SmartWay DrayFLEET,
Truck Drayage Environment and
Energy Model
Version 2.0 User's Guide
&EPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
-------
SmartWay DrayFLEET,
Truck Drayage Environment and
Energy Model
Version 2.0 User's Guide
Transportation and Climate Division
Office of Transportation and Air Quality
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Prepared for EPA by
TheTioga Group, Inc.
EPA Project Order No. EP 11H000338
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
EPA-420-B-12-065
June 2012
-------
Contends
1.0 SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS, INSTALLATION, AND SET-UP 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Changes in Version 2.0 1
1.3 System Requirements 2
1.4 Installation 2
1.5 Model Set-Up 2
2.0 QUICK-START GUIDE 3
2.1 Using the Primary Inputs & Outputs Worksheet 3
2.2 Model Application and Scenario Information 3
2.3 Key Input Values 4
2.4 Initiative Inputs 4
2.5 Activity Outputs 5
2.6 Outputs 5
2.7 Changing and Reversing Scenario Inputs 6
2.8 Using DrayFLEET Macros to Manage Inputs 7
3.0 INPUTTING DEFAULT VALUES 9
3.1 Creating a Base Case 9
3.2 Primary Inputs 9
3.3 Primary Port Inputs 10
3.4 Primary Marine Terminal Inputs 10
3.5 Primary Rail Terminal Inputs 11
3.6 Primary Container Depot Inputs 11
3.7 Primary Shipper/Receivers Inputs 12
3.8 Primary Trucker Yard Inputs 12
3.9 Drayage Cost Inputs 13
3.10 Initiative Inputs 13
3.11 Using DrayFLEET Macros to Manage Primary Inputs and Outputs 14
3.12 Secondary Inputs 15
3.13 Secondary Input Marcos 18
3.14 Drayage Fleet Inputs 19
3.15 Drayage Technology and Strategy Inputs 21
3.16 Cell and Sheet Protection 24
4.0 DRAYAGE COST AND FLEET REQUIREMENTS 25
4.1 Cost & Capacity Worksheet 25
4.2 Drayage Cost 25
4.3 Productivity and Fleet Requirements 27
4.4 Technology Upgrade Costs 27
5.0 MODEL OUTPUTS 28
5.1 Resetting Base Case Default Outputs 28
5.2 Activity Outputs 28
5.3 Emissions Outputs 29
Page i
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5.4 Activity Summary 29
6.0 CREATING MODEL SCENARIOS 30
6.1 Overview 30
6.2 Scenario-Default Comparisons 30
6.3 Scenario Comparisons 30
6.4 Changing and Reversing Scenario Inputs 31
7.0 OPTIONAL DETAILED INPUT VALUES 33
7.1 Drayage Activity Sheets: Common Features 33
7.2 Marine Terminal Worksheet 36
7.3 Off-Dock Rail Terminal Spreadsheet 37
7.4 Inter-Terminal Worksheet 38
7.5 Shipper/Receiver Spreadsheet 38
7.6 Container Depot Spreadsheet 39
7.7 Trucker Yard Worksheet 40
7.8 Other Port Trucks Worksheet 41
7.9 Resetting Base Case Default Outputs 42
8.0 TROUBLESHOOTING 43
8.1 Problem Types 43
8.2 Model and Data Issues 43
8.3 Error Messages 44
8.4 Problems with Excel Functionality 45
9.0 APPENDIX: INPUT SUMMARY TABLES 46
9.1 Primary Inputs 46
9.2 Drayage Fleet Inputs 50
9.3 Secondary Inputs 51
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1.0 System Requirements, Installation, and Set-Up
1.1 Introduction
The objective of the DrayFLEET emissions and activity model is to accurately depict drayage
activity in terms of VMT, emissions, cost, and throughput, and reliably reflect the impact of
changing management practices, terminal operations, and cargo volume. Drayage of marine
containers is now widely recognized as a critical emissions, congestion, and capacity issue for major
container ports and rail intermodal terminals. Ports, technologists, and local planning agencies are
struggling to reduce emissions, reduce congestion, and increase productivity so that growing cargo
flows can coexist with port and terminal area communities.
The DrayFLEET model is activity based, not statistical, and directly reflects activity changes in
response to new patterns and requirements. The model attempts to capture all container drayage
movements within the port system: loaded and empty containers on chassis, bare chassis, and bobtail
(tractor only) moves.
In simplest terms, the model allows users to input data values typical of their port or terminal (such
as annual TEU or distance to major customers) to create a base case activity and emissions estimate.
The user can then make further input choices to create "what if scenarios.
Note: Variable and output values used as examples in this user's guide may differ slightly from the
current model version.
1.2 Changes in Version 2.0
There are a few significant changes between DrayFLEET Version l.OF (2008) and Version 2.0.
• The emission calculations have been updated to incorporate emission factors from
EPA's MOVES model.
• PM 2.5 is the primary measure for particulate emissions from diesel emissions.
Therefore, separate emissions estimates for PM10 are no longer shown.
• The Secondary Inputs spreadsheet has been expanded to incorporate additional
factors in empty container, bare chassis, and bobtail tractor movements.
• A Trucker Yard activity tally sheet has been added. This change gives the model
additional flexibility in accommodating new patterns of empty container and chassis
logistics.
• The former Crosstown activity center and spreadsheet has been eliminated, and its
functions combined with other model elements.
• Simplification of the emissions calculations has materially reduced the size of the
model Excel file and the time required for recalculation and iterations.
Page 1
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1.3 System Requirements
DrayFLEET 2.0 was updated to Microsoft Excel 2010. The nominal system requirements for Excel
2010 are:
Computer: Personal computer with an Intel Pentium 500-MHz or faster processor
Memory: 256 megabytes (MB) of RAM or greater
Hard Disk: 3.0 gigabytes of available hard-disk space (to install Office 2010)
Drive: CD-ROM or DVD drive
Display: Super VGA (800x600) or higher resolution monitor
Operating System: Microsoft Windows XP, or later
DrayFLEET 2.0 can be opened and used in Excel 2003 or Excel 2007 with the proper file conversion
add-ins. Macro operation may be affected, so users of earlier Excel software should be particularly
cautious.
The model itself occupies approximately 1 MB. Most users tend to save multiple copies reflecting
multiple scenarios, so extensive model use may require up to 20 MB of hard disk space.
1.4 Installation
No special installation steps are required.
The model may be copied directly from the source CD or download site
(http://www.epa.gov/smartway/partnership/drayage.htm ) to a designated folder on the computer.
The model is distributed as a "read only" file to prevent accidental changes to default values,
equations, or cell references. The model may be left as "read only" if the user prints out the results
of each scenario. If the user wants to preserve scenario inputs or alter default values the easiest
method is to create a new model copy without "read only" properties. To change the "read only"
status of a copy, open the folder containing the copy, right click on the copy file name , and choose
"Properties" from the menu. "Read only" status is shown on the "General" tab at the bottom.
1.5 Model Set-Up
DrayFLEET is distributed as a generic model for a hypothetical container port handling 2,000,000
annual TEU
There are three basic steps to setting up the model for application to a specific port or terminal:
1. Inputting your port or terminal's specific base case default values;
2. Resetting the default output values to create a port-specific base case; and
3. Creating scenarios as required.
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2.0 Quick-Start Guide
2.1 Using the Primary Inputs & Outputs Worksheet
The Primary Inputs & Outputs worksheet is designed to be the main user interface, especially once
the model has been set up with port-specific default values. This worksheet (shown in its entirety
below) has five sections covering key input values, port or terminal management initiatives, activity
outputs, emissions and cost outputs, and a note section to identify the model application and
scenario. Note that this and other worksheet are fairly large, and it may be useful to set Excel's view
at 75% of normal size to see all the fields at once.
Smart Way DrayFLEET Version 2.0 Primary Inputs & Outputs
Primary Inputs Default Scenario Port
Calendar Year (Change manually)
Annual TEU
Average TEU per Container
Inbound Share
Inbound Empty Share
Outbound Empty Share
Rail Intermodal Share
Marine Terminals
Average Inbound Gate Queue Minutes
Average Marine Terminal Min. per Transaction
Rail Terminals
Weighted Average Miles from Port
Average Inbound Gate Queue Minutes
Average Rail Yard Min. per Transaction
Container/Chassis Depots
Weighted Average Miles from Port
Share of Empties Stored at Depots
Container Shippers/Receivers
Weighted Average Miles from Port
Weighted Average Crosstown Trip Miles
Trucker Yard Operations
Weighted Average Miles from Port
Trucker Yard Share of Port Bobtail Moves
Cost Factors
Average Drayage Labor Cost per Hour
Average Diesel Fuel Price per Gallon
Initiative Inputs
Port/Terminal Initiatives
Stacked Terminal (% stacked)
On-Dock Rail (% of rail on-dock)
Automated Gates (% of gate transactions)
Extended Gate Hours (% off-peak, 50% max)
Container Info System (% used)
Virtual Container Yard (% available)
Neutral Chassis Pool (% used)
2010
2,000,000
1.75
50%
5%
25%
25%
20
30
5
5
15
2
10%
25
10
10
50%
$ 15.00
$ 4.00
•™^
2,000,000
1.75
50%
5%
25%
25%
20
30
5
5
15
2
10%
25
10
10
50%
$ 15.00
$ 4.00
Default Scenario
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
Terminal(s)
Scenario
Date
Activity Outputs
Annual Activity
Number of Drayage Trip Legs
Drayage Trip Legs per Container
Total Drayage VMT
Drayage VMT per Container
Fleet Required (FTE Tractors)
Annual Duty Cycle Totals
Idle/Stopped Hours
Creep Hours
Transient Hours
Cruise Hours
Total Drayage Hours
Drayage Hours per Container
Outputs
Pollutant (annual tons)
HC
CO
NOx
PM25
C02
Fuel Use and Total Cost
Fuel - Gallons
Total Drayage Cost
Drayage Cost per Container
DrayFLEET Version 2.0 of 6/12/12
Generic
Non-specific
6/12/2012
Default Scenario Chanae % Change
2,326,869
2.0
57,716,318
50.5
1,453
1,778,148
766,963
509,949
1,250,578
4,305,638
3.8
2,326,869
2.0
57,716,318
50.5
1,453
1,778,148
766,963
509,949
1,250,578
4,305,638
3.8
0
0.0
0
0.0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.0
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
Default Scenario Change % Change
68.5
314.5
1,046.4
71.4
191,892.6
18,601,572
$ 203,641,934
$ 178
68.5
314.5
1,046.4
71.4
191,892.6
18,601,572
$ 203,641,934
$ 178
S
S
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
All of the input options are addressed in greater detail in subsequent sections of this user's guide.
2.2 Model Application and Scenario Information
The notes section at the upper right of the worksheet is provided as a convenience to the user and
can be used to identify the default case, scenario, date, and other information associated with a
DrayFLEET application. The entries here have no bearing on the activity or emissions estimates.
Port
Terminal(s)
Scenario
Date
Generic
Non-specific
6/12/2012
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2.3 Key Input Values
The port features shown in the Primary Inputs section (below) usually have the greatest impact on
the emissions and cost estimates. The Default inputs (green column) represent the baseline for the
port or terminal. Users can adjust the default values by entering new numbers in the scenario
column and clicking on the green " Set Default Inputs and Outputs to Scenario Values" macro
button. Once a port default baseline has been established, a scenario can be created (yellow column)
that modifies the default inputs. The blue "Restore Generic Default Inputs & Outputs" macro button
can be used to restore the generic defaults if needed.
Primary Inputs Default Scenario
Calendar Year (Change manually)
Annual TEU
Average TEU per Container
Inbound Share
Inbound Empty Share
Outbound Empty Share
Rail Intermodal Share
Average Inbound Gate Queue Minutes
Average Marine Terminal Min. per Transaction
Rail Terminals
Weighted Average Miles from Port
Average Inbound Gate Queue Minutes
Average Rail Yard Min. per Transaction
Weighted Average Miles from Port
Share of Empties Stored at Depots
Container Shippers/Receivers
Weighted Average Miles from Port
Weighted Average Crosstown Trip Miles
Trucker Yard Operations
Weighted Average Miles from Port
Trucker Yard Share of Port Bobtail Moves
Cost Factors
Average Drayage Labor Cost per Hour
Average Diesel Fuel Price per Gallon
2010
2,000,000
1.75
50%
5%
25%
25%
2010 |^|
2,000,000
1.75
50%
5%
25%
25%
20
30
20
30
5
5
15
5
5
15
2
10%
2
10%
25
10
25
10
10
50%
10
50%
$ 15.00
$ 4.00
$ 15.00
$ 4.00
The Scenario cells are initially set equal to the Default cells. They will change as new default values
are entered, or as the initial Scenario values are changed to create a new Scenario.
2.4 Initiative Inputs
The second section of the worksheet covers Initiative Inputs.
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Port/Terminal Initiatives
Stacked Terminal (% stacked)
On-Dock Rail (% of rail on-dock)
Automated Gates (% of gate transactions)
Extended Gate Hours (% off-peak, 50% max)
Container Info System (% used)
Virtual Container Yard (% available)
Neutral Chassis Pool (% used)
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
The user has the option to "dial in" the extent to which these various port or terminal management
and operations initiatives have been implemented by entering an appropriate percentage in the
scenario column. The defaults are all zero. Since most ports have undertaken at least some of these
measures, the default should be adjusted to match the base case.
The model can be used to analytically "back out" the estimated effects of a measure already taken by
setting the default value to the current condition (50% stacked terminals, for example) and setting
the scenario input to zero. The model will then be estimating the difference between activity and
emissions with and without the initiative at issue.
2.5 Activity Outputs
The lower portion of the Primary Inputs and Outputs worksheet provides high-level comparisons of
Default and Scenario drayage activity (below). Any change in the drayage activity will be mirrored
in an emissions change.
Activity Outputs Default Scenario Change % Change
Annual Activity
Number of Drayage Trip Legs
Drayage Trip Legs per Container
Total Drayage VMT
Drayage VMT per Container
Fleet Required (FTE Tractors)
Annual Duty Cycle Totals
Idle/Stopped Hours
Creep Hours
Transient Hours
Cruise Hours
Total Drayage Hours
Drayage Hours per Container
2,326,869
2.0
57,716,318
50.5
1,453
2,326,869
2.0
57,716,318
50.5
1,453
0
0.0
0
0.0
0
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
1,778,148
766,963
509,949
1,250,578
4,305,638
3.8
1,778,148
766,963
509,949
1,250,578
4,305,638
3.8
0
0
0
0
0
0.0
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
The major activity measures are the number of trip legs (e.g. one-way trips between port facilities),
the total Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT), and the time spent in each of four operating modes (Idle,
Creep, Transient, and Cruise). Per container estimates are proved as a means of distinguishing the
total impact of volume from the unit impact of operational changes. The number of full-time
equivalent (FTE) drayage tractors required is provided as an indication of changing fleet
requirements.
