&EPA
EPA 910-K-09-006 I August 2009 I www.epa.gov
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Residential
Green Building Guide:
A Web Source Book for
The Pacific Northwest and Alaska
III
Office of Air, Waste and Toxics
United States Environmental Protection Agency, Region 10
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Table of Contents
I.
Introduction to Green Building.
Purpose of this Guide
About the Guide
Buildings and the Environment..
Why Build Green Homes
II. Site Considerations 2
Location 2
Size 2
Building Orientation 3
III. Reduce, Reuse, Recycle 3
Construction and Demolition 3
Deconstruction 4
Donations/Reused Goods and Materials 4
IV. Exterior Building Materials 4
Color 4
Decking 4
Foundation 5
Roofing 6
Siding Options 6
V. Interior Building Materials 7
Floors 7
VI. Coatings 8
Paints and Primers 8
Wallpaper 9
VII. Heating and Cooling 9
Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning (HVAC)
Systems 9
Thermostats 10
Water Heaters 10
Insulation II
Windows 11
Window Technologies 12
Local Energy Efficiency Programs 12
VIII. Lighting 13
Efficiency and Placement 13
Daylighting 13
IX. 13
Fixtures 13
Piping 14
X. Furnishings 14
Carpet 14
Carpet Pads or Cushions 14
Materials 15
XI. Indoor Environment 15
Indoor Air Quality for New Homes 15
Indoor airPLUS 15
Indoor Air Quality for Existing Homes 15
Mold 16
Radon 16
XII. Landscaping 16
Composting 17
Integrated Pest Management (IPM) 17
Irrigation 17
Natural 17
Specialized Techniques 17
Organic Gardening 17
Xeriscaping 18
XIII. Stormwater Management 18
Erosion and Sediment Control 18
Surface Water Management 18
Pavement 18
Rain Gardens 19
Water Collection Systems 19
XIV. Renewable Energy 19
XV. Local Green Building Programs and
Certification Programs 20
Local Green Building Programs 20
Certification Programs 20
Checklists, Criteria, Guidance 21
XVI. Green Building Examples .................. 21
Alaska and the Pacific Northwest Examples 21
Nationwide 21
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I. Introduction to Green
Purpose of Guide
The purpose of the Residential Green Building Guide is to
provide a resource to homeowners and contractors in the
Pacific Northwest and Alaska who are interested in con-
structing and/or renovating their homes to be more envi-
ronmentally friendly. It is intended as a place to start and
cannot answer all questions, but describes the resources
that we are aware of to find more information. The Guide
contains listings for information on green construction and
renovation, where and how to find green products, and
serves those in Washington, Oregon, Idaho, and Alaska.
This Guide features organizations that are governmental
or not-for-profit corporations. The Guide focuses solely on
construction and renovation products and does not discuss
maintenance or operation of products.
The non-EPA websites provided in this Guide contain ad-
ditional information that may be useful or interesting and
is consistent with the Guide's intended purpose. How-
ever, the EPA cannot attest to the accuracy of information
provided by the non-EPA websites. Providing references to
non-EPA websites does not constitute an endorsement by
EPA or any of its employees of the sponsors of the site or
the information or products presented on the site. Also, be
aware that the privacy protection provided on the EPA.gov
domain may not be available on non-EPA websites.
About the Guide
This Guide is set up in paragraph form; it is not meant to be
exhaustive on the topics, but will give the reader resources
and ideas to find more information. Readers will find each
resource option indented with a title followed by either a
website or search terms and a description of the resource
or product. While the EPA cannot promote or endorse
specific companies, services, or products, we can and have
described the options currently available to facilitate your
search for specific products or companies. The Guide does,
however, endorse EPA and other federal programs such
as Energy Star for Homes and Indoor airPLUS for New
Homes.
The Guide presents environmentally preferable options,
but readers should think about life cycle considerations
such as the durability of products, the length of time before
replacement is required, and the environmental impact
of the transportation of products, which includes distance
from manufacturer when selecting materials to purchase
for their home. The Guide gives a range of product op-
tions and does not distinguish cost as a factor. Although
some environmental construction materials and products
mentioned in this Guide have a high cost up front, they may
have lower operating costs or last longer. Some are more
expensive because of environmental considerations, and it
is up to the reader to weigh these factors.
It is important that readers of the Guide understand that
there are always alternatives and trade-offs to be made
when selecting products or materials. While one prod-
uct, material, or technology may be more environmentally
friendly in one way, it may be lacking in another. This
Guide will provide ideas and examples that will help the
reader make decisions that are right for you.
The Guide is up to date although some references may
have changed after publication. Readers are encouraged
to do further research on specific topics of their interest
to be sure they have the most accurate information. We
expect to periodically update the Guide, and encourage
readers to submit appropriate updates as technology and
information become more widely available.
Buildings the Environment
In 2002, buildings accounted for nearly 40% of total U.S.
energy consumption. Residential buildings accounted
for 54.6% of that total. U.S. buildings are responsible for
38.1% of the nation's carbon dioxide emissions, 20.8%
of which is emitted from the residential sector. Building
occupants use 12.2% of the total water consumed in the
U.S. per day, 74.4% of which is used for residential needs.
Building-related construction and demolition debris totals
approximately 136 million tons per year, 43% of which is
generated from residential sources.
Faefe from EPA:
http:www.epa.gov/greenbuilding/pubs/gbstats.pdf
Why Build Green Homes
The built environment has a vast impact on the natural
environment, human health, and the economy. By adopting
green building strategies, we can maximize both economic
and environmental performance. Green construction
methods can be integrated into buildings at any stage, from
design and construction, to renovation and deconstruction.
However, the most significant benefits can be obtained if
those involved in the design and construction of the build-
ing work together from the earliest stages of a building
project. It is imperative that the construction and design
industry adopt green building practices given we live in a
world of finite resources. Potential benefits of green build-
ing can include but are not limited to:
Environmental
Enhance and protect biodiversity and ecosystems
Improve air and water quality
« Reduce waste streams
« Conserve and restore natural resources
Economic benefits
Reduce operating costs
Create, expand, and shape markets for green product
and services
Improve occupant productivity
« Optimize life-cycle economic performance
Social
Enhance occupant comfort and health
Heighten aesthetic qualities
Minimize strain on local infrastructure
Improve overall quality of life
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II. Considerations
When choosing a location to build your home, there are
some factors homeowners should consider to avoid devel-
opment of inappropriate sites and to reduce the environ-
mental impact at the building site. Smart Growth covers
a range of development and conservation strategies that
help protect the natural environment and make commu-
nities more attractive, economically stronger, and more
socially diverse. The EPA Smart Growth program helps
communities improve their development practices and get
the type of development they want. Visit http://www.epa.
gov/smartgrowth/about_sg.htm for more information on
Smart Growth.
Low Impact Development (LID) is an approach to land
development (or re-development) that works with nature to
manage stormwater as close to its source as possible. LID
employs principles such as preserving and recreating natu-
ral landscape features, minimizing effective imperviousness
to create functional and appealing site drainage that treat
stormwater as a resource rather than a waste product.
There are many practices that have been used to adhere to
these principles such as bioretention facilities, rain gardens,
vegetated rooftops, rain barrels, and permeable pave-
ments. By implementing LID principles and practices, water
can be managed in a way that reduces the impact of built
areas and promotes the natural movement of water within
an ecosystem or watershed. Applied on a broad scale, LID
can maintain or restore a watershed's hydrologic and eco-
logical functions. LID can be applied to new development,
redevelopment, or as retrofits to existing development. LID
has been adapted to a range of land uses from high density
ultra-urban settings to low density development. Visit http://
www.epa.gov/owow/nps/Iid for more information on Low
Impact Development.
Location
Homeowners can proactively minimize their home's impact
on the natural environment when they choose an appropri-
ate location to build. Buyers should consider the following
factors when they to purchase land to construct a new
home.
Endangered or Threatened Habitat/Species: Homes
should not be sited where endangered species or threat-
ened habitat is located. If you suspect that there is or
might be endangered or threatened habitat/species on
your property, contact your state and local municipality
for more information.
AlaskaDept. of Fish & Game
http://www.adfg.state.ak.us/special/esa/esa_home.
php
Governor's Office of Species Conservation
http ://species. Idaho. gov/thr_endgr.html
OregonDept. of Fish & Wildlife
http://www.dfw.state.or.us/wildlife/diversity/species/
threatened_endangered_species.asp
Washington-Dept. of Fish & Wildlife
http://www.wdfw.wa.gov/wildlife/management/en-
dangered.html
Flood lines: Homeowners should avoid constructing
their homes at elevations lower than 5 feet above the
100-year flood plain to avoid flooding. To find flood
maps in your area, contact the Federal Emergency
Management Agency (FEMA) Map Assistance Center at
1-877-FEMA-MAP to find the local "Map Repository" or
order maps from their website (http://wwwJema.gov/
hazard/flood/index.shtm).
Infrastructure: When possible, it is recommended that
new homes be constructed where connection to local
infrastructure (sewer, water, etc.) is possible or already
present.
Legacy Landscaping: If building on a lot that has exist-
ing trees and shrubbery, talk to the architect and/or con-
struction company about which trees might be kept. This
is an easy way to increase properly value and shade the
home in the summer, improving energy efficiency.
Previous When possible, homeowners should
consider constructing new homes on previously devel-
oped land. By leaving virgin lands untouched, impact on
the environment is minimized. Home sites with higher
development densities often require transportation
and already have local infrastructure. Brownfields are
another option to consider. Brownfields are real proper-
ty, the expansion, redevelopment, or reuse of which may
be complicated by the presence or potential presence of
a hazardous substance, pollutant, or contaminant. Visit
http://www.epa.gov/brownfields/for more information
on brownfields.
Transportation: Green builders recommend situating
new homes within close proximity to public transporta-
tion, jobs, retail, and services; by doing so, residents will
reduce their need to travel, reduce traffic, and minimize
air pollution.
Wetlands: In general it is recommended that homes not
be built within 100 feet of any wetland. These aquatic
habitats and their adjacent upland buffers are vital to
ecosystem function, biological diversity, and storm water
management.
Size
Smaller homes have a reduced impact on the environment
and require fewer resources during construction and devel-
opment. Constructing a home to suit your needs without
adding additional unused rooms will reduce the impact your
home has on the environment.
Energy Efficiency: Smaller homes have surface
area from which they can lose heat to the outside. In
smaller homes, the distance heat must travel from the
furnace to rooms is minimized, which reduces heat loss
from ducts, and there is less overall space to heat and
cool (see the Heating and Cooling section of this Guide
for more information). Smaller dwellings are more en-
ergy efficient overall.
