United States
Environmental Protect tern
Aflency
Air Pollution Training Initltute
MO 17
Cnvlronwnt*! Rtittrch Center
Research Trl«nole Park. »C 27711
" EPA 450/2-91-003 <
October 1990
APTI
Correspondence Course 404
Assessing
Multiple Pollutant
Multiple Source
Cancer Risks from
Urban Air Toxics
Guidebook
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EPA-XXXIX-XX-XXX
October 1990
APTI
Correspondence Course 404
Assessing
Multiple Pollutant
Multiple Source
Cancer Risks from
Urban Air Toxics
Guidebook
Prepared bys
Pacific Environmental Services
3708 May fair Street, Suite 202
Durham, North Carolina 27707
Under Contract No.
68-02-4393
EPA Project Officer
Charles Pratt
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Notice
This is not an official policy and standards document. The opinions and selections
are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the Environmental Protection
Agency. Every attempt has been made to represent the present state of the art as
well as subject areas still under evaluation. Any mention of products or organiza-
tions does not constitute endorsement by the United States Environmental Protec-
tion Agency.
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Table of Contents
Page
Course Introduction ., ., __...,.....,._.». ,. ..._. 0-1
Section 1. Ambient Air Quality Monitoring .______ ..._, ,_«__.»^. 1-1
Review Exercise r_»..»..... ..____. . 1-3
Review Etectse Answers ,^^__________Mw_^__^ra__ 1-g
Section 2. Emission Inventories ___^.«»TOM«., ».««.....,_ 2-1
. Review Exertae ______~_^_^__«^^^^^^^^^.»_w, 2-3
Review Exercise Answers __,_,«,... «.»^. i».._ 2-7
S^tion 3. Dispersion Modeling ... _«_«_m_^___.^^»__»_ 3-1
Review Exercise ____ ^._ , «___.. . . ^ 3-3
Review Biercise Answers »_ . ___.____»__.. 3-6
Section 4. Expoaae and Risk Assessment »___ ^.« »>___^_ , , ^ 4-1
Review Ei^me »«»»«»»_-. _^^^_~^«^,^^__»_«_^.. 4-2
Review E*ercfee Answers , ,m,m^m., ,,«_..».,M^».»_,.,»,..... 4-6
Section 5. Control Strategy Simulation and Evaluation ^.,.........,^. . 5-1
Review Eiercise . . , ,.»^,_.» , ., : .. 5-3
Review Ejarcise Answers ,»^,»_^. ^...^.^m.,.^.. .^ , 5-5
Section 6. Computerized Data Handling ,..,.,,.,,...,.«.»..,..........^ ».,,.,.. 6-1
Review Exercise ,«^_M» ».,.,..««.,~,«w,,,,..,,.,.......,... .... 6-3
Review Exercise Answers ...,.... ., ^..«.....__....... .. 6-7
111
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Course Introduction
Overview of Course
Course Description
This training course is a 24-hour correspondence course dealing with methods that have been used
in assessing multiple source, multiple pollutant risks from air toxics exposures In urban areas. The
course presents synopses of assessment procedures that have been used to quantify urban air toxics
exposure and risks, and offers insights into the suitability of these procedures in particular
applications. Course topics include:
* use of ambient air monitoring data, emission inventories, and dispersion modeling in urban '
assessments
* the purposes to which exposure and risk assessments have been put
* the use of simulation in evaluating potential risk reduction of specific control strategies for
urban air toxics exposures
* data handling options and selection
Course Goal
The goal of this course is to familiarize you with general assessment tools for exposure and risk
from urban air toxics and with specific considerations for selecting the appropriate methods for
conducting such assessments.
Course Objectives
Upon completion of this course, you should be able to:
understand the purposes for which urban air toxics assessments have been undertaken;
identify techniques that have been used by others;
- describe the strengths and weaknesses of various methods for estimating exposures (ambient
air quality monitoring versus emission inventories/dispersion modeling);
select appropriate tools, including data handling systems, for specific urban air toxics
assessments; and
understand the appropriate interpretations and applications of the results of exposure and
risk assessments and control strategy simulations.
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Lesson Titles, Sequence, and Trainee Involvement Time
Lesson Number Lesson Title . Trainee Involvement
time (hours)
1 Ambient Air Quality Monitoring 4
2 Emission Inventories 4
3 Dispersion Modeling 5
4 Exposure and Risk Assessment 5
5 Control Strategy Simulation and
Evaluation 3
6 Computerized Data Handling 3
Requirements for Successful Completion of this Course
In order to receive 2.5 Continuing Education Units (CEUs) and a certificate of course completion,
you must:
* take two quizzes and a final examination.
achieve a course grade of at least 70% (out of 100%) determined as follows;
- 20% from Quiz 1
- 20% from Quiz 2
- 60% from the final examination
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Use of Course Materials
Necessary Materials
"APT1 Correspondence Course 404"
EPA 450/2-89-010," Assessing Multiple Pollutant Multiple Source Cancer Risks from Urban
Air Toxics: Summary of Approaches and Insights from Completed and Ongoing Urban Air
Toxics Assessments Studies."
pencil or pen
* calculator
* quizzes and exams
Use of this Guidebook
Relationship Between Guidebook and Assigned Reading Materials
This guidebook directs your progress through the reference text "Assessing Multiple Pollutant
Multiple Source Cancer Risks from Urban Air Toxics.*
Description of Guidebook Sections
This guidebook contains six reading assignment sections that correspond to the six lessons of the
course. Each section contains the following:
* reading assignment
* reading assignment topics
* section's learning goal and objectives
reading guidance
* review exercise
Instructions for Completing the Quizzes and the Final Examination
You should have received, along with this guidebook, two quizzes and a final examination,
* Quiz No. 1 covers the first three sections of the guidebook. Take this quiz after you have
completed these three sections and the review questions for each section.
Quiz No. 2 covers the last three sections of the guidebook. Take this quiz after you .have
completed the last three sections and the review questions for each section.
« After completing each quiz and the final exam, mail the quiz/exam answer sheet to the
following address:
Air Pollution Training Institute
Environmental Research Center
MD-17
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
After completing a quiz, continue with the course. Do not wait for quiz results.
Quiz/exam and course grade results will be mailed to you.
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If you hove questions, contact:
Air Pollution Training Institute
Environmental Research Center
MD-I7
Research Trisftigle Park, NC 27711
Telephone Numbers:
Commercial: (919)541-2401
FTS: 629-2401
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Section 1
Ambient Air Quality Monitoring
Reading Assignment
Pages 23-72 of EPA-450/2-89-010, "Assessing Multiple Pollutant Multiple Source Cancer Risks
from Urban Air Toxics."
Reading Assignment Topics
Use of ambient air monitoring data in urban assessments
Pollutant coverage
Site selection
Sampling periods, frequencies, and duration
Evolving monitoring techniques
Insights into the use of monitoring in air toxics programs
Learning Goal and Objectives
Learning Goal
To familiarize the reader with decisions involved in developing and implementing an ambient air
quality monitoring plan, and, through the examination of example plans, to illustrate the types of
trade-offs and compromises involved in these decisions.
