Summary and Analysis of the 2011
Gasoline Benzene Pre-Compliance
Reports
&EPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
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Summary and Analysis of the 2011
Gasoline Benzene Pre-Compliance
Reports
Compliance Division
Office of Transportation and Air Quality
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
NOTICE
This technical report does not necessarily represent final EPA decisions or
positions. It is intended to present technical analysis of issues using data
that are currently available. The purpose in the release of such reports is to
facilitate the exchange of technical information and to inform the public of
technical developments.
&EPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
EPA-420-R-12-007
January 2012
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Table of Contents
I. Executive Summary 1
II. Gasoline Benzene Program Overview 2
III. Gasoline Benzene Pre-Compliance Reporting Requirements 3
IV. Summary Data 4
A. Nationwide Analysis 4
1. Refinery Numbers and Production 4
2. Projected Credit Generation and Use 5
3. Project Scope and Timing 7
B. PADD Analysis 7
1. PADD1 10
2. PADD 2 11
3. PADD 3 12
4. PADD 4 13
5. PADD 5 14
C. Comparison of 2010 and 2011 Pre-compliance Reports 15
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I. Executive Summary
I. Executive Summary
Most refiners planning to produce gasoline after January 1, 2011 were required to
submit annual pre-compliance reports to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
indicating their progress toward complying with EPA's gasoline benzene standards. Under
the gasoline benzene regulations finalized on February 26, 2007, reports were due by June 1
of each year from 2008 through 2011 in order to provide updates on refiners' compliance
plans. This report summarizes information received from refiners in their 2011 pre-
compliance reports, and is the last such report that will be issued under the benzene
regulations.
Refiners' benzene pre-compliance reports had to contain estimates of average daily
gasoline production and annual average benzene concentration from June 1, 2007 through
December 31, 2015. For those refiners planning on participating in the credit program, the
reports had to contain a projection of how many credits will be generated or used by each
refinery. The pre-compliance reports had to also contain information outlining each
refinery's timeline for complying with the gasoline benzene standards and provide
information regarding engineering plans (e.g., design and construction), and capital
commitments for making the necessary modifications to produce gasoline which meets the
new benzene standards.
EPA received benzene pre-compliance reports for 113 refineries in 2011. The 2011
benzene pre-compliance reports showed that:
refiners are planning to comply with the benzene standards on time by installing
new equipment to reduce benzene at many of their refineries and using the
averaging, banking and trading provisions in the regulations to comply at the rest
58 refineries are planning to install equipment to reduce gasoline benzene
55 refineries are not planning to install equipment to reduce gasoline benzene
because they already comply with the gasoline benzene standards, or are
planning to use credits for compliance, or are exiting the gasoline market
30 refineries are planning to generate early credits from 2007 through 2010, and
37 refineries are planning to generate standard credits beginning in 2011
- overall average reported benzene levels are expected to decrease from 1.06
volume percent (vol%) in 2007 to 0.62 vol% in 2015
sufficient benzene credits are anticipated to be available for overall industry
compliance
This data represents estimates made by refiners, some of whose final actual
compliance plans may change. While the reported information is subject to change, the
results provide the clearest snapshot of refiners' aggregate benzene compliance plans
available as of June 1, 2011. They represent the assessment of those who have first-hand
knowledge of the unique situation faced by each refinery.
1
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II. Gasoline Benzene Program Overview
II. Gasoline Benzene Program Overview
The Mobile Source Air Toxics (MSAT2) final rule (72 FR 8428, February 26,
2007) contains a two-step approach to reducing the benzene content of gasoline.
Beginning January 1, 2011, importers and most refineries were required to import or
produce gasoline containing no more than 0.62 vol% benzene on an annual average basis.
This 0.62 vol% benzene standard can be met by using credits. In addition, beginning July
1, 2012, importers and most refineries are required to import or produce gasoline with a
maximum annual average gasoline benzene content of 1.3 vol%. A refinery's or
importer's actual annual average gasoline benzene level may not exceed this maximum
average standard. Credits may not be used to meet the 1.3 vol% standard.
