SmartWay 2011 Truck Tool
Technical Documentation
U.S. EPA SmartWay | EPA420-BII-009 | www.epa.gov/smartway
-------
SmartWay 2011
Truck Tool Technical Documentation
United States Version
1-27-2011
1.0 Overview
This document provides detailed background information on the data sources,
calculation methods, and assumptions used within the new SmartWay 2011
Truck Tool. The SmartWay Truck Tool utilizes the most up-to-date emission
factors, in combination with detailed vehicle activity data, to estimate emissions
and associated performance metrics. While the primary purpose of the previous
version of the truck carrier tool (FLEET) was to help fleets estimate the likely fuel
and emission reduction benefits of specific advanced technologies (e.g., through
the adoption of certified aerodynamic retrofits) relative to a pre-control baseline,
the primary purpose of the new tool is to help fleets calculate actual pollutant
emissions for specific truck types and applications and track their emissions
performance over time. Shippers can, in turn, use the data that truck carriers
report using these tools to develop more advanced emissions inventories
associated with their freight activity and to track their emissions performance
overtime.
The new tool allows the user to evaluate fleet performance in terms of different
mass-based performance metrics for CC^, NOx, and PM (PM-m and PIVb.s),
including:1
• Grams per mile
• Grams per average payload ton-mile
• Grams per thousand cubic foot-miles
• Grams per thousand utilized cubic foot-miles
The tool can also generate estimates of emissions associated with the total
miles, loaded miles, and revenue miles traveled by a fleet. Fleet performance
can then be assessed at the truck-class and/or fuel-type level, or on an
aggregated basis across all classes and fuels.
1 At this time the 2011 Truck Tool does not calculate performance metrics for specialty fleets that track
their activity in terms of hours of use rather than miles traveled or freight hauled (e.g., refuse haulers and
utility fleets). Future modifications may be made to the current tool to accommodate such fleets.
-------
The new tool also collects extensive information on fleet operations and truck
body types, allowing detailed segmentation of Partner fleets for more
appropriate, equitable comparisons. For example, fleets that cube-out with low
payloads (e.g., those hauling potato chips) will be able to compare themselves to
similar fleets on a simple grams per mile basis, rather than a mix of fleets that
includes fleets that routinely weigh-out. Similarly, fleets that operate in primarily
short-haul, urban environments at relatively low average speeds will have
fundamentally different emission rates and constraints than long-haul fleets
operating at highway speeds. By collecting detailed information on fleet
operations (short vs. long, TL vs. LTL, urban vs. highway, etc), as well as truck
class (2b through 8b) and body type (dry van, reefer, flatbeds, etc.), individual
fleets can compare their performance to other, similar fleets, which can help
them to better manage their emissions performance.
-------
2.0 Data Inputs and Sources
The SmartWay Truck Tool user provides most vehicle characteristic, operational,
and activity data needed for emissions performance estimation (see Section 3 for
more information). The tool calculates emissions by multiplying fleet activity data
with EPA-approved emission rate factors that are stored in look-up tables within
the tool.
The tool contains different types of emission rate factors for different pollutants.
C02 factors are expressed in grams of C02 per gallon of fuel2 NOx and PM
factors are expressed in grams of pollutant per mile traveled for operating
emissions, and in grams per hour for idle emissions. In general, CC^ factors are
independent of the truck types, classes, and operational practices in a fleet. NOx
and PM factors, however, vary depending upon a number of parameters,
including:
• Truck class
• Engine model year/emission certification standard
• Vehicle speed
• Vehicle driving pattern (referred to as "drive cycle")
In addition, PM emissions will also vary with the application of PM control
retrofits, including diesel oxidation catalysts (DOC), closed crankcase ventilation
(CCV), and diesel particulate filters (DPF, or "PM traps"). In the tool, PM control
retrofits are assumed to have the same impact on operating and idle emission
factors.3
2.1 CO2 Factors
EPA populated the SmartWay Tuck Tool with C02 factors that are based on fuel
consumption. These factors and their sources and are summarized below in
Tablet
2 At this time other greenhouse gases such as methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) are not included in
the 2011 Truck Tool.
3 Future versions of the tool may account for differences in retrofit effectiveness for running versus idle
emissions.
-------
Table 1. CO2 Factors by Fuel Type*
Gasoline
Diesel
Biodiesel (B100)
Ethanol (E100)
CNG
LNG
LPG
g/gal
8,887
10,180
9,460
5,764
7,030
4,394
5,790
Source4
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
(vii)
* 100% combustion (oxidation) assumed
Note that the tool calculates tailpipe emissions from biofuel blends
(gasoline/ethanol, diesel/biodiesel) by applying separate emission factors to the
user-specified volume of each blend component. The tool then adds the
emissions from each blend component together to determine total C02
emissions. Therefore emission factors for specific blend ratios are not needed
for C02.
Within the tool, users may provide their CNG fuel use estimates in terms of
gasoline-equivalent gallons (on a Btu basis), or in standard cubic feet (scf). If
CNG consumption is expressed in scf, the tool applies a fuel factor expressed in
grams per scf (57.8), based on 983 Btu/scf and 58,819 g C02/mmBtu.5
4 i) Final Rule on Light-Duty Vehicle Greenhouse Gas Emissions Standards and Corporate Average Fuel
Economy Standards (75 FR 25324, May 7, 2010). The gasoline factor used in this rule was sourced from
the California Air Resources Board and is based on measurement of carbon from a gasoline test fuel
(indolene).
ii) Fuel economy calculations in 40 C.F.R 600.113 available at
http://edocket.access.gpo.gov/cfr_2004/julqtr/pdf/40cfr600.113-93.pdf.
iii) Tables IV.A.3-2 and 3-3 in A Comprehensive Analysis of Biodiesel Impacts on Exhaust Emissions,
available at http://www.epa.gov/oms/models/anarvsis/biodsl/p02001.pdf
iv) Final Rule on Mandatory Reporting of Greenhouse Gases (70 FR 56260, October 30, 2009). Full source
documentation is available on pp. 31-32 in the Technical Support Document, Petroleum Products and
Natural Gas Liquids: Definitions, Emission Factors, Methods and Assumptions, available at
www.epa.gov/climatechange/emissions/downloads09/documents/SubpartMMProductDefinitions.pdf.
v) Calculations of Lifecycle Greenhouse Gas Emissions for the 2005 Gasoline and Diesel Baselines in the
Notice of Availability of Expert Peer Review Record supporting the proposed revisions to the Renewable
Fuel Standard Program (74 FR 41359) available in Docket EPA-HQ-OAR-2005-0161-0925.1 (Spreadsheet
"Emission Factors").
vi) Assuming 74,720 Btu/gal lower heating value (http://www.afdc.energv.gov/afdc/fuels/properties.html).
and 0.059 g/Btu (from CNG calculation, source vi).
vii) Table C-l in the Final Rule on Mandatory Reporting of Greenhouse Gases (70 FR 56260, October 30,
2009). Full source documentation is available in Table A-39 and pg. A-60 of the Inventory of U.S.
Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990 - 2007 available at
http://epa.gov/climatechange/emissions/do wnloads/US_GHG_Inv_Annexes_1990-2007.pdf
See footnote 4. v.
-------
2.2 NOx and PM Factors
The SmartWay Truck Tool contains NOx, PM-m and PIVb.s emission factor outputs
for on-road operation from EPA's MOVES2010 model, for gasoline, diesel, and
E10 for all heavy truck classes (2b - 8b) under national default temperature and
fuel conditions, for model years 1988 through 2010 (see Appendix A for a full list
of factors). The emission factors are broken out by general drive cycle type
(urban or highway), and average speed range, as discussed below.
Idle emission factors for NOx and PM were developed separately by model year,
truck class, and fuel type (diesel and gasoline). MOVES2010 does not currently
provide idle factors in terms of grams per hour, so we ran MOVES2010 using the
Project Level scale with a single link and with an average speed of zero. We
performed runs for typical winter and summer conditions and took the average of
outputs from those runs obtain g/hr factors. The resulting idle factors are
presented in Appendix B.6
This section describes the process we followed to select the on-road emission
factors from MOVES2010 for use in the Truck Tool. Emission factors in grams
per mile were developed for gasoline, E10,7 and diesel fuel types for all MOVES
source types that correspond to MOBILES heavy duty vehicle classes, 2b-8b
inclusive. The MOVES source types modeled are shown in the table below. Of
these, note school buses, refuse trucks and motor homes represent only a small
fraction of total activity.
Table 2. MOVES Source Types Associated with Class 2b - 8b Vehicles
Source Type ID
31
32
43
51
52
53
54
61
62
Source Type Name
Passenger Truck
Light Commercial Truck
School Bus
Refuse Truck
Single Unit Short-haul Truck
Single Unit Long-haul Truck
Motor Home
Combination Short-haul Truck
Combination Long-haul Truck
6 The idle factors correspond to short-term idling. Factors for long-term extended idling will be
higher (at least for late model engines), since engine operation temperatures and loads at idle
are generally not high enough to activate late-model emission controls such as SCR and EGR.
Adjustment factors to account for the difference between short and long-term idling may be
applied in the future, utilizing the reported differences between long and short-term hours on the
Activity Information page in the SmartWay Truck Tool.
7 E15 can be modeled as well, if the required fuel specifications are provided.
-------
Separate factors were developed for "Urban" and "Highway/Rural" roadway
types. These factors were apportioned according to MOVES operating mode
groups, which correspond to speed ranges of 0-25 mph, 25-50 mph, and 50+
mph.
Emission factors calculated by the model, output by MOVES source type, were
then converted to a MOBILES vehicle class basis. In this way, the Truck tool can
select appropriate emission factors for use by:
• weight class
• model year
• road type (urban vs highway/rural)
• speed distribution
The following describes the methodology for the emission factor calculation.
Calculation of MOVES emission factors by operating mode
In calculating emission factors, the primary goal is to disaggregate factors by the
percentage of time a given type of vehicle spends operating at certain speeds.
The ranges of speeds analyzed include 0-25 mph, 25-50 mph, and greater than
50 mph. These speed ranges correspond to MOVES operating modes #11-16,
21-29, and 30-40 inclusive, where each operating mode is defined by both the
speed of the vehicle and its vehicle specific power (VSP). First, for a given
source type and model year, the fraction of emissions attributable to each range
of speed was determined. Emissions for a vehicle can be expressed in Equation
1:
Equation 1
E' = AiE-T + A2E2' + A3E3' + A,E, + ABEB
Where:
E' = unconnected8 mass emissions calculated based on operating mode and
emissions contribution by speed bin
Ai_3 = the sum of activity fractions (in seconds) over speed range n. (A| and AB
represent the activity associated with the individual operating modes for
idling and braking, respectively.)
£1-3' = the weighted average emissions over a given speed range n. (E| and EB
represent the emissions associated with the individual operating modes
for idling and braking, respectively.)
Subsequent adjustment factors are presented in Equation 3 below.
-------
The following figure shows a range of emissions and activity fractions for an
example source type and model year. The operating mode (or VSP bin) are
shown on the X-axis. The dashed red line presents the fraction of vehicle activity
associated with a given operating mode, while the black circles present average
HC emissions for each operating mode.
0.0028
OJ3027-
OOOS6
01X354
0.0023
01X322 -
0.0021
OOO20
0.0019-
0.0018-
0.0017
0.001S
0.0015-
0,0014
0.0013-
0.0012
0.0011 -
0.0010
O.COCS
0-COW
0.0007
0.0006 -
0.0306
0.0005-
0,0003
00X302
aoooi
00X300
3 O
<25
25 - 50 mph
>50
o •
1 11 12 13 « 15 16 21 22 23 24 25 27
VSP 3i")
PUCFT2 hc_n
PtjDT ooo hemsan
2930339637383940
Figure 1. Example Emissions and Activity Fractions by Operating Mode
For our purposes, An from Equation 1 is obtained by retaining the
"opmodedistribution" table from the Operating Mode Distribution Generator
(OMDG), which is created during a MOVES run. This table contains operating
mode fractions by source type, roadway type, and pollutant/process. The sum of
the operating mode fractions in each speed bin constitutes An.
En' is derived from data obtained from the default MOVES "emissionratebyage"
table. This table contains emission rates by pollutant process, operating mode,
and age group for a wide variety of sourcebinlDs. For this analysis, a MySQL
query was used to select sourcebinlDs corresponding to the source type, fuel
type, and calendar year of interest, and limited our rate selection to the 4-5 year
age group. The emissions obtained here were then converted to a source type
basis (from their current sourcebinID basis); this was done by retaining the
"sourcebindistribution" table from the Source Bin Distribution Generator (SBDG),
-------
which is created during each MOVES run, and weighting the activity fractions for
each source type and model year combination in this table with the data from the
"emissionratebyage" table described above. Having finished this mapping, an
emission rate is generated, by source type and model year, for each operating
mode (corresponding to the circles in the figure above). Since En' for each speed
range represents the average emissions of the range weighted by the activity in
that range, the weighted average emissions can be calculated from the 0-25 mph
speed bin, E-f, as follows in Equation 2:
Equation 2
,, + R^T^ + R^T,^ + R,,T,A +R,,T,c + R,KT,f
E:=-
vi4-ti4 ' •'Ms-Ms ' •'Me-* 16
16
2X
n
Where:
Rn = The activity fraction for operating mode n, obtained from the OMDG table
Tn = The emissions for operating mode n.
Other speed bins will use different operating modes in their calculations; the
equation above is merely an example illustrating the calculation method for the
first speed bin. Having calculated an appropriate En' for each speed range for a
given source type and model year, Equation 1 can be used, along with the
appropriate activity fraction, to arrive at a total uncorrected emissions value. In
and of itself, this emission factor has little value in estimating emissions.
However, it can be used along with the modeled emission factor for a particular
source type and model year to arrive at an overall adjustment factor, as shown in
Equation 3:
Equation 3
~ K
Where:
E = The modeled emission, obtained from MOVES outputs, for an individual
source type and model year
E'= The uncorrected emissions for an individual source type and model year,
calculated using operating mode distributions and emission factors from
the "emissionratebyage" table
This overall adjustment factor, in turn, can be applied to each individual
emissions component, En', as shown in Equation 4:
-------
Equation 4
En =
The adjusted emissions, En, are subsequently used to calculate a total, corrected
emission factor for a given source type and model year combination, as
described by Equation 5:
Equation 5
E = A^ + A2E2 + A3E3 + A|E| + ABEB
In this way, a representative emission factor is calculated by operating
mode/speed group. This will allow the Truck Tool to adjust the default operating
mode percentages (An) to more accurately represent a user-provided speed
profile for the vehicles they are modeling. Default operating mode percentages
may also be used, as calculated above.
Conversion of emission factors from source type basis to weight class
Ultimately, emission factor lookup tables are required for use in the Truck tool by
weight class, fuel type, and model year. However, modeled output from MOVES
is aggregated by source type. Therefore a post-processing tool was developed to
convert vehicle emission factors from source types to weight class based on
internal MOVES tables. The conversion methodology used in this tool is
described below.
First, the adjusted emissions and activity output from MOVES are combined, by
pollutantID, by joining the "movesoutput" and "movesactivityoutput" tables by
calendar year, source type, fuel type and model year. The sourcetype and model
year for each record are combined in a new field, sourcetypemodelyearlD.
Next, the emissions and activity output from the first step are combined with the
MOVES "sizeweightfraction" table by joining on the sourcetypemodelyearlD. The
"sizeweightfraction" table contains, for a given combination of source type and
model year, the fraction of vehicles apportioned across weightclasslD. Given the
weightclassID, the portion of emissions and activity attributable to a given range
of vehicle weights is determined, and subsequently, those weights (along with
fuel type) are mapped back to MOBILES vehicle classes, which are based on
GVWR. (This is achieved with a separate lookup table, "MSVehType", which is
derived from Appendix B, Table 3 of the EPA's MOBILE6.2 User's Guide.) For
each calendar year, sourcetypemodelyearlD and pollutantID, the
sizeweightfraction is multiplied by the emissions (in grams) and activity (in miles)
to obtain EmissionFrac and ActivityFrac, respectively.
-------
Finally, the EmissionFrac and ActivityFrac calculated above are summed by
yearlD, pollutantID, fueltypelD, and MOBILES vehicle type (e.g., HDDVSb). This
provides total emissions and activity independent of the MOVES source type or
vehicle model year. Finally, the aggregated emissions are divided by the activity
to arrive at g/mi emission factors, presented in Appendix A.
Modeling E10 Emission Rates
In a MOVES run that uses nationwide defaults for fuel supply, the model includes
many thousands of fuel formulations on a by-county basis in its calculations. In
addition to diesel fuels, many counties in the model defaults are characterized by
varying market shares of gasoline and E10. This intertwining of fuel mixtures by
market share can make isolation of nationwide E10-based and gasoline-based
emission factors from the model somewhat difficult.
In order to isolate E10 emission factors, an external database tool was used to
alter the MOVES "fuelsupply" table for two scenarios: one in which market shares
for E10 and gasoline fuels were set to 1 and 0, respectively, and the inverse
case, in which market shares for E10 and gasoline fuels were set to 0 and 1.
Importing the updated "fuelsupply" tables using external MySQL scripts, separate
E10 and gasoline MOVES runs were then performed using the newly updated
information.
Sensitivity Analysis Results
The relative emissions impact of different speed regimes were evaluated for four
road types - urban arterial, urban freeway, rural arterial, and rural freeway. To
simplify the sensitivity analysis, MOVES outputs were generated for diesel long-
haul combination trucks, model year 2008, run for the 2011 calendar year, using
national average defaults (e.g., fuel specifications, temperatures, etc). The
results of the analysis are shown for NOx and PM2.5 below.
10
-------
Default NOx Contribution by Speed Bin
7
6 -
E 5
ra
'
n
I 1
=
—
Urban Art Urban Frwy Rural Art Rural Frwy
Road type
• IDLE
nBRAK
D5070
• 2550
• 0025
Default PM2.5 Contribution by Speed Bin
n n.i
0.035 -
0.03 -
n m °s -
-
•
• IDLE
=
—
• 2550
D0025
Urban Art Urban Frwy Rural Art Rural Frwy
Road type
Figure 2. Default NOx and PM2.s Emission Contribution by Speed Bin
As shown in the above charts, the emissions for urban freeways, rural arterials,
and rural freeways are all heavily dominated by high speed (50 - 70 mph)
11
-------
operation.9 In addition, actual emission levels are relatively insensitive to road
type across these three types. However, speed distribution appears to have a
significant bearing on emissions for urban arterial operation. Accordingly, the
recommendation for Truck Tool application was to develop fully disaggregated
emission factor look up tables (retaining all four road types), and then weight
urban freeway, rural arterial, and rural freeway road type operations in order to
aggregate emission lookup tables within the SmartWay tool to reflect "urban"
(i.e., urban arterial) and "other" road types. In addition, under this approach
users can choose default speed distributions for these selections, or specify the
percent of operation by major speed range (0 - 25, 25 - 50, 50 - 70). Given the
relative insensitivity to speed for the "other" category, specifying speed
distributions would only be permitted for urban arterial operation.
Under this approach, the user is given the follow input options:
• Specify % Highway/Rural ("other") operation fraction
• Specify % urban operation distribution by speed bin, or select "default
speed distribution"
Data entry is handled through the addition of a popup screen for non-default data
entry (see Truck Tool User Guide for details).
2.3 Alternative Fuels
NOx and PM emission factors are not available from MOVES2010 for certain
alternative fuels, including biodiesel, E85, natural gas, and LPG. Accordingly,
EPA used adjustment factors from a number of sources described below to
estimate NOx and PM factors for these other fuels.
NOx and PM emission factors for biodiesel were based on the findings from an
EPA study, A Comprehensive Analysis of Biodiesel Impacts on Exhaust
Emissions (EPA420-P-02-001, October 2002). This study developed regression
equations to predict the percentage change in NOx and PM emission rates
relative to conventional diesel fuel, as a function of biodiesel blend percentage,
expressed in the following form:
9 This finding is consistent with the 2008 SmartWay partner data submissions, wherein 87% of Partners
selected the 50+ mph category as the most representative of their non-urban operations.
