&EPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Field Applications of In Situ
Remediation Technologies:
Permeable Reactive Barriers
Waste Area
Groundwater-
Flow Direction"
Aquifer
Aquitard
Remediated
) Water
-------
Field Applications of In Situ
Remediation Technologies:
Permeable Reactive Barriers
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response
Technology Innovation Office
Washington, DC 20460
January 2002
Notice
This report was prepared by Environmental Management Support, Inc., 8601 Georgia Avenue, Suite
500, Silver Spring, MD 20910, under contract 68-W-00-084, Work Assignment 006, with the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not consti-
tute endorsement or recommendation for use. For more information about this project, contact: John
Quander, U.S. EPA, Technology Innovation Office (5102G), 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W.,
Washington, DC 20460, Phone: 703-603-7198, e-mail: quander.john@epa.gov.
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Table of Contents
Introduction
Abbreviations
••••••••••••••••••i
Site Profile Summary
Lessons Learned
Selected References
3
7
9
25
27
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Introduction
A permeable reactive barrier (PRB) contains
or creates a reactive treatment zone oriented
to intercept and remediate a contaminant
plume. It removes contaminants from the
groundwater flow system in a passive manner
by physical, chemical or biological processes.
Some PRBs are installed as permanent or
semi-permanent units across the flow path of a
contaminant plume. Some PRBs are installed as
in situ reactors that are readily accessible to
facilitate the removal and replacement of
reactive media. Most have the reactive media
installed or created in intimate contact with the
surrounding aquifer material.
This report summarizes information about the use
of PRBs for groundwater remediation at 47 sites
in the United States, Canada, and selected
locations abroad. PRB sites included were
identified by the Remediation Technologies
Development Forum (RTDF) Permeable Reactive
Barriers Action Team members, and information
was provided by the points-of-contact listed. The
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA)
Technology Innovation Office has prepared this
document to assist potential PRB users in making
more informed decisions related to their respec-
tive sites.
Complete profiles of these sites are available on
the Remediation Technologies Development
Forum/Permeable Reactive Barriers Action
Team's Internet site (www.rtdf.org/public/
permbarr/prbsumms/default. cfrti).
In addition to the site-by-site information included
(pages 9-23), charts and graphs at the end of this
section of the report summarize overall statistics
concerning the sites profiled. For example, Figure
1 (page 4) shows that PRBs were used for full-
scale cleanup at most of the sites profiled and
provides a breakdown of these sites by the cat-
egory of contaminants treated. Figure 2 (page 4)
shows the breakdown of U. S., Canadian, and
European sites profiled by contaminant groups.
Figure 3 (page 5) illustrates that the profiles are
almost evenly divided between Federal and
private-sector sites, and Figure 4 (page 5) shows
the types of barriers used at these sites. Figure 5
(page 6) illustrates that, while zero-valent iron
(Fe°) was the most frequently used reactive
medium, a variety of other media or media mixtures
are available and have been used in PRBs.
Internet versions of the PRB profiles are updated
periodically as new information is received.
Profile information for PRB sites that are currently
not in the database may be submitted on-line at
www.rtdf.org/public/permbarr/prbsumms/
default.cfmby clicking on the "Submit New
Profile" button at the top of the page.
The RTDF/PRB Action Team was established in
1995. Its members include representatives from
government, academia, and the private sector
working as partners to further public and regulatory
acceptance of PRBs for remediating chlorinated
solvents, metals, radionuclides, and other ground-
water pollutants.
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Figure I
PRB Sites by Scale and Contaminant
25
20
Chlorinated
Solvents
I I
•J—
Nutrients Radionuclides
Metal & Fuel
Inorganics Hydrocarbons
CONTAMINANT CATEGORY
Other
Figure 2
Profiled PRB Sites by Location and Contaminant
30
25
20
10
5
0
U.S.
J Canada
Europe
Chlorinated
Solvents
22,, 2
' 0 0
Metal & Fuel Nutrients
Inorganics Hydrocarbons
CONTAMINANT CATEGORY
0 0
Radionuclides
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Figure 3
PRB Sites by Private and Government Sectors
Figure 4
PRB Sites by Type of Barrier
Funnel and Gate
Continuous Trench
Reactor Vessel(s)
Continuous Wall
Multiple Segments/Panels
Trench and Gate
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Figure 5
PRB Sites by Reactive Medium Used
Zero-valent Iron
Iron and Sand
Iron and Gravel
Iron Sponge
Iron and Wood Chips
Granular Cast Iron
Activated Carbon
Catalyzed Hydrogen
Zeolite
Sodium Dithionite
Organic Carbon
Limestone
Oxygen
Copper Wool
Steel Wool
Amorphous Ferric Oxide
Phosphate
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Abbreviations Used in This Document
AFO amorphous ferric oxide
As arsenic
bgs below ground surface
BHC alpha-hexachlorobenzene
Bq Becquerel
BTEX benzene, toluene,
ethylbenzene, xylene
CaCO3 calcium carbonate
CB cement bentonite
Cd cadmium
Cr+6 chromium, chromate
Cu copper
DCA dichloroethane
DCB dichlorobenzene
DCE dichloroethylene
DCM dichloromethane
ODD (C1C6H4)2CHCHC12; an
insecticide with properties
similar to DDT
DDT C14H9C15; a water-insoluble
crystalline insecticide
DNAPL dense nonaqueous-phase liquid
DSM Deep Soil Mixing
Eh Electrochemical Potential
Fe°, ZVI zero-valent iron
FeCO3 iron carbonate
Fe[OH]2 iron hydroxide
FeS ironsulfide
Freon 11 trichlorofluoromethane
Freon 13 trichlorotrifluoroethane
Freon 113® 1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-
trifluorethane
ft foot, feet
g gram, grams
gpm gallons per minute
HC hydrocarbon
FIDPE high-density polyethylene
in inch, inches
K Kelvin
kg kilograms
L litre
MCB chlorobenzene
MCL Maximum Contaminant Level
mg milligram, milligrams
Mn manganese
my millivolts
Mo molybdenum
Ni nickel
O2 oxygen
OU operable unit
PAH polynuclear aromatic
hydrocarbon
Pb lead
PCE perchloroethylene,
tetrachl oroethyl ene
pCi picoCuries
PO4 bone char phosphate
PRB permeable reactive barrier
s, sec second, seconds
-------
Se
Sr-90
Tc
TCA
TCE
U
V
vc
voc
yd
Zn
US
selenium
strontium
technetium
trichloroethane
trichloroethylene
uranium
vanadium
vinyl chloride
volatile organic compound
yard, yards
zinc
microgram, micrograms
8
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Site Profile Summary
NOTE: Sites with more than 1 type of contaminant are listed under each appropriate contaminant category.