The MSAT2 rule includes provisions for refiners and importers to generate
gasoline benzene credits. Refiners could generate early benzene credits from June 1,
2007 through December 31, 2010 at a refinery by implementing certain technological
improvements specified in the regulations which reduced the refinery's annual average
gasoline benzene by at least 10%, compared to the refinery's average benzene from
January 1, 2004 through December 31, 2005. Refiners and importers may generate
standard benzene credits beginning in 2011 if a refinery's or importer's annual average
gasoline benzene is less than 0.62 vol%. Early benzene credits may be used to comply
with the 0.62 vol% standard during the 2011, 2012 and 2013 averaging periods, while
standard benzene credits may be used to comply with the 0.62 vol% standard within five
years from the year they were generated. For both early credits and standard credits, one
credit is equivalent to one gallon of benzene removed from gasoline. Gasoline benzene
credits may be transferred nationwide.
Small Refiner Flexibilities
Additional compliance flexibilities are provided for small refiners in the gasoline
benzene regulations. The criteria for qualification as a gasoline benzene small refiner are
similar to those under the Gasoline Sulfur and Diesel Sulfur rules. To qualify as "small",
a refiner must: 1) have produced gasoline by processing crude oil through refinery
processing units from January 1, 2005 through December 31, 2005; 2) have employed no
more than 1,500 people company-wide, based on the average number of employees for
all pay periods from January 1, 2005 through December 31, 2005; and, 3) have a
corporate crude oil capacity less than or equal to 155,000 bpcd for 2005.
Small refiners are allowed an additional four years to comply with each benzene
standard. They must begin complying with the 0.62 vol% standard no later than January
1, 2015, and begin complying with the 1.3 vol% standard no later than July 1, 2016.
Other Flexibilities
In addition to allowing refiners and importers to use credits to meet the 0.62 vol%
annual average standard, the gasoline benzene regulations also allow refiners and
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II. Gasoline Benzene Program Overview
importers to carry forward a benzene deficit from one year to the next year. If a refinery
or importer exceeds the 0.62 vol% annual average standard, and does not procure
sufficient credits to meet the standard, they may offset the deficit during the following
year by reducing their benzene concentration below 0.62 vol%, and/or procuring credits.
Benzene deficits for one year must be offset during the following year, and may not be
carried over for a second consecutive year.
III. Benzene Pre-Compliance Reporting Requirements
The gasoline benzene regulations required refiners to submit annual pre-
compliance reports for each of their refineries to EPA. The first pre-compliance report
was due by June 1, 2008 and subsequent reports were due annually through June 1, 2011.
The pre-compliance reports had to contain the following information:
1. Any changes in the refiner's basic company or facility information since
registration.
2. Estimates of the average daily volume of gasoline produced at each refinery.
The volume estimates must include gasoline produced during the periods of
June 1, 2007 through December 31, 2007, and calendar years 2008 through
2015.
3. An estimate of the average gasoline benzene concentration for the periods
listed above in 2.
4. For refineries expecting to participate in the benzene credit program, estimates
of the number of credits generated and/or used during the periods listed above
in 2.
5. Information on project schedule by known or projected completion date (by
quarter) for each stage of the project (strategic planning, front-end
engineering, detailed engineering and permitting, procurement and
construction, and commissioning and startup).
6. Basic information regarding the selected technology pathway for compliance
(e.g. re-routing of benzene precursors or other technologies, revamp versus
grassroots, etc.).
7. Whether capital investments have been made or are projected to be made.
8. An update of the progress in each of these areas.
The pre-compliance reporting requirements did not apply to certain types of
gasoline, including imported gasoline, gasoline produced for and used in California,
gasoline produced by small refiners, gasoline exported for use outside the United States,
and gasoline produced through distillation of transmix. These products are not included
in this summary and analysis.
We recognize that the pre-compliance reports contain preliminary information
and that final decisions on benzene removal plans may not have been made in all cases by
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III. Benzene Pre-Compliance Reporting Requirements
the reporting deadline. Accordingly, the information in this summary and analysis is
based on the best available refinery information as of June 1, 2011.