12
-------
Equation 6
% change in emissions = {exp[a x (vol% biodiesel)] -1} x 100%
Where:
a = 0.0009794 for NOx, and
a = -0.006384 for PM
Using Equation 6, adjustment factors were developed for biodiesel blends based
on the percentage of the biofuel component,10 and then these adjustment factors
were applied to the appropriate conventional diesel emission factors in Appendix
A (see Section 2.2 for the sources of conventional diesel emission factors). Note
that the fleet-average blend value is assumed to be the same for all truck
classes, since the biofuel consumption data is not collected at the truck class
level. (This assumption holds for ethanol consumption data inputs as well.)
For gasoline-ethanol blends, the SmartWay Truck tool only accepts fuel
consumption estimates for E10 and E85 since, unlike biodiesel where the biofuel
fraction can vary significantly, ethanol is generally blended with gasoline at two
discrete levels: 10% (E10) and 85% (E85). As discussed in Section 2.2 above,
NOx and PM factors for E10 were output directly from MOVES2010. Given the
lack of heavy-duty E85 test data, adjustment factors for E85 were based on
emissions estimates for light-duty vehicle cited by the US DOE Alternative Fuels
and Advanced Vehicles Data Center.11 These estimates come from a technical
paper published in the Journal of Air & Waste Management.12 Relative to
conventional gas vehicles, the authors of this paper estimate that vehicles
running on E85 provide an average NOx reduction of 54% (based on 73 vehicle
tests), and an average PM reduction of 34% (based on 3 vehicle tests). These
adjustment factors are applied to the appropriate gasoline engine emission
factors in Appendix A to develop emission factors for E85.
If the consumption level of E10 is unknown, the Truck Tool user may also specify
national average default blend levels for ethanol. National totals for gasoline use
for 2009 were obtained from the Energy Information Administration's (EIA)
Annual Energy Outlook Reference Case for 2010, Table 46 (Transportation
Sector Energy Use by Fuel Type within a Mode). Summing the energy use
values for light-duty gasoline vehicles, commercial light trucks, and freight trucks
from the table yields an estimate of 16,234 TBtu (15,605 + 322 + 306) for 2009.
National fuel ethanol consumption estimates for 2009 were also obtained from
10 Biodiesel blend percentage is calculated by dividing B 100-equivalent gallons by total fuel gallons at the
fleet level - see the Truck Tool User Guide for details regarding biodiesel use inputs.
11 i
12 i
11 See http://www.afdc.energv.gov/afdc/vehicles/emissions e85.html. last validated August 20, 2009.
http://www.afdc.energy.gov/afdc/pdfs/technical_paper_feb09.pdf
13
-------
the EIA, totaling 894 TBtu (see Table 10.3, consumption minus denaturant in
http://www.eia.doe.gov/aer/txt/ptb1003.html). Assuming 114,100 Btu/gallon of
gasoline, and 76,100 Btu/gallon of E100,13 ethanol is estimated to constitute
7.7% of gasoline fuel consumption in the U.S., on a volumetric basis.14
Emission adjustment factors were used for gaseous fuels (LPG, CNG and LNG)
that were cited by the Alternative Fuels and Advanced Vehicles Data Center,
Table 2: NREL/UWV Field Tests of Natural Gas Vehicle Emissions.15. These
factors were developed by the National Renewable Energy Lab and University of
West Virginia based on field studies on natural gas vehicles. For this
assessment, it was assumed that CNG and LNG emissions were identical. In
addition, it was also assumed LPG vehicle emissions would be equal to natural
gas vehicle emissions.16 To be conservative, the smallest emission reduction
estimates were selected from Table 2 (86% for PM and 17% for NOx) relative to
comparable diesel vehicles. These adjustment factors are then applied to the
diesel emission factors in Appendix A for to develop emission factors for these
fuels.
The same adjustment factors are applied for all model years in the Truck Tool
because model year-specific emissions data do not appear to be available at this
time. Note, however, that the emissions from the combustion of alternative fuels
may be different for older trucks (with minimal emission controls) and newer
trucks (with extensive control systems in place) due to vehicle emission
standards.
2.4 PM Control Effectiveness
The Truck Tool applies adjustment factors to the PM emission factors in
Appendix A and B for any pre-2007 diesel truck for which Partners have installed
a specific retrofit control device. The following adjustment factors were obtained
from EPA OTAQ (presented as a % reduction in emissions; see Section 3.2
below for details):
• Diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) - 25%
• Closed crankcase ventilation (CCV) - 5%
• Diesel particulate filter (DPF) - 90%
13 https://www.afdc.energv.gov/afdc/prep/popups/gges.htrnl last verified 12-29-10.
1416,234 TBtu gasoline x 1012 Btu/TBtu /114,100 Btu/gal= 1.42 x 1011 gallons of gasoline;
894 TBtu E100 x 1012 Btu/TBtu / 76,100 Btu/gal = 0.118 x 1011 gallons of E100;
0.118 / (1.42 + 0.118) = 7.7%. Note this methodology disregards the relatively small volumes of ethanol
consumed as E85.
15 http://www.afdc.energv.gov/afdc/vehicles/emissions natural gas.html. last validated August 24, 2009.
16 The PM and NOx estimates cited by this source for LPG vehicles were actually slightly lower than for
natural gas vehicles - http://www.afdc.energy.gov/afdc/veMcles/emissionsjropane.html. However, based
on engineering judgment it was assumed that LPG PM and NOx emissions would be similar to comparable
CNG vehicles.
14
-------
The tool applies these adjustment factors to pre-2007 PM operating and idle
emission estimates. The tool also allows for situations where CCVs are applied in
combination with either DOCs or DPFs. In such a case, the reduction
effectiveness is calculated additively. For example, if pre-control operating
emissions were 1.0 g/mile for a diesel truck, and a CCV and DPF were applied,
the resulting emission rate would be:
Equation 7
1.0 x [1 - (0.25 + 0.05)] = 0.07 g/mile, post-control
However, the Truck Tool assumes that DOC and DPF application are mutually
exclusive.
15
-------
3.0 Emission and Activity Estimation
The emission rates and adjustment factors discussed above are combined with
appropriate activity data (provided by the Partners) to calculate mass emissions
at the fleet and/or division level for CC^, NOx and PM, as described below.
3.1 CO2
C02 is calculated within the Truck Tool utilizing emission factors expressed in
grams per gallon of fuel, as discussed in Section 2.1 above. The general
equation for calculating C02 emissions using reported fuel consumption values is
as follows:
Equation 8
EC02 = ((F - B) xEFF) + (B x EFB)
Where:
£002 = grams CO2 per year
F = Fossil Fuel (Gallons per year)
B = Biofuel (Gallons per year)
EFF = Fossil Fuel Emissions Factor (g/gal based on fuel type)
EFB = Biofuel Emissions Factor (g/gal based on biofuel type)
3.2 NOx and PM
Unlike C02 emissions which only vary with fuel type, NOx and PM emission rates
also vary substantially depending upon model year and/or emission certification
level, vehicle class, drive cycle, speed, and operation mode (running or idle). For
this reason, EPA developed lookup tables in the Truck Tool with emission factors
that correspond to user-supplied inputs regarding their fleet activity. The NOx
and PM emission rates expressed in grams per mile were combined with the
appropriate mileage metric (i.e., total miles) in order to estimate mass emissions.
The general equation for calculating NOx emissions is as follows:
Equation 9
ENOX = (Mc * ((GPMH x HOC) + (GPMui x UDC,) + (GPMU2 x UDC2) + (GPMU3 x UDC3) +
(GPMU4 x UDC4))) x TCY/ TCT) + (GPH, xH, x TCY)
Where:
ENOX = grams NOx per year for a given truck class
Mc = Miles driven for Truck Class C per year
GPMH = Grams/mi (by truck class & engine yr) for Highway/Rural Driving
HOC = Highway drive cycle % (% of miles under highway/rural driving)
GPMLn/2/3/4 = Grams/mi (by truck class & engine yr) for Urban Driving by
mode (1 = 0 - 25 mph; 2 = 25-50 mph; 3 = 50+ mph; 4 = deceleration)
16
-------
UDC1/2/3/4 = Urban drive cycle % (% of miles under urban driving
conditions, by mode (1,2,3,4))
TCY = Number of trucks for a given Class/Year combination
TCT = Number of trucks total for a given Class
GPH, = Grams per hour (by truck class & engine year) for Idling
HI = Hours of Idling per year (average per truck per year by class)
PM emissions for non-diesel vehicles are calculated using an equation identical
to that for NOx, utilizing PM emission factors. PM emission for diesel vehicles
may be adjusted for PM control effectiveness, as shown below.
Equation 10
EPM = ((Mc x ((GPMH x HOC) + (GPMm x UDC,) + (GPMU2 x UDC2) + (GPMU3 x UDC3)
+ (GPMU4 x UDC4))) x TCY/ TCT) + (GPH, xH, x TCY)) x (1 - (0.3 x TDOC / TCT)) x (1 - (0.3
x Tccv / TCT)) x (1 - (0.9 x TDPF / TCT))
Where:
EPM = grams PM per year for a given truck class
TDOC = Number of trucks using Diesel Oxidation Catalysts by class
TCCV = Number of trucks using Closed Crankcase Ventilation by class
TDPF = Number of trucks using Diesel Particulate Filters by class
0.3 = Effectiveness of DOC & CCV (30%) at reducing particulate matter
0.9 = Effectiveness of DPFs (90%) at reducing particulate matter
Note the above calculation methodology assumes that the same highway/urban
drive cycle fractions apply across all model years of a given truck class.
Similarly, the method assumes that estimated idle hours apply equally to all
model years of a given truck class.
The above methodology also utilizes estimates for the fraction of miles traveled
associated with different road types and speed categories, as shown in the
equations above. The Truck Tool user must provide an estimate of the percent
of total miles associated with highway/rural driving for each truck class. The user
may also provide percentages for the miles spent driving in urban conditions
(e.g., unrestricted access, surface roads in well-traveled urban areas), for
different speed categories (0 - 25 / 25 - 50 / 50+ mph). This information may be
obtained from analysis of truck ECM or possibly GPS data. If urban speed
distribution data is not available, the user may select to use default distributions,
obtained from the MOVES model. The default speed distributions for urban
operation (as defined in Section 2.2 above) varies with vehicle class and model
year. However, the variation over model years is very slight (typically with a
range of 1 to 2 percent for the largest speed category), the percentages were
averaged over all model years for a given speed category/vehicle type
combination for use within the Truck Tool.
17
-------
Table 3 presents the resulting default urban speed distributions by speed
category for each truck class, for both diesel and gasoline vehicles.
17 The Truck Tool utilizes the diesel vehicle default speed distributions for non-gasoline vehicles (LPG,
LNG, CNG).
18
-------
Vehicle Class
Speed Group
Percent
by Class
Diesels
HDDV2b
HDDV3
HDDV4
HDDV5
HDDV6
HDDV7
HDDVSa
HDDVSb
0-25
25-50
50+
Deceleration
0-25
25-50
50+
Deceleration
0-25
25-50
50+
Deceleration
0-25
25-50
50+
Deceleration
0-25
25-50
50+
Deceleration
0-25
25-50
50+
Deceleration
0-25
25-50
50+
Deceleration
0-25
25-50
50+
Deceleration
35%
38%
13%
15%
41%
36%
12%
11%
42%
35%
12%
11%
42%
35%
12%
11%
42%
35%
12%
10%
42%
35%
12%
10%
44%
35%
12%
9%
45%
34%
12%
8%
Vehicle Class
Speed Group
Percent
by Class
Gasoline
HDGV2b
HDGV3
HDGV4
HDGV5
HDGV6
HDGV7
HDGVSa
HDGVSb
0-25
25-50
50+
Deceleration
0-25
25-50
50+
Deceleration
0-25
25-50
50+
Deceleration
0-25
25-50
50+
Deceleration
0-25
25-50
50+
Deceleration
0-25
25-50
50+
Deceleration
0-25
25-50
50+
Deceleration
0-25
25-50
50+
Deceleration
43%
31%
10%
15%
45%
34%
11%
11%
45%
34%
11%
10%
46%
33%
10%
11%
46%
33%
10%
11%
45%
32%
10%
14%
45%
34%
11%
10%
43%
31%
10%
15%
Table 3. Default Speed Category Distributions by Vehicle Class for Urban
18
Operation (MOVES2010 basis)
As seen in the above table, the MOVES model assumes that some fraction of
vehicle operation is associated with "deceleration" events, evaluated
18 These values represent the urban component of driving only. If the user specifies a non-zero percentage
for Highway/Rural driving, the values in the above table are automatically renormalized, so as to make the
sum across urban and highway operation modes equal to 100%.
19
-------
independently from other operation due to their unique emission rate patterns.19
However, it is assumed that most Truck Tool users will not know their fleet's
deceleration fraction. As such, the Truck Tool will adjust any values input by the
user to include a deceleration fraction based on MOVES model percentages. If
the user selects the default urban speed distributions, the Truck Tool will adjust
the urban values from Table 3 to account for the percentage of miles specified for
Highway/Rural operation as well. The following provides an illustrative example
for calculating PM emissions for diesels given a specific set of road type / speed
category distributions. NOx emission calculations will follow the same procedure.
User specifies 1 Class 8b diesel, Model year 2011, traveling 100,000 mi/yr.
User specifies the following Road type/speed category distributions:
40% highway/rural
30% 0-25 mph
20% 25-50 mph
10% 50+ mph
For highway/rural operation, the lookup value from MOVES is 0.0195 g/mi for PM2.5
For urban operation, the lookup values are as follows:
0-25: 0.031 g/mi
25-50: 0.052 g/mi
50+: 0.012 g/mi
deceleration: 0.002 g/mi
Now the urban speed distribution percentage inputs must to account for deceleration, as
follows:
0-25: 30% x sum of default percentages for the three speed bins (but excluding default
deceleration fraction) = 30% x (45% + 34% + 12%) = 27.5%
25-50: 20% x sum of default percentages (45% + 34% + 12%) = 18.3%
50+: 10% x sum of default percentages (45% + 34% + 12%) = 9.2%
deceleration: the remaining percentage, which equals 100% - 40% (highway) - 27.5% -
18.3% - 9.2% = 5.1%
Now apply these percentage weights to the total mileage, and then multiply by the
corresponding emission factors to obtain mass, as follows:
Highway/rural component: 0.40 x 100,000 x 0.0195 = 780 grams
0-25 urban component: 0.275 x 100,000 x 0.031 = 826 grams
25 - 50 urban component: 0.183 x 100,000 x 0.052 = 952 grams
50+ urban component: 0.092 x 100,000 x 0.012 = 110 grams
Deceleration urban component: 0.51 x 100,000 x 0.002 = 10 grams
Therefore total = 2,678 grams of PM2.5 (This value will then be summed with any other
model year/vehicle class combinations and converted to short tons.)
20
-------
As discussed in Section 2.3, the Truck Tool assumes that B100-equivalent
biodiesel volumes are distributed proportionately across all diesel vehicle
classes. For example, if a fleet uses 100 B-100 equivalent gallons of biodiesel,
and 1,000 gallons of fuel total, the tool assumes that B10 (100 /1,000 = 10) is
the blend used by each truck class. Accordingly, emission rate adjustment
factors are calculated for B10 using Equation 6, and applied to the diesel
emission factors for each vehicle class.
Emission calculations for ethanol blends follow a different methodology, however,
applying discrete emission factors for gasoline and E10 from MOVES (and
adjusted gasoline emission factors for E85) with the specific fuel volume
estimates provided by the user. The following provides an example illustrating
how the miles of travel are apportioned across different blend volumes, in order
to estimate mass emissions.
User specifies 1,000 gallons of fuel total, and 10,000 miles of travel total
User inputs:
100 gallons of E10
100 gallons of E85
Therefore there are 800 gallons of pure gasoline (1,000 - 100 -100)
Apportion the 10,000 miles of travel across the different blend levels using gasoline-gallon
equivalent (gge) factors (from https://www.afdc.enerav.gov/afdc/DreD/DODUDS/QQes.html') as
follows:
100 gallons of E10 is equivalent to 100/1.05 = 95 gallons of gasoline*
100 gallons of E85 is equivalent to 100/1.39 = 72 gallons of gasoline
Therefore there are 800 + 95 + 72 = 967 gasoline equivalent gallons of fuel, total.
Applying the energy-equivalent fuel volume ratios to the 10,000 miles of total travel:
gasoline (EO) miles = 10,000 x 800/967 = 8,273 miles
E10 miles = 10,000 x 95/967 = 982 miles
E85 miles = 10,000 x 72/967 = 745 miles
Finally, multiplying these mileage values by the appropriate EO and E10 gram/mile emission
factors from MOVES results in the desired mass emission estimates. Similarly, multiplying the
E85 miles by the E85 emission factors (adjusted from EO factors as discussed in Section 2.3,
provides mass emissions associated with E85.
* E10 gge factor developed from linear interpolation of E100 and gasoline Btu/gallon values
In addition, if national default ethanol blend levels are specified for gasoline fuel
use, the Truck Tool assumes that all ethanol consumed is in an E10 blend.
Therefore, assuming 1,000 gallons of gasoline are specified by the user, there
21
-------
would be 770 gallons of E10 (1,000 x .077 - see Section 2.3), and 230 (1,000 -
770) gallons of gasoline. Mass emissions would then be calculated for the
gasoline and E10 components of the fuel as in the above example, apportioning
total miles across gasoline and E10 in order to apply the appropriate g/mi factors.
Finally, note that the PM factors output by the MOVES model for use in the Truck
Tool are expressed in terms of PM2.s. The MOVES model assumes a fixed ratio
of PM-io / PM2.5 for a given fuel type, as summarized below:
• Gasoline-1.086
• Diesel-1.031
• CNG-1.000
These factors were applied directly to the PM2.5 emission factors to obtain mass
emission and performance metrics for PM-m within the Truck Tool. In addition, it
was assumed that LNG and LPG had PM ratios equivalent to the CNG value
(1.00). Ethanol was assumed to have a ratio equal to that for gasoline, while the
ratio for biodiesel was assumed to equal that for diesel.
3.3 Activity Calculations
The Truck Tool requires users to provide specific activity information on fuel
consumption, miles traveled, payload, capacity volume, and capacity volume
utilization at the vehicle class level for the emissions performance assessment
(see Section 4.0 below). While the user may provide direct data inputs for any or
all of these activity parameters, the Truck Tool also allows the user to select
default values for payload and volume determination, in the absence of fleet-
specific information. (Direct inputs for payload are highly preferred over the use
of calculator defaults.) The data sources and assumptions used to develop these
default values are discussed below.
Default Payload Distributions
Average payloads can vary widely among fleets, even within a given vehicle
class, depending upon commodity type and body/trailer type. (While the Truck
Tool does collect commodity information, this information is not used in
determining payloads.) However, common body types were identified within
each vehicle class, along with associated payload distributions, using data from
the US Census Bureau's 2002 Vehicle Inventory Use Survey (VIUS).20 The
VIUS collected self-reported data from thousands of truck operators involved in
freight movement across the U.S. In order to identify common body and trailer
types at the vehicle class level, the following filters were first applied to the full
VIUS dataset.
20 See http://www.census.gov/svsd/www/vius/2002.html.
22
-------
• BUSINESS = 1 (for-hire transportation or warehousing), or 2
(vehicle leasing and rental). This filter thereby excluded non-freight
vehicles such as utilities, construction, and agriculture;
• FUEL = 1 (Gasoline), or 2 (Diesel). Alternative fuel vehicles such
as CNG and LPG were excluded;
• P_EMPTY <> 100. That is, vehicles operating empty 100% of the
time were excluded;
• TRUCK_SORTER <>1 - excludes light-duty vehicle body types;
• VIUS_GVW >2 - gross vehicle weight rating > 8,500 Ibs;
• BODYTYPE <> 5 (armored), 7 (concrete mixer), 8 (concrete
pumper), 9 (crane), 11 (dump), 15 (utility service), 16 (other
service), 17 (street sweeper), 20 (wrecker), 21
(trash/garbage/recycling), 22 (vacuum);
• TRAILERTYPE <> 4 (dump), 8 (mobile home toter), 13 (trailer-
mounted equipment).
After applying these screens, 14,540 records remained in the VIUS dataset for
further analysis. Each of these records corresponded to survey responses from
individual fleets of varying sizes, truck classes, and services. These records
were then sorted by vehicle class according to the VIUS_GVW field to identify
major body types within each class, and the corresponding payload averages
and standard deviations. Average payload from VIUS was assumed to equal
WEIGHTAVG - WEIGHTEMPTY.
