May 25, 2000
Source Water Assessment Using
Geographic Information Systems
by
L.A. Bice, R.D. Van Remortel, and N.J. Mata
Lockheed Martin Environmental Services
Las Vegas, Nevada
and
R.H. Ahmed
Lockheed Martin
Cincinnati, Ohio
Contract Number GS-35F-4863G
Delivery Order 8C-R459-NBLX
Delivery Order Project Officer
Lucille M. Garner
Water Supply and Water Resources Division
National Risk Management Research Laboratory
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
National Risk Management Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
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Notice
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency through its Office of Research and
Development funded and managed the research described here under Contract
No.GS-35F4863G, D.O. 8C-R459-NBLX to Lockheed Martin. It has been subjected to
the Agency's peer and administrative review and has been approved for publication as
an EPA document.
Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement
or recommendation for use. All commercial product and company names are
trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners.
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Foreword
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency is charged by Congress with protecting
the Nation's land, air, and water resources. Under a mandate of national environmental
laws, the Agency strives to formulate and implement actions leading to a compatible
balance between human activities and the ability of natural systems to support and nurture
life. To meet this mandate, EPA's research program is providing data and technical
support for solving environmental problems today and building a science knowledge base
necessary to manage our ecological resources wisely, understand how pollutants affect
our health, and prevent or reduce environmental risks in the future.
The National Risk Management Research Laboratory is the Agency's center for
investigation of technological and management approaches for reducing risks from threats
to human health and the environment. The focus of the Laboratory's research program is
on methods for the prevention and control of pollution to air, land, water and subsurface
resources; protection of water quality in public water systems; remediation of contaminated
sites and ground water; and prevention and control of indoor air pollution. The goal of this
research effort is to catalyze development and implementation of innovative, cost-effective
environmental technologies; develop scientific and engineering information needed by EPA
to support regulatory and policy decisions; and provide technical support and information
transfer to ensure effective implementation of environmental regulations and strategies.
This publication has been produced as part of the Laboratory's strategic long-term
research plan. It is published and made available by EPA's Office of Research and
Development to assist the user community and to link researchers with their clients.
E. Timothy Oppelt, Director
National Risk Management Research Laboratory
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Abstract
The 1996 amendments to Section 1453 of the Safe Drinking Water Act require
the states to establish and implement a Source Water Assessment Program (SWAP).
Source water is the water taken from rivers, reservoirs, or wells for use as public
drinking water. Source water assessment is intended to provide a strong basis for
developing, implementing, and improving a state's source water protection plan. This
program requires individual states to delineate protection areas for drinking water
intakes, identify and inventory significant contaminants in the protection areas, and
determine the susceptibility of public water supply systems to the contaminants
released within the protection areas. SWAP can be used to focus environmental public
health programs developed by federal, state, and local governments, as well as efforts
of public water utilities and citizens, into a hydrologically defined geographic area.
The Environmental Protection Agency is assisting the states in conducting
source water assessment by identifying potential sources of data and pointing to
methods for assessing source waters. This report provides guidance to states,
municipalities, and public water utilities for assessing source waters using geographic
information system (CIS) technology. The CIS platforms can be used to organize,
analyze, and manipulate available data and generate new data for source water
protection areas, as well as provide capabilities for presenting the data to the public in
various forms, including maps and tables. Included as appendices to this document
are three case studies demonstrating the use of selected CIS-based software and
hydrologic models to conduct hypothetical source water evaluations.
IV
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Contents
Abstract iv
Tables viii
Acronyms ix
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
1.1 What is the Purpose of this Report? 1
1.2 Why Assess Source Waters? 2
1.2.1 Water quality degradation 2
1.2.2 Safe Drinking Water Act and its amendments 2
1.3 How is this Report Organized? 4
Chapter 2 General CIS Concepts and Components 5
2.1 Geographic Data 5
2.1.1 CIS Database Structure 5
2.1.2 CIS Data Formats 5
2.1.3 Topology 6
2.1.4 Spatial Analysis Techniques 6
2.1.5 Scale, Resolution, and Accuracy 8
2.1.6 Projections, Datums, and Geographic Reference Systems 8
2.1.7 CIS Data Collection and Creation 9
2.2 Hardware 11
2.2.1 CIS Workstation 12
2.2.2 Data Transfer and Backup Devices 12
2.2.3 Data Output Devices 12
2.2.4 Data Input Devices 12
2.3 Software 13
2.3.1 CIS Software 13
2.3.2 Image Processing Software 14
2.3.3 Relational Database Management Software 15
2.4 Personnel Requirements 16
2.4.1 Data Entry Technician 16
2.4.2 Spatial Data Analyst 16
2.4.3 Field Surveyor 16
2.4.4 Soil Scientist 16
2.4.5 System Administrator 16
Chapter 3 A Method for Assessing Source Waters Using CIS 17
3.1 Design the CIS Database 17
3.1.1 Delineate the Study Area 17
3.1.2 Determine Data Needs 18
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3.1.3 Inventory Data 18
3.1.4 Determine Coordinate System and Scale 20
3.1.5 Decide on CIS Infrastructure 20
3.2 Build the CIS Database 20
3.2.1 Characterize the Study Area 20
3.2.2 Inventory Potential Sources of Contamination 23
3.3 Analyze the Data 25
3.3.1 Contamination Source Risk Analysis 25
3.3.2 Proximity Analysis and Delineation of Protection Areas . . 25
3.3.3 Generate Display Products 27
Chapter 4 Description of Software Support Tools 34
4.1 Better Assessment Science Integrating Pointy and Nonpoint
Sources (BASINS) 34
4.1.1 Applications 34
4.1.2 Constraints/Advantages 35
4.1.3 Results/Products 37
4.1.4 Source and Cost 37
4.1.5 Operational Requirements 37
4.2 BASINS Stream Water Quality Model - QUAL2E 37
4.2.4 Applications 38
4.2.2 Constraints/Advantages 38
4.2.3 Results/Products 38
4.2.4 Source and Cost 38
4.2.5 Operational Requirements 38
4.3 BASINS Stream Water Quality Model - TOXIROUTE Model ... 38
4.3.1 Applications 38
4.3.2 Constraints/Advantages 39
4.3.3 Results/Products 39
4.3.4 Source and Cost 39
4.3.5 Operational Requirements 39
4.4 BASINS Nonpoint Source Model (NPSM) 39
4.4.1 Applications 40
4.4.2 Constraints/Advantages 40
4.4.3 Results/Products 40
4.4.4 Source and Cost 40
4.4.5 Operational Requirements 40
4.5 REMM Model 40
4.5.1 Applications 40
4.5.2 Constraints/Advantages 40
4.5.3 Results/Products 40
4.5.4 Source and Cost 41
4.5.5 Operational Requirements 41
vi
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4.6 WMS Software 41
4.6.1 Applications 41
4.6.2 Constraints/Advantages 41
4.6.3 Results/Products 42
4.6.4 Source and Cost 42
4.6.5 Operational Requirements 42
4.7 UST-Access Software 42
4.7.1 Applications 42
4.7.2 Constraints/Advantages 42
4.7.3 Results/Products 42
4.7.4 Source and Cost 42
4.7.5 Operational Requirements 43
4.8 SPARROW Model 43
4.8.1 Applications 43
4.8.2 Constraints/Advantages 43
4.8.3 Results/Products 43
4.8.4 Source and Cost 43
4.8.5 Operational Requirements 44
4.9 ArcView Spatial Analyst Hydrology Extension Software 44
4.9.1 Applications 44
4.9.2 Constraints/Advantages 44
4.9.3 Results/Products 44
4.9.4 Source and Cost 44
4.9.5 Operational Requirements 45
4.10 MassGIS Watershed Tools for ArcView Spatial Analyst 45
4.10.1 Applications 45
4.10.2 Constraints/Advantages 45
4.10.3 Results/Products 45
4.10.4 Source and Cost 45
4.10.5 Operational Requirements 46
References 47
Appendices
A Case Study of Watershed Source Area, Falmouth, Kentucky A-1
B Case Study of Groundwater Source Area, Lebanon, Ohio B-1
C Case Study of Reservoir/Watershed Source Area, Wilmington, Ohio ... C-1
D State Source Water Protection Contact List D-1
E Priority Setting and Risk Weighing Guide E-1
VII
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Tables
2-1. Example Maps and Relative Scales 8
2-2. Ground Pixel Spatial Resolution for Satellite Sensors 11
3-1. Data Sources for Source Water Assessment 19
3-2. Federal Spatial Data Set Sources 28
VIM
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Acronyms
BASINS Better Assessment Science Integrating Point and Nonpoint Sources
CAD computer-aided drafting (or design)
CD-ROM compact disk read-only memory
DD decimal degrees
DEM digital elevation model
DLG digital line graph
DMS degrees, minutes, seconds
DoD U.S. Department of Defense
DOQ digital orthophoto quad
DOS a computer operating system platform
DRG digital raster graph
EPA U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
ESRI Environmental Systems Research Institute
FOV field of view
CIS geographic information system
GLIS Global Land Information System
GPS global positioning system
GRASS geographic resources analysis support system
GUI graphical user interface
HMPF Hydrologic Simulation Program - FORTRAN
HUC hydrologic unit code
IWI Index of Watershed Indicators
LAN local area network
LULC land use/land cover
MSS multispectral scanner
NAD North American Datum
NAPP National Aerial Photography Program
NATSGO National Soil Geographic data
NPS nonpoint source
NPSM Nonpoint Source Model
NRCS Natural Resources Conservation Service
OST EPA Office of Science and Technology
PC personal computer
PWS public water supply
QA/QC quality assurance and quality control
RDBMS relational database management system
REMM Riverine Emergency Management Model
SCS Soil Conservation Service
SDWA Safe Drinking Water Act
SPOT Le Systeme Pour I'Observation de la Terre
SQL structured query language
IX
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STATSGO State Soil Geographic data
SWAP Source Water Assessment Program
SWTR Surface Water Treatment Rule
TAME terrain access made easy
TM thematic mapper
TOT time of travel
UNIX a computer operating system platform
USDA United States Department of Agriculture
USGS United States Geological Survey
UTM Universal Transverse Mercator
WCP Watershed Control Program
WHPP Wellhead Protection Plan
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Chapter 1
Introduction
1.1 What is the Purpose of this Report?
The 1996 Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) amendments to Section 1453 require
the states to establish and implement a Source Water Assessment Program (SWAP).
Source water is water taken from rivers, reservoirs, or wells by public water supply
(PWS) systems for use as public drinking water. The objective of a SWAP is to provide
a strong basis for developing, implementing, and improving source water protection
plans. A sound strategy for source water assessment relies on "a clear lead by the
states in program development and management and a strong ethic of public
participation" (EPA, 1997a), including participation by public water utilities and
municipalities. The SWAP must include a methodology for conducting the source water
assessment. States are required, through the SWAP, to submit a plan to the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) that details how they will:
1. delineate protection areas for drinking water intakes,
2. identify and inventory significant contaminants in the protection areas, and
3. determine the susceptibility of the public water supply (PWS) systems to the
contaminants in the protection areas.
The SWAP may use information provided by existing programs such as sanitary
surveys and Wellhead Protection Plans (WHPPs) to meet these requirements. The
SWAP can provide a framework in which these programs can integrate and mutually
benefit each other and reduce duplicate efforts. This program can also be used to
focus environmental public health programs developed by federal, state, and local
governments, as well as efforts of public water utilities and citizens, into a hydrologically
defined geographic area.
It is EPA policy to assist the states in conducting source water assessment by
identifying potential sources of data and pointing to methods for assessing source
waters (EPA, 1997a). This report provides guidance to states, municipalities, and
public water utilities for assessing source waters using geographic information system
(CIS) technology. A CIS can organize, analyze, and manipulate available data and
generate new data, i.e. simulation modeling, for source water protection areas. A CIS
also provides capabilities for presenting the data to the public in various forms,
including maps and tables.
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1.2 Why Assess Source Waters?
Contamination of water supplies may be responsible for more human sickness
than any other anthropogenic activity (Anderman and Martin, 1986). Since limited
water resources are increasingly shared by competing consumers, there is a growing
concern about the quality of source waters. This concern has led to the establishment
of laws and programs designed to help protect drinking water sources.
1.2.1 Water quality degradation
Frequent evaluation and identification of sources of contamination are required by
federal and state rules. The agents that degrade water quality affect the water's
physical, chemical, biological, or radiologic characteristics as defined below.
Physical: presence of many types of contaminants can affect water color, turbidity,
temperature, taste, and odor.
Chemical: presence of mineral constituents such as fluoride, sulfide, and acids may
alter hardness or softness of water.
Biological: presence of organisms such as viruses, bacteria, algae, and mosquito
larvae and their metabolic products can contaminate water.
Radiologic: radioactive material that comes in contact with water can contaminate it.
A water-quality change in any of these categories indicates the presence of
contaminants. Pollutants, which result from various naturally occurring processes, as
well as some land use practices, are introduced into the surface water system by runoff
and infiltration from precipitation and snow melt, or by industrial and municipal
discharges.
1.2.2 Safe Drinking Water Act and its amendments
As mentioned earlier, Section 1453 of the 1996 Safe Drinking Water Act
amendments requires the states to develop and implement a SWAP to reduce the risk
of contamination of drinking water sources. A successful SWAP reduces the cost of
water treatments and disinfections required. Following enactment of the SDWA, a
number of programs were developed for public water supply protection and
supervision, including watershed protection and control, sanitary surveys, and WHPPs.
An EPA document titled "States Source Water Assessment and Protection Programs
Final Guidance" (1997a) discusses how a SWAP can use information provided by the
current water programs. A brief description about some of the programs and a list of
their basic elements are presented below.
1.2.2.1 Watershed Protection and Control Program
The Surface Water Treatment Rule (SWTR) requires unfiltered water supply
systems to develop a watershed control program (WCP). A WCP provides protection
for source water quality, thereby reducing the level of disinfection needed. The basic
elements of a WCP are summarized below (EPA, 1990):
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1. Watershed description, topography, hydrology, geology, land use, etc.
2. Inventory of sources of contamination: manmade, natural
3. Control of pollution practices
4. Monitoring: routine and specific evaluation of raw water quality
5. Management: organization, personnel, operation, and communication
6. Agreements and land ownership for watershed control
1.2.2.2 Sanitary Surveys
A sanitary survey is an on-site evaluation of a public water system's ability to
continuously produce and distribute safe drinking water. For this purpose, a sanitary
survey evaluates the system's sources of water, facilities, equipment, operation,
maintenance, and distribution (EPA, 1995). Before conducting a sanitary survey, the
water supply system should be described and clear goals for the survey, as well as a
methodology for achieving these goals, should be defined. The contents of the sanitary
survey are based on the goals and methodology defined for each water supply system.
The following list specifies eight elements that should be evaluated in a sanitary survey
(EPA, 1995).
1. Water source
2. Treatment
3. Distribution system
4. Finished water storage
5. Pumps, pump facilities, and controls
6. Monitoring, reporting, data verification
7. Water system management and operation
8. Operator compliance with state requirements
1.2.2.3 Wellhead Protection Plans
A WHPP is designed to safeguard public drinking water supplies by preventing,
detecting, and remediating groundwater contamination in a zone around public water
supply wells or well fields. Section 1428 of the SDWA requires the states to develop
plans describing the following elements:
1. Delineation of the wellhead protection area
2. Inventory of contamination sources in the protection areas
3. Identification of appropriate protective strategies
4. Development of a groundwater monitoring plan (if needed)
5. Contingency plan for alternative water supplies
6. Public involvement and education program
7. Planning for protection of future well fields from contamination
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1.3 How is this Report Organized?
Chapter 2 provides a review of general CIS concepts and components including
CIS data formats; structure and analysis techniques; topology; scale and projection
issues; data creation and collection; and software, hardware, and personnel
requirements. This chapter introduces CIS to those not familiar with this technology but
it is not intended to replace existing CIS manuals or instructional material. Experienced
CIS users who are already familiar with the concepts presented in this chapter may
want to skip to Chapter 3.
Chapter 3 presents a step-by-step approach to using a CIS for source water
assessment including building the CIS database, analyzing the data to delineate source
water protection areas, and presenting the analysis results. The method presented is a
general approach. This method is then applied to specific source water types (river,
groundwater, and reservoir) and described in the case studies in Appendices A, B and
C. These case studies apply the methodology described in Chapter 3 and discuss any
problems and issues that arose during the process.
Chapter 4 provides an evaluation of available CIS data sources and analysis tools
and includes information on how to obtain the data or tool. This information can assist
the user in determining the best tools and data to meet the defined needs and is
condensed in a table at the end of the chapter.
Appendix D is a list of state-level contacts and offices that can provide information
on Wellhead Protection programs and other source water protection programs being
conducted by the states. Appendix E is a priority setting and risk weighing guide for
contaminants in wellhead protection areas.
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Chapter 2
General GIS Concepts and Components
A geographic information system (GIS) is defined as "an organized collection of
computer hardware, software, geographic data, and personnel designed to efficiently
capture, store, update, manipulate, analyze, and display all forms of geographically
referenced information" (ESRI, 1992). A GIS provides a powerful analytical tool that
can be used to create and link spatial and descriptive data for problem solving, spatial
modeling, and to present the results in tables or maps. The following sections discuss
each of the components of a GIS including data, hardware, software, and personnel.
2.1 Geographic Data
In a GIS environment, digital information is stored as logical, thematic layers which
may be given a variety of names, such as coverages, grids, and shapefiles. For
example, a GIS database of a city may include separate thematic layers representing
streets, buildings, streams and rivers, utility lines, population, zoning, and land
ownership.
2.1.1 GIS Database Structure
There are two types of data in a GIS thematic layer: spatial features and
descriptive information. The spatial data is a geographic location for a physical feature
such as a road, a well, or a parcel of land and is represented as an X,Y coordinate or
series of connected X,Y coordinates. The descriptive information is attribute data
describing the physical feature. For example, a road can be represented as a line with
attributes for number of lanes (4), type of road (interstate), and year built (1965). These
two types of data are stored in separate spatial and attribute files that are related by
using relational database techniques.
2.1.2 GIS Data Formats
The two most widely used GIS data formats are vector and raster. Vector data
represent physical features as polygons, lines and points. Features with areas such as
counties, agricultural fields, and water bodies are represented as polygons. Linear
features that are too narrow to display as an area are represented as lines, also
referred to as arcs. Roads and streams are examples of linear features. Discrete
locations with areas too small to be shown as lines or polygons are represented by
points. Examples of point features are wells and springs. A point is stored in the
computer as an X,Y coordinate. Arcs are made of two or more connected points, and
polygons are composed of one or more arcs enclosing an area.
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Raster data are stored in a matrix of grid cells or pixels representing a rectangular
geographic area. The spatial resolution of a raster image refers to the size of the
geographic area that the pixel represents and is dependent on the resolution of the
sensor or scanner. Raster data also have attribute data associated with each pixel or
point. An example of raster data is a satellite image or scanned photograph. Raster
data can also be represented by a lattice. A lattice is a rectangular array of mesh
points spaced, at a constant sampling interval, that represent a surface. A lattice is
stored as a grid, but it represents the surface only at the mesh points, not the entire cell
formed by the mesh points. Lattices are often used to represent elevation.
2.1.3 Topology
Topology is the spatial relationship between geographic features within a CIS data
layer. Topology is implied by pixel position in a raster image but must be explicitly
defined in a vector data layer. One of the basic tasks of CIS software is to create and
maintain topology. There are three major aspects of topology with respect to CIS:
connectivity, area definition, and contiguity. Connectivity indicates the arc-node
topology. Arcs start with a node and end in a node. The points between the nodes,
referred to as vertices, define the shape of the arc. Nodes also form the connection
between arcs. Area definition refers to the arc-polygon topology. One or more arcs
enclosing an area form a polygon. Contiguity means every feature occupies its own
space, ensuring that no two features will lie on the same physical space at the same
time.
Using these topological definitions, the information recorded for each arc includes
a starting point (from node), an ending point (to node), the length of the arc determined
from the coordinates of the nodes and vertices, and the polygons to the left and right of
the arc. This information can be stored in an arc attribute table and uniquely identifies
each arc. Similar information about point features and polygon features can be stored
in a point attribute table and a polygon attribute table, respectively. The topological
relationships among the spatial features is maintained internally by the CIS and gives
the data user the ability to perform spatial analyses.
2.1.4 Spatial Analysis Techniques
Spatial analysis techniques vary depending on whether vector or raster data is
used. The vector spatial data analysis techniques pertinent to assessing source waters
include proximity analysis, buffer analysis, overlay analysis, and network analysis.
Likewise, the pertinent raster data analysis techniques include multispectral analysis for
land cover classification and elevation modeling.
2.1.4.1 Proximity Analysis
CIS is often used to study the proximity of one spatial feature to another. Spatial
features located in a neighborhood share common locality and may affect each other.
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For example, the pumping rate of a well may affect other wells and streams that are
within some distance if they share the same aquifer. Other proximity issues include
closeness of one set of features (e.g., hospitals, schools, fire stations) to another (e.g.,
workplaces, homes).
2.1.4.2 Buffer Analysis
Buffering is a useful analytical technique that creates a polygon around selected
features. For example, buffering can be used to identify the chemical factories located
within some distance (buffer) of a stream. These factories can be evaluated as
potential sources of contamination to the stream.
2.1.4.3 Overlay Analysis
Overlay analysis effectively overlays two different layers of spatial data for the
purpose of creating a new data layer that, in some way, combines information from the
two layers. Data combinations can involve combining the data layers or using one data
layer to extract a subset of data from the other layer.
2.1.4.4 Network Analysis
Network analysis takes advantage of the arc-node topology in CIS and is useful in
studies of linear flow such as traffic flow or stream flow. Network analysis requires the
arc-node topology of the stream coverage to simulate stream flow so that the to-nodes
are always "downstream" from the from-nodes. Also, characteristics such as flow rates
can be assigned to the arcs or nodes to simulate real-world situations.
2.1.4.5 Multispectral Analysis
Some remote sensors use multispectral scanner (MSS) technology to collect data
about the earth's surface. The MSS records the amount of light being reflected from
the surface. The scanner is capable of recording specific wave lengths of the
electromagnetic spectrum such as red light, green light, near infrared, far or thermal
infrared for a parcel of land. The reflectance data for each wave length is recorded as
separate numerical values for each parcel of land. The parcel of land is represented as
a pixel in the final image data set. Multispectral analysis is a highly complex process
using statistical techniques and matrix algebra to determine the dominant land cover for
each pixel in an image based on the amount and type of electromagnetic energy being
reflected. For a better understanding of multispectral data and remote sensing image
analysis, review one of the numerous texts written on the subject.
2.1.4.6 Elevation Modeling
A digital elevation model (DEM) is a raster data set that contains an elevation
datum for each grid cell. Digital elevation models can be used to represent topography
and to delineate watershed boundaries in the landscape.
