EPA910-R-12-008 Alaska
United States Region 10 Idaho
Environmental Protection 1200 Sixth Avenue Oregon
Agency Seattle WA 98101 Washington
Office of Environmental Assessment October 2012
User's Manual
AERCOARE
Version 1.0
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User's Manual
AERCOARE
Version 1.0
EPA Contract No. EP-D-07-102
Work Assignment 5-17
Prepared for:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Region 10
1200 Sixth Avenue
Mail Code OEA-095
Seattle, WA 98101
Prepared by:
Ken Richmond
Ralph Morris
ENVIRON International Corporation
Air Sciences Group
773 San Marin Drive, Suite 2115
Novato, California, 94998
www.environcorp.com
P-415-899-0700
F-415-899-0707
October 2012
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DISCLAIMER
The opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this report are those of
the authors and do not necessarily reflect the view of the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, nor does the mention of trade names or commercial products constitute endorsement
or recommendation for use by the Federal Government.
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PREFACE
The work completed under this work assignment is a continuation of an evaluation report
prepared by ENVIRON entitled "Evaluation of the COARE-AERMOD Alternative Modeling
Approach for Simulation of Shell Exploratory Drilling Sources in the Beaufort and Chukchi Seas"
dated December 2010. The Coupled Ocean Atmosphere Response Experiment (COARE) air-sea
flux procedure was coded into a meteorological data preprocessor program called AERCOARE.
AERCOARE can read overwater measured hourly meteorological data or predicted hourly
meteorological data from the Mesoscale Model Interface (MMIF) program. The output from
AERCOARE is used by the AERMOD dispersion program in a marine environment. This
document is a user's guide on how to run the AERCOARE preprocessor program. The work was
funded under a subcontract from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill with U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA Prime award EPD07102, Work Assignment 5-17. The
EPA Region 10 (RIO) Office of Environmental Assessment (OEA) Work Assignment Manager was
Ms. Jennifer Crawford and the RIO Technical Lead was Mr. Herman Wong.
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CONTENTS
1.0 INTRODUCTION 1
2.0 RATIONALE 2
3.0 FORMULATION 4
4.0 CODE STRUCTURE AND COMPILATION 5
4.1 Compiling AERCOARE on WINDOWS 6
4.2 Compiling AERCOARE on LINUX/UNIX 6
5.0 RUNNING AERCOARE 7
5.1 Control File Format and Options 8
5.2 Overwater Meteorological File Format 17
5.3 Output Files 18
6.0 REFERENCES 20
TABLES
Table 1. Overwater Variable Definitions 15
Table 2. Overwater Meteorological File Notes 19
Appendix A: OUTPUT FILE EXAMPLES
Appendix B: DISTRIBUTION CD/DVD
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1.0 INTRODUCTION
AERCOARE processes overwater meteorological data for use by the AERMOD air quality
dispersion model (hereafter AERMOD) (EPA, 2004a). AERCOARE is the counterpart to AERMET
(EPA, 2004b), the overland meteorological preprocessor in the AERMOD modeling system. The
combination of AERCOARE and AERMOD may eventually replace the current regulatory
approach for offshore projects, the Offshore and Coastal Dispersion (OCD) model (Chang and
Hahn, 1997; DiCristofaro and Hanna, 1989) because OCD has not been updated for many years
and does not reflect the latest scientific advancements found in AERMOD. AERCOARE applies
the Coupled Ocean Atmosphere Response Experiment (COARE) air-sea flux algorithm (Fairall,
et. el., 2003) to overwater meteorological measurements to estimate surface energy fluxes and
assembles these estimates and other measurements for subsequent dispersion model
simulations with AERMOD. As an alternative to overwater measurements, AERCOARE can also
use Weather Research Forecast (WRF) model simulations of the marine boundary layer. WRF
output files can be processed for AERCOARE by using the Mesoscale Model Interface (MMIF)
program (Brashers and Emery, 2012).
The AERMOD-COARE approach was recently approved by the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) Region 10 as an alternative model to OCD for application in an Arctic ice-free
environment with concurrence from the EPA Model Clearinghouse (EPA, 2011a; EPA, 2011b). In
that application, the COARE algorithm was applied to overwater measurements and the results
assembled in a spreadsheet. AERCOARE replaces the need for post-processing with a
spreadsheet, provides support for missing data, adds options for the treatment of overwater
mixing heights, and can consider many different input data formats.
This user's manual documents AERCOARE vl.O and includes the rationale for the approach,
descriptions of the algorithms, the program code, user input, and runtime instructions. The
development of AERCOARE was sponsored by the EPA under Contract EP-D-7-102, Work
Assignment 4-14 and Work Assignment 5-17.
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2.0 RATIONALE
The current EPA guideline model for offshore sources is the OCD model. OCD has not been
updated for many years and several of the dispersion model components and procedures are
not consistent with AERMOD. The AERMOD modeling system is the U.S. EPA-recommended
approach for assessing the near-source (< 50 km) impacts of new or modified sources as part of
the New Source Review (NSR) and Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) programs. The
modeling system includes an AERMET meteorological processor that processes overland
meteorological data for input to AERMOD.
Important routines in OCD that are independent of the onshore/offshore setting are
inconsistent with current regulatory practices as embodied within AERMOD, namely:
• OCD does not contain routines for processing either missing data or hours of calm
meteorology. Such processing must be performed with a custom post-processing program.
• OCD does not contain the latest regulatory PRIME downwash algorithm (Schulman, L. L.
et a I, 2000). Many offshore sources are located on ships where downwash effects are
important.
• The PVMRM1 and OLM2 methods are not included in OCD. These techniques are crucial for
assessing the new 1-hour NO2 ambient standard.
• The new 24-hour PM2.5, 1-hour NO2, and 1-hour SO2 ambient standards are based on the
98th, 98th, and 99th percentile concentrations, respectively. These probabilistic standards
and the EPA methods recommended for estimating design concentrations must be obtained
by post-processing the hourly OCD output files. Such calculations are included in recent
versions of AERMOD.