Body types constituting approximately 5 percent or more of the total VIUS class-
level vehicle count were included in the Truck Tool Payload Calculator, as
described in Section 3.3.2.b of the Truck Tool User Guide.21 In addition, the
payload averages and ranges for "Other" body type categories were set equal to
the class-level values within the VIUS (i.e., averaged across all body types).
Table 4 presents the payload averages, standard deviations, minimum and
maximum values for common body types by vehicle class.22 Note that the
average values and standard deviations presented below are not weighted by
fleet size.
Table 4. Average Payload and Standard Deviation (short tons) for Common
Body Types, by Vehicle Class (VIUS 2002 basis - diesel and gasoline)
Bodv/trailer tvoe
Average
pavload
(tons)
Std
Deviation
Max
Min
Vehicle
Count
M
%of
Vehicle
Class
Class 2b
21 Trailer types representing less than 5 percent of the Class 8b category are also presented, due to the
relatively large vehicle populations within this class.
22 Given the lack of data on non-diesel heavy-duty vehicles, payload ranges are assumed to apply to all fuel
types.
23
-------
Bodv/trailer tvoe
flatbed/stake/platform
step/walk-in
van (basic enclosed)
All (other)
Average
pavload
(tons)
1.3
1.2
1.1
1.2
Std
Deviation
0.4
0.4
0.7
0.6
Max
2.0
2.3
2.9
2.9
Min
0.8
0.3
0.0
0.0
Vehicle
Count
M
756
5,591
3,897
10,794
%of
Vehicle
Class
7%
52%
36%
Class 3
step/walk-in
van (basic enclosed)
All (other)
2.1
1.8
1.9
0.5
0.8
0.7
3.8
4.5
4.5
0.4
0.0
0.0
39,555
20,490
65,544
60%
31%
Class 4
flatbed/stake/platform
step/walk-in
van (basic enclosed)
All (other)
2.1
3.1
2.7
2.8
0.9
0.8
0.8
0.8
3.4
5.2
5.0
5.2
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.2
3,502
12,554
15,385
34,025
10%
37%
45%
Class 5
step/walk-in
van (basic enclosed)
All (other)
4.1
3.2
3.4
0.9
1.2
1.3
5.4
6.5
6.5
0.3
0.0
0.0
14,058
17,595
34,670
41%
51%
Class 6
flatbed/stake/platform
reefer
step/walk-in
van (basic enclosed)
All (other)
4.5
5.0
5.3
4.7
4.9
1.9
1.5
1.1
1.5
1.5
8.8
8.5
8.5
10.0
10.0
0.5
0.8
0.5
0.5
0.4
6,986
7,301
27,711
74,600
121,747
6%
6%
23%
61%
Class 7 - straight trucks
beverage
flatbed/stake/platform
reefer
tank (fluid)
van (basic enclosed)
All (other)
8.2
5.5
7.1
6.8
5.9
6.3
3.1
3.2
1.9
2.3
2.2
2.4
14.1
12.0
10.6
10.0
11.0
14.1
0.5
0.0
4.5
0.0
1.0
0.0
2,617
2,762
4,203
3,272
18,278
33,250
8%
8%
13%
10%
55%
Class 7 - combination trucks
flatbed/stake/platform
reefer
van (basic enclosed)
All (other)
5.2
3.6
5.0
5.0
0.4
1.0
1.6
1.6
6.0
4.5
7.8
7.8
5.0
2.5
0.0
0.0
869
484
4,948
6,585
13%
7%
75%
Class 8a - straight trucks
flatbed/stake/platform
9.1
4.9
25.5
1.0
4,070
28%
24
-------
Bodv/trailer tvoe
tank (fluid)
van (basic enclosed)
All (other)
Average
pavload
(tons)
12.9
9.7
10.9
Std
Deviation
3.6
4.6
4.7
Max
22.0
24.5
25.5
Min
4.0
1.0
1.0
Vehicle
Count
M
3,668
5,390
14,526
%of
Vehicle
Class
25%
37%
Class 8a - combination trucks
beverage
flatbed/stake/platform
van (basic enclosed)
All (other)
12.3
9.9
10.6
10.5
4.4
4.3
4.0
4.1
18.5
21.2
21.5
21.5
1.0
1.4
0.3
0.3
4,994
8,139
79,757
104,842
5%
8%
76%
Class 8b - combination trucks
flatbed
reefer
tanker
Dry van (single trailer)
Dry van (double trailer)
Dry van (triple trailer)
specialty
Chassis (container)
All (other)
23.9
22.2
26.0
19.5
20.6
27.1
24.5
22.2
21.6
4.0
2.9
4.7
6.7
5.8
3.2
5.0
4.3
6.1
60.0
32.3
49.5
40.4
41.3
31.8
52.5
32.5
60.0
10.5
6.0
15.4
0.5
7.5
24.5
8.3
2.0
0.5
64,385
67,028
42,100
313,057
10,468
283
43,047
8,398
548,767
12%
12%
8%
57%
2%
0%
8%
2%
The values above serve as the basis for the default payload ranges provided in
the Truck Tool payload calculator. For most vehicle class/body type
combinations, five default ranges are offered for Partner selection:
• Range 1: from 0 tons to (Average payload - 2 x standard
deviation);
• Range 2: from (Average payload - 2 x standard deviation) to
(Average payload - 1 x standard deviation);
• Range 3: from (Average payload - 1 x standard deviation) to
(Average payload + 1 x standard deviation);
• Range 4: from (Average payload + 1 x standard deviation) to
(Average payload + 2 x standard deviation); and,
• Range 5: from (Average payload + 2 x standard deviation) to VIUS
Maximum observed value.
Once a particular range is selected, the payload calculator estimates the
23 In a few instances, the maximum VIUS value for a particular vehicle class/body type combination was
less than the Range 4 minimum value. In these cases the Payload Calculator simply indicates Range 5 as
"not available".
25
-------
midpoint of the range in order to estimate class level average payloads. The
estimated midpoint payload values for each body type are weighted by one of the
four allocation methods specified by the user in the payload calculator: # miles, #
trips, % operation, and # vehicles by body type. The weighted sum is then used
as the class level average payload, which in turn is used directly in determining
grams per ton-mile performance metrics for the fleet.
Payload data based on bills of lading and entered directly into the Truck Tool
(without using the payload calculator) are validated using the same VIUS data
described above, corresponding to the "Other" body types in the calculators.24
Default Capacity Volumes
The Truck Tool also provides a volume calculator to estimate the cubic feet
associated with the common straight truck body types (classes 2b through 7)
identified using the VIUS dataset, as well as typical trailer, container, carrier, and
tanker sizes, for combination trucks (classes 8a and b). Capacity volumes in
cubic feet are relatively easy to estimate for many combination trucks. Per unit
interior volume defaults are assumed for standard dry vans - no high cubes,
reefers, etc.), and containers. Trailer calculations assume an 8' x 9' cross-
section, and the exterior length less 1/2 foot. 20 and 40 foot container
dimensions are referenced in many places, such as
http://www.mussonfreight.com/containers/containers.html.— Table 5
summarizes the default volumes assumed for a number of standard trailers,
containers, tankers, and bulk carriers.
Table 5. Default Average Cubic Feet (Class 8a - 8b trucks)
Type
Trailers
Containers
Size
28ft
40ft
42ft
45ft
48ft
53ft
57ft
28x28
40x28
40x40
48x48
28x28x28
20ft
40ft
Cubic Feet
1,980
2,844
2,988
3,204
3,420
3,780
4,068
3,960
4,824
5,688
6,840
5,940
1,159
2,347
24 For class 7 trucks, direct entries are validated against the payload distributions for straight trucks; for
class 8a trucks, direct entries are validated against the distributions for combination trucks.
25 53 foot containers are assumed to have interior dimensions of 52' 5" x 7' 8" x 7' 10"
26
-------
Tankers
Bulk
Carriers
53ft
Small (3,000 gal)
Medium (5,250 gal)
Large (7,500 gal)
Small (22'x8'1 0.25')
Medium (32'x8'x1 1 ')
Large (42'x8.5'x1 1 .5')
3,148
401
702
1,003
1,804
2,816
4,106
Cargo volume capacity data is often not readily available for straight trucks,
however. Such trucks are highly variable in their configuration and when volume
estimates are found, the data often do not permit cross-referencing with vehicle
class. Most highway infrastructure and operating agencies, including
enforcement, are concerned about weight (e.g., pavement and structure
damage), but not cubic capacity. The operating agencies are also concerned
about maximum dimensions, of length, height and width (for, respectively, turning
radii, vertical clearance, and lane width) but the shape of the box and its relation
to the truck superstructure, not these maximums, dictates cubic capacity. Little
public research on the cubic capacity of the box has been done, and thus little
information is published.
Available information was compiled as it relates to cargo volume capacity for the
common straight truck body types identified in the VIUS. (Following a SAS
analysis on the VIUS Microdata, grouping body type versus cubic cargo capacity,
it was determined that none of the 246 variables in VIUS included cubic capacity
information.)
Without a comprehensive data source, such as the VIUS, other strategies
needed to be employed to develop examples, or ranges, of volume capacity for
the various body type/truck class combinations of interest. A literature review
and vendor interviews were performed to determine appropriate values for cargo
volume capacity. The first step in the literature review involved preparing a list of
vendors responsible for designing, manufacturing, or operating all the different
truck types identified.
Cubic capacity is also dependent upon a variety of factors and is not uniform for
even the same make and model, as many truck manufactures will design to
specifications based on a client's unique needs for their cargo. For example, a
client may request a manufacturer to design a truck interior to best accommodate
the delivery of a certain size of parcel, and install shelving or otherwise
compartmentalize to that end. Consideration was given to these factors during
the review.
The literature review encompassed Internet searches of vendors of the truck
types described above. Sources explored included truck manufacturers, dealers,
and fleet lessors of vehicles such as Budget/U-haul/Enterprise/Ryder/E-Dart).
27
-------
Additionally, validation searches were performed on websites outlining current
truck sales to help identify the appropriate size/class of the vehicles and
applicable specifications. The following information was collected from these
searches for over 40 different vehicles currently available on the market:
• Length, width, height of the cargo hold
• Reported cargo space (cubic feet)
• Gross Vehicle Weight
• Payload
• Manufacturer
• Make/Model
• Reference website
Outreach to key stakeholders in the commercial vehicle industry was also
performed to further validate the information collected from the literature and
resource review. Contact was made with representatives from Volvo Trucks
North America; the American Transportation Research Institute (ATRI); the
Commercial Vehicle Safety Alliance (CVSA); the Truck Manufacturers
Association (TMA); Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) Truck Size and
Weight; and a wide variety of trucking manufactures and other vendors.
The results of this review are provided in Table 6 below for straight trucks, class
2b through 7. In those instances where multiple vehicle models were identified
for a given body type/vehicle class combination, simple averages were calculated
across models.26 Consistent with the Payload Calculator methodology, the value
for "Other" body types was set equal to the average across all body types
identified for a given truck class.
Table 6. Estimated Capacity Volumes (cubic feet) for Common Straight
Truck Body Types, by Vehicle Class
Body/trailer type
Average Capacity Volume (Cubic Feet)
Class 2b
flatbed/stake/platform
step/walk-in
van (basic enclosed)
Other
336
314
340
330
Class 3
step/walk-in
van (basic enclosed)
547
450
Ideally in the future capacity estimates would be weighted by model sales data or other sources of
information related to the relative frequency of the different vehicle makes and models.
28
-------
Body/trailer type
Other
Average Capacity Volume (Cubic Feet)
599
Class 4
flatbed/stake/platform
step/walk-in
van (basic enclosed)
Other
448
700
808
830
Class 5
step/walk-in
van (basic enclosed)
Other
670
1,515
1,233
Class 6
flatbed/stake/platform
reefer
step/walk-in
van (basic enclosed)
Other
672
1,521
1,496
1,380
1,267
Class 7
beverage
flatbed/stake/platform
reefer
tank (fluid)
van (basic enclosed)
Other
1,505*
728
1,774
267
1,552
1,505
*Set equal to "Other" due to lack of data
Once a default capacity volume is selected, the volume calculator weights the
volume estimates for each body type by one of the four allocation methods: #
miles, # trips, % operation, and # vehicles by body type. The weighted sum is
then used as the class level average capacity volume, which in turn is used
directly in determining grams per volume-mile performance metrics for the fleet.
A list of websites utilized in the literature review is provided below.
Truck manufacturers:
www.gmc.com
www. Chevrolet, com
www.ford.com
www.freightlinersprinterusa.com
www.silvercrowncoach.com
29
-------
Fleet operators:
www.uhaul.com
www.pensketruckrental.com
www. budgettruck. com
www. hendersonrentals. co. nz
www.hackneybeverage.com
www.hackneyusa.com
www.fedex.com
www.grummanolson.com
Other sources:
www. usedtruckdepot. com
www. usedtrucks. ryder. com
www.truckingauctions.com
www.truckpaper.com
www.motortrend.com
files.harc.edu/Projects/Transportation/FedExReportTask3.pdf
The detailed findings of this review are presented in Appendix D.
3.4 Data Validation
The SmartWay Truck Tool has a number of standard range and value checks
that must be passed before Partners can submit their data to EPA. Many of
these checks simply confirm the presence of required data (e.g., total miles for
each truck class selected), or the accuracy of logical relationships (e.g., revenue
miles < = total miles). The list of these basic checks is provided below. Partners
will not be able to finalize their fleet files until all errors have been resolved.
Table 7. Basic Range and Logical Checks - Conditions Resulting in Error
or Warning Messages
Screen
Contact Info
General Info
General Info
General Info
General Info
General Info
Activity Info
Activity Info
Model Year
Description
Missing data in any required field. (Optional fields: Address2, Toll-
Free Phone, Phone Extension, Fax, Salutation & Middle Initial)
Blank long-haul vs. short-haul percentages
No fuel types checked
PM Reductions checked but no PM reduction values entered
Blank for percentage of truckloads that utilize 100% of available
cargo capacity
No commodities selected
Blanks for any checked truck class field
Blanks for any Data Source field
No truck classes selected
Type
Error
Error
Error
Error
Error
Error
Error
Error
Error
30
-------
Screen
Model Year
Activity Info
Activity Info
Activity Info
Activity Info
Activity Info
Activity Info
Activity Info
Activity Info
Activity Info
Activity Info
Activity Info
Activity Info
Activity Info
Activity Info
Activity Info
PM Reductions
PM Reductions
Description
No truck counts entered for a selected (checked) truck class
Zeros for Total Miles, Revenue Miles, Gallons of Fuel, Payload or
Volume
Revenue Miles > Total Miles Driven
Empty Miles > Total Miles Driven
Capacity Utilization > 100% or= 0%
Biofuel gallons > Total Fuel gallons
Average Payload outside 2 standard deviations or outside 1
standard deviation without an explanation
Average Payload outside 1 standard deviation (with explanation)
Average Volume outside 2 standard deviations or outside 1
standard deviation without an explanation
Average Volume outside 1 standard deviation (with explanation)
Average Idle Hours > 8,760 (8,760 = 365 x 24)
Truck body types on payload and volume calculators not in
agreement
Miles per truck > 1 25,000 for classes 2b - 7 or miles per truck >
200,000 for classes 8a and 8b
Miles per truck > 500,000
Miles per gallon outside 1 standard deviation (but within 2 standard
deviations) from average for that truck class
Miles per gallon outside 2 standard deviations from average for that
truck class
Value in any PM Reductions field > value in corresponding Model
Year field
Values for PM Trap + DOC (together) > value in corresponding
Model Year field
Type
Error
Error
Error
Error
Error
Error
Error
Warning
Error
Warning
Error
Error
Warning
Error
Warning
Error
Error
Error
Also note that there is an implicit validation check on all numeric fields because
the system will not accept any non-numeric characters (including minus signs)
within these fields.
Additional, rigorous validity checks of key data inputs are also needed to ensure
the overall quality of the performance metrics calculated by the Truck Tool.
Validity checks serve three purposes to this end. First, unusually high or low
values can be identified and flagged for the user's attention before finalizing
inputs. For example, a user may misplace a decimal or inadvertently add an
extra zero upon data entry. By comparing these data entries to reliable industry
averages and distributions, these values can be flagged allowing users to quickly
correct such errors.
Second, under certain circumstances Partners may operate their fleets under
atypical conditions, resulting in extreme (outlier) data values. For example,
permitted heavy-haul operations may routinely exceed industry-average payload
values by 10 or more tons. By flagging such data entries Partners have the
31
-------
opportunity to provide additional information regarding their unique operating
conditions through use of the Truck Tool comment fields.
Finally, independent criteria can be established to ensure that data inputs are
never allowed to exceed certain physically-constrained absolute limits. For
example, a truck cannot exceed roughly 500,000 miles per year, even with dual
drivers and minimal maintenance time, simply due to the available hours per year
and highway speed limits. Similarly, conventional engine technology will
necessarily limit the maximum possible mpg obtainable by a truck under even
optimistic operating conditions. Data values above these absolute maximum
levels are not allowed by the Truck Tool, and users are required to modify the
associated inputs before proceeding.
Four key parameters were identified for detailed validity checks of class-level
data inputs: average annual miles per truck, average payload, average volume,
and miles per gallon (mpg). The data sources and validation rules associated
with each of these parameters is discussed below.
Annual Miles per Truck
Appendix C presents a number of parameter distributions compiled from draft
SmartWay partner submissions of their 2008 fleet files, including annual miles
per truck by vehicle class.27 As seen in the histograms, the class 2b through
class 7 distributions are highly skewed toward relatively low mileage rates. On
the other hand, the class 8b mileage data appears to resemble a normal
distribution centered at approximately 100,000 miles per year. (Class 8a
vehicles present a much less "organized" distribution, with substantial spread
over a very large range of values.) As such, it was decided to implement a 2-
tiered warning system, applying the following rules:
• For class 2b through 7 vehicles, raise a warning flag if annual
mileage is > 125,000 miles per year;
• For class 8a/b vehicles, flag if mileage is > 200,000 miles per year;
• For all classes, do not allow mileage values greater than 500,000
miles per year.
Average Payload
As summarized in Table 4 above, the VIUS data was used to develop default
payload ranges for different common body types, by truck class. Ranges are
centered around the average payload value, with boundaries at one and two
times the standard deviation of the payload distribution. While the tool will flag
any payload input more than one standard deviation from the average value, and
27 Note that this data was collected before implementing rigorous validation routines. As such it
may contain inaccurate/erroneous data points. However, the data provides a reasonable "first
cut" at establishing warning levels for Partners to confirm or modify their data inputs.
32
-------
requires an explanation for any entry greater than two standard deviations from
the average, the tool will allow any non-zero payload to be entered.
Average Capacity Volume
As discussed in Section 3.3, data regarding straight truck capacity volumes was
extremely limited. As such, it was not possible to develop distributional estimates
for this parameter. Accordingly, a simple validation criteria was implemented,
applying a "yellow flag" to data entries differing from the default value for a given
body type by +/- 25%, and a "red flag" to values greater than 50%.28
Average Miles per Gallon
The distribution of diesel mpg values for SmartWay partners (based on draft
2008 data) is shown in Appendix C by vehicle class. The mpg values for class 6
and larger vehicles appear to be roughly normally distributed, while the
distributions for the smaller vehicles do not appear to follow a clear pattern.29 In
order to remove potentially erroneous values from the data, the top and bottom
5% of mpg values were dropped from the distributions, and averages and
standard deviations were calculated for the remaining data. This process
preferentially removed high end values from the original distributions, thereby
lowering both sample averages and standard deviations. The resulting values
are presented in Table 8. These values were used to develop five ranges for
validation of class-level mpg estimates based on standard deviations, similar to
the ranges developed for average payload described above.
28 For this parameter "red flag" warnings simply note that the associated value is far from the typical value
for that body type/class, while "yellow flag" warnings note that the value is somewhat larger/smaller than
anticipated. Explanations are not requested for warnings.
29
The smaller vehicle class distributions also have substantially smaller sample sizes, increasing their
associated uncertainty.