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2.1.5 Scale, Resolution, and Accuracy
Spatial data scale, resolution, and accuracy are all related. Scale is defined as the
ratio of a distance on a map to the corresponding distance on the earth's surface
represented by the map. A large-scale map (e.g., 1:24,000) represents a smaller
geographic area but contains more detail compared to a small-scale map (e.g.,
1:250,000) which represents a larger geographic area but contains less detail.
Resolution is an indication of how well a feature's location and shape are depicted for a
given map scale. A higher resolution means more details can be depicted. Accuracy is
a measure of the amount of acceptable error in a data set. For instance, a 10-meter
accuracy means that the placement of features on a map is at least within 10 meters of
their true location. Table 2-1 provides examples of map scales and accuracies
available from the United States Geological Survey (USGS). The USGS has this data
available as paper maps or digital files.
Table 2-1. Example Maps and Relative Scales
Ground distance represented by map
Scale
1:24,000
1:100,000
1:250,000
1:500,000
Map Series
7.5 minute
Intermediate
United States
United States
Accuracy
(meters)
10
50
125
2500
1
240
1
2.5
5
distance
centimeter
meters
kilometer
kilometers
kilometers
of
1
2000
1.6
2
8
inch
feet
miles
miles
miles
The choice of map scale and accuracy should be based on the intended use.
Small-scale maps may be chosen for regional studies covering several states. On the
other hand, large-scale maps may be suited to studies at watershed levels. For
example, the USGS 1:24,000 series maps depict rivers, streams, water bodies, roads,
and urban and agricultural areas in an average watershed but should not be used for
analyses requiring spatial accuracy better than 10 meters. Studies involving small
watersheds should use local maps that provide greater detail or other methods for
acquiring data, such as global positioning systems (GPS) or surveying. High-resolution
data sets require more computer resources for storage, processing, and display;
therefore, unnecessarily large scales should be avoided.
2.1.6 Projections, Datums, and Geographic Reference Systems
The importance of understanding map projections, datums, and geographic
reference systems in the construction of a CIS database cannot be understated. As
noted in the ESRI Map Projections handbook (ESRI, Inc., 1994):
8
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For data automation to be accurate and all subsequent phases of GIS application
to be successful, those people who make early decisions about database design
must understand map coordinate systems, map projections, datums and their
applications.
Map projections are the mathematical transformation of the earth's three-
dimensional spheroid to a flat two-dimensional surface. All map projections contain
distortions that are inherent in taking a round surface and flattening it out. The key is to
choose a projection that minimizes the distortion for your area of interest. Map
projections are depicted in some unit of measure such as feet or meters.
A geographic reference system such as decimal degrees (DVD) or degrees,
minutes, seconds (DMS) is not a projection, but rather a system using latitude and
longitude positions to define the locations of features on the earth's spheroid. Data
sets stored in geographic reference system coordinates can be converted or "projected"
to different map projections using projection software routines available in many CIS
software packages.
Datum are the reference points and measurements used to define the earth's
spheroid. All projections must reference the specific datum used in the projection's
mathematical transformation. Because the earth is not a perfect sphere or spheroid,
the datum used to define the spheroid in one part of the earth is not necessarily the one
used for another part. Until recently, most geographic data created in the U.S. were
based on the Clarke 1866 datum; this datum is commonly referred to as North
American Datum 1927 (NAD27). With the advent of satellite and other technologies,
more accurate measurements of the spheroid have been taken. The most commonly
used new datum for the United States is called NAD83.
When building a CIS database, it is essential to know the coordinate system,
datum, and projection parameters of each data set so that data can be projected or
converted to one spatial reference system. Data layers that are in different projections
or datums will not overlay accurately.
2.1.7 GIS Data Collection and Creation
There are many sources for geographic and GIS data including federal, state, and
local agencies. Some of these data sources are discussed in greater detail in Chapter
3. Data from local sources will tend to be more detailed but will cover a smaller area
and may have to be purchased. State and federal data will be less detailed, but will
cover a larger geographic area and may be free or cost very little. Be sure to explore
existing data sources before planning to create GIS data which can be time-consuming
and expensive. If, however, existing data is inadequate, GIS data can be generated
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using a variety of techniques including digitizing maps or images, remote sensing, or
field surveying.
2.1.7.1 Digitizing
CIS data can be created by manually digitizing or scanning maps or images.
Manual digitization requires a digitizing table and manual capture of geographic
features. The result is a digital map in vector form. Feature attributes can be assigned
during or after digitizing. Scanning involves feeding a map or image through an
electronic scanner, resulting in a raster image. The scanned image must then be
geographically referenced. Alternately, the scanned raster data can be converted into
vector data with special software or displayed on a computer screen for manual
digitizing using a mouse.
2.1.7.2 Remote Sensing
Remote sensing requires the use of a sensor or device that captures geographic
data remotely. Examples of remotely sensed data include satellite imagery and aerial
photographs. Satellite imagery is in digital raster format and is processed using image
processing software to create land cover data. Aerial photographs are not in digital
format and must be digitized or scanned for use in a CIS. Digital orthophoto
quadrangles (DOQ) are a digital product of aerial photography which has been
geographically corrected, scanned, and geographically referenced.
The pixel resolution depends on the sensor altitude and field of view (FOV).
Generally, images acquired at high altitude result in low spatial resolution. Digital
images with pixel resolutions of less than 1 meter can be obtained by airborne systems;
however, less area is covered by each image as the pixel spatial resolution increases.
Due to higher spatial resolution, airborne data require more image processing
resources (equipment, personnel, time) than do satellite images covering the same
area.
High-resolution satellite data that are widely used for land cover classification are
provided by the U.S. Landsat or the French SPOT (Le Systeme Pour I'Observation de
la Terre) satellite systems. The Landsat system has two sensors: the multispectral
scanner (MSS) with four spectral channels and the thematic mapper (TM) with seven
spectral channels. The SPOT images come in two modes: panchromatic and
multispectral with three spectral channels. Spectral channels are sensitive to narrow
bands of the electromagnetic radiation (e.g., blue, green, red, and near-infrared), while
the panchromatic channel senses the entire visible radiation (for more information on
radiation and sensors see Campbell [1987] and other remote sensing literature). Table
2-2 shows the ground pixel spatial resolution for the above satellite sensors.
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Table 2-2. Ground Pixel Spatial Resolution for Satellite Sensors
Number of spectral bands
Pixel resolution (meters)
Scene width (kilometers)
Landsat
MSSb
4
56
296
Landsat
TMC
7
30
296
SPOT"
Panchromatic
1
10
60
SPOT
Multispectral
3
20
60
SPOT = Satellite Probatoire d'Observation de la Terre
b
MSS = multispectral scanner
CTM = thematic mapper
2.1.7.3 Field Surveying
Field surveying requires the use of specialized equipment and software such as
Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers to capture digital positional data in the field.
The GPS is a space-based radio positioning system that provides information about
position, velocity, and time to suitably equipped GPS users on the Earth. The
NAVSTAR system, funded and operated by the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD),
consists of 24 satellites that provide GPS data to civilian users. The GPS receivers are
specialized radio receivers that determine the current position (latitude, longitude,
altitude) and time using simultaneous radio signals from at least four of the satellites.
Receivers intended for mapping have high accuracy and provide user interfaces that
allow rapid data collection. Capturing GPS data is manually intensive but can also
provide highly accurate locational data. This data can also be used to verify or correct
the accuracy of other digital data sets.
2.2 Hardware
The CIS hardware includes the computer on which the CIS operates and the
peripherals used for data entry, transfer, and output. A wide range of hardware types
are used, from centralized computer servers to desktop computers used as stand-alone
stations or in networked configurations. The type and number of components in a
system is dependent on the needs of the organization. Software vendors can help in
recommending appropriate system configurations. The input and output devices (e.g.,
digitizers and plotters) are usually shared within an organization with more than one
CIS user. Centralized computer servers and networking software can be used to
enable multiple users to share CIS hardware and software. Hardware costs are not
provided because costs are constantly changing, usually in favor of the buyer.
Examples of CIS hardware components are listed below.
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2.2.1 GIS Workstation
A GIS workstation should at a minimum include a high-speed central processing
unit, keyboard, mouse, disk space, high-resolution color monitor for graphics display,
and a compact disk read-only memory (CD-ROM). An external disk drive may be used
for additional disk space. The GIS workstation can be either an IBM-compatible
personal computer (PC) using a Windows operating system or a high-end graphics
workstation using a Unix operating system.
The Unix systems provide a more powerful environment for GIS than PCs. Unix
workstations are usually faster than PCs in the analysis and display of complex digital
data. However, they also cost more. A set of workstations loaded with GIS software
may use a common server with a large amount of disk storage space. Also, data input
and output devices may be attached to the server so all users can share them.
2.2.2 Data Transfer and Backup Devices
A GIS should include one or more data transfer and backup devices such as a
compact disk writer, tape drive, or disk drive. These devices allow the user to transfer
GIS data to a compact medium that can be easily stored or physically transferred.
These devices are useful for performing data backups or transferring data between
workstations or organizations that are not networked.
2.2.3 Data Output Devices
Output devices allow the user to print data and displays from the GIS. Printouts of
GIS data are useful for data quality assurance and quality control (QA/QC) checks and
for displaying results. The common GIS output devices are printers and plotters.
These devices are available in a variety of sizes, produce output in color or black and
white, and can vary widely in price. Most organizations will want at least a standard
laser jet printer as well as a large-format color output device for plotting color maps for
display and presentations.
2.2.4 Data Input Devices
GIS data input devices include digitizing tables, scanners, and GPS receivers.
These devices enable a user to capture geographic information in digital form. A
digitizing table is used for generating vector-based coordinate information directly from
hard copy maps or photographs. A scanner is used to generate raster-based data
from hard copy maps or photographs. A GPS receiver enables the user to capture
coordinate data for features in the field. Once captured, GPS data must be post-
processed on a workstation with specialized software to generate real-world
coordinates.
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2.3 Software
Three categories of information processing software are used to assess source
waters when using GIS technology: CIS, image processing, and relational database
management. Examples of software for each of these categories are listed below. A
software package listed in one category may also be capable of performing functions in
another category. For example, a GIS package such as GRASS can be used for image
processing. Similarly, some of the image processing software packages can be used
as CIS tools. The names of the software are listed for informational purposes only and
do not indicate endorsement.
The PC-based software packages such as GRASS and ArcView can range in cost
from free or low-cost ($200-$300) to several thousand dollars. High-end software
packages such as Arclnfo, ERDAS Imagine, or Intergraph CIS will cost $10,000-
$20,000. Prices for all software packages depend on current market value, whether the
purchaser is eligible for discounts, and what additional modules are purchased in
addition to the baseline package.
2.3.1 GIS Software
The GIS software is used for storing, analyzing, and displaying geographic data.
The main components of a GIS software are the tools for data input and manipulation,
database management, geographic query and analysis, and visualization and output.
Several GIS packages are presented below for information.
2.3.1.1 Arc/Info
Arc/Info is a commercial software package developed by the Environmental
Systems Research Institute (ESRI) and Henco Software, Inc. (Henco). Arc/Info
provides tools for automation, management, display, and output of geographic and
associated data. Arc/Info is a vector-based GIS software that runs on Unix and
Windows NT workstations. Arc/Info costs between $10,000 - $20,000. For more
information contact ESRI at http://www.esri.com.
2.3.1.2 ArcView
ArcView is also produced by ESRI and is a menu-driven GIS with a subset of the
functionality provided by Arc/Info. What ArcView lacks in functionality, it makes up for
in a less steep learning curve and an easy-to-use graphical user interface (GUI).
ArcView is a vector-based GIS software that runs on Unix or PC workstations. ArcView
costs approximately $1,000. For more information contact ESRI at http://www.esri.com.
2.3.1.3 GRASS
The Geographic Resources Analysis Support System (GRASS) is a public-
domain, raster-based GIS software used for geographic data management, image
processing, graphics production, spatial modeling, and data visualization. GRASS was
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written by the U.S. Army Construction Engineering Research Laboratories (USA-CERL)
branch of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and is currently maintained at the
Department of Geology at Baylor University. GRASS runs on Unix and PC
workstations. More information on GRASS can be found at
http://www.baylor.edu/~grass. Additional information on some of the hydrology models
that have been integrated into the GRASS CIS is available on
http://soils, ecn.purdue. edu/~aggrass/models/ hydrology, html.
2.3.1.4 IDRISI
IDRISI is a raster-based CIS software that provides CIS, image processing, and
spatial statistics analytical capabilities on DOS and Windows-based PCs. IDRISI
provides analytical functionality of CIS, remote sensing, and databases for resources
management. IDRISI was developed and is maintained by Clark Labs, a non-profit
research organization within the Graduate School of Geography at Clark University. A
commercial/private single-user license for IDRISI costs $990. Licenses for non-profit,
government, and academic institutions cost less. For more details see
http://www. clarklabs. org.
2.3.1.5 Intergraph CIS
Intergraph provides Windows-based software and a range of computing services
for engineering, design, modeling, analysis, mapping, information technology, and
creative graphics. The CIS MGE package provides data collection and editing, data
import, image display and analysis, advanced spatial query and analysis, and
cartographic quality maps. MGE costs approximately $10,000-$20,000. More
information on Integraph CIS is available at http://www.intergraph.com.
2.3.2 Image Processing Software
Image processing software is used to process raster data, particularly remote
sensing imagery data such as satellite imagery.
2.3.2.1 ENVI
The Environment for Visualizing Images (ENVI) is an image processing system
which provides analysis and visualization of single-band, multispectral, hyperspectral,
and radar remote sensing data. ENVI can process large spatial and spectral images,
and runs on Unix; LINUX; Windows 3.1, NT, 95; the Macintosh; and the Power Mac.
For more details contact ENVI at http://www.envi-sw.com/index.htm.
2.3.2.2 ERDAS Imagine
The ERDAS Imagine software is an image processing and raster CIS package
that has a variety of applications ranging from simple image mapping to advanced
remote sensing. Imagine provides tools for geometric correction, image analysis,
visualization, map output, orthorectification, radar analysis, advanced classification
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tools, and graphical spatial data modeling. Imagine runs on Unix workstations and
Windows platforms. ERDAS Image costs approximately $10,000-$20,000. More
information on Imagine is available at http://www.erdas.com.
2.3.2.3 ER Mapper
ER Mapper provides integrated mapping software featuring image processing,
map production, 3-D presentations, and (BIS integration for Windows 95/NT and Unix.
The ER Mapper software uses a concept that separates data from the image
processing steps allowing the user to apply and view results from a single enhancement
procedure in real time. The PC version of ER Mapper costs $4,300; the Unix version of
ER Mapper costs $18,300. See http://www.ermapper.com for more information.
2.3.2.4 PCI
EASI/PACE image processing provides a variety of applications including image
processing, geometric correction, vector utilities, and multilayer modeling. PCI
implements the Generic Database (GDB) concept, which allows PCI programs to
access image and other external data files without import and export. Contact PCI for
more details at http://www.pci.on.ca.
2.3.2.5 TNTmips
TNTmips is a map and image processing system that contains fully featured CIS,
CAD, and spatial database management systems. TNTmips has tools that interactively
integrate elements of on-screen image processing and photo interpretation, and
provides a diverse set of tools for registering, rectifying and stitching imagery, which are
particularly useful for low-altitude aerial photography and videography. More
information on TNTmips is available at http://www.sgi.com/Products/appsdirectory.dir/
Applications/GIS_Defense_lmaging/ApplicationNumber7857.html.
2.3.3 Relational Database Management Software
Relational database management system (RDBMS) software enables large
amounts of data to be entered, updated, related, viewed, queried and, otherwise,
managed in an efficient manner. The data in an RDBMS is stored in a series of related
tables which are designed to optimize the effort required for data entry, maintenance,
and retrieval. RDBMS software is available for use on PCs, Unix workstations,
networked systems, and mainframe computers. Most CIS software packages use an
RDBMS to manage data such as maintaining topology and providing ways to efficiently
enter, update, and query attribute data. For example, Arc/Info uses Info, an RDBMS
developed by Henco. Other major RDBMS software includes dBASE, MS Access,
Ingres, Informix, Oracle, and Sybase.
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2.4 Personnel Requirements
To use a CIS effectively in any project, it is important to have personnel with a
variety of specific skills. All of the software mentioned above (CIS, image processing,
and RDBMS) require lengthy learning curves to be used effectively. Experience in CIS
is highly desirable and may be mandatory if time is critical.
2.4.1 Data Entry Technician
Data entry includes automation or digitizing of maps, creating attribute tables, and
importing databases. The data entry technician should have some knowledge of spatial
concepts and experience in basic CIS use for creating thematic layers, and attribute
data entry. Depending on the amount of data entry required, one or more technicians
may be needed.
2.4.2 Spatial Data Analyst
The spatial data analyst is skilled in manipulating geographic data to retrieve
pertinent, project-specific information such as mapping sources of contamination and
their proximity to source waters, and delineating protection areas. This person must
have a thorough understanding of the concepts presented in this Chapter and be
experienced in using CIS and image processing technology. The spatial data analyst
should also have some experience in working with utilities, hydrogeology, soils,
environmental engineering, or sanitary engineering.
2.4.3 Field Surveyor
A field surveyor may be required if geographic or attribute data is not available and
must be gathered in the field. The surveyor should be skilled in field survey
management, GPS technology, and database development and have knowledge of
sanitary or environmental engineering, soil science, or hydrogeology. Depending on the
amount of field surveying required and the size of the area being surveyed, the field
surveyor may require a support staff to assist with gathering information.
2.4.4 Soil Scientist
A soil scientist may be needed to evaluate the condition and physical properties of soils
in the survey area. The Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) formerly
called the Soil Conservation Service may be contacted for technical assistance in this
area.
2.4.5 System Administrator
A system administrator may be needed to administer the CIS and its peripherals such
as digitizers, printers, and plotters. This is especially true for systems that require a
network and have multiple users. A system administrator can help with hardware and
software maintenance and replacement, network maintenance, system backups, and
other administrative duties.
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Chapter 3
A Method for Assessing Source Waters Using a GIS
Using a GIS for any application involves following some basic steps including
designing the GIS database, building the GIS database, and using the GIS to analyze
the data and show results. For assessing source waters, elements of the design of a
GIS database include establishing the study area and delineating the watershed,
determining data needs, inventorying data sources, determining coordinate system and
scale, and deciding on the GIS infrastructure. Building the database requires collecting
data to characterize the study area and inventorying sources of contamination. And
analyzing the data entails assessing potential sources of contamination, delineating
source water protection areas, and producing display products. The methodology used
for completing these steps is described in the subsections in this chapter. Appendices
A, B, and C present three case studies that illustrate the use of this methodology.
3.1 Design the GIS Database
Investing time in the GIS database design at the beginning of a project saves time
and effort over the life of the project. Delineating the study area is important to limit the
scope of investigation and to design a database specific to the area of interest.
Inventorying existing data sources not only identifies useful data sets but helps to
determine which coordinate system, data scale, and GIS software, hardware, and
personnel to use. Many of the decisions made concerning these issues are
interdependent and should be investigated and decided on concurrently. These issues
are discussed in the following sections.
3.1.1 Delineate the Study Area
Source water is at risk for contamination by pollutants entering the source water
catchment or recharge area. If the source is a surface water feature such as a river or
reservoir, then the recharge area is a watershed. A watershed boundary is defined as
the perimeter of the area that drains into the surface water feature (river, stream, or
reservoir) and is delineated by drawing a line along the highest elevation surrounding
the surface water feature. If the source is groundwater then the area of interest is the
recharge area for the underground aquifer.
The first step in delineating the study area is to determine the geographic location
of the source water intakes for the PWS system. The geographic locations can be
derived by digitizing from maps or by conducting a field survey and obtaining GPS point
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locations. In any case, these locations must be known and recorded in a digital file that
can be used in the CIS to delineate the source water recharge area.
The surface water intake's watershed can be identified in a CIS by overlaying the
intake location with the watershed boundary data layer for the same area. The study
area may be defined as the entire watershed or a portion of the watershed depending
on the location of the source water intakes along the river or reservoir. A national
standard watershed boundary data set is available from the USGS as hydrologic unit
code (HUC) data. See Table 3-2 at the end of this chapter for additional information
about some data sets available from federal agencies. More detailed or accurate
watershed data may also be available from state and local government sources. The
overlay process is also used to identify the source water aquifer for a well intake.
Aquifer data is most likely available from state government sources. Because aquifers
are recharged from surface waters, it is important to take into account what watersheds
may also need to be included in the study area.
3.1.2 Determine Data Needs
A source water assessment should identify the source water recharge or study
area and its characteristics, current and potential sources of contamination, and
methods of contaminant control. This process requires building a CIS database that
includes the physical characteristics of the study area, the locations of sources of
contamination, and physical features affecting contaminant flow. Determine the CIS
data needs by reviewing the local characteristics of the study area such as whether the
source water is derived from wells or surface water or whether dams are present. CIS
data sets and types that are typically used to assess source waters are listed in Table
3-1.
3.1.3 Inventory Data
After compiling a list of data sets required for the source water assessment, find
out if any of these data sets are available from other sources. Many federal, state or
local sources for CIS data sets (Table 3-2 at the end of this chapter) already exist and
may be suitable depending on scale and accuracy needs. Many states also maintain
repositories of CIS data. See Appendix D for a list of state contacts for source water
protection and other related information. Many regional government consortiums and
local governments are building and maintaining detailed, large-scale CIS databases
containing land parcel ownership, landscape characteristics, and other pertinent
information.
When inventorying data, record information about each data set (such as data set
name, source, software format, scale, projection and projection parameters, extent of
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coverage, attributes, cost, and any other pertinent information) that will help determine
if the data set can be used in the assessment. Data at the federal and state level tends
to be free or cost very little. Data from local sources usually must be purchased and
Table 3-1.
Data Sources for Source Water Assessment
Source Water Assessment Data
2. Sources of contamination
a. Sewage, storm water, industrial discharge
b. Highways, railroads
c. Pesticide usage, logging, recreation
d. Animal population density (domestic, wild)
e. Turbidity fluctuations (precipitation)
f. Fires, inorganic contaminants (soils)
3. Source water intakes
a. Surface intakes, springs, catchments, wells
4. Pumps, pump houses, and controls
Data Type
1 . Characterization of the watershed
a. Boundary and area of the watershed
b. Terrain
c. Soils
d. Streams
e. Springs, wells, cisterns
f. Land use (wilderness, farmland, urban, etc.)
g. Land ownership
h. Vegetation cover
i. Dam locations
polygon
polygon
polygon
line
point
polygon
polygon
polygon
point or line
point
line
polygon
polygon
descriptive
polygon
point
point
covers a more limited area, but it is often more detailed and accurate. If a required data
set does not exist or is too small in scale, it may need to be created. See Section 2.1.7
for an overview of various methods used to create CIS data.
