a grounding conductor (three-wire type). Worn or frayed
electric cords must not be used. Employers must provide either ground-fault circuit interrupters or an assured equipment grounding
conductor program (which includes the regular testing of all equipment grounding conductors) to protect employees from ground
faults.
See OSHAs Electrical Incidents E-Tool for additional information on electrical safety.
Assessment: Determine whether workers will be required to work at heights of six feet or more.
Actions:
If work is required at heights of six feet or more, then the workers must be protected with guard rails or tied off to prevent falling. (See
OSHA rule at 29 CFR 1926.501 for additional information on requirements.)
See OSHAs website on fall protection and OSHA's Falls E-Tool for additional information on protecting workers from fall hazards.
Assessment: Determine whether workers will be using ladders.
Actions:
If ladders are used, portable ladders must be able to support at least four times the maximum intended load. Ladders that must lean
against a wall are to be positioned at a 4:1 angle. Ladders are to be kept free of oil, grease, wet paint and other slipping hazards. The
area around the top and bottom of the ladder must be kept clear. Ladders must not be tied or fastened together to provide longer
sections. Metal ladders must not be used while working on electrical equipment and electrical wiring. See the OSHA rule at 29 CFR
1926.1053 for additional information on requirements.
See OSHAs publication, Stairways and Ladders: A Guide to OSHA Rules, for additional resources on ladder safety.
Assessment: Determine whether retrofitting or renovation activities will expose workers to lead dust (paint) (e.g., pre-1978 buildings)
according to the Assessment Protocols outlined in the Lead section (page 9).
Actions:
If the facility was built before 1978, the existing paint is assumed to contain lead and retrofitting or renovation activities must comply
with EPAs Renovation. Repair and Painting (RRP) Program Rule (40 CFR 745) and the OSHA rule at 29 CFR 1926.62.
See OSHAs publication Lead in Construction for information on OSHA requirements to protect workers from lead hazards in the
construction industry.
Assessment: Determine whether workers will be exposed to mold.
Actions:
All suspected moldy areas should be remediated by properly trained individuals. Moisture problems need to be identified and fixed
or mold will return. If mold is expected to be disturbed during activities, refer to OSHAs A Brief Guide to Mold in the Workplace.
NIOSHs Interim Recommendations for Cleaning and Remediation of Flood-Contaminated HVAC Systems: A Guide for Building
Owners and Managers. EPAs Mold Remediation in Schools and Commercial Buildings. ACGIH s Bioaerosols Assessment and
Control. AIHAs Recognition. Evaluation, and Control of Indoor Mold or IICRC's S500 Standard and Reference Guide for
Professional Water Damage Restoration.
See EPAs website on mold and moisture for additional information on mold and mold remediation.
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Polychlorinated Biphenyls (RGBs)
Assessment: Determine whether workers may be handling PCB-containing or PCB-contaminated building materials, including
fluorescent light ballasts and caulk.
Actions:
See EPA's website on PCB-Containing Light Ballasts for information on proper maintenance, removal and disposal of PCB-containing
fluorescent light ballasts. If leaking ballasts are discovered, wear protective clothing including chemical-resistant (nitrile) gloves, boots
and disposable overalls.
See EPA's website on PCBs in Caulk Steps to Safe Renovation and Repair Activities for additional information on the safe renovation
and abatement of buildings that have PCB-containing caulk. Work practices to help ensure worker and occupant safety include
employing protective measures (both interior and exterior), complying with occupational protective regulations, communicating with
building occupants/third parties, setting up the work area to prevent the spread of dust, using appropriate tools that minimize the
generation of dust/heat, and leaving the work area clean. See OSHA rule at 29 CFR 1926.28(a) for information on suitable personal
protective equipment (PPE) for dust-generating work methods.
Spray Polyurethane Foam (SPF)
Assessment: Determine whether workers will be using SPF, which may contain chemicals such as isocyanates (e.g., methylene diphenyl
diisocyanate [MDI]), amines, flame retardants and other additives. There are three main types of SPF products (two-component high
pressure, two-component low pressure, and one-component foam), each of which has different applications. Determine which of the
three main types of SPF products will be used.