Name
Location
Installation
Date
Contaminants
Construction
Type
Design/
Installation
Cost
Reactive
Media
Results
Point of Contact
Chlorinated Solvents - Full Scale
Aircraft Maintenance
Facility
Caldwell Trucking
Copenhagen Freight
Yard
F.E. Warren Air
Force Base
Federal Highway
Administration
Facility
Southern OR
Northern NJ
Copenhagen,
Denmark
Cheyenne, WY
Lakewood, CO
1998
1998
1998
1999
1996
TCE
TCE
cis 1,2-DCE,
fra/M-DCE,
TCE, PCE.VC
TCE, cis 1,2-DCE, VC
TCA, 1,1-DCEJCE,
oi 1,2-DCE
Funnel and Gate
Hydraulic Fracturing,
Permeation Infilling
Continuous Trench
Trench Box
Funnel and Multiple
Gate
$600 K
$1.12 M
$235 K
$2.617 M
$1 M
Fe°
Fe°
Fe°
Fe° and Sand
Fe°
Only 60%
degradation rate
in groundwater;
pursuing other
measures
effective treatment
of upgradient
concentration; part
of plume migrated
around barrier;
conductivity
decreased with time
concentrations of
contaminants
reduced to
non-detectable leve
VOC concentrations
increased in
groundwater moving
around south end
of PRB and in
area under PRB
Dave Weymann
Tel: 503-624-7200
Fax: 503-620-7658
Email: dweymann@
emconmc.com
John Vidumsky
Tel: 302-892- 1738
Fax:302-892-7641
Email: john.e.vidumsky@
usa.dupont.com
Peter Kjeldsen
Tel: +45 4525 1561
Fax: +45 45932850
Email: pk@er.dtu.dk
Ernesto J. Perez
Tel: 307-773-4356
Fax:307-773-4153
Email: Ernesto.Perez@
ren.af.mil
J.H.Woll
Tel: 303-716-2106
Fax: 303-969-5903
Email: jhwoll@road.cflhd.gov
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Name
Location
Installation
Date
Contaminants
Construction
Type
Design/
Installation
Cost
Reactive
Media
Results
Point of Contact
Chlorinated Solvents - Full Scale
Former
Dry-Cleaning Site
Former Industrial
Site
Former
Manufacturing Site
Former
Manufacturing Site
Rheine.Westphalia,
Germany
Brunn am Gebirge,
Austria
Seattle, WA
Fairfield, NJ
1999
1999
PCE, os 1,2-DCE
PAH, Phenols, BTEX,
HCJCE,
os 1,2-DCE
PCEJCE, os 1,2-DCE, VC
I,I,I-TCA,PCE,TCE
Continuous Wall
Adsorptive Reactors
with Hydraulic
Barrier
Funnel and Gate
Continuous Trench
$160 K
$750 K
$350 K
$875 K
Fe°
Iron Sponge
Activated
Carbon
Fe°
Iron Filings
Fe°
significant reduction
in concentration
of contaminants
effective in forcing
groundwater to
enter PRB; level of
contamination
varies with
groundwater level
treatment
efficiencies ranged
from 65-99%;
natural attenuation
reducing
concentrations
before water
reaches canal
concentrations at
center of plume
decreased to near
detection levels; pH
increased, Eh
decreased
Dr. Martin Wegner
Tel: 49-5 13 1-4694-55
Fax:49-5131-4694-90
Email: wegner@
mullundpartner.de
Peter Niederbacher
Tel: 43-2243-22844
Fax: 43-2243-22843
Email: niederbacher@
geol.at
Barry Kellems
Tel: 206-324-9530
Fax:206-328-5581
Email: barry.kellems@
hartcrowser.com
Stephen Tappert
Tel: 973-383-2500
Fax:973-579-0025
Email: stappert@trccos.com
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Name
Location
Installation
Date
Contaminants
Construction
Type
Design/
Installation
Cost
Reactive
Media
Results
Point of Contact
Chlorinated Solvents - Full Scale
Haardkrom Site
Industrial Site
Industrial Site
Industrial Site
Intersil
Semiconductor Site
Kolding, Denmark
SC
Coffeyville, KS
Belfast, Northern
Ireland
Sunnyvale, CA
1999
1997
1996
1995
1995
TCE, CR+6
TCE, oi 1,2-DCE.VC
TCE, 1,1,1-TCA
TCE, os 1,2-DCE
TCE,c/sl,2-DCE,VC,
Freonl 13®
Continuous Trench
Continuous Trench
Funnel and Gate
Slurry Wall Funnel
in situ reaction vessel
Funnel and Gate
$358 K
$400 K
$400 K
$375 K
$1 M
Fe°
Fe°
Fe°
Fe°
Fe°
design not effective
in controlling
contaminants along
PRB; working on
resolving problems
consistent decrease
in concentration
levels downgradient;
upgradient levels
remain variable
concentration in
iron zone below
MCLs; no
determination made
of groundwater
velocity through
system
overall 99.7%
reduction in
contaminant levels
through reaction
vessel
concentrations
below cleanup goals
in wells within wall;
groundwater
contained on site
until mounding
dissipates
Peter Kjeldsen
Tel: +45 4525 1561
Fax: +45 45932850
Email: pk@er.dtu.dk
Steven Schroeder
Tel: 864-28 1-0030
Fax:864-287-0288
Email: steve.schroeder@
rmtinc.com
Greg Somermeyer
Tel: 970-493-3700
Fax:970-493-2328
Email: gsomermeyer@
thermoretec.com
Dale Haig
Tel: 44-115-9456544
Fax:44-115-9456540
Email: Dhaigh@
GOLDER.com
Carol Yamane
Tel: 4 15-434-9400
Fax:415-434-1365
Email: cyamane@
geomatrix.com
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Name
Location
Installation
Date
Contaminants
Construction
Type
Design/
Installation
Cost
Reactive
Media
Results
Point of Contact
Chlorinated Solvents - Full Scale
Kansas City Plant
Lowry Air Force Base
Rocky Flats
Environmental
Technology Site (Easl
Trenches Plume)
Rocky Flats
Environmental
Technology Site
(Mound Site)
Kansas City, MO
CO
Golden, CO
Golden, CO
1998
1995
1999
1998
os 1,2-DCE, VC
TCE
TCE, PCE, Carbon
tetrachloride, Chloroform,
os 1,2-DCE,
Methylene chloride
VC, 1,1 -DCE, os 1,2-DCE,
TCE, PCE, U, Chloroform
Carbon tetrachloride,
Continuous Trench
Funnel and Gate
Reaction Vessels
Reaction Vessels
$1.5 M
$530 K
$1.3 M
$590 K
Fe°