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3.1.4 Determine Coordinate System and Scale
Choose a coordinate system that requires the least amount of data conversion from
one projection to another. Data conversions are always risky and potentially can
introduce error in the data. Make this decision early in the database design process so
that data sets are systematically converted to the proper coordinate system prior to use.
Because data layers that are not in the same coordinate system will not overlay
accurately, converting them to one coordinate system at the beginning of project can
help to eliminate confusion later on.
The level of detail required for the source water assessment determines the data
scale required for the database. Different scales of data can be used together with the
understanding that smaller scale data is less accurate and detailed and decisions made
based on smaller scale data have a greater margin of error and uncertainty. For more
information, see Section 2.1.5 for a discussion of scale and accuracy issues.
3.15 Decide on GIS Infrastructure
The GIS infrastructure includes the hardware, software, and personnel needed for
the task. See Sections 2.2, 2.3, and 2.4 for information on some of the choices
available. It is important to determine early in the database design process what GIS
tools will be used because that choice affects the amount of data conversion required,
what other analysis capabilities have to be obtained, and what personnel training may
be required. In addition to the basic GIS software packages, numerous CIS-based
source water assessment support tools are available that run within some of these
packages; these support tools are evaluated in Chapter 4.
3.2 Build the GIS Database
Building the GIS data base includes obtaining or creating the required data sets,
converting the data sets to the required data format and coordinate system, verifying
the accuracy of the data sets, and, if needed, making corrections to the data. It is
important to document all processing steps taken for each data set so that if the data
becomes corrupted or the computer system crashes, the data base can be more easily
recreated. Likewise, computer system backups should be done daily.
3.2.1 Characterize the Study Area
After deciding on the data requirements of the GIS database, the data should be
obtained and converted to the chosen projection and units (feet, meters). Section 3.1.2
outlines some of the GIS data required for source water assessment. The data types
include descriptions of physical watersheds and contamination sources and types. To
understand how contamination from a source reaches a drinking water intake, the
factors that affect its flow should be described. These factors include, but are not
limited to terrain, soils, hydrography, land use and land cover, and contaminant
characteristics. For example, after a precipitation event, the type(s) of contamination
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resulting from surface runoff into a stream depends on the land use and land cover
interactions (e.g., pesticide and fertilizer from agriculture, salts and grease from parking
lots). The directional flow of surface runoff depends on the topography, and soil
infiltration properties affect how much surface water reaches the groundwater. The
following sections provide information about some of the data sets needed for
assessing source waters.
3.2.1.1 Watershed Boundaries
Watershed or HUC boundaries are available from the USGS. The HUC boundaries
are available at 1:2,000,000 scale and 1:250,000 scale. The USGS also provides
information describing the hydrologic unit coding scheme. A watershed boundary data
set can be created by delineating the boundary on large-scale maps that have elevation
contour lines; the boundary can then be digitized. See Table 3-2 listings 1 and 8 for
data access information.
3.2.1.2 Terrain
Terrain data can be derived from Digital Elevation Models (OEMs). OEMs are
digital records of terrain elevations for ground positions that are horizontally spaced at
regular intervals. The SPOT Image Corporation provides OEMs at 10-meter spacing
created by digital autocorrelation of SPOT satellite image stereopairs which are stored
in a format known as Terrain Access Made Easy (TAME) (ESRI, 1991). The USGS
also provides 30-meter spaced OEMs at four scales: 7.5-minute, 15-minute,
2-arc-second, and 1-degree. See Table 3-2 listing 6 for USGS DEM access
information.
The 7.5-minute (large-scale) data are produced in 7.5- by 7.5-minute blocks from
digitized cartographic map contour overlays or from scanned National Aerial
Photography Program (NAPP) photographs. The DEM data are stored as profiles in
which the elevations are spaced 30 meters apart. The number of elevations between
each profile will differ because of the variable angle between the quadrangle's true
north and the grid north of the Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) projection
coordinate system. The DEM data for 7.5-minute units correspond to the USGS
7.5-minute topographic quadrangle map series for all of the United States and its
territories, except Alaska.
The 15-minute DEM (large-scale) data correspond to the USGS 15-minute
topographic quadrangle map series of Alaska. The unit size changes with the latitude.
The 15-minute DEM data are referenced horizontally to NAD27. The elevations along
profiles are spaced 2 arc-seconds of latitude by 3 arc-seconds of longitude. The first
and last data points along a profile are at the integer degrees of latitude.
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3.2.1.3 Soils
The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Natural Resource Conservation
Service (NRCS), formerly the Soil Conservation Service (SCS), has three soil
geographic databases of varying scales. The data include physical and chemical soil
properties for approximately 18,000 soil types. Each database has three categories:
soil properties (particle size, bulk density, available water capacity, organic matter,
salinity, and soil recreation), locational properties (flooding, water table depth, bedrock
depth, and soil subsidence), and use and management properties (sanitary facilities,
building site development, recreational development, rangeland potential, construction
material, crops, woodland suitability, and wildlife habitat suitability).
The most detailed level of information is provided by the Soil Survey Geographic
data (SSURGO), which is available in 7.5-minute topographic quadrangle units
(1:24,000) and is distributed as coverages for soil survey areas, usually containing over
ten quadrangle units. State Soil Geographic data (STATSGO) is a coarser database
designed for regional, multistate, river basin, state, and multicounty resource planning,
monitoring, and management. The STATSGO database is at 1:250,000 scale (1- by 2-
degree quadrangle) and is distributed as statewide coverages. See Table 3-2 listings 8
and 11 for data access information. National Soil Geographic data (NATSGO) is a
database which is suitable for national or regional resources assessment and planning.
With a scale of 1:5,000,000, the NATSGO database has information about the major
land resource areas.
3.2.1.4 Hydrography
Hydrography is available from several federal sources at a 1:24,000 scale and may
be available in greater detail from state and local government agencies. The USGS
digital line graphs (DLGs) are readily available and provide information on 5 main types
of data categories: boundaries, public land survey, transportation (including pipelines
and power lines), hydrography (streams and water bodies) and hypsography (elevation
contours). The DLG data can be converted into other formats compatible with CIS
software. For more information on how to place orders or obtain additional information
regarding technical details and pricing schedules, see Table 3-2 listing 6 for Internet
contact information.
The EPA Reach File system has a series of hydrologic databases that uniquely
identify and interconnect stream segments (reaches) for the nation. RF3-Alpha is the
latest and most detailed version of the reach file system, containing more reaches than
the previous versions, RF1 and RF2. Stream segments have unique reach codes for
determining the upstream and downstream reaches and identifying the stream name for
each reach. River Reach data can be obtained from the STORET User Assistance
Group in the EPA Office of Water. See Table 3-2 listing 4 for more information.
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3.2.1.5 Land Use and Land Cover
Land use and land cover data are available from several federal sources. In many
cases, the federal data will be either out-of-date or not detailed enough. More detailed
(large-scale) land use data may also be obtained from county assessor maps, which
are available at various scales (e.g., 1:200, 1:2,400, 1:4,800). County assessor maps
may provide better detail for inventorying contamination sources in urban areas. The
various departments of highways and transportation can provide maps for city streets
and other local and regional road maps.
3.2.2 Inventory Potential Sources of Contamination
Potential sources of contamination, also known as sanitary defects, are conditions
that may result in contamination of a water supply. These may be point and nonpoint
source pollutants, connections to unsafe water supplies, raw water bypasses in
treatment plants, improperly designed or installed plumbing fixtures, or water and sewer
pipes leaking into the same ditch. All known and potential sources of contamination
should be included in the CIS database. Pollutants may be classified into categories
depending on the likelihood of their introduction into the water supply and the level and
significance of contamination that can result from them.
A contaminant inventory can include records of operation, discharge, disposal,
construction, and other permitted activities, as well as zoning and health records
obtained from local government agencies. All relevant information should be gathered
while focusing the search for contamination sources at sites of particular concern.
These include, but are not limited to (EPA, 1991 a):
1. Discharge sites: septic tanks, irrigation pipes
2. Storage, treatment, or disposal sites: landfills, underground tanks, mine
tailings
3. Substance transporting sites: pipelines
4. Activities that result in discharges: highway construction, fertilizer application
5. Natural sources impacted by anthropogenic activities
Further information on contaminant inventory activities is provided in the EPA Guide for
Conducting Contamination Source Inventories for Public Drinking Water Supply
Protection Programs (EPA, 1991 a). Some of these data, such as Toxic Chemical
Release Inventory (TRI) data (see Table 3-2 listing 1), can be obtained from the EPA.
Other data may need to be obtained through field surveys.
3.2.2.1 Point Source Data
Point sources of contamination include wastewater treatment plants, industrial
discharges, barnyards, feedlots, storage tanks (surface and underground), combined
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sewer overflows, septic tanks, sewer lines, and transportation networks. Documents
describing the location and quantity for most of these sources can be obtained from
several agencies including sewer districts, divisions of health, water supply systems,
and state water programs, such as sanitary surveys and WHP programs.
The EPA has searchable online information about several subjects related to
environmental pollution. See http://www.epa.gov/enviro/html/ef_overview.htmlto
access information about hazardous waste data, toxic release inventory, safe drinking
water information, and water discharge permits among others. The information also
includes records of water supply systems and their contaminant level violations.
3.2.2.2 Nonpoint Source Data
Nonpoint source (NPS) pollution comprises the largest portion of water quality
problems in the United States. NPS pollution occurs when precipitation or irrigation
water running over the land or infiltrating through the ground carries pollutants and
deposits them into rivers, lakes, coastal waters, or groundwater. The leading
contributors of NPS pollution are resource extractions (mining), agriculture, urban
runoff, and municipal point sources (EPA, 1996). Forestry activities such as logging
and road construction also cause considerable contamination in source water.
Resource extraction activities that can result in NPS pollution include mining
(surface, subsurface, placer, dredge), petroleum activities, mill and mine tailings, acid
mine drainage, and abandoned and inactive mining. Agricultural practices that cause
NPS pollution include grazing, plowing, pesticide spraying, irrigation, fertilizing, planting,
and harvesting. Pollutants that result from agricultural activities are sediments,
nutrients, pathogens, pesticides, and salts. Agricultural practices can also cause
damage to stream channels and habitat.
Contaminated urban runoff comes from industrial and nonindustrial permitted
activities, dry weather flows, highways, roads, and bridges. Pollutants from urban sites
include sediments from development; oil, grease, toxic chemicals, and road salts from
roads, parking lots, and automobiles; nutrients and pesticides from turf management
and gardening; and viruses and bacteria from human and animal activities.
Forestry activities that cause pollution include removal of streamside vegetation,
road construction and use, timber harvesting, and mechanical preparation for tree
planting. Construction of roads and their use constitute the primary source of total
sediments from forestry operations. Harvesting trees near streams affects water quality
and stream bank stability.
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3.3 Analyze the Data
After the CIS database has been built, the data can be analyzed to assess the risk
associated with potential sources of contamination, delineate protection areas, and
develop display products.
3.3.1 Contamination Source Risk Analysis
Classify the contaminant data into risk groups depending on the threat of
contamination they pose to the source water. Appendix E shows a method for
prioritizing and weighing the level of risk from various forms of contamination (EPA,
1991 b). Similar approaches may be adopted for surface water sources. The tasks in
this phase may reveal the need for a new inquiry or a more thorough data gathering
effort with respect to particular sites or contaminants. For more information, see
Managing Groundwater Contamination Sources in Wellhead Protection Areas: A
Priority Setting Approach (EPA, 1991b).
Susceptibility analysis identifies the location, frequency, and significance of
potential contaminants in the source water protection area and determines the
likelihood the PWS will be contaminated by these sources. Water quality models may
be used for estimating contamination levels and determining the significance of
selected contaminants in the protection area or in the watershed.
3.3.2 Proximity Analysis and Delineation of Protection Areas
After potential sources of contamination are identified, their proximity to the water
supply intakes can be mapped. A set of maps at various scales can be produced from
the CIS database illustrating the proximity of potential pollutants to the water supply
system. With data documenting geographic locations of actual and potential
contaminants, a source water protection area can be delineated.
Surface water sources used for drinking water supplies may be protected by
delineating a protection area around or upstream from the source intake. Three
approaches for delineating a protection area for surface water systems are topographic
area, buffer distance, and stream-flow time of travel (TOT) (EPA,1997b). For systems
using groundwater sources, approaches for delineating a WHP area are based on
fixed-radius, hydrogeologic/geomorphic characteristics, and modeling, which includes
analytical, semi-analytical, numerical flow and solute transport models (EPA, 1993).
The appropriate method for a particular system is chosen as a balance between ease
of use, level of detail needed, and available resources.
The PWS systems using a combination of groundwater and surface water sources
may consider conjunctive delineation of source water protection areas. Conjunctive
delineation is the integrated delineation of the zone of groundwater contribution and the
area of surface water contribution to a PWS. Further information on this subject can be
25
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found in Delineation of Source Water Protection Areas, a Discussion for Managers; Part
1: A Conjunctive Approach for Groundwater and Surface Water (EPA, 1997c).
3.3.2.1 Topographic Area
Topographic area is defined as the watershed for the surface water feature.
Watersheds are delineated by drawing a line along the highest elevation around the
surface water feature. In this case, the study area itself is the source water protection
area.
3.3.2.2 Buffer Zone
A buffer zone may be delineated for the purpose of protecting drinking water intake
and is typically dependent on the hydrogeology, topography, and stream hydrology. A
protection buffer for a source surface water intake is an upstream strip of vegetated
land along the shore of the stream or lake. Buffer widths vary from 15 to 60 meters
(approximately 50 to 200 ft) depending on topographic, land use, political, and legal
factors (EPA, 1997b). Buffer zones reduce water quality impacts from runoff, increase
wildlife habitat and improve stream-bank integrity.
Systems with groundwater sources may use a fixed-radius protection area (buffer)
around source wells depending on aquifer properties. The radius could be fixed
arbitrarily or based on TOT (EPA, 1993).
3.3.2.3 Time of Travel
Water supply systems tapping rivers that are designated for commercial
transportation or for industrial and municipal wastewater discharge may use TOT for
source water intake protection. The time it takes a pollutant introduced into an
upstream section of a river to travel to a source water intake is estimated using the
stream-flow TOT. The contamination level of the pollutant at the intake can be
evaluated using various water quality models. The TOT method provides tools for
predicting impacts from spills or discharges at sections upstream of a drinking water
intake, thereby enhancing protection strategies for emergency spills.
A TOT is also used for delineating protection areas for groundwater-based systems
by estimating contaminant transport into drinking water wells. Groundwater flow is
significantly slower than that of surface water (e.g., years versus hours or days,
respectively), allowing more response time for controlling or remediating spills and other
plumes. The EPA (1993) provides comparisons of TOT-based methods used for
delineating WHP areas.
3.3.2.4 Modeling
Surface runoff and groundwater models can be used for delineating a source water
protection area. Analytical, semi-analytical, and numerical flow and solute transport
26
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models can estimate the potential water quality impacts from one or more pollution
sources upstream of a drinking water intake. With knowledge of land uses (e.g.,
agricultural, industrial, residential), soil properties, and precipitation rates in an area,
potential contaminant loadings from runoff or infiltration can be estimated. Modeling
provides analytical tools for assessing water quality impacts resulting from land use
changes, and may be used to identify effective water quality protection strategies.
Some models need site-specific data which may, in turn, require field surveys.
3.3.2.5 Stream Network Analysis: Water Quality Study
Stream network analysis provides tools for studying how contaminants are
transported in streams. Distributions of contaminate concentrations along a stream can
be studied using the physical and chemical properties of the contaminant as well as the
hydraulics of the stream. Most CIS software packages, such as ARC/INFO's network
analysis, have capability for modeling linear processes. More complex analyses can be
performed by linking appropriate water quality models in ARC/INFO (e.g., Grayman et
al.,1993).
3.3.3 Generate Display Products
Maps are graphic representations of geographic information, and, as such, provide
powerful visual communication of ideas. The Surface Water Assessment Program
requires strong public participation in all processes involving development of methods
for, and implementation of, source water assessment. State agencies proposing or
conducting a SWAP may use sets of maps for displaying the geographic extent of the
SWAP program. For example, maps for public presentation can show stream
segments with highlighted buffer areas and marked with potential pollution sites. A CIS
provides the capability for generating such maps at various scales with selected sets of
themes.
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Table 3-2. Federal Spatial Data Set Sources
Agency:
Web Page:
Description:
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
http://www. epa. go v/en viro/html/nsdi/spatial_extent. html
The EPA Envirofacts Warehouse - Geospatial Data Clearinghouse site provides access to the
metadata (descriptive) records for numerous national, EPA regional, state, and county data sets.
Some of the files are available using file transfer protocol (ftp) from the EPA FTP site address listed
in the Access column.
Data Type
National Priority List (NPL) site
boundaries
EPA Regulated Facilities point
locations
1994 Fish consumption
advisories
Hydrologic Unit Boundaries
(watersheds)
EPA River Reach File Version
1.0 (RF1)
Toxic Chemical Release
Inventory (TRI) facilities and data
1 :250,000-scale quads of GIRAS
Landuse/Landcover data
(edgematched by EPA; based on
aerial photographs taken in the
late 1970s and early 1980s and
has not been updated)
Coverage
U.S.
U.S.
Conterminous
U.S.
Conterminous
U.S.
Conterminous
U.S.
U.S.
Conterminous
U.S.
Format
ARC/INFO export
ARC/INFO export,
Gzip compressed
ARC/INFO export,
Gzip compressed
ARC/INFO
ARC/INFO
dBase
ARC/INFO export,
Gzip compressed
Access
ftp://ftp.epa.gov/pub/spdata/npl.eOO
ftp://ftp.epa.gov/pub/spdata/ef
Both efmmyy.eOO.gz and efmmyy.eOI .gz files must
be downloaded, Gzip uncompressed, and imported
ftp://ftp.epa.gov/pub/spdata/fish_adv.eOO.gz
email request to nsdi@epamail.epa.gov
email request to nsdi@epamail.epa.gov
http://www.epa.gov/opptintr/tri/access.htm
ftp://ftp.epa.gov/pub/spdata/EPAGIRAS
Read the README file
Cost
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
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2. Agency:
Web Page:
Description:
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
http://www. epa. go v/O WO W/watershed/landco ver/lulcmap. html
This EPA Office of Water site contains a land cover digital data directory for the United States. The
data directory is organized by state and by national and multistate coverages. This site does not
provide direct access to the data sets but provides information to the user on contacts and obtaining
the data.
Data Type
Coverage
Format
Access
Cost
1:250,000-scale quads of
GIRAS Landuse/Landcover
data (edgematched by EPA;
old data)
Conterminous
U.S.
ARC/INFO export,
Gzip compressed
ftp://ftp.epa.gov/pub/spdata/EPAGIRAS
Read the README file for determining which files to
download
None
1:250,000-and 1:100,000-
scale quads of USGS
GIRAS Landuse/Landcover
data
Conterminous
U.S. and
Hawaii
GIRAS, CTG
http://edcwww.cr.usgs.gov/glis/hyper/guide/1_250_lulc
for anonymous ftp instructions
None
AVHRR biweekly composite
Land Cover, 1-km resolution
Conterminous
U.S.
Raster
http://edcwww.cr.usgs.gov/dsprod/prod.htmWsatellite
Order CD-ROMs from EROS Data Center (605)594-
6142
Pre-1996,
$32 per file;
post-1996,
$50 per file
Gap Analysis data
Partial U.S.
by state
ARC/INFO export
(varies by state)
http://www.gap.uidaho.edu/gap/Projects/States/
Varies by
state
Multi-Resolution Land
Characteristics (MRLC)
Consortium Thematic
Mapper-based Land Cover
(30-meter resolution)
U.S.
ARC/INFO export,
Gzip compressed
For availability:
http://www.epa.gov/mrlc/Databases.html
To obtain contact: Jim Wickham, USEPA,
wickham.j@epamail.epa.gov
Non-EPA
customers
may have to
purchase
3. Agency: U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
Web Page: http://earth1.epa.gov/oppe/spatial.html
Description: This EPA Office of Policy, Planning and Evaluation site contains access to CIS spatial data sites at
the federal, state, and local levels. Some links provide direct access to downloadable data; in other
29
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Agency:
Web Page:
Description:
Agency:
Web Page:
Description:
Agency:
Web Page:
Description:
cases, the links provide access to the Agency's Web site where you must navigate to find the data.
Very good comprehensive site but some links are out-of-date.
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
http://www. epa. gov/O WO W/NPS/rf/rfindex, html
This EPA Office of Water site contains information on the EPA river reach files. To obtain Reach File
data, documentation, and technical support call the STORET User Assistance Group at (800)424-
9067 in the EPA Office of Water.
U.S. Geological Survey
http://nhd. fgdc. gov/
U.S. Geological Survey site containing information on the development and availability of a National
Hydrography Data set that combines the best of the USGS Digital Line Graphs (DLG) hydrography
files and the EPA Reach File Version 3.0 (RF3). Check out http://nhd.fgdc.gov/nhdpgs/statmaps.htm
to see the latest production status.
U.S. Geological Survey
h ttp://edcwww. cr. usgs. go v/doc/edchome/ndcdb/ndcdb. html
U.S. Geological Survey site containing FTP file access to Digital Elevation Models (DEM), Digital Line
Graphs (DLGs), and Land Use and Land Cover (LULC).
Data Type
1:250, 000-scale and 7.5-
minute OEMs
1:2, 000, 000-scale,
1:1 00, 000-scale, and
1:24,000-scaleDLGs
1:250, 000-scale, 1:1 00, 000-
scale GIRAS
Landuse/Landcover data
Coverage
U.S.
U.S.
U.S.
Format
DEM
DLG, SDTS
GIRAS
Access
http://edcwww.cr.usgs.gov/doc/edchome/ndcdb/ndcdb.html
http://edcwww.cr.usgs.gov/doc/edchome/ndcdb/ndcdb.html
http://edcwww.cr.usgs.gov/doc/edchome/ndcdb/ndcdb.html
Cost
None
None
None
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7. Agency:
Web Page:
Description:
U.S. Geological Survey
http://mcmcweb. er. usgs.gov/
U.S. Geological Survey site for the Mid-Continent Mapping Center in Rolla, Missouri, containing
information on Digital Raster Graphics (DRG) as well as other products.
Data Type
1:250, 000-scale,
1:100,000-scale, and
1:24,000-scaleDRGs
Coverage
U.S.
Format
Tagged Interlaced File
Format (TIFF),
GeoTIFF
Access
http://mcmcweb.er.usgs.gov/drg/avail.html
This site also lists some state sites that have DRGs
available on-line for free.