IV. Gasoline Benzene Summary Data
A. Nationwide Analysis
1. Refinery Numbers and Production
We received benzene pre-compliance reports in 2011 for 113 refineries. Refiners
indicated that, for most of their refineries, they have made decisions on producing
gasoline which meets the benzene standards beginning January 1, 2011. Table 1 shows
the aggregated results for all reporting refineries for the four years leading up to the
beginning of the gasoline benzene standards, and Table 2 shows the aggregated results
for the first five years that the 0.62 vol% standard is in effect.l
Table 1
Reported Data for Total U.S., 2007-2010
Year
# reporting refineries
Reported gasoline production, bbls/day
Average benzene concentration, vol%
# refineries with benzene < or = 0.62 vol%
# refineries with benzene > 0.62 vol% and < or = 1.3 vol%
# refineries with benzene > 1 .3 vol%
2007
113
7,068,403
1.06
20
45
48
2008
113
6,856,856
1.09
20
40
53
2009
113
6,910,177
1.01
23
47
43
2010
110
6,793,853
0.94
25
47
38
Table 2
Reported Data for Total U.S., 2011-2015
Year
# reporting refineries
Reported gasoline production, bbls/day
Average benzene concentration, vol%
# refineries with benzene < or = 0.62 vol%
# refineries with benzene > 0.62 vol%
2011
107
7,140,264
0.75
55
52
2012
107
7,377,608
0.65
62
45
2013
107
7,482,903
0.62
68
39
2014
107
7,454,180
0.62
69
38
2015
107
7,463,901
0.62
70
37
1 The total number of reporting refineries decreases by 3 in 2010, due to the closure of 2 refineries in 2009
and 1 refinery exiting the gasoline market in 2010. The total number of refineries decreases by 3 more in
2011 due to the closure of 1 more refinery in 2010, a refiner combining 2 refineries into 1 refinery in 2010,
and 1 more refinery exiting the gasoline market in 2011.
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IV. Gasoline Benzene Summary Data
Table 1 shows that in 2007, only 20 refineries produced gasoline averaging 0.62
vol% benzene or less. Also in 2007, 93 refineries produced gasoline averaging greater
than 0.62 vol% benzene, including 48 refineries that produced gasoline averaging greater
than 1.3 vol% benzene. Table 2 shows that 35 of these 93 refineries planned to begin
producing gasoline averaging 0.62 vol% benzene or less by 2011, as the number of
refineries producing gasoline averaging 0.62 vol% benzene or less increased from 20 in
2007 to 55 in 2011. The number of refineries producing gasoline averaging 0.62 vol%
benzene or less further increases to 68 by 2013, after the 1.3 vol% benzene maximum
annual average standard takes effect on July 1, 2012.
Table 2 shows that the average benzene concentration for all reporting refineries
is greater than 0.62 vol% in 2011 and 2012, as some refiners plan to use early credits to
meet the 0.62 vol% standard in 2011 and 2012. Average benzene concentration for all
reporting refineries decreases to 0.62 vol% beginning in 2013.
Tables 1 and 2 also show that refiners increased production of gasoline by
approximately 72,000 bbls/day from 2007 to 2011, and plan to increase production by
approximately 324,000 bbls/day from 2011 to 2015. Figure 1 illustrates reported
gasoline production, by benzene concentration, for each reported year. By 2013,
approximately 73 percent of all gasoline will contain 0.62 vol% benzene or less, as some
refiners plan to use standard credits to meet the 0.62 vol% standard in 2013 and later.