33
-------
Table 8. SmartWay Partner Average MPG, Standard Deviation, and Validation Ranges for Diesel Vehicles
(2008 Data Submittal)
Class
2b
3
4
5
6
7
8a
8b
Ave
11.68
9.11
10.04
8.13
7.59
7.37
5.98
5.86
Std dev
4.01
3.63
2.53
2.72
1.38
1.57
0.69
0.51
Range
1
min
>0.00
>0.00
>0.00
>0.00
>0.00
>0.00
>0.00
>0.00
max
3.66
1.85
4.98
2.69
4.83
4.23
4.60
4.84
2
min
3.66
1.85
4.98
2.69
4.83
4.23
4.60
4.84
max
7.67
5.48
7.51
5.41
6.21
5.80
5.29
5.35
3
min
7.67
5.48
7.51
5.41
6.21
5.80
5.29
5.35
max
15.69
12.74
12.57
10.85
8.97
8.94
6.67
6.37
4
min
15.69
12.74
12.57
10.85
8.97
8.94
6.67
6.37
max
19.70
16.37
15.10
13.57
10.35
10.51
7.36
6.88
5
min
19.70
16.37
15.10
13.57
10.35
10.51
7.36
6.88
max*
24.96
23.28
20.16
18.72
18.00
14.52
11.16
11.16
*Based on PERE modeling results - see below.
34
-------
In addition to the standard deviation estimates derived from adjusted Partner
data, upper bound mpg values were also estimated to establish absolute
maximum values. These upper bound values are intended to reflect fundamental
physical constraints on potential vehicle efficiency. Accordingly, if calculated
mpg values exceed this upper bound limit, Partners must revise their mileage
estimates, fuel consumption estimates, or both in order to lower their mpg values.
PERE Modeling
To calculate the maximum expected values for fuel economy for each of the truck
classes, EPA's Physical Emission Rate Estimator (PERE) model was used. This
model calculates second-by-second fuel consumption for user-defined drive
cycles based on a physical model. The model takes a number of user-specified
parameters, along with its own defaults, to perform these calculations for a
variety of vehicle and powertrain types. The assumptions and data sources for
the model inputs used are presented below.
[NOTE: The values developed using the PERE model should be considered
preliminary estimates. Upper bound efficiency estimates will be revised based
on improved engine modeling tools recently developed by the EPA in support of
the upcoming heavy-duty vehicle Notice of Proposed Rule Making.]
Inputs to the model were chosen such that their result would define an upper limit
for the fuel economy of the different truck classes. Many of the parameters were
based on Internet searches for specifications of various trucks in "as-delivered"
condition, prior to the addition of various vocational or cargo equipment
installations that would increase drag and vehicle weight. For specifications that
were not available, parameters were chosen based on engineering judgment for
reasonable best-case values. An important source of information was an EPA
draft document discussing the use of the PERE model by Nam and Gianelli30.
This document contained equations that could be used for estimates of some of
the input parameters, along with information describing the use of the model.
The two most sensitive inputs to the PERE model include vehicle weight and
engine size. Vehicle weights and engine sizes were taken from manufacturer
supplied truck specifications where possible. For example, the Ford publication
F-250/F-350/F-450/F-550 Specifications31 contains base curb weights and
engine sizes for some of their offerings in the medium duty truck market. Another
source of manufacturer data was in the Kenworth T170/T270/T370 Body Builders
30 Nam, Edward and Gianelli, Robert, Fuel Consumption Modeling of Conventional and Advanced
Technology Vehicles in the Physical Emission Rate Estimator (PERE). US EPA Publication EPA420-P-05-
001, February 2005.
31
FordF150.net. F-250/F-350/F-450/F-550 Specifications. Retrieved from
http://www.fordfl50.net/specs/05sd_specs.pdf
35
-------
Manual32. The T170-T370 model range consists of medium duty trucks that can
be delivered with a cab-only chassis. The builder's manual describes all of the
dimensions relevant to the manufacturer of a body or cargo area on the rear of
the chassis. As such, it includes curb weights, length and width, and gross
vehicle weight ratings that were used in creating many of the PERE inputs for the
class 5, 6, and 7 maximum fuel economy estimates. Where specifications for
multiple trucks were found for a given class, values were selected that would
result in maximum fuel economy, unless they were deemed atypical of in-use
vehicles. Overall, variations in weight and engine size over the ranges found in
literature did not have a large effect on fuel economy estimates compared to
other inputs to the PERE model, as discussed below.
The assumed number of transmission gears for each truck class was also based
on specifications found on manufacturers' web sites. However, there is a wide
range in the number of gears associated with the different transmissions
available. While the most efficient setup for class 2b through class 4 would likely
be a 6 speed manual transmission, there are a variety of options for classes 5
through 7. Since it is common for modern class 8 trucks to have 10 gears,
intermediate values were assumed based on the class 4 and 8 speeds (six for
Class 5, eight for Class 6, and ten for Class 7). All trucks were modeled with
manual transmissions.
The PERE model also requires shift speeds as an input to the model, but
examples shift points were not found in literature or Internet searches. On-road
data from class 8 trucks with 10-speed manual transmissions had been
measured previously, and this data was analyzed to estimate typical up-shift
speeds for the instrumented truck33. Using derived the speed/gear curve, two
other curves were created by proportionally scaling for the 6 and 8 speed trucks
modeled in the study. The shift speed chart has a very strong effect on the PERE
model's predicted fuel economy, but using these carefully scaled shift point
curves should mitigate this source of uncertainty somewhat.
There were three other input values required for this assessment regarding the
truck drivelines. First, diesel engine efficiency was taken to be 40% over the
entire drive cycle. The maximum engine speeds and highway cruise speeds were
adjusted as well, to account for the larger displacement of heavy duty engines
turning more slowly than typical class 2b truck engines. The effects of the engine
speed parameters on estimated fuel economy were relatively small however.
32 Kenworth. Kenworth T170/T270/T370 Body Builders Manual. Retrieved from
http://www.kenworth.com/brochures/2009_Hybrid_Body_Builders_Manual.pdf
33 U.S. EPA Contract #EP-C-06-080, Work Assignment 3-07, ongoing project with Eastern Research
Group, Inc.
36
-------
The road load estimation required assumptions and calculations as road load
curves are not generally available in the manufacturers' literature. Two different
methods of road load estimation were used and compared in an attempt to
ensure the use of reasonably representative values. The results of the two
methods were presented as a high and low estimate of the range of best-case
fuel economy. The first method uses A, B, and C coefficient inputs for the PERE
model to generate a quadratic equation of road load similar to that used by
chassis dynamometers. These coefficients were estimated using the equations in
Table 9 from Nam and Gianelli (2005) that provide estimates for A, B, and C
based on truck weight and class. In general, A represents the rolling resistance
term, C represents the aerodynamic drag term, and B is assumed to be zero.
The second method of road load calculation is based on a coefficient of rolling
resistance (Cp), the aerodynamic drag coefficient (Cd), and the vehicle frontal
area (AF) in a physical equation of the truck's road load, given in Equation 1 from
Nam and Gianelli (2005). Coefficients of drag were based on values in literature,
such as manufacturers' specifications for class 2b and in a report publication by
Argonne National Laboratory34. Values for Cd ranged from 0.45 for class 2b and
smaller medium duty trucks, to 0.5 for the class 8 long-haul trucks. The heavier
medium duty trucks were assumed to have a Cd of 0.55 as they were assumed to
be essentially vocational trucks with less streamlined aerodynamics. Frontal area
was taken from manufacturer specifications where available. As given in Nam
and Gianelli, the product of truck height and width was multiplied by a factor of
0.93 to get an estimate of effective AF. Engineering judgment was applied to the
dimensions found in literature to ensure a representative increase in frontal area
from the smaller to larger trucks. The rolling resistance values were estimated
using the trends observed by both Nam and Gianelli (2005) along with Delorme
Karbowski, and Sharer (2009), ranging from 0.01 for the light and medium duty
trucks, down to 0.008 for the class 8 trucks.
The final input to the PERE model was the second-by-second drive cycle
information. It was assumed that the best case fuel economy would be
encountered during highway driving, and that any of these types of vehicles
could be used for extended highway travel. For this reason, the EPA Highway
Fuel Economy Test (HwFET) was chosen for the driving cycle for all truck
classes. Even though the test is designed only for light duty vehicles, it was used
as the best representation available for in-use highway driving.
The key values used as the inputs for the PERE model fuel economy calculations
are given by truck class in Table 9.
34 Delorme, A., Karbowski, D., and Sharer, P. Evaluation of Fuel Consumption Potential of Medium and
Heavy Duty Vehicles through Modeling and Simulation. Argonne National Laboratory, DEPS-BEES-001,
October 2009.
37
-------
Table 9. Key Assumptions for PERE MPG Modeling
Class
2b
3
4
5
6
7
8
Minimum
Weight, Ibs
5,750
6,000
8,500
9,500
13,000
15,000
25,000
Engine
Disp., L
6.0
6.0
6.4
6.7
6.7
8.3
13
Number of
Gears
6
6
6
6
8
10
10
Effective Gear
Ratio, RPM/mph
35
35
33
33
33
31
30
Applicable Drive Cycle
Highway (HwFET)
Highway (HwFET)
Highway (HwFET)
Highway (HwFET)
Highway (HwFET)
Highway (HwFET)
Highway (HwFET)
Finally, the resulting mpg outputs from the PERE model were multiplied by 1.2 to
provide an additional allowance for extraordinary operating conditions. The
resulting values are shown under the Range 5-max column in Table 8 above.
Non-Diesel MPG Validation
The 2008 data submissions from SmartWay partners did not include enough
information on non-diesel trucks in order to develop a robust distribution of mpg
values for validation purposes. Accordingly, engineering judgment was used to
adjust the diesel mpg values for other fuel types, accounting for general, relative
vehicle and/or fuel efficiency differences. First, a ratio was developed for
adjusting diesel mpg values to comparable gasoline mpg values, based upon
simulated modeling performed by Argonne National Laboratory.35 The Argonne
data for gas and diesel trucks was based on PSAT simulations of a typical pickup
in the class 2b or class 3 range. The fuel consumption was reported for the same
truck equipped with both gasoline and diesel engines over the various EPA
emissions and fuel economy driving cycles. Using this data, a combined fuel
economy was calculated using the method from EPA's pre-2008 combined 2-
cycle fuel economy using the FTP and Highway cycles as given in 40 CFR Part
600. This method uses a weighted harmonic average of the two values, with the
FTP weighted at 55% and the Highway weighted at 45%.
The difference in the calculated combined fuel economies for the gas- and
diesel-powered model results showed that the diesel had a 25.9% greater fuel
economy than gasoline. These results are a direct volumetric comparison rather
than in terms of gasoline-equivalent gallons. As such, the diesel mpg ranges
shown in Table 8 above were divided by 1.259 to obtain comparable mpg ranges
for gasoline vehicles. Since CNG vehicle fuel consumption is reported in terms
of gasoline-equivalent gallons, the mpg validation ranges for CNG vehicles were
set equal to those for comparable gasoline vehicles.
35
Delorme, A. et. al., Impact of Advanced Technologies on Medium-Duty Trucks Fuel Efficiency, Argonne
National Laboratory, 2010-01-1929.
38
-------
Validation ranges for LPG and LNG vehicles were developed from the gasoline
gasoline gallon equivak
thereby adjusting mpg
ranges, dividing the gasoline values by the appropriate gasoline gallon equivalent
factor for these fuels (1.35 for LPG and 1.52 for LNG),361
values for volumetric energy density.
36https://www.afdc.energy.gov/afdc/prep/popups/gges.html
39
-------
4.0 Performance Metrics
The Truck tool allows the user to calculate their emissions performance using a
number of different metrics, at different levels of aggregation. Available
performance metrics include:
• Grams per mile
• Grams per Payload Ton-Mile
• Grams per Thousand Cubic Foot-Miles
• Grams per Thousand Utilized Cubic Foot-Miles
The Internal Metrics report within the Truck Tool presents the results of 36
calculations (4x4x3 = 48), which represent the following four calculations for
each of the three pollutants (CCb, NOx, PM-m and PM2.s) and for each of three
different mileage types (total, payload, and loaded). Note that all capitalized fields
represent fields in the user interface:
1. g/mile: £ E / M
where E = Emissions, M = Miles Driven
2. g/avg payload ton-mile: X E / (M x AP)
where E = Emissions, M = Miles Driven, AP = Average Payload
3. g/avg cubic foot volume: X E / (M x ACV)
where E = Emissions, M = Miles Driven, ACV = Average Capacity
Volume
4. g/avg utilized cubic foot: X E / (M x ACV) / CU
where E = Emissions, M = Miles Driven, ACV = Average Capacity
Volume, CU = % Cube Utilization
For all four calculations:
Emissions = grams of pollutant (as specified above)
Miles Driven = Total Miles, Payload Miles, or Loaded Miles (Total Miles
minus Empty Miles)
As shown in the equations above, summations are performed for the different
metrics. Each of the metrics is automatically aggregated across model years (for
NOx and PM) for all reporting purposes. Additional aggregation may be
reported across truck classes, fuel types, divisions, and at the company level, as
specified by the user.
4.1 Upcoming Functionality
Future versions of the Truck Tool will contain additional functionality to allow
Partners to track their performance from year to year, as well as to compare their
performance with other Partners.