Order CDs on-line at
http://edcwww.cr.usgs.gov/webglis/
Cost
$32 for one CD or
$42 for two CD
sets (plus a $3.50
handling charge
per order)
8. Agency:
Web Page:
Description:
U.S. Geological Survey
http://water, usgs. gov/public/GIS/background. html
U.S. Geological Survey Water Resources site containing metadata and FTP file access to numerous
national coverages commonly used in water resources studies. Some pertinent data set from the site
are listed below.
Data Type
Locations of NASQAN
benchmark stations
Climate Divisions from the
National Climatic Data
Center
1:1 00, 000-scale county
boundaries
1:2, 000, 000-scale Hydrologic
Cataloging Unit boundaries
1:250, 000 Soils data
(STATSGO)
Coverage
Conterminous
U.S.
Conterminous
U.S.
Conterminous
U.S.
Conterminous
U.S.
Conterminous
U.S.
Format
ARC/INFO export,
Gzip compressed
ARC/INFO export,
Gzip compressed
ARC/INFO export,
Gzip compressed
ARC/INFO export,
Gzip compressed
ARC/INFO export,
Gzip compressed
Access
http://water.usgs.gov/lookup/getspatial7benchmark
http://water.usgs.gov/lookup/getspatial?climate_div
http://water.usgs.gov/lookup/getspatial7county100
http://water.usgs.gov/lookup/getspatial7huc2m
http://water.usgs.gov/lookup/getspatial7ussoils
Cost
None
None
None
None
None
31
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9.
Agency:
Web Page:
Description:
10.
Agency:
Web Page:
Description:
U.S. Geological Survey
http://edcwww. cr. usgs.gov/webglis/
The U.S. Geological Survey Global Land Information System (GLIS) site provides descriptions and
prices for geospatial data available from the USGS. Most of the data listed at this site is available for
a price on CD-ROM, usually $32 per CD plus handling. Be sure to check for the data on other sites
listed in this table where data can be downloaded for free before ordering data from this site.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
http://www. nwi. fws. go v/nwi. htm
The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service National Wetland Inventory (NWI) site provides access to NWI
data.
Data Type
National Wetlands Inventory
data, 1:24,000-scale
Coverage
Partial U.S.
Format
ARC/INFO export
Access
ftp://www.nwi.fws.gov/arcdata/
Go into 1 :250,000-scale quad directory to access
1:24, 000 quad data
Cost
None
11. Agency:
Web Page:
Description:
U.S. Department of Agriculture
http://www. ftw. nrcs. usda. gov/nsdi_node. html
U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) National Resources Conservation Service site containing
FTP access to soils and other USDA data.
Data Type
STATSGO Soils data, 1 :250,000
scale by state
SSURGO Soils data (scales
1:12,000 -1:63,360) by county
Coverage
U.S.
Partial U.S.
Format
ARC/INFO, DLG-3,
GRASS
ARC/INFO, DLG-3,
GRASS
Access
http://www.ftw. nrcs. usda. gov/stat_data. html
http://www.ftw. nrcs. usda. gov/ssur_data. html
Cost
None
None
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12. Agency: U.S. Bureau of the Census
Web Page: http://www.census.gov/ftp/pub/mp/www/rom/msrom12i.html
Description: The U.S. Census Bureau site provides brief descriptions of the TIGER/Line files, 1997 version. The
data is available for the entire U.S. on 6 CD-ROMs for $1,500 or $250/CD-ROM for different sections
of the country. Data is in TIGER/Line format. Contact Census customer services to order (301 )457-
4100.
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Chapter 4
Description of Software Support Tools
There are numerous software support tools available for use in assessing source
waters. These tools operate within specific operating and software system
environments. This chapter contains information about these tools to assist users in
deciding which ones may be suitable for their application. The information presented
here is not an endorsement of any of these products. New products and improvements
to existing products are continuously being introduced; therefore, users should conduct
their own investigation of software tools to ensure they are getting the latest
information.
Specifically, this chapter contains descriptions of various supporting software
modules and hydrologic models. The selections are considered some of the more
promising and potentially useful that were encountered during this CIS evaluation. It
should be noted that there are hundreds of available hydrologic models described in the
scientific literature, but many of these will probably not be suitable for use in a source
water assessment. Principal purveyors of other downloadable software and hydrologic
models not described in this chapter include the EPA Center for Exposure Assessment
Modeling (http://ftp.epa.gov/epa-ceam/wwwhtml/softwdos.htm), the USGS Water
Resources Division (http://water.usgs.gov/software/), and the U.S. Army Corps of
Engineers' Hydrologic Engineering Center (http://www.hec.usace.army.mil/).
4.1 Better Assessment Science Integrating Point and Nonpoint Sources (BASINS)
The EPA Office of Science and Technology (OST) developed the BASINS to
software promote the assessment and integration of point and nonpoint sources of
pollution for watershed and water quality management. Full documentation of BASINS
Version 2.0 is available in detail at http://www.epa.gov/ostwater/BASINS/. A brief
description of BASINS is provided in the following subsections.
4.1.1 Applications
BASINS is a multipurpose environmental analysis system designed to be used
by regional, state, and local agencies as well as organizations such as utilities to
support environmental and ecological studies within multiple or single watersheds. For
the purpose of source water assessments, the functionality of BASINS was evaluated
as a tool for performing watershed and water quality based studies for a hypothetical
source water protection area for both surface and groundwater systems.
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The watershed and water quality features of BASINS bring key data and
analytical components into one software system. Within BASINS, analysts can access
national environmental information, apply assessment and planning tools, and run a
variety of nonpoint loading and water quality models.
The BASINS software is comprised of a suite of interrelated components for
performing the various aspects of environmental analysis. The components include:
(1) nationally derived databases; (2) assessment tools that address large- and small-
scale characterization needs; (3) functionality to organize and evaluate data, including
user defined watershed delineation, import, land use reclassification, elevation
reclassification, and look-up tables; (4) watershed characterization reports on selected
watersheds; (5) water quality models (TOXIROUTE and QUAL2E); and (6) the nonpoint
source model (NPSM) and postprocessor, which provide integrated assessment of
watershed loading and transport.
A geographic information system (ArcView 3.0a, from ESRI) provides the
integrated framework for operating BASINS. This combination of framework,
information, and tools provides the user with all the strengths of each package to
analyze and display landscape relationships and information through the use of maps,
tables, or graphics.
In addition, the combination of ArcView and BASINS software packages provides
a cost-effective method of constructing a simple yet robust CIS base for source water
evaluation.
4.1.2 Constraints/Advantages
BASINS is a free public-domain software package. Currently, EPA is continuing
to develop enhancements for BASINS. This effort includes plans for additional data,
models, and improvements to general functionality.
As with all new software packages it takes time to familiarize an inexperienced
user with the software idiosyncrasies. To assist the user, EPA provides a
comprehensive BASINS User's Manual. The User's Manual guides the user through
the initial BASINS installation and set-up section through sections that address data,
tools, utilities, outputs, and models. Each section is organized with an easy to follow
tutorial with accompanying examples and graphics. The EPA provides phone contacts
and e-mail addresses for assistance and technical support for users of BASINS. Users
are encouraged to access the EPA OST home page
(http://www.epa.gov/ostwater/BASINS) for information on new updates, answers to
frequently asked questions, user tips, and additional information.
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The prepackaged data sets in BASINS allow a user to get baseline data for
source water assessment from one source. The availability of all required data from
one source allows a user to be up and running very quickly without having to search for
data sets from a variety of sources.
The BASINS data sets are available via the Internet or packaged as a set of 10
CDs, each corresponding to one of the 10 EPA regions. The core data sets available
from the Internet are bundled into individual USGS HUC watersheds and are
downloaded by each HUC watershed. There is a front end map browser at the
BASINS web site which helps identify the watershed(s) of interest. The data sets
include: (1) base cartographic data such as HUC boundaries, major roads, populated
places, urbanized areas, and EPA region, state, and county boundaries; (2)
environmental background data for soils, stream networks, elevation models, and land
use and land cover; (3) environmental monitoring data for water quality monitoring
stations, bacteria monitoring stations, National Sediment Inventory, listing of fish and
wildlife advisories, gage sites, weather stations, and Drinking Water Supply sites; and
(4) point source/loading data for Permit Compliance System sites, Industrial Facilities
Discharge sites, Toxic Release Inventory sites, Superfund National Priority List sites,
and Resource Conservation and Recovery Act information system sites.
Two additional data sets are available. The dem file includes digital elevation
model data to represent terrain relief and the rf3 (Reach File) is a data base of surface
water features that identifies all streams, lakes, reservoirs, coastlines, and estuaries
(divided into segments called "reaches") in the United States. The rf3 file is a more
detailed and complete reach file that the rf1 file provided in the core data set.
Since BASINS is designed to work with ArcView software, the data sets are in
ArcView shape file format. However, this format does not limit the user to using only
ArcView CIS to display or work with BASINS data. Most CIS platforms have built-in
translator programs that will reformat ArcView shape files into the resident CIS, allowing
users to employ BASINS data with their chosen CIS platform.
Some utilities might wish to perform analyses at a variety of scales in order to
meet several objectives at once. BASINS incorporates tools that operate on both large
and small watersheds. Adding locally developed, high-resolution data layers expands
the local-scale evaluation capabilities.
The most limiting factor of BASINS is that ArcView 3.0a must be purchased and
loaded prior to loading BASINS. Because ArcView is used as the framework for
BASINS, any limitations of ArcView are inherited throughout BASINS. At this time, the
most current version of ArcView (ArcView 3.1) only works with BASINS by using
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program modifications prepared by EPA. Up-to-date modifications are available from
the BASINS technical support personnel.
The user must read Section 4, Installation, of the BASINS User's Manual very
carefully. Directions to extract BASINS data and Build a "Project File" should be
followed exactly as documented. Section 4 can be a little confusing the first time
through it. All the data sets in BASINS are unprojected (in decimal degrees, e.g.,
34.4500, 114.6250). During the data extraction process BASINS allows you to project
the data sets into any ArcView supported projection. Although the BASINS
documentation does not stress the importance of general projection principles, the user
should give this step serious thought before projecting all the data sets into a particular
projection. The user should evaluate the projection parameters of any additional or
local data set they would be adding into BASINS. A significant amount of time may be
required for general database maintenance to change the projection of all the data sets.
Another constraint in the use of BASINS is that, at this time, there are no
groundwater models supplied within the BASINS framework.
4.1.3 Results/Products
Examples of various BASINS output products are shown in the three case
studies in Appendices A, B, and C.
4.1.4 Source and Cost
The BASINS software and data are available free of charge from the EPA at
http://www.epa.gov/ostwater/BASINS/. The ESRI ArcView 3.0a software must be
available prior to loading BASINS. Current cost structure of ArcView 3.0a is available
by contacting ESRI at (909) 793-2853 or at http://www.esri.com.
4.1.5 Operational Requirements
Data Requirements
BASINS is prepackaged with a large amount of available data, and other data
sets can be readily added to the BASINS framework.
System Requirements
BASINS 2.0 is a customized ArcView CIS application that has, at a minimum,
similar hardware and software requirements to those of the PC-based ArcView 3.0a
system. The minimum requirements are: ArcView 3.0a (with ArcView Dialog
Designer), a 133-MHz Pentium processor, 30 Mb for BASINS software, 120 Mb for a
single 8-digit watershed data set, 32 Mb of RAM plus 32 Mb of permanent virtual
memory swap space, a compact disc reader (if BASINS software and data sets are
37
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loaded via CD), a color monitor, and Windows 95 or NT (QUAL2E does not work
correctly under Windows-NT).
Experience with ArcView, relational data bases, and hydrologic modeling will be
helpful for the user.
4.2 BASINS Stream Water Quality Model - QUAL2E
QUAL2E is a stream quality model that can be executed from BASINS. A brief
description of the model is provided in the following subsections.
4.2.1 Applications
QUAL2E is a one-dimensional steady-state water quality model that allows users
to simulate the fate and transport of water quality constituents in selected stream
reaches under specified flow conditions. QUAL2E uses complex algorithms to
simulate nutrients, biochemical oxygen demand, temperature, algae, and conservative
and nonconservative substances. The model accepts point source discharges and is
suitable for specific flow conditions.
4.2.2 Constraints/Advantages
QUAL2E is operated through a graphical user interface in BASINS. Stream
reaches must be connected for the model to function properly. At this time, QUAL2E
does not run on Windows-NT.
4.2.3 Results/Products
Results from QUAL2E were not specifically evaluated because the model could
not be run on Windows-NT. The primary product expected from this model is fate and
transport information useful for assessing water quality in a HUC watershed.
4.2.4 Source and Cost
QUAL2E is a freely available public-domain model that is packaged with the
downloadable BASINS software.
4.2.5 Operational Requirements
Operational requirements for QUAL2E are the same as those for BASINS,
except that QUAL2E will not presently run on Windows-NT. Experience with ArcView,
relational data bases, and hydrologic modeling will be helpful for the user.
4.3 BASINS Stream Water Quality Model - TOXIROUTE
The BASINS Stream Water Quality model called TOXIROUTE can be executed
from BASINS. A brief description of TOXIROUTE is provided in the following
subsections.
38
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4.3.1 Applications
The TOXIROUTE model performs simple assessments of pollutant
concentrations in streams. TOXIROUTE uses a simple first-order decay solution to
simulate the transport of selected pollutants in streams and rivers. This model provides
an initial approach for examining concentrations of discharged pollutants in receiving
waters. TOXIROUTE does not explicitly consider nutrient or chemical reactions or
transformations. In cases where algae growth or other significant chemical processes
are a concern, this simplified model might be inappropriate. This model assumes
steady-state conditions, where the system has reached equilibrium.
4.3.2 Constraints/Advantages
This model might have limitations in cases where wet weather processes, such
as nonpoint source runoff, predominate.
4.3.3 Results/Products
The primary product expected from this model is a simulation of selected
pollutants transported through streams or rivers.
4.3.4 Source and Cost
TOXIROUTE is a freely available public-domain model that is packaged with the
downloadable BASINS software.
4.3.5 Operational Requirements
Operational requirements for TOXIROUTE are the same as those for BASINS.
Experience with ArcView, relational data bases, and hydrologic modeling will be helpful
for the user.
4.4 BASINS Nonpoint Source Model (NPSM)
The BASINS Nonpoint Source Model (NPSM) is a planning-level watershed
model integrating both point and nonpoint sources. A brief description of NPSM is
provided in the following subsections.
4.4.7 Applications
The NPSM is capable of simulating nonpoint source runoff and associated
pollutant loadings, accounting for point source discharges, and performing flow and
water quality routing through stream reaches and well-mixed reservoirs. The NPSM
uses most of the simulation capabilities of the Hydrologic Simulation Program -
FORTRAN (HMPF). For a detailed description of HMPF refer to the documentation
available at the BASINS web page.
39
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The NPSM can be used to simulate a single watershed (BASINS provided or
user-delineated watersheds) or a system of multiple hydrologically connected
watersheds. NPSM can be applied to support various water quality modeling studies
such as evaluation of current water quality status, simulation of the impact of future land
use changes on water quality, point and nonpoint strategies, and helping to develop
watershed controls necessary to meet specific water quality goals.
4.4.2 Constraints/Advantages
The NPSM can be run directly from BASINS, although it establishes a new
NPSM graphical user interface, or as a stand-alone program. NPSM outputs cannot be
viewed in BASINS. NPSM will only operate on the Reach File, version 1, stream
networks. It will not operate on the Reach File, version 3, stream networks.
4.4.3 Results/Products
The primary product expected from NPSM is spatially integrated watershed
information regarding nutrient loading at various scales.
4.4.4 Source and Cost
The NPSM is a freely available public-domain model that is packaged with the
downloadable BASINS software.
4.4.5 Operational Requirements
Data requirements for NPSM require that meteorological data sets be
downloaded from the BASINS web site. All other data is provided in BASINS. System
requirements are the same as for BASINS. Experience with ArcView, relational data
bases, and hydrologic modeling will be helpful for the user.
4.5 Riverine Emergency Management Model (REMM)
The Riverine Emergency Management Model (REMM) was originally developed
for hydrologic modeling in the upper Mississippi River in Minnesota. A brief description
of REMM is provided in the following subsections.
4.5.1 Applications
With respect to SWAP, the REMM model is a pollutant fate-and-transport model
best suited for evaluating time of travel (TOT) and spill response on river systems.
4.5.2 Constraints/Advantages
The REMM model may be applied to areas other than the Upper Mississippi
River Basin if sufficient input data on river flow, channel shape, and pollutant chemistry
are available. The model was designed to be run by a hydraulic engineer or other
professional with an equivalent understanding of the input data requirements.
40
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4.5.3 Results/Products
The REMM model can provide site-specific information regarding the fate and
transport of a specific pollutant in a river system.
4.5.4 Source and Cost
REMM is public-domain software and is freely available for download from
Richard Pomerleau, P.E., at the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers office in St. Paul,
Minnesota (e-mail: webmaster@mvp-wc.usace.army.mil or phone: 651-290-5640).
4.5.5 Operational Requirements
Detailed site-specific data on stream discharge, flow, routing, cross-sectional
geometry, and pollutant chemical properties are required to run REMM. The data must
be input using a record/card format as described in the REMM Technical Manual that
comes with the model. In terms of system requirements, according to the latest
documentation in the REMM Technical Manual, the model can be run on DOS or any
Windows platform of 3.x or greater. Experience in hydraulic engineering and hydrologic
modeling is strongly recommended.
4.6 Watershed Modeling System (WMS) Model
The Watershed Modeling System (WMS) was developed by the Environmental
Modeling Research Laboratory of Brigham Young University in cooperation with the
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Waterways Experiment Station. A brief description of
the WMS model is provided in the following subsections.
4.6.1 Applications
With respect to SWAP, the WMS model is designed for comprehensive
hydrologic analysis. The WMS model merges information obtained from terrain models
and CIS with industry-standard hydrologic analysis models such as HEC-1 and TR-20.
Terrain models can obtain geometric attributes such as area, slope and runoff
distances. Many display options are provided to aid in modeling and understanding the
drainage characteristics of terrain surfaces.
4.6.2 Constraints/Advantages
The WMS model is designed for seamless file transfer to and from ArcView.
The distinguishing difference between WMS and other applications designed for setting
up hydrologic models is its ability to take advantage of digital terrain data for hydrologic
data development. WMS uses three primary data sources for model development:
CIS thematic data layers, digital elevation models (OEMs), and triangulated irregular
networks (TINs). Supported models include the HEC-1 flood hydrograph program, the
TR-20 interface for rainfall-runoff modeling, the CASC2D finite difference model, the
NFF flood discharge model, and the Rational Method approach. The WMS is designed
41
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to be run by a hydraulic engineer or other professional with an equivalent understanding
of hydrologic modeling.
4.6.3 Results/Products
WMS can provide site-specific information regarding the fate and transport of a
specific pollutant in a river system.
4.6.4 Source and Cost
The WMS is proprietary software and is available via the Engineering Computer
Graphics Laboratory at Brigham Young University in Provo, Utah
(http://www.ecgl.byu.edu). The software cost ranges from $500 to $2,600 depending
on the desired modules. Government discounts may be available upon request.
4.6.5 Operational Requirements
The WMS can be run on Windows and UNIX Xwindows platforms. Experience
with ArcView is helpful, and some experience in hydraulic engineering and hydrologic
modeling is recommended.
4.7 Underground Storage Tank (UST)-Access Software
The UST-Access software was developed using the Microsoft Access 2.0
relational data base management system. A brief description of the UST-Access
software is provided in the following subsections.
4.7.1 Applications
With respect to SWAP, the UST-Access software is probably best suited for
evaluating leaking underground storage tanks (LUST) for their potential effects on
surface water or groundwater systems.
4.7.2 Constraints/Advantages
The UST-Access is a Windows-based program that utilizes structured query
language (SQL) to extract information about a site. The software was designed to be
run by a user with a fundamental understanding of data base management. At this
time, UST-Access will not run on Access95 or later versions.
4.7.3 Results/Products
UST-Access can provide very detailed site-specific information regarding
underground storage tanks across the United States.
4.7.4 Source and Cost
All UST-Access installation files are stored as self-executable archive files on the
Cleanup Information (CLU-IN) Bulletin Board System of the EPA Office of Solid Waste
42
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and Emergency Response.
4.7.5 Operational Requirements
All necessary data files are available via the CLU-IN site. According to
documentation in the UST-Access User's Manual (Version 2.30), the data management
system can be run on a 33 MHz 80386 (or higher) PC with 8-Mb of RAM as a minimum
using a Windows platform of 3.x or later. A minimum of one copy of Microsoft Access
2.0 should reside on the user's PC or system administrator local access network (LAN).
There are no other special administration requirements. Experience with relational
databases will be helpful for the user.
4.8 Spatially Referenced Regressions on Watersheds (SPARROW) Model
The Spatially Referenced Regressions on Watersheds (SPARROW) model is an
extension from the Hydrologic Simulation Program - Fortran (HMPF) modeling
framework. A brief description of the SPARROW model is provided in the following
subsections.
4.8.1 Applications
With respect to SWAP, the SPARROW model is probably best suited for relating
water quality in a watershed to sources of nutrient loading within that watershed.
Spatially referenced regression modeling is a statistical technique that uses geographic
information to provide nutrient-load predictions that are more spatially robust than those
provided by other large-scale watershed models.
Applications of SPARROW and HMPF include the estimation of nutrient loads,
evaluation of land use change scenarios, and identification of potential management
practices. HMPF is presently the only comprehensive model of watershed hydrology
and water quality that allows the integrated simulation of land and soil contaminant
runoff processes with in-stream hydraulic and sediment-chemical interactions.
4.8.2 Constraints/Advantages
Because the regression models are linked to spatial information, predictions and
subsequent analytical results from SPARROW can be illustrated through detailed maps
that provide information about nutrient loading at multiple scales.
4.8.3 Results/Products
Together with HMPF, SPARROW can provide detailed, spatially integrated
watershed information regarding nutrient loading at multiple spatial scales.
43
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4.8.4 Source and Cost
The HMPF and SPARROW models are public-domain software freely available
through USGS (http://www.usgs.gov) for the cost of pressing a CD (about $35). Soon,
the models may be available for direct download by prospective users
(h tip://water, usgs. go v/software/).
4.8.5 Operational Requirements
There are no special data requirements beyond those needed to run the HMPF
model. Presumably, HMPF and SPARROW can be run on a 33-MHz 80386 (or higher)
PC with 8-Mb of RAM at a minimum using a standard DOS platform. There are many
versions of the HMPF model in use and each may have slightly different requirements.
Experience with relational data bases and hydrologic modeling will be helpful for the
user.
4.9 Hydrology Extension for the ArcView Spatial Analyst Software
A brief description of the new Hydrology Extension for ArcView's Spatial Analyst
1.1 software is provided in the following subsections.
4.9.1 Applications
With respect to SWAP, the Hydrology Extension is probably best suited for
creating input data for hydrologic models. With this extension, users can create
watersheds and stream networks from a DEM, calculate physical and geometric
properties of watersheds, and aggregate these properties into an attribute table that
can be attached to a grid or shapefile.
