MOVES Operating Mode Distribution
Generator
Documentation Report
&EPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
-------
MOVES Operating Mode Distribution
Generator
Documentation Report
Transportation and Climate Division
Office of Transportation and Air Quality
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Prepared for EPA by
TranSystems | E.H. Pechan
EPA Contract No. EP-D-07-097
Work Assignment No. 5-13
NOTICE
This technical report does not necessarily represent final EPA decisions or
positions. It is intended to present technical analysis of issues using data
that are currently available. The purpose in the release of such reports is to
facilitate the exchange of technical information and to inform the public of
technical developments.
&EPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
EPA-420-B-12-037
May 2012
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. BACKGROUND AND PROJECT OVERVIEW 4
2. TOOL DEVELOPMENT METHODOLOGY 4
i. General Approach 4
ii. Default MOVES Operating Mode Distributions 5
iii. Pollutants, Processes, and Operating Modes 6
3. MOVES OPERATING MODE DISTRIBUTION GENERATOR 8
i. Overall Spreadsheet Structure 8
ii. Input Worksheet Description 10
iii. Instructions to Use the Operating Mode Distribution Generator 14
TABLES
Table 1 - Minimum allowable average speed and corresponding default runs 5
Table 2-List of pollutants, processes, and PolProcesslDs 7
Table 3-List of operating modes 8
FIGURES
Figure 1 -"User Inputs" worksheet 12
Figure 2 - Time drop-down menu options (left: description pops up when mouse is over the cell; right:
available options for time selection) 13
Figure 3 - Example error message if users provide incorrect inputs 13
Figure 4 - How to use this tool - instructions summary 15
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1. BACKGROUND AND PROJECT OVERVIEW
This report presents the approach that TranSystems | E.H. Pechan used to develop the MOVES operating
mode distribution generator. After describing the overall methodology, this document discusses issues
related to allowable pollutants, processes, and operating modes. Finally, the generator spreadsheet
structure is outlined and the user input worksheet is presented in details, along with instructions on how to
use the tool. Along with this documentation report, a PowerPoint "training" presentation and an Excel
spreadsheet were developed to illustrate how to use the operating mode distribution generator for a
concrete example.
There are 3 different methods for describing travel activity in MOVES. Those include the average speed
approach, the driving cycle approach (speed by second), and the operating mode distribution approach
(fraction of activity by operating modeincludes bins by VSP and speed ranges, idling, braking, etc.) The
latter is the most accurate and give users the ability to take full advantage of MOVES capabilities to model
the emissions impact of variations in vehicle speed, acceleration, as well as road characteristics.
The main issue with the operating mode distribution approach is the difficulty for users to generate the
required MOVES input. The objective of this project is to design an operating mode distribution "generator".
This tool will help users take advantage of the MOVES VSP bins structure, without having to create their
own operating mode distributions. The spreadsheet-based tool is currently designed for users running the
model at the project-level scale, especially for PM or CO hot-spot analyses in highway and/or intersection
projects.
2. TOOL DEVELOPMENT METHODOLOGY
i. GENERAL APPROACH
The basic concept behind this generator is to utilize a number of user-provided parameters to automatically
generate an appropriate operating mode distribution. These parameters are much easier for users to collect
than those required for an operating mode distribution. User inputs include average speed and road grade,
which are the factors with the strongest impact on operating modes.
Based on these two basic inputs, the generator selects a "default" MOVES operating mode distribution.
This default distribution is then adjusted and re-normalized to account for other project-specific parameters.
The other inputs that users are required to provide for their project include link information, hour of the day,
day of the week, and idle fraction. The latter is directly used to replace the MOVES default fraction
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allocated to OpModelD 1, which represents idling (the same idling fraction is used for all source types). In
order to cover all possible situations, the "default" MOVES operating mode distributions were generated for
all source types.
ii. DEFAULT MOVES OPERATING MODE DISTRIBUTIONS
TranSystems | E.H. Pechan developed a database of default MOVES operating mode distributions by
running the MOVES model at the project-level for a n umber of average speed and road grade
combinations. The version of the model used for this project was MOVES2010a (version 2010/08/26), and
the corresponding default MOVES database was 'movesdb20100830' (dated August 30, 2010).