Fe°
Fe° and
Pea Gravel
Fe°
samples from wells
north and south of
PRB indicate
inconsistencies in
levels; high zone
of conductivity;
PRB rendered
ineffective upon
ordered resumption
of pumping well
chlorinated
hydrocarbons
degraded within
first ft of wall; all
analytes degraded
2 ft into wall
except for
methylene chloride,
concentrations
routinely
non-detectable
concentrations
non-detectable in
effluent samples; U
concentration below
stream standards;
low cost, effective
technology
Steve Cline
Tel: 423-24 1-3957
Fax:423-576-8646
Email: qc2@ornl.gov
William A. Gallant
Tel: 303-452-5700
Fax:303-452-2336
Email: gallabil@versar.com
Annette Primrose
Tel: 303-966-4385
Fax:303-966-5180
Email: Annette. Primrose @
rfets.gov
Annette Primrose
Tel: 303-966-4385
Fax:303-966-5180
Email: Annette. Primrose @
rfets.gov
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Name
Location
Installation
Date
Contaminants
Construction
Type
Design/
Installation
Cost
Reactive
Media
Results
Point of Contact
Chlorinated Solvents - Full Scale
Seneca Army
Depot Activity
Shaw Air Force Base
Somersworth
Sanitary Landfill
Superfund Site
Vapokon
Petrochemical Works
Watervliet Arsenal
Romulus, NY
Sumter, SC
Somersworth, NH
Sonderso, Denmark
Watervliet, NY
1999
1998
2000
1999
1999
TCE, oi 1,2-DCE
TCA,DCA,DCE,VC
PCE,TCE,osl,2-DCE,VC
PCE, TCE, TCA, DCA, DCE,
DCM, BTEX
VOCs
Continuous Trench
Continuous Wall
Trenches
Continuous Wall
Funnel and Gate
Continuous Trench
$450 K
$1.065 M
$2.2 M
$940 K
$391 K
Fe° and Sand
Fe°, Iron
Filings
Fe° and Sand
Fe°
Fe° and
Concrete
Sand
100% removal of
TCE; removal of
os 1,2-DCE less than
expected - will
require added iron
significant reductions
in TCA, DCA and
DCE;VC increases at
PRB, but biodegrades
sufficiently
groundwater
monitoring indicates
PRB working as
designed
most compounds
degraded at
expected rates;
daughter products
degraded in anoxic
plume; upgradient
concentrations
increased possibly
due to low velocities
monitoring indicates
walls meeting
projected goals
Michael Duchesneau
Tel: 78 1-40 1-2492
Fax:781-401-2492
Email: michael.duchesneau@
parsons.com
Richard Roller
Tel: 803-895-9991
Fax:803-895-5103
Email: richard.roller@
shaw.af.mil
Tom Krug
Tel: 519-822-2230
Fax:
Email: tkrug@geosyntec.com
Peter Kjeldsen
Tel: +45 4525 1561
Fax: +45 45932850
Email: pk@er.dtu.dk
Grant A. Anderson
Tel: 4 10-962-6645
Fax:410-962-7731
Email: grant.a.anderson@
nab02.usace.army.mil
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Name
Location
Installation
Date
Contaminants
Construction
Type
Design/
Installation
Cost
Reactive
Media
Results
Point of Contact
Chlorinated Solvents - Pilot Scale
Alameda Point
Area 5, Dover
Air Force Base
Borden Aquifer
Cape Canaveral
Air Station
Alameda, CA
Dover, DE
Ontario, Canada
Cape Canaveral, FL
1997
1998
1991
1998
oi I,2-DCE,VC,TCE, BTEX
PCE, TCE, DCE
TCE, PCE
TCE, DCE.VC
Funnel and
Sequenced Gate
Funnel and Gate
Continuous Trench
Continuous Walls with
Overlapping Panels
$800 K
$30 K (reactive
material and
labor donated)
$809 K
Fe°,0
Fe°
Fe°
Fe°
excellent results for
VOCs at high
concentrations;
almost complete
degradation at low
concentrations;
biosparge zone
supported aerobic
degradation ofVC
& cis 1,2-DCE
PRB functioned as
designed, capturing
plume and reducing
contaminants below
target levels; iron
zone more efficient
than pyrite zone
in removing DO
PRB reduced TCE
by 90% and PCE
by 86%; low calcium
carbonate after 5
years indicates at
least another 5 yrs
of operation
Mary Morkin
Tel: 925-943-3034 ext. 203
Fax:925-943-2366
Email: mmorkin@
geosyntec.com
Alison Lightner
Tel: 850-283-6306
Fax:850-283-6064
Email: alison.lightner@
tyndall.af.mil
Stephanie F. O'Hannesin
Tel: 5 19-746-2204 Ext. 235
Fax:519-764-2209
Email: sohannesin@eti.com
Jerry Hansen
Tel: 2 10-536-4353
Fax:210-536-4330
Email: jerry.hansen@
hqafcee.brooks.af.mil
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Name
Location
Installation
Date
Contaminants
Construction
Type
Design/
Installation
Cost
Reactive
Media
Results
Point of Contact
Chlorinated Solvents - Pilot Scale
DuPont
DuPont
Launch Complex 34,
Cape Canaveral Air
Force Station
Massachusetts
Military Reservation
CS-IO Plume
Oakley, CA
Kinston, NC
Cape Canaveral, FL
Falmouth, MA
1999
1999
1998
Carbon tetrachloride,
Chloroform, Freon 1 1,
Freon 113
TCE
TCE, trans DCE,
oi 1,2-DCE
PCE, TCE
Vertically Oriented
Hydraulic Fracturing
Continuous Jetted
Wall with
Overlapping Panels
Vibrating Caissons
filled with Fe°,
followed by Deep
Soil Mixing
Hydraulic Fracturing
$1.15 M
$200 K
$220 K
$160 K
Granular
cast iron
Granular Fe°
Fe°
Fe°
No problems except
at recovering an
intact core of
emplaced PRB at
120 ft; alternative
methods being
explored
TCE mass reduced
by 95%; 13 of 16
geoprobe locations
indicate non-
detectable levels of
TCE; negotiating
with state to shut
down pump & treat
system affecting
velocity through PRB
TCE and daughter
products non-
detectable within
wall and declining
in downstream
wells, except for VC
Stephen H. Shoemaker
Tel: 704-362-6638
Fax: 704-362-6636
Email: Stephen.H.