Models that are readily linked to the Hydrology Extension include the COE's
Hydrologic Modeling System (HMS) and River Analysis System (RAS) models, the BYU
Watershed Modeling System (WMS), and USGS TR-20 runoff model.
4.9.2 Constraints/Advantages
This software extension was developed to share information between ArcView
Spatial Analyst and the WMS model. The file format and description for this extension
can be used to develop other similar CIS/model interfaces.
4.9.3 Results/Products
Used as part of ArcView Spatial Analyst 1.1, the Hydrology Extension can
provide detailed, spatially integrated watershed information for hydrologic modeling at
multiple spatial scales.
44
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4.9.4 Source and Cost
ArcView Spatial Analyst 1.1 is proprietary software distributed by ESRI
(http://www.esri.com). Price varies widely depending on the user's affiliation such as
with government or industry.
4.9.5 Operational Requirements
There are no special data requirements beyond those needed to run the desired
hydrologic models. The ArcView modules can be run on either a Windows-based PC
or Unix platform. Personnel experience with ArcView, relational data bases, and
hydrologic modeling will be helpful for the user.
4.10 MassGIS Watershed Tools for the ArcView Spatial Analyst Software
The State of Massachusetts, Division of Watershed Management, CIS Division
(MassGIS) has developed new CIS watershed analysis tools for use with the ArcView
Spatial Analyst. A brief description of these software tools is provided in the following
subsections.
4.10.1 Applications
MassGIS is presently demonstrating a new set of tools that will perform
automatic watershed delineation from any point on a stream, summation of land uses
for contributing areas, upstream and downstream searches for specific sites on
streams, and integration of documents and graphics into a CIS project. Although the
tools have been constructed primarily for use in Massachusetts, presumably they will
work for other states as well.
With respect to SWAP, the watershed tools are probably best suited for
delineating subwatersheds for specific water monitoring points and for developing an
inventory of available data for these delineated areas.
4.10.2 Constraints/Advantages
These software tools were developed to work with ArcView Spatial Analyst in a
PC Windows environment
4.10.3 Results/Products
Used in ArcView Spatial Analyst, the watershed tools can provide detailed,
spatially integrated watershed information for hydrologic modeling at multiple spatial
scales.
4.10.4 Source and Cost
ArcView Spatial Analyst is proprietary software distributed by ESRI (internet:
www.esri.com). Price varies widely depending on the user's affiliation with government
45
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or industry. The MassGIS watershed tools are public-domain software; the contact
person is J. Raderof MassGIS (john.rader@state.ma.us; phone: 617-727-5227 ext.
306).
4.10.5 Operational Requirements
Data requirements will vary according to the user. At this time the application is
designed to work with data provided by the State of Massachusetts. Other applications
will require some customization and linkage with outside data sets. The tools are
designed to run with ArcView Spatial Analyst on a Windows-based PC platform.
Personnel experience with ArcView, relational data bases, and hydrologic modeling will
be helpful but not necessary.
46
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References
Anderman, W.H. and G.Martin. 1986. Effect of public sewers on watershed
contamination, Journal of Environmental Health 4(2):81-84.
Campbell, J.B. 1987. Introduction to remote sensing, Gilford Press, New York.
Donigian, A.S., Bicknell, B.R., Patwardhan, A.S., Linker, L.C., and Chang, C. 1994.
Chesapeake Bay Program Watershed Model Application to Calculate Bay Nutrient
Loadings - Final Facts and Recommendations. Report # EPA 903-R-94-042, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency Chesapeake Bay Program Office, Annapolis,
Maryland.
EPA. 1997a. States source water assessment and protection programs final guidance.
EPA 816-R-97-009. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water,
Washington, DC.
EPA. 1997b. State methods for delineating source water protection areas for surface
water supplied sources of drinking water. EPA816-R-97-008. U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Office of Water, Washington, DC.
EPA. 1997c. Delineation of Source Water Protection Areas, a Discussion for
Managers; Part 1: A Conjunctive Approach for Ground Water and Surface Water, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water, Washington, DC. (Expected August
1997)
EPA. 1996. Non-point Source Pollution: The Nation's Largest Water Quality Problem,
pointer no. 1 EPA 841-F-96-004. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Water, Washington, DC.
EPA. 1995. EPA/State Joint Guidance on Sanitary Surveys. U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Office of Water, Washington, DC.
EPA. 1994. The quality of our nation's waters. EPA 841 -S-95-004. U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water, Washington, DC.
47
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EPA. 1993. Guidelines for delineation of wellhead protection areas. EPA 4405-93-
001. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water, Office of
Groundwater Protection, Washington, DC.
EPA. 1991 a. Guide for Conducting Contamination Source Inventories for Public
Drinking Water Supply Protection Programs. EPA 570/9-91-033. U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water, Washington, D.C.
EPA. 1991b. Managing Groundwater Contamination Sources in Wellhead Protection
Areas: A Priority Setting Approach. EPA 570/9-91-023. U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Groundwater and Drinking
Water.
EPA. 1990. Guidance manual for compliance with the filtration and disinfection
requirements for public water systems using surface water sources, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Drinking Water, Washington,
D.C.
ESRI, Inc. 1992. Understanding GIS: The ARC/INFO Way. Environmental Systems
Research Institute, Redlands, CA.
ESRI, Inc. 1994. Map Projections: Georeferencing spatial data. Environmental Systems
Research Institute, Redlands, CA.
Gollnitz, W.D. 1988. Source protection and the small utility. Journal of American
Water Works Association, Vol (unknown):52-57.
Grayman, W.M., S.R. Kshirsagar, and R.M. Males. 1993. A Geographic Information
System for the Ohio River Basin, Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory,
Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection
Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio.
Kerri, K.D. 1989. Water treatment plant operator, Vol. l.,ed., California State
University, Sacramento, California.
Kusler, J.A., and R. Owen. 1973. Lake property sanitary survey. Upper Great Lakes
Regional Commission.
Orden, G.N. 1990. Natural bathing beaches: sanitary survey addresses public health.
Journal of Environmental Health, 52(6)348-350.
Zeiler, M. 1994. Inside ARC/INFO, OnWord Press, Santa Fe, New Mexico.
48
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Appendices
A. Case Study A: Procedure for Conducting a Source Water Assessment Plan CIS
Evaluation for a Watershed System in Falmouth, Kentucky.
B. Case Study B: Procedure for Conducting a Source Water Assessment Plan CIS
Evaluation for a Groundwater System in Lebanon, Ohio.
C. Case Study C: Procedure for Conducting a Source Water Assessment Plan CIS
Evaluation fora Reservoir/Watershed System in Wilmington, Ohio.
D. State Source Water Protection Contact List.
E. Priority Setting and Risk Weighing Guide for Contaminants in Wellhead
Protection Areas.
49
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Appendix A
Case Study A: Conducting a SWAP GIS Evaluation for the
Licking River Watershed Above Falmouth, Kentucky
The following narrative describes the stepwise procedure employed by the
Lockheed Martin Environmental Systems GIS staff in Las Vegas, Nevada, to create a
GIS assessment of a hypothetical source-water protection area. It is assumed this
surface water intake serves a riverside community in Kentucky. Generally, the overall
assessment process involves delineation of protection area, resource characterization,
source inventory, susceptibility analysis, and identifying management objectives
(http://www.epa.ohio.gov/ddagw/pdu/swapflow.html). This case study addresses the
first three of these five steps. It is assumed that with the information gained from this
study, further site-specific SWAP evaluations can focus on the latter two steps.
Identifying Extent of SWAP Watershed Protection Area
The first step was to perform an Internet search for information regarding
previous source-water protection area plans that may have previously been prepared by
various state-level groups to address SWAP compliance. Using a personal computer
(PC) and a Web connection with a search engine, a helpful Internet website was found
at http://www.epa.gov/OGWDW/source/contacts.htmlwh\dr\ contained examples of
SWAP draft documents and also a list of individuals to contact in various states. At the
time of this search there was no guidance report available for the State of Kentucky.
However, after examining draft source-water evaluation reports for several other states
(e.g, Ohio, Arizona, Illinois, Rhode Island), we concluded that the gross protection area
for our case study would be the Licking River watershed area that is geographically
upstream of the public water supply (PWS) intake for Falmouth, Kentucky.
Collecting General Watershed Information from the Internet
Next, we logged onto the EPA "Surf Your Watershed" (SYW) website at
http://www.epa.gov/surf2. This site is a good repository for general information on a
particular geographic area of interest, be it a region, state, county, watershed, or other
delineation. Clicking on the Locate Your Watershed icon took us to
http://www.epa.gov/surf2/locate, where box entries enabled us to locate watersheds by
geographic unit. The portion of the Licking River watershed above Falmouth, Kentucky,
is wholly contained within hydrologic unit code (HUC) 05100101, so we selected 8-digit
USGS hydrologic cataloging code in the first box, entered 05100101 in the second box,
A-1
-------
then pressed Submit, which migrated us to a several-page watershed summary screen
at http://www.epa.gov/surf2/hucs/05100101, as shown in Figure A-1. Clicking on
specific underlined links, such as those for Rivers and Streams or Nonpoint Source
Projects, migrated us to screens containing watershed information like those shown in
Figures A-2 and A-3. Data on stream flow and water and land uses were also available
for perusing.
For the purposes of this assessment, the most useful watershed-level
information presently available from the SYW site was accessible via underlined links
found under the Environmental Information heading. As shown in Figures A-4, A-5, and
A-6, site data for industrial facilities regulated by EPA are automatically tapped through
linkages with the EPA's "Envirofacts" interactive database query tool which includes
information on toxic releases, hazardous wastes, and Superfund sites, respectively.
Detailed information for an individual facility within the HUC watershed, as shown in
Figure A-7, can be generated by clicking on the underlined link (in any of these three
figures) labeled with the facility ID number. In this way, an historical list can be
compiled of all potential contaminants that have been released at some time
somewhere within the watershed. This is the "first cut" of a SWAP watershed
evaluation using freely available CIS resources. It should be noted that access via
SYW is the preferred method of querying Envirofacts data, although the data may not
always be immediately served through SYW because of frequent EPA routine
maintenance on the server databases. At this time, direct queries of Envirofacts cannot
be made on a watershed or subwatershed basis, although queries may be formulated
to access data by zip code, city, county, state, or EPA region by migrating to
http://www. epa. go v/en viro/html/rcris/rcris_queryja va. html.
An expedient way to generate a cursory CIS graphical representation of
federal facilities within the Licking River Watershed was found through the "Xinfo" links;
in this case, the link to "Basinlnfo" at http://www.epa.gov/region10/www/gisapps/
basinmethod.html. From any given facility information page, the Map this Facility button
was pressed, then the Map with Sitelnfo button was pressed, and then the underlined
link to Basinlnfo was selected. The underlined link to Select a basin to map by its
8-character basin code was selected, allowing us to work through the specifications
outlined in several subsequent screens, as shown in Figure A-8. Then, a request was
made of EPA's Xinfo map server, as shown in Figure A-9, which provided (via electronic
mail within 15 minutes of submission) a very detailed graphics file and accompanying
text file containing the locations and types of federally regulated facilities within the
05100101 HUC watershed, as shown in Figure A-10. Note that the output graphic files
may appear somewhat crude if the area of interest is large, i.e., greater than county
size. In any event, the Xinfo output files can be viewed using PC-standard software
such as Paint, Adobe Acrobat (downloadable free from the Internet), or Notepad. We
have found no better way to obtain an initial CIS-based snapshot of potential
A-2
-------
contaminant point sources within a watershed, using only a PC and freely accessible
Internet CIS resources.
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A-3
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A-4
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A-5
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Figure A-2. List of Rivers and Streams for the Licking River Basin.
A-6
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A-7
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A-8
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A-9
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A-10
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River Basin (Screen 1 of 3).
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A-14
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A-15
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facilities within the Licking River Basin, produced by the EPA Xinfo Map Server.
A-17
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Returning to the SYW screen for the Licking River Watershed, selecting
the underlined link EnviroMapper for Watersheds migrated us to the EPA
"EnviroMapper" interactive mapping tool. A generalized map of HUC watershed
05100101 was automatically displayed, with the option of selecting RF1 streams,
STORET water quality stations, roads, and other geographic features within the view
frame. As many as 20 generalized data layers associated with the Index of Watershed
Indicators (IWI) are available for viewing within the frame. These data layers provide
broad categorical descriptions of environmental themes such as Chemicals in Source
Water or Potential Pesticide Runoff from Farms, which can be used for a very cursory
qualitative evaluation or for creating a general perspective of watershed condition.
When done viewing, close the EnviroMapper screen and reactivate the previous SYW
screen, or enter a carriage return within the "netsite URL" box. EnviroMapper can also
be accessed directly (outside of SYW)
via http://www.epa.gov/enviro/html/mod/EnviroMapper/index.htmr).
It is important to understand that EnviroMapper offers up its data themes
as a function of map scale. For example, when evaluating contamination sources at
the scale of a small community such as Falmouth, many types of site-level data themes
(including geographic features and potential contaminant-producing facilities) enter the
view frame, as shown in Figure A-11. When zooming out to the larger Licking River
Watershed map extent, many of these features and facilities disappear from the frame
and cannot be queried at that particular map scale, as shown in Figure A-12. Hence,
the best way to construct a query for a large area appears to be via SYW as described
previously.
Collecting Specific Watershed Information
One cost-effective method of constructing a simple-yet-robust CIS
framework for source-water evaluation is through a combination of the ArcView and
BASINS software packages. Although there are other proprietary software packages
similar to ArcView that perform comparably, the BASINS 2.0 public-domain software
was designed by EPA to run specifically on ArcView 3.0a. BASINS is downloadable
free of charge from the Internet. Following is a stepwise discussion of our
experimentation with the ArcView/BASINS tools.
ArcView 3.0a proprietary software was purchased from ESRI and installed
on a PC driven by WinNT, Win95, or Win98 (see Chapter 2). The BASINS 2.0 public-
domain software was downloaded from http://www.epa.gov/OST/BASINS and the
setup.exe program was run to install it on the PC (see BASINS 2.0 User's Manual,
Section 4.1). ArcView Dialog Designer free software was subsequently downloaded
from the ESRI website at http:llwww.esri.com/base/products/arcview/avsoftware.html.
A-18
-------
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at a large (local) map scale.
A-19
-------
Lmtfvi hv ''•••— ™ nr^wi.Mv! pffilWOl
Figure A-12. Types of thematic data shown in the EnviroMapper frame at a small
(regional) map scale.
A-20
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From the BASINS website (see above), we downloaded the core, dem,
and rf3 self-executable zip-archive (.exe) data packets for the Licking River HUC
05100101 into the basins\data subdirectory, and then extracted their component files
into the basins\data\05100101 subdirectory (see BASINS 2.0 User's Manual, Section
4.2). Next, we clicked on the Start button in Windows and, under Programs, selected
Basins, and then Data Extraction. Each .exe file was selected sequentially for
extraction, first for the core data, then for the dem and the rf3. The projection
parameters for Licking River watershed were set to UTM Zone 17 for the sake of this
case study. In order to be used within BASINS, the dem and rf3 shapefiles were
imported so they could be visualized and accessed in the watershed view (see BASINS
2.0 User's Manual, Section 7.2).
Watershed Delineator, a digitizing tool within BASINS, was used to define
the subwatershed portion of the Licking River above Falmouth, Kentucky (see BASINS
2.0 User's Manual, Section 7.1). The 05100101 HUC watershed boundary was used
as the base (edit) coverage, and background coverages of the RF3 streams overlain on
the DEM physiography were used to aid in the delineation. Using topographic cues and
the stream network as guides, a single line was digitized with the mouse that
distinguished the unneeded portion of HUC 05100101 watershed from the needed
portion that was to be considered for the Falmouth case study, as shown in Figure
A-13. The new watershed boundary was saved as a new shapefile in the
basins\data\05100101\delineatedwatersheds subdirectory and was subsequently
imported into the view (see BASINS 2.0 User's Manual, Section 7.2). A graphic
showing the new watershed boundary with the counties, cities, and other regional
features was created, as shown in Figure A-14. Then, with the new watershed
boundary activated, the available data themes were individually brought up in the view
to observe and document their distribution, as shown in Figure A-15.
Using the BASINS Report menu, a land use distribution report was
generated for the new watershed. The outputs from this operation included a graphics
plot and table describing the types and component acreages of various land uses within
the watershed, as shown in Figure A-16. Other options within the Report menu include
evaluations for point sources, water quality, air emissions, soil characteristics, or
watershed topography. Unfortunately, information on point sources can only be derived
one parameter at a time and for one year at a time, while information on water quality
can be generated across all years of record but for one parameter at a time. Another
limitation is that newly derived reports will overwrite any previously generated reports,
making it difficult to gather component tables that would be needed to build a multiple-
parameter watershed database via the Report tools.
A-21
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Figure A-13. Use of topography and streams to differentiate the upstream
watershed for Falmouth (green line) from the removed portion (red line).
A-22
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Licking River Watershed - Case Study A
Ohio
Kentucky
POWELL^
/\/ Reach File, V1
1 ' County Boundaries
Licking River Watershed Above Falmouth
Portion of HUC 05100101 Removed
State Boundaries
20
20 Miles
Figure A-14. Upstream watershed boundary for Falmouth showing counties, cities, and
other regional features.
A-23
-------
J HrtHMM FJllbu
r
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Figure A-15. Thematic data for various point locations in the Licking River Basin
(Screen 1 of 10: Permit Compliance System sites).
A-24
-------
Figure A-15. Thematic data for various point locations in the Licking River Basin
(Screen 2 of 10: Toxic Release Inventory sites).
A-25
-------
ft.lUSIH!i : I
Figure A-15. Thematic data for various point locations in the Licking River Basin
(Screen 3 of 10: Industrial Facilities Discharge sites).
A-26
-------
Figure A-15. Thematic data for various point locations in the Licking River Basin
(Screen 4 of 10: State of Kentucky Hazardous and Solid Waste sites).
A-27
-------
Figure A-15. Thematic data for various point locations in the Licking River Basin
(Screen 5 of 10: Water quality monitoring stations).
A-28
-------
Figure A-15. Thematic data for various point locations in the Licking River Basin
(Screen 6 of 10: Bacteria monitoring stations).
A-29
-------
tm, 11—
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Figure A-15. Thematic data for various point locations in the Licking River Basin
(Screen 7 of 10: National Sediment Inventory monitoring stations).
A-30
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Figure A-15. Thematic data for various point locations in the Licking River Basin
(Screen 8 of 10: USGS stream gage monitoring stations).
A-31
-------
Figure A-15. Thematic data for various point locations in the Licking River Basin
(Screen 9 of 10: Dam sites).
A-32
-------
Figure A-15. Thematic data for various point locations in the Licking River Basin
(Screen 10 of 10: All available point-location facilities and monitoring sites).
A-33
-------
Figure A-16. Map and supporting table of land use distribution in the Licking
River Watershed above Falmouth, Kentucky (Screen 1 of 2).
A-34
-------
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Figure A-16. Map and supporting table of land use distribution in the Licking
River Watershed above Falmouth, Kentucky (Screen 2 of 2).
A-35
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It also became apparent that BASINS was not optimized for performing
simple queries on irregularly defined subwatershed areas smaller than a HUC
watershed but larger than a municipality or metropolitan urban area. Hence, the other
BASINS tools such as Target and Assess were not as useful as they might have been.
Because this situation is relevant to the Falmouth subwatershed study, we looked at
alternatives within BASINS or ArcView that would allow us to extract the specific water
quality and potential contaminant release information we were seeking. Two
techniques appear to be suited to this endeavor: data mining and theme table
linkage/join/export, both described below.
Data mining was used to gather station-level statistical summaries of
water quality data for multiple parameters over a long period of record (1970 to the
present, depending on location). The mining process builds dynamic links between the
spatial map extent and relational data attribute tables. The water quality theme was
activated and the Data Mining icon was pressed, allowing a box to be dragged (using
the mouse) to encapsulate the entire subwatershed. A series of tables then filled the
screen with water quality attribute tables and lists of tables and parameters, as shown
in Figure A-17. By clicking on any parameter in the parameter table, a relational linkage
is made with the other tables via highlighting of the appropriate records. Similarly,
clicking on a particular water quality station will highlight all related records. This is an
especially good way to view the data interactively, but might not be the best approach if
the desired endpoint of the evaluation is a subset database of all possible water quality
records for the area of interest. It should be noted that only water quality, bacteria, and
permitted facility data sets are supported by data mining in BASINS at this time.
Theme table linkage/join/export is arguably the best available method
within BASINS for producing all-encompassing views of available data for any particular
theme. This approach requires that the inherent relational database linkages be
defined properly (see ArcView manual for description of link procedure). The approach
was tested for the Falmouth subwatershed using the TRI database. The TRI theme
was activated on the view, the Select Feature icon was pressed, a box was drawn
around the watershed with the left button of the mouse, and the Open Theme Table
icon was pressed. After reactivating the BASINS View screen, the Theme menu was
opened to choose the Select by Theme option, followed by the Are Completely Within
option, and then the Licking River Watershed Above Falmouth option, which creates a
new subset of TRI locations for capturing the water release data. The order of the latter
two entries should be reversed if the desired options are not visible.
A-36
-------
J-WiriMIWV.-Lt-ljH HO.ti-ll -ISWOHE
Figure A-17. Use of Data Mining in BASINS to view water quality parameters and
attributes for the Licking River Watershed above Falmouth, KY.
A-37
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A-38
-------
Next, we clicked on the Tables icon within the Project window which
brought up a list of available .dbf data files to query. Tables for Attributes of TRI, TRI
Parameter Table, and TRI Water Release Data for the years 1987 through 1995 were
activated in separate windows by double-clicking on the appropriate table within the list.
A relational link was established by activating the TRI 1987 data window
and highlighting the 7r/_/ac///item, then activating the Attributes ofTR/window and
highlighting the matching /c/ltem, selecting the Table menu, and then choosing Link.
This operation highlighted all 1987 TRI water records associated with the four TRI sites
that were identified as being within the subwatershed, as shown in Figure A-18. Then,
the TRI 1987 data window was activated and, with the appropriate records highlighted,
the File menu was activated where the Export option was chosen followed by the
Delimited File option, and the output file was given a connotative name of Tri_fal87.txt.
This comma-delimited file was imported into Microsoft Excel (or any other standard
spreadsheet software) for viewing, printing, and manipulation. The entire procedure
was then repeated for each TRI year table. Note that the TRI parameter table should
also be exported so the user can later correlate a contaminant's identification number
with its descriptive name.