Each combination of speed and grade led to a default MOVES operating mode distribution, which was
extracted from the MOVES execution database (after deleting all records with negative PolProcesslDs and
OpModelDs). As agreed with EPA, the average speed increments were 1 mph within the Omph to 45 mph
range and the road grade increments were 0.5% between -5% and +5%. It is important to note that each
MOVES vehicle category has a limited range of allowable average speeds. This was not an issue for high
speeds (since the maximum allowable speed is higher than 45mph for all vehicle types) but it did have an
impact at lower speeds. For instance, short-haul combination trucks have a minimum allowable average
speed of 5.8 mph. Whenever a MOVES run is performed with an average speed below 5.8mph, no default
operating mode is generated for this vehicle type. However, for the purpose of this tool, it is essential that
an operating mode distribution is "generated" for all vehicle types and all average speeds within the Omph
to 45 mph range. To resolve this issue, if the user selects a link average speed below the allowable limit,
the default operating mode distribution generated with the lowest allowable speed (i.e. the 6mph MOVES
run in the short-haul combination trucks example) was selected. A similar approach was used for all vehicle
categories. The minimum allowable average speed and corresponding "default speed" runs are listed in
Table 1 below. For more details, refer to table 2.3.3.4.12 of the MOVES user guide1.
Table 1 - Minimum allowable average speed and corresponding default runs
SourceTypelD
11
21
31
32
Description
Motorcycle
Passenger Car
Passenger Truck
Light Commercial Truck
Minimum Speed (mph)
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
Default run speed (mph) used if user
selects a speed < allowed range
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
1 Motor Vehicle Emission Simulator (MOVES), User Guide for MOVES2010a, EPA-420-B-10-036, August 2010.
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SourceTypelD
41
42
43
51
52
53
54
61
52
Description
Intercity Bus
Transit Bus
School Bus
Refuse Truck
Single Unit Short-haul Truck
Single Unit Long-haul Truck
Motor Home
Combination Short-haul Truck
Combination Long-haul Truck
Minimum Speed (mph)
4.6
15.0
15.0
2.2
4.6
4.6
4.6
5.8
5.8
Default run speed (mph) used if user
selects a speed < allowed range
5.0
15.0*
15.03
3.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
6.0
6.0
Mi. POLLUTANTS, PROCESSES, AND OPERATING MODES
Since this OpMode distribution generator is aimed at generating operating mode distributions for PM or CO
hot-spot analyses in highway and/or intersection projects, no off-network operating mode distribution is
generated by this tool. Therefore, extended idling and start emissions are not included. The following
emission processes are the only ones that were modeled in the default MOVES runs: Running Exhaust,
Crankcase Running Exhaust, Brakewear, and Tirewear (evaporative processes were not included since
hydrocarbons or hazardous air pollutants are modeled).
Based on the criteria listed above, the full list of pollutants, processes, and PolProcesslDs relevant to the
tool is presented on Table 2 (Total Energy Consumption was selected because it is required to calculate
PM emissions). Table 3 presents the corresponding operating modes. The last column of Table 2 indicates
which PolProcesslDs were actually in the MOVES "template" developed by creating a MOVES RunSpec
and exporting a template of the OpMode Distribution. This list shows that PolProcesslDs for Sulfate
Particulate PM10/PM2.5, Total PM10/PM2.5, PM10 BrakewearATirewear, and Crankcase Running Exhaust
(all pollutants) are not present. This is due to the fact that some pollutants and processes are "chained" in
the MOVES calculations and do not need to appear in the operating mode to be calculated. For instance,
the Sulfate PM Emissions Calculator is 'chained to' the Total Energy Consumption Calculator: this indicates
that the calculator computes sulfate emissions as the product of a sulfate emission factor and total energy
consumption of the corresponding MOVES emission process4.
2 Note: the minimum average speeds reported in the MOVES2010a User Guide for source types 42 and 43 are incorrect. The actual minimums
should be 15.0 mph, per personal communication with EPA OTAQ's Chris Dresser (email, 12/21/2011).
3 Ibid.
4 Draft Motor Vehicle Emission Simulator (MOVES) 2009, Software Design and Reference Manual, EPA-420-B-09-007, March 2009.