2.6 Outputs
The pollutant outputs (below) give estimated annual tons for five different pollutants. As pollutant
emissions mix varies with the duty cycle, the proportions will change under various scenarios. Fuel
Use is listed under Outputs and it is also a major factor in the estimated cost. The total cost and cost
Page 5
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per unit provides a sense of the tradeoffs required to achieve some emissions reductions, and the cost
savings possible with productivity improvements.
Outputs
Pollutant (annual tons)
HC
CO
NOx
PM2.5
C02
Fuel Use and Total Cost
Fuel - Gallons
Total Drayage Cost
Drayage Cost per Container
Default
68.5
314.5
1,046.4
71.4
191,892.6
18,601,572
$ 203,641,934
$ 178
Scenario
68.5
314.5
1,046.4
71.4
191,892.6
18,601,572
$ 203,641,934
$ 178
Change
-
-
-
-
-
^^^"
$
$
% Change
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
2.7 Changing and Reversing Scenario Inputs
Individual scenario input values can be easily changed to observe the impact on model outputs using
standard Excel features. For example, the graphic below shows a change from 25% rail intermodal
(default) to a scenario with 50% rail intermodal, resulting in reduced emissions.
Where available, a second monitor or a wide-aspect monitor will allow the user to open a second
Excel window. With the Primary Inputs & Outputs worksheet open in one window and a second
DrayFLEET worksheet open in another, the user can see the results of scenario changes as they are
made.
To reverse changes use Excel's Undo Command, either by choosing "Undo" from the Excel ribbon,
or via the CTRL+Z keyboard shortcut. Excel can track and undo up to 15 changes of this type,
although other activity in the interim may prevent undoing the changes. To restore the Base Case
value, set the Scenario cell equal to the corresponding Default cell.
DrayFLEET Version 2.0 will store one scenario internally, using the macro buttons on the Primary
Inputs & Outputs worksheet
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There are multiple other ways to save a copy of the Primary Inputs & Outputs worksheet as a record
of scenario inputs and outputs.
• Print a hard copy1 of the worksheet.
• Use Paste Special in Word to insert an image of the worksheet into a Word document
^
as a Picture .
• Use Adobe Acrobat®, Scansoft PDF Create!®, or other software to save an image of
the worksheet as a PDF file.
• Save a copy of the entire DrayFLEET model with an appropriate filename.
2.8 Using DrayFLEET Macros to Manage Inputs
There are five macro buttons at the bottom of the Primary Inputs and Outputs worksheet (below).
RESTORE GENERIC
DEFAULT INPUTS (COL. B) &
OUTPUTS (COL. F)
SET SCENARIO
INPUTS (COL. C) TO
DEFAULT (COL. B)
These buttons can be used to manage default and scenario inputs on the Primary Inputs and Outputs
worksheet.
In DrayFLEET Version 2.0 these macros do not affect inputs on the Drayage Fleet Inputs, Cost and
Capacity, or individual activity tally worksheets. Those inputs must still be managed manually.
Restore Generic Default Inputs (Col. B) & Outputs (Col. F). This macro,
activated by clicking the button, will replace the current default input and output
values (green cells) on the primary input page with the original generic defaults
stored in the model. Any customized default values will be overwritten. To preserve a customized
base case, either save a separate version of the model (recommended) or do not use this button.
Set Scenario Inputs (Col. C) to Default (Col. B). As the model comes the
scenario values are set equal to the default values. Inputting new scenario values
Set Default Inputs (Col. B) and Outputs (Col. F) to Scenario Values. The
easiest way to create a customized default or base case model is to create a
customized scenario and then, once the user is satisfied, click this button to reset the
primary default values to the new scenario. The Restore Generic Default Inputs and Outputs button
(above) will reverse this process.
1 This will not, however, show any changes that have been made on other model worksheets, such as the detailed inputs on the drayage activity sheets.
2 Do not attempt to paste the worksheet as a Microsoft Excel Object.
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Store Primary Scenario Inputs. DrayFLEET Version 2.0 will save one set of
primary scenario inputs internally. Use this button to store those primary input
values in the model for reuse later. Note that this button does not affect the
scenario calendar year, which must be reset manually.
Use Stored Primary Scenario Inputs. This button will replace the Scenario inputs
on the Primary Inputs and Outputs worksheet with the stored scenario values. The
default outputs can be set to the stored scenario values by using this button first,
then using the green Set Default Inputs and Outputs to Scenario Values button above.
DrayFLEET Version 2.0 does not have safeguards against accidental use of these buttons and
resulting loss of data. The user is urged to use them cautiously.
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3.0 Inputting Default Values
3.1 Creating a Base Case
With one the generic port versions as a starting point, the next step is to input new default values as
necessary to create a base case for the terminal or port being modeled. For example, you will want
to input your annual TEU numbers instead of the default values. The default value should be
replaced whenever more accurate local estimates are available.
It is recommended that the user start by saving a working copy of the model with a new file name
such as "Myport Drayage Model.xlsm".
The Secondary Inputs worksheet, discussed in a later section, has additional Marine Terminal
options.
3.2 Primary Inputs
Setting up a base case for the port or terminal being modeled requires inputting new default values
where local conditions differ from the initial model version chosen. The Primary Inputs & Outputs
spreadsheet is used to assemble the basic model inputs, as indicated in the Quick Start section. For
each of the Primary Inputs there is a Default value and a Scenario value. The model uses the Default
value unless it is superseded by a different user entry in the Scenario columns.
Smart Way DrayFLEET Version 2.0 Primary Inputs & Outputs
Primary Inputs Default Scenario
Port
Calendar Year (Change manually)
Annual TEU
Average TEU per Container
Inbound Share
Inbound Empty Share
Outbound Empty Share
Rail Intermodal Share
Marine Terminals
Average Inbound Gate Queue Minutes
Average Marine Terminal Min. per Transaction
Rail Terminals
Weighted Average Miles from Port
Average Inbound Gate Queue Minutes
Average Rail Yard Min. per Transaction
Container/Chassis Depots
Weighted Average Miles from Port
Share of Empties Stored at Depots
Container Shippers/Receivers
Weighted Average Miles from Port
Weighted Average Crosstown Trip Miles
Trucker Yard Operations
Weighted Average Miles from Port
Trucker Yard Share of Port Bobtail Moves
Cost Factors
Average Drayage Labor Cost per Hour
Average Diesel Fuel Price per Gallon
Initiative Inputs
Port/Terminal Initiatives
Stacked Terminal (% stacked)
On-Dock Rail (% of rail on-dock)
Automated Gates (% of gate transactions)
Extended Gate Hours (% off-peak, 50% max)
Container Info System (% used)
Virtual Container Yard (% available)
Neutral Chassis Pool (% used)
2010
2,000,000
1.75
50%
5%
25%
25%
20
30
5
5
15
2
10%
25
10
10
50%
$ 15.00
$ 4.00
2010 \W
2,000,000
1.75
50%
5%
25%
50%
20
30
5
5
15
2
10%
25
10
10
50%
$ 15.00
$ 4.00
Default Scenario
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
Port
Terminal(s)
Scenario
Date
Activity Outputs
Annual Activity
Number of Drayage Trip Legs
Drayage Trip Legs per Container
Total Drayage VMT
Drayage VMT per Container
Fleet Required (FTE Tractors)
Annual Duty Cycle Totals
Idle/Stopped Hours
Creep Hours
Transient Hours
Cruise Hours
Total Drayage Hours
Drayage Hours per Container
Outputs
Pollutant (annual tons)
HC
CO
NOx
CO2
Fuel Use and Total Cost
Fuel - Gallons
Total Drayage Cost
Drayage Cost per Container
DrayFLEET Version 2.0 of 6/12/12
Generic
Non-specific
6/12/2012
Default Scenario Chanae % Change
2,326,869
2.0
57,716,318
50.5
1,453
1,778,148
766,963
509,949
1,250,578
4,305,638
3.8
2,091,393
1.8
44,742,845
39.1
1,205
1,525,101
659,744
430,676
955,602
3,571,124
3.1
-235,476
-0.2
-12,973,473
-11.4
-248
-253,047
-107,218
-79,273
-294,977
-734,515
-0.6
10.1%
10.1%
22.5%
22.5%
17.1%
14.2%
14.0%
15.5%
23.6%
17.1%
17.1%
Default Scenario Chanae % Chanae
68.5
314.5
1,046.4
71.4
191,892.6
18,601,572
$ 203,641,934
$ 178
55.5
250.2
828.0
57.0
152,320.9
14,765,597
$ 170,104,650
$ 149
(13.1)
(64.2)
(218.4)
(14.4)
(39,571.7)
(3,835,975)
$ (33,537,284)
S (29)
19.1%
20.4%
20.9%
20.2%
20.6%
20.6%
16.5%
16.5%
The Scenario value cells are initially set equal to the Default cells, and will change as new default
values are entered. All user data is entered in the yellow Scenario cells. The Default can be updated
with the Scenario values by clicking on the green "Set Default Inputs and Outputs to Scenario
Values" button.
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The key port and terminal inputs specify the overall volume and pattern of container movements.
The generic model version offers the user convenient starting points to avoid having to input every
variable.
3.3 Primary Port Inputs
Port
Primary Inputs Default Scenario
Calendar Year (Change manually)
Annual TEU
Average TEU per Container
Inbound Share
Inbound Empty Share
Outbound Empty Share
Rail Intermodal Share
2010
2,000,000
1.75
50%
5%
25%
25%
2010 v
2,000,000
1.75
50%
5%
25%
25%
Calendar Year - Default 2010. Choose the calendar year for the analysis using the drop-down
menu. Users can estimate historic emissions (to develop a baseline), current emissions, or future
emissions.
Annual TEU - Default 2,000,000 TEU. Enter the total annual Twenty-foot Equivalent Units
(TEU) handled by the port or terminal in question.
Average TEU/Container - Default 1.75. Enter the appropriate factor to convert the TEU data to an
equivalent container count. The value is usually between 1.5 (equivalent to half 20' and half 40')
and 1.9 (equivalent to a predominance of 40' and 45' containers).
Inbound Share - Default 50%. Enter the percentage of TEU or containers moving inbound from
vessel to port or terminal, whether loaded or empty, import or domestic cargo. The inbound share
should be based on TEU or container count, not tonnage or revenue.
Inbound Empty % - Default 5%. Enter the percentage of import TEU or containers that arrive
empty. This factor is usually small, but is included for comprehensiveness.
Outbound Empty % - Default 25%. Enter the percentage of outbound TEU or containers that
depart empty. This factor typically ranges from a low of near 10% at ports with nearly balanced
trade to a high of around 60%-70% at very imbalanced ports.
Rail Intermodal Share - Default 25%. Enter the total percentage of on-dock and off-dock rail
intermodal movement of port containers (in % of TEU or containers, not tonnage), both loaded and
empty. This percentage should not include cargo transloaded to domestic containers or trailers, or
domestic freight moved in international containers. The split between on-dock and off-dock rail is
entered under Initiative Inputs.
3.4 Primary Marine Terminal Inputs
Marine Terminals
Average Inbound Gate Queue Minutes
Average Marine Terminal Min. per Transaction
20
30
20
30
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Average Inbound Gate Queue Minutes - Default 20 minutes. Enter the average minutes that
drayage drivers spend waiting in queues outside terminal gates. Typical values could range from 5
to 60 minutes. The time spent at the gate and the time spent transacting business inside the terminal
are separate variables.
Average Marine Terminal Minutes per Transaction - Default 30 minutes. Enter the average
minutes required inside the marine terminal container yard to complete a single transaction. Such
transactions include picking up or draying a loaded or empty container or chassis, locating or
draying a bare chassis, switching containers between chassis (a "chassis flip"), or live lifts of
containers on or off a chassis. The model default uses the same time for each of these transactions,
with 30 minutes being a common rule of thumb, except for longer times for chassis flips. The user
can specify different times for individual activities on the Marine Terminal Spreadsheet if desired.
3.5 Primary Rail Terminal Inputs
The primary rail terminal inputs characterize movements at off-dock rail intermodal facilities.
Rail Terminals
Weighted Average Miles from Port
Average Inbound Gate Queue Minutes
Average Rail Yard Min. per Transaction
15
15
Weighted Average Miles from Marine Terminal - Default 5 miles. Where there is only one
marine terminal and one off-dock rail terminal, enter the distance between them. In a port complex
system with multiple off-dock rail terminals and marine terminals, enter a weighted average
distance. Distances should be weighted by the approximate relative volumes of containers to each
off-dock rail terminal.
Average Inbound Gate Queue Minutes - Default 5 minutes. Enter the average time draymen
spend waiting to enter the inbound gates at off-dock rail terminals. Time spent at the gate and in the
terminal are separate factors.
Average Rail Yard Minutes per Transaction - Default 15 minutes. Enter the average time
required in the rail terminal yard (after passing through the gate) for a single transaction: e.g.
picking up or dropping off a loaded container, empty container, or bare chassis. The transaction
time for rail terminals is typically faster than for marine terminals.
3.6 Primary Container Depot Inputs
Container depots are off-terminal storage and maintenance facilities for containers (and sometimes
chassis). The use of off-terminal storage varies widely - highest at ports with large accumulations of
empty containers and limited on-terminal capacity, lowest where loaded container flows balance and
terminals have more space.
Container/Chassis Depots
Weighted Average Miles from Port
Share of Empties Stored at Depots
10%
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Weighted Average Miles from Marine Terminal - Default 2 miles. Where there is just one
marine terminal and one depot, enter the distance between them. Where there are multiple terminals
and multiple depots the input value should be the weighted average
Share of Empties Stored at Depots - Default 10%. Enter the percentage of empty containers that
are either returned to a leasing company depot ("off-hired") or stored at a depot for other reasons.
3.7 Primary Shipper/Receivers Inputs
At most ports local and regional shipper (exporter) and receiver (consignee, importer) facilities are
the most common end points for port drayage trips.
Container Shippers/Receivers
Weighted Average Miles from Port
Weighted Average Crosstown Trip Miles 101 10 |
Weighted Average Miles from Port - Default 25 miles. Enter the average distance traveled to
local and regional shippers and consignees. Ideally, the input value should be an average of
distances weighted by the volume of containers traveling each distance. Users are encouraged to
consult with their states or local air quality planners to determine the appropriate geographic area to
assess drayage emissions.
Weighted Average Crosstown Miles - Default 10 miles. Enter the average distance between
shipper/receiver locations, container depots, trucker yards, and rail terminals. This input should
ideally be the weighted average of all crosstown trips.
3.8 Primary Trucker Yard Inputs
Many port truckers (drayage firms) maintain off-terminal operating locations or storage lots (trucker
yards). These facilities are used to store and sometimes maintain truck tractors, and to store or stage
empty or loaded containers on chassis (or bare chassis) for short periods. Typical uses include
overnight parking for containers on chassis that could not be delivered that day, exchanging
containers on chassis between long-haul and local drivers, and temporary staging of empty
containers for subsequent use by export customers. These facilities do not ordinarily have lift
equipment (except when combined with container depots), so containers remain on their chassis
there. The use of trucker yard staging and storage is increasing in ports with complex movement
patterns. Where and when truckers take over chassis supply responsibility trucker yard activity is
expected to expand accordingly.