• OCD does not contain a volume source routine and the area source routine only considers
circular areas without allowance for any initial vertical dispersion.
• Although OCD contains routines to simulate the boundary layer over the ocean, the surface
energy flux algorithms are outdated and have been replaced within the scientific
community by the COARE air-sea flux algorithms.
The current AERMOD modeling system depends on the AERMET meteorological pre-processor.
AERMET was developed primarily to simulate meteorological processes driven by the diurnal
cycle of solar heating over land. The marine boundary layer behaves in a fundamentally
different manner because the ocean does not respond the same to diurnal heating and cooling
effects. Improvements that could be made to AERMET-AERMOD for offshore applications
include:
1 Plume Volume Molar Ratio Method, used to limit NO-to-NO2 conversion based on available ozone.
2 Ozone Limiting Method, used to limit NO-to-NO2 conversion based on available ozone.
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• The surface roughness over the ocean varies with wind speed and wave conditions, and is
not a constant. The surface roughness for wind speed is also different than for temperature
and humidity.
• AERMET uses the solar angle as an indication of the transition between daytime and
nighttime boundary layer regimes. Over the ocean, the stability of the boundary layer does
not respond as a strong function of solar heating, and especially in coastal waters, is driven
more by advection and horizontal differences in sea surface temperature. Unstable
conditions can occur during the night and stable conditions during the day.
• AERMET does not explicitly include the effects of moisture in the assumed temperature and
wind speed profiles. The Monin-Obukhov length and convective velocity scale estimated by
AERMET also do not incorporate moisture effects. The effect of surface moisture fluxes is
typically stronger over the ocean than over land.
• The Bowen Ratio method for the latent heat flux in AERMET is overly simplistic. The ratio
between the latent and sensible heat is not a constant.
• AERMOD does not contain routines for elevated platform downwash.
• AERMOD cannot simulate shoreline fumigation or dispersion affected by non-homogenous
conditions either in space or time
The alternative approach AERCOARE with the COARE air-sea flux method replaces AERMET by
providing a meteorological input file that is technically more appropriate for marine
applications. Given an appropriate characterization of meteorological conditions over water,
the diffusion algorithms within AERMOD should perform in a fashion similar to the results
found in the many field studies that lead to it becoming the EPA Guideline model over land
(EPA, 2003). When AERCOARE provides the necessary meteorological data, AERMOD can be
used to predict overwater concentration impacts in a manner consistent with new source
review procedures over land. This allows the PVMRM, calms processing, volume source, and
design concentration calculating procedures in AERMOD to be applied to sources located within
the marine boundary layer.3
1 Note the current version of AERMOD does not contain routines for platform downwash or shoreline fumigation.
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3.0 FORMULATION
A full technical description of the COARE bulk air-sea flux algorithm and the many field
programs used in the method's development can be accessed at the TOGA-COARE website and
in many different scientific journal articles (Fairall, et. al., 2003; Brunke, et. el. 2003).4
AERCOARE uses Version 3.0 of the COARE algorithm that has been updated several times since
the initial international TOGA-COARE field program in the western Pacific Ocean from
November 1992 to February 1993. The basic algorithm uses air-sea temperature difference,
overwater humidity, and wind speed measurements to estimate the sensible heat, latent heat,
and momentum fluxes. The original algorithm was based on measurements in the tropics with
winds generally less than 10 m/s, but has since been modified and extensively evaluated
against measurements in high latitudes with winds up to 20 m/s (Fairall, et. al., 2003). Based on
these studies, AERCOARE is expected to be appropriate for marine conditions found at all
latitudes including the Arctic. The current version considers both warm-layer diurnal heating
and cool-skin effects (Fairall, et. el, 1996) and allows alternative parameterizations of the
surface roughness when wave measurements are available.
AERCOARE writes AERMOD-ready "SFC" and "PFL"5 input files using output from the COARE flux
algorithm and data from the overwater meteorological input file. In some cases the overwater
measurements are simply passed through to AERMOD. For example, turbulence measurements
of sigma-theta and sigma-w are not used by the COARE method and when provided, these
variables are checked against a range of expected limits and written to the SFC File. The surface
roughness, energy fluxes, and Monin-Obukhov length stability parameter are assembled from
the COARE output. The user can impose limits on several important variables and use a
combination of defaults for some of the less important variables contained in the AERMOD-
ready SFC File.
AERMOD's dispersion routines can be sensitive to mixing height. Mixing heights are not
predicted by the COARE algorithms and the user should generally provide these data in the
overwater meteorological input file.6 AERCOARE does provide an option for the calculation of
mechanical mixing heights using the same method employed by AERMET. This estimate can
also be assigned during convective conditions, but the user is cautioned that overwater mixing
heights would typically be controlled by a balance between shear stress, convective heating
from the surface, air modification caused by spatial changes in sea temperature, cloud
interactions, and subsidence. Such effects are better considered with measurements or by a
more sophisticated numerical boundary layer model.
4 Version 3.0 of the COARE algorithm with journal references and a User's Manual can be accessed at:
ftp://ftp.etl.noaa.gov/users/cfairall/wcrp_wgsf/computer_programs/cor3_0/ and
http://www.coaps.fsu.edu/COARE/flux_algor/
5 Currently AERCOARE only processes a single level of wind, turbulence, or temperature data.
6The Mesoscale Model Interface Program (MMIF) can be applied to convert prognostic meteorological model (e.g.
MM5 and WRF) output to an AERCOARE-ready overwater meteorological input file including mixing heights.
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4.0 CODE STRUCTURE AND COMPILATION
AERCOARE is written in Fortran90, but retains the "Fixed Source Form" common with legacy
Fortran codes including the AERMOD modeling system. The important COARE Version 3.0
subroutines were adapted from the program cor3_0af . for accessed at the TOGA-COARE
website.4 The AERCOARE Fortran code is well documented internally with variable descriptions
and the history of modifications included as comments.
