&EPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Technical Fact Sheet -
2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT)
May 2012
TECHNICAL FACT SHEET -2,4,6-TNT
At a Glance
* Highly explosive, yellow,
odorless solid.
* Synthetic product that does
not occur naturally in the
environment.
* Has been used extensively in
the manufacture of explosives
and accounts for a large part
of the explosives
contamination at active and
former U.S. military
installations.
* Sorbed by most soils, limiting
its migration to water.
* Not expected to persist for a
long period of time in surface
waters because of
transformation processes.
* Classified as a Group C
(possible human) carcinogen.
* Primarily damages the liver
and blood systems if inhaled
or ingested.
* SW8515 is afield screening
method used to detect TNT in
soil by colorimetric screening.
* The primary laboratory
methods include liquid and
gas chromatography.
* Potential treatment
technologies include in situ
bioremediation, granular
activated carbon treatment,
composting, and incineration.
Introduction
This fact sheet, developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) Federal Facilities Restoration and Reuse Office (FFRRO), provides
a brief summary of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), including its physical and
chemical properties; environmental and health impacts; existing federal
and state guidelines; detection and treatment methods; and additional
sources of information. This fact sheet is intended for use by site
managers and field personnel who may address TNT contamination at
cleanup sites or in drinking water supplies.
Major manufacturing of TNT began in the U.S. in 1916 at the beginning of
World War I. It was produced in enormous quantities both commercially
and at government ammunition plants for use in military munitions in World
War I and World War II (Steen 2007). During the 1940s through the 1970s,
Department of Defense (DoD) ammunitions plants and depots
demilitarized off-specification, unserviceable, and obsolete munitions
based on steam-out and melt-out processes to recover TNT and TNT-
containing explosive fillers such as Composition B (TNT/ hexahydro-1,3,5-
trinitro-1,3,5-triazine [RDX] mixture). These processes often generated
significant quantities of explosives-contaminated wastewaters. The
untreated wastewater was discharged into unlined impoundments,
lagoons, ditches and playas, which resulted in significant levels of soil and
ground water contamination. Ground water contamination from TNT was
first reported in the late 1980s (Spalding and Fulton 1988).
TNT is still widely used in U.S. military munitions and accounts for a large
part of the explosives contamination at active and former U.S. military
installations. With its manufacturing impurities and environmental
transformation products, TNT presents various health and environmental
concerns.
What is TNT?
»> TNT is a yellow, odorless solid that does not occur naturally in the
environment. It is made by combining toluene with a mixture of nitric
and sulfuric acids (ATSDR 1995).
»> Effluent from TNT manufacturing was a major source of munitions
constituent contamination in soils, ground water, and occasionally
surrounding surface water and sediment at Army ammunition plants.
TNT production ended in the mid-1980s in the United States; however,
contamination of soils and ground water remains in some areas (EPA
2005; MMR 2001).
»> It is a highly explosive, single-ring nitroaromatic compound that is a
crystalline solid at room temperature (CRREL 2006).
United States
Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Solid Waste and
Emergency Response (5106P)
1
EPA 505-F-11-011
May 2012
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Technical Fact Sheet - 2,4,6-TNT
What is TNT? (continued)
TNT is one of the most widely used military high
explosives, partly because of its insensitivity to
shock and friction. It has been used extensively in
the manufacture of explosives since the beginning
of the 20th century and is used in military cartridge
casings, bombs, and grenades (ATSDR 1995).
It has been used either as a pure explosive or in
binary mixtures. The most common binary mixtures
of TNT are cyclotols (mixtures with RDX) and
octols (mixtures with High Melting Explosive
[HMX]) (ATSDR 1995; MMR 2001).
In addition to military use, small amounts of
TNT may be used for industrial explosive
applications, such as deep well and
underwater blasting. Other industrial uses
include chemical manufacturing as an
intermediate in the production of dyestuffs and
photographic chemicals (MMR 2001).
TNT is commonly found at hand grenade
ranges, antitank rocket ranges, artillery
ranges, bombing ranges, munitions testing
sites, and open burn/open detonation
(OB/OD) sites (CRREL 2006).
Exhibit 1: Physical and Chemical Properties of TNT
(ATSDR 1995; EPA 1999)
Property
CAS Number
Physical Description (physical state at room temperature)
Molecular weight (g/mol)
Water solubility (mg/L at 20°C)
Octanol-water partition coefficient (Kow)
Soil organic carbon-water coefficient (K0c)
Boiling point (°C)
Melting point (°C)
Vapor pressure at 25°C (mm Hg)
Specific gravity
Henry's Law Constant (atm-m3/mol at 20°C)
Value
118-96-7
yellow, odorless solid
227
130
1.6
300
240 (Explodes)
80.1
1.99x10"4
1.654
4.57 x10'7
Abbreviations: g/mol - grams per mole; mg/L - milligrams per liter; °C - degrees Celsius;
mm Hg - millimeters of mercury; atm-m3/mol - atmosphere time cubic meter per mole.