Actions:
Applicators, helpers and building occupants in the work area are required to use protective equipment to prevent exposure to
isocyanates and other SPF chemicals. Protective equipment requirements vary depending on SPF product.
Review label and product information for ingredients, hazards, directions, safe work practices and precautions.
Ensure health and safety training is completed and safe work practices are followed to prevent eye, skin and inhalation exposures
during and after SPF installation.
Exercise caution when determining a safe re-entry time for unprotected occupants and workers based on the manufacturers
recommendation. If you experience breathing problems or other adverse health effects from weatherizing with SPF, seek immediate
medical attention.
See OSHAs Green lob Hazards website for additional information on the hazards associated with SPF.
See EPA's website on SPF for additional information.
See American Chemistry Council's Spray Polyurethane Foam Health and Safety website for additional information.
Worker Protection Resources
General
CDC, NIOSH, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.
http://www.cdc.gov/niosh
CDC, NIOSH, Protective Clothing and Ensembles, Safety and Health Topics. 2010. U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, The
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.
http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/protclothing
CDC, NIOSH, Respirators, Safety and Health Topics. 2011. U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, The National Institute for
Occupational Safety and Health.
http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/respirators
DOL, OSHA, U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration.
http ://www. osha.gov
Asbestos
DOL, OSHA, Asbestos: Asbestos. U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration.
http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/asbestos/
DOL, OSHA, 29 CFR Part 1926.1101, subpart Z: Asbestos. Safety and Health Regulations for Construction: Toxic and Hazardous
Substances; Sampling and Analysis: Non-mandatory. U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration.
http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show document?p id=10862&p table=STANDARDS
Chemical Hazards
DOL, OSHA, 29 CFR Part 1926.59, subpart D: Hazard Communication. Safety and Health Regulations for Construction: Occupational
Health and Environmental Controls: Hazard Communication. U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration.
http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show document?p id=10633&p table=STANDARDS
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DOL, OSHA, Hazard Communication: Hazard Communication. U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health
Administration.
http://www.osha.gov/dsg/hazcom/index.html
Confined Space
DOL, OSHA, 29 CFR Part 1926.21 (b)(6)(i), subpart C: Safety and Health Regulations for Construction: General Safety and Health
Provisions: Safety Training and Education. U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration.
http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show document?p id=10607&:p table=STANDARDS
DOL, OSHA, Carbon Monoxide Poisoning Quick Card: Protecting Yourself from Carbon Monoxide Poisoning Quick Card. U.S.
Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration.
http://www.osha.gov/Publications/3282-10N-05-English-07-18-2007.html
DOL, OSHA, Confined Spaces E-Tool: Confined Spaces E-Tool. U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health
Administration.
http://www.osha.gov/dts/osta/oshasoft/index.html
DOL, OSHA, Confined Spaces: Confined Spaces. U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration.
http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/confmedspaces/index.html
DOL, OSHA, OSH ACT: Section 5 (a)(l). U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration.
http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show document?p table=OSHACT&p id=3359
EPA Design for the Environment: Safer Product Labeling Program. 2011. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
http://epa.gov/dfe/pubs/projects/formulat/formpart.htm
Dust
DOL, OSHA, Combustible Dust: Combustible Dust. U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration.
http://www.osha.gov/dsg/combustibledust/index.html
DOL, OSHA, Permissible Exposure Limits (PELs): Permissible Exposure Limits (PELs). U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety
and Health Administration.
http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/pel/
DOL, OSHA, Wood Dust: Wood Dust. U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration.
http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/wooddust/index.html
EPA Renovation, Repair and Painting (RRP) Program Rule: 40 CFR Part 745: Lead; Clearance and Clearance Testing Requirements
for the Renovation, Repair and Painting Program, Proposed Rule, FR Vol. 75, No. 87, pages 25038-25073. 2010. U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency.
http://edocket.access.gpo.gov/2010/pdf/2010-10102.pdf
http://www.epa.gov/lead/pubs/renovation.htm
Electrical
DOL, OSHA, 29 CFR Part 1926, subpart K: Electrical Standards for Construction. U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and
Health Administration
http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show document?p table=FEDERAL REGISTER&p id=16956
DOL, OSHA, Electrical Incidents E-Tool: U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration.