Learning Objectives
When you have completed this section, you should be able to:
understand the usage of ambient air monitoring data in an urban air toxics program
* evaluate the tradeoffs and compromises inherent in design of an effective monitoring plan
describe the technical issues involved in sample accuracy, site selection, and sample analysis
understand the objectives for the air toxics monitoring programs
define terms such as pollutant coverage, spatial coverage, temporal coverage, and sampling
period, frequency and duration
be familiar with some basic sampling and analysis methods
« describe some evolving monitoring technologies
describe ways to cut costs in monitoring programs
1-1
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Reading Guidance
* When you have finished the reading assignment, complete the review exercise for Section 1.
It begins on the following page.
« After you have answered the review exercise questions, check your answers The correct
answers are listed on the page immediately following the review exercise.
* For any review exereise questions that you answered incorrectly, review the page(s) of the
reading assignment indicated on the answers page.
* After you have reviewed your incorrect answers (if any), proceed to Section 2 of this
guidebook.
1-2
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Review Exercise
Now that you've completed the assignment for Section 1, please answer the following questions.
These will help you determine whether or not you are mastering the material.
*
1. Identify as many of the following that are evaluated better by air monitoring than by air
pollution dispersion models:
a. transformation products
b. pollutants emitted directly
c. gradual buildup of background level pollutants
d. pollutant transport from other areas
2. Ambient air monitoring data provide all tlte following for multi-source, multi-pollutant
urban assessment except:
a. assessment of dispersion model performance
b. characterization of toxic pollutant exposures and risks
c. high accuracy measurement and analysis for many substances found at low concentration
d. evaluation of emission inventory accuracy
3. Ambient air monitoring data can be used in '_ .
a. verifying specific operating permit conditions
b. mutagenic bioassays
c. source apportionments
d. none of the above
e. all of the above
4. The cost of monitoring programs for toxic air pollutants can be reduced by:
a. sampling over shorter time periods
b. sampling over longer time periods
5. Order the following §7 through d to describe the process by which excess cancer cases are
estimated:
multiply exposure levels by cancer unit risk factor
estimate population exposure
superimpose cancer risk over population distribution
measure ambient air toxics levels
6. True or False? The greater the number of samples analyzed, the more variations in the
concentration of pollutant in time and space can be described.
7. Site selection for sampling is influenced by:
a. gradient of concentrations
b. laboratory detection limit of pollutants
c air quality statistics of concern
d, a and b above
e. a, b, and c above
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8. Sampling locations with gradients require the most careful site location:
a. flat
b. gradual
c. steep
9. Which two of the following pollutant groups have been emphasized in monitoring programs
to date:
a. aldehydes
b. volatile organics
c, semi volatile organics
d. metals
e. ketones
10. Which of the following pollutants were covered in all of the nine programs described in this
chapter:
a. asbestos e. chloroform
b. carbon tetrachloride f. xylene
c, benzene g, perehloroethylene
d. toluene
11. Match the type of site selection below to a program purpose:
SITE SELECTION " PROGRAM PURPOSE
a. Site only where concentration gradients of Characterize regional pollutants and
targeted pollutants are steepest. variation.
b. Many sites, few specific substances Verify emission inventory and assess
measured. maximum individual risk.
c. Few sites, in-depth and broad spectrum Compare with specific model outputs.
analysis.
12, Which one of the following is not true of a good sampling station?
a. sampling line intake should be from 2 to 10 m above the ground
b. sampling probe should extend at least 2 m from supporting structure
c. distance between obstruction and the sampler should be at least the height of the
obstruction
d. sampling probe must be mounted on the windward side if located on a building
13. Based on the studies reviewed, rooftop sampling (was/was not) demonstrated to
interfere with the collection of representative data.
14. Assign each design factor to its correct definition:
a. sampling period number of hours that compose each sample
b. sampling duration length of time field program is operational
c. sample frequency separation of sample days (every 2nd, every 5th, etc.)
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15. A minimum sampling period of one season may be reasonable for which of the following
objectives?
a. to assess model performance
b. to estimate annual average concentration
16. To show diurnal differences while retaining the ability to compute daily averages, one would
choose the following type of sampling duration:
a. 24-hour samples
b. 12-hour daytime samples
c 12-hour daytime and nighttime sets
17. Place a T for Tenax*" or a C for "canister" in each of the sets of statements below
describing sampling techniques for volatile organics.
absorbent material
collects ambient air samples
lower detection limits
higher detection limits
documented unreliability
greater day-to-day consistency in results
18. "Distributed volume sampling protocol" for use of Tenax* is:
a. combining gas chromatography and mass spectrometry analysis methods
b. varying sampling volume by probe location
c. use of 4 sampling tubes at different flow rates
19. Semivolatile organic pollutants can be sampled by collection on .
a. Tenax* or canister
b. polyurethane foam or XAD-2
c. gas chromatograph or mass spectrometer
20. True or False? Metals can be collected using either high volume samplers or fine paniculate
samplers.
21. Formaldehyde, aldehydes, and ketones were sampled by which of the following methods in-
some of these studies:
a. polyurethane foam
b. 2-4,dinitrophenylhydrazine cartridges
c. high volume samplers
d. a and b
1-5
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23. Match the pollutant to an appropriate sampling method, and to an appropriate analyzation
method.
Pollutants
a. volatile organics
b. semivolatile organics
c. metals
d. aldehydes and ketones
Sampling Analvzation
high volume samplers G0MS
Tenax* HPLC
2-4,diaitrophenyl- GOMS with HPLC
hydrazine cartridges X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy
poryurethane foam
23. The Total Exposure Assessment Methodology (TEAM) studies collect data on 20
air pollutants.
a. personal and stack
b. stack and ambient
c. ambient and personal
d. personal, ambient, and stack
24. Match the following acronym to its definition, pint: All concern evolving monitoring
techniques.]
IACP a. Portable infrared sensor housed in van.
TAGA*
ROSE* b. Mobile mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry system used to
collect near real-time air quality concentrations.
c. Broad program designed to identify species most likely to be
carcinogenic and their sources.
25. True or Fate? Both the TAGA* and the ROSE* systems suffer from having high pollutant
detection limits.
26. True or False? Sample compositing has been used successfully for many years for ambient
air sampling.
27. Sample compositing involves ?
a. combining short-term samples (e.g., < 24 hours) after collection
b. collecting long-term, intermittent samples
c neither a nor b
d. both a and b
28. True or False? In selective analysis, easily measured pollutants that relate to pollutants
more difficult to measure are selected for analysis.
29. True or False? Measured air quality data are inherently better than modeled concentrations.
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30. Circle any of the following which are true limitations of measured air quality data.
a. low number of sites and samples
b. sampling and analytical uncertainties
c. inability to characterize concentrations at key receptors
d. high cost to obtain representative data
*
31. Ideally, for studies that emphasize cancer risks, pollutant concentrations should be estimated
over a period of .
a. 24 hours
b. one season
c, one year
32. True or False? Among the studies described in this chapter, the sampling networks had a
size range of from 1 to 13 sites in an urban area.