Sheomaker@
USA.DuPont.com
Richard C. Landis
Tel: 302-892-7452
Fax:302-892-7641
Email: Richard.C.Landis@
USA.DuPont.com
Debra R. Reinhart
Tel: 407-823-2 156
Fax:407-823-5483
Email: reinhart@
mail.ucf.edu
Robert W. Gillham
Tel: 5 19-888-4658
Fax:519-746-1829
Email: rwgillha@
sciborg.uwaterloo.ca
Ul
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Name
Location
Installation
Date
Contaminants
Construction
Type
Design/
Installation
Cost
Reactive
Media
Results
Point of Contact
Chlorinated Solvents - Pilot Scale
Moffet
Federal Airfield
SAFIRA Test Site
Savannah River
Site TNX Area
U.S. Coast Guard
Support Center
Mountain View, CA
Bitterfeld, Germany
Aiken, SC
Elizabeth City, NC
1996
1999
1997
1996
TCE, cis 1,2-DCE, PCE
Benzene, MCB, o-DCB,
p-DCB, TCE, cis 1,2-DCE,
trans 1,2-DCE
TCE, os 1,2-DCE, CT,
Nitrate
Cr+6, TCE
Funnel and Gate
Vertical Well Shafts
and Horizontal Wells
GeoSiphon Cell
Continuous Trench
$540 K
1 1 M Deutsh Mark
$119 K
(phase 1)
$675 K
Fe°
Hydrogen-
activation
Systems with
and without
Paladium
Catalyst
Fe°
Fe°
principal
contaminants
reduced to below
maximum levels
within 2-3 ft of gate
pilot tests indicate
promising results;
project ends 6/02,
expected to be
extended
Phases 1 & II
indicate that
changing siphon line
accelerates flow rates
inducing accelerate!
cleanup; use limited
to areas of shallow
ground water
Cr continues to be
removed as
expected; TCE,
os 1,2-DCE, and VC
below MCL for most
wells; plume seems
to have dipped after
wall installation
Chuck Reeter
Tel: 805-982-0469
Fax:805-982-4304
Email: creeter@fesc.navy.mil
Dr. Holger Weiss
Tel: +49-341-235-2060
Fax: +49-341-235-2126
Email: weiss@pro.ufz.de
Mark Phifer
Tel: 803-725-5222
Fax: 803-725-7673
Email: mark.phifer@srs.gov
Robert W. Puls
Tel: 580-436-8543
Fax: 580-436-8706
Email: puls.robert@epa.gov
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Name
Location
Installation
Date
Contaminants
Construction
Type
Design/
Installation
Cost
Reactive
Media
Results
Point of Contact
Chlorinated Solvents - Pilot Scale
X-625 Groundwater
Treatment Facility,
Portsmouth Gaseous
Diffusion Plant
Piketon, OH
1996
TCE
Horizontal Well
Fe°
TCE reduced to
below 5|lg/L;
hydraulic
conductivity
of iron media
reduced due to
mineral
precipitation
Thomas C. Houk
Tel: 614-897-6502
Fax:614-897-3800
Email: uk9@ornl.gov
Metals & Inorganics - Full Scale
IOOD Area,
Hanford Site
Chalk River
Laboratories
Former Mill Site
Hanford, WA
Ontario, Canada
Monticello, UT
1997
1998
1999
Cr+6
Sr-90
U,As,Mn,Se,V
Injection
Wall and Curtain
Funnel and Gate
$480 K
(wall- $5 M)
$300 K
$800 K
Sodium
dithionite
Clinoptilolite
(zeolite)
Fe°
aqueous chromate
reduced below
8|lg/L; plan calls
for remaining cells
to be treated
PRB retained 100%
of contaminant
since installed;
leakage beneath
steel cut-off wall
compensated for
by controlling flow
PRB effective in
reducing
contaminants;
concentration of
iron increases as
groundwater passes
through the PRB
Jonathan S. Fruchter
Tel: 509-376-3937
Fax:509-372-1704
Email: john.fruchter@pnl.gov
David R. Lee
Tel: 6 13-584-88 II Ext. 4710
Fax:613-584-1221
Email: leed@aecl.ca
Don Metzler
Tel: 970 248-7612
Fax: 970-248-6040
Email: d.metzler@gjo.doe.com
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00
Name
Location
Installation
Date
Contaminants
Construction
Type
Design/
Installation
Cost
Reactive
Media
Results
Point of Contact
Metals & Inorganics - Full Scale
Haardkrom
Nickel Rim Mine Site
Rocky Flats
Environmental
Technology Site
(Solar Ponds Plume)
Tonolli Superfund Site
Vapokon
Petrochemical Works
Kolding, Denmark
Sudbury, Ontario,
Canada
Golden, CO
Nesquehoning, PA
Sonderso, Denmark
1999
1995
1999
1998
1999
TCE, CR+6
Ni, Fe, Sulfate
Nitrate, U
Pb, Cd, As, Zn, Cu
PCE, TCE, TCA, DCA, DCE,
DCM, BTEX
Continuous Trench
Cut and Fill
Reaction Vessels
Continuous Trench
Funnel and Gate
$358 K
$30 K
$1.3 M
$940 K
Fe°
Organic
Curtain
Fe° and
Wood Chips
Limestone
Fe°
design not effective
in controlling
contaminants along
PRB; working on
resolving problems
decrease in
concentration of
all contaminants;
PRB converted
aquifer from acid-
producing to acid-
consuming
although system
does not collect
and treat all
groundwater in
plume, surface
water standards are
met in nearby creek
most compounds
degraded at expected
rates; daughter
products degraded
in anoxic plume;
upgradient
concentrations
increased possibly
due to low velocities
Peter Kjeldsen
Tel: +45 4525 1561
Fax: +45 45932850
Email: pk@er.dtu.dk
David W. Blowes
Tel: 5 19-888-4878
Fax:519-746-5644
Email:
Annette Primrose
Tel: 303-966-4385
Fax:303-966-5180
Email: Annette.Primrose@
rfets.gov
John Banks
Tel: 2 15-8 14-32 14
Fax:215-814-3002
Email: banks.john-d@epa.gov
Peter Kjeldsen
Tel: +45 4525 1561
Fax: +45 45932850
Email: pk@er.dtu.dk
-------
Name
Location
Installation
Date
Contaminants
Construction
Type
Design/
Installation
Cost
Reactive
Media
Results
Point of Contact
Metals & Inorganics - Pilot Scale
Bodo Can/on
U.S. Coast Guard
Support Center
Durango, CO
Elizabeth City, NC
1995
1996
As, Mo,Se,U,V,Zn
Cr+6, TCE
Collection Drain
Piped to
Underground
Treatment System
Continuous Trench
$380 K
$675 K
Fe°, Copper
Wool, Steel
Wool
Fe°
only 1 of 4 PRBs
ran for 3 years
reducing
concentrations of
wide variety of
contaminants
Cr continues to be
removed as
expected; TCE,
osl,2-DCE,andVC
below MCL for most
wells; plume seems
to have dipped after
wall installation
Don Metzler
Tel: 970-248-7612
Fax: 970-248-6040
Email: d.metzler@
gjo.doe.com
Robert W. Puls
Tel: 580-436-8543
Fax: 580-436-8706
Email: puls.robert@epa.gov
Fuel Hydrocarbons - Pilot Scale
Alameda Point
Alameda, CA
1997
05l.2-DCE.VC,
TCE, BTEX
Funnel and
Sequenced Gate
Fe°,0
excellent results for
VOCs at high
concentrations;
almost complete
degradation at low
concentrations;
biosparge zone
supported aerobic
degradation ofVC
& cis 1,2-DCE
Mary Morkin
Tel: 925-943-3034 ext. 203
