A Citizen's Guide to
Evopotronspirotion Covers
What Are Evapotranspiration Covers?
Evapotranspiration (ET) covers are a type of cap placed
over contaminated material, such as soil, landfill waste,
or mining tailings, to prevent water from reaching it.
They differ from other types of caps (See A Citizen's
Guide to Capping [EPA 542-F-12-004].) in the way they
prevent water from seeping into the waste. ET covers
store water from rainfall and snowmelt until drier or
warmer weather evaporates the water, or until the water
is taken in by plant roots and released to the air as water
vapor through the leaves and stems. This process is
called "transpiration."
How Do They Work?
Like other caps, ET covers do not destroy or remove
contaminants. Instead, they isolate them and keep
them in place to prevent the spread of contamination
and protect people and wildlife from the contaminated
material. ET covers are constructed by placing a 2- to
10-foot-thick layer of fine-grained soil containing silt
and clay over the contaminated material. The type of
soil is chosen for its ability to store water and promote
plant growth. The thickness of the cover depends on
how much rainfall and snowmelt is expected in the
area. Grass, shrubs, or small trees that form extensive
Plants
Roots
Fine-grained Soil
Coarse-grained Soil
Waste
Example of ET cover used at Operating Industries, Inc.
Landfill Superfund site.
root systems and survive the local climate are usually
planted in the soil. Plants native to the area often
work best.
The soil-plant layer of an ET cover slows the downward
movement of rainwater and snowmelt and promotes
storage of the water. The stored water will either
evaporate or transpire. Together, evaporation and
transpiration ("evapotranspiration") keep water from
seeping into contaminated material and carrying
contaminants downward into groundwater.
Construction of an ET cover sometimes involves placing
the layer of fine-grained soil over a 1-to 2-foot-thick layer
of coarse-grained soil, such as sand or gravel. This
extra layer allows the fine-grained soil layer to hold more
water through a process known as "capillary action."
This type of cover usually needs a smaller amount
of fine-grained soil to have the same water storage
as a regular ET cover. Use of clean, locally-available
soil for these layers will speed up construction and
decrease costs.
How Long Does It Take?
Building an ET cover can take a few days to several
months. Construction may take longer when:
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• The contaminated area is large.
A thick cover is needed.
Supplies of clean soil, gravel, or other cap materials are not available locally.
• The growing time for the plants is long.
ET covers must be maintained for as long as the contaminated materials
remain in place to ensure the plants and soil continue to keep water away
from contamination.
Are They Safe?
When designed for local conditions, ET covers offer a very safe and effective
way to isolate wastes. Regular inspections are made to ensure that the weather,
plant roots, and animal activity have not damaged the soil cover and that any
plants that are part of the cover are still growing. Also, groundwater wells around
the covered area are sampled to ensure the cover is working and contaminants
remain isolated.
How Might It Affect Me?
Example
An ET cover was installed over
wastes buried in the former
Box Canyon Landfill, one of
several contaminated areas at
the Camp Pendleton Marine
Corps Base Superfund site in
California. The 28-acre landfill
received municipal solid waste
and commercial wastes from
1974 to 1984. In the 1990s, low
concentrations of contaminants
were found in groundwater and
soil around the landfill.
Rather than excavating the
wastes, in 2002 a 6-foot thick
ET cover was constructed
over the entire landfill.
Quick-growing non-native
plants were in the original plant
mix to provide erosion control.
These later were replaced
with native grasses and brush
to return the site to a natural
coastal sage scrub habitat. The
cover is inspected every six
months to make sure the cover
is in good condition and the
plants are healthy.
Residents and businesses close to a site may see increased truck traffic as
materials are brought to the site. Construction of the cover may involve bulldozers,
backhoes, and other noisy equipment, and some soil may need to be excavated
for use in the cap. Any dust from excavation and construction can be controlled
by spraying water or covering stockpiled materials with tarps.
Why Use ET Covers?
ET covers can be a quick, relatively inexpensive way to isolate landfill wastes
and other buried contaminated materials. Like conventional caps, installing
an ET cover can avoid the
excavation of large amounts
of soil or waste having low
levels of contamination. ET
covers can be designed to
provide equal performance
to conventional caps, and the
plants can make the site more
attractive. They are also less
likely than conventional caps
to be damaged by repeated
freezing and thawing as
seasons change. ET covers ^m^H^BsM • ,:,
are more commonly used in meatgrasseSi sage bush, pinyon and juniper are part
dry Climates where there is Of an ET cover at the Monticello Mill Tailings Superfund
little rainfall. s/te in Utah.
NOTE: This fact sheet is intended solely as general information to the public. It is not intended, nor can it be relied upon, to create any rights
enforceable by any party in litigation with the United States, or to endorse the use of products or services provided by specific vendors. The
Agency also reserves the right to change this fact sheet at any time without public notice.
For More Information
For more information on this
and other technologies in the
Citizen's Guide Series, contact:
U.S. EPA
Technology Innovation &
Field Services Division
Technology Assessment Branch
(703)603-9910
Or visit:
www.cluin.org/products/evap/
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office of Solid Waste and
Emergency Response
(5102G)
EPA 542-F-12-006
September 2012
www.epa.gov/superfund/sites
www.cluin.org
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