&EPA
www.epa.gov/research
science in ACTION
INNOVATIVE RESEARCH FOR A SUSTAINABLE FUTURE
Lick Run: Green Infrastructure in Cincinnati and Beyond
Green infrastructure, including the
rain garden in St. Francis
Apartments pictured on the right, can
prevent combined sewer overflows
like the one pictured to the far right.
Green Infrastructure
By capturing and redistributing rain
water or runoff in plant-soil systems
such as green roofs, rain gardens or
swales, green infrastructure restores
natural hydrologic cycles and reduces
runoff from overburdened gray
infrastructure. Targeted ecosystem
restoration, contaminant filtration,
possible economic and social
benefits, and the provision of
ecosystem services are additional
benefits of green infrastructure.
Using this new way of looking at
urban renewal, EPA researchers use
an environmental driver to reduce or
eliminate combined sewer overflows
with green infrastructure as one
management approach, with the
knowledge that functional
greenspace can comprehensively
address social, economic and
environmental issues by presenting a
focal point for re-development.
In April 2011, EPA released its
Strategic Agenda to Protect Waters
and Build More Livable
Communities through Green
Infrastructure to help communities
implement green infrastructure
approaches. The Lick Run project in
Cincinnati is one example of EPA
researchers at work around the
country to determine how green
infrastructure fits into communities
to achieve environmental
management goals in economical,
socially acceptable ways.
Project Sites and Goals
For the last 100 years, the Lick Run,
a stream, was put into a pipe that
combines storm flows and sewage.
During even small storms, the pipe
spills its polluted mixture into the
Mill Creek where downstream water
quality is compromised.
A recent goal of the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency
and the Metropolitan Sewer District
of Greater Cincinnati is to remove
stormwater discharge from the pipe
and return the Lick Run to a state that
flows freely to the Mill Creek. As
part of this goal, EPA researchers are
collaborating with the local sewer
district to monitor and adjust several
green infrastructure early success
projects that are designed to take
stormwater out of the combined
sewer and put it to good use
elsewhere.
The first project is at Quebec
Heights, a small tributary to Lick
Run. The project examines how
sealing normally open combined
sewer pipes and routing storm flow
to a restored channel may help to
eliminate combined sewer overflows
and prevent a great deal of pollution
in U.S. streams, lakes and rivers.
The second project uses a pair of rain
gardens installed at the St. Francis
Apartments. The rain gardens are
designed to reduce the amount of
stormwater runoff reaching the Lick
Run sewer system, and to improve
water quality by filtering parking lot
runoff.
Other projects address how
amphibians might respond to
different extents of green
infrastructure, how culverted streams
process nutrients like nitrogen, and
how parking lots can be built to
absorb stormwater runoff.
Although similar reconstruction
projects and stormwater best
management practices have been
installed throughout the U.S., little
supporting monitoring data are being
collected to evaluate the efficiency of
these practices, especially in terms of
reducing stormwater runoff and
improving water quality. EPA
researchers are taking a more careful
look at how soils and underlying
geology influence the effectiveness
of these practices and affect water
cycles in the local area. Practical
hydrologic monitoring of the Quebec
Heights and St. Francis sites will
examine these issues and document
the benefits of these stormwater
management practices along with
their costs and services provided.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Research and Development
EPA 600-F11026
September 2011
-------
For communities considering
adoption of management practices
like these, EPA economists are
researching how to evaluate the
linked social and economic benefits
of green infrastructure.
Objectives and Questions
Several objectives will be addressed
at Quebec Heights and St. Francis
Apartments before and after stream
reconstruction and best management
practice implementation:
1. Characterize how each practice
moves stormwater around the urban
hydrologic cycle, and determine if
there are conditions under which
these practices work better or worse.
2. Document the dynamic and
chemical quality of stormwater that
infiltrates and runs off the sites.
A sewer pipe runs the length of a
small stream channel that is a
tributary to the Lick Run reach in
Quebec Heights. Like most small
combined sewers, this pipe collects
both sanitary and stormwater flows
from the adjacent residential
neighborhoods. The Metropolitan
Sewer District plans to reconstruct
parts of the pipe and otherwise seal
off the inlets that allow stormwater to
enter the pipe. The stormwater will
instead be sent to a restored stream
reach where stormwater runoff will
once again flow in a natural channel.
The reconstruction is intended to
reduce stormwater flows within the
sewer pipe, improve habitat for
aquatic biota in the channel, and
enhance the aesthetics of the area.
Similarly, the St. Francis Apartments
wishes to limit its contribution to the
local combined sewer by moving
stormwater into two linked rain
gardens. The performance of these
approaches must be better understood
to manage the risk of combined
sewer overflows, water quality
issues, and flooding in this densely
developed urban area.
The socioeconomic side of the study
will develop a cost-benefit analysis
framework for evaluating and
informing decision makers about the
anticipated benefits of alternate gray
and green infrastructure approaches
to stormwater management. Some
questions to be addressed in this
context include:
1. What data must be available to
carry out such a study?
2. How do we measure the benefits
and costs of green implementation?
Research Approach
By teaming up with the local sewer
district, EPA researchers have a
practical research forum with which
to monitor these practices and make
generalizable recommendations on
how these systems work and don't
work, and how they might be adapted
to other areas in the U.S. In order to
do this work, the EPA collaborates
with local, state, and other federal
agencies, including the United States
Geological Survey.
To aid decision makers considering
choices between green or gray
infrastructure, the University of
Cincinnati Economics Center in
collaboration with EPA researchers
will develop a cost-benefit
framework consisting of
socioeconomic impacts in the project
area and will collect relevant data
from communities like Lick Run.
Economic metrics that can be
investigated include investment,
employment and changes in property
value. Researchers will identify
direct and indirect costs, benefits and
impacts of the green infrastructure
installation. The work will also
identify the geographic scope of
project impacts, and potential
unintended consequences of the
project.
Collaboration and Outreach
EPA researchers collaborate with
local, state and federal agencies to
conduct this practical research. Since
the projects are highly visible, they
offer numerous opportunities to
inform visitors of the efforts of the
EPA and its partners in making sure
that the requirements of the Clean
Water Act are met while promoting
social benefits and economic
stability.
Contacts in EPA's Sustainable
Technology Division
William Shuster, Ph.D., Office of
Research & Development, 513-569-
7244, shuster.william@epa.gov
Ahjond S. Garmestani, J.D., Ph.D.,
Office of Research & Development,
513-569-7856,
garmestani. ahj ond@epa. gov
A rain garden in St. Francis
Apartments is pictured below.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Research and Development
EPA 600-F11026
September 2011
------- |