Fax: 925-943-2366
Email: mmorkin@
geosyntec.com
-------
Name
Location
Installation
Date
Contaminants
Construction
Type
Design/
Installation
Cost
Reactive
Media
Results
Point of Contact
Fuel Hydrocarbons - Pilot Scale
East Garrington
Alberta, Canada
1995
BTEX
Trench and Gate
$67.2 K
°>
plume captured and
treated; no
contaminants
detected off-site
Marc Bowles
Tel: 403-247-0200
Fax:403-247-4811
Email: mbowles@
calgary.komex.com
Nutrients - Full Scale
Y- 12 Site, Oak Ridge
National Laboratory
Oak Ridge, TN
1997
U, Tc, Nitric acid
Funnel and Gate,
Continuous Trench
$1 M
Fe°
efficient and cost-
effective method of
removing this
combination of
contaminants
Baohua Gu
Tel: 423-574-7286
Fax: 423-576-8543
Email: b26@ornl.gov
Nutrients - Pilot Scale
Savannah River Site
TNX Area
Aiken, SC
1997
TCE, 051,2-DCE,
Nitric acid,
Carbon tetrachloride
GeoSiphon Cell
$119 K
(phase 1)
Fe°
Phases 1 & II
indicate that
changing siphon
line accelerates
flow rates inducing
accelerated cleanup;
use limited to areas
of shallow
ground water
Mark Phifer
Tel: 803-725-5222
Fax: 803-725-7673
Email: mark.phifer@srs.gov
Radionuclides - Full Scale
Former Mill Site
Monticello, UT
1999
U,As,Mn,Se,V
Funnel and Gate
$800 K
Fe°
PRB effective
in reducing
contaminants;
concentration of
iron increases as
groundwater passes
through the PRB
Don Metzler
Tel: 970 248-7612
Fax: 970-248-6040
Email: d.metzler@
gjo.doe.com
-------
Name
Location
Installation
Date
Contaminants
Construction
Type
Design/
Installation
Cost
Reactive
Media
Results
Point of Contact
Radionuclides - Full Scale
Rocky Flats
Environmental
Technology Site
(Solar Ponds Plume)
Y- 12 Site, Oak Ridge
National Laboratory
Golden, CO
Oak Ridge, TN
1999
1997
Nitrate, U
U, Tc, Nitric acid
Reaction Vessels
Funnel and Gate,
Continuous Trench
$1.3 M
$1 M
Fe° and
Wood Chips
Fe°
although system
does not collect
and treat all
groundwater in
plume, surface
water standards
are met in
nearby creek
efficient and cost-
effective method of
removing this
combination of
contaminants
Annette Primrose
Tel: 303-966-4385
Fax:303-966-5180
Email: Annette.Primrose@
rfets.gov
Baohua Gu
Tel: 423-574-7286
Fax: 423-576-8543
Email: b26@ornl.gov
Radionuclides - Pilot Scale
Bodo Canyon
Fry Canyon Site
Durango, CO
Fry Canyon, UT
1995
1997
As,Mo,Se,U,V,Zn
U
Collection Drain
Piped to
Underground
Treatment System
Funnel and Gate
$380 K
$170 K
Fe°, Copper
Wool, Steel
Wool
Fe°,AFO,P04
only 1 of 4 PRBs
ran for 3 years
reducing
concentrations of
wide variety of
contaminants
3 barriers each
using different
media - Fe° and P04
remove >99% of
incoming U; AFO
PRB reached
chemical break-
through
Don Metzler
Tel: 970-248-7612
Fax: 970-248-6040
Email: d.metzler@
gjo.doe.com
David N. Naftz, PhD
Tel: 80 1-975-3389
Fax:801-975-3424
Email: dlnaftz@usgs.gov
-------
KJ
KJ
Name
Location
Installation
Date
Contaminants
Construction
Type
Design/
Installation
Cost
Reactive
Media
Results
Point of Contact
Other Organic Contaminants - Full Scale
Former Industrial
Site
Marzone Inc./
Chevron Chemical Co
Rocky Flats
Environmental
Technology Site
(East Trenches
Plume)
Rocky Flats
Environmental
Technology Site
(Mound Site)
Brunn am Gebirge,
Austria
Tifton, GA
Golden, CO
Golden, CO
1999
1998
1999
1998
PAH, Phenols, BTEX, HC,
TCE, os 1,2-DCE
BHC, 6efa-BHC, ODD,
DDT, xylene, ethylbenzene,
lindane, methyl parathion
TCE, PCE, Carbon
tetrachloride, Chloroform,
cis 1,2-DCE,
Methylene chloride
VC, 1,1 -DCE, 05-1,2-DCE,
TCE, PCE, Chloroform, U
Carbon tetrachloride
Adsorptive Reactors
with Hydraulic
Barrier
Funnel and Gate
Reaction Vessels
Reaction Vessels
$750 I
$750 I
$1.3 M
$590 I
Activated
Carbon
Activated
carbon
Fe°and
Pea Gravel
Fe°
effective in forcing
groundwater to
enter PRB; level of
contamination
varies with
groundwater level
concentrations for
effluent have been
below detection
levels
except for
methylene chloride,
concentrations
routinely non-
detectable
concentrations
non-detectable in
effluent samples; U
concentration
below stream
standards; low cost,
effective technology
Peter Niederbacher
Tel: 43-2243-22844
Fax:43-2243-22843
Email: niederbacher@geol.at
Annie Godfrey
Tel: 404-562-89 19
Fax:404-562-8896
Email: godfrey.annie@
epa.gov
Annette Primrose
Tel: 303-966-4385
Fax:303-966-5180
Email: Annette.Primrose@
rfets.gov
Annette Primrose
Tel: 303-966-4385
Fax:303-966-5180
Email: Annette.Primrose@
rfets.gov
-------
Name
Location
Installation
Date
Contaminants
Construction
Type
Design/
Installation
Cost
Reactive
Media
Results
Point of Contact
Other Organic Contaminants - Full Scale
Vapokon
Petrochemical Works
Watervliet Arsenal
Sonderso, Denmark
Watervliet, NY
1999
1999
PCE, TCE, TCA, DCA,
DCE, DCM, BTEX
VOCs
Funnel and Gate
Continuous Trench
$940 K
$391 K
Fe°
Fe° and
Concrete
Sand
most compounds
degraded at
expected rates;
daughter products
degraded in anoxic
plume; upgradient
concentrations
increased possibly
due to low
velocities
monitoring indicates
walls meeting
projected goals
Peter Kjeldsen
Tel: +45 45251561
Fax: +45 45932850
Email: pk@er.dtu.dk
Grant A. Anderson
Tel: 4 10-962-6645
Fax:410-962-7731
Email: grant.a.anderson@
nab02.usace.army.mil
Other Organic Contaminants - Pilot Scale
SAFIRA Test Site
Bitterfeld, Germany
1999
Benzene, MCB,
o-DCB, p-DCB,
TCE, as 1,2-DCE,
trans 1,2-DCE
Vertical Well Shafts
and Horizontal Wells
II M Deutsch
Mark
Hydrogen-
activation
Systems with
and without
Paladium
Catalyst
pilot tests indicate
promising results;
project ends 6/02,
expected to be
extended
Dr. Holger Weiss
Tel: +49-341-235-2060
Fax: +49-341-235-2126
Email: weiss@pro.ufz.de
-------
24
-------
Lessons Learned
The following lessons learned are based on a
review of all of the site profiles. They are orga-
nized according to the maj or phases of the
remediation process. VKhwww.rtdf.org/public/
permbarr/prbsumms/default.cfm and check the
profiles indicated in parentheses for more detailed
information.