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Table 2 - List of pollutants, processes, and PolProcesslDs
PolProcesslD
201
215
9101
10001
10015
10101
10115
10201
10215
10501
10515
10609
10710
11001
11015
11101
11115
11201
11215
11501
11515
11609
11710
processID
1
15
1
1
15
1
15
1
15
1
15
9
10
1
15
1
15
1
15
1
15
9
10
processName
Running Exhaust
Crank. Running Exhaust
Running Exhaust
Running Exhaust
Crank. Running Exhaust
Running Exhaust
Crank. Running Exhaust
Running Exhaust
Crank. Running Exhaust
Running Exhaust
Crank. Running Exhaust
Brakewear
Tirewear
Running Exhaust
Crank. Running Exhaust
Running Exhaust
Crank. Running Exhaust
Running Exhaust
Crank. Running Exhaust
Running Exhaust
Crank. Running Exhaust
Brakewear
Tirewear
pollutantlD
2
2
91
100
100
101
101
102
102
105
105
106
107
110
110
111
111
112
112
115
115
116
117
pollutantName
Carbon Monoxide (CO)
Carbon Monoxide (CO)
Total Energy Consumption
Primary Exhaust PM10 - Total
Primary Exhaust PM10 - Total
Primary PM10 - Organic Carbon
Primary PM10 - Organic Carbon
Primary PM10 - Elemental Carbon
Primary PM10 - Elemental Carbon
Primary PM10 - Sulfate Particulate
Primary PM10 - Sulfate Particulate
Primary PM10 - Brakewear Particulate
Primary PM10 - Tirewear Particulate
Primary Exhaust PM2.5 - Total
Primary Exhaust PM2.5 - Total
Primary PM2.5 - Organic Carbon
Primary PM2.5 - Organic Carbon
Primary PM2.5 - Elemental Carbon
Primary PM2.5 - Elemental Carbon
Primary PM2.5 - Sulfate Particulate
Primary PM2.5 - Sulfate Particulate
Primary PM2.5 - Brakewear Particulate
Primary PM2.5 - Tirewear Particulate
In Template?
Yes
No
Yes
No
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
As agreed with EPA and in order to reduce the complexity of the spreadsheet, the tool does not offer the
option to select only some of those pollutants and processes. Instead, the tool generates an operating
mode distribution that includes the 3 pollutants (PM10, PM2.5, and CO) and all 4 processes. This is not an
issue since importing an operating mode distribution table in MOVES with more pollutants and processes
than those selected in the RunSpec does not cause any errors (a warning message will appear indicating
that some polprocesslDs are imported but not used). For the same reason, the tool does not ask users to
select vehicle categories (the operating mode distribution is generated for all 13 MOVES source types).
Also, to simplify the user interface and decrease calculation time, the tool only allows the user to model one
link at a time. Users who wish to create operating mode distributions for several links can use the
spreadsheet multiple times.
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Table 3 - List of operating modes
OpModelDs and Operating Mode Description
All PolProcesslDs except Tirewear/Brakewear
0
1
11
12
13
14
15
16
21
22
23
24
25
27
28
29
30
33
35
37
38
39
40
Braking
Idling
Low Speed Coasting; VSP< 0; 1<=Speed<25
Cruise/Acceleration;
Cruise/Acceleration;
Cruise/Acceleration;
Cruise/Acceleration;
Cruise/Acceleration;
0<=VSP< 3; 1<= Speed<25
3<=VSP< 6; 1<=Speed<25
6<=VSP< 9; 1<=Speed<25
9<=VSP<12; 1<=Speed<25
12<=VSP; 1<=Speed<25
Moderate Speed Coasting; VSP< 0; 25<=Speed<50
Cruise/Acceleration;
Cruise/Acceleration;
Cruise/Acceleration;
Cruise/Acceleration;
Cruise/Acceleration;
Cruise/Acceleration;
Cruise/Acceleration;
Cruise/Acceleration;
Cruise/Acceleration;
Cruise/Acceleration;
Cruise/Acceleration;
Cruise/Acceleration;
Cruise/Acceleration;
Cruise/Acceleration;
0<=VSP< 3; 25<=Speed<50
3<=VSP< 6; 25<=Speed<50
6<=VSP< 9; 25<=Speed<50
9<=VSP<12; 25<=Speed<50
12<=VSP<18; 25<=Speed<50
18<=VSP<24;25<=Speed<50
24<=VSP<30; 25<=Speed<50
30<=VSP; 25<=Speed<50
VSP< 6; 50<=Speed
6<=VSP<12; 50<=Speed
12<=VSP<18; 50<=Speed