http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/construction/electrical incidents/mainpage.html
Falls
DOL, OSHA, 29 CFR Part 1926.501, subpart M: Fall Protection. Safety and Health Regulations for Construction. U.S. Department of
Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration.
http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show document?p id=10757&p table=STANDARDS
DOL, OSHA, Falls: Falls. U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration.
http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/fallprotection/index.html
DOL, OSHA, Falls E-Tool: Falls E-Tool. U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration.
http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/construction/falls/mainpage.html
Ladders
DOL, OSHA, 29 CFR Part 1926.1053, subpart X: Ladders. Safety and Health Regulations for Construction. U.S. Department of Labor,
Occupational Safety and Health Administration.
http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show document?p table=standards&p id= 10839
DOL, OSHA, Stairways and Ladders: Stairways and Ladders: A Guide to OSHA Rules. U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety
and Health Administration.
http://www.osha.gov/Publications/osha3124.pdf
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Lead
DOL, OSHA, 29 CFR Part 1926.62, subpart D: Lead. Safety and Health Regulations for Construction: Occupational Health and
Environmental Controls. U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration.
http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show document?p table=STANDARDS&p id=1064l
DOL, OSHA, Lead - Construction: Lead - Construction. U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration.
http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/lead/construction.html
EPA Renovation, Repair and Painting (RRP) Program Rule: 40 CFR Part 745: Lead; Clearance and Clearance Testing Requirements
for the Renovation, Repair and Painting Program, Proposed Rule, FR Vol. 75, No. 87, pages 25038-25073. 2010. U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency.
http://edocket.access.gpo.gov/2010/pdf/2010-10102.pdf
http://www.epa.gov/lead/pubs/renovation.htm
Mold
ACGIH: Bioaerosols Assessment and Control. 1999. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists.
http://www.acgih.org/store/productdetail.cfm?id=349
AIHA: Recognition, Evaluation, and Control of Indoor Mold. 2008. American Industrial Hygiene Association.
https://webportal.aiha.org/Purchase/ProductDetail.aspx?Product code=3f9eOa5a-4778-dell-96bO-0050568361fd
CDC Mold Cleanup: Mold Cleanup. 2010. U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
http://www.cdc.gov/mold/cleanup.htm
CDC Mold Prevention Strategies: Mold Prevention Strategies and Possible Health Effects in the Aftermath of Hurricanes and Major
Floods. 2006. U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5508al.htm
CDC, NIOSH, Cleaning and Remediation of HVAC Systems: NIOSH Interim Recommendations for the Cleaning and Remediation
of Flood Contaminated HVAC Systems: A Guide for Building Owners and Managers. U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.
http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/nas/rdrp/appendices/chapterlO/alO-l4.pdf
DOL, OSHA, Mold in Workplace: A Brief Guide to Mold in the Workplace. U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health
Administration.
http://www.osha.gov/dts/shib/shibl 01003.html
EPA Mold: Mold Remediation in Schools and Commercial Buildings. 2010. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
http://www.epa.gov/iedmoldl/mold remediation.html
EPA Mold: Mold and Moisture. 2010. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
http://www.epa.gov/mold/
IICRC: S500 Standard and Reference Guide for Professional Water Damage Restoration. 2006. Institute of Inspection, Cleaning and
Restoration Certification.
http://www.iicrc.org/pdf/buydocs.pdf
Polychlorinated Biphenyls (RGBs)
EPA PCB-Containing Light Ballasts: Proper Maintenance, Removal, and Disposal of PCB-Containing Fluorescent Light Ballasts. 2011.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/hazard/tsd/pcbs/pubs/ballasts.htm
EPA PCBs in Caulk Steps to Safe Renovation and Repair Activities: 2011. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
http://www.epa.gov/pcbsincaulk/guide/guide-sect2.htm
DOL OSHA, 29 CFR Part 1926.28(a), subpart C: Personal Protective Equipment. Safety and Health Regulations for Construction:
Occupational Health and Environmental Controls. U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration.