From the aforementioned outputs it was possible to develop an
exhaustive list of all possible TRI contaminants that might have impacted the watershed
during that period of record. This is the very crux of a thorough SWAP watershed
evaluation, i.e., to determine all potential substances that might endanger a public
water intake, even if there are upstream safeguards such as dams that could
theoretically slow or impede downstream contamination. This approach could be
applied to all of the different national contaminant and water monitoring data sets and
also to imported data sets prepared by state or local entities (e.g., LUST/RUST, PWS,
sanitary surveys, other hazardous waste).
Modeling Options
As described in the body of this report there are innumerable
public-domain hydrologic models available to the user. The BASINS Model
menu allows direct access to three built-in hydrologic models: the Non-point
Source Model (NPSM), TOXIROUTE, and QUAL2E. NPSM simulates the fate and
transport of water quality constituents in surface water bodies, whereas TOXIROUTE
and QUAL2E are simple, one-dimensional steady-state models useful where input data
is limited.
A-39
-------
The Non-point Source Model is a bit of a misnomer in that it also allows
point-source inputs for PCS sites; it operates on a year-by-year modeling basis. The
NPSM is capable of simulating nonpoint source runoff and associated pollutant
loadings, accounting for point source discharges, and performing flow and water quality
routing through connected stream reaches and well-mixed reservoirs (see BASINS 2.0
User's Manual, Section 10). This model is potentially useful for SWAP evaluation of a
watershed system such as the Licking River.
TOXIROUTE calculates final and average concentrations of general water
quality constituents based on dilution and first-order-decay algorithms (see BASINS 2.0
User's Manual, Section 9.2). Examples of information that can be generated from
TOXIROUTE are shown in Figure A-19. This model is also potentially useful for SWAP
evaluation of watershed systems.
QUAL2E can simulate nutrient loading, oxygen demand, temperature, and
algae, among other substances (see BASINS 2.0 User's Manual, Section 9.1). This will
probably be the least useful of the three models for SWAP applications. At the time of
this evaluation, QUAL2E would not run on WinNT-driven PCs because of formatting
incompatibilities within the model.
A-40
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information that can be generated from the TOXIROUTE model in BASINS.
A-41
-------
Appendix B
Case Study B: Conducting a Source Water Assessment Plan GIS Evaluation
for a Ground Water System in Lebanon, Ohio
The following narrative describes the stepwise procedure employed by the
LMES GIS Staff in Las Vegas, Nevada, to assess a hypothetical source-water
protection area for a ground water system. Due to the ever increasing use of the
Internet by federal, state, and local agencies, Source Water Assessment Program
(SWAP) source material and GIS data are becoming more available and easier to use.
The amount and quality of GIS data and other source materials available on the
Internet are continually increasing and improving. Thus, the Internet resources
investigated during this case study should not be considered all inclusive. The SWAP
report discusses in detail many of the concepts and data sources used in the following
sections.
Available SWAP Information
An initial starting point to build a SWAP GIS evaluation is to search the
Internet for available information regarding existing source water protection area plans
that has been prepared for SWAP compliance by various state groups. The USEPA
Office of Water has put together an Internet website of state source water protection
contacts (http://www.epa.gov/OGWDW/source/contacts.html). One contact is the
SWAP program for Ohio under the direction of the Division of Drinking and Ground
Waters within the Ohio Environmental Protection Agency
(http://www.epa.ohio.gov/ddagw/pdu/swap.html). The Ohio SWAP site outlines the
goals and current activities underway for the program. It is also a good place to look
for relevant GIS data within the state.
Identifying Available Internet Background Data, Site, and Mapping Information
There are several Internet web sites that provide background, site, and
mapping information on a particular geographic area of interest. The EPA and USGS
web sites provide a wide variety of ground water information and interactive mapping
capabilities for a specific area of interest. The USGS web site (http://water.usgs.gov)
maintains various web pages with ground water reports, modeling, mapping, and state
information. For this demonstration we used the interactive mapping tools at the EPA
"Surf Your Watershed" web site (http://www.epa.gov/surf2/) because it has broader
access to data that would help to delineate a source water protection area. This site is a
B-l
-------
repository for general information on a particular geographic area, be it a region, state,
county, watershed, or other delineation. After accessing the EPA site, we clicked on
the Locate Your Watershed icon which took us to the "Locate Your Watershed" page.
Then we entered Ohio in the QuickNAVbox which brought up a list of Ohio geographic
features. We clicked the Little Miami Watershed (USGS hydrologic unit code, HUC
05090202). This took us to the "Environmental Profile" page which provides links to
general environmental information and web sites for the Little Miami Watershed.
In the "Environmental Profile" page we then migrated to the EPA
"Enviromapper" interactive mapping tool by selecting the underlined link Enviromapper
for Watersheds (Figure B-1) (Note: Enviromapper can also be accessed
independently via (http://maps.epa.gov/enviro/html/mod/enviromapper/index.htmr).
After zooming to the vicinity of Lebanon the following options were turned on:
Discharges to water, Superfund sites, Hazardous waste handlers, Toxic releases, Air
releases, Storet points, Streets, and Streams (Figure B-2). As many as 20 generalized
data layers associated with the Index of Watershed Indicators (IWI) are available for
viewing within the frame. These data layers provide broad categorical descriptions of
themes such as Chemicals in Ground Waters, which are useful primarily for qualitative
evaluations or for creating a general perspective of your ground water site.
At this point we can physically identify any feature displayed in the map
frame. For example, depress the radio button next to the Toxic Releases feature, click
on the /button, and click on a toxic release site. The name of the TRI site of interest
will be displayed on the right side of the frame. For example we clicked on a TRI site
South of Lebanon (Figure B-3). We then clicked on the name of the TRI site and a
new report window opened with data from the EPA Envirofacts database (Figures B-4a
through B-4d). The Envirofacts database provides information such as name, address,
chemicals transferred to other sites, and chemicals released to air, via underground
injection, land surfaces, and surface water for the facility you selected.
Now that we have identified the Toxic Release site of interest, we can
create a hard copy of the map by clicking on the Map this facility button. We have two
options at this point, Map with Query Mapper (maps facility and the surrounding
landuse/landcover or demographic information) and Map with Sitelnfo (maps all
facilities and produces a cumulative report on demographic and safe drinking water
information). Either option will allow you to set up your map with radius circles, text
report data, optional themes, and output formats. The map request is then generated
and an e-mail message is returned to you when the map is completed. By clicking on
the direct URL path in the e-mail, the map is ready for download. An example of the
map generated around the Lucas Sumitomo Brakes TRI site is shown in Figure B-5.
B-2
-------
ile Edit View Go Communicator
Forward Reload
T Bookmarks .fa Location: | http: //www. epa. gov/surf2/hucs/05090202/
Enviromapper for Watersheds
SET
Environmental
Pratacfcin Agency
Indicators
O n * STORETflWI-3C)
O D STORETflWI-a
CD* STQRETflWI-a
O D/v DOT Roads
O D A-' DOT Railioads
O E^^ River Reach File 1
O n ^3 Indian Lands
O DM Federal Lands
O E en Counties
O E CJ States
O E g WatershedsflWD
Current IWI Data Layer:
Better Wiler Oualilv
-Low Vulnerability
Better Water Quality
-High Vulnerability
Less Serious Water Quality
-Low Vulnerability
Less Serious Water Quality
-High Vulnerability
Mare Serious Waiter Quality
-Low Vulnerability
Mare Serious Water Quality
-High Vulnerability
Insufficient Data
13 Locator map
94 mi across. Make selections), then click on the point of interest
Figure B-1. EPA Enviromapper Web page showing the Little Miami Watershed.
B-2
-------
Bookmarks ..|- Location: Ihttp://www.epa.gov/surl2/hucs/05090202/
Enviromapper for Watersheds
Discharges to water
E • Superfund sites
Hazardous waste
R D Toxic releases
E • Air releases
E • Others
* STORETflWI-3Cl
P STORETflWI-Ji
STORETflWI-fr
C I Schools
O Hospitals
I Churches
Populated Places
Cl /v Streets
Dr—I Water Bodies
D 1=3 Zipcodes
E a Counties
n czi WatershedsflWIl
Current IWI Data Layer:
Document: Done
Figure B-2. EPA Enviromapper for Watersheds screen showing data available for
the area around Lebanon, Ohio from options checked.
B-4
-------
ncator Help
•^ -./ J ,/i> ^ ^=>
Back Forward Reload Home Search Guide
j- y
Print Security
£" Bookmarks .£ Location: [h¥p:/Vwww.epa.goWsurf2/riiicsA150902027'
<£EPA
of
watched Envi'romapper for Watersheds
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IWI Home I Mapper Home I Surf Home
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handlers
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O E • Others
O C * STORETflWI-SCri
C p STORETtlWI-Ji
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O n t Schools
O D O Hospitals
O HI I Churches
O HI A Populated Places
O d/v Streets
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O D a Zipcodes
O E CJ Counties
O D a WatershedsflVTO
Current IWI Data Layer:
0: OwraJl WnttKfaed
Select an
IWI Data Layer
from the list:
0: Overdll Watershed Chardoterizdtion
1: Designated Use Attainment
2: Fish Consumption Advisories
I LUCAS SUMITOMO BRAKES
IMC
D LUCAS SUMITOMO BRAKES
INC.
Document: Done
Figure B-3. The EPA Enviromapper screen showing a toxic release inventory
(TRI) site south of Lebanon, Ohio.
B-5
-------
PDA
Cl rt
nvirofacts
Warehouse
^^ 7 . t
-Quers
ENVIROFACTS REPORT ON
LUCAS SUMITOMO BRAKES INC. (EPA Facility ID: OHD986970457)
LEBANON, OH 45036
i
Map this facility
Map this facility using one of Envirofact's mapping utilities.
EPA Facility Identification Information
This query was executed on 28-DEC-1998
Toxic Releases for Reporting Year 19%
FACILITY ID: 45036LCSSM1650K FACILITY NAME: LUCAS SUMITOMO BRAKES INC.
STREET NAME: 1650 KINGSVTEWDR. CITY NAME:
STATE: OH
ZIP CODE: 45036
Primary SIC Codes for 1996
LEBANON
COUNTY NAME: WARREN
SIC CODE
SIC DESCRIPTION
(3714
IMOTOB. VEHICLE PARTS AND ACCESSORIES
Document: Done
Figure B-4a. Web page showing data on a TRI site from the EPA Envirofacts data
base.
B-6
-------
Figure B-4b. Web page showing data on a TRI site from the EPA Envirofacts data
base.
B-7
-------
1t*tr U-A; n •< <£M of rtur tyj* rtf'tfH for ttu iicCiy
Chtmicdi Rriwtd KJ Surfac* Watw
TVtt «a? DC- data «f tbu vntJ i..y the Em*ixmaed ^ctttfr,*! AtHicir i.EFAj -if At EIWI %ti.i! Si*p.:^i T
dit EPA d« tbt EsvtolKt: S^HXifl Team u r«pn«£blt C'.f disr ciMtefi «c nx ojMnuM. Tt* Efftf'jfitE WifrtiUK iwoTf*-; Hit ft&ntet otir *s
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AT75 FT-AKT TO:
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W:
EMEHREMCV
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LEEANOK
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4X13*
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UNKWoWM OoJdFLlANCS
STATUS
,.
-
TTASS rCiDF.-
UIJEJfO'SWJ P OLL1JTAl-n1
C1ASE3FICATIOH
Figure B-4c. Web page showing data on a TRI site from the EPA Envirofacts data
base.
-------
CQMPHATcrE STAT1 S:
STATUS
HANDLES n>
IIAICM.ER SAMR LUCAS SDMrK-tdo BRAF^S ore
CITY SAME: LEANOH
Off
mi'NTV MAM7: WAIREN
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41
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SH
Figure B-5. Map showing data within two miles of the Lucas Sumitomo Brakes
TRI site south of Lebanon, Ohio (generated by the EPA Enviromapper).
B-10
-------
Determine Extent of the Ground Water Protection Area
The first step in determining the extent of the ground water protection area
is to delineate the area around the public water supply well field (or a portion of the
area) that contributes ground water to the wells. After examining draft source water
evaluation reports for several states (e.g., Ohio, Arizona, Rhode Island), we concluded
that the extent of ground water protection area is based on aquifer-by-aquifer
hydrogeologic parameters. These parameters include geology, aquifer type or
sensitivity, porosity, flow direction, gradient, soil type, time-of-travel calculations, and
distance to pollution sources. This information provides a hydrogeologic database that
can be used to help determine the recharge area or protection area around public water
system wells. We conclude that state or local experts would be called in at this point to
assist with the delineation process.
One approach to begin the delineation process of a ground water
protection area is to check out state programs such as the Wellhead Protection
Program (WHPP) which have delineated at least an initial Wellhead Protection Area
around public water supply intakes. Under WHPP the supplier or the municipality must
inventory the Wellhead Protection Area for potential sources of contamination and
develop a plan to protect ground water. Ohio's Wellhead Protection Program web site
is located at (http://www.epa.ohio.gov/ddagw/pdu/wellhead.html) and is a good starting
point for background information on different WHPP state activities. A state CIS
database that might be of interest at this level is the Ground Water Potential Pollution
Maps (DRASTIC) that are currently being converted into digital form by the Ohio
Department of Natural Resources (see
http://www. epa. ohio. go v/ddagw/pdu/gis_co vs. html).
For visual purposes throughout the rest of this CIS evaluation we will
display data within a minimum 2-mile radius around the public water supply well for
Lebanon.
Collecting Specific Ground Water Information - Federal Data
As noted earlier, there are several Internet mapping tools available from
EPA and USGS that at a minimum provide geographic perspective of an area of
interest as well as federal regulated sites (TRI, PCS, and NPL). These mapping tools
are fast and powerful which allows a user to get up and running with nothing more than
a PC and an Internet connection. The EPA and USGS mapping tools do have their
limits. If you want to customize the data or output, add new state or local data, or run
hydrologic models, you must move to a more robust CIS.
B-ll
-------
It appears the most cost-effective method of constructing a simple-yet-
robust CIS base for source water evaluation is through a combination of the ArcView
and BASINS software packages. Although there are other proprietary software
packages similar to ArcView that perform comparably, the public-domain BASINS 2.0
software was designed by EPA to run specifically on ArcView 3.0a; it is downloadable
free of charge from the Internet. Following is a discussion of our investigation with the
ArcView/BASINS tools.
ArcView 3.0a proprietary software was purchased from ESRI and can be
installed on a PC driven by WinNT, Win95, or Win98. For this demonstration we used
ArcView/BASINS driven by WinNT. The BASINS 2.0 public-domain software was
downloaded from (www.epa.gov/OST/BASINS) and the setup.exe program was run to
install it on the PC (see BASINS 2.0 User's Manual, Section 4.1). The BASINS data
sets (core, dem, and rf3) are bundled into USGS HUC watersheds data packets and
are downloaded by HUC watershed. There is a front end map browser at the BASINS
web site which helps identify the watershed(s) of interest.
From the BASINS website, we downloaded the core, dem, and rf3 self-
executable zip-archive (.exe) data packets for the Little Miami Watershed (HUC
05090202) into the basins\data subdirectory and then extracted their component files
into the basins\data\05090202 subdirectory (see BASINS 2.0 User's Manual, Section
4.2). Next, we clicked on the Start button in Windows and, under Programs, selected
Basins, and then Data Extraction. Each .exe file was selected sequentially for
extraction, first for the core data, then for the dem, and then rf3. The projection
parameters for Little Miami Watershed were set to UTM Zone 17 for the sake of this
case study. In order to be used within BASINS, the dem and rf3 shapefiles were
imported so they could be visualized and accessed in the watershed view (see BASINS
2.0 User's Manual, Section 7.2).
Two maps were generated using ArcView/BASINS. These maps were
generated to illustrate the initial mapping capabilities of ArcView/BASINS and to
compare the basic data sets between BASINS and the "Enviromapper" map (Figure B-
5). Figure B-6 shows a locational map of the Little Miami Watershed with county
boundaries and major streams. We generated a map (Figure B-7) showing the Little
Miami Watershed federal data in approximate scale to the "Enviromapper" map, Figure
B-5. Comparing Figure B-5 to B-7, we see that the BASINS Drinking Water Supply
sites are missing in the 2-mile radius while the "Enviromapper" map identifies a PWS
site as "Lebanon, City of Plant 2" in the same area. The PWS data set in BASINS
seems to be incomplete with respect to the "Enviromapper" PWS sites. To verify
missing or incomplete PWS data from the BASINS Little Miami data set, we identified
and added the Ohio Public Water Supply location data into BASINS (see below).
B-12
-------
Identifying and Collecting Specific Ground Water Information - State Data
We depart from the prepackaged data sets provided from BASINS and
would like to incorporate specific Ohio state-generated CIS data. This section
discusses ways to add state and locally generated data into the CIS. As a test of
availability and to demonstrate adding state data to the CIS, we chose to examine four
state data sets: Ohio Public Water Supply locations, Little Miami Aquifer boundary,
Master Sites List, and Registered Underground Storage Tanks.
B-13
-------
Little Miami Watershed, Ohio
/\/ Reach File, V1
County Boundaries
^ Cataloging Unit Boundaries
10 20 Miles
Figure B-6. Map showing the location of the Little Miami Watershed with county
boundaries and major streams.
B-14
-------
Federally Regulated Sites - Lebanon, Ohio
/\/ Reach File, V3 (05090202)
A Drinking Water Supply Sites
v Permit Compliance System
v Industrial Facilities Discharge Sites
v Toxic Release Inventory
National Priority List Sites
'Major Roads
Cataloging Unit Boundaries
2 Miles
Figure B-7. Map showing the federally regulated sites and a 2-mile radius south of
Lebanon, Ohio.
B-15
-------
Many state agencies in Ohio have CIS or CIS-related data sets that may
help in delineating source water protection area for a ground water system. A good
starting point to assess potential CIS data in Ohio is the Ohio Geographically
Referenced Information Program (OGRIP) web site
(http://www.state.oh.us/das/dcs/ogrip/). In addition to several federal sites, OGRIP
provides Internet links and contacts for geospatial data sets within Ohio state agencies.
OGRIP is also working to coordinate and add Ohio local government CIS data contacts
into the state site.
Through the OGRIP site we linked to the Ohio EPA Drinking and Ground
Waters Division (http://www.epa.ohio.gov/ddagw/pdu/gg_home.html) and identified
available CIS data sets. We requested the Ohio Public Water System (PWS) point CIS
data set and the Little Miami aquifer data set. We received the PWS location point file
but the aquifer data set was being redigitized, although maps of Ohio's Sole Source
Aquifer Boundaries are available by county within their web site. For the PWS points,
the Ohio EPA was able to provide two options for the data set; it is available in dBASE
(.dbf) format and in Arc/Info export (.eOO) format. ArcView supplies an import
translator that will covert the Arc/Info export file into an Arc/Info coverage, which is
readable by ArcView. We used the ArcView import tool to read in the PWS locations.
Figure B-8 shows Ohio PWS locations.
Once again through the OGRIP site, we identified the Master Sites List
(MSL) database developed by the Ohio EPA Division of Emergency and Remedial
Response (DERR). This list is comprised of sites in Ohio where there is evidence of,
or it is suspected that, waste management has resulted in the contamination of air,
water, or soil and there is a confirmed potential threat to human health or the
environment, especially public water sources (for more information see
http:llwww.epa.ohio.gov/derr/cres/msl/msl.html). The DERR has posted county maps
of MSL locations and attributes at this web site. These county maps appear to have
been generated by ArcView (Figure B-9a is an example of the county maps).
Addresses of the MSL sites are provided along with the county maps (Figure B-9b).
We did not request the MSL point locations from the DERR for Warren County but
chose to demonstrate the ability to screen digitize the points directly into the
ArcView/BASINS CIS (see below). ArcView software provides the ability to geocode
data sets. This means you can match address files with street or zip code data sets to
create ArcView shape files (see ArcView manual for more information).
We requested the Little Miami aquifer boundary file from the Ohio EPA
office but they are in the process of redigitizing all of Ohio's aquifers. Instead of
waiting for the finished product to be available, we decided to digitize the Little Miami
Aquifer into the ArcView/BASINS CIS.
B-16
-------
Federally Regulated and PWS Sites - Lebanon, Ohio
/\/ Reach File, V3 (05090202)
^ PWS Sites (Ohio)
A Drinking Water Supply Sites
v Permit Compliance System
r Industrial Facilities Discharge Sites
T Toxic Release Inventory
National Priority List Sites
Major Roads
Cataloging Unit Boundaries
2 Miles
Figure B-8. Map showing federally regulated sites,TRI Sites and identifer, and public
water system sites south of Lebanon, Ohio.
B-17
-------
MSL SITES IN WARREN COUNTY
MSL SITE
COUNTY ROAD
STATE HIGHWAY
MUNICIPAL AREA
N
10 Miles
Figure B-9a. Map showing Master Site List sites from the Ohio EPA Division of
Emergency and Remedial Response (DERR).
B-18
-------
Bookmarks .£> Location: Ihttp://www.epa.ohio.gov/derr/counti'/warren.html/
Attributes of MSL sites in Warren County
MSL
STTE_
1
2
3
STCENAME
DIVERSIFIED PRODUCTS
FRANKLIN CITY
WELLFIELD/UNK SRC
KINGS MILLS MILITARY
RESERVATION
4|MASONCrTYWWTP
5
PETERS CARTRIDGE
FACTORY
6 |S YSTECH LIQUID TRMT CORP
7
8
TEXAS EASTERN GAS
PIPELINE CO
UNION CAMP CORP
ADDRE-SS
6 195 STRIKER RD
BRIDGE STREET & VAN
HORNEAVE.
STRIKER RD
3930 US 42
1915 GRANDEST ROAD
BAXTER RD@SR 73
2 MI NW OF LEBANON
300 CHESTNUT DRPO
BOX 252
ZIP
CITY
OHIO ID
45034 MAINVILLE 583- 1 045
45005
45034
45040
45034
45005
45036
45005
FRANKLIN
KINGS MILLS
MASON
KINGS MILLS
FRANKLIN
LEBANON
FRANKLIN
583-1454
583-1264
583-0499
583-1406
583-0789
583-0802
583-0831
Maps for the Master Sites List
(Look for other county maps)
Last updated on 4/22/1997.
Document: Don
Figure B-9b. Web page showing the addresses of the Master Sites Lists sites in
Warren County, Ohio.
B-19
-------
Sole Source Aquifer Boundaries in
Warren County
/\/ Rivers & Streams
Local Roads
Ccunty
AV Township
Federal a Stale Roads
f y ; nterslate
ffy State Route
t v Tumpjlte
i . U.S Route
Great Miami SSA
^ Municipal Boundaries
^J County Baundaries
e Mile
Figure B-10. Map showing aquifer boundaries in Warren County, Ohio.