Site Characterization
At least 5 sites reported that it is important to
conduct extensive characterization in the pre-
planning phase. Specifically, it is important to
detail the hydrogeology (Kansas City, Fry Can-
yon), topography (Fry Canyon), seasonal condi-
tions (Oak Ridge), and presence of or proximity
to potential obstacles (Tonolli, Chalk River).
Planning and Coordination
Several sites reported that careful planning
(F.E. Warren) and coordination are critical to
the success of aPRB project. Planning factors
that were addressed include site layout, se-
quencing of the work, and selection and
placement of equipment and materials (Brunn
am Gebirge, Fry Canyon). Three sites ad-
dressed the issue of structuring the project so
that the methods and design are flexible
enough to respond to changing conditions
(Chalk River, Bodo Canyon, Tonolli).
At this stage, it is also important to coordinate
plans with state agencies (Fairfield, NJ) and
subcontractors (Chalk River). This ensures a
better understanding of the project by all
interested parties.
Design and Construction
Groundwater Geochemistry and Flow
Groundwater geochemistry (FFEWA) and
velocity/flow are common concerns during the
design and construction phases.
• Groundwater modeling i s recommended as a
design tool during this stage in order to avoid
potential flaws (Watervliet).
• Awareness of the geochemistry can include
the impact of high concentrations of inor-
ganic compounds (Copenhagen) or affect of
O2 on microbial activity (Brunn am
Gebirge).
• Groundwater velocity/flow can impact the
time required to complete flushing (Industrial
Site, SC) or the wall design and efficiency
(Watervliet).
• The variability of velocities can affect monitoring
and incomplete treatment (Seneca).
• When hydraulic conditions change season-
ally, groundwater migration patterns may
change (Oak Ridge).
• Reduced hydraulic conductivity of bedrock
fractures coupled with shallow gradients in
the vicinity of a PRB may result in a diver-
sion of groundwater flow (Caldwell).
• Gravity flow may be considered the most
effective when the natural contours of a
hillside can be utilized (Rocky Flats), but
groundwater at one site was reported to
have moved laterally through reactive media
before it moved downgradient (Monticello).
Reactive Media
Some sites performed tests comparing a variety
of reactive media (Bodo Canyon, Fry Canyon) to
the most commonly used media, Fe°. A number
of sites had problems with hydraulic conductivity
and incomplete treatment of contaminants attrib-
uted to the concentration (Seneca) and amount or
distribution of reactive media (Chalk River,
Caldwell).
Other Media or Materials
Other media or materials in or around the PRB
have been found to affect PRBs.
25
-------
• A pea gravel zone upgradient of a PRB can
result in precipitation of minerals and partial
treatment of target contaminants (Intersil).
• The addition of phosphorous can increase
the degradation rate (East Garrington).
• The presence of guar can increase biological
activity (Oak Ridge). Guar gum gel intro-
duced at low temperature and high pH may
slow enzymatic degradation after placement
inPRB(Caldwell).
• The use of bentonite slurry may make it
difficult to control movement of slurry (Fry
Canyon).
• The presence of chloride is not a good
indication of effectiveness of dechlorination
for all sites (Industrial Site, SC).
Tools and Construction Methods
The following observations were made regarding
tools and construction methods:
• The use of appropriate tools and construction
methods allow for better surfaces and flow
patterns for groundwater (Fry Canyon).
• The system should be constructed to allow
for gas venting (Bodo Canyon, Marzone).
• The length of trench box should be mini-
mized to reduce slope failure (Rocky Flats).
• Backfill specifications should be rigorously
followed (Rocky Flats).
Other Considerations
Other design and construction considerations
might include:
• The impact of other remediation technolo-
gies. For example, groundwater flow and
plumes at a site that has been subjected to
pump and treat need time to return to non-
pumping conditions (Kansas City).
• Daughter products may affect the width and
retention time required to treat groundwater
(Shaw).
• A funnel and gate system was selected at
one site because it offered less impact on the
surrounding community (Marzone).
• In placing monitoring wells, consideration
should be given to no-flow areas (Fry
Canyon) and the need for additional wells in
areas with unanticipated variability in
contaminant concentrations and groundwa-
ter velocity (Seneca).
Operations and Maintenance
Monitoring and testing of groundwater condi-
tions, contaminants, reactive media, and materials
during and after construction help ensure that the
systems operate effectively. Therefore, it is
important that operations and maintenance be
carefully considered during site characterization,
planning and design (Rocky Flats).
Cost
Observations on PRB costs include:
• Reaction vessels cost about 1/4 of a baseline
pump and treat system (Rocky Flats).
• A continuous trench system is a cost effec-
tive installation with a high degree of confi-
dence (Industrial Site, SC).