40
-------
Appendix A: MOVES2010 NOx/PM2.s Emission Factors (g/mi)
-------
Year&
Class
1988-2b
1988-3
1988-4
1988-5
1988-6
1988-7
1988-8a
1988-8b
1989-2b
1989-3
1989-4
1989-5
1989-6
1989-7
1989-8a
1989-8b
1990-2b
1990-3
1990-4
1990-5
1990-6
1990-7
1990-8a
1990-8b
1991-2b
1991-3
1991-4
1991-5
1991-6
1991-7
1991-8a
1991-8b
1992-2b
1992-3
1992-4
1992-5
1992-6
1992-7
1992-8a
1992-8b
1993-2b
1993-3
1993-4
Diesel
NOx
Decel
2.160
2.620
2.645
2.594
2.580
2.522
2.364
2.208
2.319
2.579
2.645
2.610
2.566
2.570
2.409
2.201
2.018
2.062
2.041
2.030
1.968
1.962
1.789
1.673
1.708
1.867
1.763
1.798
1.811
1.748
1.597
1.522
1.660
1.809
1.879
1.877
1.823
1.786
1.609
1.527
1.750
1.827
1.859
Diesel
NOx
Oto25
21 .928
30.178
29.220
31.317
31 .907
34.196
39.664
44.797
28.042
28.316
29.207
30.615
32.477
32.348
38.330
44.990
14.980
19.693
22.499
22.994
25.638
25.819
31 .854
35.450
12.574
20.781
25.143
17.026
23.221
25.559
30.267
32.732
11.197
18.413
20.745
20.848
23.154
24.646
30.647
32.997
14.060
19.449
21 .579
Diesel
NOx
25 to
50
27.251
42.188
40.581
44.473
45.639
50.264
61 .936
73.515
37.479
38.445
40.542
43.061
46.753
46.587
59.002
73.950
18.875
25.736
31 .030
32.025
37.207
37.583
50.533
58.781
15.880
29.257
38.032
22.302
34.176
39.043
49.581
55.442
14.207
24.503
29.102
29.459
33.901
37.055
50.434
56.015
17.757
26.423
30.695
Diesel
NOx
50 +
7.314
10.897
9.846
12.226
12.894
15.632
22.420
28.860
11.367
9.426
9.827
11.397
13.552
13.382
20.662
29.122
5.622
7.018
7.482
8.066
11.117
11.361
18.828
23.448
4.794
7.111
12.208
6.083
9.927
12.788
18.839
21.938
4.440
6.261
6.964
7.136
9.769
11.553
19.049
22.159
5.114
6.549
7.900
Diesel
NOx
Highway
12.639
18.970
17.152
21.757
22.889
27.231
34.854
39.909
21.494
15.980
17.119
20.168
24.111
23.843
33.294
40.055
8.882
12.096
12.740
14.052
19.700
20.007
28.283
31.492
7.578
11.939
21.136
10.356
17.700
21.719
27.337
29.486
6.812
10.619
11.791
12.301
17.469
20.273
27.738
29.695
8.325
11.136
14.067
Diesel
PM2.5
Decel
0.085
0.066
0.060
0.068
0.071
0.077
0.098
0.123
0.084
0.066
0.060
0.066
0.071
0.072
0.091
0.122
0.099
0.083
0.061
0.062
0.072
0.072
0.098
0.117
0.231
0.060
0.082
0.167
0.073
0.085
0.118
0.143
0.238
0.124
0.063
0.060
0.073
0.080
0.122
0.143
0.216
0.093
0.065
Diesel
PM2.5
Oto25
1.034
1.173
1.194
1.242
1.255
1.369
1.619
1.864
1.242
1.142
1.207
1.229
1.310
1.302
1.582
1.892
1.041
1.147
1.180
1.216
1.370
1.382
1.761
2.007
0.675
1.096
1.465
0.906
1.303
1.499
1.898
2.115
0.595
0.958
1.074
1.080
1.279
1.406
1.923
2.127
0.747
1.015
1.152
Diesel
PM2.5
25 to
50
1.386
1.532
1.543
1.573
1.585
1.655
1.832
2.020
1.540
1.504
1.549
1.561
1.613
1.614
1.796
2.026
1.420
1.507
1.530
1.551
1.639
1.646
1.889
2.052
0.683
0.824
1.059
0.755
0.958
1.084
1.380
1.557
0.653
0.792
0.849
0.828
0.965
1.037
1.408
1.556
0.714
0.790
0.870
Diesel
PM2.5
50 +
0.336
0.418
0.436
0.428
0.427
0.438
0.465
0.499
0.387
0.412
0.440
0.430
0.436
0.438
0.462
0.499
0.308
0.376
0.432
0.435
0.442
0.443
0.473
0.495
0.137
0.218
0.340
0.167
0.288
0.351
0.506
0.611
0.132
0.215
0.248
0.224
0.301
0.332
0.529
0.606
0.154
0.209
0.249
Diesel
PM2.5
Highway
0.643
0.733
0.744
0.771
0.779
0.830
0.916
0.978
0.766
0.709
0.750
0.761
0.803
0.801
0.905
0.983
0.634
0.706
0.731
0.752
0.827
0.832
0.954
1.006
0.376
0.454
0.751
0.420
0.643
0.769
0.960
1.043
0.363
0.450
0.475
0.463
0.642
0.724
0.978
1.042
0.396
0.443
0.531
A-l
-------
Year&
Class
1993-5
1993-6
1993-7
1993-8a
1993-8b
1994-2b
1994-3
1994-4
1994-5
1994-6
1994-7
1994-8a
1994-8b
1995-2b
1995-3
1995-4
1995-5
1995-6
1995-7
1995-8a
1995-8b
1996-2b
1996-3
1996-4
1996-5
1996-6
1996-7
1996-8a
1996-8b
1997-2b
1997-3
1997-4
1997-5
1997-6
1997-7
1997-8a
1997-8b
1998-2b
1998-3
1998-4
1998-5
1998-6
1998-7
Diesel
NOx
Decel
1.875
1.828
1.803
1.607
1.528
1.698
1.776
1.878
1.876
1.845
1.789
1.604
1.536
1.677
1.838
1.830
1.850
1.820
1.780
1.595
1.536
1.677
1.851
1.862
1.825
1.823
1.776
1.610
1.543
1.527
1.735
1.894
1.880
1.848
1.816
1.621
1.554
1.461
2.178
2.245
2.246
2.244
2.206
Diesel
NOx
Oto25
20.807
22.883
23.849
30.537
33.013
12.759
12.814
20.694
20.829
22.127
24.471
30.663
32.821
10.455
19.501
19.852
21 .997
23.191
24.790
30.998
32.855
12.164
19.712
21 .920
21 .338
23.633
25.291
30.914
33.041
8.900
18.753
20.843
21 .553
22.888
24.199
31 .065
33.071
8.793
17.776
18.306
18.329
18.340
19.554
Diesel
NOx
25 to
50
29.260
33.367
35.416
50.208
56.098
16.069
16.223
28.962
29.352
31 .885
36.711
50.477
55.646
13.444
26.546
27.144
31 .646
33.999
37.357
51 .323
55.766
15.276
26.696
31 .079
29.847
34.683
38.057
50.658
55.688
1 1 .589
24.765
28.896
30.440
32.944
35.667
50.862
55.618
11.168
24.127
25.213
25.318
25.300
27.602
Diesel
NOx
50 +
7.062
9.461
10.614
18.971
22.156
4.795
4.883
6.893
7.101
8.600
11.330
19.122
21.883
4.326
6.624
7.118
8.434
9.836
11.747
19.537
21.908
4.662
6.673
8.205
8.371
10.202
12.274
19.277
21.984
3.870
6.955
6.896
7.754
9.263
10.814
19.304
21.931
3.877
7.212
7.464
7.512
7.523
9.074
Diesel
NOx
Highway
12.014
16.979
18.762
27.639
29.738
7.643
7.686
11.717
12.155
15.294
19.922
27.748
29.601
6.429
11.212
12.645
15.113
17.522
20.415
28.094
29.653
7.324
11.276
14.644
15.202
18.239
21.024
27.917
29.707
5.559
12.736
11.723
13.835
16.681
19.178
28.009
29.690
5.584
10.718
11.014
11.204
11.109
14.353
Diesel
PM2.5
Decel
0.060
0.071
0.076
0.121
0.142
0.169
0.177
0.098
0.097
0.107
0.129
0.201
0.237
0.175
0.113
0.119
0.106
0.116
0.132
0.212
0.243
0.163
0.112
0.105
0.118
0.122
0.133
0.203
0.235
0.163
0.127
0.097
0.101
0.113
0.126
0.215
0.248
0.200
0.116
0.107
0.107
0.108
0.114
Diesel
PM2.5
Oto25
1.085
1.259
1.343
1.915
2.133
1.410
1.452
1.619
1.669
1.737
1.875
2.266
2.406
1.330
1.589
1.624
1.742
1.788
1.886
2.256
2.383
1.369
1.606
1.717
1.749
1.824
1.937
2.280
2.438
1.200
1.594
1.663
1.753
1.781
1.850
2.225
2.347
0.409
0.590
0.600
0.593
0.601
0.687
Diesel
PM2.5
25 to
50
0.823
0.938
0.997
1.398
1.552
1.029
1.066
1.249
1.267
1.334
1.483
1.918
2.106
0.966
1.207
1.232
1.334
1.396
1.501
1.966
2.128
0.988
1.215
1.315
1.306
1.435
1.517
1.930
2.104
0.862
1.171
1.256
1.311
1.379
1.467
1.979
2.144
0.388
0.671
0.694
0.680
0.693
0.743
Diesel
PM2.5
50 +
0.221
0.283
0.314
0.522
0.601
0.194
0.200
0.267
0.270
0.286
0.323
0.429
0.476
0.173
0.254
0.259
0.285
0.302
0.328
0.444
0.484
0.183
0.256
0.282
0.276
0.311
0.329
0.432
0.474
0.151
0.245
0.268
0.279
0.298
0.320
0.450
0.491
0.114
0.233
0.242
0.242
0.242
0.251
Diesel
PM2.5
Highway
0.457
0.621
0.682
0.973
1.042
0.520
0.529
0.623
0.641
0.711
0.824
1.017
1.067
0.472
0.608
0.643
0.710
0.762
0.833
1.027
1.069
0.495
0.612
0.695
0.712
0.787
0.848
1.024
1.072
0.424
0.637
0.628
0.686
0.744
0.804
1.025
1.068
0.257
0.348
0.353
0.351
0.353
0.406
A-2
-------
Year&
Class
1998-8a
1998-8b
1999-2b
1999-3
1999-4
1999-5
1999-6
1999-7
1999-8a
1999-8b
2000-2b
2000-3
2000-4
2000-5
2000-6
2000-7
2000-8a
2000-8b
2001 -2b
2001-3
2001-4
2001-5
2001-6
2001-7
2001 -8a
2001 -8b
2002-2b
2002-3
2002-4
2002-5
2002-6
2002-7
2002-8a
2002-8b
2003-2b
2003-3
2003-4
2003-5
2003-6
2003-7
2003-8a
2003-8b
2004-2b
Diesel
NOx
Decel
1.964
1.832
1.295
1.223
1.204
1.203
1.194
1.189
1.144
1.131
1.225
1.215
1.207
1.207
1.199
1.195
1.154
1.139
1.213
1.200
1.200
1.200
1.192
1.191
1.154
1.138
1.258
1.228
1.217
1.217
1.209
1.205
1.160
1.127
2.435
1.987
1.872
1.872
1.864
1.845
1.676
1.536
2.434
Diesel
NOx
Oto25
25.756
28.562
6.670
10.822
1 1 .449
1 1 .483
1 1 .809
12.974
21 .275
23.930
6.293
10.790
1 1 .559
11.617
1 1 .658
13.311
20.299
23.847
5.900
10.769
1 1 .402
1 1 .430
11.917
12.482
21 .091
23.796
6.311
10.814
1 1 .666
1 1 .666
1 1 .774
12.890
19.605
23.524
6.234
9.236
9.691
9.691
9.777
10.168
12.845
14.627
6.241
Diesel
NOx
25 to
50
40.371
46.684
8.794
12.620
13.461
13.516
14.030
15.714
28.814
33.413
8.339
12.556
13.618
13.712
13.811
16.205
27.136
33.231
8.032
12.526
13.403
13.448
14.196
14.988
28.478
33.135
8.439
12.585
13.745
13.745
13.946
15.559
26.044
32.733
9.630
10.579
10.789
10.789
10.919
1 1 .399
14.965
17.559
9.627
Diesel
NOx
50 +
17.480
21.466
3.243
4.717
5.007
5.037
5.362
6.268
13.255
15.631
3.090
4.690
5.067
5.120
5.220
6.480
12.365
15.521
2.964
4.702
4.995
5.020
5.448
5.884
13.038
15.488
3.107
4.683
5.072
5.072
5.228
6.071
11.719
15.282
3.346
4.059
4.200
4.200
4.269
4.479
6.080
7.227
3.343
Diesel
NOx
Highway
24.102
26.708
4.262
6.466
6.790
6.825
7.698
9.579
18.180
19.899
4.051
6.447
6.868
6.929
7.306
10.059
17.480
19.892
3.826
6.447
6.769
6.798
7.940
8.845
18.127
19.847
4.055
6.459
6.896
6.896
7.319
9.295
16.916
19.616
4.200
5.235
5.386
5.386
5.552
6.124
8.651
9.643
4.198
Diesel
PM2.5
Decel
0.164
0.196
0.202
0.127
0.107
0.108
0.110
0.115
0.173
0.200
0.190
0.126
0.108
0.108
0.109
0.117
0.165
0.199
0.191
0.123
0.107
0.108
0.111
0.113
0.172
0.199
0.197
0.130
0.108
0.108
0.108
0.114
0.159
0.195
0.168
0.112
0.097
0.097
0.098
0.103
0.140
0.175
0.158
Diesel
PM2.5
Oto25
1.168
1.392
0.383
0.563
0.590
0.592
0.617
0.690
1.235
1.421
0.362
0.561
0.595
0.598
0.605
0.712
1.170
1.419
0.344
0.561
0.589
0.591
0.627
0.661
1.229
1.414
0.364
0.560
0.597
0.597
0.607
0.680
1.122
1.390
0.324
0.511
0.539
0.539
0.547
0.605
0.988
1.249
0.306
Diesel
PM2.5
25 to
50
1.085
1.253
0.360
0.612
0.667
0.669
0.680
0.731
1.135
1.282
0.340
0.608
0.674
0.677
0.676
0.751
1.087
1.285
0.322
0.607
0.663
0.665
0.685
0.710
1.135
1.280
0.342
0.609
0.684
0.684
0.685
0.735
1.050
1.251
0.305
0.560
0.617
0.617
0.618
0.657
0.929
1.125
0.291
Diesel
PM2.5
50 +
0.309
0.340
0.104
0.221
0.244
0.244
0.247
0.254
0.319
0.345
0.098
0.218
0.244
0.244
0.245
0.257
0.310
0.346
0.091
0.221
0.244
0.244
0.248
0.252
0.320
0.345
0.097
0.213
0.242
0.242
0.244
0.252
0.304
0.340
0.088
0.198
0.219
0.219
0.220
0.227
0.271
0.306
0.085
Diesel
PM2.5
Highway
0.585
0.636
0.243
0.335
0.348
0.349
0.367
0.407
0.602
0.646
0.231
0.333
0.350
0.352
0.359
0.421
0.587
0.649
0.221
0.333
0.348
0.348
0.374
0.393
0.606
0.647
0.233
0.333
0.351
0.351
0.359
0.404
0.573
0.635
0.207
0.303
0.317
0.317
0.323
0.359
0.510
0.573
0.193
A-3
-------
Year&
Class
2004-3
2004-4
2004-5
2004-6
2004-7
2004-8a
2004-8b
2005-2b
2005-3
2005-4
2005-5
2005-6
2005-7
2005-8a
2005-8b
2006-2b
2006-3
2006-4
2006-5
2006-6
2006-7
2006-8a
2006-8b
2007-2b
2007-3
2007-4
2007-5
2007-6
2007-7
2007-8a
2007-8b
2008-2b
2008-3
2008-4
2008-5
2008-6
2008-7
2008-8a
2008-8b
2009-2b
2009-3
2009-4
2009-5
Diesel
NOx
Decel
1.989
1.872
1.872
1.863
1.843
1.668
1.534
2.439
1.994
1.872
1.872
1.864
1.843
1.668
1.534
1.936
1.886
1.872
1.872
1.863
1.840
1.658
1.531
0.902
0.930
0.936
0.936
0.933
0.926
0.852
0.773
0.865
0.925
0.936
0.936
0.933
0.926
0.853
0.773
0.867
0.927
0.936
0.936
Diesel
NOx
Oto25
9.230
9.691
9.691
9.786
10.208
12.946
14.649
6.183
9.207
9.692
9.692
9.789
10.212
12.950
14.648
5.188
9.094
9.693
9.693
9.801
10.268
13.077
14.674
2.428
4.532
4.847
4.847
4.880
5.028
6.230
7.256
2.484
4.605
4.847
4.847
4.880
5.024
6.215
7.251
2.577
4.646
4.848
4.848
Diesel
NOx
25 to
50
10.576
10.790
10.790
10.929
1 1 .449
15.107
17.592
9.622
10.569
10.791
10.791
10.931
1 1 .453
15.113
17.589
7.435
10.175
10.792
10.792
10.946
1 1 .523
15.291
17.628
3.462
5.048
5.397
5.397
5.448
5.628
7.214
8.692
3.401
5.115
5.397
5.397
5.447
5.623
7.193
8.683
3.456
5.161
5.398
5.398
Diesel
NOx
50 +
4.057
4.200
4.200
4.274
4.501
6.145
7.243
3.340
4.051
4.201
4.201
4.274
4.503
6.148
7.243
2.503
3.918
4.202
4.202
4.281
4.534
6.229
7.262
1.171
1.949
2.101
2.101
2.128
2.207
2.920
3.576
1.168
1.981
2.101
2.101
2.128
2.205
2.911
3.573
1.196
2.001
2.102
2.102
Diesel
NOx
Highway
5.233
5.387
5.387
5.564
6.178
8.718
9.652
4.185
5.226
5.387
5.387
5.565
6.181
8.720
9.651
3.278
5.116
5.388
5.388
5.583
6.255
8.800
9.662
1.540
2.548
2.694
2.694
2.759
2.980
4.192
4.794
1.554
2.581
2.695
2.695
2.758
2.974
4.180
4.791
1.601
2.600
2.695
2.695
Diesel
PM2.5
Decel
0.110
0.097
0.097
0.098
0.103
0.142
0.176
0.158
0.110
0.097
0.097
0.098
0.103
0.142
0.176
0.158
0.107
0.094
0.094
0.095
0.101
0.142
0.175
0.007
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.003
0.003
0.004
0.003
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.004
0.003
0.002
0.002
Diesel
PM2.5
Oto25
0.508
0.539
0.539
0.548
0.610
1.002
1.252
0.301
0.507
0.539
0.539
0.549
0.611
1.002
1.251
0.295
0.491
0.520
0.520
0.532
0.601
1.010
1.249
0.015
0.024
0.025
0.025
0.025
0.027
0.040
0.051
0.009
0.015
0.015
0.015
0.016
0.017
0.025
0.032
0.009
0.015
0.016
0.016
Diesel
PM2.5
25 to
50
0.557
0.617
0.617
0.619
0.661
0.939
1.127
0.286
0.554
0.617
0.617
0.619
0.661
0.939
1.126
0.281
0.538
0.595
0.595
0.599
0.646
0.942
1.124
0.020
0.030
0.032
0.032
0.032
0.035
0.061
0.085
0.011
0.018
0.020
0.020
0.020
0.022
0.038
0.054
0.011
0.019
0.020
0.020
Diesel
PM2.5
50 +
0.197
0.219
0.219
0.220
0.227
0.273
0.306
0.083
0.196
0.219
0.219
0.220
0.227
0.273
0.306
0.080
0.190
0.211
0.211
0.213
0.221
0.272
0.305
0.010
0.013
0.013
0.013
0.013
0.014
0.017
0.020
0.006
0.008
0.008
0.008
0.008
0.008
0.011
0.013
0.006
0.008
0.008
0.008
Diesel
PM2.5
Highway
0.301
0.317
0.317
0.324
0.362
0.514
0.573
0.191
0.300
0.317
0.317
0.324
0.362
0.514
0.573
0.187
0.290
0.305
0.305
0.314
0.357
0.514
0.571
0.011
0.015
0.016
0.016
0.016
0.018
0.027
0.031
0.006
0.009
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.011
0.017
0.020
0.006
0.009
0.010
0.010
A-4
-------
Year&
Class
2009-6
2009-7
2009-8a
2009-8b
2010-2b
2010-3
2010-4
2010-5
2010-6
2010-7
2010-8a
2010-8b
2011-2b
2011-3
2011-4
2011-5
2011-6
2011-7
2011-8a
2011-8b
Diesel
NOx
Decel
0.933
0.926
0.853
0.773
0.228
0.210
0.206
0.206
0.205
0.204
0.193
0.181
0.228
0.210
0.206
0.206
0.205
0.205
0.194
0.181
Diesel
NOx
Oto25
4.881
5.023
6.209
7.247
0.643
1.022
1.066
1.066
1.073
1.111
1.421
1.700
0.648
1.024
1.067
1.067
1.073
1.110
1.416
1.698
Diesel
NOx
25 to
50
5.447
5.622
7.184
8.678
0.913
1.147
1.187
1.187
1.197
1.242
1.643
2.035
0.915
1.150
1.187
1.187
1.197
1.241
1.636
2.032
Diesel
NOx
50 +
2.128
2.204
2.907
3.571
0.315
0.442
0.461
0.461
0.466
0.486
0.664
0.837
0.317
0.443
0.461
0.461
0.466
0.485
0.661
0.836
Diesel
NOx
Highway
2.758
2.972
4.175
4.789
0.410
0.573
0.592
0.592
0.606
0.659
0.965
1.126
0.412
0.574
0.592
0.592
0.605
0.658
0.961
1.125
Diesel
PM2.5
Decel
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.004
0.003
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.004
0.003
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.002
Diesel
PM2.5
Oto25
0.016
0.017
0.025
0.032
0.009
0.015
0.015
0.015
0.015
0.016
0.024
0.031
0.009
0.015
0.015
0.015
0.015
0.016
0.024
0.031
Diesel
PM2.5
25 to
50
0.020
0.022
0.038
0.054
0.011
0.018
0.019