18<=VSP<24;50<=Speed
24<=VSP<30; 50<=Speed
30<=VSP; 50<=Speed
Tirewear/Brakewear PolProcesslDs (10710 & 11710)
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
501
tirewear ;idle
tirewear ;speed <
2.5mph
tirewear;2.5mph <= speed < 7.5mph
tirewear;7.5mph <= speed < 12.5mph
tirewear;12.5mph
tirewear;17.5mph
tirewear;22.5mph
tirewear;27.5mph
tirewear;32.5mph
tirewear;37.5mph
tirewear;42.5mph
tirewear;47.5mph
tirewear;52.5mph
tirewear;57.5mph
tirewear;62.5mph
tirewear;67.5mph
tirewear;72.5mph
<=
<=
<=
<=
<=
<=
<=
<=
<=
<=
<=
<=
<=
speed <
17.5mph
speed <22.5mph
speed <
speed <
speed <
speed <
speed <
speed <
speed <
speed <
speed <
speed <
speed
27.5mph
32.5mph
37.5mph
42.5mph
47.5mph
52.5mph
57.5mph
62.5mph
67.5mph
72.5mph
brakewear; stopped
3. MOVES OPERATING MODE DISTRIBUTION GENERATOR
i. OVERALL SPREADSHEET STRUCTURE
The operating mode distribution generator structure can be broken-down into the following sections:
"Instructions" worksheet
"User Inputs" worksheet
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"Pasfe Default OpMode Here" worksheet
"Default OpMode Files" worksheet
"MOVES OpMode Distribution" worksheet (generator output)
Calculation and Mapping worksheets (hidden)
o OpModelntermediatel
o OpModelntermediate2
o OpModelDs
o HourlDMapping
o MiniSpeedMapping
o PolProcesslDs
The "Instructions" worksheet serves two main purposes: first, it describes the inputs that the user is
required to supply in order to generate an operating mode distribution. Then, it provides detailed steps that
the user needs to take ("How to Use This Tool" guide). The instructions worksheet also lists all the pages
included in the tool (inputs, calculation pages, mapping pages, and output) and provides a brief description
of their format, role, and operation. The inputs worksheet allows users to define the project parameters; this
page is described in detail in the next section.
The "Default OpMode Files" worksheet provides a list and a hyperlink to all of the existing MOVES default
operating mode distributions. There are a total of 966 files (one for each speed/grade combination).
Clicking on any of the links automatically opens the appropriate default operating mode distribution.
Although this list is mostly provided for information purposes, one element needs to be adjusted before
users can use the tool: they need to modify the path to the folder where they saved the 966 "default
OpMode files" which are provided with the tool. This approach was used in order to make the size of the
tool manageable. Indeed, given the large number of speed/grade combinations, it was impossible to
include the default distributions in the tool itself. Tests were performed but the size of the Excel file quickly
grew over 50 Mb. The consequence was endless computer calculations every time one of the user inputs
was changed. The default operating mode needs to be opened (by simply clicking on the appropriate link),
copied, and pasted into the ""Pasfe Default OpMode Here" worksheet (see details in the "Instructions to
Use the Operating Mode Distribution Generator" section).
The calculation worksheets are designed to utilize the user-provided parameters and automatically
generate a s uitable MOVES operating mode distribution input table. This MOVES-compatible table is
populated in the output worksheet labeled "MOVES OpMode Distribution". The main calculation steps are
to automatically replace the default fraction allocated to OpModelD 1 (idling) with the user-provided idle
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fraction and to renormalize the fractions allocated to the remaining operating modes so that the fractions
sum to 1 for each PolProcessID and SourceTypelD combination.