Figure 1. Reported U.S. Gasoline Production and Benzene Content, 2007-2015
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Year
2. Projected Credit Generation and Use
Table 3 shows total reported gasoline benzene credits generated and used for each
reported year. Thirty refineries indicated they generated a total of 216.0 million benzene
credits (1 credit = 1 gallon benzene removed) during the early credit generation period
from June 1, 2007 through December 31, 2010. Twenty five of these refineries are
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IV. Gasoline Benzene Summary Data
owned by refiners who own multiple refineries. To spread out the transition to the 0.62
vol% standard, refiners plan to use some of these early credits during the 2011 and 2012
compliance periods. In 2011, 37 refineries are projected to generate a total of 50.8
million credits, and 52 refineries are projected to use a total of 180.7 million credits. In
2012, 44 refineries are projected to generate a total of 68.2 million credits and 45
refineries are projected to use a total of 107.4 million credits. Annual generation of
standard credits is slightly lower than annual credit usage in 2013 and 2014, and annual
generation of standard credits begins to exceed annual usage in 2015, when 48 refineries
are projected to generate 76.3 million credits and 37 refineries are projected to use only
74.1 million credits.
Table 3
Reported Gasoline Benzene Credits for Total U.S., 2007-2015
Year
# refineries generating benzene credits
Benzene credits generated, millions
Year
# refineries generating benzene credits
# refineries using benzene credits
Benzene credits generated, millions
Benzene credits used, millions
2007
6
10.5
2011
37
52
50.8
180.7
2008
12
28.8
2012
44
45
68.2
107.4
2009
18
70.5
2013
47
39
76.5
77.0
2010
28
106.3
2014
48
38
75.1
75.7
total
30
216.0
2015
48
37
76.3
74.1
Figure 2 shows cumulative projected generation and usage of gasoline benzene
credits for each reported year. Refiners are planning to generate sufficient credits for
overall compliance during each annual compliance period from 2011 onward.
Figure 2. Cumulative U.S. Gasoline Benzene Credits
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IV. Gasoline Benzene Summary Data
3. Project Scope and Timing
In addition to providing projections of gasoline production, benzene
concentration, and credit generation/usage, refiners had to also provide information
outlining both their timeline for compliance with the gasoline benzene standards and their
engineering plans (e.g., design and construction) in their pre-compliance reports. We
requested that refiners report their progress according to the following five stages: 1)
strategic planning, 2) planning and front-end engineering, 3) detailed engineering and
permitting, 4) procurement and construction, and 5) commissioning and start-up.
In the 2011 benzene pre-compliance reports, refiners indicated they have plans to
install new benzene reduction facilities at 58 refineries. Most of these refineries have
completed and started up their projects to comply with the gasoline benzene standards.
The remaining refineries are well into the procurement and construction phase, and
generally expect to start up their benzene reduction facilities in 2011 or 2012.
Most of the 58 refineries indicated that they planned to use one or more of the
gasoline benzene reduction strategies identified by EPA in the gasoline benzene
rulemaking. Reported scopes for benzene compliance projects are summarized in the
following list:
- 17 refineries plan to install additional naphtha pre-fractionation capacity to
reduce the amount of benzene precursors in their naphtha reformer feed
- 15 refineries plan to install a new reformate splitter tower
- 11 refineries plan to install a new benzene saturation unit
- 1 refinery plans to install new benzene extraction facilities
- 8 refineries plan to revamp existing benzene extraction facilities.
- 1 refinery plans to install a new isomerization unit
- 5 refineries plan to revamp existing isomerization units
- 10 refineries plan to outhaul benzene-rich light reformate to other refineries for
processing
In addition, 9 refineries indicated they planned to make operational changes to
reduce gasoline benzene.
Refiners indicated they were not planning to install benzene reduction facilities at
55 refineries, either because these refineries already comply with the gasoline benzene
standards, or because they are planning to use credits for compliance.
B. PADD Analysis
This section presents information specific to each Petroleum Administration for
Defense District (PADD). Tables 4, 5 and 6 show aggregated reported data for 2007,
2011 and 2015, by PADD.2 From 2007 to 2011, reported national average benzene
2 These tables do not include imported gasoline, gasoline used in California, gasoline produced by small
refiners, gasoline exported outside the U.S., and gasoline produced by transmix processors.