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Building Orientation
Proper orientation of your home is necessary to maximize
solar energy. In green building, solar energy can be used
to heat and light your home and generate electricity on-
site using photovoltaic panels. In general, the long axis
of your home should be oriented east to west to maximize
solar heating in winter and daylighting opportunities. For
more information on passive solar heating, daylighting,
and photovoltaics, see Heating & Cooling, Lighting, and
Alternative Energy Resources. Building orientation is also
important for ventilation and cooling. Understanding local
wind patterns is important for maximizing natural ventilation
and cooling and generating electricity on-site using wind
turbines. For more information, see Heating & Cooling,
Alternative Energy Resources, and Landscaping.
Based on an illustration by Christopher Gutsche, EcoSmith Architecture &
Consulting, based on data from the Renewable Northwest Project (1999).
Appeared in the bookThe Northwest Green Home Primer by Kathleen
O'Brien and Kathleen Smith.
III. Reduce, Reuse, Recycle
When the opportunity exists, it is environmentally prefer-
able to reduce consumption, reuse and recycle, and only
dispose of materials once their usable life has concluded.
Using the resources here, consumers can learn how to re-
duce construction and demolition debris, donate goods and
materials for reuse, as well as where to find reused goods
and materials.
Construction and Demolition
Construction and Demolition (C&D) debris accounts for
a significant amount of residential and commercial solid
waste generated in the United States. C&D debris and
waste reduction plans are typically set up before construc-
tion begins. Please use the resources listed here to find
further information on debris reduction for your project.
Reducing Construction and Demolition Materials
Website: http://epa.gov/epawaste/conserve/rrr/imr/cdm/
reducing
Description: Outlines the benefits of reducing the
amount of construction and demolition materials dis-
posed of in landfills or combustion facilities.
Construction Recycling
Website: http://your.kingcounty.gov/solidwaste/green-
building/constructionrecycling/index.asp
Description: Here you will find assistance with con-
struction and demolition projects and tools for recycling
specifications and a directory for King County construc-
tion recyclers.
Construction Salvage and Recycling Toolkit
Website: http://www.oregonmetro.gov/index.cfm/go/
by.web/id=24684
Description: This website offers practical tools for con-
tractors and builders in regards to recycling and reusing
construction material. Also, there is a recycling directory
that offers over 100 recycling facility locations.
Lifecycle Building Design
Search Term: Lifecycle building design, designing to
reduce waste
Description: Designing buildings to take their full
lifecycle into consideration can reduce construction
and demolition debris. Houses should be designed to
anticipate and facilitate future changes and eventual
disassembly to reuse and recycle materials. This can
dramatically reduce renovation costs and time as well
as save resource. Examples of lifecycle building include
movable walls, centralized wiring and data cables, and
nail-free paneling.
Lifecycle Building
Website: http://lifecyclebuilding.org/resources.php
Description: This site provides case studies and the
latest ideas on designing buildings and components and
systems for adaptability and disassembly. The project
is a partnership of the EPA, American Institute of Archi-
tects, and the Building Reuse Association.
FreeCycle
Web Site: http://www.freecycle.org
Description: A grassroots non-profit movement of
people who give and get materials, including building
materials, for free in their own towns. A local volunteer
moderates each local group and membership is free.
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Deconstruction
Some building materials reuse center or demolition contrac-
tors offer deconstruction, the careful removal of materials
for reuse, as an alternative to demolition. Deconstruction
has the advantage of maximizing reuse and recycling of
unwanted replacement for demolition or to be performed
before the building is demolished mechanically. See the
resources below to find a service provider in your area.
Donating Reusing Goods Materials
Reused goods and materials are available throughout the
Pacific Northwest in local reuse shops or through reuse
vendors. The resources listed below will help homeown-
ers find reused materials for their projects as well as offer
information on donation locations where homeowners can
take their previously used goods and materials for resale.
For interior upgrades, let the architect know that reuse is a
priority. Many designers can update an interior look using
an approach that keeps the fundamental structure intact,
minimizing waste. Visit your local reuse outlet to consider
reusing 'retro' fixtures and other materials for updates.
Architectural Salvage
Search Terms: architectural salvage Pacific Northwest
Description: At architectural salvage centers, homeown-
ers can find recovered building materials and home
furnishings such as doors, tiles, flooring, bathroom
and light fixtures, furniture, or structural materials to fit
their needs, budget, or home style.
2Good2Toss
Website: http://www.2good2toss.com
Description: Here you can sell or buy reusable building
materials online in the Washington area.
The Forest Products Laboratory - Directory of Wood-
Framed Building Deconstruction Building
Materials Companies, 2004
Website: http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/fplgtr/fpL
gtr150.pdf
Description: This directory lists companies involved in
wood-framed building deconstruction and dismantling
and reused building materials. It emphasizes compa-
nies that use, resell, or remanufacture salvaged wood.
Consumers can use the directory to find salvaged
wood for architectural items and flooring, construction
and framing, or to find deconstruction services.
ReDo
Website: http://www.redo.org/FindReuse.html
Description: This directory lists reuse centers in each of
the US states as well as DC, Guam, Puerto Rico, and
the US Virgin Islands.
Building Association
Website: http://www.bmra.org/
Description: The Building Materials Reuse Association
is a non-profit educational organization whose mission
is to facilitate building deconstruction and building
materials recovery.
Centers
Search Terms: reuse center Pacific Northwest
Description: Materials found at reuse centers are often
over-stock from contractors and other home improve-
ment stores or are refurbished materials from decon-
structed area homes.
IV. Exterior Building Materials
The exterior of a home is in direct contact with the natural
world; from the earth beneath its foundation to the sun and
the sky and every form of precipitation that strike its roof
and siding. When looking to minimize a home's impact
on the surrounding environment, one should consider the
materials that go into the construction of the home. The
resources cited below give information about environmen-
tally preferred materials and techniques for the construction
and renovation of a home's exterior. Many of these materi-
als can be found in reuse centers throughout the Pacific
Northwest. Please visit the Reuse section of this guide for
more information on salvaged materials.
Color
The exterior color of a house can affect the home's
overall heat retention. Using a lighter color with a higher
albedo, or the ability to reflect light, reduces the heat-
island effect, a phenomenon where homes and other
buildings absorb the sun's light leading to an "island" of
increased heat. This can minimize the energy needed to
cool a home during the heat of the summer. For infor-
mation about eco-friendly paints and stains, please see
the Coatings section.
Decking
Untreated natural wood can rot and become infested
with pests, but pressure-treated lumber can be harmful
to the environment and your family. Certain species of
wood are naturally rot-resistant, such as mahogany, ce-
dar, juniper, cypress, and highly durable tropical woods
like Ipe. Cost effective alternatives to wood exist and
should be considered for all outdoor wood uses. Use
the resources below to find decking material for your
home.
Certified Wood
(see the complete section on page 6, Siding Options)
Composite Wood/Recycled Plastic
Terms: composite wood, recycled plastic, engi-
neered wood, composite lumber, engineered lumber
Description: Ideal for decking and railings, composite
wood looks like real wood. Made out of reclaimed saw-
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dust and plastic, these products are more durable than
wood, requiring little maintenance and lower long-term
cost, and are environmentally responsible.
EPA - Chromated Copper
(CCA)
Website: http://www.epa.gov/oppad001/reregistration/
cca/alternativestocca.htm
Description: General information about pressure
treated wood, some alternatives to CCA, the risks
of using treated products, and consumer safety
reports.
Healthy Buildings Network- A Guide to Plastic
Lumber
http://www.healthybuilding.net/pdf/gtpl/
guide_to_plastic_lumber.pdf
Description: This document ranks composite lumber
on a scale environmental preferably, from high to
low. They use the rating criteria based on materi-
als used, recycled content, end-of-life recyclability,
and structural lumber to evaluate different types of
plastic lumber. Additionally, this website offers a
number of decking materials and companies that
provide them.
California Management Board-
Recycled Plastic Lumber
Website: http://www.ciwmb.ca.gov/plastic/recycled/
lumber/
Description: This website offers a myriad of informa-
tion regarding alternatives to wood decking:
including costs, benefits, options/types, uses, and
materials used.
Foundation
Before pouring a foundation, homeowners can explore the
use of eco-friendly options, such as: low-impact "pin" foun-
dation, concrete with recycled flyash content. You can also
minimize health concerns by ensuring that their foundation
is laid with drainage and radon resistant features. Talk to
your contractor about ideas that can be incorporated in the
construction of the home.
Energy and Environmental Building Association
(EEBA) - Foundations
Website: http://www.eeba.org/resources/consumer/
new/foundations, htm
Description: The links promoted by EEBA give gen-
eral foundation information, tips on how to avoid
mold and moisture, and insulation technologies.
Pin Foundation
A pin foundation is an environmentally friendly alterna-
tive to excavation. It involves pouring concrete into
custom designed forms that create the foundation for
the home. Then, steel rods/pins ranging in size from
5-9 feet are driven through both sides of the concrete to
secure it to the ground. This alternative offers a number
of benefits such as the preservation of topsoil, which
eliminates runoff and minimizes drainage issues. For
more information, see http://www.dje.com/news/en-
viro/11123741 .html.
Insulated Concrete Forms (ICFs)
ICFs are rigid foam made for concrete walls. They act to
hold the structure of the concrete during the hardening
phase, and are left on to act as an insulator. This can
reduce heating and cooling costs and works better when
other green building technologies are also applied. Ad-
ditionally, it acts as a sound insulator. More information
available at http://www.toolbase.org/technology-invento-
ry/walls/insulating-concrete-forms.
Flyash
The use of flyash, a coal-fired power plant waste prod-
uct, in concrete diverts waste from disposal while saving
virgin materials from the production lines. Using 15 to
50% flyash in cement can increase the strength, water
resistance, and durability of the concrete. For more
information on the use of flyash in concrete, visit EPA's
Coal Combustion Products Partnership (C2P2) website
at http://www.epa.gov/epaoswer/osw/conserve/c2p2.
A Sourcebook for Green Building
- Flyash Concrete
Website: http://www.greenbuilder.com/sourcebook/
Flyash.html
Description: This website describes the history and
uses of flyash - from the origin of flyash to how it
saves the environment and how the public feels
about its use. At the bottom of the page, contrac-
tors and suppliers from throughout the country are
listed.
Drainage
Proper drainage of home foundations is vital to the
prevention of mold, mildew, rot, and foundation decay.