What are the environmental impacts of TNT?
TNT can be released to the environment through
spills, firing of munitions, disposal of ordnance, and
OB/OD of ordnance, leeching from inadequately
sealed impoundments, and demilitarization of
munitions. The compound can also be released
from manufacturing and munitions processing
facilities (ATSDR 1995).
TNT has been identified in at least 20 of the 1,338
hazardous waste sites that have been proposed
for inclusion on the National Priorities List (NPL)
(ASTDR1995).
TNT is a crystalline solid at room temperature and
TNT's water solubility (approximately 130
milligrams per liter [mg/L] at 20°C) and vapor
pressure are relatively low, but greater than those
of RDX and HMX (CRREL 2006).
Partition coefficients reported by most investigators
indicate soils have a high capacity for rapid
sorption of TNT. TNT not sorbed into soil is usually
transformed rapidly under anaerobic conditions but
may persist under aerobic conditions (CRREL
2006; USAGE 1997).
In the case of impact areas, the majority of the
TNT may be degraded in the surface soil, but small
quantities can reach shallow ground water (CRREL
2006).
Once released to surface water, TNT undergoes
rapid photolysis to a number of degradation
products. 1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene (1,3,5-TNB) is the
primary photodegradation product of TNT in
environmental systems (ATSDR 1995; CRREL
2006).
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Technical Fact Sheet - 2,4,6-TNT
What are the environmental impacts of TNT? (continued)
TNT is one of the most widely used military high
explosives, partly because of its insensitivity to
shock and friction. It has been used extensively in
the manufacture of explosives since the beginning
of the 20th century and is used in military cartridge
casings, bombs, and grenades (ATSDR 1995).
Products of photolysis of TNT have been observed
as a coating on TNT particles and as a fine
powdered residue surrounding TNT particles on
ranges that receive limited rainfall (CRREL 2007a).
Generally, dissolved-phase TNT is broken down by
biodegradation in water but at rates much slower
than photolysis (ATSDR 1995; CRREL 2006).
Biological degradation products of TNT in water,
soil, or sediments include 2-amino-4,6-
dinitrotoluene, 2,6-diamino-4-nitrotoluene, 4-
amino-2,6-dinitrotoluene, and 2,4-diamino-6-
nitrotoluene (CRREL 2007b; EPA 1999).
TNT does not seem to bioaccumulate in animals,
but can be taken up by plants (CRREL 2006).
What are the health effects of TNT?
The toxicity of TNT to humans was well
documented in the 20th century, with more than
475 fatalities and more than 17,000 cases of TNT
poisoning during World War I and World War II
manufacturing operations (Bodeau 1993).
The primary routes of exposure in manufacturing
environments are inhalation of dust and ingestion
and dermal sorption of TNT particulates, and
significant health effects were liver necrosis and
aplastic anemia (ATSDR 1995).
The highest exposures to TNT have been found in
areas around Army ammunition plants where these
explosives are manufactured, packed, loaded, or
released through the demilitarization of munitions
(ATSDR 1995).
Potential exposure to TNT could occur by dermal
contact or inhalation exposure, and the likely route
is exposure to contaminated soils. However,
exposure to contaminated ground water is also
likely at sites with high infiltration rates such as
washout lagoons or OB/OD areas (MMR 2001).
EPA has assigned TNT a weight-of-evidence
carcinogenic classification of C (possible human
carcinogen) (IRIS 1993; OSHA 1999).
The oral slope factor for carcinogenic risk is
3 x 10"2 milligrams per kilogram per day
(mg/kg/day) (IRIS 1993).
EPA assigned TNT a reference dose (RfD) of 5
x10"4 mg/kg/day (IRIS 1993).
Animal study results indicated that inhalation or
ingestion of high levels of TNT may cause liver,
blood, immune system, and reproductive damage
(EPA 2005; MMR 2001).
When TNT reaches the liver, it breaks down into
several different substances. Not all of these
substances have been identified (ATSDR 1995).
At high levels in air, workers involved in the
production of TNT experienced anemia and
abnormal liver tests. After long-term exposure to
skin and eyes, some people developed skin
irritation and cataracts (MMR 2001).