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IV. Gasoline Benzene Summary Data
concentration decreased by 30 percent, with the largest decrease occurring in PADD 5
(37 percent), followed by PADD 2 (36 percent), PADD 3 (31 percent), PADD 4 (17
percent), and PADD 1 (13 percent). Also from 2007 to 2011, the number of refineries
producing gasoline containing 0.62 vol% benzene or less increased from 20 to 55, with
the largest increase occurring in PADD 3 (18 refineries), followed by PADD 2 (8
refineries), PADD 1 (4 refineries), PADD 5 (3 refineries), and PADD 4 (2 refineries).
From 2011 to 2015, reported average benzene concentration decreases further in each
PADD, with the largest decreases occurring in PADDs 2, 4 and 5. From 2011 to 2015,
15 additional refineries begin producing gasoline containing 0.62 vol% benzene or less,
including 4 refineries in PADD 1, 3 refineries in PADD 2, 6 refineries in PADD 3, 1
refinery in PADD 4, and 1 refinery in PADD 5.
Table 4
Reported Data by PADD for 2007
# reporting refineries
Reported gasoline production, bbls/day
Average benzene concentration, vol%
# refineries with benzene < or = 0.62 vol%
# refineries with benzene > 0.62 vol%
PADD1
16
1,197,810
0.81
4
12
PADD 2
21
1,656,183
1.31
1
20
PADD 3
45
3,578,123
0.96
9
36
PADD 4
12
240,781
1.56
0
12
PADDS
19
395,506
1.43
6
13
total U.S.
113
7,068,403
1.06
20
93
Table 5
Reported Data by PADD for 2011
# reporting refineries
Reported gasoline production, bbls/day
Average benzene concentration, vol%
# refineries with benzene < or = 0.62 vol%
# refineries with benzene > 0.62 vol%
PADD1
14
1,068,071
0.70
8
6
PADD 2
20
1,749,324
0.84
9
11
PADD 3
42
3,684,696
0.66
27
15
PADD 4
12
261,600
1.30
2
10
PADDS
19
376,573
0.90
9
10
total U.S.
107
7,140,264
0.75
55
52
Table 6
Reported Data by PADD for 2015
# reporting refineries
Reported gasoline production, bbls/day
Average benzene concentration, vol%
# refineries with benzene < or = 0.62 vol%
# refineries with benzene > 0.62 vol%
PADD1
14
1,143,880
0.61
12
2
PADD 2
20
1,775,024
0.67
12
8
PADD 3
42
3,881,312
0.56
33
9
PADD 4
12
277,879
0.94
3
9
PADDS
19
385,806
0.71
10
9
total U.S.
107
7,463,901
0.62
70
37
Tables 4, 5 and 6 also show that most of the increase in projected total U.S.
gasoline production from 2007 to 2015 occurs in PADD 3, with lesser increases in
PADDs 2 and 4, and decreases in PADDs 1 and 5. From 2007 to 2015, projected total
U.S. gasoline production increases by approximately 395,000 bbls/day, including
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IV. Gasoline Benzene Summary Data
increases of approximately 303,000 bbls/day in PADD 3, 119,000 bbls/day in PADD 2,
and 37,000 bbls/day in PADD 4, and decreases of approximately 10,000 bbls/day in
PADD 5, and 54,000 bbls/day in PADD 1.
Figure 3 illustrates the effect of the benzene standards on national average
benzene levels from 2007 through 2015. Figure 3 also shows the volume-weighted
contribution of each PADD to national average benzene concentration for each reported
year. PADD 3 consistently has the greatest volume-weighted contribution because
PADD 3 consistently produces the most gasoline of any PADD (even though PADD 3
has the lowest gasoline benzene concentrations among all PADDs from 2011 through
2015). Conversely, PADD 4 consistently has the smallest volume-weighted contribution
because PADD 4 consistently produces the least gasoline of any PADD (even though
PADD 4 has the highest gasoline benzene concentrations among all PADDs in every
reported year).
Figure 3. PADD Contributions to National Average Benzene, 2007-2015
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More detailed information for each PADD is shown below in Tables 7 through
16.