To achieve effective rainwater drainage, an integrated
moisture control strategy is required, including manage-
ment of water drainage from the roof, exterior walls, and
foundation. Good details on how to do this in various cli-
mates and construction types are available in the EEBA
guides at http://www.eeba.org/resources.
Many contractors use damp proofing techniques to
reduce moisture from entering the home. Damp proofing
can be effective when applied as part of an integrated
moisture control strategy. Furthermore, in very wet
environments, waterproofing may be required. However,
waterproofing is considered unnecessary and expensive
for most home sites. Refer to the Indoor Environment
section of this Guide for more information on mold pre-
vention.
Rubber or Cement-Based Damp Proofing
Search Terms: damp proofing
Description: These products protect your founda-
tions from water invasion by applying negative
hydrostatic pressure to the outer foundation walls.
Because they are made from rubber or cement,
they do not leach harmful chemicals into the soil
and ground water.
Radon
Radon resistance is an important consideration during
the foundation phase of a construction project. Radon
resistant construction should be considered when build-
ing a home. Please see the Indoor Environment sec-
tion of this Guide for more information.
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Mooing
There are many environmental issues to consider when
replacing or constructing a new roof including energy
efficiency, heat island reduction, rainwater runoff, use of
recycled content materials, mold and moisture prevention,
and durability. A number of options deal with one or more
of these issues. Use the information and resources below
to help you choose the right materials for your home.
Energy and Environmental Building Association
-
Website: http://www.eeba.org/resources/professional/
new/roofs.htm
Description: EEBA offers links to information about
roof construction, insulation, and the use of radiant
barriers to reduce heat loss and air conditioning
loads.
Clay
Search Terms: clay roofing, clay tiles
Description: Clay tiles are a good choice in cold
climates because they do not absorb water eas-
ily. Clay is also durable, and fire-resistant, but it is
heavy. Rafters may need reinforcement before the
tiles can be installed.
Concrete Tiles
Search Terms: concrete roof tiles, concrete roofing
Description: Concrete roof tiles get harder with age
and often require little maintenance. They are
durable, fire-resistant, and pose no human health
effects. The tiles are heavy and may require rafter
reinforcement.
Green Roof
Terms: green roof, vegetated roof
Description: Ideal in any climate, green, or vegetat-
ed, roofs bring nature from the ground to the roof-
top. They retain storm water, reduce heat island
effect, and mitigate air pollution. Green roofs can
be heavy because of their components (insulation,
soil, vegetation, etc.) and require structural rein-
forcements to support the increased load. Green
roofs have been used on residential buildings in
Germany and other European countries for over 5
decades.
Metal
Terms: metal roofing, metal roof tiles
Description: Metal roofing works well in cold cli-
mates because snow tends to slide off reducing the
development of ice dams. These roofs cannot hold
much heat and therefore radiate less into the attic
space. They are fireproof, lightweight, and long
lasting.
Photovoltaic Shingles
Terms: photovoltaic shingles
Description: These shingles can be used in combi-
nation with slate or asphalt shingles to bring energy
generation capability to southern-exposure roofs
with access to sunlight.
Recycled Plastic/Rubber
Search Terms: recycled plastic roofing, recycled
plastic roof tiles
Description: Plastic or rubber shingles can be made
from recycled tires or plastic and they are recy-
clable at the end of their life. Long-term UV effects
are unknown, but these tiles are sound and hail
proof.
Recycled Asphalt Shingles
Terms: recycled asphalt roof shingles, re-
cycled asphalt roofing
Description: By using recycled materials in their
production, these shingles reduce the use of raw
materials and keep used shingles from entering the
waste stream. They have similar UV and durability
properties to conventional asphalt shingles.
Slate
Terms: slate roofing, slate roof tiles
Description: Slate roofs are durable and fire-resis-
tant, and the tiles can be reused or reclaimed. This
material is heavy and may require rafter reinforce-
ment.
Siding Options
The materials used on the exterior of the home - wood, alu-
minum, brick, etc. -can all have an effect on the environ-
ment. The information and resources below are provided
to help sort through the options you have for your home.
Certified Wood
For the homeowner that does not want to use reclaimed
wood and wants the look and feel of real wood, certified
wood proves to be an option. Certifying organizations,
such as the Forest Stewardship Council and others,
certify companies and forest managers for investing in
environmentally sound management and harvesting
practices.
Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) -
Designing Building with FSC
Website: http://www.fscus.org/greenj3uilding/de-
signingjDuilding.php
Description: This resource was designed by FSC in
partnership with Forest Products Solutions for ar-
chitects and other building professionals. It offers
readers a single source to learn about, build, and
account for the use of FSC-certified products. It is
available for download at the website listed here.
Rainforest Alliance - SmartWood Program
http://www.rainforest-alliance.org/programs/
forestry/smartwood/
Description: The SmartWood Program is accred-
ited by the Forest Stewardship Council, contains a
plethora of information regarding forest manage-
ment. From their website, consumers can find
certified products and companies around the globe
as well as certified reused, reclaimed, recycled,
and salvaged wood products.
Wood Alternatives
There are many wood siding alternatives for the home.
The information and resources below have been pro-
vided to help you make the right siding choices for your
home.
Brick Stone
Search Terms: brick exteriors, brick siding, stone
exteriors
Description: Brick and stone exteriors offer fire resis-
tance. Molded cementitious stone, a less expen-
sive alternative, offers similar benefits without the
need for quarrying natural stone. See the
section of this Guide for information on reclaimed
stone.
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Fiber Cement Siding
Terms: fiber cement siding
Description: Fiber cement siding is made from ce-
ment, sand, cellulose, silica, and other additives.
The finished product is durable, flame, weather,
pest, and rot resistant. It can be painted any color,
but can be heavy to install.
Siding
Search Terms: metal siding, aluminum siding, steel
siding
Description: Steel or aluminum siding offer in-
creased energy efficiency, fire resistance, and
protection in colder climates.
Papercrete
Terms: papercrete, fibrous cement
Description: Made with Portland cement, sand, and
recycled paper or cardboard, this substance looks
like stucco or clapboard wood siding. It won't twist,
warp, burn, or melt and holds paint well and resists
pests. It can be found as siding planks or in brick
form.
Stucco
Terms: stucco, stucco exteriors
Description: Genuine stucco is effective in wet areas
-the cement mixture absorbs water, but it dries
easily leaving the main structure dry. Stucco needs
a heavy and solid background to give it strength.
V. Interior Building Materials
While a home's exterior materials interact directly with the
natural environment, the interior materials are in direct
contact with home dwellers. The resources below explore
sources and alternatives to conventional interior building
materials. Many of these materials can be found in reuse
centers throughout the Pacific Northwest. Please visit the
Reduce, Recycle section of this Guide for more
information on salvaged materials.
Floors
For those who enjoy the look of hardwood, eco-friendly op-
tions include cork and bamboo - two fast growing materials
that can be made to look like traditional hardwood floors.
Reclaimed wood is another option available. Recycled
glass, rubber, natural linoleum, and stone are materials that
homeowners can also look into. Use the following links to
find the flooring that is right for you.
Carpet
For more information on carpets, please see Carpet in
the Furnishings section of this Guide.
Hard and Soft Flooring
Hardwood has been the leader in flooring for centuries
because of its look, feel, and durability. While the use
of wood flooring is still common, it has come under scru-
tiny because of harvesting practices and deforestation.
There are many wood or wood-like options available
for eco-conscious homeowners. Use the information
below to learn more.
Cork
Search Terms: cork floors
Description: Harvested from the bark of a cork oak
tree, cork floors are naturally insulative and resist mold,
mildew, rot, and insects. Typically, cork floors have a
vinyl or water-based coating that makes them easy to
clean. They are also often sold in tile form for easy
installation.
Bamboo
Search Terms: bamboo floors
Description: Bamboo floors look almost exactly like
traditional hardwood, yet are harder and more durable.
Bamboo is a fast growing grass that is golden in color
but also comes in other shades. These floors are often
sold as pre-finished planks and can be installed like
conventional hardwood floors.
Reclaimed Wood
Search Terms: reclaimed wood, reused wood
Description: There are a number of local resale shops
where consumers can purchase vintage and reclaimed
wood for flooring and other housing needs. See the
section of this Guide for more information on
reclaimed and reused wood.
Natural Linoleum
Search Terms: natural linoleum, marmoleum
Description: Made with natural raw materials such as
linseed oil, pine resins, and cork, natural linoleum is
durable and environmentally responsible throughout its
life - its production produces little to no scraps, it has a
long life-span, and theoretically it could be composted
after use.
Search Terms: recycled glass flooring
Description: Recycled glass can be found in the form
of tiles, mosaics, and terrazzo. Usually made from
100% post-consumer waste, recycled glass surfaces
save glass from going to disposal.
Rubber
Search Terms: residential recycled rubber floors, resi-
dential rubber floors
Description: Made from recycled tire rubber, these
floors are extremely durable, fire, weather, and sound
proof. The tiles or sheets are produced through low-
energy and emissions procedures making them a green
alternative to traditional rubber floors.
Stone
Search Terms: eco-friendly stone floors, stone flooring,
reclaimed stone
Description: Natural stone, if quarried locally, can be
extremely durable and environmentally friendly. Tile
options include limestone, slate, and sandstone. Re-
claimed stone floors can be found and are another en-
vironmentally friendly flooring option. See the Reduce,
Reuse, Recycle section of this Guide for information on
reclaimed stone.
Page 7
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VI. Coatings
Coatings are used throughout the house - paints, stains,
varnishes, wallpapers, etc. Using the resources below, you
can find environmentally preferable coatings for your home.
Paints and Primers
Paints and primers may contain volatile organic compounds
(VOCs), some of which can be toxic, are flammable, and
may contain heavy metals that are toxic to humans, ani-
mals, and the environment. When using these products,
it is important for handlers to always read the labels and
conform to safety and disposal guidelines. The resources
listed below provide both the environmental concerns and
environmentally friendly options for both inside and outside
your home.
When purchasing and disposing of paint, consumers
should consider reducing, reusing, and recycling.
Reduce
Because paint can't always be disposed of easily, it is
better to not over-buy. Before you purchase paint for
a home project, get a paint quantity estimate by refer-
ring to an online paint calculator or discussing your
needs with a painting professional at your local paint
shop. This will not only save you from storing unused
paints, but it will save money as well.
Cans of reused paints and primers can sometimes
be found at local reuse centers. See the Reduce, Re-
use, Recycle section of this Guide for more informa-
tion on reused paints in your area.
« Recycle
Leftover paint should be disposed of properly. Check
to see if recycling facilities are available in your area.