33. Which of the following will cause temporal patterns of pollutant concentration to vary if the
receptors are dominated by area-sources:
a. seasonal variability
b. industrial clusters
c. diurnal patterns
d. a and c
e. a through c above
34. Acute npncancer risks pose substantial challenges in terms of temporal coverage because of
their relation to .
a. short-term exposures
b. long-term exposures
c. both a and b
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Review Exercise Answers
Page(s) of
Urban Air
Toxics Manual
1. a, c, d . _ _________ ________ , _________ 24
2. c . __ ., _______________ .. __ . _ 23-25
3, e ____ _ _ ; ,, , __ __________ 24-25
4. b .. . ...» . ........... ______ .... .. 25
5. c, b, d, a .... ___ . . . _ 23-24
6. True .. . . . .. ..... 25-27
7. e 26-27
8. c . __ 26
9, b, d . . . ... . . 33
10. b, c, e, g ___ . . 34-37
11. c, a, b .. . » _ ... _ _ . ___ 39-47
12. c ... _ _ . .. _ ; _____ ,._«____~ 47
13. was not ... ... _____ _________ _________________ __ 47-48
14. b, a, c . , .»..._..__.....__m__..____ 48
15. a __. , ,__ .___« . 48-51
16. c ,. . ».. _ ___«m___ 52
17. T, C, T, C, T, C ««. ..... ,. ». .................... .................. 54
18. c J 1.. . _..... ».._^ .... . __.__. 54
19. b . 58
20. True . ._ 58
21. b 59
22. c, a, d, b and a, d, b, c . ... 54-59
23. d ....... . . .. . 59
24. c, b, a .... .. . . ,. . . 61-62
25. True . ..... . . 62
26. False ..,.....»... . ....._ _ , » ...__.. 63
27. d ...,, ».........,... _._ __. . ... 63
28. False __. ..... . , . . 64-65
29, False ____._.. ......... ___._._ ...... .-__. ». 66
30. a, b, and d _ . . .... . . 66-67
31. c ........... . ._. ._- 68
32. True _ . . . .. ... ... 69
33. d 70
34. a _ 71
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Section 2
Emission Inventories
Reading Assignment
Pages 73-94 of HPA-4SQ/2-89-01Q, "Assessing Multiple Pollutant Multiple Source Cancer Risks
from Urban Air Toxics.*
Reading Assignment Topics
Use of emission inventories in multi-pollutant, multi-source urban air toxics assessments
Pollutant coverage
Source coverage
Estimating emissions
Spatial and temporal resolution
Quality assurance
Insights into compiling inventories for urban air toxics assessments
Learning Goal and Objectives
Learning Goal
To teach the reader the uses of emission inventories in urban air toxics assessments, define and
describe the components of inventories, and consider some insights into building inventories.
Learning Objectives
When you have completed this section, you should be able to:
* understand the usage of emission inventories in multi-pollutant, multi-source urban air toxics
assessments;
* identify pollutants and sources covered by urban air unties assessments;
* identify several approaches for estimating emissions of air toxics;
* understand basic aspects associated wiih incorporating point and area sources into an
emissions inventory, and
* identify methods for assessing the quality of an emissions inventory.
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Reading Guidance
When you have finished the reading assignment, complete the review exercise for Section 2.
It begins on the following page.
* After you have answered the review exercise questions, died your answers The correct
answers are listed on the page immediately following the review exercise,
* For any review exercise questions that yon answered incorrectly, review the page(s) of the
reading assignment indicated on the answers page,
* After you have reviewed your incorrect answers (if any), proceed to Section 3 of this
guidebook.
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Review Exercise
Now that you've completed the assignment for Section 2, please answer the following questions.
These will help you determine whether or not you are mastering the material.
1. Emission inventory data are used as input to air dispersion models for estimating
across an urban area.
a, concentrations
b. exposures
c. risks
d. all of the above
e. a and b only
2. The chapter lists the following 20 compounds that account for the vast majority of aggregate
cancer incidence in most of the studies reviewed. Of these, which five contributed most to
aggregate incidence?
a. Arsenic h. Chloroform n. Formaldehyde
b. Benzene I. Chromium (total or +6) . o. Methylene chloride
c. BaP j. Ethylene dibromide p. Perchloroethylene
d. Beryllium k. Ethylene dichloride q. POM
e. 1,3-butadiene L Gasoline vapors r. Trichloroethylene
f. Cadmium m. Ethylene oxide s. Vinyl chloride
g. Carbon tetrachloride
3. POM is the acronym for .
4. The problematic form of chromium from a cancer risk stand point is
5. True or false? POM is sometimes called products of incomplete combustion.
6. One approach to inventory emissions of POM was to use emissions of the surrogate
compound as representative.
7. When using the "comparative potency factor approach" method to estimate risk from POM,
can be inventoried as representative of POM emissions.
a. total paniculate emissions
b. the solvent extractable fraction of total paniculate
c both a and b
d. neither a nor b
8. True or False? There is a general consensus among study managers that the comparative
potency factor approach, rather than the BaP surrogate approach, is most suitable for
estimating cancer risk from POM.
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9. To model both ambient Or** and total chromium levels, one mast:
a. measure the ambient level of each
b. assume all chromium is Cr**
c, distinguish between Cr** and total chromium directly in the inventory
d. a or c
*
10. True or false? Cr** can not be directly measured at typical ambient levels.
11. Which of the following forms of beryllium is not considered to be the one of the more
carcinogenic forms.
a. ore
b. oxide
c. fluoride
d. phosphate
e. sulfate
12. True or false? The various studies done so far seem to show that risks are reasonably
estimated if one assumes that all beryllium and nickel emissions are as carcinogenic as the
most potent compounds containing these elements.
13. The studies discussed in this section used to estimate exposure to secondarily
formed formaldehyde.
a. emission inventories of precursors
b. ambient air monitoring data
14. True or false? No validated models exist yet for predicting transformation products from
precursor inventory data.
15. Which of the following types of sources are included in any comprehensive emission
inventory?
a, industrial point
b. TSDFs
c. area
d. mobile
e. a,c,d
f. a through d above
16. Which of the following was not used in the studies reviewed to estimate toxic emissions from
existing data bases?
a. conduct source specific surveys for the toxic pollutants
b. use the species factor method
c. apply an air toxics emission factor to the existing throughput or activity level
17. True or False? The species factor method of toxic emissions estimation involves applying
species factors to existing toxic survey data.
18. is a measure of how finely emissions data are subdivided in space.
19. True or False? A measure of how finely emissions data are subdivided in time is called
temporal resolution.
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20. The resolution of any risk estimates can exceed the resolution of input data .
a, none
b. by no more than a factor of 2
c. by no more than a factor of 10
21. Typicalry, point sourte locations are known to the nearest km for areawide cancer
assessments.
a. 0.01
b. 0.1
c LO
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28. Emission inventory review should be conducted to help ensure the best
possible inventory procedures and data are being used.
a. during the planning stages
b, at the end of the data collection effort
c when the results were compiled
d. all of the above,
e. a and b only
29. True or False? Defining the study area as large as possible may help to account for local
background levels of pollutants that are not secondarily formed or due to gradual buildup.