The AERCOARE code package has two components:
aercoare . f AERCOARE data handling routines and COARE subroutines
timesubs.f
Group of date/time manipulation routines
Subroutines and functions within aercoare . f include:
aercoare
coare
missing_summary
write_aermod
process_met
smthzi
getobs
bulk_flux
ASL
clelxtime
humidity
psiu
Main driving routine: processes the Control File
Loops through overwater observations, processing with COARE,
and processing COARE output for AERMOD
Summarize missing data for Listing File
Writes AERMOD SFC and PFL Files
Process COARE output for AERMOD including mixing heights,
convective velocity scales, and Bowen ratios. Also imposes user
supplied limits on several variables
Performs mechanical mixing heights smoothing per the method
in AERMET when this option is selected
Process an overwater meteorological file record and checks data
prior to input to COARE routines
Main COARE subroutine. Invokes warm-layer option and
initializes bulk-flux input variables, then calls ASL
After initial guess, iteratively calculates the momentum, latent
heat, and sensible heat fluxes from overwater measurements
considering different measurement heights. Also applies cool-skin
correction and optional surface roughness treatments
Calculates the difference between two COARE GMT times to
check of intervening periods of missing data
Calculates the saturation vapor pressure from pressure and
temperature
Wind speed similarity function
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psit Temperature and specific humidity similarity function
gravity Calculates for gravitational constant as function of latitude
radf lx Adapted from CALMET, this subroutine calculates the longwave
downward radiation from relative humidity, cloud cover, and
ceiling height
write_sf c_head Writes the header for the SFC output file
set_missing Fills initial AERMOD variables with missing value codes
get_control Processes the Control File and checks for errors
get_variable_def s Processes the header of the overwater meteorological file
lowercase Converts a mixed string to lower case
block data Contains default variable definitions
4.1 Compiling AERCOARE on WINDOWS
The AERCOARE package includes a batch file named "lahey 95 . bat" that can be used to
compile the program on Windows using Lahey/Fujitsu Fortran95 (LF95). AERCOARE has been
tested with LF95 Compiler Release 5.70f on Windows 7.
AERCOARE can be compiled by double-clicking lahey 95 . bat in Windows Explorer; or by
opening a Command Prompt (DOS box), changing to the appropriate directory, and typing
"lahey 95. bat" at the prompt.
4.2 Compiling AERCOARE on LINUX/UNIX
The AERCOARE package includes a "Makefile" to facilitate compilation of the program on
Linux/Unix platforms. The Makefile will compile AERCOARE source code into an executable
program and currently supports the Portland Group F90 compiler (pgf90) and the Gnu Fortran
compiler (gfortran). The user may edit the Makefile, un-commenting the $FC and $FFLAGS
variables for the desired compiler, and commenting out the blocks for the other compilers.
AERCOARE is compiled by issuing the command "make" at a shell prompt within the main
source directory. It will generate an executable program called "aercoare" that will reside in
the source code directory.
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5.0 RUNNING AERCOARE
AERCOARE will by default open and read a Control File named "aercoare . inp" that must
exist in the current directory if the program is invoked in this fashion. If a single filename is
given on the command line, that file is read as the Control File. The Control File contains all of
the user configuration options, flags, and paths to the overwater meteorological input file and
the output files ready for AERMOD. If two filenames are provided on the command line, the
first file will be the Control File and the second file will be an optional output Debug File. The
Debug File contains information that can be compared to legacy COARE program output. The
filenames including the paths must be less than or equal to 80 characters.
Run AERCOARE by typing its name at the Command Prompt, optionally supplying a Control File
filename, and a second Debug File filename. Some examples from the DOS prompt are shown
below:
aercoare
would open the Control File aercoare . inp in the current directory. The executable
aercoare . exe must exist in the same directory or be included in the DOS path.
aercoare test\ventcl.inp test\ventcl.dbg
would open the Control File ventcl. inp in the test subdirectory and create a debug file
called ventcl .dbg in the same subdirectory.
The user can also double-click the AERCOARE executable in the Windows Explorer, though the
utility of this method is reduced when the Command Prompt automatically closes after the run
has finished, before its contents can be viewed by the user.
Useful information is printed to the standard output (screen) during execution, including the
current hour being processed, error messages prior to an abnormal termination, and on
successful completion, the number of records processed, number of missing hours and the
number of calm hours. These messages are also written in the Listing File using the filename
provided in the Control File.
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5.1 Control File Format and Options
The AERCOARE Control File has the following syntax:
'ventmet.csv' / 1
'ventcl.sfc' / 2
'ventcl.pfl' / 3
'ventcl.out' / 4
34.3 / 5
119.2 / 6
8 / 7
600. / 8
25. / 9
5. / 10
.5 / 11
.01 / 12
20.5 / 13
7.0 / 14
7.0 / 15
0.5 / 16
1 / 17
0 / 18
0 / 19
0 / 20
'end',1.,0.,100. / 21
filein - Overwater Input Met file
filesfc - Output AERMOD SFC file
filepfl - Output AERMOD PFL file
fileout - Output Listing file
xlatn - Latitude (degn)
xlonw - Longitude (degW)
tzone - Time Zone (5-EST.. 8-PST)
defzi - COARE Gust Mix Ht (m)
zimin - Mininum Overwater Mix Ht (m)
dlmin - Min Abs(L) allowed
wscalm- Calm Threshold (m/s)
dvptg - Default VPTG (degC/m)
defzw - Default Wind Meas. Ht (m)
defzt - Default Temp Meas. Ht (m)
defzg - Default RelH Meas. Ht (m)
defdep- Default Sea Temp Depth (m)
mixopt- Mix Ht Option (-2 to 2)
jwarm - COARE Warm-Layer Option (0-1)
jcool - COARE Cool-Skin Option (0-1)
jwave - COARE Wave Option (0-2)
vnam,vsca,vmin,vmax - variable name,scale,min,max
The Control File has 20 or more lines and the order of the variables in the file must be as shown
in the example above. Variables on each line are read using a Fortran list-directed free-format
read (e.g. read(*,*) variable). The record ends once the variable is read or when a slash
(character "/") is encountered. If the field is blank and a slash is encountered then the
preexisting default for the variable will be used. The descriptions following the slash are
arbitrary and can be used to provide reminders to the user or provide any other comment. The
form of each variable allowed depends on the Fortran compiler, but generally character
variables should be contained within quotes, real variables should have a decimal, and integers
should not have a decimal. Default variables are based on experience from the model
evaluation studies supporting AERCOARE (Richmond and Morris, 2012) and COARE
recommended defaults. The following describes each line of the Control File.
