4>EPA United States Environmental Protection Agency Technical Fact Sheet- 1,2,3-Trichloropropane (TCP) May 2012 TECHNICAL FACT SHEET - 1,2,3,-TCP At a Glance * Colorless to straw-colored liquid. * Not found in nature - completely man- made. * Not likely to sorb to soil and has low solubility in water. In the pure form, likely to exist as a dense nonaqueous phase liquid (DNAPL). * Exposure occurs from industrial settings or hazardous waste sites. * EPA has classified TCP as "likely to be carcinogenic to humans" and lists an oral reference dose (RfD) of 4 x 103 milligrams per kilogram per day (mg/kg-day). * State of California recognizes TCP as a human carcinogen. Short-term exposure may cause eye and throat irritation; long-term exposure led to kidney failure in mice. * Federal maximum contaminant level (MCL) not established. State of Hawaii has established a state MCL of 0.6 micrograms per liter. * Numerous methods are available for detection, including gas chromatography, mass spectroscopy, and liquid-liquid extraction. »»» Remediation technologies available to treat TCP contamination in ground water and soil include granular activated carbon (GAC), soil vapor extraction (SVE), and others. Introduction This fact sheet, developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Federal Facilities Restoration and Reuse Office (FFRRO), provides a brief summary of the contaminant 1,2,3-trichloropropane (TCP), including physical and chemical properties; environmental and health impacts; existing federal and state guidelines; detection and treatment methods; and sources of additional information. TCP is a contaminant of interest to the government, private sector, and other parties. It is recognized by the State of California to cause cancer and is a known toxin. The State of Hawaii has established a state maximum contaminant level (MCL) of 0.6 micrograms per liter (ug/L). This fact sheet is intended for use by site managers and other field personnel in addressing TCP contamination at cleanup sites or in drinking water supplies. What is TCP? •:« TCP is a chlorinated hydrocarbon (Stepek 2009). <• Synonyms include allyl trichloride, glycerol trichlorohydrin, and trichlorohydrin (OSHA2011). »> TCP is exclusively a man-made chemical, typically found at industrial or hazardous waste sites (Dombeck and Borg 2005; TOSC 2004). »> TCP has been used as an industrial solvent, as a cleaning and degreasing agent, and in the production of pesticides (DHHS 2011; TOSC 2004). »> TCP is currently used as a chemical intermediate in the creation of other chemicals (including polysulfone liquid polymers and dichloropropene), and in the synthesis of hexafluoropropylene. In addition, it is used as a crosslinking agent in the creation of polysulfides (DHHS 2011). »> TCP is typically found at industrial or hazardous waste sites. United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response (5106P) 1 EPA 505-F-11-008 May 2012 ------- Technical Fact Sheet - 1,2,3-TCP Exhibit 1: Physical and Chemical Properties of TCP (ATSDR 1992; DHHS 2011; Dombeck and Borg 2005; IRIS 2009; OSHA 2011) CAS Number Physical Description (at room temperature) Molecular weight (g/mol) Water solubility (mg/L) Boiling point (°C) Vapor pressure at 25°C (mm Hg) Specific gravity Octanol-water partition coefficient (log Kow) Soil organic carbon-water partition coefficient (log Koc) Henry's law constant (atm mj/mol) 96-18-4 Colorless to straw-colored liquid 147.43 1,750 (slightly soluble) 156.8 3.1 1.39 1 .98 to 2.27 (temperature dependent) 1.70 to 1.99 (temperature dependent) 3.43 x10'4 Notes: g/mol - gram per mole; mg/L - milligrams per liter; °C - degrees Celsius; mm Hg - millimeters of mercury; atm m3/mol - atmosphere-cubic meters per mole. What are the environmental impacts of TCP? TCP is not likely to sorb to soil based on its low soil organic carbon-water partition coefficient; therefore, is likely to leach from soil into ground water (TOSC 2004). TCP will sink to the bottom of a ground water aquifer because its density is heavier than water (TOSC 2004). Therefore, TCP in pure form is likely to exist as DNAPL (Stepek 2009). TCP evaporates from