http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show document?p table=STANDARDS&p id=106l4
Spray Polyurethane Foam
American Chemistry Council: Spray Polyurethane Foam Health and Safety. American Chemistry Council.
http://www.spraypolyurethane.org
DOL, OSHA, Green Jobs Hazards: Green Jobs Hazards, Weather Insulating/Sealing. U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and
Health Administration.
http://www.osha.gov/dep/greeniobs/weather spf.html
EPA SPF: Spray Polyurethane Foam. 2011. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
http://www.epa.gov/dfe/pubs/projects/spf/spray polyurethane foam.html
EPA SPF: Spray Polyurethane Foam, Building Occupants and Other Workers Should Vacate During SPF Installation. 2011. U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency.
http://www.epa.gov/dfe/pubs/proiects/spf/spray polyurethane foam.html#building
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APPENDIX B
CLIENT EDUCATION
Why Provide Client Education
Home energy upgrades, when completed in accordance with EPA's Healthy Indoor Environment Protocols for
Home Energy Upgrades, can help improve the indoor air quality and safety in homes. Energy upgrade work also
presents a valuable chance to interact with occupants, giving the contractor an opportunity to provide helpful
education on indoor air quality and safety to further ensure the positive impact of a more energy efficient, healthier
home. With effective education, occupants are better prepared to maintain healthy home improvements and less
likely to create new health hazards in their homes.
Key Issues
Programs, crews and contractors are encouraged to incorporate into their client education strategies a set of messages
related to 12 topics identified in the protocols for occupant education (presented here alphabetically):
1. Asbestos.
2. Asthma triggers.
3. Carbon monoxide (CO) and other combustion pollutants.
4. Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS).
5. Lead.
6. Mold and moisture.
7. Pests.
8. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs).
9. Radon.
10. Safety.
11. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in household products and materials.
12. Wood smoke and solid fuel emissions.
These issues and health messages are described in Table 3, which summarizes how these priority indoor
environmental concerns affect occupants and provides suggested occupant education health messages. Occupant
health messages can be used to communicate key points regarding these 12 important topics for healthy indoor
environments.
EPA has many publications suitable for occupant education on indoor air quality in homes, including Care for
Your Air: A Guide to Indoor Air Quality, which can be found on EPA's Indoor Air Quality home page,
www.epa.gov/iaq.
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Table 3: Priority Health Concerns and Recommended Occupant Health Messages
Priority Health Concerns
Recommended Occupant Health Messages
Asbestos Asbestos-containing materials (ACM)
in homes may include pipe and furnace insulation,
vermiculite insulation installed before 1990, floor
tiles, exterior shingles and roofing. Exposure can
cause lung cancer, mesothelioma (cancer of the
lining of the chest and abdominal cavity) and
asbestosis, in which the lungs become scarred with
fibrous tissue.
Do not disturb materials that may contain asbestos including pipe insulation,
attic vermiculite insulation, exterior shingles and floor tiles (particularly 9-inch
by 9-inch tiles).
Consult state requirements for asbestos testing and mitigation.
Asthma Triggers Asthma triggers are commonly
found in homes, schools and offices and include
moisture, mold, dust mites, pests such as
cockroaches or mice, secondhand smoke and pet
dander. A home may have mold growing on a
shower curtain, dust mites in pillows, blankets or
stuffed animals, secondhand smoke in the air and
cat and dog hairs on the carpet or floors.
Asthma triggers cause symptoms including
coughing, chest tightness, wheezing and breathing
problems. An asthma attack occurs when
symptoms keep getting worse or are suddenly very
severe. Asthma attacks can be life threatening.
1 Asthma can be controlled with the right medicines and by reducing asthma
triggers.
1 For dust mites, wash bedding in hot water once a week and dry completely. Use
dust-proof (allergen-impermeable) mattress and pillow covers. Choose washable
stuffed toys; wash them often in hot water, and dry thoroughly.
1 Keep pets out of bedrooms and off furniture. Consider keeping pets outside, if
possible.
1 See sections of this table on Environmental Tobacco Smoke, Mold and Moisture,
and Pests for recommendations regarding these asthma triggers.