It is important to note that when the selected average speed is high (above 35mph), the MOVES default
operating mode distribution does not allocate any activity to idling for some of the source types
(sourcetypelDs 51, 61, 62 between 35mph-44mph and sourcetypelDs 41, 51, 52, 53, 54, 61, 62 for
45mph). When that is the case, the main "structure" of the operating mode was maintained (i.e. the default
fraction allocated to OpModelD 1 for idling was replaced with the user-provided idle fraction only if the
default already had some idling). The mapping pages are either used in some of the calculation steps or
just provide information such as a list and description of the MOVES OpModelDs, HourlDs, or
PolProcesslDs. These pages are hidden and should not be updated by users.
ii. INPUT WORKSHEET DESCRIPTION
The "User Inputs" worksheet allows the user to define the project parameters listed above. These
parameters are listed and described below:
Hour: This is the hour of the day to be modeled. Selections are made from a drop-down menu (24
options).
Day: This is the day of the week to be modeled. Selections are made from a drop-down menu (2
options: weekday or weekend).
Idle fraction: This is the fraction of time during which vehicles idle (value between 0 and 1).
Selections are made from a drop-down menu (200 options, by 0.005 increments). This could have
been a "free" user input (i.e. not a drop-down menu) but such an approach would have added error
possibilities (for example, users inputting the fraction as a percentage).
LinkID: This is the linkID of the link being modeled. Selections are made from direct input by users
(type in a value; integer higher than 1).
Link Description (Optional input): This optional input is a text field included for reference and has no
impact on the calculations. It can be useful for operating modes with numerous links.
Average Speed: This is the average speed of all of the vehicles on the roadway link in the given
hour. Selections are made from a drop-down menu (46 options between 0 mph and 45 mph).
Average Grade: This is the average road grade of the link. Selections are made from a drop-down
menu (21 options between -5% and 5%, by 0.5% increments).
Default Operating Mode File: This is an automatically generated cell, with a link to a MOVES default
operating mode distribution for the speed/grade combination selected. This default distribution
needs to be opened, copied, and pasted into the ""Pasfe Default OpMode Here" worksheet (see
details in the "Instructions to Use the Operating Mode Distribution Generator" section).
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Warnings: These warnings are automatically generated, based on users inputs. They warn users of
potential issues with their inputs (for instance, when an input cell is empty).
Figures 1 through 3 illustrate the input worksheet. Figure 1 show the entire "User Inputs" worksheet, as
currently designed. Red cells in the worksheet indicate required inputs. To facilitate usability and improve
user experience, a description and explanation of each specific cell pops up when the user moves his/her
mouse over that cell. This is illustrated in Figure 2 (left). For most required inputs, the user just needs to
click on a drop-down menu and select one of the options. This is also illustrated in Figure 2 (right). When
possible, cells that require inputs from the user have validation criteria. For instance, for the hour input,
users only have the option of selecting an hour in the drop-down menu (which includes all 24 hours). This
will avoid erroneous inputs or format differences which could lead the formulas in the spreadsheet not to
work. If a user types in an incorrect number instead of selecting an hour in the drop-down menu, an error
message appears as illustrated in Figure 3.
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Figure 1 - "User Inputs" worksheet
Hour - Select the hour of the day to be modeled
Day - Select the day of the week to be modeled
Weekday |
Idle fraction - Input the fraction of time during which vehicles will idle. Please note that this is a fraction (i.e. the value 0,025 represents 2.5% idling, 0.1 represents 10% idling, etc.)
H/fyou wish to use MOVES default, please select the option "Default" Cm drop-down menu). If you leave blank, idle fraction will be zero.
linkID
linkDescription (optional - for your records)
Average Speed Average Grade
76
2.5
Default Operating Mode File
Sf>eed /5mph - Grade 2.5%
Click here to often default OpMode File
WARNINGS
Hour
Make sure to select a time for your MOVES Run. Please select on hour in the dropdown menu, cell 63.
Day
No error. You have selected to model a Weekday.
Idle Fraction No error. You have selected to model on idle fraction of /.
LinkID
No error. You have selected to model the UnklD 76.
Speed
No error. You hove selected to model a sfieed of ISmph.
Grade
No error. You have selected to model a grade of 2.5%.
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Figure 2 - Time drop-down menu options (left: description pops up when mouse is over the cell; right: available options for time selection)
Hour - Select the hour of the day to be modeled
Day - Sel
Weekda)
'
Idle fract
Time
To select the hour of
the dayto be modeled
in the MOVES run, click
on one of the options
in the drop-down
menu.