B-20
-------
The reference map we used to digitize was the "Sole Source Aquifer Boundaries in
Warren County" (http://www.epa.ohio.gov/ddagw/pdu/warrenssa.jpg) (Figure B-10). By
adding the aquifer layer we can get a "first cut look" at the relationship of BASINS
federally regulated sites, MSL sites, PWS sites to the Little Miami Aquifer. The basic
steps to manually digitize a point or area into ArcView are:
1. OpenArcView/BASINS
2. Open Project
3. Under View Menu click on New Theme
4. Click either Point, Line, or Polygon
5. New Theme Windows opens - add name of new theme and path
6. New Theme name is added to theme table
7. Start digitizing - click once for point, double click at end of line or
boundary
8. When finished click Stop Editing and Save
9. See ArcView Manual for complete instructions
We have contacted the Ohio Bureau of Underground Storage Tank Regulations
(BUSTER) and requested an underground storage location file. For more information
on BUSTER data sets and information their web site is
http://www. com. state, oh. us/fire/bustrmain. html
Comparing ArcView/BASINS with Enviromapper
The lack of complete coverage of PWS sites in the Little Miami
Watershed from the ArcView/BASINS package (Figure B-7) was a problem when
comparing to the "Enviromapper" map (Figure B-5). But with the addition of the Ohio
PWS sites (Figures B-8), ArcView/BASINS now matches the "Enviromapper" map
(Figure B-5). The TRI and PCS facilities between Figure B-8 and Figure B-5 match
very closely. The "Enviromapper" and BASINS data sets differ in that Enviromapper
contains informaton derived from the AIRS (Aerometric Information Retrieval System)
Facility Substation (AFS) site and BASINS contains Industry Facilities Discharge Sites.
At this point we want to take a look at individual federal regulated facilities
within 2-miles of the Lebanon PWS site. Three TRI facilities were found within the 2-
mile radius (Figure B-11). We queried the three TRI sites using the /button and chose
Amtex, Inc., for further examination. Within BASINS there are several ways to query
for facility information and this is just one method to query and display facility specific
data. We made the TRI theme active and then selected the TRI site of interest
(Amtex) by clicking the TRI site with the pointer tool or drag box tool. Then we opened
the theme table and the Amtex facility is highlighted in yellow (grey line on top table in
Figure B-12). In the project view, we clicked on the tables icon and opened the TRI
B-21
-------
Underground Release Data 1993 table and manually scrolled down the table until the
TRI_facil matched the Amtex id (middle table links to top table in Figure B-12). We
then opened the TRI Parameter Table and matched the Cas_num to the Tri_chem_i in
the TRI Underground Release Data 1993 table (bottom table links to middle table in
Figure B-12). Figure B-12 shows that the TRI facility, Amtex, released Methylenebis
(Phenylisocyanate) into the ground in 1993.
B-22
-------
TRI Underground Releases for 1993 - Amtex Inc.
Reach File, V3 (05090202)
FWS Sites (Ohio)
DrinkingWaterSupplySites
Permit Compliance System
Industrial Facilities Discharge Sites
Toxic Release Inventory
National Priority List Sites
Major Roads
| Cataloging Unit Boundaries
2 Miles
Figure B-11. Map showing all federally regulated sites around the Lebanon Public
Water Supply sites (TRI site - Amtex, Inc. is identified).
B-23
-------
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The next step was to query the same Amtex TRI facility in "Envirofacts" to
get a look at their database (Figures B-13a through B-13d ). The Envirofacts TRI
Report indicates that Amtex released Methylenebis(Phenylisocyanate) in 1992, 1993,
and 1994.
This exercise demonstrates that in ArcView/BASINS, for a selected TRI
site (Amtex), we can build an historical record of released chemicals within an area of
interest.
Supplemental Ground Water Information - Digital Raster Graphic Maps
To supplement the BASINS data sets we purchased Digital Raster
Graphic (DRG) maps from USGS (http://mcmcweb.er.usgs.gov/drg/avail.html). A DRG
map is a scanned image of a USGS standard series topographic map (1:250,000,
1:100,000, and 1:24,000). The DRGs are useful for background information and for
on-screen review of other data sets. With the addition of the DRG maps to
ArcView/BASINS CIS we began to enhance the prepackaged data sets provided from
BASINS (Figure B-14).
Supplemental Ground Water Information - Aerial Photographs
We searched for historical aerial photographs within 10 miles of Lebanon.
We queried and received responses from Woolpert Consultants, Sidwell Company,
USGS/EROS Data Center, Ohio Department of Transportation, and the Warren County
CIS Department. For the area around Lebanon we found abundant aerial photographs
with varying scales, years, and costs. Available dates vary from 1946 through1995 and
scales from 1 in. = 63,360 ft to 1 in. = 1,000 ft. Photographs are usually not geo-
referenced and need to be scanned and processed with real-world coordinates before
adding into a CIS. The USGS provides two geo-referenced photographic products,
Digital Orthophoto Quadrangles (DOQs), at a scale of 1 in. = 24,000 ft, and Digital
Orthophoto Quater-Quadrangles ( DOQQs), at a scale of 1 in. = 12,000 ft. Check
USGS for current availability and costs. We found that the Warren County CIS
Department is a good source for aerial photographs. They have countywide geo-
referenced coverage from the Sidwell Company. The date and scale of the
photographs are not currently available from their web site
(http://www.co.warren.oh.us/warrengis/). A new Internet source for free and easily
downloadable photographs and imagery is the Microsoft TerraServer Image Page
(http://www.terraserver.microsoft.com) although no aerial photographs were available
from TerraServer for Lebanon.
B-25
-------
Identifying Specific Ground Water Information - County/Local Data
The Warren County CIS Department is currently developing a CIS
Internet site. To date the following county CIS data sets are viewable; Property Map,
Plat Book Map, Topo Map, Ortho Photo Map, Sidwell (Aerial Photography), Land
Survey, School
B-26
-------
o
«r
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qftJer f&nfr waz*UK&nr Ik
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Figure B-13b. Web page showing TRI data from the EPA Envirofacts data base.
B-28
-------
iTKJ JU=niJ3:i QUJKItSa
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ntaicalJtJara fanff, JAv mxt-/x.vxi uflafraxyr wax UMj'ic iJMJv foibi^allilnt.
in^Euoii. far a/.'rnVjiiv
Figure B-13c. Web page showing TRI data from the EPA Envirofacts data base.
B-29
-------
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Figure B-13d. Web page showing TRI data from the EPA Envirofacts data base.
B-30
-------
Lebanon, Ohio - Digital Raster Graphic Map with PWS Sites
„
.
Figure B-14. Map showing USGS Digital Raster Graphic map.
B-31
-------
District, and Zoning Map. We did not download any Warren County data sets or
contact them for available data. Their Internet address is
http://www.co.warren.oh.us/warrengis/. They may be a good source for data in the
future.
Additional Maps from ArcView/BASINS
We generated four additional maps using data from ArcView/BASINS.
The first is the soil data from STATSGO (Figure B-15). This figure also has the related
Soil Layer Table pasted onto the map which provides additional soil information. The
second map is the Land Use data provided in BASINS (Figure B-16). The third map is
the PCS sites within two miles of the Lebanon PWS site (Figure B-17). Figure B-17 is
an example of the data mining operation provided in ArcView/BASINS for the City of
Lebanon Department of Water and Wastewater and Lebanon Industrial Park PCS sites.
Figure B-18 shows all the PCS data stored in BASINS tables that relate to these two
sites. The last map shows the MSL sites and Little Miami Aquifer boundary with PWS
sites (Figure B-19).
Identifying Specific Ground Water Information - Models
To date (November 1998) the best Internet location found for ground
water models and resources was the USGS Ground Water Information Page
(http://water.usgs.gov/public/ogw/). This USGS site lists over 20 different software
packages with a brief description and the type of computer operating system they will
run on.
B-32
-------
STATSGO Soils with Related Soil Layer Table
A/ Reach File, V3 (05090202)
-------
Land Use
/\/Reach File, V3 (05090202)
-0- PWS Sites (Ohio)
/\/ Major Roads
I I Urban or Built-up Land
| | Agricultural Land
I | Rangeland
| | Forest Land
^| Water
I I Wetland
| | Barren Land
2 Miles
B-16. Map showing BASINS Land Use data with 2-mile circle around public water
system for Lebanon, Ohio.
B-34
-------
PCS and Industrial Facilites Discharge Sites within 2 Miles of the PWS Sites
D MUSHROOM CANNERIES CO.
Tl MILACRON INC
A/ Reach File, V3 (05090202)
* PWS Sites (Ohio)
A Drinking Water Supply Sites
V Permit Compliance System
T Industrial Facilities Discharge Sites
National Priority List Sites
Major Roads
Cataloging Unit Boundaries
Water Quality Observation Stations
2 Miles
Figure B-17. Map showing BASINS PCS sites within 2 miles of the public water system
for Lebanon, Ohio.
B-35
-------
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-------
MSL Sites with the Little Miami Aquifer Boundary
MSL Sites
each File, V3 (05090202)
PWS Sites (Ohio) -\
Major Roads H
Little Miami Aquifer ^
Cataloging Unit Boundaries
2 Miles
B-19. Map showing Master Sites List sites, Little Miami aquifer boundary, and 2-
mile radius around the Lebanon, Ohio public water system site.
B-37
-------
Appendix C
Case Study C: Procedure for Conducting a Source Water Assessment Plan GIS
Evaluation for a Reservoir and Watershed System in Wilmington, Ohio
The following narrative describes the stepwise procedure employed by the
LMES GIS Staff in Las Vegas, Nevada, to assess a hypothetical source-water
protection area for a municipal reservoir and watershed system in Wilmington, Ohio.
Due to the ever increasing use of the Internet by federal, state, and local agencies,
Source Water Assessment Program (SWAP) source material and GIS data are
becoming more available and easier to use. The amount and quality of GIS data and
other source materials available on the Internet are continually increasing and
improving. Thus, the Internet resources investigated during this case study should not
be considered all inclusive. The SWAP report discusses in detail many of the concepts
and data sources used in the following sections.
Available SWAP Information
Please refer to the discussions in Case Study B.
Identifying Available Internet Background Data, Site, and Mapping Information
Please refer to the discussions in Case Studies A and B.
Determine Extent of the Reservoir and Watershed Protection Area
We contacted the Wilmington Municipal Water Division and talked to a
city water engineer about the Wilmington public water sources. The engineer indicated
that the city receives its drinking water from two sources. The primary source is from
Caesar Creek located approximately 12 miles northwest of Wilmington. The secondary
source is pumped from Cowen Creek to a reservoir 2 miles south of the city. The city
engineer indicated that the secondary water source is used primarily as a backup
system if there is a problem with the Caesar Creek source. Figure C-1 shows the
location of the primary and secondary water sources for Wilmington.
C-1
-------
Wilmington, Ohio - Primary and Secondary PWS Watersheds
| Wilmington PWS Primary Watershed
Wilmington PWS Secondary Watershed
' Reach File, V1
County Boundaries
| | Cataloging Unit Boundaries
10 0 10 20 30 40 50 Miles
Figure C-1. The primary and secondary water sources for Wilmington, Ohio.
C-2
-------
The watersheds associated with the two intake sites were delineated in
the same general manner as that used in Case Study A. However, the Watershed
Delineator tool was not used; instead, a new theme was created and the appropriate
watershed boundaries were manually digitized. The new watershed boundaries were
saved as new shapefiles within BASINS. The shapefiles were subsequently imported
into the BASINS view.
Collecting Specific Ground Water Information
Please refer to the discussions in Case Studies A and B.
Using ArcView/BASINS
Data themes containing information on federally regulated sites were
subsetted in BASINS to include only those sites within the two watershed boundaries as
shown in Figure C-2. The lack of complete showing of PWS sites in the Little Miami
Watershed by the ArcView/BASINS package was a problem when comparing the
watershed to the "Enviromapper" map (Figure B-5). But with the addition of the Ohio
PWS sites, ArcView/BASINS matches the "Enviromapper" map. The discussions in
Case Studies A and B provide details of this evaluation.
Supplemental Ground Water Information - Digital Raster Graphic Maps
To supplement the BASINS data sets we purchased Digital Raster
Graphic (DRG) maps from USGS (http://mcmcweb.er.usgs.gov/drg/avail.html). A DRG
map is a scanned image of a USGS standard series topographic map (1:250,000,
1:100,000, and 1:24,000). The DRGs are useful for background information and for
on-screen review of other data sets. With the addition of the DRG maps to
ArcView/BASINS CIS, we began to enhance the prepackaged data sets provided from
BASINS.
Supplemental Ground Water Information - Aerial Photographs
We discovered historical aerial photographs (as digital orthophoto quads,
as shown in Figure C-3) on a new Internet source for free with easily downloadable
photographs and imagery. The new Internet site is the Microsoft TerraServer Image
Page (http://www. terraserver. microsoft, com).
Identifying Specific Reservoir/Watershed Information - Models
Please refer to the discussion in Case Study A.
C-2
-------
Wilmingtons's PWS Watersheds with Federal Sites
JAMESTOWN/WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT
KALIDA VI USAGE
PWS Sites (Ohio;
I I Wilmington PWS Primary Watershed
Wilmington PWS Secondary Watershed
T Permit Compliance System
T Industrial Facilities Dscharge Sites
T Toxic Release Inventory
T National Priority List Sites
/V Reach File, V1
I n Cataloging Unit Boundaries
12 Miles
Figure C-2. Federally regulated sites within the primary and secondary watershed
boundaries for Wilmington, Ohio.
C-4
-------
Aerial Photography of Wilmington, Ohio
- City of Wilmington's Backup Water Supply - Reservoir
Photograph downloaded from Mircosofts TerraServer web site
Figure C-3. Aerial photograph (digital orthophotoquad) of Wilmington, Ohio.
C-5
-------
Appendix D
State Source Water Protection Contact List
The following list is available online at http://www.epa.gov/OGWDW/source/
contacts.html.
D-l
-------
^^ P DA Unted SlatK
e of
l Protection Agency
STATE SOURCE WATER PROTECTION
CONTACT LIST
18 September 1998
For updates to this list or inquiries on national programs, call the SDWA Hotline,
1-800-426-4791, or E-mail: hotline-sdwa@epamail.epa.gov.
STATE REGION INDEX
Link to States' Source Water Protection Pages
Alabama, IV
Alaska, X
Arizona, IX
Arkansas, VI
California, IX
Colorado, VIII
Connecticut, 1
Delaware, III
Florida, IV
Georgia, IV
Hawaii, IX
Idaho, X
Illinois, V
Indiana, V
Iowa, VII
Kansas, VII
Kentucky, IV
Louisiana, VI
Maine, 1
Maryland, II
Massachusetts,
Michigan, V
Minnesota, V
Mississippi, IV
Missouri, VII
Montana, VIII
Nebraska, VII
Nevada, IX
New Hampshire, 1
New Jersey, II
New Mexico, VI
1 New York, II
North Carolina, IV
North Dakota, VIII
Ohio, V
Oklahoma, VI
Oregon, X
Pennsylvania, III
Puerto Rico, II
Rhode Island, 1
South Carolina, IV
South Dakota, VIII
Tennessee, IV
Texas, VI
Utah, VIII
Vermont, 1
Virgin Islands, II
Virginia, III
Washington, X
West Virginia, III
Wisconsin, V
Wyoming, VIII
REGION 1
Connecticut Source Water Protection
Denise Ruzicka
CT Dept of Public Health
MS#51 WAT
PO Box 340308
Hartford CT 061 34
Phone: 860-509-7333
Fax: 860-509-7359
Rob Hust
Connecticut Dept. of Env. Protection
Water Management Bureau
79 Elm St.
Hartford, CT 061 06-51 27
Phone:860-424-3718
Wellhead Protection
Fred Banach
Connecticut Dept. of Env. Protection
Water Management Bureau
79 Elm St.
Hartford, CT 061 06-51 27
phone: 860-424-3020
D-2
-------
Massachusetts Source Water Protection
Tara Gallagher
Massachusetts Dept. of Env. Protection
Drinking Water Program
One Winter Street
Boston, MA 02108
Phone:617-292-5930
e-mail: tqallaqher@state.ma.us
Wellhead Protection
Tara Gallagher
Massachusetts Dept. of Env. Protection
Drinking Water Program
One Winter Street
Boston, MA 02108
Phone:617-292-5930
e-mail: tqallaqher@state.ma.us
Maine Source Water Protection
Paul Hunt
Maine Drinking Water Program
Bureau of Health, Div of Health Eng.
10 State House Station
Augusta, ME 04333-0010
Phone:207-287-6196
fax:207-287-4172
e-mail: paul.hunt@state.me.us
Wellhead Protection
David Braley
Maine Department of Human Services
10 State House Station
Augusta, ME 04333
Phone:207-287-3194
fax:207-287-4172
New Hampshire Source Water Protection
Sarah Pillsbury
New Hampshire Dept. of Env. Services
Water Supply Engineering Bureau
6 Hazen Dr., POB 95
Concord, NH 03302
Phone:603-271-1168
fax:603-271-2181
e-mail:pillsburv@deswspws. mv.com
Wellhead Protection
Sarah Pillsbury
New Hampshire Dept. of Env . Services Water
Supply Engineering Bureau
6 Hazen Dr., POB 95
Concord, NH 03302
Phone:603-271-1168
fax:603-271-2181
e-mail:pillsburv@deswspws. mv.com
Rhode Island Source Water Protection
Clay Commons
Rl Dept. of Health
Office of Drinking Water Quality
3 Capital Hill
Providence, Rl 02908-5097
phone: 401-222-6867, ext. 2237
FAX: (401) 222-6953
Wellhead Protection
Ernie Panciera
Office of Water Resources
Rhode Island Dept. of Environment
235 Promenade St.
Providence, Rl 02908
Phone: 401-222-2234 X7603
D-3
-------
Vermont Source Water Protection
Elizabeth Hunt
Water Supply Division
Dept. Of Environmental Conservation
103S. Main Street
Waterbury, VT 06571-0403
Phone:802-241-3409
fax:802-241-3284
e-mail: elizh@dec.anr.state.vt.us
Wellhead Protection
Elizabeth Hunt
Water Supply Division
Dept. Of Environmental Conservation
103S. Main Street
Waterbury, VT 06571-0403
Phone:802-241-3409
fax:802-241-3284
e-mail: elizh@dec.anr.state.vt.us
REGION 2
New Jersey Source Water Protection
Sandy Kreitzman
NJ Dept. Env. Protection
Bureau of Safe Drinking Water, CM426
E. State St.
Trenton, NJ 08625-0426
phone: 609-292-5550
e-mail: skreitzman@dep.state.nj.us
Wellhead Protection
Daniel Van Abs
Office of Land and Water Planning
NJ Department of Environmental Protection
401 E. State Street
Trenton, NJ 08625
Phone:609-633-1179
fax: 609-292-0687
New York Source Water Protection
Claudine Jones Rafferty
New York State Dept. of Health
2 University Place, RM 410
Albany, NY 12203
Phone:518-458-6743
e-mail: cfj02@health.state.ny.us
Wellhead Protection
Warren Lavery
New York State Dept. of Env. Conservation
50 Wolf Road, Room 302
Albany, NY 12233-3504
Phone:518-457-0791
fax:518-485-7786
Puerto Rico Source Water Protection
Olga I Rivera
Puerto Rico Dept of Health
Public Water Supervision Program
P.O. Box 70184
Edificio A. Centro Medico
San Juan,PR 00909
Wellhead Protection
Eric Morales
Water Quality Area
Puerto Rico Environmental Quality Board
P.O.Box 11488
Santurce, PR 00910
Phone:787-751-5548
fax:787-767-1962
D-4
-------
US Virgin Islands Source Water Protection
Austin Moorehead
VI DPNR/DEP
Water Gut Homes 1118
Christiansted, St. Croix 00820-5065
phone: 340-773-0565
Wellhead Protection
Austin Moorehead
VI DPNR/DEP
Water Gut Homes 1118
Christiansted, St. Croix 00820-5065
phone: 340-773-0565
REGION 3:
Delaware Source Water Protection
Mr. John T. Barndt, P.G.
Water Supply Section
Division of Water Resources
DE Dept. of Nat. Res. and Env. Control
P.O.Box 1401
Dover, DE 19903
phone: 302-739-4793
fax: 302-739-2296
e-mail: jbarndt@dnrec.state.de.us
Wellhead Protection
Mr. John T. Barndt, P.G.
Water Supply Section
Division of Water Resources
DE Dept. of Nat. Res. and Env. Control
P.O.Box 1401
Dover, DE 19903
phone: 302-739-4793
fax: 302-739-2296
e-mail: jbarndt@dnrec.state.de.us
Maryland Source Water Protection
Mr. John Grace
Water Supply Program
Water Management Administration
2500 Broening Highway
Baltimore, MD21224
Phone:410-631-3714
e-mail: jgrace@mde.state.md.us
Wellhead Protection
Mr. John Grace
Water Supply Program
Water Management Administration
2500 Broening Highway
Baltimore, MD21224
Phone:410-631-3714
e-mail: jgrace@mde.state.md.us
Pennsylvania Source Water Protection
Mr. Joseph Lee
Division of Water Supplies, 11th Floor
PA Dept. of Environmental Resources
400 Market Street, Box 8467
Harrisburg, PA 17105-8467
Phone:717-772-4018
e-mail: Iee.joseph@a1 .dep.state.pa.us
(No approved WHP)
Mr. Joseph Lee
Division of Water Supplies, 11th Floor
PA Dept. of Environmental Resources
400 Market Street, Box 8467
Harrisburg, PA 17105-8467
Phone:717-772-4018
e-mail: Iee.joseph@a1 .dep.state.pa.us
Virginia Source Water Protection
Gerald Peaks
Office of Water Programs
1500 E. Main Street, Rm. 109
Richmond, VA 23219
Phone:804-371-2882
e-mail: qpeaks@vdh.state.va.us
Wellhead Protection
Terry Wagner
Ground Water Program
Virginia Dept. of Environmental Quality
P.O. Box 11143
Richmond, VA 23230
D-5
-------
West Virginia Source Water Protection
Bill Toomey
West Virginia Dept. of Health
Environmental Engineering Division
815 Quarrier Street, Suite 418
Charleston, WV 25301
phone: 304-558-2981
fax: 304-558-0691
email: wtoomey@wvdhhr.org
Wellhead Protection
Bill Toomey
West Virginia Department of Health
Environmental Engineering Division
815 Quarrier Street, Suite 418
Charleston, WV 25301
phone: 304-558-2981
fax: 304-558-0691
email: wtoomey@wvdhhr.org
REGION 4:
Alabama Source Water Protection
Joe Alan Power, Director
Public Water Supply Branch
Alabama Dept. of Env. Management
PO Box 301463
Montgomery, AL 36130-1463
Phone:334-271-7773
e-mail: jp@adem.state.al.us
Wellhead Protection
Sonja Massey,
Chief, Ground Water Branch
Department of Environmental Management
1751 Congressman W. L. Dickinson Drive
P.O. Box 301463
Montgomery, AL 36130-1463
Phone:334-271-7832
fax:334-271-7950
Florida Source Water Protection
Donnie McClaugherty, P.G.