There is no information indicating that TNT causes
birth defects in humans. However, male animals
treated with high doses of TNT have developed
serious reproductive system effects (ATSDR
1995b; MMR 2001).
Are there any federal and state guidelines and health standards for TNT?
A Minimal Risk Level (MRL) of 0.0005 mg/kg/day
has been derived for intermediate oral exposure to
TNT (ATSDR 1995).
The EPA has established a Lifetime Health
Advisory guidance level of 2 parts per billion (ppb)
for TNT in drinking water. The health advisory for
a cancer risk of 10-4 is 0.1 mg/L (ATSDR 1995;
EPA 2011 a).
EPA has calculated a resident soil screening level
of 19 milligrams per kilogram (mg/kg) and an
industrial soil screening level of 79 mg/kg (EPA
2011b).
The EPA has not established an ambient air level
for TNT (MMR 2001).
Since TNT is explosive, flammable, and toxic, EPA
has designated it as a hazardous waste and EPA
regulations for disposal must be followed (EPA
2012).
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Technical Fact Sheet - 2,4,6-TNT
Are there any federal and state guidelines and health standards for TNT?
(continued)
The Occupational Safety and Health
Administration (OSHA) set a general industry
permissible exposure limit (PEL) of 1.5 milligrams
per cubic meter (mg/m3) of workplace air for an 8-
hour workday for a 40-hour work week (OSHA
2010).
The National Institute for Occupational Safety and
Health (NIOSH) recommended exposure limit
(REL) for TNT during an 8-hour workday, 40-hour
work week is 0.5 mg/m3 (OSHA 2010).
The American Conference of Governmental
Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) has set a threshold
limit value (TLV) of 0.1 mg/m3 (OSHA 2010).
TNT in bulk and in cased munitions is a United
Nations Hazard Division 1.1 Explosive, not a
flammable solid, and a Resource Conservation
and Recovery Act ((RCRA) D003 (reactive) waste
for waste military munitions containing TNT (DOT
1989).
What detection and site characterization methods are available for TNT?
High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)
and high-resolution gas chromatography (HRGC)
have been paired with several types of detectors,
including mass spectrometry (MS), electrochemical
detection (ED), electron capture detector (ECD),
and ultraviolet detector (UV) (ATSDR 1995).
Laboratory Method 8330 is the most widely used
analytical approach for detecting TNT in soil. The
method specifies using HPLC with a UV. It has
been used to detect TNT and some of its
breakdown products at levels in the low ppb range
(EPA 2006).
Another method commonly used is Method 8095,
which employs the same sample-processing steps
as Method 8330 but uses HRGC with an ECD for
determination (EPA 2005).
SW8515 is a specific field screening method used
to detect TNT in soil by a colorimetric screening
method (USAGE 2005; Army 2009).
Tested field-screening instruments for TNT include
GC-IONSCAN, which uses ion mobility
spectrometry (IMS), and the Spreeta Sensor,
which uses surface plasma resonance (SPR) (EPA
2000; 2001).
What technologies are being used to treat TNT?
In situ bioremediation is an emerging technology
for the treatment of explosives (including TNT)-
contaminated ground water. Biological treatment
methods such as bioreactors, bioslurry treatment,
and passive subsurface biobarriers have been
proven successful in reducing TNT concentrations
(EPA 2005; CRREL 2006; ESTCP 2010).
Composting has been proven in achieving cleanup
goals for TNT at field demonstrations (EPA 2005).
Incineration can be used on soil containing low
concentrations of TNT (EPA 2005).
Granular activated carbon (GAG) is the primary
method to treat explosives-contaminated ground
water and waste waters. Ultrafiltration and resin
adsorption have not been used at full scale to treat
ground water contaminated with TNT or related
explosives co-contaminants such as
trinitrobenzene (TNB), dinitrotoluene (DNT), tetryl,
RDX, orHMX(FRTR2007).
Fenton oxidation and treatment with iron metal
(FeO) has been used to remediate TNT-
contaminated soil and water but has not been used
as standalone full-scale treatment technology
(NCER 2010; EPA 2005).
Where can I find more information about TNT?
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease
Registry (ATSDR). 1995. Toxicological Profile for
TNT.
www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/TP.asp?id=677&tid
=125
Bodeau, D. 1993. Occupational Health: The
Soldier and the Industrial Base. Chapter 9. Military
Energetic Materials: Explosives and Propellant.
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Technical Fact Sheet - 2,4,6-TNT
Where can I find more information about TNT? (continued)
Cold Regions Research and Engineering
Laboratory (CRREL). 2006. Conceptual Model for
the Transport of Energetic Residues from Surface
Soil to Groundwater by Range Activities.