Record 1: filein
Name of the overwater meteorological input file including the
path. The path should follow the applicable Linux or Windows
definitions and the variable can have up to 80 characters. If a path
is provided containing a slash, space, or comma, the variable must
be contained within quotes. If this file does not exist an error is
written to the standard output (screen) and the program is
terminated. The default is "aercoare . csv".
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Record 2: filesfc
Record 3: filepfl
Record 4: fileout
Record 5: xlatn
Record 6: xlonw
Record 7: timez
Name of the resulting SFC File including the path. The path should
follow either the Linux or Windows definitions and the variable
can have up to 80 characters. If a path is provided containing a
slash, space, or comma, variable must be contained within
quotes. Any existing file with this name will be overwritten
without warning. The default is "aercoare . sf c".
Name of the output AERMOD PFL File including the path. The path
should follow applicable Linux or Windows definitions and the
variable can have up to 80 characters. If a path is provided
containing a slash, space, or comma, variable must be contained
within quotes. Any existing file with this name will be overwritten
without warning. The default is "aercoare . pf 1".
Name of the listing output file including the path. The Listing File
echoes the variables of the input Control File and contains
information about the overwater meteorological file including the
variables and data recovery. The path should follow either the
Linux or Windows definitions and the variable can have up to 80
characters. If a path is provided containing a slash, space, or
comma, variable must be contained within quotes. The default is
"aercoare. out".
Latitude of the overwater measurement site in decimal degrees
North. If the measurement site location is variable such as from a
mixture of several buoys, a drifting buoy or a ship, then hourly
positions can be specified in the overwater meteorological file.
xlatn is used if hourly data are not provided or are missing in
the overwater meteorological file. There is no default.
Longitude of the overwater measurement site in decimal degrees
West (positive for the western hemisphere and negative for the
eastern). If the measurement site location is variable, then hourly
positions can be specified in the overwater meteorological file.
xlonw is used if hourly data are not provided or are missing in
the overwater meteorological file. There is no default.
Integer time zone from GMT of the meteorological input file and
corresponding SFC and PFL Files. Following AERMET conventions a
positive time zone corresponds to longitudes west of GMT. For
example PST has a time zone of 8 and EST has a time zone of 5.
The default is 0 (e.g. times will be in GMT).
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Record 8: defzi
Record 9: zimin
Record 10: dlmin
Record 11: wscalm
Record 12: dvptg
Scale height (m) or mixing height to be used for COARE gust
calculations. The COARE algorithm contains a small term that
accounts for wind gusts associated with large eddies. The eddy
size scales with the height of the mixed layer. Primarily during free
convection conditions, such gusts add to the momentum flux even
as the mean wind velocity approaches zero. A climatological
average overwater mixing height can be used. The user can also
remove such effects by specifying a low scale height. The COARE
recommended default is defzi = 600 m.
Minimum mixing height (m) allowed. A minimum limit allowed for
observed and/or calculated overwater mixing heights provided to
AERMOD. During light winds friction velocities and associated
mechanical mixing heights calculated with the Venketram Method
(See below: ABS(mixopt)=l or 2) become very small. Currently
AERMOD internally limits mixing heights to 1 m. AERMOD can be
very sensitive to mixing height and the model evaluation studies
supporting AERCOARE found better performance could be
obtained with the recommended default of zimin = 25 m.
Minimum absolute value (m) of the Monin-Obukhov length (/.)
allowed. Stability in the surface layer at a given height is inversely
proportional to L and small absolute values can result in
unrealistic stability (/>0) or instability (L<0). This variable (dlmin)
restricts the output of the COARE algorithm to avoid very unstable
and very stable conditions usually not found over the ocean.
Currently AERMOD internally limits ABS(/.) < 1 m. OCD and
CALPUFF further restrict ABS(/.) < 5 m. The model evaluation
studies supporting AERCOARE found better performance could be
obtained with the recommended default of dlmin = 5 m.
Threshold wind velocity (m/s) used to identify calm periods.
Measurement periods with wind speeds less than wscalm are
treated as missing and missing value codes for the variables are
passed to the SFC and PFL output files. The default is wscalm =
0.5 m/s.
Default virtual potential temperature gradient (degC/m) in the
200 m layer above the mixed layer height. This variable can also
be provided in the overwater meteorological file and dvptg is
used when such hourly data are not provided and/or are missing.
The default is dvptg = 0.01 degC/m.
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Record 13: defzw
Record 14: defzt
Record 15: defzq
Record 16: defdep
Record 17: mixopt
Default overwater wind measurement height (m). This variable
can also be provided in the overwater meteorological file and
defzw is used when such hourly data are not provided and/or
are missing. The default is defzw = 3.5 m.
Default overwater air temperature measurement height (m). This
variable can also be provided in the overwater meteorological file
and defzt is used when such hourly data are not provided
and/or are missing. The default is defzt = 3.5 m.
Default overwater relative humidity measurement height (m).
This variable can also be provided in the overwater
meteorological file and def zq is used when such hourly data are
not provided and/or are missing. The default is def zq = 3.5 m.
Default depth of the sea temperature measurement (m). This
variable can also be provided in the overwater meteorological file
and defdep is used when such hourly data are not provided
and/or are missing. The default is defdep = 0.5 m.
Mixing height option. An integer between -2 and 2, this variable
controls the calculation of overwater mixing heights for AERMOD.