Trucker Yard Operations
Weighted Average Miles from Port
Trucker Yard Share of Port Bobtail Moves
10
50%
10
50%
Weighted Average Miles from Marine Terminal - Default 10 miles. Where there are multiple
terminals and multiple trucker yards the input value should be the weighted average distance
between them.
Trucker Yard Share of Port Bobtail Moves - Default 50%. Enter the percentage of bobtail
tractor moves within the port area that start or end at a trucker yard. .
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3.9 Dray age Cost Inputs
There are two drayage cost inputs in the Primary Inputs section; others are on the Cost & Capacity
worksheet.
Cost Factors
Average Drayage Labor Cost per Hour
Average Diesel Fuel Price per Gallon
$
$
15.00
4.00
$ 15.00
$
4.00
Average Labor Cost per Hour - Default $15.00. Enter the average hourly cost of drayage labor
(truck drivers). For owner-operators, this would be the average hourly earnings after expenses. For
employee drivers, this would be wages plus benefits.
Average Fuel Price - Default $4.00. Enter the average price per gallon for diesel fuel.
3.10 Initiative Inputs
This section of the input worksheet allows users to specify the extent to which various port and
terminal management initiatives have been implemented. Users are encouraged to review the
DrayFLEET model technical report (available on the SmartWay website
http://www.epa.gov/smartway/publications/index.htm) for more detail on these management
initiatives.
Default
Port/Terminal Initiatives
Stacked Terminal (% stacked)
On-Dock Rail (% of rail on-dock)
Automated Gates (% of gate transactions)
Extended Gate Hours (% off-peak, 50% max)
Container Info System (% used)
Virtual Container Yard (% available)
Neutral Chassis Pool (% used)
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
Stacked Terminal - Default 0%. Enter the percentage of containers (loaded and empty) that are
typically stacked at the marine terminal(s) rather than parked on chassis. Because a stacked terminals
requires drayman to make additional in-terminal moves to pick up and drop bare chassis, increasing
the percentage of stacking will increase total drayage activity and emissions unless accompanied by
a neutral chassis pool (see below) to rationalize the chassis supply.
On-Dock Rail - Default 0%. Enter the percentage of rail intermodal containers or TEU that are
transferred at on-dock rail facilities rather than at off-dock or near-dock facilities. The model
assumes no truck drayage at on-dock rail facilities.
Automated Gates - Default 0%. Enter the percentage of container or TEU that are handled at
automated terminal gates (e.g. via OCR, swipe card, RFID, or other technology that reduces time at
the gates). Alternately, the user can enter the percentage of gates that are automated, assuming that
each gate handles the same percentage of containers.
Extended Gate Hours - Default 0%. Enter the percentage of containers or TEU that pass through
terminal gates in off-peak hours, up to a maximum of 50%.
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Container Information System - Default 0%. Enter the percentage of containers or TEU whose
movement or handing is covered by a port or terminal information system accessible to draymen
(e.g. eModal, VoyagerTrack). This value is usually less than 100% because some drayage firms or
infrequent truckers do not use such systems.
Virtual Container Yard - Default 0%. Enter the percentage of containers or TEU for which a
Virtual Container Yard (VCY) or other container status and interchange system is available (even if
the container in question is not listed as available). This value is usually less than 100% because
some drayage firms do not use available systems. Note that a VCY can make very little difference if
crosstown relocation distances between importers and exporters are long (comparable to shipper-to-
port distances) or if a very few container are being reused to begin with (Default 1%, see Secondary
Inputs).
Neutral Chassis Pool - Default 0%. Enter the percentage of containers or TEU handled at
terminals with neutral chassis pools (or alternately, the percentage of containers or TEU mounted on
neutral pool chassis). Use of a neutral chassis pool will change the impact of a stacked terminal from
negative (more activity and emissions) to positive (less activity and reduced emissions).
3.11 Using Dray FLEET Macros to Manage Primary Inputs and Outputs
There are five macro buttons at the bottom of the Primary Inputs and Outputs worksheet (below).
III
RESTORE GENERIC
DEFAULT INPUTS (COL. B) 8
OUTPUTS (COL. F)
SET SCENARIO
INPUTS (COL. C) TO
DEFAULT (COL. B)
igl
111
These buttons can be used to manage default and scenario inputs on the Primary Inputs and Outputs
worksheet.
In DrayFLEET Version 2.0 these macros do not affect inputs on the Drayage Fleet Inputs, Cost and
Capacity, or individual activity tally worksheets. Those inputs must still be managed manually.
Restore Generic Default Inputs (Col. B) & Outputs (Col. F). This macro,
activated by clicking the button, will replace the current default input and output
values (green cells) on the primary input page with the original generic defaults
stored in the model. Any customized default values will be overwritten. To preserve a customized
base case, either save a separate version of the model (recommended) or do not use this button.
Set Scenario Inputs (Col. C) to Default (Col. B). As the model comes the
scenario values are set equal to the default values. Inputting new scenario values
Set Default Inputs (Col. B) and Outputs (Col. F) to Scenario Values. The
easiest way to create a customized default or base case model is to create a
customized scenario and then, once the user is satisfied, click this button to reset the
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primary default values to the new scenario. The Restore Generic Default Inputs and Outputs button
(above) will reverse this process.
Store Primary Scenario Inputs. DrayFLEET Version 2.0 will save one set of
primary scenario inputs internally. Use this button to store those primary input
values in the model for reuse later. Note that this button does not affect the
scenario calendar year, which must be reset manually.
Use Stored Primary Scenario Inputs. This button will replace the Scenario inputs
on the Primary Inputs and Outputs worksheet with the stored scenario values. The
default outputs can be set to the stored scenario values by using this button first,
then using the green Set Default Inputs and Outputs to Scenario Values button above.
DrayFLEET Version 2.0 does not have safeguards against accidental use of these buttons and
resulting loss of data. The user is urged to use them cautiously.
3.12 Secondary Inputs
The Secondary Inputs worksheet (below) provides an opportunity to fine-tune several aspects of port
and terminal container flow and drayage operations. The model contains typical or generic default
values for all these inputs. Wherever data is available to set these parameters to port-specific or
terminal-specific values, the accuracy of the DrayFLEET model will be improved.
SmartWay DrayFLEET Version 2.0 Secondary Inputs
This worksheet allows the user to specify drayage activity parameters in greater detail where information is available.
Default Scenario
Port Operations
Marine Terminal Operations
Rail Terminal Operations
Barge/transshipment share
Inter-terminal dray percentage
% of bobtails using bypass gate
% bobtail tractors at gates
0%
1%
0%
1%
90%
20%
90%
20%
% bobtail tractors at gates
% of bobtails using bypass gate
% live lift
% of rail empties returned to depots
Container Depot Operations
% bobtail moves
% live lift at depots
% of depot empties sent to rail
% of import loads drayed to depots
% of export loads drayed to depots
Chassis Supply
% of chassis based at depots
% of chassis based at trucker yards
Average outgate container moves per chassis use
Frequency of non-trucker chassis staging at trucker yard
20%
90%
0%
1%
20%
80%
1%
0%
0%
20%
90%
0%
1%
20%
80%
1%
0%
0%
Shipper/Receiver Operations
% bobtail moves
% of drivers waiting for load/unload
% of empties supplied from depots
% of empties returned to depots
% of empties reused for loads
% of empties drayed to trucker yards
% of empties drayed from trucker yards
Trucker Yard Operations
% of imp. loads staged at trucker yards
% of exp. loads staged at trucker yards
Other Port Truck Operations
Weighted average miles from port
Export tons trucked
Average export tons per truck
Import tons trucked
Average import tons per truck
% bobtail moves
20%
50%
20.0
10%
The multiple variables in the Secondary Inputs worksheet affect the estimated flows of containers,
chassis, and bobtail tractors between port-area facilities. The interactions of these movements means
that few of the variables are ever zero or 100%. It is possible to enter conflicting values on this
worksheet. For example, setting the percentage of chassis based at container depots to zero while
setting the percentage of chassis returned to depots from shipper and receivers at 100% is likely to
lead to anomalous results. Caution and cross-checking is therefore advisable in developing scenarios
that depart significantly from industry norms. Users should only enter their data in the yellow
Scenario cells.
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3.12.1 Port Operations
Barge/Transshipment Share - Default 0%. If containers are transferred to or from barges at the
facility or if there is transshipment performed, enter the percentage of TEU or containers affected. If
the barge or vessel transfers involve drayage to another terminal, those trips should be considered
part of inter-terminal drayage.
Inter-Terminal Dray Share - Default 1%. For a port analysis, enter the percentage of containers
that are drayed between port terminals. For a single terminal analysis, enter zero.
3.12.2 Marine Terminal Operations
% of Bobtails using Bypass Gate - Default 90%. Many marine terminals have a bypass gate for
bobtail trips to reduce congestion at the main gates. Enter the percentage of bobtail trips using such
bypass gates.
% of Bobtail Tractors at Gates - Default 20%. If available, enter the port-specific percentage of
bobtail trips at marine terminal gates as a percentage of total gate movements.
3.12.3 Rail Terminal Operations
% of Bobtail Tractors at Gates - Default 20%. If available, enter the average percentage of
bobtail trips at rail terminal gates as a percentage of total gate movements.
% of Bobtails using Bypass Gate - Default 90%. Many rail terminals have a bypass gate for
bobtail trips to reduce congestion at the main gates. Enter the percentage of bobtail trips using such
bypass gates.
% Live Lifts - Default 0%. The norm for rail terminals is for drayman to park containers on
chassis for subsequent loading by the terminal operator, and to pick up parked containers on chassis
that have been previously unloaded from trains. "Live lifts" occur when the drayman waits to have
the container transferred from chassis to rail car (or vice versa).
% of Rail Empties Returned to Depots - Default 1%. Enter the percentage of empty containers
that arrive at off-dock rail terminals and are drayed to off-dock container depots for storage rather
than being drayed to the marine terminals.
3.12.4 Container Depot Operations
% of Bobtail Moves - Default 20%. If available, enter the percentage of bobtail trips at container
depot gates as a percentage of total depot gate movements.
% Live Lift at Depots - Default 80%. The norm for container depots is to store containers in
stacks, off their chassis. "Live lifts" occur when the drayman waits to have the container transferred
from chassis to stack (or vice versa).
% of Depot Empties Sent to Rail - Default 1%. Enter the percentage of empty containers sent to
rail intermodal terminals from off-dock container depots rather than being sent to marine terminals.
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% of Import Loads Drayed to Depots - Default 0%. Ordinarily, only empty containers are drayed
to off-terminal depots for storage. If import loads are ever drayed to off-dock depots, enter the
percentage here.
% of Export Loads Drayed to Depots - Default 0%. Ordinarily, only empty containers are drayed
to off-terminal depots for storage. If export loads are ever drayed to off-dock depots, enter the
percentage here.
3.12.5 Shipper/Receiver Operations
% of Bobtail Moves - Default 20%. If available, enter the percentage of bobtail trips at
shipper/receiver gates as a percentage of total shipper/receiver gate movements.
% of Drivers Waiting for Load/Unload - Default 50%. The norm for most shippers and receivers
is for drayman to park loaded or empty containers on chassis for subsequent handling by the
customer, and to pick up parked containers on chassis that are ready to go to marine terminals or
elsewhere. These are generally referred to as "drop and pick" operations. "Stay with" trips occur
when the drayman waits to have a loaded import container unloaded or an empty export container
loaded. Where information on the prevalence of "stay with" waits is available, enter the appropriate
percentage.
% of Empties Supplied from Depots - Default 1%. Enter the percentage of empty containers for
export loads supplied from off-dock container depots rather than from marine terminals. This
percentage can vary widely between ports.
% of Empties Returned to Depots - Default 3%. Enter the percentage of emptied import
containers that are drayed to off-dock container depots rather than to the marine terminals. This
percentage can vary widely between ports.
% of Empties Reused for Loads - Default 2%. Enter the percentage of emptied import containers
that are repositioned and used for an export load, either by the original drayman or by another firm.
This percentage tends to be low, less than 5% at most ports. The VCY initiative input on the Primary
Inputs and Outputs worksheet will double this value, but will have minimal impact if the opportunity
to reuse empties is itself minimal.
% of Empties Drayed to Trucker Yards - Default 2%. Enter the percentage of emptied import
containers that are drayed to trucker yards rather than to the marine terminals. This percentage can
vary widely between ports.
% of Empties Drayed from Trucker Yards - Default 2%. Enter the percentage of empty
containers for export loads supplied from trucker yards rather than from marine terminals or depots.
This percentage can vary widely between ports.
3.12.6 Trucker Yard Operations
% of Import Loads Staged at Trucker Yards - Default 1%. Loaded import container are
occasionally staged for short periods at trucker yards before delivery to the actual customer. Enter
the percentage staged here.
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% of Export Loads Staged at Trucker Yards - Default 1%. Loaded export container are
occasionally staged for short periods at trucker yards before delivery to the marine terminal. Enter
the percentage staged here.
3.12.7 Other Port Trucks
This section of the secondary inputs worksheet is provided to enable users to account for significant
movements of port-related trucks handling commodities other than containerized cargo. These
movements could include bulk or break-bulk cargoes.
Other Port Truck Operations
Weighted average miles from port
Export tons trucked
Average export tons per truck
Import tons trucked
Average import tons per truck
% bobtail moves
25
20
20
10%
25
20
20
10%
Weighted Average Miles from Port - Default 25 miles. Enter the average distance other trucks
travel to and from the Port. A weighted average would be ideal.
Export Tons Trucked - Default 0. Enter the annual short tons of export cargo moved to the port by
truck. Do not include tonnage moving by rail.
Average Export Tons per Truck - Default 20 tons. Enter the average export cargo load per truck
in short tons. This average will be used to calculate the number of other port trucks carrying export
cargo.
Import Tons Trucked - Default 0. Enter the annual short tons of import cargo moved from the port
by truck. Do not include tonnage moving by rail.
Average Import Tons per Truck - Default 20 tons. Enter the average import cargo load per truck
in short tons. This average will be used to calculate the number of other port trucks carrying import
cargo.
% Bobtail Moves - Default 10%. Enter the percentage of bobtail tractor moves in the Other Port
Trucks activity. Note that only tractor-trailer operations will generate bobtail moves. Activity using
straight trucks (such as conventional single-unit dump trucks or flatbed trucks delivering steel) will
not generate bobtail moves.
3.13 Secondary Input Marcos
The Secondary Input worksheet has five macro buttons, shown below, analogous to those on the
Primary Inputs & Outputs worksheet. These are used to create a new default model and to manage
scenarios.
MACROS
REVIEWUSER GUIDE
BEFORE USING
MACROS
RESTORE GENERIC
DEFAULT
INPUTS (COL. B&F)
SET DEFAULTS (COL. B&F)
TO SCENARIO VALUES
(COL C&G)
SET SCENARIO INPUTS
(COL. C&G) TO
DEFAULTS (COL. B&F)
STORE SECONDARY
SCENARIO INPUTS
USE STORED
SCENARIO INPUTS
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Restore Generic Default Inputs (Col. B&F). This macro button will reset the
default secondary input values (green cells) to the stored generic values.