ERDC/CRREL TR-06-18. www.dtic.mil/cgi-
bin/GetTRDoc?Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf&
AD=ADA472270
CRREL. 2007a. Photochemical Degradation of
Composition B and Its Components. ERDC/EL
TR-07-16. www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc7Loca
tion=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf&AD=ADA472238
CRREL. 2007b. Protocols for Collection of Surface
Soil Samples at Military Training and Testing
Ranges for the Characterization of Energetic
Munitions Constituents. ERDC/CRREL TR-07-10.
www.dtic.mil/cg i-bin/GetTRDoc?Location=
U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf&AD=ADA471045.
Environmental Security Technology Certification
Program (ESTCP). 2010. Passive Biobarrierfor
Treating Comingled Perchlorate and RDX in
Groundwater at an Active Range (ER-1028).
Federal Remediation Technologies Roundtable
(FRTR). 2007. Remediation Technologies
Screening Matrix and Reference Guide, Version
4.0. Section 2.10.2 Common Treatment
Technologies for Explosives in Ground Water,
Surface Water, and Leachate.
Massachusetts Military Reservation (MMR) 2001.
Impact Area Groundwater Study Program.
Chemical Fact Sheet - TNT. Fact Sheet 2001 -05.
http://imc2.armv.mil/wastewater/community/facts/
tnt.pdf
Occupational Safety & Health Administration
(OSHA). 1999. 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene.
http://www.osha.gov/dts/chemicalsampling/data/
CH 274100.html
Spalding, R. and J. Fulton. 1988. Groundwater
Munition Residues and Nitrate near Grand Island,
Nebraska, USA. Journal of Contaminant
Hydrology. Volume 2 (2), Pages 139-153.
Steen, K. 2007. Technical Expertise and U.S.
Mobilization, 1917-18: High Explosives and War
Gases. Frontline and Factory: Comparative
Perspectives on the Chemical Industry at War,
1914-1924. Pages 103-122.
U.S. Army. 2009. Military Munitions Response
Program. Munitions Response Remedial
Investigation/Feasibility Study Guidance.
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USAGE). 1997.
Review of Fate and Transport Processes of
Explosives. Installation Restoration Research
Program. Technical Report IRRP-92-2. March
1997. http://el.erdc.usace.army.mil/elpubs/pdf/
trirrp97-2.pdf
USAGE. 2005. Military Munitions Center of
Expertise. Technical Update. Munitions
Constituent (MC) Sampling.
U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT). 1989.
Hazardous materials table and hazardous
materials communications regulations. Code of
Federal Regulations. 49 CFR 172.101.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
1999. Office of Research and Development.
Federal Facilities Forum Issue. Field Sampling
and Selecting On-site Analytical Methods for
Explosives in Water. EPA 600-S-99-002.
EPA. 2000. Office of Research and Development.
Barringer Instruments. GC-IONSCAN.
Environmental Technology Verification Report.
EPA 600-R-00-046.
EPA. 2001. Office of Research and Development.
Research International, Inc. TNT Detection
Technology. Texas Instruments Spreeta Sensor.
Environmental Technology Verification Report.
EPA/600/R-01/064. August 2001.
EPA. 2005. EPA Handbook on the Management of
Munitions Response Actions. EPA 505-B-01-001
http://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPURL.cgi?Dockev=P1
00304J.txt
EPA. 2006. 8330b. Nitroaromatics, Nitramines,
and Nitrate esters by High Performance Liquid
Chromatography (HPLC) Revision 2.
EPA. 2011 a. 2011 Edition of the Drinking Water
Standards and Health Advisories.
http://water.epa.gov/action/advisories/drinking/uplo
ad/dwstandards2011 .pdf
EPA. 2011 b. Regions 3, 6, and 9. Regional
Screening Levels Table.
www.epa.gov/reg3hwmd/risk/human/index.htm
EPA. 2012. Listed Wastes- Hazardous Wastes.
www.epa.gov/osw/hazard/wastetypes/listed.htm
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Technical Fact Sheet - 2,4,6-TNT
Where can I find more information about TNT? (continued)
EPA. Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS).
1993. 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT) (CASRN 118-96-
7). Last Revised 1993.
www.epa.gov/iris/subst/0269.htm
EPA. National Center for Environmental Research
(NCER). 2010. Final Report: Fate and Transport of
Munitions Residues in Contaminated Soil. Website
accessed on July 2, 2010.
Contact Information
If you have any guestions or comments on this fact sheet, please contact: Mary Cooke, FFRRO, by phone at
(703) 603-8712 or by email at cooke.maryt@epa.gov.
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