30. Aggregate cancer risk due to exposure to primary formaldehyde emissions is probably
from secondary formaldehyde.
a. less than
b. about the same as
c. greater than
31. Point source characterization is likely to be for areawide aggregate cancer
incidence estimates than for maximum individual risks.
a. less complex
b. about the same in complexity
c more complex
32, True or False? The use of several socioeconomic or land use parameters as surrogates for
allocating area source emissions is to be preferred to the use of a single indicator, such as
population.
33. True or False? EPA's Human Exposure Model internally allocates emissions to the
subcounty level.
34. True or False? Temporal resolution of hourly variability is probably more useful for studies
that focus on cancer than for studies that focus on noncancer effects.
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Review Exercise Answers
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10,
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20,
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
*
d ...
b, e, i, n, and q
polycyclic organic matter ... ............................
Cr** or hexavalent chromium .. .. ..
True . ,, ..,.»,.»,.,.... . ^«
benzo(a)pyrene or BaP .
C ..,»., .
Fake.
c
True ..... . . . , ..
b ..... .. ... ..
False ....
b .
True ........... ...,.. , ...,_,
c »*»
a i liiu^,u..,, ,..,... ,.,...t..^«a vuui
False
Spatial resolution __
True . .«.
g
b
bd,e . .. . .
e ...... ...............
True ... . ... . ».
False . ..,. .... ... .- . _...«..^»
2
d - «- .......
d ,,,.. -
True
a
9
True
True
False
Pa|e(s) of
Urban Air
Tories Manual
.. . .... . 74
79
.... . 79
.. , 79
«. .... 80
80
...,,,,, ft)
- , ,,,,,-,-- 80
81
.» « 81
. . . ._ 81
. 81
82
82
.. 82
83-84
§4
86
~.. 86
86
87
87-92
88-89
. . 88
.. . ._. 89
.. .__............. 89
.. 90-91
. ... . 90
.. .. - . 91-92
,. ... m. ..._. 92
_ ._ .. 92
92
92
. ... 93
2-7
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Section 3
Dispersion Modeling
Reading Assignment
Pages 95-145 of EPA-45Q/2-89-010, "Assessing Multiple Pollutant Multiple Source Cancer Risks
from Urban Air Tories".
Reading Assignment Topics
Use of models for estimating exposure in multi-pollutant, multi-source urban assessments.
Decisions affecting modeling protocols
Model Selection
Release specifications
Selection of receptor network
Meteorological data
Decay, transformation, deposition
Model execution
Model performance evaluation
Insights
Learning Goal and Objectives
Learning Goal
To grasp that a model's performance for a specific use depends upon the accuracy of emissions
data, the representativeness of meteorological data, and how well the application matches the
source and terrain types for which the model was originally developed.
Learning Objectives
When you have completed this section, you should be able to:
* understand that dispersion modeling is a powerful tool as applied to air toxics studies;
* recognize the limitations on modeled results as a function of available input data, as well as
the compatibility of the model to the particular application;
« identify the strengths and weaknesses of modeled results vs. those obtained by ambient
monitoring; and
3-1
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recognize that there are a wide variety of dispersion models available (some of which are not
EPA-approved) specific to some of the following factors: short-term vs. long-term analysis,
complex vs. simple terrain, urban vs. rural areas, and point vs. area sources;
Reading Guidance
*
Many of the dispersion models discussed are identified and discussed in the EPA document,
"Guideline on Air Quality Models (Revised)" EPA-450/2-78-027R, OAQPS, Durham, NC,
1986.
UNAMAP is an acronym for User's Network for Applied Modeling of Air Pollution. This is
a collection of FORTRAN source codes for air quality models. The most recent version of
UNAMAP (Version 6, dated July 1986) contains 23 models and associated processors.
* The term formulation refers to a dispersion model run with specific input data and control
settings. A dispersion model can be run with multiple formulations.
* When you have finished the reading assignment, complete the review exercise for Section 3.
It begins on the following page.
After you have answered the review exercise questions, check your answers. The correct
answers are listed on the page immediately following the review exercise.
For any review exercise questions that you answered incorrectly, review the page(s) of the
reading assignment indicated on the answers page.
After you have reviewed your incorrect answers (if any), proceed to Section 4 of this
guidebook.
-------
Review Exercise
Now that you've completed the assignment for Section 3, please answer the following questions.
These will help you determine whether or not you are mastering the material.
*
1. Dispersion modeling is a powerful tool as applied to toxic air pollutant studies. Modeling
may be used to:
a. estimate ambient concentrations of pollutants
b. assist in the planning of monitoring programs
c. verify emission inventories when used in conjunction with monitoring data
d. all of the above
e. a and c only
2. True or False? Gaussian models currently in use for toxic pollutant analysis were originally
developed for criteria pollutants, and therefore had to be extensively revised for air toxics
analysis.
3. How well a model performs for a specific use depends upon which of the following:
a. the accuracy of emissions data
b. the emission source release specifications
c the representativeness of meteorological data
d. how well the application matches the source and terrain types for which the model was
originally developed
e. all of the above
f. only a, b, and d
For the following questions (4-7), indicate by inserting the appropriate letter whether either a
modeling analysis (A) or a monitoring analysis (B) is more appropriately described.
4. Generally requires a smaller amount of resources to conduct a comprehensive ambient
air quality assessment.
5. Provides extensive spatial and temporal resolution of estimated concentrations.
6. Can isolate the effect of any single source or evaluate the impact of any aggregate of
sources.
7. Cannot analyze hypothetical situations, such as the imposition of a range of control
scenarios,
8. True or False? Long-term modeling is typically conducted in air toxics risk assessments due
to the emphasis on chronic health effects. However, short-term modeling is also employed
to aid in model performance evaluation.
9. True or False? A combination of models was employed in the studies of interest because
none of the current models in the EPA Guideline on Air Quality Models provide adequate
treatment of complex industrial sources and urban-scale area sources.
3-3
-------
10. True or False? SHOUT Is a version of HEM/SHEAR as developed by the South Coast
Study.
In questions 11-15, match each of the following dispersion models with the characteristic most
representative of each.
11. HEM/SHEAR _; a. second level screening model for
12. GAMS ii: estimating short-term averages in urban
13. ISCLT areas with complex terrain
14. COM
15. SHORTZ b. provides flexibility for evaluating
complex industrial sources
c. exposure modeling system that
internally includes national population
data
d. its greatest strength for modeling urban
soup is its detailed area source
treatment
e. similar operation to HEM, although
the approaches differ for close-in
receptors
16. True or False? Exposure modeling without consideration of terrain rise (e.g., complex
terrain) can lead to large model inaccuracies for source categories that release from high
stacks. A bias to overestimate impacts for tall stacks can occur on this basis for areas with
moderate to high terrain.