surface soil and water (ATSDR 1995). When in the atmosphere, TCP is subject to photodegradation, with a half-life of 15 days (ATSDR 1995). TCP is unlikely to become concentrated in plants, fish, or other seafood because of its low bioconcentration factor (BCF is about 9.2) (ATSDR 1992, 1995). What are the health effects of TCP? Exposure occurs through vapor inhalation, dermal exposure, or ingestion (DHHS 2011). Exposure is most likely to occur near hazardous waste sites where TCP was improperly stored or disposed of, or at locations that manufacture the chemical (ATSDR 1992, 1995). EPA has classified TCP as "likely to be carcinogenic to humans" (IRIS 2009). The Health Effects Assessment Summary Tables (HEAST) identifies an oral cancer slope factor of 7.0 per milligrams per kilogram per day (mg/kg-day) (EPA OSWER 1997). The EPA Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) lists an oral reference dose (RfD) of 4 x 10~3 mg/kg-day and an inhalation reference exposure (RfC) of 3 x 10~4 milligram per cubic meter (mg/m3) (EPA IRIS 2009). The oral slope factor for carcinogenic risk is 30 mg/kg/day (IRIS 2009). TCP is recognized by the State of California as a human carcinogen (State of California 2007). Animal studies have shown that long-term exposure to TCP may cause kidney failure, reduced body weight, and increased incidences of tumors within numerous organs (DHHS 2011; IRIS 2009; Stepek 2009). Short-term exposure through inhalation of air with a TCP concentration of 100 milligrams per liter (mg/L) can cause eye and throat irritation (ATSDR 1995) and can affect concentration and muscle coordination (Stepek 2009). ------- Technical Fact Sheet - 1,2,3-TCP Are there any federal and state guidelines and health standards for TCP? No federal MCL has been set for TCP. The State of Hawaii has established a state MCL of 0.6 |jg/L (Hawaii Department of Health Administrative Rules 2005). The California Department of Public Health (DPH) has established a notification level of 0.005 ug/L for drinking water based on a 1 in 10~6 lifetime excess cancer risk and a final public health goal of 0.0007 ug/L (DPH 2006; OEHHA 2009). The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has established a permissible exposure limit (PEL) of 50 mg/L (OSHA 2011). The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has set a recommended exposure limit (REL) of 10 mg/L (60 mg/m3) and an immediately dangerous to life and health (IDLH) level of 100 mg/L (DHHS 2011). The American Conference of Government Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) has set a threshold limit value -time-weighted average limit (TLV-TWA) of 10 mg/L (DHHS 2011). What detection and site characterization methods are available for TCP? EPA Method 8260B, based on gas chromatography (GC)/mass spectrometry (MS) for solid matrices (Stepek 2009). EPA Method 504.1, based on microextraction and GC, for ground water and drinking water (EPA ORD 1995a; Stepek 2003). EPA Method 551.1, based on liquid-liquid extraction and GC with electron-capture detection, for drinking water, water being treated, and raw source water (Stepek 2009; EPA 1990). EPA Method 524.2, based on capillary column GC/MS, for surface water, ground water, and drinking water in any stage of water treatment (EPA ORD 1995b; Stepek 2009). California DPH method, based on liquid-liquid extraction and GC and purge and trap GC, for trace-level detection in drinking water (DPH 2002a, 2002b). What technologies are being used to treat TCP? Treatment technologies for ground water that are available for remediation of chlorinated hydrocarbons include pump and treat, permeable reactive barriers, in situ oxidation, biodegradation, and dechlorination by hydrogen release compound (Stepek 2009). TCP in water can be removed using GAG (Dombeck and Borg 2005; Molnaa 2003). TCP in soil may be removed by SVE (TOSC 2004). Treatment for TCP in ground water has been successful using ultraviolet (UV) radiation and chemical oxidation with potassium permanganate (Dombeck and Borg 2005; Stepek 2009). A laboratory-scale oxidation process (HiPOx) using ozone and hydrogen peroxide has been used for removal of TCP from ground water (Dombeck and Borg 2005). Where can I find more information about TCP? Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). 1992. "Toxicological Profile for 1,2,3-Trichloropropane." Atlanta, Georgia: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service. ATSDR. 1995. ToxFAQs - "1,2,3- Trichloropropane." California Department of Public Heath (DPH). 2002a. Determination of 1,2,3-Trichloropropane in Drinking Water by Continuous Liquid-Liquid Extraction and Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry. Available on-line at www.cdph.ca.qov/certlic/drinkinqwater/Documen ts/Drinkinqwaterlabs/TCPbvLLE-GCMS.pdf. ------- Technical Fact Sheet - 1,2,3-TCP Where can I find more information about TCP? (continued) DPH. 2002b. Determination of 1,2,3- Trichloropropane in Drinking Water by Purge and Trap Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry. www.cdph.ca.gov/certlic/drinkingwater/Docu ments/Drinkingwaterlabs/TCPbyPT-GCMS.pdf DPH. 2007. Drinking Water Notification Levels and Response Levels: An Overview. California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA). 2009. Announcement of Publication of the Final Public Health Goal for 1,2,3 - Trichloropropane in Drinking Water. Dombeck, G., and C. Borg. 2005. "Multi- contaminant Treatment for 1,2,3 Trichloropropane Destruction Using the HiPOx Reactor." Reprinted from the Proceedings of the 2005 NGWA Conference on MTBE and Perchlorate: Assessment, Remediation, and Public Policy with permission of the National Ground Water Association Press. Copyright 2005. ISBN #1-56034-120-3. Hawaii Department of Health Administrative Rules. 2005. Rules Relating to Potable Water Systems. Page 20-14. Available on-line at http://oeqc.doh.hawaii.gov/sites/har/AdmRules1/ 11-20.pdf Molnaa, Barry. 2003. "1,2,3-TCP: California's Newest Emerging Contaminant" PowerPoint Presentation, ENTECH 2003. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). 2011. "OSHA/EPA Occupational Chemical Database." Web site accessed November 4. http://www.osha.gov/chemicaldata/chemResult. html?recNo=765. State of California. 2007. "Chemicals Known to the State to Cause Cancer or Reproductive Toxicity." www.oehha.ca.gov/prop65/prop65 list/files/0601 07LST.pdf. Stepek, 2009. "Ground Water Information Sheet 1,2,3-Trichloropropane (TCP)." State Water Resources Control Board (SWRCB), Division of Clean Water Programs, Ground Water Special Studies Unit. Technical Outreach Services for Communities (TOSC). 2004. "Hazardous Substance Fact Sheet 1,2,3-Trichloropropane (1,2,3-TCP)." Western Region Hazardous Substance Research Center Oregon State University. February. Available on-line at http://tosc.oregonstate.edu/about/news/newslett ers/TCP%20FACT%20SHEET FINAL.pdf. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS). 2011. "Substance Profiles Report on Carcinogens, Twelfth Edition." Public Health Service, National Toxicology Program. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 1990. Method 551.1, Determination of Chlorination Disinfection Byproducts, Chlorinated Solvents, and Halogenated Pesticides/Herbicides in Drinking Water by Liquid-Liquid Extraction and Gas Chromatography with Electron-Capture Detection. EPA Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS). 2009. "1,2,3-Trichloropropane (CASRN 96-18- 4)." www.epa.gov/iris/subst/0200.htm. EPA Office of Research and Development (ORD). 1995a. Method 504.1, 1,2- Dibromoethane (EDB), 1,2-Dibromo-3- chloropropane (DBCP), and 1,2,3- Trichloropropane (123TCP) in Water by Microextraction and Gas Chromatography. National Exposure Research Laboratory. EPA ORD. 1995b. Method 524.2, Measurement of Purgeable Organic Compounds in Water by Capillary Column Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry. National Exposure Research Laboratory. EPA Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response (OSWER). 1997. "Health Effects Assessment Summary Tables (HEAST) FY 1997 Update." EPA 540-R-97-036-PB97- 921199. Contact Information If you have any questions or comments on this fact sheet, please contact: Mary Cooke, FFRRO, by phone at (703) 603-8712 or by email at cooke.maryt@epa.gov. ------- |