AERMOD requires estimates for both the convective (zic) and
mechanical (zim) mixing heights. AERCOARE assigns mixing heights
according to:
mixopt = 0: zic and zim set equal to each other and are based
on observations in the overwater meteorological
file
mixopt = 1: z/'c is taken from observations in the overwater
meteorological file; zim is calculated from the
friction velocity using the Venketram Method; and
zim is not smoothed.
mixopt = 2: zim is calculated from the friction velocity using the
Venketram Method; zic = zim.; and zim is not
smoothed.
mixopt = -1: As mixopt = 1, only zim is smoothed using the
same equations employed by AERMET.
mixopt = -2: As mixopt = 2, only zim is smoothed using the
same equations employed by AERMET.
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Record 18: jwarm
For all the options above, convective mixing heights are only
assigned during convective conditions (L<0) and mixing heights
are not allowed to be less than zimin. The Venketram Method in
AERMET (Venketram, 1980) calculates the mechanical mixing
height from the friction velocity (us) according to:
zim = 2300us3/2
In AERMET the initial estimate is smoothed based on the previous
estimate to allow for residual turbulence from the previous hour.
In AERCOARE and AERMET the smoothing is reset during periods
of missing or calm data. Note for typical overwater mixing heights
the degree of smoothing is negligible. The default is mixopt = 0
(observed overwater mixing heights used forz/c and zim)
COARE warm-layer option. An integer either 0 or 1, this variable
controls the optional COARE warm-layer calculations. The surface
buoyancy flux depends on the difference between the air
temperature and sea surface temperature (SST). Typically, SST
data remotely sensed by a radiometer are not available and sea
temperatures are measured at depth with a sensor mounted on a
buoy, ship or mast. During the day, the upper few meters of the
ocean can be heated and SSTs can be warmer than sea
temperatures measured at depth resulting in an overestimate of
the heat flux. The amount of heating depends on the amount of
radiation input to the sea and the depth of the mixing depends on
the wind speed. In the tropics during the COARE cruises, the peak
afternoon warming for light winds can be as much as 4 degC over
a depth of 0.7 m, decreasing to about 0.2 degC warming over a
depth of 19 m under a 10 m wind speed of 7 m/s (Fairall, et. al.,
1996).
AERCOARE can correct for warm-layer effects on estimated heat
fluxes using the COARE warm-layer effects option. The algorithm
predicts larger corrections as the measurement depth increases.
The user is cautioned that the algorithm employed depends on a
more extensive set of continuous overwater measurement data.
Periods of more than four hours of missing data during the day
cause the warm-layer effects algorithm to reset and should be
used with caution. AERCOARE employs the warm-layer effects
options according to:
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Record 19: jcool
Record 20: jwave
jwarm = 0: warm-layer effects are not included in the COARE
calculations
jwarm = 1: warm-layer effects are included as described by
Fairall, et. al., 2003 and Fairall, et. al., 1996. This
option requires solar radiation measurements and
downward longwave radiation. AERCOARE will
estimate downward longwave radiation when not
available using ceiling height, cloud cover, and
relative humidity based on the radf lx subroutine
from CALMET.
The default is jwarm = 0.
COARE cool-skin option. An integer either 0 or 1, this variable
controls the optional COARE cool-skin calculations. As mentioned
above, bulk measurements do not truly measure the temperature
of the "surface" of the ocean. Sensible, latent, and longwave
radiative fluxes cool the upper fractions of a millimeter of the
ocean surface typically by about 0.2 - 0.5 degC (Fairall, et. al.,
1996). Such effects can be considered by invoking the COARE
cool-skin option.
jcool = 0: cool-skin effects are not included in the COARE
calculations
jcool = 1: cool-skin effects are included as described by
Fairall, et. al., 2003 and Fairall, et. al., 1996. This
option requires solar radiation measurements and
downward longwave radiation. AERCOARE will
estimate downward longwave radiation when not
available using ceiling height, cloud cover, and
relative humidity based on the radf lx subroutine
from CALMET.
The default is jcool = 0.
COARE surface roughness options. An integer either 0,1, or 2, this
variable controls the optional COARE surface roughness
calculations. This option only applies to the wind speed surface
roughness length. Different parameterizations are used for the
humidity and temperature profiles.
The COARE default treatment of the surface roughness length and
subsequently momentum transfer does not depend directly on
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User's Manual Vl.O
wave conditions. As these relationships were generally developed
for well-developed sea conditions, smaller waves or different
shaped waves in coastal waters may result in a different surface
roughness. Given wave measurements, COARE can optionally
consider two alternative treatments of surface roughness:
jwave = 0: COARE default treatment of surface roughness as a
function of the friction velocity
jwave = 1: surface roughness is calculated as a function of
friction velocity and wave measurements according
to Cost, et. al., 2002
jwave = 2: surface roughness is calculated as a function of
wave measurements of significant wave height and
period according to Taylor and Yelland, 2001
Options 1 and 2 depend on significant wave height and period
measurements in the overwater meteorological file. If wave
measurements are not provided or missing for an hour, wave
properties are estimated as functions of wind speed by COARE
using relationships for a well-developed sea state (Taylor and
Yelland, 2001). The COARE authors included such alternative
treatments to encourage testing in coastal waters, but have not
evaluated the optional treatments against any datasets. The
default is jwave = 0.
Optional Records: vnam, vsca, vmin, vmax
Optional scaling and allowable limits for overwater
meteorological variables. AERCOARE assumes overwater
observations are provided in a default set of units and each
variable is tested against a range of permitted limits. Observations
outside the limits are treated as missing, which depending on the
variable, may be replaced by a default value or cause the entire
calculation to be skipped and missing data codes passed to the
AERMOD SFC and PFL Files. The internal default units and limits
for the overwater meteorological file are shown in Table 1.
14
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Table 1. Overwater Variable Definitions.
Name
(Vnam)
wspd
wdir
tsea
tair
relh
pres
srad
tsky
ceil
rain
sigt
sigw
zwsp
ztem
zrel
zdep
hwav
twav
rdow
mixh
vptg
latn
lonw
xtim
Units
m/s
deg
degC
degC
%
mb
W/m2
1-10
100' s ft
mm/hr
deg
m/s
m
m
m
m
m
sec
W/m2
m
degC/m
degN
degW
sec
Definition
wind speed
wind direction
sea temperature
air temperature
air relative humidity
air pressure
solar radiation
cloud cover
ceiling height
rainfall
sigma-theta (standard deviation of the
wind direction)
sigma-w (standard deviation of the
vertical wind speed)
wind measurement height
air temperature measurement height
relative humidity measurement height
sea temperature measurement depth
significant wave height
significant wave period
longwave downward radiation
mixing height
virtual potential temperature gradient
above the mixed layer
latitude
longitude
COARE GMT time
yyyymodyhrmnse.