Set Defaults (Col. B&F) to Scenario Values (Col C&G). creates a new default
base case (green cells) by copying the scenario values (yellow cells). The scenario
values can then be changed to create variations on the new base case scenario.
Set Scenario Inputs (Col. C&G) to Defaults (Col. B&F). The button does the
opposite of the previous button by equating the scenario (yellow cell) values to the
current defaults (green cells)
Store Secondary Scenario Inputs. This option allows the user to store one set of
secondary scenario inputs (yellow cells). Each time the button is used the previous
stored set will be overridden.
Use Stored Scenario Inputs. This button will overwrite the current scenario values
(yellow cells) with the stored values.
3.14 Drayage Fleet Inputs
The drayage fleet inputs are on a separate worksheet and consist of a drayage fleet age distribution,
fleet technology and strategy inputs as shown below.
Default. The Default Age Distribution Menu offers a choice between three pre-set age distributions
shown below.
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Age in
Years
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
LALB
Default
0.3%
0.4%
0.7%
0.9%
1.1%
2.6%
5.3%
7.2%
9.5%
9.3%
6.5%
6.9%
7.2%
8.5%
5.9%
4.4%
3.6%
6.2%
5.5%
1 .8%
1 .3%
1 .0%
1 .0%
0.8%
2.1%
Houston
Default
0.0%
0.0%
2.0%
1 .0%
2.0%
1 .0%
5.9%
14.9%
13.9%
5.0%
5.9%
15.8%
8.9%
9.9%
5.0%
0.0%
2.0%
0.0%
2.0%
4.0%
0.0%
1 .0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
US VI US Default
2.0%
5.5%
8.1%
13.0%
9.7%
7.6%
5.4%
6.3%
7.0%
5.0%
4.0%
3.2%
3.4%
4.2%
2.8%
2.0%
1.7%
2.9%
2.6%
0.9%
0.6%
0.5%
0.5%
0.4%
1.0%
Scenario. The Scenario menu offers two choices: a distribution equal to the default or a user-
specified custom distribution (which must total 100%). Enter the number of trucks in each age
group, and the model will calculate the percentages.
The chart to the right of the drop-down menus (below) compares the chosen Default and Scenario
cases. This chart can be very useful in verifying the reasonableness of user-specified distributions.
%
14.0%
Age Distribution Curves
0.0%
01 2345678 91011121314151617181920212223242526
Age
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3.15 Drayage Technology and Strategy Inputs
Drayage trucks can be retrofit with technologies to save fuel and reduce emissions. The DrayFLEET
model accounts for the emission reductions from retrofitting drayage trucks with exhaust after
treatment, the impact that retrofits have has on fuel economy; and the emission reductions and fuel
savings from strategies to improve fuel economy. Controls for modeling the effect of equipping or
retrofitting portions of the drayage fleet with advanced emission control and fuel economy
technologies are on the Drayage Fleet Inputs worksheet as shown below.
Drayage Fleet Technology and Strategy Inputs
Technology Retrofits
O Particulate Filter/Trap
CH Oxidation Catalyst
O Flow-Through Filter
Idle Reduction
CH Idling Control Strategies
Fuel Conservation
CH Single-Wide Tires
CH Automatic Tire Inflation
CH Tare Weight Reduction
CH Low Friction Engine Lubricant
O Low Friction Drive Train Lubricant
O Direct Drivetrain
O Single Axle Drive (vs. Dual Axle)
O Speed Management Policy (55 mph)
of eligible fleet retrofit
of eligible fleet retrofit
of eligible fleet retrofit
% reduction in idle
% of fleet
% of fleet
% of fleet
Ibs of weight saved
% of fleet
% of fleet
% of fleet
% of fleet
% of fleet
50%
50%
50%
2,000
50%
50%
50%
50%
50%
Each strategy can be selected for analysis by activating the adjacent checkbox. Additionally, the
user needs to specify the technology penetration rate (%) indicating the extent to which the chosen
strategy or technology has been adopted. In a each case, the percentage applies to the portion of the
fleet or duty cycle to which the strategy is applicable. Reflashing, for example, is only applicable to
a narrow range of tractors in the 1993-1998 model years while operating in Cruise mode. A 50%
penetration rate would mean that half of these eligible tractors were reflashed, not that half of the
fleet had been reflashed.
Additional insights can be gained from the DrayFLEET model technical report and the SmartWay
Partnership website.
3.15.1 Particulate Filter/Trap (also know as Diesel Particulate Filter or DPF)
Effects: Reduces emissions of PM, HC and CO.
User Input: The measure is activated by checking the control box. The user provides an estimate of
the fraction of eligible vehicles that implement the retrofit.
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Notes: Engines certified to meet 2007 or later standards require exhaust aftertreatment and the
presence of diesel particulate filters is already assumed in the emission rates from MOVES.
Therefore only pre-2007 model year trucks are eligible for this retrofit technology. DrayFLEET
does not apply any benefit for 2007 or newer trucks.
3.15.2 Oxidation Catalyst
Effects: Reduces emissions of PM, HC and CO; no impact on NOx.
User Input: The measure is activated by checking the control box. The user provides an estimate of
the fraction of eligible vehicles that implement the retrofit.
Notes: A Diesel Oxidation Catalyst is an exhaust system device that reduces emissions of
particulates and other pollutants. Engines certified to meet 2007 or later standards already require
exhaust after treatment. Therefore only pre-2007 model year trucks are eligible for this retrofit
technology.
3.15.3 Flow-Through Filter
Effects: Reduces emissions of PM, HC, and CO; no impact on NOx or fuel use.
User Input: The measure is activated by checking the control box. The user provides an estimate of
the fraction of eligible vehicles that implement the retrofit.
Notes: A Flow-Through Filter is an exhaust system device that reduces emissions of particulates and
other pollutants. Engines certified to meet 2007 or later standards already require exhaust after
treatment. Therefore only pre-2007 model year trucks are eligible for this retrofit technology.
3.15.4 Idle Reduction
Effects: Reduces emissions of PM, HC, CO, saves fuel which is reflected in reduced CO2
User Input: The measure is activated by checking the control box. The user provides an estimate of
the fraction of applicable idling that is eliminated.
Notes: The benefits from reduced idle are only applied to idle mode activity (e.g., extended waiting).
Idle occurring as part of other operating modes (e.g. queuing in Creep mode) would not be affected.
For example, idling from delay at arterial intersections as part of transient mode would not be
eliminated.
3.15.5 Single-Wide Tires
Effects: Reduces fuel consumption and CO2 emissions.
User Input: The measure is activated by checking the control box. The user provides an estimate of
the fraction of the drayage fleet that implements the technology.
Page 22
-------
Notes: The modeled emission benefit from single-wide tires already accounts for the weight
reduction associated with switching single rim/tire configurations. To avoid double-counting, that
weight reduction should not be included in analysis of Tare Weight Reduction.
3.15.6 Automatic Tire Inflation
Effects: Reduces fuel consumption and CC>2 emissions.
User Input: The measure is activated by checking the control box. The user provides an estimate of
the fraction of the drayage fleet that implements the technology.
Notes: Automatic tire inflation systems monitor and continually adjust the level of pressurized air to
tires, maintaining proper tire pressure even when the truck is moving.
3.15.7 Tare Weight Reduction
Effects: Reduces fuel consumption and CC>2 emissions.
User Input: The measure is activated by checking the control box. The user provides an estimate of
the fraction of the drayage fleet that implements the technology. For reduction in tare weight, a
second input box is provided for the user to specify the weight reduction achieved (in Ib).
Notes: Since drayage tractors are usually second hand they often have features such as aerodynamic
fairings and sleeper cabs that add weight but provide no benefit in drayage service. By removing
unneeded features or buying a tractor without them, tare weight can be reduced and fuel conserved.
3.15.8 Low Friction Engine Lubricant
Effects: Reduces fuel consumption and CC>2 emissions.
User Input: The measure is activated by checking the control box. The user provides an estimate of
the fraction of the drayage fleet that implements the technology.
Notes: Low-friction engine lubricants are usually synthetic, low-viscosity compounds.
3.15.9 Low Friction Drivetrain Lubricant
Effects: Reduces fuel consumption and CO2 emissions.
User Input: The measure is activated by checking the control box. The user provides an estimate of
the fraction of the drayage fleet that implements the technology.
Notes: Low-friction drivetrain lubricants are usually synthetic, low-viscosity compounds.
3.15.10 Direct Drivetrain
Effects: Reduces fuel consumption and CC>2 emissions.
User Input: The measure is activated by checking the control box. The user provides an estimate of
the fraction of the drayage fleet that implements the technology.
Page 23
-------
Notes: Direct drivetrain technologies reduce weight and transmission losses, thereby conserving
fuel.
3.15.11 Single-Axle Drive (vs. Dual Axle)
Effects: Reduces fuel consumption and CC>2 emissions.
User Input: The measure is activated by checking the control box. The user provides an estimate of
the fraction of the drayage fleet that implements the technology.
Notes: Most tractors built for highway service have two rear axles, both powered. Where a tractor in
urban service can dispense with the second powered axle, there is an opportunity to reduce weight
and transmission losses.
3.15.12 Speed Management Policy (55 mph)
Effects: Reduces fuel consumption and CC>2 emissions.
User Input: The measure is activated by checking the control box. The user provides an estimate of
the fraction of the drayage fleet that implements the strategy.
Notes: Whether implemented as a policy via driver training or through speed governors, a maximum
speed management strategy conserves fuel. Emission benefits from speed management are only
applied to Cruise Mode vehicle operation. The effect on drayage operations is limited, however, as
very little of the time is spent at highway speeds.
3.16 Cell and Sheet Protection
Cell locks and sheet protection are used where applicable in DrayFLEET to reduce the chance of
inadvertently overwriting formulas. If necessary, the user can unprotect the sheet and unlock the
cells by going to the Excel 2010 Review ribbon and selecting Unprotect Sheet. The default password
is "shadow" (case sensitive). The process can be reversed on the Excel 2010 Review ribbon by
selecting Protect Sheet using the user's choice of password. The user is advised to save a spare copy
of the DrayFLEET analysis before unprotecting cell formulas.
Page 24
-------
4.0 Drayage Cost and Fleet Requirements
4.1 Cost & Capacity Worksheet
The Cost and Capacity worksheet (below) covers drayage cost, productivity, and the cost of
technology upgrades.
Annual Average Drayage
Time-Based Costs
Driver Labor Costs
Labor Cost per Hour
Tractor Costs
Average Cost of Tractor
Avg. TechnologyUpgrades
Interest Rate
Avg. Economic Life (yrs.)
Avg. Residual Value (%)
Implied Annual Payment
Avg. Insurance per Tractor
Licenses & Fees per Tractor
Fed User's Tax per Tractor
Avg. Maintenance/Tractor/Year
Upgrade Maintenance
Avg. Tractor days per week
Avg. Tractor hours per day
Avg. Tractor availability
Total Avg. Tractor Cost Per Hour
Average Hourly Cost
SmartWay DrayFLEET Version 2.0 - Drayage Cost and Capacit
Cost and Fleet Requirement Estimates Technology Upgrades
»rgCeBB,SddcTrVert1eadCO!t! D^eneeMn.,
$ 15.00
$ 60,000
$
10%
6
20%
$ 10,671
$ 6,000
$ 1,500
$ 550
$ 5,000
$
5
12
95%
$ 8.00
$ 23.00
Fuel Cost/Gallon
Total Annual Fuel Gallons
Total Annual Fuel Cost
Average MPG, Incl. Idling
Implied Fuel CostfMile
Avg. Tires/Mile
Average cost per mile
Avg. Admin. Cost per Load
Total Costs
Time-Based Costs
Mileage-Based Costs
Load-Based (Admin) Costs
Annual Drayage Cost
Average Cost per Load
Average Cost per TEU
Productivity
Avg. Tractor Hours per day
Avg. Tractor days per week
Avg. Tractor Availability
Avg. Annual Hours per Tractor
Fleet Size Req. (FTE Tractors)
$ 4.00
17,748,208
$ 70,992,830
3.0
$ 1.32
$ 0.10
$ 1.42
$ 25
$ 96,457,542
$ 76,363,301
$ 24,421,429
$ 197,242,271
$ 202
$ 99
12
5
1
2,964
1,415
Technology Retrofits
Particulate Filter/Trap
Oxidation Catalyst
Flow-Thomgh Filter
Idle Reduction
Idle Control Strategy
Fuel Conservation
Single Wide Wheels & Tires
Automatic Tire Inflation
Low Friction Engine Lubricant
Low Friction Drive Train Lubricant
Direct Dri vet rain
Single Axle Drive (vs. Dual Axle)
Speed Management Policy (55mph)
Weight Reducti on - Lbs
Average Upgrade Cost
/
Capital Cost
$ 7,000
$ 1,200
$ 5,500
$ 7,000
$ 1,200
$ 5,500
Annual Maintenance Implementation %
Default Scenario Default Scenario
$ 100
$
$
100
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
$ -|$
$
$ 5,600
$ 900
$
$
$
$
$
2,000
$
$ 5,600
$ 900
$
$
$
$
$
2,000
$
$
$ 198
$ 33
$
$
$
$
$
198
33
0%] 0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
4.2 Drayage Cost
The drayage cost model is in three sections: Time-Based Costs, Distance-Based and Overhead Costs,
and a Total Cost Estimate.
The Time-Based Costs, below, include labor, tractor ownership, and time-based tractor maintenance.
Time-Based Costs
Driver Labor Costs
Labor Cost per Hour
Tractor Costs
Average Cost of Tractor
Avg. Technology Upgrades
Interest Rate
Avg. Economic Life (yrs.)
Avg. Residual Value (%)
Implied Annual Payment
Avg. Insurance per Tractor
Licenses & Fees per Tractor
Fed User's Tax per Tractor
Avg. Maintenance/Tractor/Year
Upgrade Maintenance
Avg. Tractor days per week
Avg. Tractor hours per day
Avg. Tractor availability
Total Avg. Tractor Cost Per Hour
Average Hourly Cost
15.00
60,000
10%
20%
10,671
6,000
1,500
550
5,000
12
95%
8.00
23.00
Labor Cost per Hour - Default $15.00. Linked to Primary Inputs worksheet.
Page 25
-------
Financial Variables. The fmancials variables shown in the tan shaded cells above are typical
industry defaults. Enter new default values if more specific information is available on prevalent
local practices.
The average hourly cost is the sum of labor and other time-based costs above.
The Distance-Based and Overhead costs below include fuel, tires, and administrative costs.
Distance-Based and Overhead
Mileage Based Costs
Fuel Cost/Gallon
Total Annual Fuel Gallons
Total Annual Fuel Cost
Average MPG, Incl. Idling
Implied Fuel Cost/Mile
Avg. Tires/Mile
Average cost per mile
Avg. Admin. Cost per Load
Costs
$
4.00
17,748,208
$
70,992,830
3.0
$
$
$
$
1.32
0.10
1.42
25
Fuel Cost/Gallon - Default $4.00. Linked to the Primary Inputs worksheet.