0.019
0.020
0.021
0.037
0.053
0.011
0.018
0.019
0.019
0.020
0.021
0.037
0.052
Diesel
PM2.5
50 +
0.008
0.008
0.011
0.013
0.006
0.008
0.008
0.008
0.008
0.008
0.010
0.012
0.006
0.008
0.008
0.008
0.008
0.008
0.010
0.012
Diesel
PM2.5
Highway
0.010
0.011
0.017
0.020
0.006
0.009
0.009
0.009
0.010
0.011
0.016
0.020
0.006
0.009
0.009
0.009
0.010
0.011
0.016
0.020
Year&
Class
1988-2b
1988-3
1988-4
1988-5
1988-6
1988-7
1988-8a
1988-8b
1989-2b
1989-3
1989-4
1989-5
1989-6
1989-7
1989-8a
1989-8b
1990-2b
1990-3
Gasoline
NOx
Decel
0.246
0.287
0.285
0.294
0.297
0.307
0.311
0.311
0.246
0.286
0.285
0.302
0.295
0.300
0.424
0.424
0.154
0.150
Gasoline
NOx
Oto25
3.747
7.266
7.078
7.944
7.949
7.809
10.016
10.016
3.905
7.113
6.991
7.576
7.441
7.538
11.067
11.067
4.121
5.337
Gasoline
NOx
25 to 50
7.567
11.018
11.096
11.102
11.039
10.733
12.287
12.287
7.670
10.950
11.039
10.668
10.733
10.686
7.912
7.912
7.535
7.730
Gasoline
NOx
50 +
3.777
6.138
6.173
6.154
6.121
5.973
6.583
6.583
3.858
6.116
6.151
5.968
6.015
5.981
1.733
1.733
3.214
3.370
Gasoline
NOx
Highway
4.362
7.094
7.171
7.271
7.200
6.848
8.431
8.431
4.479
6.992
7.087
6.744
6.784
6.755
6.217
6.217
4.050
4.453
Gasoline
PM2.5
Decel
0.006
0.007
0.007
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.007
0.007
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.002
0.002
Gasoline
PM2.5
Oto25
0.050
0.061
0.061
0.062
0.061
0.060
0.063
0.063
0.050
0.061
0.061
0.060
0.061
0.060
0.041
0.041
0.016
0.013
Gasoline
PM2.5
25 to 50
0.082
0.040
0.040
0.042
0.041
0.039
0.052
0.052
0.081
0.039
0.039
0.038
0.039
0.038
0.016
0.016
0.070
0.019
Gasoline
PM2.5
50 +
0.054
0.062
0.062
0.061
0.060
0.060
0.058
0.058
0.054
0.062
0.062
0.060
0.061
0.060
0.010
0.010
0.054
0.039
Gasoline
PM2.5
Highway
0.055
0.054
0.055
0.054
0.053
0.052
0.055
0.055
0.055
0.054
0.054
0.052
0.053
0.052
0.044
0.044
0.054
0.035
A-5
-------
Year&
Class
1990-4
1990-5
1990-6
1990-7
1990-8a
1990-8b
1991-2b
1991-3
1991-4
1991-5
1991-6
1991-7
1991-8a
1991-8b
1992-2b
1992-3
1992-4
1992-5
1992-6
1992-7
1992-8a
1992-8b
1993-2b
1993-3
1993-4
1993-5
1993-6
1993-7
1993-8a
1993-8b
1994-2b
1994-3
1994-4
1994-5
1994-6
1994-7
1994-8a
1994-8b
1995-2b
1995-3
1995-4
1995-5
1995-6
Gasoline
NOx
Decel
0.149
0.154
0.155
0.163
0.232
0.232
0.158
0.150
0.149
0.151
0.153
0.152
0.163
0.163
0.139
0.149
0.149
0.148
0.149
0.149
0.149
0.149
0.140
0.150
0.149
0.154
0.153
0.160
0.163
0.163
0.116
0.146
0.146
0.148
0.148
0.156
0.227
0.227
0.115
0.146
0.146
0.147
0.152
Gasoline
NOx
Oto25
5.247
5.539
5.567
5.783
8.568
8.568
3.719
5.338
5.295
5.438
5.542
5.522
5.816
5.816
3.406
5.270
5.240
5.334
5.452
5.444
5.464
5.464
3.714
5.316
5.262
5.435
5.518
5.686
5.767
5.767
3.251
5.232
5.166
5.207
5.361
5.558
8.415
8.415
3.273
5.262
5.194
5.232
5.473
Gasoline
NOx
25 to 50
7.797
7.609
7.600
7.529
6.042
6.042
7.457
7.770
7.788
7.727
7.682
7.689
7.588
7.588
6.793
7.797
7.813
7.762
7.702
7.705
7.699
7.699
6.874
7.739
7.780
7.704
7.609
7.555
7.529
7.529
6.347
7.587
7.643
7.633
7.494
7.432
5.934
5.934
6.367
7.594
7.640
7.621
7.498
Gasoline
NOx
50 +
3.395
3.319
3.313
3.262
1.025
1.025
3.157
3.379
3.388
3.358
3.336
3.340
3.271
3.271
2.888
3.392
3.399
3.379
3.353
3.355
3.350
3.350
2.937
3.375
3.389
3.350
3.322
3.284
3.265
3.265
2.761
3.311
3.330
3.322
3.276
3.232
1.006
1.006
2.770
3.309
3.326
3.317
3.261
Gasoline
NOx
Highway
4.529
4.336
4.332
4.308
4.151
4.151
3.931
4.474
4.497
4.417
4.359
4.361
4.324
4.324
3.608
4.512
4.538
4.457
4.368
4.370
4.367
4.367
3.721
4.464
4.509
4.444
4.336
4.317
4.308
4.308
3.400
4.366
4.429
4.425
4.267
4.244
4.077
4.077
3.415
4.356
4.418
4.396
4.265
Gasoline
PM2.5
Decel
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.005
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.005
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.005
0.005
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.004
0.004
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
Gasoline
PM2.5
Oto25
0.014
0.013
0.013
0.013
0.008
0.008
0.069
0.075
0.074
0.075
0.075
0.075
0.075
0.075
0.052
0.056
0.056
0.057
0.057
0.057
0.057
0.057
0.053
0.056
0.056
0.056
0.057
0.057
0.057
0.057
0.012
0.011
0.011
0.011
0.011
0.011
0.014
0.014
0.015
0.017
0.017
0.017
0.017
Gasoline
PM2.5
25 to 50
0.019
0.019
0.019
0.019
0.010
0.010
0.046
0.019
0.019
0.019
0.019
0.019
0.019
0.019
0.035
0.015
0.015
0.015
0.015
0.015
0.015
0.015
0.033
0.015
0.015
0.015
0.014
0.014
0.014
0.014
0.039
0.042
0.043
0.042
0.042
0.041
0.021
0.021
0.035
0.012
0.012
0.012
0.012
Gasoline
PM2.5
50 +
0.039
0.038
0.038
0.037
0.006
0.006
0.021
0.017
0.017
0.017
0.017
0.017
0.017
0.017
0.016
0.013
0.013
0.013
0.013
0.013
0.013
0.013
0.016
0.013
0.013
0.013
0.013
0.013
0.013
0.013
0.068
0.115
0.115
0.114
0.115
0.113
0.025
0.025
0.019
0.017
0.017
0.017
0.016
Gasoline
PM2.5
Highway
0.036
0.034
0.034
0.033
0.028
0.028
0.032
0.028
0.029
0.028
0.028
0.028
0.027
0.027
0.024
0.022
0.022
0.022
0.021
0.021
0.021
0.021
0.024
0.022
0.022
0.021
0.021
0.021
0.021
0.021
0.039
0.056
0.056
0.056
0.056
0.054
0.040
0.040
0.025
0.019
0.019
0.019
0.018
A-6
-------
Year&
Class
1995-7
1995-8a
1995-8b
1996-2b
1996-3
1996-4
1996-5
1996-6
1996-7
1996-8a
1996-8b
1997-2b
1997-3
1997-4
1997-5
1997-6
1997-7
1997-8a
1997-8b
1998-2b
1998-3
1998-4
1998-5
1998-6
1998-7
1998-8a
1998-8b
1999-2b
1999-3
1999-4
1999-5
1999-6
1999-7
1999-8a
1999-8b
2000-2b
2000-3
2000-4
2000-5
2000-6
2000-7
2000-8a
2000-8b
Gasoline
NOx
Decel
0.151
0.227
0.227
0.099
0.146
0.146
0.146
0.147
0.150
0.227
0.227
0.096
0.146
0.146
0.146
0.147
0.150
0.227
0.227
0.128
0.291
0.290
0.291
0.292
0.294
0.404
0.404
0.135
0.290
0.290
0.290
0.291
0.291
0.292
0.292
0.130
0.290
0.290
0.290
0.291
0.291
0.291
0.291
Gasoline
NOx
Oto25
5.445
8.415
8.415
1.972
5.224
5.168
5.178
5.345
5.415
8.415
8.415
1.629
5.228
5.141
5.171
5.321
5.372
8.415
8.415
1.318
3.186
3.124
3.185
3.224
3.238
4.413
4.413
1.332
3.204
3.180
3.173
3.175
3.221
3.224
3.224
1.298
3.205
3.183
3.176
3.178
3.221
3.224
3.224
Gasoline
NOx
25 to 50
7.507
5.934
5.934
3.775
7.612
7.651
7.648
7.531
7.509
5.934
5.934
3.244
7.555
7.655
7.622
7.469
7.454
5.934
5.934
3.079
4.932
4.956
4.932
4.914
4.903
3.394
3.394
3.117
4.927
4.936
4.938
4.937
4.917
4.915
4.915
3.082
4.928
4.936
4.938
4.936
4.918
4.917
4.917
Gasoline
NOx
50 +
3.267
1.006
1.006
1.918
3.317
3.331
3.329
3.287
3.272
1.006
1.006
1.526
3.305
3.335
3.325
3.276
3.265
1.006
1.006
1.589
3.040
3.054
3.040
3.029
3.021
0.769
0.769
1.609
3.038
3.043
3.043
3.042
3.031
3.030
3.030
1.584
3.037
3.042
3.043
3.042
3.031
3.030
3.030
Gasoline
NOx
Highway
4.269
4.077
4.077
2.085
4.382
4.433
4.431
4.280
4.270
4.077
4.077
1.802
4.345
4.449
4.415
4.260
4.254
4.077
4.077
1.681
3.128
3.157
3.128
3.108
3.098
2.718
2.718
1.698
3.120
3.132
3.135
3.133
3.110
3.109
3.109
1.669
3.120
3.131
3.133
3.132
3.111
3.110
3.110
Gasoline
PM2.5
Decel
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
Gasoline
PM2.5
Oto25
0.017
0.015
0.015
0.011
0.013
0.013
0.013
0.013
0.012
0.009
0.009
0.007
0.007
0.007
0.007
0.007
0.007
0.004
0.004
0.008
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.005
0.005
0.004
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.002
Gasoline
PM2.5
25 to 50
0.012
0.006
0.006
0.043
0.015
0.015
0.015
0.015
0.015
0.008
0.008
0.028
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.004
0.004
0.026
0.011
0.011
0.011
0.011
0.011
0.005
0.005
0.025
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.023
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.004
Gasoline
PM2.5
50 +
0.017
0.003
0.003
0.008
0.008
0.008
0.008
0.008
0.008
0.001
0.001
0.017
0.022
0.022
0.022
0.022
0.022
0.003
0.003
0.010
0.009
0.009
0.009
0.009
0.009
0.002
0.002
0.005
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.006
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.004
Gasoline
PM2.5
Highway
0.019
0.015
0.015
0.019
0.015
0.015
0.015
0.015
0.014
0.012
0.012
0.018
0.015
0.016
0.016
0.015
0.015
0.012
0.012
0.014
0.011
0.011
0.011
0.011
0.010
0.008
0.008
0.014
0.009
0.009
0.009
0.009
0.009
0.009
0.009
0.014
0.008
0.008
0.008
0.008
0.008
0.008
0.008
A-7
-------
Year&
Class
2001 -2b
2001-3
2001-4
2001-5
2001-6
2001-7
2001 -8a
2001 -8b
2002-2b
2002-3
2002-4
2002-5
2002-6
2002-7
2002-8a
2002-8b
2003-2b
2003-3
2003-4
2003-5
2003-6
2003-7
2003-8a
2003-8b
2004-2b
2004-3
2004-4
2004-5
2004-6
2004-7
2004-8a
2004-8b
2005-2b
2005-3
2005-4
2005-5
2005-6
2005-7
2005-8a
2005-8b
2006-2b
2006-3
2006-4
Gasoline
NOx
Decel
0.094
0.304
0.304
0.305
0.305
0.306
0.306
0.306
0.078
0.304
0.304
0.305
0.305
0.305
0.306
0.306
0.081
0.304
0.304
0.305
0.305
0.305
0.306
0.306
0.063
0.296
0.296
0.296
0.296
0.297
0.297
0.297
0.055
0.296
0.296
0.296
0.296
0.296
0.297
0.297
0.042
0.240
0.240
Gasoline
NOx
Oto25
1.003
3.368
3.346
3.339
3.341
3.383
3.385
3.385
0.875
3.369
3.349
3.342
3.344
3.383
3.385
3.385
0.930
3.370
3.352
3.345
3.347
3.383
3.385
3.385
0.695
3.276
3.260
3.254
3.256
3.288
3.289
3.289
0.522
3.277
3.262
3.257
3.258
3.288
3.289
3.289
0.392
2.657
2.647
Gasoline
NOx
25 to 50
2.196
5.176
5.184
5.185
5.184
5.167
5.165
5.165
1.909
5.176
5.183
5.185
5.183
5.168
5.166
5.166
2.014
5.177
5.184
5.185
5.183
5.169
5.168
5.168
1.256
5.032
5.038
5.039
5.037
5.025
5.024
5.024
1.006
5.032
5.038
5.039
5.037
5.026
5.025
5.025
0.707
4.079
4.083
Gasoline
NOx
50 +
1.217
3.190
3.194
3.195
3.194
3.184
3.183
3.183
1.059
3.190
3.194
3.195
3.193
3.184
3.183
3.183
1.116
3.190
3.194
3.194
3.193
3.185
3.184
3.184
0.724
3.100
3.103
3.104
3.103
3.096
3.095
3.095
0.574
3.100
3.103
3.103
3.103
3.096
3.095
3.095
0.413
2.512
2.515
Gasoline
NOx
Highway
1.315
3.277
3.287
3.290
3.288
3.268
3.267
3.267
1.146
3.277
3.286
3.289
3.287
3.269
3.267
3.267
1.208
3.277
3.286
3.288
3.286
3.270
3.268
3.268
0.821
3.185
3.192
3.194
3.193
3.178
3.177
3.177
0.638
3.185
3.192
3.194
3.192
3.179
3.178
3.178
0.466
2.532
2.539
Gasoline
PM2.5
Decel
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
Gasoline
PM2.5
Oto25
0.004
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.006
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.004
0.004
0.004
Gasoline
PM2.5
25 to 50
0.023
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.015
0.007
0.007
0.007
0.007
0.007
0.007
0.007
0.017
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.014
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.014
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.012
0.005
0.005
Gasoline
PM2.5
50 +
0.006
0.014
0.014
0.014
0.014
0.014
0.014
0.014
0.005
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.006
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.006
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
Gasoline
PM2.5
Highway
0.013
0.012
0.012
0.012
0.012
0.012
0.012
0.012
0.008
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.009
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.007
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.007
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.007
0.005
0.005
A-8
-------
Year&
Class
2006-5
2006-6
2006-7
2006-8a
2006-8b
2007-2b
2007-3
2007-4
2007-5
2007-6
2007-7
2007-8a
2007-8b
2008-2b
2008-3
2008-4
2008-5
2008-6
2008-7
2008-8a
2008-8b
2009-2b
2009-3
2009-4
2009-5
2009-6
2009-7
2009-8a
2009-8b
2010-2b
2010-3
2010-4
2010-5
2010-6
2010-7
2010-8a
2010-8b
2011-2b
2011-3
2011-4
2011-5
2011-6
2011-7
Gasoline
NOx
Decel
0.240
0.240
0.240
0.240
0.240
0.041
0.237
0.237
0.237
0.238
0.238
0.238
0.238
0.043
0.237
0.237
0.237
0.238
0.238
0.238
0.238
0.046
0.237
0.237
0.237
0.238
0.238
0.238
0.238
0.042
0.237
0.237
0.237
0.237
0.238
0.238
0.238
0.043
0.237
0.237
0.237
0.237
0.237
Gasoline
NOx
Oto25
2.643
2.644
2.665
2.666
2.666
0.394
2.632
2.622
2.619
2.620
2.639
2.640
2.640
0.478
2.633
2.624
2.621
2.622
2.639
2.640
2.640
0.537
2.634
2.626
2.623
2.623
2.639
2.640
2.640
0.459
2.634
2.627
2.624
2.625
2.639
2.640
2.640
0.478
2.635
2.628
2.626
2.626
2.639
Gasoline
NOx
25 to 50
4.084
4.083
4.075
4.074
4.074
0.691
4.040
4.044
4.044
4.043
4.036
4.035
4.035
0.732
4.040
4.044
4.044
4.043
4.037
4.036
4.036
0.791
4.041
4.044
4.044
4.043
4.038
4.037
4.037
0.707
4.042
4.044
4.045
4.044
4.039
4.038
4.038
0.726
4.042
4.044
4.045
4.044
4.040
Gasoline
NOx
50 +
2.515
2.515
2.509
2.509
2.509
0.408
2.488
2.490
2.490
2.490
2.485
2.484
2.484
0.449
2.488
2.490
2.490
2.489
2.485
2.485
2.485
0.490
2.488
2.489
2.490
2.489
2.485
2.485
2.485
0.434
2.488
2.489
2.490
2.489
2.486
2.485
2.485
0.447
2.488
2.489
2.489
2.489
2.486
Gasoline
NOx
Highway
2.541
2.541
2.528
2.528
2.528
0.465
2.508
2.513
2.516
2.515
2.504
2.503
2.503
0.525
2.508
2.513
2.515
2.514
2.504
2.504
2.504
0.580
2.508
2.512
2.514
2.514
2.505
2.504
2.504
0.506
2.508
2.512
2.514
2.513
2.505
2.505
2.505
0.524
2.508
2.512
2.513
2.513
2.505
Gasoline
PM2.5
Decel
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.000
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.000
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.000
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.000
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
Gasoline
PM2.5
Oto25
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
Gasoline
PM2.5
25 to 50
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.012
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.008
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.008
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.008
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.008
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
Gasoline
PM2.5
50 +
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
Gasoline
PM2.5
Highway
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.007
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.004
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.004
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.004
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.004
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
A-9
-------
Year&
Class
2011-8a
2011-8b
Gasoline
NOx
Decel
0.238
0.238
Gasoline
NOx
Oto25
2.640
2.640
Gasoline
NOx
25 to 50
4.039
4.039
Gasoline
NOx
50 +
2.486
2.486
Gasoline
NOx
Highway
2.505
2.505
Gasoline
PM2.5
Decel
0.001
0.001
Gasoline
PM2.5
Oto25
0.003
0.003
Gasoline
PM2.5
25 to 50
0.003
0.003
Gasoline
PM2.5
50 +
0.003
0.003
Gasoline
PM2.5
Highway
0.003
0.003
Note - highlighted cells are set equal to the row above (MOVES does not provide
consistent outputs for Class 8b gasoline vehicles; therefore 8bs are set equal to
8as).