17. The following meteorological parameters are required for optimal use of the dispersion
models used in these studies:
a. wind speed/wind direction
b. polar coordinates
c atmospheric stability
d. ambient temperature
e. all of the above
f. a, b, and d
g. a, c, and d
18. Atmospheric stability is a term used within a dispersion model to indicate the rate of
horizontal and vertical pollutant mixing within a plume. conditions produce
vigorous mixing, conditions indicate moderate mixing, and conditions
result in very limited mixing.
a. Neutral / stable / unstable
b. Unstable / neutral / stable
c. Stable / neutral / unstable
19. True or False? The incorporation of diurnal or seasonal differences in meteorological
conditions can be important when modeling industrial facilities or area source categories that
have distinct diurnal or seasonal patterns in emission rates.
-------
20. True or False? The models used in all of these studies contain simplified treatments for
decay, deposition, and transformation. These factors have been significant issues in most
studies of urban air toxics.
21. True or False? Model performance evaluations are only an option for studies that have an
adequate measured data set against which to compare the modeled values.
JL
22. True or False? It is a common misconception of reviewers of studies that have undertaken
mode! performance testing that measured data are used to calibrate model output to reduce
bias, thereby showing a better match with observed results.
In questions 23 through 31, a characteristic or effect of dispersion modeling is presented. For
each of these, insert the letter of the type of model input data (meteorological, source, or
receptor) which most closely matches.
23. Direction and speed of pollutant
transport
24. Emission release temperature and
velocity
25. Horizontal and vertical dispersion
26. Grid-based vs. polar coordinates
27. Complex terrain considerations
28. Release height
29. Vertical extent of turbulent mixing
30. Location of maximum exposures :
31. Types of pollutants
a. Meteorological data
b. Source data
c. Receptor data
3-5
-------
Review Exercise Answers
of
Urban Air
Toxics Manual
1. d . . . .._,.. %
2, False ......... .... . . ..._... .. . 96
3. e . . ............. ..... ....... 96
4. A . . . . ,.» .. 97
5. A ... ..... .,. . ._.. «._^^. 97
6. A.. , . . , 97
7. B »» .. - «_ ~-»^__ , 97
8. Tnie..,.^....,.,.^.^..... .__ ^^^_ 1Q2
9. True _~~_~~ ....__.»~_~~~_.«»^~_.»__.^^MM__^^..^^«.,.. 103
10, False ,.«..«.>.-^. , . __. ,«^^m_» 104
11. c _»,.,, , . ___ _ _______ 103
12. e .^ __ __________________ _ _ __ 105
13. b «..«_._.~^...__ ______«________. . ^ . 105
14. d . ~. . ^^«^^..^.,^..«.__._m_-^_.. 106
15. a . . . , _ _ , . , _»_ 106
16. False
17. g ^^. __.._^ . ________ 119
18. b ._. - . .. . . ..~^.... 121
19. True ..^...^M.»««~.^^«^»M^..-..»«..~.«..««....»«»...«»....»^«.M.^.M..^....m.TO.. 12?
20. Fate .^..M..........«..........«.~«. .M,......^,.,.^..«,.«.........«..M......M.M..^^..... 124
21. True.......... [[[ ..«..^^. 127
22. True . . «« . . 129
23. a . , . 97
24. b. , .... 100
26. c - . .. . . .... ........ .......... . .... Ill
27. c .^..TO».....«»..^^.....~_.».M.. ._~_~..~~. . ^......^^«.~.«_.M 111
28. b _. ...... ~~~_~ . _~__ ^~,. ^_»__~_..^..m.. ^..^ 100
29. a . ..... , , ...-.., ...... - ..-.. . ^ 97
30. c .,. . ._ ... 102
-------
Section 4
Exposure and Risk Assessment
Heading Assignment
Pages 146-171 of EPA 450/2-89-010, "Assessing Multiple Pollutant Multiple Source Cancer Risks
from Urban Air Toxics."
Reading Assignment Topics
* Use of and issues associated with exposure and risk assessments in air toxic studies
* Comparison of approaches to exposure and risk interpretation and assessment
* Insights into the use of exposure and risk assessment in air toxic studies
Learning Goal and Objectives
Learning Goal
To familiarize you with the role of and methodologies used in exposure and risk estimation in
urban air toxics assessment.
Learning Objective
When you have completed this section, you should be able to:
identify the various ways risks have been estimated, reported, and compared
* identify assumptions and uncertainties associated with exposure and risk estimates
Reading Guidance
When you have finished the reading assignment, complete the review exercise for Section 4.
It begins on the following page.
After you have answered the review exercise questions, check your answers "The correct
answers are listed on the page immediately following the review exercise,
* For any review exercise questions that you answered incorrectly, review the page(s) of the
reading assignment indicated on the answers page.
* After you have reviewed your incorrect answers (if any), proceed to Section 5 of this
guidebook.
4-1
-------
Review Exercise
Now that youVe completed the assignment for Section 4, please answer the following questions.
These will help you determine whether or not you are mastering the material
issue that has been
1. Estimating exposures and risks from air toxics is a
addressed in a manner.
a. simple/highly simplified
b. simple/highly sophisticated
c. complex/highly simplified
d. complex/highly sophisticated
2. True or False? Field-oriented studies concerned with ambient outdoor air concentrations of
air toxics typically include exposure contributions from residential, commercial, occupational,
and transportation-related microenvironraents.
, while the
3. The Total Exposure Assessment Methodology is investigating more
Integrated Cancer Project is investigating
a. .comprehensive exposures/individual microenvironments.
b. individual microenvironments/comprehensive exposures.
4.. Most studies calculated areawide cancer incidence using the same basic formula. This
formula was:
b.
Ambient
Concentration
Ambient
Concentration
Ambient
Concentration
Ambient
Concentration
Number of People
Exposed to Ambient
Concentration
Cancer Unit
Risk Factor
Number of People
Exposed to Ambient
Concentration
Cancer Unit
+ Risk Factor
Number of People
Exposed to Ambient
Concentration
Cancer Unit
x Risk Factor
Number of People
Cancer Unit Square miles of
x Risk Factor x Geographic area x Exposed to Ambient
of Study Concentration
5. In the equation in Question 4 above, the areawide cancer incidence is computed by summing
over each and each .
a. subarea/pollutant
b. pollutant/source category
c. subarea/source category
4-2
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6. True or False? Most of the studies used cancer unit risk factors developed by EPA's Cancer
Assessment Group?
7. The health hazards Index is an indicator of concern associated with effects.
a. cancer
b. noncancer
c. cancer and noncancer
8. If the health hazard index exceeds i, the concern is if the no-effect threshold
were exceeded by the same amount by an individual pollutant
a. less than
b. the same as
c greater than
9. Most studies emphasized estimating and only a subset emphasized estimating
a. areawide annual population exposures/maximum exposed individuals
b. maximum exposed individuals/areawide annual population exposures
10. Pollutant ranking involves the ranking of the relative importance of pollutants in terms of:
a. the number of sources emitting each pollutant
b. the contribution of each pollutant to ambient concentrations
c the contribution of each pollutant to potential risk
d. all of the above
11. Source categories can be , such as vs and vs .
a. broad, mobile/stationary, industrial/hon-industrial
b. narrow, industrial/non-industrial, commercial/residential
c broad, area/point, mobile/stationary
d. narrow, mobile/stationary, industrial/rion-industrial
12. Culpability analysis applies to:
a. individual pollutants or groups of pollutants
b. particular sources or source groups
c, a and b
13. Examining of the ratio of MEI to average values is an example of:
a. ranking the relative importance of pollutants
b. ranking the relative importance of sources or source categories
c. culpability analysis of sources or source categories
d. evaluating variations in exposures and risks
14. The total number of cancer cases (is/Is not) dependent on the size of the exposed
population and the average probabilistic risk (is/is not) dependent on the size of
the exposed population.