Annual Fuel Gallons - Calculated by the Emissions model based on consumption rates in each
operating mode. This value is not calculated from the average MPG value.
Average MPG, Including Idling - Calculated from total miles traveled and total fuel consumed.
This is a model output, not an input.
Implied Fuel Cost per Mile - Calculated by the model.
Tires/Mile - Default $0.10 per mile. The default is an industry norm. Enter more precise data if
available. Note that this value is for the tractor tires only, not the chassis tires.
Overhead Cost per Load - Default $25.00. The default is an industry rule-of-thumb. Enter more
precise local data if available. Note that overhead is only assessed against loaded moves.
The Total Cost estimate below is calculated by the model. There are no user entries.
fotal Costs
Time-Based Costs
Mileage-Based Costs
Load-Based (Admin) Costs
Annual Drayage Cost
Average Cost per Load
Average Cost per TED
$
$
$
$
$
$
96,457,542
76,363,301
24,421,429
197,242,271
202
99
Averages are displayed for convenience, and the results are linked to the Primary Inputs and Outputs
worksheet.
Page 26
-------
4.3 Productivity and Fleet Requirements
The fleet requirement analysis below is straightforward and entails no user entries. The tractor hours
per week, tractor days per week, and tractor availability are linked to the cost model discussed
above. These three factors together yield the annual operating hours available from each tractor.
Productivity
Avg. Tractor Hours per day
Avg. Tractor days per week
Avg. Tractor Availability
Avg. Annual Hours per Tractor
Fleet Size Req. (FTE Tractors)
12
1
2,964
1,415
Dividing the total drayage hours (estimated by the model) by the hours available from a tractor
engaged full-time in drayage yields the number of full-time-equivalent (FTE) tractors required. This
result is displayed on the Primary Inputs and Outputs worksheet.
The FTE estimate provided by the model is most useful in comparing the fleet requirements of
default and scenario cases. Note that the actual drayage fleet in most ports consist of a mix of
tractors used full-time in port drayage and tractors whose time is split with other uses. The actual
number of tractors in the fleet thus varies widely, and includes both full-time and part-time units.
4.4 Technology Upgrade Costs
This worksheet also includes cost estimates for the various emissions control and fuel conservation
technologies discussed in an earlier section. For each technology option there is a capital cost, an
annual maintenance cost, and an implementation percentage as applicable.
n FI 1 1 t Capital Cost Annual Maintenance Implementation %
Default Scenario Default Scenario Default Scenario
Technology Retrofits
Particulate Filter/Trap
Oxidation Catalyst
Flow-Thorugh Filter
Idle Reduction
Idle Control Strategy
Single Wide Wheels & Tires
Automatic Tire Inflation
Low Friction Engine Lubricant
Low Friction Drive Train Lubricant
Direct Drivetrain
Single Axle Drive (vs. Dual Axle)
Speed Management Policy (55mph)
Weight Reduction - Lbs
Average Upgrade Cost
$ 7,000
$ 1,200
$ 5,500
$ 7,000
$ 1,200
$ 5,500
$ 100
$
$
$ 100
$
$
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
$
$
$
$
0%
0%
$ 5,600
$ 900
$
$
$
$
$
2,000
$
$ 5,600
$ 900
$
$
$
$
$
2,000
$
$
$ 198
$ 33
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$ 198
$ 33
$
$
$
$
$
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
The yellow-shaded cells provide options for user input. The implementation percentages are linked
to the Drayage Fleet Inputs.
Page 27
-------
5.0 Model Outputs
5.1 Resetting Base Case Default Outputs
As noted above, changing the default values will automatically change the scenario values, thereby
changing the scenario outputs. Once a complete set of default input values has been entered, the
scenario outputs correspond to the new inputs and the default output values must be reset
accordingly.
To reset the default output values to the generic defaults, click the blue "Restore Generic Inputs &
Outputs" button. The green "Set Default Inputs and Outputs to Scenario Values" button will reset the
default outputs to equal the scenario outputs.
At this point the model provides a base case estimate of drayage activities, costs, and emissions for
the port or terminal being modeled. This base case, which should be saved under a new file name,
then becomes the default against which new scenarios can be compared.
5.2 Activity Outputs
The measures of physical drayage activity are shown below.
Activity Outputs Default Scenario Change % Change
Annual Activity
Number of Drayage Trip Legs
Drayage Trip Legs per Container
Total Drayage VMT
Drayage VMT per Container
Fleet Required (FTE Tractors)
Annual Duty Cycle Totals
Idle/Stopped Hours
Creep Hours
Transient Hours
Cruise Hours
Total Drayage Hours
Drayage Hours per Container
2,326,869
2.0
57,716,318
50.5
1,453
2,326,869
2.0
57,716,318
50.5
1,453
0
0.0
0
0.0
0
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
1,778,148
766,963
509,949
1,250,578
4,305,638
3.8
1,778,148
766,963
509,949
1,250,578
4,305,638
3.8
0
0
0
0
0
0.0
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
The Annual Activity measures gauge the work being performed by drayage tractors and drivers to
transfer containers between facilities. The Fleet Required is measured in full-time equivalents (FTE);
typical port drayage fleets are a mix of full-time and part-time participants and will be larger than the
FTE shown. Total cost covers labor, fuel, tractors, maintenance, etc. The Duty Cycle Totals are
particularly significant as they determine the emissions estimates.
Page 28
-------
5.3 Emissions Outputs
Outputs
Pollutant (annual tons)
HC
CO
NOx
PM2.5
CO2
Fuel Use and Total Cost
Fuel - Gallons
Total Drayage Cost
Drayage Cost per Container
Default
68.5
314.5
1,046.4
71.4
191,892.6
18,601,572
$ 203,641,934
$ 178
Scenario
68.5
314.5
1,046.4
71.4
191,892.6
18,601,572
$ 203,641,934
$ 178
Change
-
-
-
-
-
$
$
% Change
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
The emissions outputs give estimated annual tons of five different pollutants. As pollutant emissions
mix varies with the duty cycle, the proportions will change under various scenarios. Fuel Use is
listed under Emissions and it is also a major factor in the estimated cost.
5.4 Activity Summary
The Activity Summary worksheet assemblies the results from the drayage activity sheets. The
number of trips is summed, and connected to remove double-counting. Otherwise, for example, a
marine terminal-to-rail trip would be counted on both ends. There are no user inputs for this page.
Activity Group
Loaded Drayage
Marine Termina
Inter-Termina
Off-Dock Rail Termina
Container Depot
Shippers & Receivers
Trucker Yards
Other Port Trucks
Net Subtotal*
Empty/Chassis/Bobtail Draya
Marine Terminal
Inter-Terminal
Off-Dock Rail Terminal
Container Depot
Shippers & Receivers
Trucker Yards
Other Port Trucks
Net Subtotal*
Total Drayage
Marine Terminal
Inter-Terminal
Off-Dock Rail Terminal
Container Depot
Shippers & Receivers
Trucker Yards
Other Port Trucks
Net Total*
* Subtotals and Total are correc
SmartWay DrayFLEET Version 2.0 - Summary of Detailed Drayage Activity
Number of Distance Idle Creep Transient Cruise Idle Creep Transient Cruise
Trips (Miles) (%) (%) (%) (%) (hours) (hours) (hours) (hours)
(hours)
976,857
5,429
242,857
723,143
19,429
827,999
21,714
1,465,760
18,204,317
196,714
69%
17%
44%
0%
31%
27%
0%
26%
7%
7%
0%
9%
18%
0%
5%
19%
25%
0%
15%
13%
0%
0%
58%
24%
0%
45%
41%
0%
503,710
141
50,411
279,655
2,885
191,389
60
8,326
85,819
1,962
-
39,789
157
28,236
136,266
1,409
491
27,463
408,878
4,394
734,887
850
114,436
910,618
10,650
-
990,857 19,888,506 47% 16% 12% 25% 836,802 287,556 205,857 441,226 1,771,440
ge _^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^|
1,461,353
1,000
108,113
68,788
900,806
257,305
10,978,541
4,000
621,730
159,886
22,658,992
2,576,663
44%
17%
39%
54%
31%
18%
0%
28%
7%
8%
35%
9%
9%
0%
9%
19%
24%
3%
15%
18%
0%
19%
58%
29%
9%
45%
55%
0%
541,035
26
16,455
19,386
345,271
19,173
347,342
11
3,263
12,692
106,903
9,195
105,918
29
10,165
998
168,320
18,662
226,399
90
12,226
3,112
509,331
58,194
1,220,695
157
42,109
36,188
1,129,826
105,224
1,336,012 26,021,271 37% 19% 12% 32% 941,346 479,407 304,092 809,352 2,534,198
2,438,210
6,429
350,970
68,788
1,623,949
276,733
11,806,540
25,714
2,087,490
159,886
40,863,309
2,773,378
53%
17%
43%
54%
31%
19%
0%
28%
7%
7%
35%
9%
10%
0%
7%
19%
25%
3%
15%
17%
0%
12%
58%
25%
9%
45%
54%
0%
1,044,745
168
66,865
19,386
624,926
22,058
538,731
71
11,589
12,692
192,723
11,157
-
145,707
187
38,401
998
304,586
20,071
226,399
582
39,689
3,112
918,209
62,588
1,955,582
1,006
156,544
36,188
2,040,443
115,874
-
2,326,869 57,716,318 41% 18% 12% 29% 1,778,148 766,963 509,949 1,250,578 4,305,638
ted to remove double-counting of marine terminal trips
The large amount of information displayed here is primarily useful for identifying differences
between scenarios and for tracing the impact of changes throughout the drayage duty cycle.
Page 29
-------
6.0 Creating Model Scenarios
6.1 Overview
It is recommend that the user take an organized and deliberate approach to creating new model
scenarios. In principle, any change to a scenario value creates a new scenario. The model is
sufficiently sensitive that adding a single TEU to an annual total of over 15 million TEU will add
minutes, miles, fuel gallons, costs, and emissions. The user is encouraged to consult the project
report on the SmartWay Website (http://www.epa.gov/smartway/publications/index.htm) for
information on data sources.
6.2 Scenario-Default Comparisons
The Primary Inputs & Outputs worksheet provides high-level comparisons of Default and Scenario
activity and emissions estimates (below).
Activity Outputs Default Scenario Change % Change
Annual Activity
Number of Drayage Trip Legs
Drayage Trip Legs per Container
Total Drayage VMT
Drayage VMT per Container
Fleet Required (FTE Tractors)
Annual Duty Cycle Totals
Idle/Stopped Hours
Creep Hours
Transient Hours
Cruise Hours
Total Drayage Hours
Drayage Hours per Container
Pollutant (annual tons)
HC
CO
NOx
PM2.5
CO2
Fuel Use and Total Cost
Fuel - Gallons
Total Drayage Cost
Drayage Cost per Container
2,326,869
2.0
57,716,318
50.5
1,453
2,326,869
2.0
57,716,318
50.5
1,453
0
0.0
0
0.0
0
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
1,778,148
766,963
509,949
1,250,578
4,305,638
3.8
1,778,148
766,963
509,949
1,250,578
4,305,638
3.8
0
0
0
0
0
0.0
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
Default Scenario Change % Change
68.5
314.5
1,046.4
71.4
191,892.6
18,601,572
$ 203,641,934
$ 178
68.5
314.5
1,046.4
71.4
191,892.6
18,601,572
$ 203,641,934
$ 178
-
-
-
-
"
$
$
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
6.3 Scenario Comparisons
This worksheet displays two graphs comparing two model outputs: drayage hours by operating
mode, and emissions (CC>2 is shown in thousands of annual tons, since its scale is radically
different). The example shows an instance which increased on-dock rail intermodal handling has
reduced drayage hours and emissions.
Page 30
-------
SmartWay DrayFLEET Version 2.0 - Scenario Comparisons
Drayage Hours by Mode
Idle Creep Transient Cruise
Drayage Emissions
1,000
« 80°
| 600
c
< 400
200
n Default n Scenario
HC CO NOx PM2.5 CO2
(OOOtons)
6.4 Changing and Reversing Scenario Inputs
Individual scenario input values can be easily changed to observe the impact on model outputs using
standard Excel features. For example, the graphic below shows a change from a 30 minute average
for container yard transactions (default) to a scenario with a 15-minute average, resulting in reduced
emissions and cost savings.
SmartWay DrayFLEET Version 2.0 Primary Inputs & Outputs
Primary Inputs Default Scenario
Annual TEU
Inbound Share
Outbound Empty Share
Average Inbound Gate Queue Minutes
Weighted Average Miles from Port
Average Inbound Gate Queue Minutes
Container/Chassis Depots
Weighted Average Miles from Port
Share of Empties Stored at Depots
Weighted Average Miles from Port
Weighted Average Crosstown Trip Miles
Trucker Yard Operations
Weighted Average Miles from Port
Cost Factors
Initiative Inputs
Portn-erminal Initiatives
Stacked Terminal (% stacked
On-Dock Rail (% of rail on-dock
Automated Gates (% of gate transactions
Extended Gate Hours (% off-peak, 50% max
Container Info System (% used
Virtual ContainerYard (% available
Neutral Chassis Pool (% used
2010
2,000,000
50%
5%
25%
25%
SS!
f 30
^V.
5
15J
2
10%
25
10
10
$ 15.00
Default
2,000,0
Port
0
50%
5%
25%
25%
20
15
5
—
2
10%
25
10
10
$ 15.00
Scenario
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
Scenario
DrayFLEET Version 2.0 of 6/12/12
Generic
J Activity Outputs Default Scenario Change % Change
^•ffntial Activity
RtNjjber of Drayage Trip Legs
Drayage^r^^egs per Container
^TO^mrayage VMT
Drayage VMT|?&^|pntainer
Fleet Required (FTE ^Tr&Ujjrs)
Annual Duty Cycle Totals ^^
Idle/Stopped Hours
Creep Hours
Cruise Hours
Total Drayage Hours
Drayage Hours per Container
Outputs
HC
CO
NOx
PM25
CO2
Fuel Use and Total Cost
Fuel -Gallons
Total Drayage Cost
Drayage Cost per Container
2,326,869
2.0
50.5
1,453
^^
"^6,963
509,_"Q
1,250,578
4,305,638
2,326,869
2.0
50.5
1,305
766,963
509,949
^^ 1,250,578
"-3,866, 834
0
0.0
0.0
-148
0
0
0
-438,804
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
-10.2%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
-10.2%
Default Scenario ^^Cjianae °A> CJla"r£
68.5
314.5
1,046.4
71.4
191,892.6
18,601,572
$ 203,641,934
$ 178
63.6
302.0
1,010.3
69.0
187,138.7
18,140,746
$ 191,704,814
$ 168
^s^
1*S
(12.5
(36.1
(2. A
(4,753.£
(460,827)
$ (11,937,120
$ (10
J -7.2%
' -4.0%
-3.5%
-3.4%
-2.5%
-2.5%
V -5.9%
V -5.9%.
