How Does Your Garden Grow?
Brownfields Redevelopment and Local Agriculture
SEPA
Introduction
Communities nationwide use brownfields funding
to assess and clean sites for a variety of uses,
including community gardens and farmers
markets. Brownfields are properties that are
vacant or abandoned due to concerns about
real or perceived contamination on the property.
Using funds from EPA, states, tribes and other
sources, communities can assess sites and clean
brownfields, creating safe spaces where people
can grow their own food, or buy locally-grown food.
The cleanup and redevelopment process helps to
ensure safe and healthy garden and market areas.
People are becoming more aware of the types
of food they eat, where it is grown, and how it is
transported to their local market. The availability of
such information encourages some consumers to
seek locally-grown food. Backyard and community
gardens allow people to grow their own food
locally. Farmers markets give many residents
access to locally-grown food and provide outlets
for local farms.
While there is no national estimate of the
total number of urban or community gardens,
organizations such as the American Community
Gardening Association (ACGA) estimate there are
more than 18,000 community gardens in the U.S.
and Canada.1 Organizations in many metropolitan
areas manage garden plots for residents. In some
cities, community gardens are managed by the
parks departments, while in others, community
gardens are managed by volunteer organizations
affiliated with food banks or churches. According
to the U.S. Department of Agriculture, the number
of farmers markets increased by 6.8% from
2006 to 2008, and since 1994, the number of farmers markets increased by nearly 3,000, to a current estimate
of approximately 4,600.2 Throughout the country, communities are responding to this trend by transforming
contaminated properties into locations where communities can grow and buy food locally.
Possible Contaminants of Concern on Brownfields
Petroleum and waste oils
Lead and other metals
Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)
Pesticides
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)
www.communitygarden.org/learn/faq.php
2 www.ams.usda.gov/AMSv1.0/getfile?dDocName=STELPRDC5072472&acct=frmrdirmkt
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Communities Cleanup and Redevelop Contaminated Property for Local Agriculture
Allen Street Community Garden, Somerville, Massachusetts
This site is a former residential property in Somerville, Massachusetts that lay idle since the 1950s. Using an EPA
Brownfields Assessment grant, Phase I and II environmental assessments were conducted revealing contaminants
in the soil and water. In 2007, the city began to clean up the property using an EPA Brownfields Cleanup grant.
Construction of the Allen Street Community Garden was completed later that year. Throughout the process, the
City of Somerville conducted special outreach efforts to encourage multi-cultural participation. With the help of local
organizations, the city translated public notices into Spanish, visited the homes of Spanish-speaking residents, and
in place of a traditional community meeting, held a gathering where the city solicited residents' comments on the
plan for the garden. This community garden, one of the city's eight, is an oasis for the residents of Somerville—
New England's most densely developed city—providing a place to grow flowers and vegetables and an area for
community members to sit and enjoy the neighborhood. According to one garden volunteer, there is tremendous
interest in the garden; more than 25 people are on the waiting list for their own plot.
• The park includes fifteen gardening plots, which have been planted by community members. One of the
plots is ADA (Americans with Disabilities Act) accessible - a first for the city.
• Two volunteers organize cleanups on the common area and in the spring they sign up new gardeners and
help to prepare the beds for planting.
• Chemical fertilizers and insecticides are strongly discouraged in the gardens.
Shelton Farmers Market, Shelton, Connecticut
The Shelton, Connecticut farmers market is open every
Saturday and Wednesday from July to October in a
newly constructed 2,220-square foot market pavilion. The
pavilion is part of the Shelton Enterprise & Commerce
Park, the first phase of the city's downtown waterfront
redevelopment. Initial environmental site assessments of
the property showed no cleanup was necessary. However,
as construction proceeded, contaminants were discovered
in the soil. In 2005, the city placed a temporary liner and
gravel cap on contaminated areas of the property to
safely allow for construction of the market pavilion to be
completed. The farmers market opened later that year. In
Residents.
the meantime, the city applied for and received an EPA Brownfields Cleanup grant in 2005, allowing the city to
remove the temporary cap and contaminated soil and replace them with clean fill above a newly-constructed
permanent soil cap. The permanent cap isolates deeply buried contaminated soils that were not excavated.
The farmers market was able to stay open through the cleanup process and continues to provide residents with
access to locally-grown food.
• Cleanup was completed in January 2006.
• The soil cap ensured that the remaining contaminated soil, buried deep underground, would not pose an
environmental or health risk.
• The farmers market offers at least a dozen food, flower and craft vendors each week drawing visitors to the
downtown Shelton waterfront.
Implications of Brownfields Redevelopment for Communities
Brownfields redevelopment can address contamination in communities and create a community asset. The
environmental benefits of brownfields reuse extend beyond property cleanup; redeveloping properties into
community gardens and venues for farmers markets provides local fresh food to the community and economic
opportunity to small farms. These abandoned properties are transformed into community gathering places
allowing residents to enjoy and take pride in their neighborhoods.