Year&
Class
1988-2b
1988-3
1988-4
1988-5
1988-6
1988-7
1988-8a
1988-8b
1989-2b
1989-3
1989-4
1989-5
1989-6
1989-7
1989-8a
1989-8b
1990-2b
1990-3
1990-4
1990-5
1990-6
1990-7
1990-8a
1990-8b
1991-2b
1991-3
1991-4
1991-5
1991-6
1991-7
1991-8a
1991-8b
1992-2b
E10
NOx
Decel
0.268
0.313
0.310
0.321
0.324
0.334
0.340
0.340
0.268
0.312
0.311
0.329
0.321
0.327
0.462
0.462
0.168
0.163
0.163
0.168
0.169
0.178
0.253
0.253
0.172
0.163
0.162
0.165
0.166
0.165
0.178
0.178
0.152
E10
NOx
Oto25
4.087
7.925
7.720
8.665
8.670
8.518
10.924
10.924
4.259
7.758
7.625
8.263
8.116
8.222
12.071
12.071
4.495
5.821
5.723
6.041
6.072
6.308
9.346
9.346
4.057
5.823
5.776
5.932
6.045
6.023
6.344
6.344
3.715
E10
NOx
25 to 50
8.254
12.018
12.102
12.109
12.041
11.706
13.402
13.402
8.366
11.943
12.040
11.636
11.707
11.656
8.630
8.630
8.218
8.431
8.505
8.299
8.289
8.212
6.590
6.590
8.134
8.475
8.495
8.428
8.379
8.386
8.277
8.277
7.409
E10
NOx
50 +
4.120
6.695
6.733
6.712
6.676
6.515
7.180
7.180
4.208
6.671
6.709
6.509
6.561
6.524
1.890
1.890
3.506
3.676
3.703
3.620
3.613
3.558
1.118
1.118
3.444
3.685
3.695
3.662
3.638
3.643
3.568
3.568
3.150
E10
NOx
Highway
4.758
7.737
7.821
7.931
7.853
7.469
9.196
9.196
4.885
7.627
7.730
7.356
7.400
7.368
6.781
6.781
4.418
4.857
4.940
4.729
4.726
4.699
4.528
4.528
4.287
4.879
4.905
4.818
4.754
4.757
4.716
4.716
3.935
E10
PM
2.5
Decel
0.006
0.007
0.007
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.007
0.007
0.006
0.007
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.005
E10
PM
2.5
Oto
25
0.050
0.062
0.062
0.062
0.062
0.060
0.063
0.063
0.051
0.062
0.062
0.060
0.061
0.061
0.042
0.042
0.016
0.014
0.014
0.013
0.013
0.013
0.008
0.008
0.069
0.075
0.075
0.075
0.076
0.076
0.075
0.075
0.052
E10
PM2.5
25 to
50
0.082
0.040
0.040
0.042
0.041
0.039
0.052
0.052
0.081
0.039
0.040
0.038
0.039
0.039
0.016
0.016
0.071
0.019
0.019
0.019
0.019
0.019
0.010
0.010
0.046
0.019
0.020
0.019
0.019
0.019
0.019
0.019
0.035
E10
PM
2.5
50 +
0.054
0.062
0.062
0.061
0.061
0.060
0.058
0.058
0.055
0.062
0.062
0.061
0.061
0.061
0.010
0.010
0.054
0.039
0.039
0.038
0.038
0.037
0.006
0.006
0.021
0.017
0.017
0.017
0.017
0.017
0.017
0.017
0.016
E10
PM2.5
Highway
0.055
0.054
0.055
0.054
0.053
0.052
0.055
0.055
0.055
0.054
0.055
0.052
0.053
0.052
0.044
0.044
0.054
0.035
0.036
0.034
0.034
0.033
0.028
0.028
0.032
0.029
0.029
0.028
0.028
0.028
0.027
0.027
0.025
A-10
-------
Year&
Class
1992-3
1992-4
1992-5
1992-6
1992-7
1992-8a
1992-8b
1993-2b
1993-3
1993-4
1993-5
1993-6
1993-7
1993-8a
1993-8b
1994-2b
1994-3
1994-4
1994-5
1994-6
1994-7
1994-8a
1994-8b
1995-2b
1995-3
1995-4
1995-5
1995-6
1995-7
1995-8a
1995-8b
1996-2b
1996-3
1996-4
1996-5
1996-6
1996-7
1996-8a
1996-8b
1997-2b
1997-3
1997-4
1997-5
E10
NOx
Decel
0.162
0.162
0.162
0.162
0.162
0.163
0.163
0.153
0.163
0.162
0.168
0.167
0.174
0.178
0.178
0.126
0.160
0.159
0.161
0.162
0.170
0.248
0.248
0.125
0.160
0.160
0.161
0.166
0.164
0.248
0.248
0.108
0.159
0.159
0.160
0.160
0.163
0.248
0.248
0.105
0.160
0.159
0.159
E10
NOx
Oto25
5.748
5.715
5.818
5.947
5.938
5.960
5.960
4.051
5.799
5.739
5.928
6.019
6.202
6.290
6.290
3.546
5.707
5.634
5.680
5.847
6.063
9.179
9.179
3.570
5.739
5.665
5.706
5.970
5.939
9.179
9.179
2.150
5.698
5.636
5.648
5.830
5.906
9.179
9.179
1.776
5.702
5.607
5.640
E10
NOx
25 to 50
8.504
8.522
8.467
8.401
8.404
8.397
8.397
7.498
8.441
8.486
8.403
8.299
8.241
8.212
8.212
6.923
8.275
8.336
8.325
8.174
8.106
6.472
6.472
6.944
8.283
8.333
8.312
8.178
8.188
6.472
6.472
4.118
8.302
8.345
8.342
8.214
8.190
6.472
6.472
3.538
8.241
8.350
8.314
E10
NOx
50 +
3.700
3.707
3.685
3.657
3.659
3.654
3.654
3.204
3.681
3.697
3.654
3.623
3.582
3.561
3.561
3.012
3.611
3.632
3.623
3.573
3.526
1.098
1.098
3.022
3.609
3.628
3.618
3.557
3.563
1.098
1.098
2.092
3.618
3.634
3.631
3.585
3.569
1.098
1.098
1.665
3.605
3.638
3.626
E10
NOx
Highway
4.921
4.949
4.861
4.765
4.766
4.763
4.763
4.058
4.869
4.918
4.848
4.730
4.709
4.699
4.699
3.709
4.762
4.831
4.826
4.655
4.629
4.447
4.447
3.724
4.752
4.819
4.795
4.652
4.656
4.447
4.447
2.275
4.779
4.835
4.834
4.668
4.658
4.447
4.447
1.966
4.739
4.853
4.815
E10
PM
2.5
Decel
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.005
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.005
0.005
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.004
0.004
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
E10
PM
2.5
Oto
25
0.057
0.056
0.057
0.058
0.058
0.058
0.058
0.053
0.057
0.056
0.057
0.057
0.057
0.057
0.057
0.012
0.011
0.011
0.011
0.011
0.012
0.014
0.014
0.015
0.017
0.017
0.017
0.017
0.017
0.015
0.015
0.011
0.013
0.013
0.013
0.013
0.013
0.009
0.009
0.007
0.007
0.007
0.007
E10
PM2.5
25 to
50
0.015
0.015
0.015
0.015
0.015
0.015
0.015
0.033
0.015
0.015
0.015
0.015
0.014
0.014
0.014
0.039
0.042
0.043
0.043
0.042
0.041
0.021
0.021
0.035
0.012
0.012
0.012
0.012
0.012
0.006
0.006
0.043
0.015
0.015
0.015
0.015
0.015
0.008
0.008
0.028
0.010
0.010
0.010
E10
PM
2.5
50 +
0.013
0.013
0.013
0.013
0.013
0.013
0.013
0.016
0.013
0.013
0.013
0.013
0.013
0.013
0.013
0.069
0.115
0.115
0.115
0.115
0.113
0.025
0.025
0.019
0.017
0.017
0.017
0.017
0.017
0.003
0.003
0.008
0.008
0.008
0.008
0.008
0.008
0.001
0.001
0.017
0.022
0.022
0.022
E10
PM2.5
Highway
0.022
0.022
0.022
0.021
0.021
0.021
0.021
0.024
0.022
0.022
0.021
0.021
0.021
0.021
0.021
0.039
0.056
0.056
0.056
0.056
0.054
0.040
0.040
0.025
0.019
0.019
0.019
0.019
0.019
0.015
0.015
0.019
0.015
0.015
0.015
0.015
0.014
0.012
0.012
0.018
0.015
0.016
0.016
A-ll
-------
Year&
Class
1997-6
1997-7
1997-8a
1997-8b
1998-2b
1998-3
1998-4
1998-5
1998-6
1998-7
1998-8a
1998-8b
1999-2b
1999-3
1999-4
1999-5
1999-6
1999-7
1999-8a
1999-8b
2000-2b
2000-3
2000-4
2000-5
2000-6
2000-7
2000-8a
2000-8b
2001 -2b
2001-3
2001-4
2001-5
2001-6
2001-7
2001 -8a
2001 -8b
2002-2b
2002-3
2002-4
2002-5
2002-6
2002-7
2002-8a
E10
NOx
Decel
0.161
0.163
0.248
0.248
0.139
0.317
0.317
0.317
0.318
0.321
0.441
0.441
0.147
0.316
0.316
0.317
0.317
0.318
0.318
0.318
0.142
0.316
0.316
0.317
0.317
0.317
0.318
0.318
0.102
0.332
0.332
0.332
0.333
0.333
0.334
0.334
0.085
0.332
0.332
0.332
0.333
0.333
0.333
E10
NOx
Oto25
5.804
5.859
9.179
9.179
1.437
3.475
3.407
3.474
3.516
3.532
4.814
4.814
1.453
3.495
3.469
3.461
3.463
3.514
3.516
3.516
1.416
3.496
3.472
3.464
3.466
3.513
3.516
3.516
1.094
3.673
3.650
3.642
3.644
3.690
3.692
3.692
0.955
3.674
3.653
3.645
3.647
3.690
3.692
E10
NOx
25 to 50
8.147
8.130
6.472
6.472
3.358
5.379
5.406
5.379
5.360
5.347
3.702
3.702
3.400
5.374
5.384
5.386
5.384
5.363
5.361
5.361
3.361
5.375
5.384
5.386
5.384
5.365
5.363
5.363
2.395
5.645
5.654
5.656
5.654
5.636
5.634
5.634
2.082
5.646
5.654
5.655
5.653
5.637
5.635
E10
NOx
50 +
3.573
3.561
1.098
1.098
1.733
3.316
3.331
3.316
3.304
3.296
0.839
0.839
1.755
3.313
3.319
3.320
3.318
3.306
3.305
3.305
1.728
3.313
3.318
3.319
3.318
3.307
3.305
3.305
1.327
3.479
3.484
3.485
3.484
3.473
3.472
3.472
1.155
3.479
3.484
3.484
3.483
3.473
3.472
E10
NOx
Highway
4.647
4.640
4.447
4.447
1.833
3.411
3.444
3.411
3.390
3.379
2.964
2.964
1.852
3.404
3.416
3.419
3.417
3.393
3.391
3.391
1.820
3.404
3.415
3.418
3.416
3.393
3.392
3.392
1.435
3.574
3.585
3.588
3.586
3.565
3.563
3.563
1.250
3.574
3.584
3.587
3.585
3.565
3.564
E10
PM
2.5
Decel
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
E10
PM
2.5
Oto
25
0.007
0.007
0.004
0.004
0.008
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.005
0.005
0.004
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.004
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.006
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.004
E10
PM2.5
25 to
50
0.010
0.010
0.004
0.004
0.026
0.011
0.011
0.011
0.011
0.011
0.005
0.005
0.025
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.023
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.023
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.015
0.007
0.007
0.007
0.007
0.007
0.007
E10
PM
2.5
50 +
0.022
0.022
0.003
0.003
0.010
0.009
0.009
0.009
0.009
0.009
0.002
0.002
0.005
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.006
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.006
0.014
0.014
0.014
0.014
0.014
0.014
0.014
0.005
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
E10
PM2.5
Highway
0.015
0.015
0.012
0.012
0.014
0.011
0.011
0.011
0.011
0.011
0.008
0.008
0.014
0.009
0.009
0.009
0.009
0.009
0.009
0.009
0.014
0.008
0.008
0.008
0.008
0.008
0.008
0.008
0.013
0.012
0.012
0.012
0.012
0.012
0.012
0.012
0.008
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
A-12
-------
Year&
Class
2002-8b
2003-2b
2003-3
2003-4
2003-5
2003-6
2003-7
2003-8a
2003-8b
2004-2b
2004-3
2004-4
2004-5
2004-6
2004-7
2004-8a
2004-8b
2005-2b
2005-3
2005-4
2005-5
2005-6
2005-7
2005-8a
2005-8b
2006-2b
2006-3
2006-4
2006-5
2006-6
2006-7
2006-8a
2006-8b
2007-2b
2007-3
2007-4
2007-5
2007-6
2007-7
2007-8a
2007-8b
2008-2b
2008-3
E10
NOx
Decel
0.333
0.088
0.332
0.332
0.332
0.333
0.333
0.333
0.333
0.064
0.297
0.297
0.297
0.298
0.298
0.298
0.298
0.055
0.297
0.297
0.297
0.298
0.298
0.298
0.298
0.042
0.241
0.241
0.241
0.241
0.241
0.241
0.241
0.042
0.238
0.238
0.239
0.239
0.239
0.239
0.239
0.043
0.238
E10
NOx
Oto25
3.692
1.014
3.676
3.656
3.648
3.650
3.690
3.692
3.692
0.698
3.292
3.276
3.270
3.271
3.304
3.305
3.305
0.525
3.293
3.278
3.273
3.274
3.304
3.305
3.305
0.394
2.670
2.659
2.655
2.656
2.678
2.679
2.679
0.396
2.645
2.635
2.631
2.632
2.652
2.653
2.653
0.481
2.646
E10
NOx
25 to 50
5.635
2.196
5.646
5.654
5.655
5.653
5.638
5.637
5.637
1.263
5.056
5.062
5.063
5.061
5.049
5.048
5.048
1.011
5.057
5.062
5.063
5.062
5.051
5.049
5.049
0.710
4.099
4.103
4.104
4.103
4.095
4.094
4.094
0.694
4.059
4.063
4.064
4.063
4.056
4.055
4.055
0.736
4.060
E10
NOx
50 +
3.472
1.217
3.479
3.483
3.484
3.483
3.474
3.472
3.472
0.728
3.115
3.118
3.119
3.118
3.110
3.110
3.110
0.576
3.115
3.118
3.118
3.118
3.111
3.110
3.110
0.415
2.524
2.527
2.527
2.527
2.521
2.521
2.521
0.410
2.500
2.502
2.502
2.502
2.497
2.496
2.496
0.451
2.500
E10
NOx
Highway
3.564
1.317
3.574
3.584
3.586
3.585
3.566
3.565
3.565
0.825
3.200
3.208
3.210
3.208
3.194
3.192
3.192
0.641
3.200
3.207
3.209
3.208
3.194
3.193
3.193
0.468
2.545
2.551
2.554
2.553
2.540
2.540
2.540
0.467
2.520
2.526
2.528
2.527
2.516
2.515
2.515
0.527
2.520
E10
PM
2.5
Decel
0.001
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.000
0.001
E10
PM
2.5
Oto
25
0.004
0.004
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.003
0.003
E10
PM2.5
25 to
50
0.007
0.017
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.014
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.014
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.013
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.012
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.008
0.003
E10
PM
2.5
50 +
0.003
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.006
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.006
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.003
0.003
E10
PM2.5
Highway
0.005
0.009
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.007
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.007
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.007
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.007
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.004
0.003
A-13
-------
Year&
Class
2008-4
2008-5
2008-6
2008-7
2008-8a
2008-8b
2009-2b
2009-3
2009-4
2009-5
2009-6
2009-7
2009-8a
2009-8b
2010-2b
2010-3
2010-4
2010-5
2010-6
2010-7
2010-8a
2010-8b
2011-2b
2011-3
2011-4
2011-5
2011-6
2011-7
2011-8a
2011-8b
E10
NOx
Decel
0.238
0.239
0.239
0.239
0.239
0.239
0.047
0.238
0.238
0.238
0.239
0.239
0.239
0.239
0.043
0.238
0.238
0.238
0.239
0.239
0.239
0.239
0.044
0.238
0.238
0.238
0.239
0.239
0.239
0.239
E10
NOx
Oto25
2.637
2.633
2.634
2.652
2.652
2.652
0.540
2.646
2.638
2.635
2.636
2.652
2.653
2.653
0.462
2.647
2.640
2.637
2.638
2.652
2.653
2.653
0.481
2.648
2.641
2.638
2.639
2.652
2.653
2.653
E10
NOx
25 to 50
4.063
4.064
4.063
4.056
4.056
4.056
0.794
4.060
4.063
4.064
4.063
4.057
4.057
4.057
0.710
4.061
4.064
4.064
4.063
4.058
4.058
4.058
0.730
4.062
4.064
4.064
4.064
4.059
4.059
4.059
E10
NOx
50 +
2.502
2.502
2.501
2.497
2.497
2.497
0.493
2.500
2.501
2.502
2.501
2.497
2.497
2.497
0.436
2.500
2.501
2.502
2.501
2.498
2.497
2.497
0.449
2.500
2.501
2.501
2.501
2.498
2.498
2.498
E10
NOx
Highway
2.525
2.527
2.526
2.516
2.516
2.516
0.583
2.520
2.524
2.526
2.526
2.517
2.516
2.516
0.508
2.520
2.524
2.526
2.525
2.517
2.517
2.517
0.526
2.520
2.524
2.525
2.525
2.517
2.517
2.517
E10
PM
2.5
Decel
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.000
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.000
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.000
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
E10
PM
2.5
Oto
25
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
E10
PM2.5
25 to
50
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.008
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.008
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.008
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
E10
PM
2.5
50 +
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
E10
PM2.5
Highway
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.004
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.004
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.004
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
Note - highlighted cells are set equal to the row above (MOVES does not provide
consistent outputs for Class 8b gasoline vehicles; therefore 8bs are set equal to
8as).
A-14
-------
Appendix B - NOx and PM Idle Factors - g/hr
(MOVES2010, 2009 Calendar Year, ULSD)
-------
SW Idle factors (g/hr) from MOVES2010
average of Jan and July factors
Month
Annual Av
Annual Av
Annual Av
Annual Av
Annual Av
Annual Av
Annual Av
Annual Av
Annual Av
Annual Av
Annual Av
Annual Av
Annual Av
Annual Av
Annual Av
Annual Av
Annual Av
Annual Av
Annual Av
Annual Av
Annual Av
Annual Av
Annual Av
Annual Av
Annual Av
Annual Av
Annual Av
Annual Av
Annual Av
Annual Av
Annual Av
Annual Av
Annual Av
Annual Av
Annual Av
Annual Av
Annual Av
Annual Av
Annual Av
Annual Av
Annual Av
Pollutant
NOX
NOX
NOX
NOX
NOX
NOX
NOX
NOX
NOX
NOX
NOX
NOX
NOX
NOX
NOX
NOX
NOX
NOX
NOX
NOX
NOX
NOX
NOX
NOX
NOX
NOX
NOX
NOX
NOX
NOX
NOX
Total PM 10
Total PM 10
Total PM 10
Total PM 10
Total PM 10
Total PM 10
Total PM 10
Total PM 10
Total PM 10
Total PM 10
Model Year
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
Source: David Brz, OTAQ, 4-16-10
Truck Class
HDGV
14.73
14.55
14.73
14.46
14.51
14.54
14.56
14.51
14.54
14.56
7.39
7.45
7.48
7.44
7.39
7.45
7.15
6.91
13.71
13.77
13.68
13.67
13.56
13.54
12.73
6.90
6.92
6.93
7.17
7.29
7.10
2.15
4.68
4.65
4.08
4.07
0.51
0.33
0.33
1.02
1.02
LHDDV
98.49
131.89
118.11
124.77
127.12
127.34
113.98
152.05
140.84
157.06
191.73
154.90
151.31
164.60
164.46
161.26
160.72
141.05
141.74
133.81
131.75
117.90
127.67
81.34
81.33
81.34
59.26
26.22
26.24
26.24
7.08
6.06
4.40
4.44
4.43
4.43
4.42
4.46
4.38
4.42
4.39
MHDDV
192.01
192.01
192.01
192.00
192.01
192.01
192.01
192.01
192.01
192.01
148.28
139.42
139.42
139.42
139.42
139.42
139.42
139.42
117.07
115.47
114.68
110.55
113.76
49.00
49.06
49.08
49.05
24.49
24.47
24.45
5.42
4.35
4.35
4.35
4.35
4.35
4.35
4.35
4.35
4.35
4.35
HHDDV
192.01
192.01
192.01
192.00
192.01
192.01
192.01
192.01
192.01
192.01
148.28
139.42
139.42
139.42
139.42
139.42
139.42
139.42
117.07
144.33
143.77
145.73
143.55
54.71
54.76
54.77
54.78
27.37
27.37
27.36
6.42
4.35
4.35
4.35
4.35
4.35
4.35
4.35
4.35
4.35
4.35
B-l
-------
SW Idle factors (g/hr) from MOVES2010
average of Jan and July factors
Month
Annual Av
Annual Av
Annual Av
Annual Av
Annual Av
Annual Av
Annual Av
Annual Av
Annual Av
Annual Av
Annual Av
Annual Av
Annual Av
Annual Av
Annual Av
Annual Av
Annual Av
Annual Av
Annual Av
Annual Av
Annual Av
Pollutant
Total PM 10
Total PM 10
Total PM 10
Total PM 10
Total PM 10
Total PM 10
Total PM 10
Total PM 10
Total PM 10
Total PM 10
Total PM 10
Total PM 10
Total PM 10
Total PM 10
Total PM 10
Total PM 10
Total PM 10
Total PM 10
Total PM 10
Total PM 10
Total PM 10
Model Year
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
Truck Class Definitions
HDGV
LHDDV
MHDDV
HHDDV
Source: David Brz, OTAQ, 4-16-10
Truck Class
HDGV
0.32
0.27
0.27
0.27
0.09
0.11
0.18
0.19
0.12
0.06
0.03
0.02
0.08
0.04
0.10
0.09
0.09
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.06
gasoline trucks - all classes
diesel classes 2b - 5
diesel classes 6 and 7
diesel classes 8a and 8b
LHDDV
4.37
4.11
3.96
4.19
7.29
6.67
6.59
5.81
6.58
6.24
6.15
5.55
5.97
5.14
4.74
4.74
4.72
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.18
MHDDV
4.35
4.35
4.35
4.35
7.15
7.11
7.12
7.24
6.82
6.88
6.89
6.94
6.90
6.23
6.22
5.98
5.98
0.19
0.19
0.19
0.18
HHDDV
4.35
4.35
4.35
4.35
6.86
6.80
6.81
6.78
6.51
6.49
6.50
6.47
6.50
5.87
5.87
5.81
5.81
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.20
B-2
-------
Appendix C - SmartWay Fleet Activity Distributions by Vehicle Class
-------
Calendar Year 2008 Diesel smart way vehicles
truck class=2B
miles unit MIDPOINT
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
80000
90000
O 1 00000
i
110000
120000
130000
14OOOO
150000
160000
170000
1 80000
190000
200000
(
M
I
^H
) 1 2 !
I
I
I
J 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
FRFOUFN
FREQ.
1
11
6
5
5
3
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
CUM.
FREQ.
1
12
18
23
28
31
32
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
34
PCT.
2.94
32.35
17.65
14.71
14.71
882
2.94
2.94
0.00
0.00
000
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
000
000
000
000
000
2.94
CUM.
PCT
294
35.29
52.94
67.65
8235
91 18
94.12
9706
9706
9706
97.06
97.06
97.06
97. OS
97 OB
97.06
9706
97.06
9706
9706
100.00
-------
Calendar Year 2008 Diesel smart way vehicles
truck_class=3
miles_unit MIDPOINT
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000 [
70000 1
80000 |
90000
100000
110000 |
120000
130000
140000
150000 1
160000
170000
180000
190000
200000
(
FREQ.
2
14
6
5
3
0
1
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
CUM.
FREQ.
2
16
22
27
30
30
31
32
33
33
33
34
34
34
34
35
35
35
35
35
35
PCT.
5.71
40.00
17.14
14.29
8,57
0.00
2,86
2.86
286
0.00
0.00
2.86
0.00
0.00
0.00
2.86
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
000
CUM.
PCT.
5.71
45.71
62.86
77.14
85.71
85.71
88.57
91.43
9429
9429
94.29
97.14
97.14
97.14
97.14
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
10000
) 1 2 3 4 S 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
FRFOUFMl
-------
Calendar Year 2008 Diesel smart way vehicles
truck class=4
miles unit MIDPOINT
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70OOO
80000
90OOO
100000
110000
120000
130000
140000
150000
160000
170000
180000
190000
200000
c
I
^^^^^^m
i
i
i
i
^^^i
i j i . . . . . | ....[,... | .... | .... | ... . ,
112345678
• i •
FREQ.
2
3
8
7
2
3
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
CUM
FREQ.
2
5
13
20
22
25
26
26
27
27
28
28
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
CUM
PCT. PCT
6.90 6,90
10.34 17.24
27.59 44.83
24.14 68.97
6.90 75.86
10.34 86.21
345 8966
0.00 89.66
3.45 93.10
0.00 93.10
3.45 96.55
000 96.55
3.45 100.00
0.00 100.00
000 100.00
0.00 100.00
0.00 100,00
000 100.00
0.00 100.00
0.00 100.00
0.00 100.00
-------
Calendar Year 2008 Diesel smart way vehicles
truck class=5
miles unit MIDPOINT
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
80000
J
I
M
90000
100000 [
110000
120000 1
130000 1
140000
150000
160000
170000
180000
190000
200000
^=^
FREQ.
1
5
9
6
5
2
3
4
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
CUM.
FREQ.
1
6
15
21
26
23
31
35
36
36
37
37
38
39
39
39
39
GS
39
39
41
PCT.