^^^
)
To reverse changes use Excel's Undo Command, either by choosing "Undo" from the Excel ribbon,
or via the CTRL+Z keyboard shortcut. Excel can track and undo up to 15 changes of this type,
although other activity in the interim may prevent undoing the changes. To restore an individual
Base Case value, set the Scenario cell (yellow) equal to the corresponding Default (green) cell. To
restore them all, use the orange "Set Scenario Inputs to Defaults" button.
There are multiple ways to save a copy of the Primary Inputs & Outputs worksheet as a record of
scenario inputs and outputs.
Page 31
-------
• Print a hard copy3 of the worksheet.
• Use Paste Special in Word to insert an image of the worksheet into a Word document
as a Picture4.
• Use Adobe Acrobat®, Scansoft PDF Create!®, or other software to save an image of
the worksheet as a PDF file.
This simple approach is convenient and useful for exploring the impact of one or two variables, but
quickly becomes unmanageable for more complex scenarios.
3 This will not, however, show any changes that have been made on other model worksheets, such as the detailed inputs on the drayage activity sheets.
4 Do not attempt to paste the worksheet as a Microsoft Excel Object.
Page 32
-------
7.0 Optional Detailed Input Values
7.1 Drayage Activity Sheets: Common Features
Drayage Activity sheets track the drayage miles and minutes for each activity and allocate them
between idle, creep, transition, and cruise duty cycles. Each tally sheet uses trip data from the default
values or the user scenario and outputs activity and duty cycle data to a summary sheet.
Detailed default values on the tally sheets (e.g. the time needed to transfer a container between two
chassis) can be changed by the user if desired. The default values for each of the four model versions
are based on a combination of regional data and industry rules-of-thumb. Wherever the user can
input more accurate values for local conditions, the accuracy and realism of the model will improve.
All of the activity tally spreadsheets employ a common format and approach, with changes in the
nomenclature and content to suit the application. The Marine Terminal tally sheet, which is the most
complex, is shown below as an example.
Marine Terminal Drayage Activity
This worksheet reflects movements of loaded containers, empty containers, bare chassis, and bobtail tractors to and from marine contain
Note: OB/Export Containers come IN to the Marine Terminal Gate, and vice versa
Activity Trips %
Outbound/Export Containers
Total Containers Entering Terminal Gate
Loaded Containers
Empty Containers
Bare Chassis
Bobtail Tractors
Total Trips
Entry Gate Transactions
Entry Gate Transaction
Outside Queuing
Trouble Window
Bypass Entrance
Container Yard Activity
Pick Up Loaded Container on Chassis
Pick Up Empty Container on Chassis
Locate & Pick Up Bare Chassis
Drop Loaded Container on Chassis
Drop Empty Container on Chassis
Drop Bare Chassis
Chassis Flip/Transfer
Live Lift Container onto Chassis
Live Lift Container off of Chassis
Total Transactions
Container Yard Delays
Trouble Window
Equipment Issue
Inbound/Import Containers
Total Containers Exiting Terminal Gate
Loaded Containers
Empty Containers
Bare Chassis
Bobtail Tractors
Total Trips
Exit Gate Transactions
Exit Gate Transaction
Inside Queuing
Trouble Window
Bypass Exit
Loaded Subtotal
Bobtail/Chassis/Empty Subtotal
Marine Terminal Total
877,609
434,000
443,609
11,601
218,728
1,107,937
39%
40%
1%
20%
100%
Duration Waiting Time
(Minutes) (Minutes)
L RESTORE GEN ERIC
DEFAULTS
Travel Time Distance
(minutes) (Miles)
= user changeable inputs
(over-the-road movement shown on other worksheets)
12
35
12
35
5
15
911,082
911,082
55,397
196,855
82%
82%
5%
18%
542,857
334,751
11,860
434,000
443,609
11,601
8,776
-
-
1,787,454
30%
19%
1%
24%
25%
1%
0%
0%
0%
100%
3
20
45
2
12
12
15
12
12
5
42
12
12
3
45
-
20
-
2
0.6
0.1
0.1
10
10
15
10
10
5
40
12
12
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
0
0
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.1
0.1
89,373
44,473
877,609
542,857
334,751
11,860
218,468
1,107,937
5%
5%
49%
30%
1%
20%
100%
30
60
12
35
30
59
0
1
0.1
0.3
(over-the-road movement shown on other worksheets)
-
12
35
5
15
911,316
714,694
45,566
196,622
976,857
1,239,018
2,215,875
82%
65%
5%
18%
44%
56%
100%
3
5
30
2
31,764,489
52,025,355
83,789,844
3
30
-
16,055,468
18,663,891
34,719,359
18
-
2
15,709,022
33,361,463
49,070,485
0.5
0.1
0.1
881,085
7,616,498
8,497,583
Page 33
-------
On the left the tally sheets list possible activities. The list is similar across the various facility types,
although not all activities take place in every location. The cells hold either values linked to other
sheets, calculated values, output values, or optional input variables, as shown above. Cells
containing calculated values and output values are locked. Cells shaded in tan allow user inputs.
The outputs are totaled separately for loaded containers and for unloaded equipment (bobtails, bare
chassis, and empty containers). The tally sheets contain hidden cells in which the minutes by duty
cycle phase are multiplied by the number of trips in each category and totaled. The output cells are
ultimately linked to the Primary Inputs and Outputs and Activity Summary sheets.
Operating Modes. This section of each activity tally spreadsheet (below), which is ordinarily
hidden, is a critical factor in the emissions estimates. Duty cycle data are scarce, so the model
supplies a series of appropriate default values. The default duty cycle for over-the-road trips on this
and other spreadsheets is the California Air Resources Board (CARB) Highway Heavy Duty Diesel
Truck (HHDDT) test cycle of 16.6% Idle, 7.0% creep, 15.4% transient, and 57.8% Cruise.
Average speeds for each mode are consistent with the MOVES methodology: 0 mph for Idle, 1.7
mph for Creep, 12.5 mph for Transient, and 40 mph for Cruise.
The complete duty cycle is applied only to the over-the-road activities within the drayage activity
model, not to terminal activities or queuing. For most activities the tally sheet tracks waiting time
(modeled at Idle) separately from movement time. The movement time is modeled at Creep (average
of 1.7 mph, for gate transactions and queuing) or at Transient (average of 12.5 mph, for movement
within the yard and through bypass gates).
The tally sheet tracks the minutes accumulated in each operating mode and the total distance
traveled. These results are reported separately for loaded moves and for empty, bare chassis, and
bobtail moves combined.
Each activity tally sheet has a comparable operating cycle section which is normally hidden as there
are no user inputs or displays of results.
The sections that follow cover the individual Drayage Activity sheets and the detailed input options.
Page 34
-------
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OPERATING MODE SPEEDS
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Outbound/Export Containers
Total Containers Entering Terminal Gate
Loaded Containers
Empty Containers
Bare Chassis
Bobtail Tractors
Total Trips
Entry Gate Transactions
Entry Gate Transaction
Outside Queuing
Trouble Window
Bypass Entrance
Container Yard Activity
§fi
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0
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542,857
o
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8
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OPERATING MODE ASSIGNMENT
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443,609
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1 6.6% 7.0% 1 8.5% 57.8% 25.6 23,1 80 9,774 25,807 80,473 1 39,234 59,302
16.6% 7.0% 18.5% 57.8% 25.6 1,280,921 540,122 1,426,092 4,446,932 7,694,067 3,277,027
100% 0% 0% 0% 0.0 2,733,947 - - - 2,733,947
0% 100% 0% 0% 1 .7 - 1 2,612,250 - - 1 2,61 2,250 357,347
100% 0% 0% 0% 0.0 1,366,974 - - - 1,366,974 5,696
0% 100% 0% 0% 1 .7 - 393,243 - - 393,243 1 1 ,142
1 "ffi *~ 1 o o o
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16,055,468
2,391,625
13,317,397
16,055,468
i
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15,709,022
1
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976,857
1
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9,058,334
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Page 35
-------
7.2 Marine Terminal Worksheet
The Marine Terminal sheet covers the drayage activity within the marine terminal and at the marine
terminal gates. Trips to and from the marine terminals are covered in other sheets.
Marine Terminal Drayage Activity
This worksheet reflects movements of loaded containers, empty containers, bare chassis, and bobtail tractors to and from marine contain
Note: OB/Export Containers come IN to the Marine Terminal Gate, and vice versa
Duration Waiting Time
ActlVlty ™PS % (Minutes) (Minutes)
Outbound/Export Containers
Total Containers Entering Terminal Gate
Loaded Containers
Empty Containers
Bare Chassis
Bobtail Tractors
Total Trips
Entry Gate Transactions
Entry Gate Transaction
Outside Queuing
Trouble Window
Bypass Entrance
Container Yard Activity
Pick Up Loaded Container on Chassis
Pick Up Empty Container on Chassis
Locate & Pick Up Bare Chassis
Drop Loaded Container on Chassis
Drop Empty Container on Chassis
Drop Bare Chassis
Chassis Flip/Transfer
Live Lift Container onto Chassis
Live Lift Container off of Chassis
Total Transactions
Container Yard Delays
Trouble Window
Equipment Issue
Inbound/Import Containers
Total Containers Exiting Terminal Gate
Loaded Containers
Empty Containers
Bare Chassis
Bobtail Tractors
Total Trips
Exit Gate Transactions
Exit Gate Transaction
Inside Queuing
Trouble Window
Bypass Exit
Loaded Subtotal
Bobtail/Chassis/Empty Subtotal
Marine Terminal Total
877,609
434,000
443,609
11,601
218,728
1,107,937
39%
40%
1%
20%
100%
RESTORE GEN ERIC
er terminals DEFAULTS
Travel Time Distance
(minutes) (Miles)
= user changeable inputs
(over-the-road movement shown on other worksheets)
12
35
-
-
12
35
5
15
911,082
911,082
55,397
196,855
82%
82%
5%
18%
542,857
334,751
11,860
434,000
443,609
11,601
8,776
-
-
1,787,454
30%
19%
1%
24%
25%
1%
0%
0%
0%
100%
3
20
45
2
12
12
15
12
12
5
42
12
12
3
45
-
20
2
-
0.6
0.1
0.1
10
10
15
10
10
5
40
12
12
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
0
0
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.1
0.1
89,373
44,473
877,609
542,857
334,751
11,860
218,468
1,107,937
5%
5%
49%
30%
1%
20%
100%
30
60
30
59
0
1
0.1
0.3
^^^^^^^^m
(over-the-road movement shown on other worksheets)
12
35
-
12
35
5
15
911,316
714,694
45,566
196,622
976,857
1,239,018
2,215,875
82%
65%
5%
18%
44%
56%
100%
3
5
30
2
31,764,489
52,025,355
83,789,844
3
30
16,055,468
18,663,891
34,719,359
-
18
2
15,709,022
33,361,463
49,070,485
-
0.5
0.1
0.1
881,085
7,616,498
8,497,583
Activity Percentages. This column contains the percentage of all movements through the marine
terminal that are involved in specific activities, such as trips to a trouble window to resolve
paperwork problems. Values with tan shading can be replaced by the user. All the other percentages
are driven by the model.
Activity Durations. This column assigns the appropriate number of minutes to each drayage
activity. The cells shaded in tan are defaults but may be changed by the user.
Distances. The distances on this sheet are within the terminal or at the terminal gates, not between
terminals or other facilities. The tan values may be replaced by the user - others are calculated.
Page 36
-------
Note that the marine terminal worksheet has its own "Restore Generic Defaults" button, as some of
the tan cells that might be changed by the user contain formulas that would otherwise be lost.
7.3 Off-Dock Rail Terminal Spreadsheet
The Off-Dock Rail Terminal portion of the model reflects drayage trips to and from port terminals,
and port-related activity at and within the rail facility.
Off-Dock Rail Terminal Drayage Activity
This worksheet reflects moves of loaded containers, empty containers, bare chassis, and bobtail tractors to and from off-dock r
Note: Inbound/Import containers come IN to the Rail Terminal Entry Gate, and vice versa
Activity Trips % (^1"™*!°") Waiting Time
Inbound/Import Containers
Total Containers Entering Terminal Gate
Loaded Containers
Empty Containers
Bare Chassis
Bobtail Tractors
Total Trips
Entry Gate Transactions
Entry Gate Transaction
Outside Queuing
Trouble Window
Bypass Entrance
Rail Intermodal Yard Activity
Pick Up Loaded Container on Chassis
Pick Up Empty Container on Chassis
Locate & Pick Up Bare Chassis
Drop Loaded Container on Chassis
Drop Empty Container on Chassis
Drop Bare Chassis
Chassis Flip/Transfer
Live Lift Container onto Chassis
Live Lift Container off of Chassis
Total Transactions
Yard Delay & Repair
Trouble Window
Equipment Issue
Outbound/Export Containers
Total Containers Exiting Terminal Gate
Loaded Containers
Empty Containers
Bare Chassis
Bobtail Tractors
Total Trips
Exit Gate Transactions
Exit Gate Transaction
Inside Queuing
Trouble Window
Bypass Exit
Loaded Subtotal
Bobtail/Chassis/Empty Subtotal
Off-Dock Rail Terminal Total
142,929
135,714
7,215
13,178
19,378
175,485
RESTORE GENERIC
DEFAULTS
ail terminals
Travel Time Distance (Miles)
= user changeable inputs
77%
4%
8%
11%
100%
12
12
12
12
-
12
12
12
12
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
158,045
158,045
1,755
17,440
90%
90%
1%
10%
2
2
30
2
-
30
2
2
0.1
0.4
107,143
36,075
12,890
135,714
7,215
13,178
1,432
-
-
313,647
34%
12%
4%
43%
2%
4%
1%
0%
0%
100%
15
15
15
15
15
15
30
15
15
10
10
10
10
10
10
25
13
13
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
2
2
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
0.5
0.5
1,200
2,401
1%
2%
143,218
107,143
36,075
12,890
19,378
175,485
30
60
-
4
35
0.1
1.0
61%
21%
7%
11%
100%
12
12
12
12
-
-
-
12
12
12
12
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
158,045
158,045
1,755
17,440
242,857
108,113
350,970
90%
90%
1%
10%
69%
31%
100%
3
5
30
2
6,866,130
2,526,525
9,392,655
-
30
3,024,639
987,271
4,011,909
5
-
2
3,841,491
1,539,255
5,380,746
0.1
0.1
0.4
1,465,760
621,730
2,087,490
Activity Percentages. This column contains the percentage of all movements through the off-dock
rail terminal that are involved in specific activities. Values with tan shading can be replaced by the
user.
Activity Durations. This column assigns the appropriate number of minutes to each drayage
activity. The cells shaded in tan are defaults based on case studies but may be changed by the user.
Distances. The key input for the over-the-road trips is the distance. As with analogous inputs in
other model segments the ideal input value would be a weighted set of distances and volumes.