Also check if local reuse centers will accept leftover
paints.
Zero/Low VOC Paints
Zero and low VOC paint contains very low levels of
VOCs. This paint is a better alternative to most paints for
respiration reasons. However, it can be relatively expen-
sive per can.
Latex/Water-Based Paint
Latex and water-based paints have a water while
alkyd paints have an oil base. In general, water-based
paints produce VOCs than solvent-based paints
(alkyd), but may produce them over a longer period of
time. Note that latex paints are not made with natural
rubber -the term "latex" is a misnomer and therefore
will not aggravate consumers with latex allergies. Latex
paint is readily available; visit your local hardware store
or anywhere paint can be purchased.
Lead-Based Paint
Lead is a highly toxic metal that was used for many
years in products found in and around the home, includ-
ing paint. Exposure to deteriorating lead-based paint,
lead contaminated dust (particularly from renovations),
and lead-contaminated residential soil may cause a
range of health effects for young children such as behav-
ioral problems, learning disabilities, seizures, and death.
Children under 6 and pregnant women are especially
susceptible to lead risks. If you're planning to renovate
your pre-1978 home, take necessary precautions before
you or your contractor begin working. For more informa-
tion on lead-safe renovation, please visit http://www.
epa.gov/reg ion1/eco/ne_lead/keep_it_clean.html#lrt.
If you're planning to buy a pre-1978 home, be aware that
the seller must disclose to you all information he/she has
about the property related to lead-based paint, so as
a buyer, you are aware of your risks prior to sale.
As a buyer, you also will have an opportunity to pay for
a risk assessor or inspector to assess/inspect the
property for risks prior to your buying. For more
information on the Federal Lead Disclosure Rule, please
visit http://www.epa.gov/region1/enforcement/Iead-
paint/index.html.
Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC)
VOCs are organic (carbon containing) chemicals that
evaporate readily at room temperature. Some associate
them with strong odors, but they may not have an odor.
Regardless, exposure to some VOCs can be harmful
to human health and may cause eye, nose, and throat
irritation, headaches, and nausea. Chronic exposure to
these chemicals has been linked to cancer, liver and kid-
ney damage, and can harm the central nervous system.
By making informed coating choices, consumers can
avoid or reduce their exposure to VOCs.
Consumers can avoid or reduce their exposure to VOCs
by using good practices while applying coatings to inte-
rior spaces. Good practices include:
Ventilation of indoor spaces to remove any VOCs to
the outside;
« Application of coatings before installation of materials
that may absorb or trap the VOCs and emit them at a
later time (such as carpet, padding, fabric wall cover-
ing, acoustic tiles, and upholstered furniture);
Reading and following all instructions to reduce the
risk of exposure to chemicals;
Consideration of when people (workers or occupants)
will be in the home; and
« Evaluation of the coating that you choose.
For more information see Healthy Indoor Painting Practices
at http://www.epa.gov/opptintr/exposure/docs/inpaint5.
pdf and Painting and lAQ -Addressing Indoor Environmen-
tal Concerns During Remodeling at http://www.epa/gov/
iaq/homes/hip-painting.html.
Page 8
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Wallpaper
Traditional wallpaper is often made with synthetic non-per-
meable substances. Alternatives made from natural fibers
such as wood pulp, cotton, silk, etc. are available for pur-
chase and may reduce health and environmental concerns.
Consumers can also look for low-VOC wallpaper adhesives
to further enhance indoor air quality. Some wallpaper has
been linked to mold issues. For more information on wall-
paper and mold, see the Indoor Environment section of
this Guide.
Dextrine/Starch-based Wallpaper Adhesives
Search Terms: starch based adhesives
Description: These adhesives are made from roots
of tubers such as maize, potatoes, wheat, rice, and
tapioca. They are often cold or hot water soluble.
Although used for envelope sealing, they can also
be used for hanging wallpaper.
Natural Fiber Wallpaper
Search Terms: natural fiber wallpaper, natural fiber
wallcoverings
Description: Natural fiber wall coverings are often
made from wood pulp and other recycled and
reclaimed materials such as gypsum, latex, and
cellulose or cotton and silk. These wallpapers/wall-
coverings pose no health threats and are environ-
mentally friendly.
VII. Cooling
Home heating and cooling account for roughly 56%, the
largest portion, of household energy costs. Updating and
periodic maintenance of heating and cooling equipment can
save homeowners money and energy. Additionally, insula-
tion, windows, thermostats, and other appliances are other
areas a homeowner can improve upon to decrease energy
consumption and costs.
US Department of Energy -
Energy Savers, Heating and Cooling
Website: http://www.energysavers.gov/youL.home/
space_heating_cooling/index.cfm/mytopic=12300
Description: This site describes the heating and
cooling systems and provides a myriad of informa-
tion on heating, cooling, heat pumps, replacement,
and supporting equipment and has links to tips that
will improve the efficiency of each element.
US Department of Energy -
Energy Savers, Energy Audits
http://www.energysavers.gov/your_home/
energy__audits/index.cf m/mytopic=11160
Description: The purpose of this website is to allow
homeowners to determine which part of their home
uses the most energy by encouraging an energy
audit either done by the homeowner or a profes-
sional auditor. This information is then used to plan
energy efficiency upgrades.
Heating, Ventilating, Air Conditioning
(HVAC)
Some tips to remember when choosing an HVAC System:
Bigger is not always better.
Locating your furnace in the center of your home
reduces duct length, which improves efficiency.
« Efficient ventilation systems reduce moisture buildup
while allowing fresh-air to enter the home.
Energy Environmental Building Association
- HVAC
http://www.eeba.org/resources/consumer/
existing/hvac_general.htm
Description: Information about energy-efficient
home heating and cooling strategies, maintenance
checklists, system selection, and much more.
Energy - Duct Sealing
Website: http://www.energystar.gov/index.
cfm?c=home_improvement.hm_improvement_
ducts
Description: Duct sealing and maintenance is just
as important as the maintenance of the furnace
itself. Without well-sealed ducts and maintained
ducts, heated and cooled air cannot make it from
the furnace into the rooms of the house. At this
website, readers can find fact sheets and other im-
portant duct information. A benefit from regular duct
maintenance is that well designed and properly
sealed ducts can make your home more comfort-
able, energy efficient, and safer.
Heating and Cooling Calculators
Website: http://www.greenerchoices.org/globalwarm-
ingathome.cfm?page=Toolkit#Heatingandcoolingc
alculators
Description: This website provides resources on
HVAC systems and calculates potential cost sav-
ings for homeowners using a variety of methods.
Heating
Heating homes during the colder months can be quite
costly. Most homes are equipped with gas or oil fur-
naces or boilers that generate heat for the entire home
by burning fuel. Some homes have electric heat, which
produces heat directly from electricity, but can be inef-
ficient and expensive. Wood is a reliable source of heat
and is less expensive than oil and gas, but releases un-
safe emissions. To reduce cost and conserve resources,
homeowners should consider their options before choos-
ing a heating system for their home.
Page 9
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« Size
A system that is too large will only work at peak ef-
ficiency part of the time. Choose a properly sized
furnace that will effectively heat your home without
wasting energy and money by having your contractor
perform a Manual J Residential Load Calculation to
give an estimate of heat loss in the home.
Fuel
There are several conventional and alternative fuel
options for homeowners. See the Alternative Fuels
section of this Guide for more information. If possible,
choose a renewable fuel option like solar power, geo-
thermal energy, or wood pellets to heat your home.
Efficiency
Heating systems that are more efficient will save both
money and environmental resources.
« Durability
Choose a heating system with a long life span.
Energy Star - Heat and Cool Efficiently
Website: http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=heat_
cool.pr_hvac
Description: General information about HVAC systems
and maintenance, including links to further information
about particular home heating and cooling systems.
US DOE - Pump Fact
http://www1 .eere.energy.gov/femp/pdfs/hp.pdf
Description: At this website, consumers will find infor-
mation on how to buy a residential energy-efficient heat
pump, and cost effectiveness examples. While this fact
sheet was developed for a federal audience, it provides
excellent information for homeowners on purchasing an
energy efficient heat pump.
Ventilation
Ventilation is extremely important to achieve good indoor
air quality. Ventilation systems bring in and circulate
fresh air, reducing moisture buildup and removing odors
or pollutants generated from indoor sources.
US DOE - Ventilation for Homes
Website: http://www.energysavers.gov/your_home/insu-
lation_airsealing/index.cfm/mytopic=11830
Description: Air-sealing techniques are essential when
it comes to attaining energy-efficiency. This website
highlights some important features of ventilation and
provides strategies that will improve ventilation.
Air Conditioning
Air conditioning does more than just cool the air. It
also removes moisture and humidity from the inside air.
Rocky Mountain Institute estimated that during sum-
mer months, 50% of all energy used in the US is for air
conditioning purposes. There are three types of conven-
tional air conditioners: room units, central air condition-
ers, and electric heat pumps.
During construction or renovation, homeowners should
consider incorporating the following to reduce the need
for air conditioners in the home:
Natural shade;
Natural ventilation;
Thermal mass;
Fans.
But, if air conditioning is needed, there are some energy
efficient options for you to select:
Energy Star - Central Air Conditioning
http://www.energystar.gov/index.
cfm?c=roomac.pr_room_ac
Description: Energy Star labeled central air condition-
ing units use 10% less than conventional models. Find
links to products and stores offering energy-efficient
products and general information on air conditioners.
Thermostats
By regulating your thermostat closely or installing program-
mable thermostats, homeowners can reduce their heating
and cooling costs with little effort. Thermostats come in
variety of styles, but consumers should avoid purchasing
those containing mercury because of its toxicity to the en-
vironment and human health. As many states are banning
the sale of mercury products, mercury-free alternatives
have become available and readers should consider that
information when planning to purchase a new thermostat
for their home.
Energy Star - Programmable Thermostats
Website: http://www.energystar.gov/index.
cfm?c=thermostats.pr_thermostats
Description: Programmable thermostats and savings
associated with these thermostats are provided here.
Using the "Find a Store" link to the right, consumers can
find out where they can purchase Energy Star products
in their area.
Zoning
Search Terms: thermostat zoning, home zoning
Description: By zoning your home, you can group
rooms that have similar heating and cooling needs and
link each group to a single thermostat. If used in con-
junction with programmable thermostats, a zoning sys-
tem will automatically adjust room temperatures based
upon occupancy and activity levels.
Water
Water heaters can account for up to 14% of your utility bill
and is the third largest energy expense in the home. Hom-
eowners can reduce their water heating bills by using these
four easy tips:
Use less hot water.