4-3
-------
For questions 15 through 20, which of the following methodological issues are associated with
exposure assessments and which with risk assessments? (Circle your answer)
15. Selection of study boundaries . Exposure Risk
16. Addiiivity assumptions Exposure Risk
*
17. Location of monitoring sites Exposure Risk
18. Development of dose-response data Exposure Risk
19. Assumption of constant exposures for 70 years Exposure Risk
20. Population mobility Exposure Risk
21. The HEM uses a (polar coordinate/rectangular grid) system to link population and exposure
data,
22. SHED is considered (less accurate than, about the same as, more accurate than) SHEAR for
estimating maximum lifetime risks, but (less accurate, not significantly more accurate) than
SHEAR for estimating aggregate incidence.
23. True or False? Based on empirical evidence, air pollutant concentration in the center of a
city are about the same as at the outskirts of the city because of regional mixing.
For questions 24 through 27, which of the following statements concerning the modified NEM are
true and which are false?
24. Photochemical reactions are taken into account T F
25. Predicted exposure levels are those resulting
from direct exhaust emissions. T F
26. Assumes pollutant of interest has emission formulation
and dispersion characteristics similar to CO. T F
27. Uses an activity pattern model to simulate day-to-day
activities. T F
28. Two examples of microenvironments are:
a. indoors, automobiles
b. automobiles, parks
c. parks, office
d. gas station, indoors
For questions 29 through 32, True or False? The unit risk factor ...
29. represents ihe probability of contacting cancer T F
30. from constant inhalation and ingestion T F
31. over a nominal lifetime of 65 years T F
32, of 1 jig/m3. T F
-------
33. For most studies of carcinogenicity at the low levels encountered in ambient air, the shape of
the dose-response function is assumed to be:
a. linear
b. log-normal
c. normal
d. varies with the pollutant
34. The following formula is used to derive potency estimates for .
Estimated Known Bioassay PotencyUmMUld
Human RiskUla(Iuld = Human RiskT)IMe(, x
BioassayPotencyT<-aJQldoa>en
a. CAG does-response relationships
b. Structure-activity method
c comparative risk method
35. One advantage of the (comparative risk method, Structure-Activity Method) is that it directly
evaluates complex organic mixtures, potentially taking into account synergistic or antagonistic
effects.
36. True or False? Even for dissimilar endpoints, the assumption of additivity is appropriate for
noncancer health effects.
37. True or False? Data are available to determine the relationship between health effect and
the length of time the threshold is exceeded for many pollutants.
38. True or False? Threshold levels for the same pollutant may vary among individuals or across
population groups.
39. True or False? Most studies of noncancer health effects disregard the dose-response curve,
focusing only on whether the threshold value is exceeded.
40. True or False? Because health data on noncarcinogens are limited, EPA has endorsed the
use of industrial exposure standards for use in ambient air toxic risk assessments.
41. True or False? The accuracy of potencies has been an important general issue in ranking the
relative significance of pollutants.
42. One problem facing the ranking of individual pollutants is speciation. The problem of
speciation in this regard deals with:
a. estimating the quantity of individual components of total emissions of a compound.
b. assigning potency factors to each individual component of total emissions of a
compound.
c determining the relative contribution of sources to the total emissions of a compound.
43. True or False? Modeled exposures tend to be consistently (higher/lower) than monitoring
concentrations of the same pollutant because of (uncertain estimates of emission factor,
inability to model background concentrations).
4-5
-------
Review Exercise Answers
Page(s) of
Urban Air
Toxics Manual
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8,
9.
10,
n.
12.
13.
14.
IS.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
31
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
c.,
False..,
a.,
c
a
True ...............
b
b .
c
c
b
is, is not
exposure ______
risk. -------
exposure
risk ________
risk.
exposure..
146
146
146
147
147
147
148
148
148
148
149
149
149
149
149
156
ISO
155
156
152
polar coordinate..... ....... . .. 150
151
152
153
153
153
152
154
155
155
155
155
156
157
comparative risk method...... ..... ........ .....» 158
more accurate, not significantly more accurate............
False
False. .
True ...........
True
True
a
True
False
False
True
a
c .......
False
False.........
True
True ..........
False
True
b
158
158, 159
159
159
159
162
162
higher, inability to model background concentrations 163
-------
Section 5
Control Strategy Simulation
and Evaluation
Reading Assignment
Pages 179-190 of EPA-450/2-89-010, "Assessing Multiple Pollutant Multiple Source Cancer Risks
from Urban Air Toxics."
Reading Assignment Topics
Use of control strategy and evaluation in urban air toxics assessments
* Comprehensive vs. site-specific strategy simulation
Control strategy simulation procedures in the S City Controllability Study
Insights on control strategy simulation and evaluation
Learning Goal and Objectives
Learning Goal
To recognize that the potential risk reductions achievable through alternative control measures is
the principal objective of the methodologies and studies reviewed.
Learning Objectives
When you have completed this section you should be able to:
recognize that the concept of co-control is an important consideration in air toxic control
strategy evaluation;
recognize that control strategy analyses are conducted on comprehensive and site-specific
scales;
identify the differences between comprehensive and site-specific control strategy analyses;
know how the regulatory impact model (RIM) assists in control strategy simulation and
evaluation;
realize that the basis of derived cost-effectiveness values is as important as the values
themselves; and
* recognize that incidence reduction can be based on both areawide incidence and risk to the
most exposed individual (MEI).
5-1
-------
Reading Guidance
* The reading assignment discusses the concept of risk assessment vs. risk management. Risk
assessment is the use of the factual base to define the health effects of exposure of
individuals or populations to hazardous materials. Risk management is the process of
weighing policy alternatives and selecting the most appropriate regulatory action, integrating
the results of risk assessment with engineering data and with social, economic and political
concerns to reach a decision.
* "Co-control" potential is discussed as an important factor in control strategy evaluation. In
this context, co-control is defined as the extent to which controls designed for ozone, PMj^
or other criteria pollutants also control air toxics,
The acronym IEMP refers to the "Integrated Environmental Management Program*. Within
target cities (such as Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Santa Clara), specific sites were chosen for
the IEMP analyses.
When you have finished the reading assignment, complete the review exercise for Section 5.
It begins on the following page.
After you have answered the review exercise questions, check your answers. The correct
answers are listed on page immediately following the review exercise.
For any review exercise questions that you answered incorrectly, review the page(s) of the
reading assignment indicated on the answers page.
After you have reviewed your incorrect answers (if any), proceed to Section 6 of this
guidebook.
5-2
-------
Review Exercise
Now that youVe completed the assignment for Section 5, please answer the following questions.
These will help you determine whether or not you are mastering the material.