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IV. Gasoline Benzene Summary Data
1. PADD1
Reported data for 16 PADD 1 refineries is summarized below in Tables 7 and 8.3
PADD 1 average gasoline benzene concentration decreased from 0.81 vol% in 2007 to
0.70 vol% in 2011, as the number of refineries producing gasoline containing 0.62 vol%
benzene or less increased from 4 to 8. PADD 1 average gasoline benzene concentration
decreases further to 0.61 vol% by 2015, as 4 more refineries reduce their gasoline
benzene concentration to 0.62 vol% or less. Projected gasoline production also decreases
from 2007 to 2015 by approximately 54,000 bbls/day, primarily due to the closure of 2
refineries in 2009.
Table 7
Reported Data for PADD 1, 2007-2010
Year
# reporting refineries
Reported gasoline production, bbls/day
Average benzene concentration, vol%
# refineries with benzene < or = 0.62 vol%
# refineries with benzene > 0.62 vol%
2007
16
1,197,810
0.81
4
12
2008
16
1,213,370
0.75
6
10
2009
16
1,211,632
0.73
7
9
2010
14
1,060,827
0.74
4
10
Table 8
Reported Data for PADD 1, 2011-2015
Year
# reporting refineries
Reported gasoline production, bbls/day
Average benzene concentration, vol%
# refineries with benzene < or = 0.62 vol%
# refineries with benzene > 0.62 vol%
2011
14
1,068,071
0.70
8
6
2012
14
1,147,888
0.64
8
6
2013
14
1,136,495
0.63
10
4
2014
14
1,140,499
0.62
11
3
2015
14
1,143,880
0.61
12
2
These tables do not include imported gasoline, gasoline produced by small refiners, gasoline exported
outside the U.S., and gasoline produced by transmix processors.
10
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IV. Gasoline Benzene Summary Data
2. PADD 2
Reported data for 21 reporting PADD 2 refineries is summarized below in Tables
9 and 10.4 PADD 2 average gasoline benzene concentration decreased from 1.31 vol% in
2007 to 0.84 vol% in 2011, as the number of refineries producing gasoline containing
0.62 vol% benzene or less increased from 1 to 9. PADD 2 average gasoline benzene
concentration decreases further to 0.67 vol% by 2015, as 4 more refineries reduce their
gasoline benzene concentration to 0.62 vol% or less. The total number of reporting
refineries decreases by 1 in 2011 due to a refiner combining 2 refineries into a single
refinery in 2010, and projected gasoline production increases from 2007 to 2015 by
approximately 119,000 bbls/day.
Table 9
Reported Data for PADD 2, 2007-2010
Year
# reporting refineries
Reported gasoline production, bbls/day
Average benzene concentration, vol%
# refineries with benzene < or = 0.62 vol%
# refineries with benzene > 0.62 vol%
2007
21
1,656,183
1.31
1
20
2008
21
1,616,478
1.31
1
20
2009
21
1,696,519
1.24
1
20
2010
21
1,689,434
1.20
2
19
Table 10
Reported Data for PADD 2, 2011-2015
Year
# reporting refineries
Reported gasoline production, bbls/day
Average benzene concentration, vol%
# refineries with benzene < or = 0.62 vol%
# refineries with benzene > 0.62 vol%
2011
20
1,749,324
0.84
9
11
2012
20
1,757,589
0.71
11
9
2013
20
1,797,958
0.67
12
8
2014
20
1,780,073
0.67
12
8
2015
20
1,775,024
0.67
12
8
These tables do not include imported gasoline, gasoline produced by small refiners, gasoline exported
outside the U.S., and gasoline produced by transmix processors.
11
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IV. Gasoline Benzene Summary Data
3. PADD 3
Reported data for 45 PADD 3 refineries is summarized below in Tables 11 and
12.5 PADD 3 average gasoline benzene concentration decreased from 0.96 vol% in 2007
to 0.66 vol% in 2011, as the number of refineries producing gasoline containing 0.62
vol% benzene or less increased from 9 to 27. PADD 3 average gasoline benzene
concentration decreases further to 0.56 vol% by 2015, as 6 more refineries reduce their
gasoline benzene concentration to 0.62 vol% or less. The total number of reporting
refineries decreases by 3 in 2011 due to the closure of 1 refinery in 2010 and 2 other
refineries exiting the gasoline market in 2011, and projected gasoline production
increases from 2007 to 2015 by approximately 303,000 bbls/day.