Scale
(Vsca)
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
Minimum
(Vmin)
0
0
-3
-30
0
900
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.005
-90
-180
1.9el3
Max
(Vmax)
50
360
50
50
100
1100
1500
10
1000
254
105
5
50
50
50
10
60
40
1000
5000
0.10
90
180
3.0el3
15
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These records are optional and only need to be provided to
override the defaults shown in Table 1. A character variable and
three real numbers are read in for each record unless terminated
by a slash. The variables on each optional record are:
vnam: 1-4 character variable name, vnam ='end' will
cause the termination of input from the Control
File. Names not contained in Table 1 will be
skipped
vsca: scalar multiplied by the variable in the overwater
file's units to convert to the units for the variable in
Table 1.
vmin: variables less than vmin are considered missing
vmax: variables greater than vmax are considered
missing
For example a record containing: ' wspd ',.447,0.,100.
would convert wind speeds in the input file from mph to m/s.
Allowed wind speeds would be from 0 to 100 mph
AERCOARE compares each variable in the Control File against a range of allowed limits. Any
variable outside these limits results in an error message to the standard output (screen) and to
the Listing File followed by termination of the program. The Listing File echoes the variables in
the Control File and shows the data limits used to assess missing overwater data.
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5.2 Overwater Meteorological File Format
The overwater meteorological file contains the necessary hourly observations to estimate
surface fluxes using the COARE algorithm, plus additional variables that are directly passed
through to AERMOD. As an alternative to measured data, MMIF can also be applied to create
an overwater meteorological file suitable for AERCOARE using simulations from WRF. Table 2
provides a list of the variables that can be included in the overwater meteorological file. The
minimum set of overwater observations for the COARE algorithm must include wind speed, air
temperature, sea temperature, and relative humidity. Ideally these variables should be
obtained from the same exact location. If the warm-layer or cool-skin options are employed
then solar radiation data are necessary, combined with downward longwave radiation and/or
cloud cover and ceiling heights observations. Wind direction and overwater mixing heights,
either measured or estimated, are further required by AERMOD. The overwater meteorological
file can also contain locations and measurement heights if these vary from the variables
contained in the Control File. Turbulence measurements and many other variables if provided
are simply passed through to AERMOD. All variables are checked using the limits listed in
Table 1.
Typically, the overwater meteorological file can be assembled in a spreadsheet and exported as
a text file or as a comma delimited file (in Excel a "CSV" formatted file). An example of a free
formatted text file is shown below:
yr
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
81
81
81
81
81
81
81
81
mo
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
dy
24
24
24
27
27
28
29
29
29
6
6
6
9
9
9
13
13
hr
16
18
19
14
19
18
14
16
18
16
17
18
15
16
18
15
17
wspd
4
6
6
6
6
3
3
5
5
4
5
4
4
4
4
5
4
.1
.2
.9
.3
.1
.1
.3
.1
.2
.0
.1
.9
.7
.6
.9
.8
.2
wdir
270.
270.
270.
270.
270.
270.
270.
270.
270.
270.
270.
270.
270.
270.
270.
270.
270.
tsea
17.
16.
16.
16.
16.
16.
15.
16.
15.
15.
15.
15.
15.
15.
15.
15.
15.
.25
.85
.95
.75
.85
.85
.44
.04
.94
.55
.75
.45
.35
.35
.35
.55
.45
tair
15.
14.
14.
14.
15.
16.
15.
16.
16.
17.
17.
17.
14.
14.
15.
16.
15.
.15
.85
.85
.85
.85
.85
.55
.15
.05
.15
.45
.25
.45
.85
.05
.95
.85
relh pres
72.
78.
77.
80.
80.
80.
76.
76.
76.
60.
58.
60.
87.
85.
87.
65.
84.
1000.
1000.
1000.
1000.
1000.
1000.
1000.
1000.
1000.
1000.
1000.
1000.
1000.
1000.
1000.
1000.
1000.
sigt
8.0
6.5
6.0
4.7
3.6
4.4
5.0
3.9
5.2
21.5
13.1
9.4
3.4
4.8
3.1
11.6
8.5
mixh
400.
400.
400.
400.
400.
250.
100.
100.
50.
50.
50.
50.
100.
100.
100.
50.
50.
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October 2012
User's Manual Vl.O
The first line of the file is a header record. AERCOARE uses the record to establish the content
of the file and the order of the variables on each subsequent record. The variable names in the
header must match one of the names in Table 2 and be separated by spaces or a comma. By
default, the units of the variables in this input file and the allowed minimum and maximum
values are listed in Table 1. The units of the variables can be redefined with options in the
Control File. The year (yr), month (mo), day (dy), and hour (hr) must be the first four variables
on each line. The other variables and columns of data can be in any order.
The records following the header record are read in using a Fortran list-directed free-format
read statement where the variables can be delimited by spaces or by a comma. Missing data
should be coded in using extreme values outside the limits in Table 1. For example, -999 might
be used as a missing flag for wind speed. A single missing value code can be used for all
variables as long as the value is outside the limits in Table 1. Normally the observations would
be sequential hourly data, but as shown in the example above, any collection of observations
can be included. The xtim variable can also be used to pass the minute and seconds of the
observation through to COARE, however the SFC and PFL output files will contain the date
specified by the yr, mn, dy, and hr variables. Note, the warm-layer option (jwarm=l) should
not applied for non-sequential data, datasets with large gaps or prolonged periods of missing
data.
5.3 Output Files
AERCOARE generates SFC and PFL output files ready for AERMOD. A Listing File and optional
Debug File are also created. Examples of the SFC, PFL, and Listing Files for the example input
files shown in Section 5.1 and Section 5.2 are provided in Appendix A.