1. are suitable for control analyses, because emissions can reasonably be projected into
the future, both as a function of anticipated growth in an area and as a function of
alternative control measures that may be applied,
a. Ambient air monitoring studies
b. Dispersion modeling studies
2, Once the control analysis is completed, can use the information to prioritize various
alternative measures, based upon risk reduction.
a. risk managers
b. risk assessors
3. True or False? The concept of co-control is an important consideration in control strategy
evaluation because measures designed for air toxics control may help "sell" certain criteria
pollutant control measures that may otherwise have marginal acceptability on their own
merits.
4. What are the two types of control strategy analyses employed in the studies reviewed?
a. co-control and separate control
b. comprehensive and site-specific
c. maximum exposed individual and aggregate
5. A analysis was employed in the 5 City Controllability Study and a analysis was used
in the IEMP evaluations.
a. co-control/separate control
b. comprehensive/site-speeific
c. maximum exposed individual/aggregate
6. True or False? In both types of control strategy analyses employed, emissions projections
are made corresponding to the control scenarios simulated.
7. Fundamental differences between the two types of control strategy analyses include the
following:
a. the extent of source coverage
b. the consideration of multiple vs. single control strategies
c. the number of individuals living within the area of concern
d. the incorporation of growth and plant retirement into future projections of emissions
and risk
e. all of the above
f. a, b, and c
g. a, b, and d
5-3
-------
8. In the 5 City Controllability Study, a period of years was considered Jong enough that new
source growth and old source retirement could be factored into the analysis.
a. 5
b. 10
c 15
d. 20
9. True or Fake? When future projections were made in the 5 City Controllability Study,
control efficiencies applied to existing sources vs. new growth and replacement growth
sources were considered to be the same.
10. True or False? The regulatory impact model (RIM) is used to project emissions from a base
year inventory by incorporating different combinations of control measures.
11. True or False? In this analysis, RIM calculates PM and VOC reductions and assumes that
paniculate toxics and toxic VOC are controlled the same extent.
12. Because the 5 City Controllability Study was a broad national scoping study, several
important assumptions were made. Which of the following assumptions was not important?
a. The baseline emissions and control efficiency are assumed to be accurate.
b. Control levels of toxics organics and toxic PM are assumed proportional to control levels
of VOC and PM, respectively.
a Assumed that EPA would focus control of toxic air emissions on Section 112 of the
Clean Air ACL
d. Control measures are assumed to be applicable to the targeted sources, without regard
for technical feasibility on a case-by-case basis.
Match each of the following point and area source categories with its most likely control option.
(Questions 13-17).
13. Degreasing a. Leak detection and repair program
14. Refinery b. Inspection and maintenance, carbon adsorption
15. Gasoline Marketing c. Cover during the idle time
16. Dry Cleaning d. Secondary seals
17. Storage Tanks e. Stage II controls
18. True or False? Cost-effectiveness is measured in terms of control strategy cost per reduced
cancer case. Generally, the reductions in the incidence rate are calculated from average risk
values (i.e., the number of excess cancer cases divided by the overall study population).
19. True or False? Taken together, risks to the most exposed individual (MEI), as well as
areawide cancer incidence, offer qualitative insight into the merits of various controls. The
determination of cost-effective controls based on both approaches usually results in similar
conclusions.
20. True or False? Generally, the studies reviewed focused on areawide cancer incidence
reductions. While MEI reductions can also readily be projected, they are more difficult to
evaluate from a cost-effectiveness standpoint
-------
Review Exercise Answers
Page(s) of
Urban Air
Toxics Manual
1. b .. 173
2. a ., . ~ - 174
3. True. » . 174
4 b ,.,»...,. .,. ...... .~ ...................................... 174
5. b . . 174-175
6. True 175
/, J* »,*,»,»«,»***»:»»».**.»»*..»**.»«»«**»*.»»..«*.«*.***»*»* A * tf
8. c » . . 175-176
9. False . . ~ 176
10. True.... . . . - 176
11. True . . 178
12. c ...... ,............ ........................... ..................................... .. ..««.... 179
13. c .................... ~~ . . .............................«-....M..............»...... 181
14. a . . 181
15, e . . M . 182
16. b ., .......... ra.. . ..««_.«.................^^^...».. 182
17. d 181-182
18. True. ...... ~ . 185-186
19. False. ......... ... ... ..... . ..... . ................. ... ..... _ 186
20. True - 188-190
5-5
-------
-------
Section 6
Computerized Data Handling
Reading Assignment
Pages 191-209 of EPA 450/2-S9-010, 'Assessing Multiple Pollutant Multiple Source Cancer Risks
from Urban Air Toxics.*
Reading Assignment Topics
Identification of considerations in using computerized data handling systems
* Identification of available computerized data handling systems
» Insights on computerised data handling
Learning Goal and Objectives
Learning Goal
To familiarize you with the availability, capabilities, and considerations of computerized data
handling systems in urban air toxics assessment
Learning Objectives
When you have completed this section, you should be able to:
* describe the basic considerations in selecting a data handling system
* identify various data handling systems available
* identify various cost saving techniques
Reading Guidance
When you have finished the reading assignment, complete the review exercise for Section 6.
It begins on page 6-3.
» After you have answered the review exercise questions, check your answers. The correct
answers are listed on the page immediately following the review exercise,
* For any review exercise questions that you answered incorrectly, review the page(s) of the
reading assignment indicated on the answers page.
6-1
-------
After you have reviewed your incorrect answers (if any), take the final examination for the
course. Follow the direction listed in the Course Introduction section of this guidebook.
Your course grade results will be mailed to you.
6-2
-------
Review Exercise
Now that you've completed the assignment for Section 6, please answer the following questions.
These will help you determine whether or not you are mastering the material
*
1. True or false? The development of exposure and risk estimates in multi-source, multi-
pollutant assessments involves extensive data handling.
2. The best time for a study manager to consider the data handling aspects of an urban air
toxics study is:
a. After the initial data have been gathered so an evaluation can be made of data handling
needs.
b. At the outset of the study, as pan of the overall study protocol.
3. Which of the following is true?
a. Development of specialized data handling software is expensive and time consuming.
b. Utilization of existing software can help avoid expenses.
c. Most of the studies reviewed developed their own capabilities.
d. all of the above.
e. a and b.
£ a and c,
4. Data handling complexity in ambient air monitoring studies is (more complex, less complex,
about the same) as in emission inventory/dispersion modeling studies.
5. Ambient air concentrations are applied to population data to estimate population-averaged
exposures in:
a. emission inventory/dispersion modeling studies
b. ambient air monitoring studies
c. both a and b
6. True or False? Only a few State and local agencies can access EPA's mainframe computers
through remote terminals.
7. The extent to which exposure and risk estimation and control strategy evaluation can be
arrived at on personal computers depends on:
a. the number of pollutants
b. the sources of pollution
c the spatial resolution of the analysis
d. all of the above
e. a and b
8. True or False? Regardless of the extent of mainframe involvement in 'number crunching,"
persona] computers can be useful for analyzing summary data sets created by the mainframe
and for tailoring special reports and graphics.