Lacking terminal-by-terminal trip data, the next-best input value would be the distances to rail
facilities (if there is more than one) weighted by their relative volumes of port-related activity.
Page 37
-------
7.4 Inter-Terminal Worksheet
The format of the Inter-Terminal drayage spreadsheet is abbreviated and used differently. Instead of
reflecting activity at gates and container yards, this model section represents over-the-road
movements between marine terminals. No in-terminal activities are covered.
Inter-Terminal Drayage Mileage & Time
RESTORE GENERIC
DEFAULTS
This worksheet reflects time and distance travelled in movements of loaded containers, empty containers, bare chassis,
and bobtail tractors between marine container terminals
Activity Trips %
Inter-Terminal Drayage Trips
Total Inter-Terminal Container Movements
Loaded Containers
Empty Containers
Bare Chassis
Bobtail Tractors
Total Trips
Loaded Subtotal
Bobtail/Chassis/Empty Subtotal
Inter-Terminal Total
5,714
5,429
286
-
714
6,429
5,429
1,000
6,429
Duration Waiting Travel
(Minutes) Time Time
Distance
(Miles)
= user changeable inputs
84%
4%
0%
11%
100%
84%
16%
100%
9
9
9
9
-
-
-
-
9
9
9
9
4
4
4
4
50,983
9,392
60,374
8,488
1,564
10,051
42,495
7,828
50,323
21,714
4,000
25,714
Activity Percentages. There are no user options in this column.
Activity Durations. The durations on this worksheet are calculated from the distances and the
average speeds in the duty cycle, and are not user-changeable.
Distances. The key input is the distance between terminals, which has a default value of 4 miles. As
in other cases, where there are only two facilities the input value should be the distance between
them. In a multi-terminal complex, the ideal input would be the various distances weighted by the
number of trips between each pair. The values may be replaced by the user.
7.5 Shipper/Receiver Spreadsheet
Shippers (exporters) and receivers (importers) are the underlying customers for container
transportation and in most ports will account for the majority of drayage trips and mileage. This
worksheet calculates the over-the-road and on-site mileage and time required to serve those
customers.
Page 38
-------
bnipper & Keceiver urayage Activity
This worksheet reflects movements of loaded containers, empty containers, and bobtail tractors to and from shippers
(exporters) and receivers (importers)
Inbound/Import Containers
Containers Entering Shipper/Receiver Gate
Loaded Containers
Empty Containers
Bobtail Tractors
Total Trips
Entry Gate Transactions
Entry Gate Transaction
Outside Queuing
Trouble Window
Loading/Unloading
Pick Up Loaded Container on Chassis
Pick Up Empty Container on Chassis
Drop Loaded Container on Chassis
Drop Empty Container on Chassis
Wait for Container Loading
Wait for Container Unloading
Total Transactions
Yard Delay
Yard Delay
Outbound/Export Containers
Containers Exiting Shipper/Receiver Gate
Loaded Containers
Empty Containers
Bobtail Tractors
Total Trips
Exit Gate Transactions
Exit Gate Transaction
Outside Queuing
Trouble Window
Loaded Subtotal
Bobtail/Chassis/Empty Subtotal
Shipper/Receiver Total
723,143
401,714
321,429
88,832
811,974
RESTORE GENERIC
DEFAULTS
Distance
Travel Time
(Miles)
= user changeable inputs
49%
40%
11%
100%
59
59
59
-
59
59
59
25.0
25.0
25.0
811,974
811,974
4,060
100%
100%
0.5%
2
3
30
2
30
3
0.1
241,071
301,286
301,286
241,071
80,357
100,429
1,265,500
19%
24%
24%
19%
6%
8%
100%
10
10
10
10
60
30
10
10
10
10
60
30
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
4,060
0.5%
15
15
-
-
723,143
321,429
401,714
88,832
811,974
89%
40%
49%
11%
100%
59
59
59
-
-
59
59
59
25.0
25.0
25.0
811,974
811,974
4,060
723,143
900,806
1,623,949
100%
100%
0.5%
45%
55%
100%
2
3
30
54,637,063
67,789,539
122,426,601
2
30
16,779,312
20,716,255
37,495,567
3
-
37,857,750
47,073,284
84,931,034
0.1
-
18,204,317
22,658,992
40,863,309
Activity Percentages. This column contains the percentage of all shipper/consignee movements
involved in specific activities, such as dropping an empty container or waiting for an import
container to be unloaded. Values with tan shading can be replaced by the user. A key factor is the
split between "drop and pick" trips (where the drayman delivers one container and picks up another)
and "stay with" trips (where the driver waits while the container is loaded or unload). This factor is
addressed on the Secondary Inputs spreadsheet.
Activity Durations. This column assigns the appropriate number of minutes to each drayage
activity. The cells shaded in tan are defaults but may be changed by the user.
Distances. The distances on this sheet refer to distances traveled to, from, and within
shipper/consignee facilities. The values are derived from the Primary Inputs.
7.6 Container Depot Spreadsheet
The Container Depot spreadsheet uses the same overall format as the other activity sheets but is
simpler because only a few of the functions are used.
Page 39
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container uepot urayage Activity
This worksheet reflects movements of loaded and empty containers, bare chassis, and bobtail tractors to and
from off-dock container storage depots
Duration Waiting
Activity Trips %
* r (Minutes) Time
Containers to Depot
Loaded Containers
Empty Containers
Bare Chassis
Bobtail Tractors
Total Trips
Entry Gate Transactions
Entry Gate Transaction
Outside Queuing
Trouble Window
Depot Yard Activity
Pick up Loaded Container on Chassis
Pick up Empty Container on Chassis
Locate & Pick up Bare Chassis
Drop Loaded Container on Chassis
Drop Empty Container on Chassis
Drop Bare Chassis
Live Lift Empty Container on Chassis
Live Lift Empty Container off Chassis
Total Transactions
Depot Yard Delays
Trouble Window
Equipment Issue
Containers from Depot
Loaded Containers
Empty Containers
Bare Chassis
Bobtail Tractors
Total Trips
Exit Gate Transactions
Exit Gate Transaction
Inside Queuing
Trouble Window
Loaded Subtotal
Bobtail/Chassis/Empty Subtotal
Container Depot Total
-
29,555
-
4,839
34,394
0%
86%
0%
14%
100%
RESTORE GENERIC
DEFAULTS
Travel Distance
Time (Miles)
= user changeable inputs
5
5
5
5
-
-
-
-
5
5
5
5
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
34,394
34,394
688
100%
100%
2%
3
5
15
3
-
15
-
5
-
-
0.1
-
-
6,628
22,639
-
5,911
23,644
22,639
23,644
105,104
0%
6%
22%
0%
6%
22%
22%
22%
100%
10
10
10
10
10
10
15
15
6
6
6
6
6
6
11
11
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
2,102
2,102
-
29,266
-
5,128
34,394
34,394
34,394
344
-
68,788
68,788
2%
2%
0%
85%
0%
15%
^^ 100%
100%
100%
1%
0%
100%
100%
30
60
5
5
5
5
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
5
5
5
5
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
3
3
15
-
2,171,254
2,171,254
-
-
15
-
1,163,169
1,163,169
3
3
-
-
1,008,086
1,008,086
-
0.1
-
-
159,886
159,886
Activity Percentages. This column contains the percentage of all movements through the container
depot involved in specific activities, such as dropping a container for storage. Values with tan
shading can be replaced by the user.
Activity Durations. This column assigns the appropriate number of minutes to each drayage
activity. The cells shaded in tan are defaults but may be changed by the user.
Distances. The distances on this sheet refer to distances traveled to, from, and within off-dock
container depots. The values are derived from the Primary Inputs.
7.7 Trucker Yard Worksheet
The Trucker Yard spreadsheet uses the same overall format as the other activity sheets but i only a
few of the functions since container remain on their chassis at these facilities.
Page 40
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Trucker Yard Drayage Activity
This worksheet reflects movements of loaded and empty containers, bare chassis, and bobtail tra
from off-dock trucker yards or equivalent locations
Duration
Activity Trips %
* r (Minutes)
Trips to Yard
Loaded Containers
Empty Containers
Bare Chassis
Bobtail Tractors*
C Total Trips
Trucker Yard Activity
'ick up Loaded Container on Chassis
Pick up Empty Container on Chassis
Pick up Bare Chassis
Drop Loaded Container on Chassis
Drop Empty Container on Chassis
Drop Bare Chassis
Total Transactions
Trips from Yard
Loaded Containers
Empty Containers
Bare Chassis
Bobtail Tractors*
Total Trips
Loaded Subtotal
Bobtail/Chassis/Empty Subtotal
Trucker Yard Total
* Inlcudes only bobtails to/from Marine Termina
9,714
14,463
-
114,190
138,367
7%
10%
0%
83%
100%
Dtors to and
RESTORE GENERIC
DEFAULTS
Waiting Travel Distance
Time Time (Miles)
= user changeable inputs
23
23
23
23
-
-
-
-
23
23
23
23
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
9,714
14,463
-
9,714
14,463
-
38,640
25%
37%
0%
25%
37%
0%
100%
10
10
10
10
10
10
5
5
5
5
5
5
4
4
4
4
4
4
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
9,714
14,463
-
114,190
138,367
19,429
257,305
276,733
7%
10%
0%
83%
100%
7%
93%
100%
23
23
23
23
-
-
-
-
23
23
23
23
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
639,017
6,313,450
6,952,467
173,085
1,150,379
1,323,464
465,932
5,163,071
5,629,002
196,714
2,576,663
2,773,378
to avoid double-counting cross-town moves
Activity Percentages. This column contains the percentage of all movements through the to and
from trucker yards involved in specific activities, such as dropping a container on chassis or bare
chassis for storage. Values with tan shading can be replaced by the user.
Activity Durations. This column assigns the appropriate number of minutes to each drayage
activity. The cells shaded in tan are defaults but may be changed by the user.
Distances. The distances on this sheet refer to distances traveled to, from, and within trucker yards.
The values are derived from the Primary Inputs.
As noted in the graphic, the Trucker Yard worksheet picks up only the bobtails to and from marine
terminals to avoid double-counting trips shown on other worksheets.
7.8 Other Port Trucks Worksheet
This worksheet is provided to account for movements of non-container port trucks, such as those
moving bulk or break-bulk cargoes. The format of this worksheet is simpler than the others. The
default model does not include such trips, so all such data must be added by the user.
Activity Percentages. This column contains the percentage of non-container truck movements by
activity type. Values with tan shading can be replaced by the user.
Activity Durations. This column assigns the appropriate number of minutes to each drayage
activity. Travel times are calculated by the model; waiting times can reflect user inputs.
Page 41
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Distances. The distances on this sheet refer to distances traveled by non-container trucks to and from
port facilities and are linked to the Secondary Inputs worksheet. The tan values may be replaced by
the user.
Other Port Truck Activity
This worksheet reflects movements of non-container trucks or other truck movements not covered
in other worksheets
_ . „. Duration Waiting
Activity Trips %
(Minutes) Time
Inbound/Import Trips
Loaded Trucks
Empty Trucks
Bobtail
Total Trips
Entry Gate Transactions
Entry Gate Transaction
Outside Queuing
Trouble Window
Yard Activity
Loading
Unloading
Total Transactions
Yard Delay & Repair
Yard Delay
Outbound/Export Trips
Loaded Trucks
Empty Trucks
Bobtail
Total Trips
Exit Gate Transactions
Exit Gate Transaction
Inside Queuing
Trouble Window
Loaded Subtotal
Bobtail/Empty Subtotal
Other Port Trucks Total
-
-
-
-
0%
0%
0%
0%
RESTORE GENERIC
DEFAULTS
Distance
Travel Time
(Miles)
= user changeable inputs
0
0
23
-
-
-
0
0
23
0.0
0.0
10
-
-
-
.
-
-
99%
1%
^^^H
0%
0%
0%
1
2
30
60
30
1
-
30
-
2
-
-
0.1
-
59
29
1
1
0.2
0.2
-
-
-
-
-
1%
0%
0%
0%
0%
15
59
59
23
15
-
-
-
-
-
59
59
23
25.0
25.0
10
.
-
-
-
-
-
99%
1%
0%
0%
0%
1
2
30
-
-
-
1
-
30
-
-
-
-
2
-
-
-
-
-
0.1
-
-
-
-
7.9 Resetting Base Case Default Outputs
Once any default detailed input values have been replaced by more specific, local data, the default
output values must be reset accordingly.
To reset the default output values, click the green "Set Default Inputs and Outputs to Scenario
Values" button on the Primary Inputs and Outputs worksheet. At this point the model provides a new
base case estimate of drayage activities, costs, and emissions for the port or terminal being modeled.
This base case then becomes the new default against which new scenarios can be compared. (To
restore the generic defaults, use the blue "Restore Generic Default Inputs & Outputs" button.)
Page 42
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8.0 Troubleshooting
8.1 Problem Types
The user may encounter problems of several different types, some of which are model issues, some
data issues, and some Excel issues. Each type is discussed separately below.
8.2 Model and Data Issues
The model itself has been tested by multiple users across a wide variety of circumstances. It is
possible, however, that users may encounter a problem with the model due to a combination of
actions that did not occur or cause trouble in testing.
The user may also encounter problems after inputting scenario values outside the expected range.
Using the Container Distribution worksheet. The core of the activity model is the Container
Distribution worksheet. This worksheet draws on the volume and distribution information from the
input sheet to allocate flows of loaded containers, empty containers, bare chassis, and bobtail tractors
among the various activity centers. The spreadsheet can also be used to troubleshoot apparent model
errors or inaccuracies.