Water Standards and Classifications Section
Bureau of Water Resources Protection
Dept. of Environmental Protection
Twin Towers Office Bldg.
2600 Blair Stone Rd.
Tallahassee, FL 32399-2400
Phone:904-921-9438
e-mail: mclauqher d@dep.state.fl.us
(No approved WHP)
Jim McNeal, Acting Assistant Bureau Chief
Bureau of Water Resources Protection
Department of Environmental Protection
Twin Towers Office Building
2600 Blair Stone Road
Tallahassee, FL 32399-2400
phone: 904-488-3601
fax:904-487-3618
Georgia Source Water Protection
Nolton Johnson
Water Resources Branch
GA Env. Protection Div.
Suite 1362 E. Floyd Towers
205 Butler St., SE
Atlanta, GA 30334
Phone:404-651-5168
fax:404-651-9590
e-mail: nolton_johnson@mail.dnr.state.ga.us
Wellhead Protection
Sandra Robertson
Georgia Geologic Survey, Room 400
19 Martin Luther King, Jr. Drive, SW
Atlanta, GA 30334
Phone:404-656-3214
fax: 404-657-8379
D-6
-------
Kentucky Source Water Protection
Jack Wilson, Director
Division of Water
Natural Resources and Env. Prot. Cabinet
UReillyRd.
Frankfort, KY 40601
Phone:(502)564-3410
e-mail: wilson ja@mail.nr.state.ky.us
Wellhead Protection
David Leo,
Acting Manager Ground Water Branch
Division of Water
Department of Environmental Protection
14 Reilly Road, Fort Boone Plaza
Frankfort, KY 40601
Phone:(502)564-5410
fax: (502) 564-4245
Mississippi Source Water Protection
Bill Wall, Assistant Director
Div. of Water Supply, MS State Dept. of Health
2423 North State Street
P.O.Box 1700
Jackson, MS 39215
Phone:(601)960-7518
e-mail: billwall@mail.misnet.com
Wellhead Protection
Jamie Crawford
Ground Water Planning Branch
P.O.Box 10385
Jackson, MS 39289-0385
Phone:(601)961-5354
fax:(601)354-6612
North Carolina Source Water Protection
Jessica G. Miles, P.E., Chief
Public Water Supply System
NC Dept. of Env., Health and Nat. Resources
P.O. Box 29536
Raleigh, NC 27626-0536
Phone:(919)733-2321
e-mail: jessica_miles@mail.ehnr.state.nc. us
Wellhead Protection
Carl Bailey, Room 422
Ground Water Section
Dept of Env. Health and Natural Resources
P. O. Box 29535
Raleigh, NC 27626
Phone:(919)733-3221
fax:(919)715-0588
South Carolina Source Water Protection
David Baize, Director
Bureau of Water
SC Dept. of Health and Env. Control
2600 Bull St.
Columbia, SC 29201-1708
phone: (803)734-5323
e-mail: baizedg@columb32.dhec.state.se.us
Wellhead Protection
Jim Hess
Ground Water Protection Division
Dept of Health and Environmental Control
2600 Bull Street
Columbia, SC 29201
phone: (803) 734-5465
fax: (803) 734-4661
Tennessee Source Water Protection
Tom Moss, Manager
Ground Water Management Section
Division of Water Supply
Dept. of Environment and Conservation
401 Church Street
Nashville, TN 37243-1549
Phone:(615)532-0170
e-mail: tmoss@mail.state.tn.us
Wellhead Protection
Tom Moss, Manager
Ground Water Management Section
Division of Water Supply
Dept. of Environment and Conservation
401 Church Street
Nashville, TN 37243-1549
Phone:(615)532-0170
e-mail: tmoss@mail.state.tn.us
REGION 5:
D-7
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Illinois Source Water Protection
Rick Cobb, Manager
Division of Public Water Supplies
Illinois Environmental Protection Agency
P.O.Box 19276
Springfield, IL 62794-9276
Phone:(217)785-4787
fax:(217)782-0075
e-mail: epa3188@epa.il.us
Wellhead Protection
Rick Cobb, Manager
Division of Public Water Supplies
Illinois Environmental Protection Agency
P.O.Box 19276
Springfield, IL 62794-9276
Phone:(217)785-4787
fax:(217)782-0075
e-mail: epa3188@epa.il.us
Indiana Source Water Protection
Rob Duncan, Chief
Ground Water Section
Indiana Dept. of Env. Management
P.O. Box 6015
Indianapolis, IN 46206-6015
Phone:(317)308-3322
fax:(317)308-3339
Wellhead Protection
Rob Duncan
Ground Water Section
Indiana Dept. of Env. Management
P.O. Box 6015
Indianapolis, IN 46206-6015
Phone:(317)308-3322
fax:(317)308-3339
Michigan Source Water Protection
Elgar Brown, Chief
Ground Water Supply Section
Drinking Water and Radiological Div.
Michigan Dept. of Environmental Quality
PO Box 30630
Lansing, Ml 48909-8130
Phone:(517)335-8312
fax:(517)335-8298
e-mail: BrownElq@state.mi.us
Wellhead Protection
Steve Miller, Chief (Co-Lead with MDPH)
Office of Water Resources
Michigan Department of Natural Resources
P. O. Box 30028
Lansing, Ml 48909
Phone:(517)373-8804
fax: (517 335-4053
Minnesota Source Water Protection
Bruce Olsen, Unit Leader
Special Services Unit
Drinking Water Prot. Section
Minnesota Dept. of Health
P.O. Box 64975
St. Paul, MN 55164-0975
Phone:(612)215-0796
fax:(612)215-0979
e-mail: bruce.olsen@health.state.mn.us
Wellhead Protection
Bruce Olsen, Unit Leader
Special Services Unit
Drinking Water Prot. Section
Minnesota Dept. of Health
P.O. Box 64975
St. Paul, MN 55164-0975
Phone:(612)215-0796
fax:(612)215-0979
e-mail: bruce.olsen@health.state.mn.us
Ohio Source Water Protection
Mike Baker
Division of Drinking and Ground Waters
OH Environmental Prot. Agency
P.O.Box 1049
Columbus, OH 43216-1049
Phone:(614)644-2752
fax:(614)644-2909
e-mail: mike.baker@epa.state.oh.us
Wellhead Protection
Mike Baker
Division of Drinking and Ground Waters
OH Environmental Prot. Agency
P.O.Box 1049
Columbus, OH 43216-1049
Phone:(614)644-2752
fax:(614)644-2909
e-mail: mike.baker@epa.state.oh.us
D-8
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Wisconsin Source Water Protection
Jeff Helmuth
Wisconsin Dept of Natural Resources
Bureau of Drinking Water and Groundwater
PO Box 7921
Madison, Wl 53707-7921
phone: 608-266-5234
fax: 608-267-7650
e-mail:helmuj@dnr.state.wi.us
Wellhead Protection
David Lindorff
Wisconsin Dept of Natural Resources
Bureau of Drinking Water and Groundwater
PO Box 7921
Madison, Wl 53707-7921
phone: 608-266-9265
fax: 608-267-7650
email:lindod@dnr.state.wi.us
REGIONS:
Arkansas Source Water Protection
Lyle Godfrey
Arkansas Dept. of Health
Division of Engineering
4815 W. Markham St., Mail slot 37
Little Rock, AR 72205-3867
Phone:(501)661-2623
fax:(501)661-2032
e-mail: lgodfrey@mail.doh.state.ar.us
Wellhead Protection
Bob Makin, Assistant Director
Division of Engineering - Slot #37
Arkansas Department of Health
4815 West Markham
Little Rock, AR 72205-3867
Phone:(501)661-2136
fax:(501)661-2032
Louisiana Source Water Protection
Howard Fielding
Louisiana Dept. of Environmental Quality
Ground Water Protection Division
P.O. Box 82215
Baton Rouge, LA 70884-2251
phone: (504)765-0578
e-mail: howardf@deq.state.la.us
Wellhead Protection
Keith L. Casanova, Administrator
Ground Water Protection Division
Louisiana Dept. of Environmental Quality
P.O. Box 82215
Baton Rouge, LA 708 84-2215
phone: (504) 765-0585
fax: (504) 765-0602
e-mail: keithc@deq.state.la.us
New Mexico Source Water Protection
Darren Padilla
Drinking Water Bureau
NM Environment Dept.
P.O. Box 26110
Santa Fe, NM 87501
phone:(505)827-7536
e-mail: darren padilla@nmenv.state.nm.us
Wellhead Protection
Darren Padilla
Drinking Water Bureau
NM Environment Dept.
P.O. Box 26110
Santa Fe, NM 87501
phone: (505)827-7536
e-mail: darren_padilla@nmenv.state.nm.us
D-9
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Oklahoma Source Water Protection
Mike Houts
Water Quality Division
OK Dept. of Environmental Quality
1000 NE 10th Street
Oklahoma City, OK 73117-1212
Phone:(405)271-7899
e-mail: michael.houts@OKLAOSF.state.ok.us
Mike Harrell
Water Quality Division
OK Dept. of Environmental Quality
1000N.E. 10th Street
Oklahoma City, OK 73117-1212
Phone:(405)271-5205
e-mail: mike.harrell@OKLAOSF.state.ok.us
Wellhead Protection
Mike Houts
Water Quality Division
OK Dept. of Environmental Quality
1000 NE 10th Street
Oklahoma City, OK 73117-1212
Phone:(405)271-7899
e-mail: michael.houts@OKLAOSF.state.ok.us
Texas Source Water Protection
Brad Cross
Public Drinking Water Section (MC-155)
TX Natural Resource Conservation Comm.
P.O.Box 13087
Austin TX, 78711-3087
Phone:(512)239-6020
fax:(512)239-6050
e-mail: bcross@tnrcc.state.tx.us
Wellhead Protection
Brad Cross
Public Drinking Water Section (MC-155)
TX Natural Resource Conservation Comm.
P.O.Box 13087
Austin TX, 78711-3087
Phone:(512)239-6020
fax:(512)239-6050
e-mail: bcross@tnrcc.state.tx.us
REGION/:
Iowa Source Water Protection
Dennis Alt
Iowa Department of Natural Resources
Wallace Office Building
900 East Grand
Des Moines, IA 50319-0034
Phone:(515)281-8998
Wellhead Protection
Darrell McAllister
Iowa Department of Natural Resources
Henery A. Wallace Building
900 E. Grand
Des Moines, Iowa 50319
Phone:(515)281-8869
fax:(515)281-8895
Kansas Source Water Protection
Jim Pennington
Kansas Dept. of Health and Environment
Building 283, Forbes Field
Topeka.KS 66620
phone: (785)296-5505
Wellhead Protection
Karl Mueldener
Kansas Dept. of Health and Environment
Forbes Field, Bldg 283
Topeka, KS 66620-0001
Phone:(913)296-5500
fax:(913)296-5509
Missouri Source Water Protection
G. Lawson Penny
Public Drinking Water Program
Missouri Dept. of Natural Resources
P.O. Box 176
Jefferson City, MO 65102
phone:(573)526-5449
Wellhead Protection
John Madras
P.O. Box 176
Jefferson City, MO 65102
Missouri Department of Natural Resources
Phone:(314)751-7428
fax:(314)751-9396
D-10
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Nebraska Source Water Protection
Marty Link
NE Dept of Environmental Quality
PO Box 98922, State House Stn.
Lincoln, NE 68509-8922
Phone:(402)471-4270
e-mail: deq076@deq.state.ne.us
Stephanie Vap
NE Dept. of Environmental Quality
PO Box 98922, State House Stn.
Lincoln, NE 68509-8922
Phone:(402)471-7784
e-mail: deq244@mail.deq.st.ne.us
Wellhead Protection
Dennis Heitmann
Nebraska Dept. of Environmental Quality
P. O. Box 98922
Lincoln, NE 68509-8922
Phone:(402)471-0096
fax:(402)471-2909
REGION 8:
Colorado Source Water Protection
Kim Parker
CO Dept. of Health & Environment
WQCD-OA-B2,
4300 Cherry Creek Drive South
Denver, CO 80246-1530
phone: (303)692-3582
fax: (303)782-0390
e-mail: kim.parker@state.co.us
Wellhead Protection
Kathleen Reilly
CO Dept. of Health & Environment
WQCD-OA-B2,
4300 Cherry Creek Drive South
Denver, CO 80246-1530
phone: (303)692-3573
fax: (303)782-0390
e-mail: kathleen.reilly@state.co.us
Montana Source Water Protection
Joe Meek
SWAP Section, Pollution Prevention Bureau
MT Dept. Of Env. Quality
Metcalf Building, Box 200901
Helena, MT 59620-0901
phone: (406)444-4806
fax:(406)444-1374
e-mail: jmeek@mt.gov
Russell L. Levens
SWAP Section, Pollution Prevention Bureau
MT Department of Environmental Quality
Metcalf Building
Box 200901
Helena, MT 59620-0901
Phone: (406)444-0471
Fax:(406)444-1374
Email: rlevens@mt.gov
Wellhead Protection
D-ll
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North Dakota Source Water Protection
Dave Glatt
Gound Water Protection Program
Division of Water Quality
1200 Missouri Ave.
Bismarck, ND 58504
Phone:(701)328-5217
fax:(701)328-5200
e-mail: dglatt@state.nd.us
Wellhead Protection
James Horner,
WHP Program Coordinator
North Dakota Department of Health
P. O. Box 5520
Bismarck, ND 58502-5520
Phone:(701)328-5216
fax:(701)328-5200
South Dakota Source Water Protection
Anita Van
SD DENR
Joe Foss Building
523 East Capitol
Pierre, SD 57501-3181
Phone:(605)773-3296
Fax:(605)773-6035
Email: anitay@denr.state.sd.us
Tricia Sebes
SD DENR
Joe Foss Building
523 East Capitol
Pierre, SD 57501-3181
Phone:(605)773-3296
Fax:(605)773-6035
Email: tricias@denr.state.sd.us
Wellhead Protection
Utah Source Water Protection
Sumner Newman
UT Dept. of Environmental Quality
Division of Drinking Water
P.O.Box 144830
150 North 1950 West
Salt Lake City, UT 84114-4830
Phone:(801)536-4195
fax:(801)536-4211
e-mail: snewman@deq.state.ut.us
Dan Hall
UT Department of Environmental Quality
Division of Drinking Water
P.O.Box 144830
150 North 1950 West
Salt Lake City, UT 84114-4830
Phone:(801)536-4206
Fax:(801)536-4211
E-mail: dhall@deq.state.ut.us
Wellhead Protection
Sumner Newman
UT Dept. of Environmental Quality
Division of Drinking Water
P.O.Box 144830
150 North 1950 West
Salt Lake City, UT 84114-4830
Phone:(801)536-4195
fax:(801)536-4211
e-mail: snewman@deq.state.ut.us
D-12
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Wyoming Source Water Protection
Kevin Frederick
WY Dept. of Environmental Quality
Water Quality Division
Herschler Building
122 West 25th Street
Cheyenne, WY 82002
phone: (307)777-5985
fax: (307)777-5973
e-mail: kfrede@missc.state.wy.us
Beth Pratt
Water Quality Division
WY Dept. of Environmental Quality
Herschler Building
122 West 25th Street
Cheyenne, WY 82002
phone: (307)777-7079
fax: (307)777-5973
e-mail: bpratt@missc.state.wy.us
Maggie Davison
Wyoming Department of Environmental Quality
Water Quality Division
Herschler Building
122 West 25th Street
Cheyenne, WY 82002
Phone:(307)777-7092
Fax:(307)777-5973
E-mail: mdavis@missc.state.wy.us
Wellhead Protection
Kevin Frederick
WY Dept. of Environmental Quality
Water Quality Division
Herschler Building
122 West 25th Street
Cheyenne, WY 82002
phone: (307)777-5985
fax: (307)777-5973
e-mail: kfrede@missc.state.wy.us
REGION 9:
Arizona Source Water Protection
Mary Simmerer
DW Monitoring and Assessment Section
Water Quality Division, ADEQ
3033 North Central Avenue
Phoenix, AZ 85012-2809
phone: (602) 207-4427
fax: (602) 207-4634
e-mail: simmerer.mary@ev.state.az.us
Wellhead Protection
Moncef Tihami
DW Monitoring and Assessment Section
Water Quality Division, ADEQ
3033 North Central Avenue
Phoenix, AZ 85012
phone: (602) 207-4425
fax: (602) 207-4634
email: tihami.moncef@ev.state.az.us
D-13
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California Source Water Protection
Alexis Milea
Office of Drinking Water
California Dept. of Health Services
2151 Berkeley Way, Rm.461
Berkeley, CA 94704
Phone:(510)540-2177
fax:(510)540-2152
e-mail: HW1 .AMILEA@HW1 .CAHWNET.GOV
(No approved WHP)
Carl Hauge (3rd Floor)
Department of Water Resources
1020 9th Street
Sacramento, CA95814
Phone:(916)327-8861
fax:(916)327-1648
or
Alexis Milea
Office of Drinking Water
CA Department of Health Services
2151 Berkeley Way, Room 113
Berkeley, CA 94704
Phone:(510)540-2177
fax:(510)540-2181
Hawaii Source Water Protection
Bill Wong, Safe Drinking Water Br.
Hawaii Dept. of Health
919 Ala Moana Blvd., Rm. 308
Honolulu, HI 96814
phone: (808)586-4258
fax: (808)586-4370
e-mail: waterbill@aol.com
Wellhead Protection
Bill Wong, Safe Drinking Water Br.
Hawaii Dept. of Health
919 Ala Moana Blvd., Rm. 308
Honolulu, HI 96814
phone: (808)586-4258
fax: (808)586-4370
e-mail: waterbill@aol.com
Nevada Source Water Protection
Jon Palm
State Health Division
Bureau of Health Prot. Serv.
1179 Fairview Dr., Ste. 201
Carson City, NV 89701-5405
phone: (702)687-4750 ex.229
fax:(702)687-5197
Wellhead Protection
Lucia Machado
Nevada Division of Environmental Protection
333 West Nye Lane
Carson City, NV 89710
phone: (702) 687-4670 Ext. 3092
fax: (702) 687-6396
Wellhead Protection
Northern Mariana Isl.*
Tony Guerrero
CNMI Division of Environmental Quality
Drinking Water Program
P.O.Box 1304-CK
Saipan, MP 96950
Phone:(670)234-1012
fax:(670)234-1003
REGION 10:
D-14
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Alaska Source Water Protection
James Weise
Drinking Water Program
Alaska Dept. of Environmental Conservation
555 Cordova Street
Anchorage, AK 99501
phone: (507)269-7685
e-mail: jweise@envircon.state.ak.us
(No approved WHP program)
James Weise
Drinking Water Program
Alaska Dept. of Environmental Conservation
555 Cordova Street
Anchorage, AK 99501
phone: (507)269-7685
e-mail: jweise@envircon.state.ak.us
Idaho Source Water Protection
Scott Short
Wellhead Protection Program
Idaho Department of Health and Welfare
Division of Environmental Quality
1410 North Hilton
Boise, ID 83706
phone: (208)373-0542
fax: (208)373-0576
e-mail: sshort@deq.state.id.us
Lance Nielsen
Drinking Water and Waste Water Bur.
ID Div. of Environmental Quality
141 ON. Hilton
Boise, ID 83706
phone: (208) 373-0502
e-mail: lnielsen@deg.state.id.us
Wellhead Protection
Dean Yashan
Idaho Department of Health & Welfare
Division of Environmental Quality
1410 North Hilton Street
Boise, ID 83706
phone: (208) 373-0260
fax: (208) 373-0576
Oregon Source Water Protection
Sheree Stewart
Drinking Water Protection Prog.
OR Dept. of Environmental Quality
811 SW 6th Avenue
Portland, OR 97204-1390
Phone:(503)229-5413
fax: (503)229-6037
e-mail: sheree.stewart@state.or.us
Dennis Nelson
Oregon Health Division
800 NE Oregon St.
Portland OR 97232
Phone:(541)686-4424
fax:(541)682-7499
e-mail: dennis.o.nelson@state.or.us
Wellhead Protection
Sheree Stewart
Drinking Water Protection Prog.
OR Dept. of Environmental Quality
811 SW 6th Avenue
Portland, OR 97204-1390
Phone:(503)229-5413
fax: (503)229-6037
e-mail: sheree.stewart@state.or.us
Washington Source Water Protection
David Jennings
Div. of Drinking Water, Dept. of Health
P.O. Box 47822
Olympia, WA 98504-7822
phone: (360)586-9041
fax: (360)586-5529
e-mail: dgi0303@hub.doh.wa.gov
Wellhead Protection
David Jennings
Div. of Drinking Water, Dept. of Health
P.O. Box 47822
Olympia, WA 98504-7822
phone: (360)586-9041
fax: (360)586-5529
e-mail: dgi0303@hub.doh.wa.gov
Revised December 18, 1998
D-15
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Appendix E
Priority Setting and Risk Weighing Guide for
Contaminants in Wellhead Protection Areas
This guidance is derived from Managing Groundwater Contamination Sources in
Wellhead Protection Areas: A Priority Setting Approach (EPA, 1991 b). See that EPA
document for more detail.
Assumptions:
7. The wellhead protection area is relatively homogeneous and isotropic and exists
in one of the following settings: (1) a water table aquifer, (2) deep source,
(3) surface source in a recharge area, or (4) surface source overlying a confined
aquifer.
8. The zone of contribution is such that contaminants reach the well.
9. A cancer risk of 1:100,000 can be equated with a lifetime exposure to the
reference dose for noncarcinogens, and exposure is through drinking water, not
dermal contact or inhalation.
Priority setting tasks:
1. Delineation of a protection area: map the boundaries and characterize the
hydrology, soils, etc.
2. Identification of contamination sources: identify all sources; categorize and
characterize them. Determine persistence, mobility, and toxicity of contaminants.
3. Estimation of overall risk: assign level of risk values for high, medium, and low,
or, alternatively, values from 1 for high to 5 for none. More weight may be
assigned to categories of concern.
a. At the contaminant source estimate the likelihood of release (L1), quantity of
release (Q), and its toxicity (T).
b. At the source water intake estimate the likelihood of the contaminant's arrival
(L2) and its attenuation during transport (A).
c. Estimate the overall risk score (R) for each contaminant using its likelihood
(L) of contamination and severity (S) of contamination, where:
L = L1 + L2
S=Q+A+T
R = L + S
E-l
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The overall risk is the sum of the likelihood of contamination and the severity of
contamination. The weight assigned to each category is a matter of judgment. For
example, if severity is the primary concern for a particular contaminant (e.g., contained
in a tank), then a high risk score would result from the severity of contamination even
though the likelihood of contamination (e.g., from tank rupture) is small.
E-2
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