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A Philadelphia area study estimated that vacant land improvements result in a 30% increase in surrounding
property values.3 Further, a recent study in St. Louis, Missouri suggests that neighborhood vitality, as indicated
by factors such as increased property values, increased household income and decreased poverty, is positively
influenced by nearby community gardens.4 These studies suggest that cleaning up contaminated land and
creating space for local agriculture has far-reaching benefits for the community.
Communities interested in establishing or expanding urban gardens, farms or markets on brownfields should assess
the sites and clean them, where necessary, to ensure the site is safe for growing food for consumption. Communities
can benefit from the experience of brownfield professionals and urban agriculture experts and practitioners in creating
gardens, urban farms and orchards or planting trees, grasses and flowers to create new habitat.
Steps from Brownfield to Community Garden
Site Preparation
• Contact your State Environmental Agency, agricultural extension office or EPA Regional Brownfield
coordinator, Tribal, or State brownfield team to learn if they have assessed or cleaned prospective sites or
have targeted brownfields assessment (TBA) funds to support your efforts.
• Apply for Brownfield grant funds if you need help to
assess and clean a site.
• Talk with your city or town about gardens as an interim or
permanent use for vacant land.
• Assess sites before you buy, lease or borrow to ensure
the site is safe for food.
• Learn how to use greener materials when establishing
your garden from the Sustainable Sites Initiative at:
www.sustainablesites.org/.
• Bring clean fill or mulch from certified sources for raised
beds and cover.
• Work with nature to save time and money. Learn more at:
www.epa.gov/greenscapes.
Community Garden Development
• Contact your local Agricultural Extension Service about
soil testing and crop recommendations for your area.
• Read the DC Davis 'Community Garden Start-Up Guide'
to learn more: celosangeles.ucdavis.edu/garden/articles/
startup_guide.html.
• Build for all ages and abilities. Where possible, create
raised bed gardens near the entrance for those in
wheelchairs and beds for children to plant safely.
• Grow your garden community and link with groups
improving the environment, food systems, public health,
education, development and the neighborhood. Learn
more about the benefits of gardens at:
www.gardenworksmn.org/Resources/multiple_benefits.pdf.
• Go organic in your garden. Limit chemical fertilizers,
pesticides, and herbicides.
The list on the following page provides links to resources for brownfields cleanup and reuse as a garden
or market.
Check the Soil Before You Buy A Site or Plant
Environmental Contaminants
Before you buy, are given or borrow
a property for a garden or farm site,
consider doing a Phase I Environmental
Site Assessment. It includes a number of
steps, including a review of historical uses
of the site, interviews with neighbors, and
a visual inspection. (For more information
on brownfields or "All Appropriate Inquiry,"
please see www.epa.gov/brownfields or
www.ASTM.org for more information on
the ASTM E1527-05 standard.) A Phase I
Environmental Site Assessment will help you
determine if a site is contaminated.
Phase II continues the environmental site
assessment and includes additional site
review, sampling and analysis.
Soil Quality and Growing Conditions
It is important to test the soil and ensure the
proper pH, soil nutrients and organic content
in the soil if you want to grow healthy plants
and save water. For information on local
soil testing services, see the links to the
USDA Cooperative Extension System in the
resources section.
3 gislab.wharton.upenn.edu/silus/Papers/GreeningStudy.pdf
4 www.gatewaygreening.org/WhitmireStudy.asp
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Funding and Technical Support Resources
Brownfields Resources
U.S. EPA Brownfields Funding
www.epa.gov/brownfields/pilot.htm
U.S. EPA Brownfields Success Stories
www.epa.gov/brownfields/success/sacramento_
ca_BRAG.pdf
www.epa.gov/brownfields/success/hartford.pdf
U.S. EPA Brownfields State and Tribal funding
www.epa.gov/brownfields/statejribal.htm
U.S. EPA Brownfields TBA funding
www.epa.gov/brownfields/fa ctsAba_0403.pdf
Kansas State University EPA TAB Grantee
www.engg.ksu.edu/CHSR/outreach/tab/
State Cleanup Programs
www.epa.gov/brownfields/pubs/st_res_prog_report.htm
U.S. EPA's GreenScapes Program
www.epa.gov/greenscapes/
Groundwork USA
www.groundworkusa.net/
Growing Power
www.growingpower.org/
Agricultural Resources
American Community Gardening Association
www.communitygarden.org/
National Gardening Association
www.garden.org/home
USDA Cooperative Extension System
www.csrees.usda.gov/Extension/index.htmlor
www.extension.org/horticulture
USDA Alternative Farming Systems Information Center
afsic.nal.usda.gov/
USDA Farmers Markets information
www.ams.usda.gov/farmersmarkets/
North American Farmers'Direct Marketing Association
www.nafdma.com/FIVlC2/
Farmers Market Coalition
www.farmersmarketcoalition.org/
American Horticulture Society Master Gardeners
www.ahs.org/master_gardeners/
&EPA
How Does Your Garden Grow?
Brownfields Redevebpment
And Local Agriculture
Solid Waste
and Emergency
Response (5105T)
EPA-560-F-09-024
March 2009
www.epa.gov/brownfields
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