Hour - Select the hour of the day to be modeled
?kto be modeled
of time during which
i^am - larn |A
lam - 2am
2am - 3am
Sam - 4am
4am - Bam
5am - 6am
6am - 7am
7am - Sam v
iour of
modeled
run, click
options
own
Figure 3 - Example error message if users provide incorrect inputs
Hour - Select the hour of the day to be modeled
Time
To select the hour of
the dayto be modeled
in the MOVES run, click
on one of the options
in the drop-down
menu.
4
n
Eif or
Q Please select one of the options in the drop-down menu by clicking on the arrow (right side of the red cell)
drop-down menu.
I Bgtry |
| Cancel |
| Help
Please do not type anything in the cell. Click on
D
'Cancel" below and use the
I
Day - Sel
Idle fract
l/f you wish to use MOVES default, please select the option "Default" (in drop-down menu). If you leave blank, idle fraction will be zero.
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iii. INSTRUCTIONS TO USE THE OPERATING MODE DISTRIBUTION GENERATOR
The following 12 steps need to be followed to generate the operating mode distribution based on an
average speed, grade, and idle fraction (steps 2-12 need to be repeated for each link to model). Please
note that users may experience some waiting time during Excel calculations. Depending on the
specifications of the computer, this wait may vary between a few seconds up to a few minutes. For
example, TranSystems | E.H. Pechan experienced calculation times of about 5-10 seconds on a laptop
running Windows XP (Intel Core i5 CPU, 2.40 GHz, 3GB RAM). This was during "normal operating
conditions", i.e. while simultaneously running a number of other applications such as Outlook, Internet
Explorer, Word, etc. Performance can certainly be improved by closing other applications and running
Excel exclusively.
1. Modify the path to the folder where the 966 default OpMode files are saved. This is done in the
"Default OpMode Files" page (cell F9): copy and paste the path to the folder (start with \\ and end
with \). For instance, use the following structure: \\C:\My Folder\My SubfolderV
2. Go to the "User Inputs" page and select the hour of the day to be modeled ("Hour" input). Select
one of the options from the drop-down menu.
3. In the "User Inputs" page, select the day of the week to be modeled ("Day" input). Select one of the
options from the drop-down menu.
4. In the "User Inputs" page, select the idle fraction for the vehicles modeled in your MOVES run
("Idle fraction" input). Select one of the options from the drop-down menu.
5. In the "User Inputs" page, input the linkID of the link for which you are creating an operating mode
distribution. Selections are made from direct input (type in a value; integer >1).
6. In the "User Inputs" page, select the average speed of the vehicles on the link being modeled
("Average Speed" input). Select one of the options from the drop-down menu.
7. In the "User Inputs" page, select the average grade of the road for the link being modeled
("Average Grade" input). Select one of the options from the drop-down menu.
8. Steps 6 and 7 will automatically generate a link to a MOVES default operating mode distribution for
the speed/grade selected. This link is in cell D14. Click on the link.
9. After clicking on the link (step 8), an Excel file will automatically open, with the relevant default
operating mode distribution. Go to that new Excel file.
10. Copy the entire worksheet. Note: using "Ctrl + A" may or may not select all cells. Please make sure
that the entire worksheet is selected and copied. One option to select all cells is to click on the top
left corner of the worksheet (top-left of cell A1).
11. Paste the default operating mode distribution from step 9 into the page labeled "Paste Default
OpMode Here". To do so, click on cell A1, then "Ctrl + V" (or right-click and "Paste"). Depending on
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the specifications of your computer, you may need to wait a few seconds or a few minutes for
Excel to perform the calculations required at this step.
12. Go back to the "User Inputs" page and check the warning messages. If there are none, go to the
"MOVES OpMode Distribution" to get the final operating mode distribution.
Figure 4 - How to use this tool - instructions summary
Provide
Inputs 9
Copy default OpMode
and paste in the "Paste
Default OpMode Here'
worksheet
lick on
automatic link
to open the
proper default
OpMode file
/
Get the final
OpMode distribution,
formatted for
MOVES (based on
default OpModes and
adjusted for user
inputs)
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