• The bio-polymer construction method is
effective and economical for a large PRB
(Somersworth).
• A wall and curtain construction performs
well and involves relatively low cost for routine
monitoring and adjustment (ChalkRiver).
-------
Selected References
Field Results From the Use of a Permeable
Reactive Wall. O. Kiilerich, J. W. Larsen, and
C. Nielsen. Paper on Copenhagen Freight
Yard, Denmark, Site presented at the Second
International Conference on Remediation of
Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds,
Monterey, CA, May 2000.
Environmental Cleanup Plan and Quality
Project Plan, Spill Site 7 Interim Remedial
Action. U.S. Air Force and Montgomery
Watson. Spill Site 7 Interim Remedial Action,
F.E. Warren Air Force Base, Cheyenne, WY,
Jan. 1999.
Quarterly Monitoring Reports. U.S. Air
Force and Earthtech. Quarterly Monitoring
Reports from May 2000 - Feb. 2001 for F.E.
Warren Air Force Base, Cheyenne, WY.
"1,200-Foot Permeable Reactive Barrier in
Use at the Denver Federal Center." Alex
Caruana. Ground Water Currents, No. 27, Mar.
1998. (Available through http://clu-in.org)
Numerical Simulation of Geochemical
Reactions at a Zero-Valent Iron Wall Reme-
diation Site. G.P. Curtis, P.B. McMahon.
1998 American Geophysical Union Spring
Meeting, 26-29 May, Boston, MA, 1998.
Successful Remediation of Solvent Contami-
nated Ground Water using a Funnel and
Gate Constructed by Slurry Trench Methods
(Industrial Site Seattle, WA). Steven Day, etal.
Presented at 2001 International Containment
and Remediation Technology Conference and
Exhibition, June 10-13, 2001, Orlando, FL.
"Business and Technical Objectives Not A
Barrier - Meet the Wall" (Industrial Site,
Fairfield, NJ). Stephen E. Tappert, Leigh E.
Finn. Massachusetts Environment, Dec. 1998.
Permeable Reactive Barrier
Installation-Fair field, NJ. Presentation
Materials, RTDF Permeable Reactive Barriers
Action Team Meeting, Nov. 17-19,1998.
Demonstration Program on Reactive Barrier
Technologies Using Zero-Valent Iron
(Haardkrom, Denmark). P. Kjeldsen and I. A.
Fuglsang. FZK/TNO International Conference
on Contaminated Soil, Leipzig, Germany,
Sept. 18-22, 2000.
"Reactive Treatment Zones: Concepts and a
Case History." Stephan A. Jefferis, Graham H.
Norris. NATO/CCMS Pilot Study: Evaluation
of Demonstrated and Emerging Technologies
for the Treatment of Contaminated Land and
Groundwater-Phase III. Session on Treatment
Walls and Permeable Reactive Barriers, No.
229. 66-76. EPA/542/R-98/003, 1998.
"Reactive Barrier System Reduces TCE in
Northern Ireland Installation." Dale Haigh.
Water Online, Aug. 1997. (Available at http://
news.wateronline.com/case-studies/
CS707292.html)
The Feasibility of Permeable Reactive
Barriers for in Situ Groundwater Treatment:
the Sunnyvale "Iron Wall" and Beyond. S.D.
Warner. Subsurface Barrier Technologies
Conference: Engineering Advancements and
Application Considerations for Innovative
Barrier Technologies, Tucson, AZ, Jan. 1998.
"Considerations for Monitoring Permeable
Ground-Water Treatment Walls." Scott D.
Warner, Carol L. Yamane, John D. Gallinatti,
Deborah A. Hankins. Journal of Environmen-
tal Engineering, 124:6, 524-529, 1998.
"Technical Update: the First Commercial
Subsurface Permeable Reactive Treatment
Zone Composed of Granular Zero-Valent
Iron." Scott D. Warner, Carol L. Yamane, N.T.
Bice, F.S. Szerdy; J. Vogan, D.W. Major,
27
-------
D.A. Hankins. Designing and Applying Treat-
ment Technologies: Remediation of Chlori-
nated and Recalcitrant Compounds, Battelle
Press, Columbus, OH. 145-150, 1998.
Final, Reactive Wall Demonstration Project
Technical Report, Lowry AFB, Colorado.
Versar, Inc. / Dames & Moore. Air Force
Center for Environmental Excellence, Brooks
AFB, TX, Sept. 1997. (Available through
Defense Technical Information Center or
National Technical Information Center.)
Final Proposed Action Memorandum For
The East Trenches Plume (Rocky Flats
Environmental Technology Site). Rocky Mountain
Remediation Services, LLC (RMRS). RF/
RMRS-98-258, 1999.
Final Mound Site Plume Decision Docu-
ment (Rocky Flats Environmental Technology
Site). U.S. Department of Energy, Rocky Flats
Environmental Technology Site. RF/
RMRS-97-024, Sept. 1997.
Feasibility Memorandum for Groundwater
Remediation Alternative Using Zero-Valent
Iron Reactive Wall at the Ash Landfill, Seneca
Army Depot Activity, Romulus, New York.
Parsons Engineering Science, Inc. Ash Land-
fill, Seneca Army Depot Activity, Romulus,
NY, Aug. 2000.
Bio-Polymer Construction and Testing of a
Zero-Valent Iron PRB at the Somersworth
Landfill Superfund Site. T.A. Krug, K.
Berry-Spark, M. Monteleone, C. Bird, C.
Elder, R. Focht. Proceeding of the 2001
International Containment & Remediation
Technology Conference and Exhibition, Or-
lando, FL, June 2001.
"Permeable Reactive Barriers for In Situ
Treatment of Chlorinated Solvents" (Dover
AFB, Area 5). U. S. Environmental Protection
Agency. NATO/CCMS Pilot Study: Evaluation
of Demonstrated and Emerging Technologies
for the Treatment of Contaminated Land and
Groundwater (Phase III) 1998 Annual Report,
No. 228. 36-37. EPA542-R-98-002, 1998
(Available at http://www.clu-in.org/partnerl .htm).
"Long-Term Performance of an In Situ 'Iron
Wall' for Remediation of VOCs" (Borden
Aquifer). S. F. O'Hannesin, R.W. Gillham.
GroundWater. 36:1, 164-170, 1998.
Scale-up of Zero-Valent Iron Permeable
Treatment Wall Design Parameters (Cape
Canaveral Air Station). D.R Reinhart, J.W. Quinn;
C.A. Clausen; M. Chopra; C. Geiger; N. Ruiz; S.
Burwinkel. WEFTEC 1998: Remediation of
Soil and Groundwater Symposium: Treatment
Process and Developments, 1998.