Carbon Monoxide (CO) and Other
Combustion Pollutants Combustion pollutants
are gases or particles that come from burning
materials. Common combustion pollutants
include carbon monoxide (CO) and nitrogen
dioxide (N02).
Exposure to CO can cause headaches, impaired
vision and coordination, flu symptoms, dizziness,
and at high concentrations, confusion, nausea and
death. CO sources include combustion equipment
(e.g., furnaces and wood stoves), unvented
combustion appliances (e.g., vent-free fireplaces),
portable generators, and other combustion
equipment and automobiles operated in attached
garages.
NO2 is a colorless, odorless gas that causes eye,
nose and throat irritation, shortness of breath and
an increased risk of respiratory infection.
1 CO alarms should be installed in all homes.
1 Annually test CO alarms. Replace every five to seven years. It is recommended
that CO alarms have a digital display and provide peak level readings. Note: Some
CO alarms can detect and store low level peak CO levels (less than 30 ppm).
1 Never operate a portable generator or any gasoline engine-powered tool in or
near an enclosed space such as a garage, house or other building. Even with open
doors and windows, these spaces can trap CO and allow it to quickly build to
lethal levels.
1 Never warm up cars in attached garages, even if the garage door to the outside is
open.
1 For gas vent-free heaters and fireplaces, inform occupant of identified operation
or installation issues and suggested actions.
1 Consult manufacturer installation and operating instructions for proper
operation and maintenance of gas appliances. If manufacturer instructions
are not available, contact manufacturer to obtain replacement instructions or
contact the Air-Conditioning, Heating and Refrigeration Institute (AHRI) for
information on obtaining these instructions for gas appliances.
Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS)
Exposure to ETS, also known as "secondhand
smoke," can occur if someone smokes in a home
or apartment building. Exposure to secondhand
smoke increases the risk of lung cancer in adults.
Children are at increased risk of ear infections,
bronchitis and pneumonia, Sudden Infant
Death Syndrome (SIDS) and asthma symptoms.
Secondhand smoke triggers symptoms in
people who have asthma or chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease (COPD).
1 Secondhand smoke poses health risks to non-smokers (e.g., cancer in adults,
SIDS, breathing problems in children).
1 Do not allow smoking in the home. Smoke outside to reduce the risk to others
in the home.
1 Provide access to information on local smoking cessation programs for those who
want to quit.
1 Explore smoke-free housing policies for multi-family properties. Explain financial
and reduced liability benefits to owners. See the National Center for Healthy
Housings fact sheet Reasons to Explore Smoke Free Housing for additional
information.
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Priority Health Concerns
Recommended Occupant Health Messages
Lead Housing-related lead sources include
flaking or peeling lead-based paint, leaded dust,
lead in soil and lead in drinking water. Exposure
can cause learning difficulties, behavior problems,
hearing damage and in extreme cases seizures
or death. Children under six years of age and
pregnant women are at greatest risk.
Pregnant women and children under six years are at greatest risk.
In homes built before 1978: 1) If repainting, remodeling or disturbing paint, use
lead safe-work practices; 2) Repair peeling paint using lead safe work practices in
homes where young children or pregnant women live.
Consider testing blood lead levels in children younger than six years of age, if
living in a pre-1978 home.
For pre-1978 homes with chipping exterior paint: Test soil for lead content and
remove or cover lead-contaminated soil.
Mold and Moisture Mold can grow almost
anywhere there is moisture in a house. Asthma
symptoms, allergic reactions, and other respiratory
symptoms can be triggered by damp indoor
environments and mold. Inhaling mold spores can
trigger asthma attacks in people sensitive to molds.
1 If you see mold on hard surfaces, clean it up with soap and water. Let the area
dry completely.
1 Repair moisture problems to avoid dampness or mold.
1 Dry water-damaged areas and items within 24-48 hours after a leak or spill to
prevent mold growth.
1 Avoid installing carpet in areas prone to wetting or moisture problems.
1 Run bathroom and kitchen fans when showering, cooking, etc., and run whole-
house ventilation system according to manufacturers instructions to help
minimize moisture and contaminant buildup.
Pests Rodents, cockroaches, termites, birds, bats
and other pests can be found in homes. Exposure
to some pest droppings and body parts (e.g., from
mice and cockroaches) can trigger asthma attacks.