2.44
12.20
21.95
14.63
12.20
4.88
7.32
976
2.44
000
2.44
0.00
2.44
2.44
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
4.88
CUM.
PCT.
244
14.63
36.59
51.22
63.41
68.29
75.61
85.37
8780
87.80
90.24
9024
92.68
95.12
95.12
95.12
95.12
95.12
95.12
95.12
10000
01234S6789
FREQUFI
-------
Calendar Year 2008 Diesel smart way vehicles
truck class=6
0
miles unit MIDPOINT
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
80000
90000
^^^H
I
I
100000 f
110000
120000
130000
140000
150000
160000
170000
180000
190000
200000
D
••
CUM. CUM.
FREQ. FREQ. PCT. PCT
5 5 3.94 3.94
16 21 12.60 16.54
22 43 1732 33.86
21 64 16.54 50.39
16 80 1260 62.99
18 98 14.17 77.17
12 110 945 86.61
4 114 3.15 89.76
4 118 315 92.91
3 121 2.36 9528
2 123 1.57 96.85
0 123 000 96.85
0 123 000 96.85
0 123 000 96.85
0 123 000 96.85
1 124 0.79 9764
0 124 0.00 97.64
0 124 0.00 97.64
0 124 000 97.64
0 124 0.00 97.S4
3 127 236 100.00
0 10 20 30
FR1 UENC'.
-------
Calendar Year 2008 Diesel smart way vehicles
truck_class=7
DPOINT
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
80000
90000
100000
110000
120000 [
130000 [
140000
150000 [
160000
170000
180000
190000
200000 |
1
J
CUM. CUM.
FREQ. FREQ. PCT. PCT.
5 5 373 3.73
13 18 9.70 13.43
27 45 2015 33.58
1S 63 1343 47.01
16 79 11.94 58.96
15 94 11.19 7015
5 99 373 73.88
9 108 6.72 80.60
4 112 299 83.58
6 118 448 88.06
5 123 373 91.79
3 126 224 94.03
3 129 2.24 96.27
2 131 1,49 97.76
0 131 0,00 97.76
1 132 0,75 98.51
0 132 000 98.51
0 132 0.00 98.51
0 132 0.00 98.51
0 132 0.00 98.51
2 134 1.49 100.00
10
20
30
-------
Calendar Year 2008 Diesel smart way vehicles
truck_class=8A
miles_unit MIDPOINT
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
80000
90000
100000
110000
120000
130000
140000
150000
160000
170000
180000
190000
200000
CUM.
FREQ. FREQ.
2
16
24
32
23
23
31
30
33
29
37
30
26
28
4
13
4
2
2
2
12
2
18
42
74
97
120
151
181
214
243
280
310
336
364
368
381
385
387
389
391
403
PCT.
050
3.97
5.96
7.94
5.71
571
769
7.44
8.19
720
9.18
7.44
645
6.95
0.99
3.23
0.99
050
0.50
050
2.98
CUM.
PCT.
0.50
4.47
10.42
18.36
24.07
2978
37.47
44.91
53.10
60.30
69.48
76.92
8337
9032
91.32
94.54
9553
96.03
9653
9702
100.00
20
FRFOI IFNC.V
-------
Calendar Year 2008 Diesel smart way vehicles
truck class=8B
08
miles_unit MIDPOINT
0
•
10000 |
20000 1
30000 |_
40000 |
50000
60000
70000
80000
90000
100000
110000
120000
130OOO
140000
150000
160000
170000
•
•
I
I
~^^^^^^^^m
I
I
180000 [
190000 |_
200000
^
0 10 20 30 40
I
50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160
FREQUENCY
CUM CUM
FREQ. FREQ. PCT. PCT.
7 7 0.59 059
16 23 134 193
22 45 185 3.78
31 76 260 6.38
52 128 4.37 10.75
52 180 437 15.11
72 252 6.05 21.16
89 341 7.47 28.63
111 452 9.32 37.95
122 574 10.24 48.19
163 737 13.69 61.88
140 877 1175 7364
112 989 940 83.04
71 1060 5.96 8900
47 1107 3.95 92.95
27 1134 2.27 9521
19 1153 1.60 96.81
11 1164 092 9773
4 1168 0.34 9807
4 1172 0.34 9840
19 1191 1.60 100.00
170
-------
Calendar Year 2008 Diesel smart way vehicles
truck_class=2B
mpg MIDPOINT
0
CUM.
FREQ.
0
0
0
0
0
1
4
4
10
13
16
18
21
21
23
25
28
29
31
31
31
32
33
34
34
34
PCT.
0.00
000
000
0.00
0.00
2.94
8.82
0.00
17.65
8.82
882
5.88
8,82
0.00
588
588
882
2.94
5,88
O.OO
0.00
2.94
2.94
2.94
0.00
000
CUM.
PCT
000
000
000
000
000
2.94
11.76
11.76
29.41
3824
4706
52.94
61.76
61.76
6765
73.53
8235
85.29
91.18
91.18
91.18
94.12
97.06
10000
100.00
100.00
FREQUENCY
-------
Calendar Year 2008 Diesel smart way vehicles
truck_class=3
n
i—'
o
mpg MIDPOINT
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
g
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
FREQ
0
D
0
0
6
1
5
2
3
2
1
5
3
1
2
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
CUM.
FREQ.
0
0
0
0
6
7
12
14
17
19
20
25
28
29
31
31
32
32
33
33
33
34
34
34
35
35
PCT.
000
0.00
0.00
000
17.14
286
1429
5.71
S. 57
5.71
2.B6
1429
8.57
286
5.71
000
2.86
0.00
286
000
000
2.B6
0.00
0.00
286
0.00
CUM
PCT
000
000
000
000
17.14
2000
34.29
4000
48.57
54.29
57.14
71.43
80.00
82.86
83.57
88.57
91.43
91.43
94.29
94.29
94.29
97.14
97.14
97.14
100.00
100.00
FREQUENCY
-------
Calendar Year 2008 Diesel smart way vehicles
truck_class=4
n
rnpg MIDPOINT
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
t
|
I
i
1
II
1
1
234567
-JIIFNHY
FREQ.
0
0
0
0
1
2
1
3
2
1
1
7
5
3
2
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
CUM.
FREQ
0
0
0
0
1
3
4
7
9
10
11
18
23
26
28
28
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
PCT.
000
000
000
0.00
345
6.90
3.45
10.34
690
345
345
24.14
17.24
10.34
690
0.00
345
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
000
0.00
0.00
000
CUM.
PCT.
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
3.45
10.34
13.79
24.14
31.03
3448
37.93
62.07
79.31
8966
96.55
9655
100.00
100.00
100.00
10000
10000
10000
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
-------
Calendar Year 2008 Diesel smart way vehicles
truck class=5
n
mpg MIDPOINT
0
1
:
;
;
:
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
=
^M
1
I
|
1
1
FREQ.
0
0
0
1
0
4
9
9
2
3
3
2
2
1
1
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
CUM.
FREQ.
0
0
0
1
1
5
14
23
25
23
31
33
35
36
37
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
40
40
41
PCT.
0.00
0.00
000
2.44
0.00
9.76
21 95
2195
4.88
7.32
7.32
4.88
488
2.44
2.44
488
0.00
0.00
000
000
000
0.00
0.00
2.44
0.00
2.44
CUM.
PCT.
0.00
0.00
000
2.44
2.44
1220
34.15
56.10
60.98
68.29
75.61
80.49
85.37
87.80
90.24
95.12
95.12
95.12
95.12
95.12
95.12
95.12
95.12
97. 56
97.56
100.00
' T ' ' ' " I ' ' I ' ' I f ' I ' ' I ' ' I ' 'I
012345S789
FREQUENC1
-------
Calendar Year 2008 Diesel smart way vehicles
truck class=6
n
mpg MIDPOINT
:
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
"
_
•
I
]
12 1
13 [ ]
14
15
•
" I
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
t
)
10 20 30
FREOUEI :
CUM. CUM.
FREQ FREQ. PCT. PCT.
0 0 0.00 000
1 1 0.79 0.79
0 1 0.00 079
1 2 079 1.57
4 6 3.15 4.72
8 14 6.30 11.02
22 36 17.32 28.35
18 54 14.17 42.52
34 88 26.77 69.29
21 109 16.54 85.83
10 119 787 93.70
4 123 3.15 96.85
2 125 1.57 98.43
1 126 0.79 99.21
0 126 000 99.21
0 126 000 99.21
1 127 0.79 100.00
0 127 0.00 100.00
0 127 0.00 100.00
0 127 000 100.00
0 127 000 100.00
0 127 0.00 100.00
0 127 0.00 100.00
0 127 000 100.00
0 127 0.00 100.00
0 127 0.00 100.00
40
-------
Calendar Year 2008 Diesel smart way vehicles
truck_class=7
mpg MIDPOINT
n
NT FREQ
J
5
6
7
8
g
10
11
12
13
:
1
=1
1
1
i
1
~
14
15 P
16
17 I
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
0
1
1
6
2
6
31
23
26
21
10
2
2
2
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
CUM.
FREQ.
0
1
2
8
10
16
47
70
96
117
127
129
131
133
133
134
134
135
135
135
135
135
135
135
135
135
PCT.
0.00
0.74
0.74
4.44
1.48
4.44
22.96
17.04
19.26
15.56
7.41
1.48
1 48
1 48
000
0.74
0.00
0.74
000
0.00
0.00
000
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
CUM
PCT
0.00
O.74
1.48
5.93
7.41
11.85
34.81
51.85
71.11
86.67
94.07
95.56
9704
98.52
9852
99.26
99,26
100.00
100.00
10000
10000
10O.OO
100.00
10000
100.00
100.00
10
20
30
40
-------
Calendar Year 2008 Diesel smart way vehicles
truck_class=8A
n
mpg MIDPOINT
0
1 I
2 |
3 •
4
5
6
7
3
g
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
C
ZZ
I
I
Zl
z
FREQ.
0
1
2
4
13
90
192
73
18
7
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
CUM.
FREQ.
0
1
3
7
20
110
302
375
393
400
400
401
402
402
402
402
402
402
404
404
404
404
404
404
404
404
PCT.
0.00
025
0.50
0.99
322
22.28
47.52
18.07
4.46
1.73
000
0.25
0.25
0.00
000
000
000
000
0.50
0.00
0.00
000
000
0.00
0.00
0.00
CUM
PCT.
0.00
025
074
1.73
4.95
27.23
74.75
92.82
9728
99.01
9901
99.26
99.50
99.50
99.50
99.50
99.50
99.50
100.00
100.00
100.00
10000
100.00
10000
100.00
100.00
— i — i — ' — i — i — i — i — i — i — i — ' — i — " — i — i — i — ' — i — i — i — " — i — i — i — « — ] — i — i — i — i — i — i — i — i — i — i — i — i — i — r
10 20 30 40 50 SO 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200
FRFOUFN
-------
Calendar Year 2008 Diesel smart way vehicles
truck class=8B
mpg MIDPOINT
n
i—'
o\
NT
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
C
J
•
I
I
H
FREQ.
0
1
1
7
29
289
700
149
18
3
3
2
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 -f
100 200 300 400 500 600 700
CUM
FREQ.
0
1
2
9
38
327
1027
1176
1194
1197
1200
1202
1203
1203
1203
1203
1203
1203
1204
1204
1205
1205
1205
1205
1205
1205
PCT.
0.00
0.08
0.08
0.58
2.41
23.98
58.09
12.37
1.49
025
0.25
0.17
O.OS
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.08
o.oo
0.08
o.oo
ooo
ooo
o.oo
ooo
CUM.
PCT.
0.00
0.08
0.17
0.75
3.15
27 14
85.23
97.59
99.09
99.34
99.59
99.75
99.83
99.83
99.83
99.83
99.83
99.83
99.92
99.92
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
10000
100.00
FRFOUFNCY
-------
Appendix D
Cargo Volume Literature Review Summary
-------
Clas
s
2b
2b
2b
2b
2b
2b
2b
2b
3
3
3
3
4
Application
Full Size
Pick-up
Full Size
Pick-up
Step Van
Step Van
Utility Van
Utility Van
Utility Van
Stake Truck
Pickup
Step Van
Conventiona
IVan
City
Delivery
Conventiona
Body
Type
Pick-up
Pick-up
Budget
Cargo
Van
Step Van
Utility/
cargo van
Uhaul 10'
Truck
Budget
10'
Moving
Truck
Stake/
platform
Pick-up
Step Van
Penske
12' Cargo
Van
Budget
16'
Moving
Truck
Uhaul 14'
VIUS
Category
step/walk-
in
step/walk-
in
van (basic
enclosed)
van (basic
enclosed)
van (basic
enclosed)
flatbed/stak
e/ platform
step/walk-
in
van (basic
enclosed)
Manuf
Chevy
Ford
Ford
Freightliner
-Sprinter
Ford
GMC
Supreme
GMC
Freightliner
-Sprinter
Ford
Model
Silverado
2500HD
F250
2500
Standard
Roof
E350
Sierra 3500
3500
Standard
Roof
Cargo
Space
(cubic
feet)
309
318
237
402
380
336
547
450
800
733
Unit
Cu. Ft
Cu. Ft
Cu. Ft
Cu. Ft
Cu. Ft
Cu. Ft
Cu. Ft
Cu. Ft
Cu. Ft
Cu. Ft
Cu. Ft
Cu. Ft
Cu. Ft
Max
Payload
3,644
2,900
3,116
3,469
4,239
2,810
3,100
4,566
4,845
2,600
3,400
6,190
GVW
9,200
9,400
8,600
8,550
9,500
8,600
8,600
10,700
11,030
11,500
14,050
Notes or
Comments
URL
http://www.chevrolet.com/vehicles/201
0/silverado2500hd/features.do
http : //www. fordfl 5 0 .net/specs/0 5 sd_sp
ecs.pdf
http://www.budgettruck.com/Moving-
Trucks.aspx
http : //www. freightlinersprinterusa. com/
vehicles/cargo-
van/models/specifications.php
http://www.motortrend.com/cars/2008/
ford/e 350/specifications/index.html
http://www.uhaul.com/Reservations/Eq
uipmentDetail . aspx?model=EL
http://www.budgettruck.com/Moving-
Trucks.aspx
http://www.gmc.com/sierra/3500/specs
Standard.] sp
http : //www. freightlinersprinterusa. com/
vehicles/cargo- van/models/3500-hi gh-
roof-170-wb-6-SDecs.DhD
http://www.pensketruckrental.com/com
mercial-truck-rentals/moving-vans/12-
ft.html
http://www.budgettruck.com/Moving-
Trucks.aspx
http://www.uhaul.com/Reservations/Eq
-------
Clas
s
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
6
6
Application
IVan
Conventiona
IVan
Conventiona
IVan
City
Delivery
Large Walk-
In
Large Walk-
In
UPS
Stake Truck
Bucket
Truck
City
Delivery
City
Delivery
Large Walk-
In
Beverage
Single Axle
Body
Type
Truck
Uhaul 17
Truck
Penske
16'
Economy
Van
Penske
16' Cargo
Van
Walk-in
Walk-in
Walk-in
Stake/plat
form
Bucket
truck
Uhaul 24'
Truck
Uhaul 26'
Truck
Large
Walk-in
Beverage
Budget
VIUS
Category
flatbed/stak
e/platform
van (basic
enclosed)
van (basic
enclosed)
step/walk-
in
van (basic
Manuf
Ford
Eaton
Hybrid
Grumman
GMC
Hackney
Model
W700 Step
Van
W700 Step
Van
W4500
6-Bay 52"
Performer
Cargo
Space
(cubic
feet)
865
826
1,536
700
700
448
1,418
1,611
670
588/case
capacity
= 531@
120z
cans
1,380
Unit
Cu. Ft
Cu. Ft
Cu. Ft
Cu. Ft
Cu. Ft
Cu. Ft
Cu. Ft
Cu. Ft
Cu. Ft
Cu. Ft
Cu.
Ft/cases
cans
Cu. Ft
Max
Payload
5,930
4,300
5,100
5,720
5,390
6,500
7,400
11,601
12,000
GVW
14,050
15,000
16,000
16,000
14,500
18,000
18,000
16,000
21,150
25,500
Notes or
Comments
URL
uipmentDetail . aspx?model=EL
http://www.uhaul.com/Reservations/Eq
uipmentDetail . aspx?model=EL
http://www.pensketruckrental.com/com
mercial-truck-rentals/moving-cargo-
vans/16-ft.html
http://www.pensketruckrental.com/com
mercial-truck-rentals/moving-cargo-
vans/16-ft.html
http://files.harc.edu/Proiects/Transporta
tion/FedExReportTask3 .pdf
http : //files, hare . edu/Proj ects/Transporta
tion/FedExReportTask3 .pdf
http://www.grummanolson.com/index2
.htm
http : //www.usedtrucksdepot. com/brow
se_listdetails.php?manf=GMC&scate=
Stake+Truck&catname=Medium+Duty
+Trucks&main id=208
http://www.uhaul.com/Reservations/Eq
uipmentDetail . aspx?model=EL
http://www.uhaul.com/Reservations/Eq
uipmentDetail . aspx?model=EL
http://news.van.fedex.com/node/7379
http : //www.hackneybe verage .com/bo d
ycad5.htm
http://www.budgettruck.com/Moving-
-------
Clas
s
6
6
6
7
7
7
7
7
7
Application
Van
Stake Truck
Refrigerated
/Reefer
Landscape
Van
Refuse
Furniture
Beverage
Stake Truck
Refrigerated
/Reefer
Tanker
Truck
Body
Type
24' Truck
24' Stake
Truck
24' Kold
King
Refrigera
ted
Van scape
r
Landscap
e Van
Refuse
Truck
Furniture
Truck
Beverage
(delivery
body)
flatbed/st
ake/platfo
rm
28' Kold
King
Refrigera
ted
tank
(fluid)
VIUS
Category
enclosed)
flatbed/stak
e/platform
reefer
step/walk-
in
flatbed/stak
e/platform
reefer
tank (fluid)
Manuf
Intemation
al/
Supreme
Supreme
Supreme
Hackney
Supreme
Supreme
Ford
Model
24'
24'
22'
Hackney 10-
Bay-48"
Aluminum
SH20096
28'
F750 XL
Cargo
Space
(cubic
feet)
672
1,521
1,496
2,013
12517
case
capacity
= 1,100
12 oz
cans
728
1,774
267
Unit
Cu. Ft
Cu. Ft
Cu. Ft
Cu. Ft
Cu. Ft
Cu.
Ft/case
cans
Cu. Ft
Cu. Ft
Max
Payload
23,700
2,000-
4000
GAL
GVW
25,900
37,733
33,000
26,000
Notes or
Comments
Note:
typical
step/walk-
ins do not
reach this
size. This is
a speciality
vehicle
URL
Trucks, aspx
http://www.usedtrucks.ryder.com/Vehi
cle/VehicleSearch.aspx?VehicleTypeId
=!&VehicleGroupId=5
http://www.silvercrowncoach.com/supr
eme.php?page=product&bodv=refriger
ated&product=2 1 §ion=specs
http://www.silvercrowncoach.com/supr
eme.php?page=product&body=landsca
ping&product= 3 0
http://www.hendersonrentals.co.nz/?t=
38
http : //hackneyusa. com/
http://www.usedtrucks.ryder.com/Vehi
cle/VehicleSearch.aspx?VehicleTypeId
=!&VehicleGroupId=5
http://www.silvercrowncoach.com/supr
eme.php?page=product&body=refriger
ated&product=2 1 §ion=specs
http : //www. truckingauctions .com/brow
se listdetails.php?scate=Water%20Tan
k%20Truck&manf=GMC&catname=H
-------
Clas
s
7
Application
Single Axle
Van
Body
Type
Freightlin
er Truck
VIUS
Category
van (basic
enclosed)
Manuf
Freightliner
Business
Class (24')
Model
Business
Class M2
112
Cargo
Space
(cubic
feet)
1,552
Unit
Max
Payload
GVW
33,000
Notes or
Comments
Note: front
axle Ibs
12,000/rear
axle 2 1,000
Ibs (each
add'l axle
approx
12,000 Ibs)
URL
eavy%20Duty%20Trucks
http://www.truckpaper.com/listingsdeta
il/detail.aspx?OHID=2379362
G
4-
------- |