Table 11
Reported Data for PADD 3, 2007-2010
Year
# reporting refineries
Reported gasoline production, bbls/day
Average benzene concentration, vol%
# refineries with benzene < or = 0.62 vol%
# refineries with benzene > 0.62 vol%
2007
45
3,578,123
0.96
9
36
2008
45
3,301,912
1.00
8
37
2009
45
3,383,544
0.94
9
36
2010
45
3,437,531
0.81
16
29
Table 12
Reported Data for PADD 3, 2011-2015
Year
# reporting refineries
Reported gasoline production, bbls/day
Average benzene concentration, vol%
# refineries with benzene < or = 0.62 vol%
# refineries with benzene > 0.62 vol%
2011
42
3,684,696
0.66
27
15
2012
42
3,824,895
0.59
31
11
2013
42
3,880,221
0.56
33
9
2014
42
3,866,079
0.56
33
9
2015
42
3,881,312
0.56
33
9
These tables do not include imported gasoline, gasoline used in California, gasoline produced by small
refiners, gasoline exported outside the U.S., and gasoline produced by transmix processors.
12
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IV. Gasoline Benzene Summary Data
4. PADD 4
Data for 12 reporting PADD 4 refineries is summarized below in Tables 13 and
14.6 PADD 4 average gasoline benzene concentration decreased from 1.56 vol% in 2007
to 1.30 vol% in 2011, as the number of refineries producing gasoline containing 0.62
vol% benzene or less increased from 0 to 2. PADD 4 average gasoline benzene
concentration decreases further to 0.94 vol% by 2015, as refineries further reduce their
gasoline benzene concentration. Projected gasoline production also increases from 2007
to 2015 by approximately 37,000 bbls/day.
Table 13
Reported Data for PADD 4, 2007-2010
Year
# reporting refineries
Reported gasoline production, bbls/day
Average benzene concentration, vol%
# refineries with benzene < or = 0.62 vol%
# refineries with benzene > 0.62 vol%
2007
12
240,781
1.56
0
12
2008
12
365,974
1.59
0
12
2009
12
249,841
1.51
0
12
2010
12
251,753
1.41
0
12
Table 14
Reported Data for PADD 4, 2011-2015
Year
# reporting refineries
Reported gasoline production, bbls/day
Average benzene concentration, vol%
# refineries with benzene < or = 0.62 vol%
# refineries with benzene > 0.62 vol%
2011
12
261,600
1.30
2
10
2012
12
265,349
1.12
2
10
2013
12
280,795
0.95
3
9
2014
12
281,295
0.95
3
9
2015
12
277,879
0.94
3
9
These tables do not include imported gasoline, gasoline used in California, gasoline produced by small
refiners, gasoline exported outside the U.S., and gasoline produced by transmix processors.
13
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IV. Gasoline Benzene Summary Data
5. PADD 5
Data for 19 reporting PADD 5 refineries is summarized below in Tables 15 and
16.7 PADD 5 average gasoline benzene concentration decreased from 1.43 vol% in 2007
to 0.90 vol% in 2011, as the number of refineries producing gasoline containing 0.62
vol% benzene or less increased from 6 to 9. PADD 5 average gasoline benzene
concentration decreases further to 0.71 vol% by 2015, as refineries further reduce their
gasoline benzene concentration. Projected gasoline production also decreases slightly
from 2007 to 2015 by approximately 10,000 bbls/day.