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Table 2. Overwater Meteorological File Notes.
Column
1
2
3
4
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Name
(Vnam)
yr
mn
dy
hr
wspd
wdir
tsea
tair
relh
pres
srad
tsky
ceil
rain
sigt
sigw
zwsp
ztem
zrel
zdep
hwav
twav
rdow
mixh
vptg
latn
lonw
xtim
Units
4 digits
1-12 (LSI)
1-31 (LSI)
1-24 (LSI)
m/s
deg
degC
degC
%
mb
W/m2
1-10
100' s ft
mm/hr
deg
m/s
m
m
m
m
m
sec
W/m2
m
degC/m
degN
degW
sec
Required
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
no
maybe
maybe
maybe
no
no
no
no
no
no
no
no
no
maybe
no
no
no
no
no
Default
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
1013.2
None
None
None
0.0
None
None
defzw
defzt
defzq
defdep
None
None
None
None
dvptg
xlatn
xlonw
None
Definition
A four digit year
month of the year
day of the month
hour ending convention in LSI
wind speed measured at height zwsp
wind direction measured at height zwsp
sea temperature measured at depth zdep
air temperature measured at ztem
air relative humidity at zrel
air pressure
solar radiation, needed for warm-layer or cool-skin
options
cloud cover, needed for warm-layer or cool-skin
options if rdow not provided or missing
ceiling height needed for warm-layer or cool-skin
options if rdow not provided or missing
rainfall
sigma-theta measured at height zwsp
sigma-w at measured height zwsp
wind measurement height
air temperature measurement height
relative humidity measurement height
sea temperature measurement depth
significant wave height, needed for optional surface
roughness options. Will be calculated from wspd if
not provided
significant wave period needed for optional surface
roughness options. Will be calculated from wspd if
not provided
longwave downward radiation needed for warm-
layer and cool-skin options. Will be estimated from
cloud data when missing or not provided
mixing height. Not needed for COARE, but necessary
to run AERMOD
virtual potential temperature gradient above the
mixed layer
latitude
longitude
COARE GMT time (yyyymodyhrmnse). Can be used to
provide observations off the hour for comparison to
COARE test cases. Normally calculated from
yr,mn,dy,hr and tzone
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User's Manual Vl.O
6.0 REFERENCES
Brashers, B. and C. Emery, 2012. Draft User's Manual: The Mesoscale Model Interface Program
(MMIF), Version2.2, 2012-0823. Prepared for EPA, OAQPS, Research Triangle Park, NC
27711, Contract No. EP-D-07-102, Work Assignments 2-06, 4-06, and 5-08, August 23,
2012. Available from: http://www.epa.gov/ttn/scram/dispersion related.htmffmmif
Brunke, M.A., C.W. Fairall, X. Zeng, L Eymard, and J.D. Curry, 2003. "Which Aerodynamic
Algorithms are Least Problematic in Computing Ocean Surface Turbulent Fluxes?" J.
Climate, 16, 619-635.
Chang, J.C. and K.J. Hahn, 1997. User's Guide for the Offshore and Coastal Dispersion (OCD)
Model Version 5. MMS Contract No. 1435-96-PO-51307, November, 1997. Available
from: http://www.epa.gov/ttn/scram/dispersion prefrec.htmffocd
DiCristofaro, D.C. and S.R. Hanna. OCD The Offshore and Coastal Dispersion Model, Version 4,
Volume I: User's Guide. MMS Contract No. 14-12-001-30396, November 1989.
EPA, 2003. AERMOD: Latest Features and Evaluation Results. EPA, OAQPS, Research Triangle
Park, NC 27711, EPA-454/R-03-003, June 2003.
EPA, 2004a. User's Guide for the AMS/EPA Regulatory Model - AERMOD . Publication No. EPA-
454/B-03-001. OAQPS, Research Triangle Park, NC 27771. September, 2004.
EPA, 2004b. User's Guide for the AERMOD Meteorological Preprocessor (AERMET). Publication
No. EPA-454/B-03-002. OAQPS, Research Triangle Park, NC 27771. November 2004.
EPA, 2011a. Memorandum: Model Clearinghouse Review ofAERMOD-COARE as an Alternative
Model for Application in an Arctic Marine Ice Free Environment. From George Bridges,
EPA Model Clearinghouse Director, to Herman Wong, EPA Regional Atmospheric
Scientist, Office of Environmental Assessment, OEA-095, EPA Region 10, May 6, 2011.
EPA, 2011b. Memorandum: COARE Bulk Flux Algorithm to Generate Hourly Meteorological
Data for Use with the AERMOD Dispersion Program; Section 3.2.2. e Alternative Refined
Model Demonstration. From Herman Wong, EPA Regional Office Modeling Contact to
Tyler Fox, Lead Air Quality Modeling Group, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards.
April 1, 2011.
Fairall, C.W., E.F. Bradley, J.S. Godfrey, G.A. Wick, J.B. Edson and G.S. Young, 1996: "The Cool
Skin and the Warm Layer in Bulk Flux Calculations." J. Geophys. Res., 101,1295-1308.
Fairall, C.W., E.F. Bradley, J.E. Hare, A.A. Grachev, and J.B. Edson, 2003: "Bulk Parameterization
of Air-Sea Fluxes: Updates and Verification for the COARE Algorithm.''/ Climate, 16,
571-591.
Oost, W.A., G.J. Komen, C.M. J. Jacobs, and C. van Oort, 2002: "New Evidence for a Relationship
between Wind Stress and Wave Age from Measurements during ASGAMAGE." Bound-
Layer Meteor., 103, 409-438.
20
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October 2012
User's Manual Vl.O
Richmond, K and R. Morris, 2012, Evaluation of the Combined AERCOARE/AERMOD Modeling
Approach for Offshore Sources. Prepared for EPA Region 10, Seattle, WA 98101, EPA
Contract No. EP-D-07-102, Work Assignments 4-14 and 5-17, EPA 910-R-12-007,
October, 2012.