« Turn down the water heater thermostat.
« Insulate your water heater, hot, and cold water pipes.
« Upgrade your water heater.
Also, by installing low-flow showerheads and faucets
(see the Plumbing section of this Guide), consumers can
minimize hot water usage in the home and reduce the total
water used.
Energy Environmental Building Association
(EEBA) - Heating
Website: http://www.eeba.org/resources/consumer/
new/water_heating.htm
Description: Energy-efficient strategies for heating
water in the home.
Pump Water
Search Terms: heat pump water heaters
Description: When electricity is the only source of en-
ergy, heat pumps are the most economical water heating
system. They pump heat from air into water and often
have backup systems for when demand outruns supply.
Pumps use one-third to one-half as much electricity as a
conventional electric water heater.
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Indirect Fired Hot Water Heater
Terms: combined water heaters, combined
water and heat
Description: In indirect hot water and heat systems,
water is heated as a separate zone off of the furnace of
boiler. There is no burner on the water heater, and the
system reuses heat waste from the furnace or boiler to
heat water for tap use. The hot water is stored in an in-
sulated storage tank and is always ready for use - keep-
ing the boiler from having to turn on frequently.
Hot Water
Terms: solar hot water, solar water heating
Description: Solar water heaters use the sun's energy
to heat water by passing water through solar collectors.
The hot water is stored in a tank similar to that of con-
ventional systems. Solar water heaters can be used in
all climates, but back up systems are often recommend-
ed, if not required by your building code.
Storage Water Heaters
Terms: storage water heaters
Description: Storage water heaters have a ready sup-
ply of hot water at all times, but when hot water is not
being used heat is lost through the walls of the tank.
These losses can account for 10-20% of household
annual water heating costs. More efficient models are
available, such as those that have higher levels of insu-
lation around the tank to reduce standby loss.
Tankless Water
Search Terms: tankless water heaters
Description: These water heaters heat water only when
a hot faucet is turned on, thus reducing losses during
stand-by. Tankless water heaters reduce energy con-
sumption by 20-30% and often have longer life-spans
than storage water heater models and use considerably
water than do conventional hot water tanks.
US Department of Energy -
Energy Savers, Water Heating
http://www.energysavers.gov/your__home/wa-
ter__heating/index.cfm/mytopic=12760
Description: Here, consumers can find additional tips
on how to reduce hot water usage in the home and save
money on water heating bills as well as learn about solar
water heaters.
Insulation
Insulation reduces heat transfer through walls, ceilings, and
floors. The "R-value" associated with insulation refers to it's
effectiveness in blocking the transfer of heat - the higher
the R-value, the more effective the insulation. Traditionally,
homeowners have used conventional fiberglass as insula-
tion, but more environmentally friendly and healthy options
are now available.
Cellulose Insulation
Terms: cellulose insulation
Description: Cellulose insulation is made from recycled
newspapers and is often treated with borate for added
fire and pest proofing. It can be applied as insulation al-
most anywhere in the home, but it shouldn't be installed
in wet months and should be tested for moisture before
installing drywall.
Cotton
Search Terms: cotton insulation
Description: Cotton insulation is typically made from
recycled cotton and other natural fibers that would other-
wise be disposed. It is often treated for fire-resistance,
but lacks toxic and carcinogenic chemicals found in
conventional insulation.
Recycled Content, Formaldehyde-free Fiberglass
Search Terms: recycled fiberglass insulation
Description: This fiberglass insulation consists of
recycled materials. While it provides similar insulation
properties to conventional fiberglass, the recycled con-
tent version can add LEED Energy & Atmosphere or Ma-
terials & Resources credits to your construction project.
Spray-foam
Terms: spray-foam insulation
Description: This insulation is growing in popularity be-
cause of its ability to block all creases and a professional
should install crevices during expansion. Be sure to
avoid CFC (chlorofluorocarbon) and HCFC (hydrochloro-
fluorocarbon) versions because of their ozone depleting
properties.
US Department of Energy's Insulation Fact
Website: www.ornl.gov/sci/roofs+walls/insulation/ins_01.
html
Description: This website discusses insulation basics.
Using the link "R-value Recommendations" (www.ornl.
gov/sci/roofs+walls/insulation/ins_16.html), find out what
level of insulation is necessary based upon zip code and
furnace type.
US Department of Energy -
Energy Savers, Insulation
Website: http://www.energysavers.gov/your_home/insu-
lation_airsealing/index.cfm/mytopic=11320
Description: Information on how insulation works, add-
ing it to an existing home, selecting insulation for new
construction, where to insulate, types of insulation, and
how to make insulation more effective with air sealing
and moisture control.
Windows
Windows not only add to the aesthetics of a home, but they
also account for heat gain in the summer and heat loss in
the winter. By choosing the right windows for your home
and climate, homeowners can save on cooling and heating
costs. The resources below provide readers with energy
saving tips and information on the latest window technolo-
gies.
Energy Environmental Building Association
(EEBA) - Windows and Doors
Website: http://www.eeba.org/resources/consumer/
new/wndows_doors.htm
Description: General information regarding windows
and doors, window selection, window terminology, and
high-performance windows.
Energy Star- Residential Windows, Doors,
Skylights
Website: http://www.energystar.gov/index.
cfm?c=windows_doors.pr_windows
Description: Basic information about window replace-
ment and window technology. Learn how to purchase
efficient windows using the "Buy with Confidence" link
(www,energystar,gov/index,cfm?c=windows__doors.
prjndjested).
Page 11
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Energy Star - Climate Zones
http://www.energystar.gov/index,
cfm?c=windows_doors.pr_crit_windows
Description: Energy Star criteria for windows, doors,
and skylights in different areas of the country.
US Department of Energy -
Energy Savers, Windows
Website: http://www.energysavers.gov/your_home/win-
dows_doprs_skylights/index.cfm/mytopic=13330
Description: Tips for selecting new energy efficient
windows and improving the energy efficiency of existing
windows.
Window Technologies
The resources below will help you choose the right window
options for your home.
Multiple Paned Windows
Search Terms: double-paned windows
Description: Typically, the more panes your windows
have, the better they will be at insulating your home.
Replacing single-paned windows with double-paned
windows throughout the home can save up to 15% on
heating costs and add to the value of your home.
Gas-Filled Windows
Search Terms: argon-filled windows, krypton-filled win-
dows, gas-filled windows
Description: The space between panes in multi-paned
windows can be filled with inert gases such as argon or
krypton which slows heat transport from the inside to
the outside. When gas is added to these windows, their
insulation qualities are increased.
Historic Window Repair
Search Terms: historic window repair, historic window
rehabilitation
Description: Homeowners with historic or old double-
hung sash windows might consider window refurbish-
ment and rehabilitation instead of replacement. Window
repair companies claim that they can make your historic
windows as airtight and energy efficient as newer mod-
els. Using the search terms above, you can find infor-
mation on window repair in your area.
Low-Emissivity (Low-E) Windows
Search Terms: Low-E Glazing, Low-E Windows, Low-
Emissivity Glazing, And Low-Emissivity Windows
Description: Low-E windows have a glazed metal or
plastic coating that reduces heat transfer and lowers the
window's U-factor. U-factor is a measure of how well a
product prevents heat from escaping. Low-E windows
typically cost 10-15% more than conventional windows,
but can reduce heat loss by 30-50%.
Superwindows
Search Terms: superwindows
Description: Superwindows have plastic sheets sus-
pended between panes in multi-paned windows making
them triple or quadruple glazed windows and reducing
the U-factor to 0.15-0.30. They also minimize UV rays
that can fade home furnishings.
Local Energy Efficiency Programs
Alaska
Alaska Housing Financing Corporation - Incentives and
AK Warm Certifiers
http://www.ahfc.state.ak.us/energy/energy.cfm
http://www.ahfc.state.ak.us/home/energy_rater_guide.
cfm
Idaho
Idaho Power - Residential Energy Efficiency
http://www.idahopower.com/EnergyEfficiency/Residen-
tial/default.cfm?tab=Residential
http://www.idahopower.com/EnergyEfficiency/Residen-
tial/Programs/HeatingCooling/default.cfm
Oregon
Portland General Electric - Residential Energy Savings
http://www.portlandgeneral.com/home/energy_savings/
default.aspx
Washington
Puget Sound Energy - Energy Advisors
http://www.pse.com/soIutions/foryourhome/Pages/energ-
yAdvisors.aspx
City Light - Residential Conservation
Programs &
http://www.seattle.gov/light/conserve/resident/
Energy Star - Home Performance
http://www.energytrust.org/residential/existing-
homes/hpwes.html
Description: Under this program, local contractors will
visit your home to assess your energy consumption and
recommend improvements (insulation, lighting, heat-
ing/cooling equipment, thermostats, windows, etc.) that
could save homeowners up to 30% in energy costs/year.
Database of State Incentives for Renewable &
Efficiency
Website: http://www.dsireusa.org/
Description: This website is home to a comprehensive
list that details incentives and policies for energy effi-
ciency state by state.
US Department of Energy - Weatherization Assis-
Program
Website: http://apps1 .eere.energy.gov/weatherization/
state__activities.cfm
Description: At this website, homeowners can find fact
sheets about weatherization.
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VIII.
Home lighting can account for 5-10% of energy usage, on
average. There are ample opportunities to save energy
through lighting alone. Bulb and appliance choices, lighting
and window locations, light timing devices throughout a
home, and making sure to turn the lights off if you are not
using them can significantly reduce energy use. There are
many options with home lighting and the resources listed
below will help you explore several options.
Efficiency and Placement
Energy-efficient light bulbs like compact fluorescent have
been cited to use up to 2/3 less energy and last 6-10 times
longer than conventional bulbs. Homeowners that change
five light bulbs in their home to more efficient options can
save up to $60 in energy costs per year and reduce green-
house gas emissions from local power sources. Making
these changes not only saves you money and time, but
reduces air pollution as well.
When renovating or building a new home, it is important to
consider location when planning lighting strategy. Rather
than lighting entire rooms, homeowners should think about
where lighting will most likely be needed and where artificial
light is necessary. By maintaining light in specific areas,
homeowners will save energy and money.
Energy Star -
Compact Fluorescent Light (CFL)
Website: http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=cfls.
pr_cfls
Description: When a conventional incandescent 100W
light bulb is replaced with a 32W CFL, homeowners
can save up to $30 over the life of the new bulb. This
website discusses CFLs, energy efficiency, and why con-
sumers should make the change.