9. True or False? Data summaries can be produced using spreadsheets and database
management programs that are commonly available for most persona! computers.
6-3
-------
10. Many studies used PIPQUIC to:
a. store their data
b. develop estimates of exposure
c develop estimates of risk
d. all of the above
e. a and b
£ b and c
11. PIPQUIC was developed tor.
a. The South Coast MATES
b. The IEMP studies
c The Southeast Chicago study
d. The 5-City Controllability study
12. PIPQUIC executes which two EPA models:
a. ISCLTandlSCST
b. ISCLT and CDM
c. ISCLT and HEM
d. CDM and HEM
13. True or False? PIPQUIC allows the user to run his/her own models in lieu of the two EPA
already in PIPQUIC
14. PIPQUICs Tool 440 does which of the following:
a. create a broad range of study maps
b. allows the user to rank order his/her source and emission data
c. pinpoint sites of maximum concentrations.
15. PIPQUICs Tool 450 does which of the following:
a. create a broad range of study maps
b. allows the user to rank order his/her source and emission data
c. pinpoint sites of maximum concentrations.
16. PIPQUICs Tool 453 does which of the following:
a. create a broad range of study maps
b. allows the user to rank order his/her source and emission data
c. pinpoint sites of maximum concentrations.
17. In addition to sites of maximum concentration, PIPQUIC allows the user to pinpoint sites of:
a. individual risk
b. aggregate cancer incidence
c. a and b
d. neither a nor b
18. True or False? PIPQUIC Tool 453 allows the use to assess the impact of each pollutant and
source at any receptor within the study area.
-------
19. True or False? PEPQU1C is designed so that 3 user can download maps of graphs to a PC
and then re-create and edit them without having to re-enter PIPQU1C
20. Of the studies reviewed, which two were identified as developing their own data handling
capabilities?
a. the 5 City Controllability Study and the Southeast Chicago Study
b. the Southeast Chicago Study and the South Coast Study
c the South Coast Study and the 5 City Controllability Study
21, True or False? RIM allows the user to project future emissions and cancer incidence by
simulating various hypothetical growth scenarios.
22. Which of the following (is) are PC-based model(s):
a. HEM/SHEAR
b. SCREAM
c RIM
d. all of above
23. True or False? The SCREAM model, which was used for the Los Angeles area, is applicable
to other geographical areas.
24. The practice of normalized modeling is a cost-saving technique because:
». it aggregates similar sources
b, reduces the number of dispersion model runs needed
c. reduces the time it takes to make a dispersion model ran
25. True or False? Most of the studies reviewed did not use normalized modeling.
26. The cost and execution time of modeling potet sources is (much less than,
about the same as, much greater than) for modeling area sources.
27. Data handling for the ambient air monitoring studies reviewed is being conducted using:
a. dBase*
b. Lotus 1A30
c. individually-designed spreadsheets,
28. Various functions that can be done more efficient and more readily OB personal computers
than on a mainframe computer are:
a. preparation of emission data
b. dispersion models
c. editing of various outputs
d. creation of summaries and graphs
e. all of the above
L a, b, c
g. a,c,d
h. b, c,d
L a and d
29. True or False? Normalized modeling assumes a linear relationship between emission
changes and model-predicted concentrations.
6-5
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30. If the release specifications change as emission change (e.g., a control device may alter a
plant's stack/exhaust parameters as well as its emissions), then which of the following cost-
saving techniques may no longer be valid:
a. normalized modeling
b. modeling small point sources as area sources
c. both a and b
31. True or Fate? Modeling small point sources as area sources may change the exposures
resulting from those sources.
6-6
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Review Exercise Answers
of
Urban Air
Toxics Manual
1. -True.-» ; _ ,.-. , _ , 191
2. b ____~..~... _,__ 191
*9 jgt ^Ql
?* W *u» inl * »i*i in 11 mi 'D-ii riririnnr T» - m* i « * 11 i * aniiii i «i «m t n n i * «» » I in m mm TTT r im mnrnr irimi IT i Ttn_ii irmnmr n: trill I'Trnm * iiim mrm 11111.1 ILJ. ijFi
4. less complex ~~~_~~ _.__. , ,__ 192
5. c ~, , ~ ,_ -__ ~ 192
6. False , . , _ 192
7. d _~_« .. . ,-^_,
g. Tn« ____ -.^ . «-. -_ _^ «. . «_ 192,193
9. Tree _«. . . , , _-__ _ 193
1ft d __«., . ._ ___ . 193
It b~~~~ ~~ , »..~----_~---_ ,~
12. b ___- . , , _««. . , _ _ 193
13. Tr^ - : ,_. ~~ ~ 193
14. b _^__ . _ ~.- 194
15. . _ . ~ . . 194
16. c _ , . . . , 199
17." c ^. . ,, , , , . 199
18. True . , , . : 199
19. True . . . 199
m c_ . . 199
21. False.....__-_ . ~..~~......~~~.~~ . » . .^_>__._w_.. 199
22. c ......^^.^............-~.~..-~- _»~w~-~_ . ^_..~^... 199
23. False .... ^ . - . - ~ 205
24. b ...... «. ...~ .. - .... 205
25. False ........ ~ .....~.^._...... «._... .^. .~.~~..«... 205
26. m.uch greater than ...U____W....._«U..U.._..«....._........M..._«..........«......»~»...W..>»_«~_~.. 205
27. b ........ ~~ . . . 206
28. g . 206
29. True . . -.- - 206
30. a -..». .~~ ......... . . . - « 206
31. True .....«_».«....«.... .,...«,.......,.«......... _~.~»«~..~~»~. ......... 206
6-7
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Inuructions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO.
2.
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO.
4, TITLE AND SUBTITLE
APTI Correspondence Course 404 - Assessing Multiple
Pollutant Multiple Source Cancer Risks from Urban
Air Toxics - Guidebook
5, REPORT DATE
October 1990
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
OAQPS
7. AUTHOR(S)
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO,
t. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Pacific Environmental Services
3708 Mayfair St., Suite 202
Durham, NC 27707
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
11, CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-4393
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Air Pollution Training Branch
Air Quality Management Division
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
EPA Project Officer for this Guidebook is Charles 0. Pratt
MD-17, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
16. ABSTRACT
This Guidebook is used in taking APTI Course CC:404, "Assessing Multiple
Pollutant Multiple Source Cancer Risks from Urban Air Toxics." It is
used in conjunction with EPA Publication EPA-450/2-89-Q10, "Assessing
Multiple Pollutant Multiple Source Cancer Risks from Urban Air Toxics.
This Guidebook directs the student through the supplementaltext. Questions
and answers help the student understand the material presented.
Major topics include: Summary of Urban Air Toxics Assessment Studies,
Monitoring Approaches, Exposure and Risk, Control Strategy Evaluation,
Data Handling, and Evolving Technologies.
7.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. COSATI Field/Group
Self-Instructional Guidebook
Air Toxics
Air Toxics Cancer Studies
Urban Soup
Guidebook
51
8. DISTBI8UT1ON STATEMENT
1S. SECURITY CLASS (TMt Report)
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
52
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thil page)
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2210-1 (»-73)
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