Rodents can also carry diseases such as hantavirus,
which can result in a deadly condition called
hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS). Misusing
pesticides to address pest problems can sometimes
result in harmful exposures to carcinogens or
chemicals that result in respiratory problems or
allergic reactions.
Follow integrated pest management (IPM) strategies to reduce pest infestations
and to avoid the overuse of pesticides: 1) Reduce pest access to water and food by
properly storing food and trash and by using effective housekeeping techniques;
2) Limit pest entry by sealing holes and cracks; 3) Use targeted and least toxic
pesticides.
Clean up pest droppings and body parts to reduce allergens.
Safely store pesticides out of reach of children.
Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) - PCBs
were manufactured domestically from 1929 until
their manufacture was banned in 1979. PCBs
have been shown to cause a variety of adverse
health effects, including effects on the immune
system, reproductive system, nervous system and
endocrine system in animals. PCBs have also
been shown to cause cancer in animals. Studies in
humans provide supportive evidence for potential
carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic effects of
PCBs.
1 Although no longer commercially produced in the U.S., PCBs may be present
in products and materials produced before the 1979 PCB ban (e.g., transformers
and capacitors, cable insulation, oil-based paint, caulk, plastics, floor finish).
1 Materials suspected of PCB contamination should be sampled, tested and safely
abated by a professional.
Radon Radon is the #1 cause of lung cancer
for non-smokers. It is the 2nd leading cause of
lung cancer overall (after smoking), accounting
for 21,000 deaths annually. A radioactive gas
that comes from the natural decay of uranium in
soil and water, radon can enter homes through
openings in walls and floors where they come into
contact with the ground. An estimated one in
every 15 U.S. homes has radon levels at or above
EPAs action level of 4 pCi/L.
1 The only way to know the radon level in your home is to test for it.
1 EPA and the Surgeon General recommend testing all homes below the third floor
for radon.
1 Mitigate radon in homes if levels are greater than or equal to 4 pCi/L. Strongly
consider mitigating homes with levels between 2 and 4 pCi/L.
o Radon levels below 4 pCi/L still pose a health risk and in many cases may be
reduced. See EPAs A Citizen's Guide to Radon.
1 Make sure any existing radon mitigation system is functioning properly. If a vent
fan is installed, check its condition first.
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Priority Health Concerns
Recommended Occupant Health Messages
Safety Trips and falls, poisoning and burns are
significant injury risks in homes. Poor lighting,
lack of handrails, unstable stairs and other housing
hazards increase the risk of falls. Improperly stored
chemicals increase the risk of poisoning.
1 Smoke alarms and CO alarms should be installed in all homes and tested
regularly. Replace batteries annually. Replace smoke alarms every 10 years and
CO alarms every five to seven years.
1 Set hot water heater thermostats to 120 degrees Fahrenheit to reduce burns and
scalds.
1 In homes where elderly persons live, reduce trip hazards, provide sufficient
lighting on stairs, ensure handrails and grab bars are in key locations, and follow
CDC s guide Check for Safety: A Home Fall Prevention Checklist for Older
Adults.
1 In homes with young children, install gates at the tops of stairs and securely store
chemicals and pesticides.
Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) in
Household Products and Materials VOCs are
found in many household products and materials
including paints, carpets and pads, pressed wood,
composite wood, cleaning supplies, air fresheners
and furniture. Exposures can cause eye, nose and
throat irritation, liver damage and cancer.
1 Select low-VOC products when possible (e.g., paint, carpet, furniture, cabinets,
adhesives and cleaning products). Green testing and rating programs that assess
products for VOCs and other health hazards include:
o California Department of Public Health, Emission Testing Method for
California Specification 01350.
o Carpet and Rug Institute (CRI) Green Label or Green Label Plus program
criteria or equivalent standards for carpet.
o Collaborative for High Performance Schools (CHPS) High Performance
Products Database.
o Green Seal Standard GS-11.
o Greenguard Children and Schools Certification Program.
o Master Painters Institute (MPI) Green Performance Standards GPS-1 or GPS-
2.
o Scientific Certification Systems (SCS) Standard EC-10.2-2007 (Indoor
Advantage Gold).