Energy Light Buyers Guide
Website: http://www.energystar.gov/index.
cfm?c=buyers_guide.prjignting_guide
Description: This website is a great tool for homeown-
ers looking to learn more about energy-efficient lighting
options. Filled with detailed information, readers will
easily find everything they're looking for to make simple
lighting changes in their home. Energy Star examines
bulbs, fixtures, and ceiling fans in this user-friendly web
guide.
National Lighting Product Information Program
(NLPIP)
Website: http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/nlpip/index.
asp
Description: NLPIP helps lighting professionals, con-
tractors, designers, building managers, homeowners,
and other consumers find and effectively use efficient,
quality products that meet their lighting needs. With the
support of government agencies, public benefit organiza-
tions, and electric utilities, NLPIP disseminates objective,
accurate, timely, manufacturer-specific information about
energy-efficient lighting products."
Dayllghtlng
Search Terms: daylighting, skylights, solar tubes
Description: Daylighting is the use of natural light in place
of bulbs and fixtures. Through skylights and window place-
ment, homeowners can bring enough natural light into
a room that the lights need only be used after sundown.
Daylighting not only saves energy by reducing bulb usage,
it also saves on heating costs in the winter and can benefit
human health.
DOE Building Technologies Program: Daylighting
http://www.energysavers.gov/your_home/!ight-
ing_daylighting/index.cfm/mytopic=12290
Description: This website discusses the daylighting
concept and why it is beneficial in many homes. Here,
readers can also learn about design their home for day-
lighting.
IX.
According to the World Health Organization, of all water
on earth, 97.5% is salt water, and of the remaining 2.5%
fresh water, some 70% is frozen in the polar icecaps.
The other 30% is mostly present as soil moisture or lies
in underground aquifers. In the end, less than 1% of the
world's fresh water (or about 0.007% of all water on earth)
is readily accessible for direct human uses. The resources
given here provide readers with the information needed to
renovate and construct homes that conserve and protect
water. Source: http://www.who.int/docstore/water_sanita-
tion health/vector/water resources.htm
Fixtures
Because less than 1 % of the earth's water supply is usable
for human activity, consideration of your home's water us-
age is important when planning to renovate or build a new
home. Homeowners should consider the following up-
grades when exploring how to minimize their home's water
usage:
« Low flow toilets, sinks, dishwashers, and washing
machines
« Shower head and sink aerators
Running only full dishwashers and cleaning only full
loads of laundry
Minimizing lawn maintenance
For more ways to save water in your home, please visit
http://www.epa.gov/owm/water-efficiency/.
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EPA's WaterSense Program
: http ://www. epa. gov/wate rse nse
Description: Program helps consumers identify water
efficient products while ensuring performance. Current pro-
grams include high efficiency faucets and toilets, flushing
urinals, landscape irrigation services, and weather/sensor
based irrigation controls.
Alliance for Water Efficiency
Website: http://www.allianceforwaterefficiency.org
Description: The Resource Library has a Residential
Water Efficiency section that provides resources on
indoor and outdoor fixtures and appliances.
Low Flow Toilets
Search Terms: low flow toilets
Description: Low flow toilets use less water than stan-
dard toilets per flush.
Waterless Urinals
Search Terms: waterless urinals
Description: Waterless urinals do not use water at all,
leading to an overall 100% water savings. They require
little maintenance and are comparable in cost to conven-
tional urinals.
Composting Toilets
Search Terms: composting toilets
Description: Composting toilets often use little to no
water. Through a combination of evaporation and natu-
ral decomposition, they convert human waste into useful
fertilizer. Composting toilets are optimal in areas without
septic systems or access to plumbing.
Energy Star - Appliances
http://www.energystar.gov/index.
cfm?c=appliances.pr__appliances
Description: At this website, readers can find links to
Energy Star certified clothes washers and dishwash-
ers. These appliances not only save on electricity, but
they also have reduced water consumption and may be
eligible for utility rebates in your area.
Piping
Although a drinking water source may be clean, residents
need to consider the age and quality of infrastructure bring-
ing water to their tap. Through corrosion and leaching,
lead and other contaminants can find their way into drink-
ing water. The resources listed below give renovation and
construction suggestions that can minimize this risk.
Healthy Building Network- PVC-Free Alternatives
Website: http://www.healthybuilding.net/pvc/alternatives.
html
Description: The Healthy Building Network is develop-
ing a series of tools to help you find PVC free building
materials for your projects.
US EPA- Lead in Drinking Water
http://www.epa.gov/safewater/lead/index.html
Description: This website provides fact sheets explain-
ing why might be a problem and how it can be
reduced. There are links to regulatory information and
local drinking water quality reports.
X.
There are many furnishing options when constructing or
renovating your home. New and reused furnishings, as
well as those constructed from refurbished, sustainable,
and/or durable materials are available to consumers. The
resources listed here suggest 'green' furnishing options
those homeowners can consider.
Carpet
Terms: environmental carpet, environmental rugs
Description: Consumers should consider choosing carpets
made from natural materials like wool and cotton or those
made with recycled content. Note: carpet dyes, glues, fire
retardants, and backing materials can be made with and
often off-gas chemicals.
The Carpet Rug Institute (CRI) - Green
Website: http://www.carpet-rug.com/drilLdown__2.
cfm?page=8&sub=3
Description: The Carpet and Rug Institute's Green
Label Plus is built upon their original Green Label and
is used on carpets and rugs that meet indoor air quality
criteria having low emissions. This label can be found
on carpets in a showroom, and many of the "labeled"
carpets are listed at this website.
Carpet Pads or Cushions
Search Terms: environmental carpet pads, environmental
carpet cushions
Description: Conventional carpet padding is often made
with plastic or synthetic rubber and contains petroleum
products. At end use, these pads are not recycled and are
not biodegradable. Consumers can consider carpet pads
with recycled content, minimal petroleum content, or low-
VOC emissions.
Carpet and Rug Institute (CRI) - Green Label
http://www.carpet-rug.org/commercial-cus-
tomers/green-building-and-the-environment/green-label-
plus/cushion.cfm
Description: The Carpet and Rug Institute also labels
carpet cushions. On this website, consumers can find
"labeled" products that have been tested for and meet
CRI's criteria.
Page 14
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Materials
When furnishing a renovation or newly constructed home,
look for products that are made with recycled or refurbished
materials, free from harmful and toxic chemicals, and those
that will not require quick replacement. By choosing envi-
ronmentally preferable products, homeowners reduce the
amount of waste to be disposed and can keep their home
free from toxins.
Things to look for when purchasing furnishings for your
home:
Chemical Free
These products generally have lower VOC emissions,
and are not made with or require adhesives that
contain formaldehyde and other carcinogens that may
cause harm to homeowners and their families.
Durability
The need to replace is reduced when consumers pur-
chase products that hold up to normal wear and tear.
This keeps materials out of the waste stream and
reduces production of new products that use virgin
materials.
Locally-Made
Furnishings that are made locally not only support the
local economy, but expend lower pollution because
they tend to use local materials and minimize pollution
caused by shipping (of raw materials and of product-
to-market).
Recycled Content
By purchasing products that have recycled content
or are refurbished, consumers reduce strain on the
waste stream and put materials to use when they are
still viable.
Recyclability
If the item is easy to disassemble, it will be easier to
recycle when its useful life is done. Furniture that is
owner-assembled or made of a single material has a
higher rate of recycling potential.
XI. Indoor Environment
It is imperative to maintain a high standard of indoor quality
within the home. Americans on average spend up to 90%
of their time indoors. Indoor pollution sources that release
or particles into the air are the primary cause of
indoor air quality problems in homes. Inadequate ventilation
and poorly maintained ventilation filters can increase indoor
pollution levels. High temperature and humidity levels can
also increase concentrations of some pollutants.
The information presented below does not cover every
indoor air related issue; rather it provides readers with in-
formation and tools to further their understanding of indoor
environmental quality. For more information visit http://
www.epa.gov/iaq/homes.
Indoor Air Quality for New Homes
EPA has also developed specifications to recognize homes
equipped with a comprehensive set of indoor air quality
(IAQ) measures. Homes that comply with these specifica-
tions can use the "Indoor Air Package" as a complementary
label to Energy Star for homes. As a prerequisite for this
label, a home must first be Energy Star qualified. These
specifications are being released as a pilot program to only
a limited number of markets identified by EPA to allow for a
comprehensive evaluation of the pilot program and to make
refinements to the specifications. Visit http://www.energy-
star.gov/homes to view the draft specifications.
The following IAQ specifications address moisture control,
pest control, radon, HVAC, combustion systems, building
materials, and commissioning.
Indoor airPLUS
Comparative risk studies performed by EPA and its Science
Advisory Board have ranked indoor air pollution among the
top five environmental risks to public health. Indoor air pol-
lutants can both cause asthma and make existing asthma
symptoms worse, among other health problems. Children
may be especially vulnerable to these health effects. EPA
estimates that indoor air levels of many pollutants may be
2-5 times, and occasionally more than 100 times, higher
than outdoor levels. These levels are of particular concern
because it is estimated that most people spend as much
as 90% of their time indoors. Visit (http://www.epa.gov/in-
doorairplus/) for more information on indoor air quality.
Indoor Air Quality for Existing Homes
For existing homes, a number of actions can be taken to
improve IAQ. Visit the following links to find more informa-
tion:
Home Improvements with Energy Star (including
Home Performance with Energy Star)
www.energystar.gov/index.cf m?c=home_improve-
ment.hm_improvement_index
« Remodeling your home? Have you considered Indoor
Air Quality? Disclaimer: The information provided
in these pages is based upon current scientific and
technical understanding of the issues presented. Fol-
lowing the advice given will not necessarily provide
complete protection in all situations or against all
health hazards that may be caused by indoor air pol-
lution and other indoor environmental contaminants.
Mention of any trade names or commercial products
does not constitute endorsement or recommendation
for use.
www.epa.gov/iaq/homes/hip-front.html
-------
Mold
Indoor mold is most often found on bathroom tile, basement
walls, areas around windows where moisture condenses,
and near leaky sinks. Uncontrolled humidity or water leaks
lead to mold growth, particularly in hot, humid climates.
During renovations or construction, there are steps hom-
eowners can take to reduce the risk of mold - please use
the resources below to learn more about what you can do
to minimize the chance of mold growth in your home.
To reduce mold in your home:
Clean up all spills within 48 hours
Keep humidity low
« Insulate cold water pipes
« Install fans in kitchens and bathrooms
For more mold control tips, please visit www.epa.gov/
mold/preventionandcontrol.html.