Permeable Reactive Barrier Installation and
TCE Source Treatment Using Jetting
(DuPont Site, Kinston, NC). Stephen Shoe-
maker, et. al. Presented at 2001 Solid/Hazardous
Waste Conference, Gatlinburg, TN, May 9-11,
2001.
Installation of a Field-Scale Permeable Reac-
tive Wall Using Deep Soil Mixing (Launch
Complex 34, Cape Canaveral Air Force Station).
D. R. Reinhart, M. B. Chopra, S. Burwinkel, and J.
Quinn. 4th Annual Florida Remediation Confer-
ence, Orlando, FL, Nov. 10-11, 1998.
Scale-Up Of Zero-Valent Iron Permeable
Treatment Wall Design Parameters (Launch
Complex 34, Cape Canaveral Air Force Station).
D. R. Reinhart, J W. Quinn, C. A. Clausen, M. B.
Chopra, C. Geiger, N. Ruiz, S. Burwinkel.
Proceedings of the Water Environment Federa-
tion Conference, Orlando, FL, Oct. 5-8, 1998.
-------
Emplacement of Zero-Valent Iron for Reme-
diation of Deep Containment Plumes (Mas-
sachusetts Military Reservation). D. W. Hubble,
R.W. Gillham; J.A. Cherry. 1997 International
Containment Technology Conference, St. Peters-
burg, FL. 872-878. CONF-970208-Proc.
DE98001967, 1997.
Permeable Reactive Wall Remediation of
Chlorinated Hydrocarbons in Groundwater:
NAS Moffett Field, Mountain View, Califor-
nia. Charles Reeter, Arun Gavaskar, Neeraj
Gupta, Bruce Sass. After the Rain Has Fallen:
2nd International Water Resources Engineer-
ing Conference, 3-7 Memphis, TN, August
1998. American Society of Civil Engineers,
Reston, VA. 153-158, 1998.
SAFIRA Abstracts. H. Weifi, H. Rijnaarts, S.
Staps, P. Merkel. Abstracts of the workshop
of Nov. 17-18, 1999 at Bitterfeld/Germany,
UFZBerichtNr. 23/2000.
Design and Installation of an In Situ Porous
Reactive Wall for Treatment ofCr(VI) and
Trichloroethylene in Groundwater (U.S.
Coast Guard Support Center, Elizabeth City,
NC). T.A. Bennett, D.W. Blowes, R.W. Puls,
R.W. Gillham, C. J. Hanton-Fong, C. J. Ptacek,
S.F. O'Hannesin, J.L. Vogan. The 213thNational
Meeting of the American Chemical Society,
San Francisco, CA. Preprint Extended Ab-
stracts, Division of Environmental Chemistry.
37:1,243-245, 1997.
The X-625 Groundwater Treatment Facility:
A Field-Scale Test of Trichloroethylene
Dechlorination Using Iron Filings for the
X-120/X-749 Groundwater Plume (Ports-
mouth Gaseous Diffusion Plant). L. Liang, O.R.
West, N.E. Korte, et al. ORNL/TM-13410.
DE98007047, 1997.
"Injection Process Filters Contaminants"
((Handford Site). Waste Treatment Technology
News, 13:11, Aug. 19, 1998.
"Wall-and-Curtain for Passive Collection/
Treatment of Contaminant Plumes" (Chalk
River Laboratories). David R. Lee, David J.A.
Smyth, Steve G. Shikaze, Robin Jowett, Dale
S. Hartwig, Claire Milloy. Designing and
Applying Treatment Technologies:
Remediation of Chlorinated and Recalcitrant
Compounds. Battelle Press, Columbus, OH.
77-84, 1998.
"Monticello Permeable Reactive Barrier
Project." U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
Groundwater Currents, Issue 36, June 200.
"Permeable Reactive Barrier Cleans
Superfund Site" (Monticello). H. Kreuzer.
Pollution Engineering, pp 12-14, June 2000.
Treatment of Acidic, Mine-Associated Dis-
charge to a Lake Using a Permeable Reac-
tive Barrier (Nickel Rim Mine). J.G Bain, D.W.
Blowes, S.G Benner. 1998 American Geo-
physical Union Spring Meeting, Boston, MA,
1998.
Final Solar Ponds Plume Decision Docu-
ment (Rocky Flats Environmental Technology
Site). Rocky Mountain Remediation Services,
LLC (RMRS). RF/RMRS-98-286.UN, 1999.
Spectroscopic Studies To Determine Ura-
nium Speciation in ZVI Permeable Reactive
Barrier Materials from the Oak Ridge Reser-
vation, Y-12 Plant Site and Durango, CO
PeRT Wall C. L. J. Matheson, W.C. Goldberg.
Supplement to EOS, Transactions, Fall Meeting,
American Geophysical Union, Washington,
D.C., 1999.
The East Garrington Trench and Gate
System: It Works. M. Bowles, L.R. Bentley, J.
Barker, D. Thomas, D. Granger, H. Jacobs, S.
Rimbey, B. Hoyne. The 6th Annual Conference
on Groundwater and Soil Remediation, Montreal,
Ont. Canada, June 1997.
29
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"Reactive Barriers for Uranium Removal"
(Fry Canyon Site). Ed Feltcorn, Randy Breeden.
Ground Water Currents, No. 26, December
1997. (Available through http://clu-in.org)
Electronic Resources
Remediaton Technologies Development Forum
(RTDF), http://www.rtdf.org/
Strategic Environmental Research and Develop-
ment Program (SERDP), http://www.serdp.org/
Environmental Security Technology Certification
Program (ESTCP), http://www.estcp.org/
U.S. EPA/Kerr Lab - USCG Site, Elizabeth City,
North Carolina, http://www.epa.gov/ada/
research/eliz. html
U.S. DOEDurango, Colorado Site, http://
www. doegjpo. com/perm-barr/projects/
durango.htm
AATDF Canadian Forces Base Borden (Canada)
andNAS Alameda (CA) sites, http://
www. ruf.rice. edu/~aatdf/pages/passive. htm
USGS Fry Canyon (UT) Site, http://
wwwdutslc. wr. usgs.gov/fry/fry. html
Interstate Technology and Regulatory Coopera-
tion (ITRC) Working Group Reports, http://
www. itrcweb. org/common/
content, asp ?en=TA549175&sea=Yes&set=
Both&sca=Yes&sct=Long
EnviroMetal Technologies Inc. (Ont, Canada)
Field Reports, http://www.eti.ca/
United Kingdom Permeable Reactive Barrier
Network (PRB-Net), http://www.prb-net.org/
RUBIN (Reinigungswande und -barrieren im
Netzwerkverbund), http://www.mbin-
online.de/
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