DrayFLEET Version 2.0 Port Container Distribution Worksheet
Note: For clarity and consistency, all directions are Port orientation. nbound=lmport, Outbound= Export
Marine Container Terminals (MT)
To/From Vessels
Annual PortTEU
Equiv. Containers
IB/Import Loads
IB/Import Empties
OB/Export Loads
OB/Export Empties
Number
2,000,000
1,142,857
542,857
28,571
428,571
142,857
Port Share
100%
100%
48%
3%
38%
13%
Non-gate Container Moves
IB/Import Loads
IB/Import Empties
OB/Export Loads
OB/Export Empties
On-Dock Barge
Transhipment
Port Share 0%
-
-
-
-
On-Dock Rail
Port Share 0%
-
-
-
-
Inter-Terminal Drayage Trips
MT Trip Share 1%
IB/Import Loads
IB/Import Empties
IB/Import Chassis
OB/Export Loads
OB/Export Empties
OB/Export Chassis
Bobtails
Number
5,429
286
5,429
286
-
714
Container Terminal Gate Moves
mport/Outgate Loads
Import/Outgate Empties
Outgate Chassis
Outgate Bobtails
Outgate Subtotal
Export/In gate Loads
Export/I ngate Empties
Ingate Chassis
Ingate Bobtails
Ingate Subtotal
Total Moves
542,857
334,751
11,860
329,636
1,219,105
434,000
443,609
11,601
329,896
1,219,105
2,438,210
Other Port Truck Tri
Loads from MT
Empties from MT
Loads to MT
Empties to MT
Inbound Bobtails
Outbound Bobtails
Total Moves
ps
-
Port/Terminal Trips
Shipper/Receiver Trips
MT Trip Share 70%
Total Import Loads Received
Import Loads from MT
Empties Created
Total Export Loads Generated
Export Loads to MT
Empties Required for Export Loads
Empties from MT
Empties to MT
Bobtails to Shipper/Receiver
Bobtails from Shipper/Receiver
Container/Chassis Depot Tri|
MT Trip Share 2%
Import Loads from MT
Empties from MT
Chassis from MT
Export Loads to MT
Empties to MT
Chassis to MT
Bobtails to Depots
Bobtails from Depots
Off-Dock Rail Intermodal Trip
MT Trip Share 16%
Import Loads from MT
Empties from MT
Chassis from MT
Export Loads to MT
Empties to MT
Chassis to MT
Bobtails to Rail
Bobtails from Rail
Trucker Yard Trips
MT Trip Share 11%
Import Loads from MT
Empties from MT
Chassis from MT
Export Loads to MT
Empties to MT
Chassis to MT
Bobtails to Trucker Yard
Bobtails from Trucker Yard
401,714
396,286
401,714
321,429
317,143
321,429
303,751
373,594
88,832
88,832
s
-
17,143
25,980
4,839
5,128
s
135,714
7,143
11,860
107,143
35,714
11,601
19,378
19,378
5,429
6,429
4,286
8,034
114,190
114,190
Non-Port Trips
Shipper/Receiver Trip
Import Loads from Depot
Import Loads from Trucker Yard
Export Loads to Depot
Export Loads to Trucker Yard
Import Containers Reused
Empties from Import Reuse
Empties to Export Reuse
Empties from Depot
Empties from Trucker Yard
Empties to Depot
Empties to Trucker Yard
Total Moves
Container/Chassis Depot
Chassis from Trucker
Chassis to Trucker
Empties from Rail
Empties to Rail
Empties from S/R
Import Loads to S/R
Export Loads from S/R
Empties to S/R
Total Moves
Off-Dock Rail Intermodal
Chassis from Depots
Chassis to Depots
Empties to Depots
Empties from Depots
Chassis from TY
Chassis to TY
Total Moves
Trucker Yard Trips
Empties from S/R
Import Loads to S/R
Empties to S/R
Export Loads from S/R
Chassis to Depots
Chassis from Depots
Chassis to Rail
Chassis from Rail
Total Moves
s
5,429
4,286
8,034
8,034
8,034
3,214
6,429
12,051
8,034
1,623,949
Trips
361
72
12,051
3,214
68,788
'rips
1,318
1,289
361
72
350,970
8,034
5,429
6,429
4,286
-
-
-
-
276,733
Page 43
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This spreadsheet functions as a check on the logic and completeness of the scenario inputs. The
container distribution chart is driven by entries elsewhere, total TEU and proportional splits between
activity and customer groups. There are no user entries on this worksheet.
• If the flows shown on the chart do not appear correct it is an indication of problems
with input factors either on the primary input sheet or on one of the activity center
sheets.
• If the overall container count is wrong either the TEU total, the inbound/outbound
balance, the load/balance, and the containers per TEU conversion factors should be
checked.
• If the barge or on-dock rail volumes appear wrong, the barge percentage, the rail
percentage, and the on-dock rail shares should be checked.
• Negative values anywhere on this sheet are an indication of errors or conflicting
scenario specifications. In these cases the values on the Primary Inputs and Secondary
Inputs sheets should be checked for consistency.
If the totals and proportions in the marine terminal gate section of the flow chart do not agree with
empirical data, the following issues should be considered (as well possible inaccuracy of the
empirical data).
• Proportions and volumes of containers moved via barge or on-dock rail. In particular,
the load/empty balances of barge or rail flows may differ significantly from the
overall port balance, (see the Secondary Inputs worksheet)
• Proportions of bobtail or bare chassis moves (on the Marine Terminal activity center
sheet). There may be local reasons for higher or lower percentages of bobtail or bare
chassis moves, such as off-terminal or storage, a higher number of inter-terminal
moves, (see the Secondary Inputs worksheet)
• The existence of bypass gates, inter-terminal or depot moves by yard tractors, or other
reasons why some moves are not reflected in terminal gate counts, (see the Secondary
Inputs worksheet)
• A mismatch between the pattern reflected in gate counts and the overall annual port
drayage pattern. This mismatch might occur if a monthly or weekly sample includes
non-typical activity such as service disruptions or large-scale equipment
repositioning.
The marine terminal gate flow numbers on the flow chart are matched on the marine terminal
activity center sheet. The relationships on that sheet should be reviewed in detail if the flow chart
numbers appear incorrect.
8.3 Error Messages
The Excel #DIV/0! message may appear if the user inserts zero into a cell where zero is not a valid
value, such as in the Annual TEU or Avg./TEU Container fields.
Page 44
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The Excel #VALUE! message usually indicates that the user has entered a non-numerical character
in a numerical field, such as inputting the letter "a" for the Outbound Empty %. A particularly
common error of this time is typing the letter "O" for the number zero.
The Excel Circular Reference error message may appear if the user inadvertently sets a default
value equal to the corresponding scenario value, since the scenario value is ordinarily equal to the
default already.
8.4 Problems with Excel Functionality
Correct model functioning depends on numerous Excel functions and features, including several
macros. Where difficulties with the model are traceable to Excel itself, standard software
troubleshooting procedures apply. Suggestions include:
• Consulting the Excel Help file (keyboard shortcut Fl).
• Using the Formula Auditing tools under Formulas on the Excel 2010 ribbon.
• Using the Open and Repair option when opening the model file.
• Entering a brief description of the problem into an Internet search engine (e.g.
Google).
Page 45
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9.0 Appendix: Input Summary Tables
9.1 Primary Inputs
The tables below summarize the major input variables on the Primary Inputs & Outputs worksheet.
The tables can be used as a paper version of the worksheet to assemble the necessary data.
Primary Inputs for DrayFLEET Model 2.0
Input
Default
Scenario
Comment
Primary Port Inputs
Annual TEU
Average TEU
per Container
Inbound
Share
Inbound
Empty Share
Outbound
Empty Share
Rail
Intermodal
Share
2,000,000
1.75
50%
5%
25%
25%
Enter the total annual Twenty-foot Equivalent Units (TEU)
handled by the port or terminal in question
Enter the appropriate factor to convert the TEU data to an
equivalent container count
Enter the percentage of TEU or containers moving inbound
from vessel to port or terminal, whether loaded or empty,
import or domestic cargo
Enter the percentage of import TEU or containers that arrive
empty
Enter the percentage of outbound TEU or containers that
depart empty
Enter the total percentage of on-dock and off-dock rail
intermodal movement of port containers (in % of TEU or
containers, not tonnage), both loaded and empty
Page 46
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Primary Marine Terminal Inputs
Average
Inbound Gate
Queue
Minutes
Average
Container
Yard Minutes
per
Transaction
20
minutes
30
minutes
Enter the average minutes that drayage drivers spend
waiting in queues outside terminal gates
Enter the average minutes required inside the marine
terminal container yard to complete a single transaction
Primary Rail Terminal Inputs
Weighted
Average
Miles from
Marine
Terminal
Average
Inbound Gate
Queue
Minutes
Average Rail
Yard Minutes
per
Transaction
5 miles
5 minutes
15
minutes
Where there is only one marine terminal and one off-dock
rail terminal, enter the distance between them
Enter the average time draymen spend waiting to enter the
inbound gates at off-dock rail terminals
Enter the average time required in the rail terminal yard
(after passing through the gate) for a single transaction
Page 47
-------
Primary Container Depot Inputs
Weighted
Average
Miles from
Marine
Terminal
Share of
Empties
Stored at
Depots
2 miles
10%.
Where there is just one marine terminal and one depot, enter
the distance between them. Where there are multiple
terminals and multiple depots the input value should be the
weighted average
Enter the percentage of empty containers that are either
returned to a leasing company depot ("off-hired") or stored
at a depot for other reasons.
Primary Shipper/Receivers Inputs
Weighted
Average
Miles from
Port
Weighted
Average
Crosstown
Miles
25 miles
10 miles
Enter the average distance traveled to local and regional
shippers and consignees
Enter the average distance between shipper/receiver
locations, container depots, trucker yards, and rail terminals
Primary Trucker Yard Inputs
Weighted
Average
Miles from
Marine
Terminal
Trucker Yard
Share of Port
Bobtail
Moves
2 miles
50%
Where there are multiple terminals and multiple trucker
yards the input value should be the weighted average
distance between them
Enter the percentage of bobtail tractor moves within the port
area that start or end at a trucker yard
Drayage Cost Inputs
Average
Labor Cost
per Hour
Average Fuel
Price
$15.00
$4.00
Enter the average hourly cost of drayage labor (truck
drivers).
Enter the average price per gallon for diesel fuel.
Page 48
-------
Initiative Inputs
Stacked
Terminal
On-Dock Rail
Automated
Gates
Extended
Gate Hours
Container
Information
System
Virtual
Container
Yard
Neutral
Chassis Pool
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
Enter the percentage of containers (loaded and empty) that
are typically stacked at the marine terminal(s) rather than
parked on chassis
Enter the percentage of rail intermodal containers or TEU
that are transferred at on-dock rail facilities rather than at
off-dock or near-dock facilities.
Enter the percentage of container or TEU that are handled at
automated terminal gates (e.g. via OCR, swipe card, RFID,
or other technology that reduces time at the gates).
Enter the percentage of containers or TEU that pass through
terminal gates in off-peak hours, up to a maximum of 50%.
Enter the percentage of containers or TEU whose movement
or handing is covered by a port or terminal information
system accessible to draymen (e.g. eModal, Voyager Track).
Enter the percentage of containers or TEU for which a
Virtual Container Yard (VCY) or other container status and
interchange system is available
Enter the percentage of containers or TEU handled at
terminals with neutral chassis pools (or alternately, the
percentage of containers or TEU mounted on neutral pool
chassis).
Page 49
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9.2 Dray age Fleet Inputs
The table below lists the most critical data items for the Drayage Fleet Inputs worksheet.
Drayage Fleet Inputs
Drayage Fleet
Drayage
Truck
Emission
Control
Strategies
0%
Number of drayage trucks by model year
Percent of trucks with various types of control strategies
including DPFs, DOCs, APUs, single-wide tires, etc.
Page 50
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9.3 Secondary Inputs
The following tables summarize the input options available on the Secondary Inputs worksheet.
Secondary Inputs for DrayFLEET Model 2.0
Input
Default
Scenario
Comment
Port Operations
Barge/Transshipment
Share
Inter-Terminal Dray
Share
0%
1%
If containers are transferred to or from barges at the
facility or if there is transshipment performed, enter the
percentage of TEU or containers affected
For a port analysis, enter the percentage of containers
that are drayed between port terminals. For a single
terminal analysis, enter zero
Marine Terminal Operations
% of Bobtails using
Bypass Gate
% of Bobtail
Tractors at Gates
90%
20%.
Many marine terminals have a bypass gate for bobtail
trips to reduce congestion at the main gates. Enter the
percentage of bobtail trips using such bypass gates
If available, enter the port-specific percentage of
bobtail trips at marine terminal gates as a percentage
of total gate movements
Rail Terminal Operations
% of Bobtail
Tractors at Gates
% of Bobtails using
Bypass Gate
% Live Lifts
% of Rail Empties
Returned to Depots
20%
90%
0%
1%
If available, enter the average percentage of bobtail
trips at rail terminal gates as a percentage of total gate
movements
Many rail terminals have a bypass gate for bobtail trips
to reduce congestion at the main gates. Enter the
percentage of bobtail trips using such bypass gates
The norm for rail terminals is for drayman to park
containers on chassis for subsequent loading by the
terminal operator, and to pick up parked containers on
chassis that have been previously unloaded from trains.
"Live lifts" occur when the drayman waits to have the
container transferred from chassis to rail car (or vice
versa).
Enter the percentage of empty containers that arrive at
off-dock rail terminals and are drayed to off-dock
container depots for storage rather than being drayed to
the marine terminals
Page 51
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Container Depot Operations
% of Bobtail Moves
% Live Lift at
Depots
% of Depot Empties
Sent to Rail
% of Import Loads
Drayed to Depots
% of Export Loads
Drayed to Depots
20%
80%
1%
0%
0%
If available, enter the percentage of bobtail trips at
container depot gates as a percentage of total depot
gate movements
The norm for container depots is to store containers in
stacks, off their chassis. "Live lifts" occur when the
drayman waits to have the container transferred from
chassis to stack (or vice versa).
Enter the percentage of empty containers sent to rail
intermodal terminals from off-dock container depots
rather than being sent to marine terminals
Ordinarily, only empty containers are drayed to off-
terminal depots for storage. If import loads are ever
drayed to off-dock depots, enter the percentage here
Ordinarily, only empty containers are drayed to off-
terminal depots for storage. If export loads are ever
drayed to off-dock depots, enter the percentage here
Page 52
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Shipper/Receiver Operations
% of Bobtail Moves
% of Drivers
Waiting for
Load/Unload
% of Empties
Supplied from
Depots
% of Empties
Returned to Depots
% of Empties
Reused for Loads
% of Empties
Drayed to Trucker
Yards
% of Empties
Drayed from Trucker
Yards
20%
50%
1%
3%
2%
2%
2%
If available, enter the percentage of bobtail trips at
shipper/receiver gates as a percentage of total
shipper/receiver gate movements
The norm for most shippers and receivers is for
drayman to park loaded or empty containers on chassis
for subsequent handling by the customer, and to pick
up parked containers on chassis that are ready to go to
marine terminals or elsewhere. These are generally
referred to as "drop and pick" operations. "Stay with"
trips occur when the drayman waits to have a loaded
import container unloaded or an empty export
container loaded. Where information on the prevalence
of "stay with" waits is available, enter the appropriate
percentage.
Enter the percentage of empty containers for export
loads supplied from off-dock container depots rather
than from marine terminals. This percentage can vary
widely between ports.
Enter the percentage of emptied import containers that
are drayed to off-dock container depots rather than to
the marine terminals. This percentage can vary widely
between ports
Enter the percentage of emptied import containers that
are repositioned and used for an export load, either by
the original drayman or by another firm. This
percentage tends to be low, less than 5% at most ports
Enter the percentage of emptied import containers that
are drayed to trucker yards rather than to the marine
terminals. This percentage can vary widely between
ports.
Enter the percentage of empty containers for export
loads supplied from trucker yards rather than from
marine terminals or depots. This percentage can vary
widely between ports.
Trucker Yard Operations
% of Import Loads
Staged at Trucker
Yards
% of Export Loads
Staged at Trucker
Yards
1%
1%
Loaded import containers are occasionally staged for
short periods at trucker yards before delivery to the
actual customer. Enter the percentage staged here.
Loaded export containers are occasionally staged for
short periods at trucker yards before delivery to the
marine terminal. Enter the percentage staged here.
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