1 If using pressed or composite wood products, avoid products containing urea
formaldehyde. Select products compliant with California Title 17.
1 Local ventilation can be used when strong sources of VOCs or other airborne
contaminants are isolated to a specific room or area. Whole-house ventilation
will also help reduce VOCs and other airborne contaminants in most homes.
1 Safely store chemicals out of reach of children.
Wood Smoke and Solid Fuel Emissions
Wood stoves and fireplaces can create emissions,
and exposures can cause breathing problems.
1 Ensure fireplace chimney or wood stove flue is working properly (i.e., there is no
wood smoke in the home).
1 Clean chimney once a year.
1 Follow EPA's Guide for Best Burn Practices for Wood Stoves.
1 If purchasing a new stove, ensure it is EPA-certified.
Client Education Resources:
Asbestos
EPA Asbestos: Asbestos in Your Home. 1990. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
http://www.epa.gov/asbestos/pubs/ashome.html
http://www.epa.gov/asbestos/
Asthma Triggers
EPA Asthma: Indoor Environmental Asthma Triggers. 2011. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
http: //www. ep a. gov/as thma/ triggers. html
Carbon Monoxide
AHRI: Air-Conditioning, Heating and Refrigeration Institute.
http://www.ahrinet.org/default.aspx
CPSC Document #466: Carbon Monoxide Questions and Answers. 2008. U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission.
http://www.cpsc.gov/cpscpub/pubs/466.html
EPA IAQ: An Introduction to Indoor Air Quality (IAQ), Carbon Monoxide. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2011.
http://www.epa.gov/iaq/co.html
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Environmental Tobacco Smoke
EPA Smoke-free Homes and Cars Program: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2010.
http: //www. ep a. gov/smokefree/
NCHH Fact Sheet: Reasons to Explore Smoke-Free Housing. 2009. National Center for Healthy Housing.
http://www.nchh.Org//Portals/0/Contents/Green%20Factsheet Smokefree.pdf
Lead
EPA Lead-Based Paint Renovation, Repair, and Painting Program: Lead Safe Certified Guide to Renovate Right Brochure. 2010.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
http://www.epa.gov/lead/pubs/renovaterightbrochure.pdf
Mold and Moisture
EPA Mold: A Brief Guide to Mold, Moisture, and Your Home. 2010. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
http://www.epa.gov/iedmoldl/moldguide.html
Pests
EPA Pests: Controlling Pests. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2011.
http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/controlling/index.htm
New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene: How to Control Pests Safely. 2008. New York City Department of Health
and Mental Hygiene.
http://www.healthyhomestraining.org/IPM/IPM MFH Ref 4 NYC Pest Control 9-ll-08.pdf
Polychlorinated Biphenyls (RGBs)
EPA PCB: Polychlorinated Biphenyls. 2011. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/hazard/tsd/pcbs/index.htm
Radon
EPA Radon Guidance: Citizen's Guide to Radon. 2009. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
http://www.epa.gov/radon/pubs/citguide.html
Safety
CDC Fall Prevention Checklist: Check for Safety: A Home Fall Prevention Checklist for Older Adults. 2009. U.S. Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention.
http://www.cdc.gov/HomeandRecreationalSafety/Falls/CheckListForSafety.html
Volatile Organic Compounds in Household Products and Materials
California Department of Public Health CAL-IAQ Program Standard: Standard Method for the Testing and Evaluation of Volatile
Organic Chemical Emissions from Indoor Sources Using Environmental Chambers, Version 1.1. 2010. California Department of Public
Health.
http://www.cal-iaq.org/vocs/standard-method-for-voc-emissions-testing-and-evaluation
California Title 17: California Code of Regulations, Title 17, sections 93120 - 93120.12. 2008. State of California.