Table 15
Reported Data for PADD 5, 2007-2010
Year
# reporting refineries
Reported gasoline production, bbls/day
Average benzene concentration, vol%
# refineries with benzene < or = 0.62 vol%
# refineries with benzene > 0.62 vol%
2007
19
395,506
1.43
6
13
2008
19
359,122
1.54
5
14
2009
19
368,641
1.25
6
13
2010
18
354,308
1.18
3
15
Table 16
Reported Data for PADD 5, 2011-2015
Year
# reporting refineries
Reported gasoline production, bbls/day
Average benzene concentration, vol%
# refineries with benzene < or = 0.62 vol%
# refineries with benzene > 0.62 vol%
2011
19
376,573
0.90
9
10
2012
19
381,886
0.74
10
9
2013
19
387,434
0.71
10
9
2014
19
386,234
0.71
10
9
2015
19
385,806
0.71
10
9
These tables do not include imported gasoline, gasoline used in California, gasoline produced by small
refiners, gasoline exported outside the U.S., and gasoline produced by transmix processors.
14
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IV. Gasoline Benzene Summary Data
C. Comparison of 2010 and 2011 Pre-compliance Reports
The 2011 pre-compliance reports show slightly higher overall projected reduction
in benzene during the early credit generation period (June 1, 2007 through December 31,
2010), compared to the 2010 pre-compliance reports. The 2011 pre-compliance reports
also show that benzene concentrations from 2011 through 2015 are projected to be
approximately the same as those in the 2010 pre-compliance reports. Table 17 lists
projected national gasoline production and average benzene concentration from the 2010
and 2011 pre-compliance reports.
Table 17
Projected Gasoline Production and Benzene Concentration for Total U.S.,
2007-2015
2010 benzene reports
Reported gasoline production, bbls/day
Average benzene concentration, vol%
2011 benzene reports
Reported gasoline production, bbls/day
Average benzene concentration, vol%
2010 benzene reports
Reported gasoline production, bbls/day
Average benzene concentration, vol%
2011 benzene reports
Reported gasoline production, bbls/day
Average benzene concentration, vol%
2007
7,068,133
1.06
7,068,403
1.06
2011
7,463,850
0.73
7,140,264
0.75
2008
6,848,290
1.09
6,856,856
1.09
2012
7,614,155
0.65
7,377,608
0.65
2009
6,940,991
1.02
6,910,177
1.01
2013
7,674,550
0.62
7,482,903
0.62
2010
7,108,910
0.99
6,793,853
0.94
2014
7,657,239
0.62
7,454,180
0.62
2015
7,660,011
0.62
7,463,901
0.62
The 2011 pre-compliance reports show more early credits being generated from
2007 through 2010, compared to the 2010 pre-compliance reports. However, the 2011
pre-compliance reports also show fewer standard credits being generated and more
credits being used from 2011 through 2015, compared to the 2010 pre-compliance
reports. Table 18 lists projected credit generation and usage from the 2010 and 2011 pre-
compliance reports, along with the cumulative credit surplus by the end of each year from
2007 through 2015. Figure 4 illustrates that the 2011 pre-compliance reports continue to
show a cumulative credit surplus at the end of each year from 2007 through 2015, but the
cumulative credit surplus by the end of 2015 is smaller than the cumulative credit surplus
from the 2010 pre-compliance reports.
15
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IV. Gasoline Benzene Summary Data
Table 18
Projected Gasoline Production and Benzene Concentration for Total U.S.,
2007-2015
2010 benzene reports
Benzene credits generated, millions
Cumulative credit surplus, millions
2011 benzene reports
Benzene credits generated, millions
Cumulative credit surplus, millions
2010 benzene reports
Benzene credits generated, millions
Benzene credits used, millions
Cumulative credit surplus, millions
2011 benzene reports
Benzene credits generated, millions
Benzene credits used, millions
Cumulative credit surplus, millions
2007
10.6
10.6
10.5
10.5
2011
55.2
175.1
84.5
50.8
180.7
86.1
2008
29.9
40.5
28.8
39.3
2012
79.8
111.8
52.5
68.2
107.4
46.9
2009
67.7
108.1
70.5
109.8
2013
81.1
78.7
54.9
76.5
77.0
46.4
2010
96.3
204.4
106.3
216.0
2014
79.9
78.4
56.3
75.1
75.7
45.8
2015
80.4
78.0
58.8
76.3
74.1
48.0
Figure 4. Cumulative U.S. Gasoline Benzene Credit Surplus
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16
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