Schulman, L. L, Strimaitis, D. G. and J.S. Scire, 2000. Development and Evaluation of the PRIME
Plume Rise and Building Downwash Model. Journal of the Air and Waste Management
Association, 50, 378-390.
Taylor, P.K. and M. Yelland, 2001: "The Dependence of Sea Surface Roughness on Height and
Steepness of the Waves." J. Phys. Oceanogr., 31, 572-590.
Venketram, A., 1980. "Estimating the Monin-Obukhov Length in the Stable Boundary Layer for
Dispersion Calculations." Bound. Layer Meteor., 19, 481-485.
21
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October 2012
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APPENDIX A: OUTPUT FILE EXAMPLES
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October 2012
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Example of Listing Output File:
AERCOARE Summary
AERCOARE Version D12275
Run Date
Run Time (hour:min:sec)
Run Time Zone
Control/Option file
Overwater meteorological file
Output SFC file for AERMOD
Output PFL file for AERMOD
20120823
14:21:53.444
-0700
ventcl.in
ventmet.csv
ventcl.sfc
ventcl.pf1
Control File Options
Latitude (degN)
Longitude (degW)
Time Zone (5-EST.. 8-PST)
COARE Gust Mix Ht (m)
Mininum Overwater Mix Ht (m)
Min Abs(L) allowed
Calm Threshold (m/s)
Default VPTG (degC/m)
Default Wind Meas. Ht (m)
Default Temp Meas. Ht (m)
Default RelH Meas. Ht (m)
Default Sea Temp Depth (m)
Mix Ht Option (-2 to 2)
COARE Warm Layer Option (0-1)
COARE Cool Skin Option (0-1)
COARE Wave Option (0-2)
34.3000
119.2000
8
600.0
25.0
5.0
0.50
0.010
20.50
7.00
7.00
0.500
1
0
0
0
Overwater Input File Variables and Limits
n name column scale min max
1
2
3
4
5
6
11
20
wspd
wdir
tsea
tair
relh
pres
sigt
mixh
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
0.00
0.00
-3.00
-30.0
0.00
900.
0.00
0.00
50.0
360.
50.0
50.0
100.
0.110E+04
105.
0.500E+04
Missing Data Summary by Variable (1)
Vname No. Miss
wspd
wdir
tsea
tair
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October 2012
User's Manual Vl.O
relh 0
pres 0
sigt 0
mixh 0
(1) - does not include whole missing hours caused
by non-sequential data.
AERCOARE processed 17 records
number of records with insufficient data : 0
number of calm records : 0
24
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October 2012
User's Manual Vl.O
Example of PFL Output File:
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
81
81
81
81
81
81
81
81
81
81
81
81
81
81
81
81
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
24
24
24
24
24
24
27
27
27
27
28
28
29
29
29
29
29
29
6
6
6
6
6
6
9
9
9
9
9
9
13
13
13
13
16
16
18
18
19
19
14
14
19
19
18
18
14
14
16
16
18
18
16
16
17
17
18
18
15
15
16
16
18
18
15
15
17
17
7 .
20.
7 .
20.
7.
20.
7.
20.
7 .
20.
7 .
20.
7 .
20.
7.
20.
7.
20.
7 .
20.
7 .
20.
7 .
20.
7.
20.
7.
20.
7 .
20.
7 .
20.
7 .
20.
.0
.5
.0
.5
.0
.5
.0
.5
.0
.5
.0
.5
.0
.5
.0
.5
.0
.5
.0
.5
.0
.5
.0
.5
.0
.5
.0
.5
.0
.5
.0
.5
.0
.5
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
999.
270.
999.
270.
999.
270.
999.
270.
999.
270.
999.
270.
999.
270.
999.
270.
999.
270.
999.
270.
999.
270.
999.
270.
999.
270.
999.
270.
999.
270.
999.
270.
999.
270.
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
999.
4.
999.
6.
999.
6.
999.
6.
999.
6.
999.
3.
999.
3.
999.
5.
999.
5.
999.
4.
999.
5.
999.
4.
999.
4.
999.
4.
999.
4.
999.
5.
999.
4.
.00
.10
.00
.20
.00
.90
.00
.30
.00
.10
.00
.10
.00
.30
.00
.10
.00
.20
.00
.00
.00
.10
.00
.90
.00
.70
.00
.60
.00
.90
.00
.80
.00
.20
15.
99.
14.
99.
14.
99.
14.
99.
15.
99.
16.
99.
15.
99.
16.
99.
16.
99.
17.
99.
17.
99.
17.
99.
14.
99.
14.
99.
15.
99.
16.
99.
15.
99.
.15
.90
.85
.90
.85
.90
.85
.90
.85
.90
.85
.90
.55
.90
.15
.90
.05
.90
.15
.90
.45
.90
.25
.90
.45
.90
.85
.90
.05
.90
.95
.90
.85
.90
99.
8.
99.
6.
99.
6.
99.
4.
99.
3.
99.
4.
99.
5.
99.
3.
99.
5.
99.
21.
99.
13.
99.
9.
99.
3.
99.
4.
99.
3.
99.
11.
99.
8.
.00
.00
.00
.50
.00
.00
.00
.70
.00
.60
.00
.40
.00
.00
.00
.90
.00
.20
.00
.50
.00
.10
.00
.40
.00
.40
.00
.80
.00
.10
.00
.60
.00
.50
99.
99.
99.
99.
99.
99.
99.
99.
99.
99.
99.
99.
99.
99.
99.
99.
99.
99.
99.
99.
99.
99.
99.
99.
99.
99.
99.
99.
99.
99.
99.
99.
99.
99.
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
25
-------
October 2012
User's Manual Vl.O
Example of SFC Output File:
AERCOARE:D12275
99 NAD-OS
99 NAD-OS
99 NAD-OS
99 NAD-OS
99 NAD-OS
99 NAD-OS
99 NAD-OS
99 NAD-OS
99 NAD-OS
99 NAD-OS
99 NAD-OS
99 NAD-OS
99 NAD-OS
99 NAD-OS
99 NAD-OS
99 NAD-OS
99 NAD-OS
26
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