CRI: Green Label, Green Label Plus. The Carpet and Rug Institute.
http://www.carpet-rug.org/commercial-customers/green-building-and-the-environment/green-label-plus/
EPA IAQ: An Introduction to Indoor Air Quality (IAQ), Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) .2011. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency.
http://www.epa.gov/iaq/voc.html
Greenguard Children and Schools Certification Program: Greenguard Environmental Institute.
http://www.greenguard.org/en/CHiickSearch.aspx
Green Seal Standard GS-11: GS-11: Green Seal Environmental Standard for Paints and Coatings. 2008. Green Seal, Inc.
http://www.greenseal.org/GreenBusiness/Standards.aspx?vid=ViewStandardDetail&:cid=0&:sid=6
MPI GPS-1 and GPS-2: Master Painters Institute (MPI) Green Performance Standards for Paints and Coatings [GPS-1 and GPS-2].
2008. Master Painters Institute, Inc.
http://www.specifygreen.com/EvrPerf/EnvironmentalPerformance.html
SCS Standard EC-10.2-2007: Standard EC-10.2-2007, Indoor Air Quality Performance. 2007. Scientific Certification Systems.
http://www.scscertified.com/docs/SCS-EC10.2-2007.pdf
Wood Smoke and Solid Fuel Emissions
CSIA: Top-Down Method of Stove Loading. Chimney Safety Institute of America.
http://www.csia.org/HomeownerResources/ChimneySafetyInfo/HOWTOBuildaTopDownBurn/tabid/229/Default.aspx
EPA Burn Wise Guides: Burn Wise Guide for Best Burn Practices for Wood Stoves. 2011. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
http://www.epa.gov/burnwise/bestburn.html
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APPENDIX C
ABBREVIATIONS
AC Air Conditioning
ACCA Air Conditioning Contractors of America
ACM Asbestos-Containing Material
AFHH - Alliance for Healthy Homes
AHRI Air-Conditioning, Heating and Refrigeration
Institute
ANSI American National Standards Institute
ASHI American Society of Home Inspectors
ASHRAE American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and
Air-Conditioning Engineers
ASPE American Society of Plumbing Engineers
ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials
BPI Building Performance Institute
CA California
CAZ Combustion Appliance Zone
CDC Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
CEQWhite House Council on Environmental Quality
cfin Cubic feet per minute
CFR Code of Federal Regulations
CHPS Collaborative for High Performance Schools
CO Carbon Monoxide
CO2 Carbon Dioxide
COPD Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
CPSC Consumer Product Safety Commission
CRI Carpet and Rug Institute
CSA Canadian Standards Association
CSIA Chimney Safety Institute of America
DOE - U.S. Department of Energy
DOL U.S. Department of Labor
EPA U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
EPA OSWER - U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency Office of Solid Waste and
Emergency Response
ETS Environmental Tobacco Smoke
ft2 Square feet
GS Green Seal
HPS Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome
HRV- Heat Recovery Ventilator
HUD U.S. Department of Housing and Urban
Development
HVAC Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning
LAQ- Indoor Air Quality
IPM Integrated Pest Management
LED Light-Emitting Diode
MDI Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate
MERV Minimum Efficiency Reporting Value
MNCEE Minnesota Center for Energy and Environment
MPI Master Painters Institute
MPI GPS Master Painters Institute Green Performance
Standard
N/A - Not Applicable
NAHB National Association of Home Builders
NCHH - National Center for Healthy Housing
NEHA National Environmental Health Association
NESCAUM -The Clean Air Association of the Northeast
States
NFI National Fireplace Institute
NFPA National Fire Protection Association
NIOSH National Institute for Occupational Safety and
Health
NIST National Institute of Standards and Technology
NRSB - National Radon Safety Board
NVLAP National Voluntary Laboratory Accreditation
Program
ODS Oxygen Depletion Sensor
OSHA Occupational Safety and Health Administration
PCBs Polychlorinated Biphenyls
pCi/L picocuries per liter
PELs Permissible Exposure Limits
PLM Polarized Light Microscopy
ppm Parts per million
RRP Renovation, Repair and Painting
SCS Scientific Certification Systems
SIDS Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
SPF Spray Polyurethane Foam
TEM Transmission Electron Microscopy
U.S. - United States
VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds
WC.-Water Column
XRF - X-Ray Fluorescence
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United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office of Air and Radiation (6609J)
EPA 402/K-l 1/003 I October 2011
http://www.epa.gov/iaq/homes/retrofits.html
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