Asthma Regional Council of New England - READ
THIS before you Design, Build, or Renovate!
http://www.asthmaregionalcouncil.org/about/
documents/R EADTHIS6.07.04.pdf
Description: This document covers a variety of con-
struction and renovation topics, including pest manage-
ment and moisture control and gives homeowners tips
on how to reduce the impact of home pollutants on
persons with asthma.
EEBA - Mold
Website: http://www.eeba.org/resources/consumer/
mold.htm
Description: Homeowners can find links to a number
of mold-related websites - why it grows, where it grows,
how it spreads, and how it can be prevented.
Radon
Radon is a radioactive, colorless, odorless gas occur-
ring naturally in rock, soil, and well water and is linked to
approximately 21,000 lung cancer deaths in the United
States per year. Homeowners are typically exposed to
radon through gas diffusing through the foundations of their
homes.
There are easy and inexpensive techniques that reduce the
exposure to radon, whether constructing a new home or
reducing the level of radon in an existing home. To find out
how to detect and fix radon for your home, visit www.epa.
gov/radon/radontest.html for more information.
Energy Environmental Building Association
(EEBA) - Radon
Website: http://www.eeba.org/resources/consumer/ra-
don.htm
Description: Here, like other EEBA resources, con-
sumers can find links to further information, fact sheets,
construction guides, and radon exposure zones.
National Radon Proficiency Program (NRPP)
Website: www.radongas.org
Description: NRPP is a nationally recognized certifi-
cation program for radon professionals. From this site
consumers can find a checklist for radon testing and how
to find a radon professional. Other radon links are avail-
able as well.
US EPA Radon New Construction (RRNC)
Website: http://www.epa.gov/radon/construc.html
Description: Information on why homeowners should
build radon-resistant and how to do so. There are links,
diagrams, and contact information that consumers will
find helpful during construction or renovation of their
home.
XII.
Homeowners seeking to incorporate 'green' aspects into
their home can easily find landscaping techniques that will
reduce the impact of their home on the natural environ-
ment. Whether renovating, constructing, or just fixing up
your yard, this topic is applicable to almost every hom-
eowner. Some things to try when landscaping are:
Minimizing the use of pesticides and other chemicals
Reducing paved areas
« Reducing lawn size
« Using native vegetation
Please refer to the following links to find more on green
landscaping techniques that are right for your home.
US EPA- Green Landscaping with Native Plants
Website: http ://www. epa. gov/g I npo/g ree nac res/wi I -
dones/wo__2QQ4b.pdf
Description: This document was created by EPA Re-
gion 5 -the Great Lakes Region, but it is applicable to
green landscaping anywhere. It discusses the history of
the landscape and how homeowners can use sustain-
able techniques to achieve natural landscapes. Wood-
lands, prairies, wetlands, invasive species, and wildlife
are all topics covered here.
Beneficial Landscaping in the Pacific Northwest and
Alaska
Website: http://yosemite.epa.gov/R10/ECOCOMM.
NSF/webpage/Beneficial+Landscaping+Resources+in+t
he+Nqrthwest+and+Alaska
Description: Beneficial landscaping is a suite of land-
scaping practices that yield environmental, economic,
and aesthetic benefits. These practices include:
« Using native plants and appropriate non-natives for
landscaping
Minimizing clearing and construction's adverse effects
on natural habitat
Implementing water-efficient practices and plantings
« Using shade trees, wind breaks, natural hedgerows,
buffers and screens; and preventing pollution of air,
water, and land by decreasing or eliminating use of
chemicals and power lawn maintenance equipment,
reducing runoff, and recycling green waste
-------
Composting
Yard trimmings and food residuals together constitute 24
percent of the U.S. municipal solid waste stream. That's a
lot of waste to send to landfills when it could become useful
and environmentally beneficial compost instead! For more
information and tips on composting visit the website,
http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/conserve/rrr/composting/
index.htm.
Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
Search Terms: integrated pest management
Description: integrated Pest Management is the coordinat-
ed use of pest and environmental information with available
control methods to prevent unacceptable levels of pest
damage by the most economical means and with the least
possible hazard to people, property, and the environment.
For more information on controlling pests on you property,
use the resources below and speak to your landscaping
professional.
US EPA- Pesticides and Food:
What "Integrated Pest Management"
Website: http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/food/ipm.htm
Description: By using trapping devices and regularly
inspecting your plants, you can keep damage to a
minimum in your garden without spraying harmful chemi-
cals. This website leads readers to additional informa-
tion and discusses the basics of IPM.
Irrigation
Irrigation can be reduced when landscapes are designed
to include native species. Because these plants are ac-
customed to the local environment, they thrive with little
maintenance - reducing stress on local water supplies and
the environment. When native species are not available, or
cannot be included in your designs, please use the follow-
ing tips when irrigating:
Position sprinklers so that they only water vegetation
and not driveways, sidewalks, and the street
« Skip watering on weeks where there has been rain
« Use rain barrels to collect water for irrigation
« Water lawns and gardens in the morning to reduce
evaporation
Water slowly to avoid run-off
Rain
Terms: rain barrels, rain catchment
Description: Rainwater is naturally soft and does not
contain minerals, chlorine, fluoride, and other chemicals.
Plants tend to respond well to watering with this water.
By collecting rain, homeowners can save money on wa-
ter used for irrigation. Systems range from simple, such
as plain buckets, to advanced with cisterns, pumps, and
flow controls. If the catch bucket you use does not have
a lid, consider mosquito control methods, such as adding
goldfish to eat mosquito larvae. The fish will need an
air pump to get oxygen, but provide a low tech' way to
minimize spread of mosquito-born disease. Be careful
that they don't make their way into the watering can!
Water Saving Tips for your Lawn Garden
Website: http://www.cmhc.ca/en/co/maho/la/la___QQ6.cfm
Description: Although a Canadian publication, these
tips can be applied to lawns and gardens throughout
the United States. This website offers basic information
about lawn and garden irrigation -when to water, how
to water - as well as some more advanced suggestions
including rain barrels and tips on aeration.
Natural Shade
By providing your home with well-located natural shade,
homeowners can save up to 30% on air conditioning costs
and 20-50% of the energy used to heat a home. Also, the
USDA Forest Service estimates that healthy, mature trees
well planted on a house lot can add an average of 10% to
the property value.
Washington Department of Natural Resources
Website: http://www.dnr.wa.gov/wcfc/
Description: The Washington Department of Natural
Resources' website provides links on various topics
related to shading.
Specialized Techniques
Advanced gardeners might try applying Greenscapes,
organic gardening techniques, or Xeriscaping to their prop-
erty. The information below will guide homeowners in their
landscaping decisions.
Greenscapes
Terms: greenscapes
Description: Greenscape ideas are typically used on
commercial property and large scale landscaping, but
the techniques offer homeowners some ideas for envi-
ronmentally responsible landscaping. One Greenscapes
idea is to purchasing hoses, tubing, trickle irrigation
systems, and lawn edging made from recovered plastic
and old tires.
Visit www.epa.gov/epaoswer/non-hw/green/index.
htm for more information on Greenscapes.
US EPA- "Greenseaping" Your Lawn and Garden
http://www.epa.gov/epaoswer/non-hw/green/
pubs/home-gs.pdf
Description: This general guidance on Greenseaping
discusses why it's beneficial to the environment and how
homeowners can incorporate it into their yards. Com-
posting is also discussed.
Organic Gardening
Search Terms: organic gardening, green gardening
Description: Organic Gardening is the practice of main-
taining a garden or lawn without the use of pesticides and
herbicides. By using alternative maintenance practices,
homeowners can successfully garden while reducing their
exposure to potentially harmful chemicals.
Organic Lawn Care FAQ
Website: http://faq.gardenweb.com/faq/lists/organ-
ic/2004020829016580.html
Description: This website focuses on organic lawn care.
Information on organic and natural fertilizers, compost-
ing, and pest and weed management can be found here.
-------
Xeriscaping
Search Terms: xeriscaping, xeriscapes
Description: Xeriscaping is a general term that refers to
landscaping techniques known for water conservation and
environmental protection. Using specific designs and plan-
ning, plant choice, and irrigation/maintenance techniques
homeowners can apply xeriscaping to their property.
Xeriscaping -
Establishing a Efficient
Website: http://www.ciwmb.ca.gov/organics/Xeriscap-
ing/
Description: This resource was prepared by the State
of California and discusses some xeriscaping basics
- like what it is and why homeowners should consider
it - as well as information on landscape design, plant
choice, soil preparation, and irrigation systems.
XIII. Stormwater
Runoff from land and impervious areas such as paved
streets, driveways, and rooftops during rainfall and snow
events often contain pollutants that could adversely affect
water quality. Homeowners can manage Stormwater on
their property by minimizing paved areas, capturing rainwa-
ter, and consciously preventing Stormwater contamination
during construction.
Visit http://cfpub.epa.gov/npdes/home.cfm?program_
id=6 for information on EPA's Stormwater program.
Erosion and Sediment Control
Erosion and sedimentation is harmful to the environment
and can disturb local wildlife habitats. During construc-
tion, the land is disturbed and often there are piles of dirt,
steep slopes, and natural habitats that need protection.
The resources found below discuss the harms of erosion
and sedimentation while giving homeowners management
strategies for use during construction and renovation.
US EPA - Does Your a Stormwater Permit?
http://www.epa.gov/npdes/pubs/sw_cgp_bro-
chure.pdf
Description: This website outlines the National Pollu-
tion Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permitting
system and advises homeowners about scenarios when
their contractor may need to get a storm water permit
from EPA or the state.
US EPA - Innovative of Compost
http://www.epa.gov/epaoswer/non-hw/com-
post/erosion.pdf
Description: This document discusses the use of com-
post during and after construction for erosion control, turf
remediation, and landscaping. Compost can be gener-
ated from the trees and brush on site during the clearing,
stumping, or grubbing processes.
US EPA - Stormwater the Construction Industry
http://www.epa.gov/npdes/pubs/posterside1.
pdf
Description: This document provides suggestions for
controlling Stormwater and erosion during construction.
Surface Water Management
When surface water is appropriately managed, pollution
from Stormwater can be greatly reduced. Through minimiz-
ing impervious surfaces and incorporating rain gardens and
collection systems, homeowners can control surface water
on their property.
US EPA - Solution to Pollution
Website: http://www.epa.gov/npdes/pubs/solution_to_
pollution.pdf
Desciption: This brochure discusses Stormwater pol-
lution and why healthy household habits can benefit
the natural environment. Look here for information on
vehicles and garages, lawns and gardens, home repair
and improvement, pet care, swimming pools and spas,
and septic system use and maintenance.
US EPA - Ten Things you can do to Prevent Storm
water Runoff Pollution
Website: http://www.epa.gov/npdes/pubs/nps__month__
bookmark.pdf
Description: Here homeowners can find 10 easy ways
to reduce Stormwater pollution.
Public Utilities' Natural Drainage
Website: http://www.seattle.gov/util/AbouLSPU/Drain-
age_&_Sewer_System/Natural_Drainage_Systems/
Natural_Drainage_Overview/index.asp
Description: Natural drainage systems are an innova-
tive alternative to traditional Stormwater management
systems. Find information here on the benefits of veg-
etated swales, Stormwater cascades, and small wetland
ponds along with case studies of projects where these
techniques have been implemented.
Pavement
Paved and other impervious surfaces, such as roofs, do not
permit precipitation to infiltrate into the ground. By mini-
mizing these surfaces by landscaping or other methods,
homeowners reduce the impact of Stormwater pollution.
Use the resources here to make environmentally friendly
pavement/landscaping choices for your home.
Recycled Tire Paving
Search Terms: tire sidewalks, recycled tire paving
Description: This paving material can be made from
100% recycled rubber. It is gaining popularity in the US
and is being used predominantly for sidewalks. This
pavement is porous, durable, can withstand tree root
growth, and does not become slippery when wet. It is
available for residential uses as well.
-------
Toolbase Services
http://www.toolbase.org/TooIbaseResources/
IeveI4DG.aspx?ContentDetaiIID=3897&BucketID=4&Ca
tegorylD=61
Description: Here readers can find porous alternatives
to traditional pavement patterns and materials. Materi-
als, methods, and installation for these materials are
given.
Rain Gardens
Search Terms: rain garden, bioretention cell
Rain gardens look like traditional gardens, but usually con-
sist of deep-rooted native plant species and have a bowl-
shaped dip in the center. They are used to absorb and filter
rain as it runs off paved and other impervious surfaces on a
home's landscape. Because they are typically planted with
native species, they require little maintenance once they
are established.
Water Collection Systems
By collecting rain in a basin and either releasing it slowly to
recharge groundwater or saving it for future irrigation and
other non-potable needs, homeowners can reduce pres-
sure on municipal water supplies and minimize stormwater
runoff.
Rain Barrels
Terms: rain barrels, rain catchment
Description: By collecting rain, homeowners can save
money on water used for irrigation. Systems range from
simple, such as plain buckets, to advanced with cisterns,
pumps, and flow controls. For more information on rain
barrels see Irrigation in the Landscaping section of this
Guide.
XIV.
There are a number of energy sources that are used to
power homes and businesses in the United States and
around the world. Renewable sources of energy have been
gaining in popularity and are being integrated into our daily
lives. The following energy source alternatives to natural
gas, oil, and conventional electricity have become more
common because of their reduced effect on the environ-
ment and human health. Some alternatives are more eas-
ily adapted for use in new homes and renovations, whereas
it is more difficult to include others. Use the resources
below to determine if renewable energy is right for you.
Contact your local energy provider to inquire about ways
you can conserve energy and request that they provide you
with renewable energy. Some energy companies already
have renewable sources; you just have to let them know
that you want to be a part of a renewable program. Below
is a list of major utilities in Alaska and the Pacific Northwest
that have renewable energy programs.
Alaska
Alaska Power Association
http://www.alaskapower.org/
Idaho
Idaho Power's Green Power Program
http://www.idahopower.com/NewsCommunity/OurEnvi-
ronment/GreenPower/default.cfm
Oregon
Energy Trust of Oregon's Renewable Energy Programs
http://www.energytrust.org/RR/index.html
Washington
Tacoma Power's Green Power Program
http://www.mytpu.org/tacomapower/conserve-energy/
green-power/Default.htm
City of Seattle's Green Up Program
http://www.ci.seattle.wa.us/light/Green/greenPower/gree-
nup.asp
Puget Sound Energy's Green Power
http://www.pse.com/energyEnvironment/renewableen-
ergy4/Pages/GreenPowerProgram.aspx
Renewable Energy Options
Hydroelectric Energy
Search Terms: hydroelectric power
Description: Hydroelectric power is derived from the
energy in flowing water.
Tidal Power
Search Terms: tidal power
Description: Tidal power is power that is generated
from tidal currents in waterways.
Biodiesel
Search Terms: biodiesel
Description: Biodiesel is made from domestic renew-
able resources and when used in low concentrations can
be mixed with traditional diesel fuel to power vehicles or
with heating oil for home heating. Consumers looking to
mix biodiesel with traditional heating oil should ensure
that their furnace or boiler can accommodate the con-
centration before use.
Fuel Pellets
Terms: fuel pellet
Description: Fuel pellets are typically made from
sawdust and ground wood chips that would normally be
disposed. Pellets can be stored easily and conveniently
and burn readily with high heat output and very little
emissions. Total heating costs may be less than the cost
-------
of electric heat, and competitive with average costs of
other fuels.
Geothermal Energy
Search Terms: geothermal energy
Description: Geothermal energy, or heat from the earth,
is a renewable energy source that is gaining popularity
in residential markets. Geothermal heat pumps extract
heat from the ground water for direct home heating. In
the summer months, these same systems are able to
release excess heat through a reversed process. They
are not effective in very cold climates and may require
backup heat sources. Although there is no cost for the
energy, these systems can be expensive to install and
are only available to customers with appropriate home
sites.
Solar Energy
Search Terms: solar power, solar energy, photovoltaic
cells, solar cells
Description: Solar energy is power harvested from
the sun and can be used for passive home heating and
water heating purposes. There are several technolo-
gies associated with solar power - photovoltaic cells and
panels, solar power plants, passive solar heating, and
solar hot water heating. While solar energy is free and
renewable, the cost of the systems and retrofitting older
homes can be costly. The federal government's latest
energy bill has added a solar tax credit that will allow
homeowners to redeem a percentage of the cost of pur-
chase. Additionally, depending on the where you
reside where the local government may help subsidize
the cost as well.
Wind Energy
Search Terms: wind energy, wind turbines, wind farms
Description: Wind turbines and wind farms are increas-
ing in popularity as wind energy becomes the world's
fastest growing renewable energy source. Wind energy
is clean, can be used as a source of home electricity,
and is readily available for purchase from some utility
companies. Contact your local power provider to see if
wind energy is available in your area.
XV. Local Certification
The following local and national organizations provide stan-
dards for residential green buildings. While some publish
guidelines for public use, others only allow use upon the
completion of seminar courses or payment of fees. Home-
owners can use these standards as checklists, recommen-
dations, or suggestions for their own projects or can strictly
follow any set and apply for certification.
Local Green Building Programs
Alaska
GreenStar
Website: http://www.greenstarinc.org/
Oregon
Oregon Department of Environmental Quality
http://www.deq.state.or.us/lq/sw/wastepreven-
tion/greenbuilding.htm
City of Portland
Website: http://www.portlandonline.com/osd/index.
cfm?c=45837
Idaho
City of
Website: http://www.cityofboise.org/Departments/Pub-
lic_Works/EnvironmentalResourceCenter/Sustainable-
andLivableBoise/index.aspx
Washington
Washington Department of Ecology
Website: http://www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/swfa/green-
building/
King County Green Tools
Website: http://www.your.kingcounty.gov/solidwaste/
greenbuilding/index.asp
City of
http://www.seattle.gov/dpd/Planning/
CityGreenBuilding/default.asp
Certification Programs
American Lung Association - Health House
(New Construction)
Website: http://www.healthhouse.org/consumer/build.
cfm
Description: This indoor air building program was
designed by the American Lung Association. Health
Homes are inspected during construction and tested
upon completion. Visit the website to learn more and
order a free copy of their building brochure.
Energy Star Indoor AirPLUS New Homes (New
Construction)
Website: http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=bldrs__
lenders_raters.pt_bldr
Description: This site provides builders, raters, spon-
sors, and lenders of new homes with information about
the voluntary label for Energy Star Qualified New Homes
and information about Indoor AirPLUS.
Leadership in Energy Environmental Design
(LEED) for Homes (LEED-H) (New Construction)
Website: http://www.usgbc.org/DisplayPage.
aspx?CMSPagelD=147
Description: The LEED-H program, released in August
2005, applies the US Green Building Council's (USGBC)
existing programs to residential construction. You can
find the new checklist, program provider lists, and con-
tact information at their website.
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Green Globes (New Construction, Existing Build-
ings)
Website: http://www.thegbi.org/green-globes-tools/
Description: Certification system for new and existing
commercial buildings, but tools and resources for resi-
dential green building also provided.
Washington's BuiltGreen (New Construction, Exist-
ing Buildings)
Website: http://www.builtgreen.net/checklists.html
Description: Certification system for single family new
construction, remodeling existing homes, multi-family
complexes, and communities.
Oregon's EarthAdvantage (New Construction)
Website: http://www.earthadvantage.com/
Description: Certification for new construction only, but
tools for existing homes.
Checklists, Criteria, Guidance
Sustainable Building Industry Council's Green Build-
ing Guidelines
Website: http://www.psic.org
Description: The Guidelines provide homeowners
green building criteria, checklists, and recommendations
that they can share with their contractor. The guide is
available online for a fee.
Green Communities Criteria (New Construction,
Existing Buildings)
Website: http://www.greencommunitiesonline.org/get-
started-request.asp
Description: The criteria here are focused on creating
green affordable housing in American communities. Al-
though not completely applicable to homeowners, some
of the approaches can be incorporated into renovation
and new home construction. Readers can request the
criteria from the above website for free.
Green Points (New Construction, Existing Buildings)
Website: http://www.stopwaste.org/home/index.
asp?page=469
Description: Although designed for Alameda County,
California, the Green Points system is applicable
throughout the country. From this site, homeowners can
find suggestions and guidelines for home remodeling,
new construction, and the Green Points rating tool for
evaluation of their home's green characteristics.
National Association of Home Builders (NAHB) -
Green Home Building Guidelines
Website: http://www.nahb.org/publication_details.
aspx?publicationlD=1994
Description: This set of voluntary guidelines was devel-
oped by the NAHB Research Center in an open, public
process with many stakeholder groups from the home
building industry. The guidelines are free and available
for download at the website listed above.
US EPA Office of Compliance - Managing Your
Environmental Responsibilities (MYER): A Planning
Guide for Construction Development
Website: http://www.cicacenter.org/links/
Description: The MYER Guide contains two different
sets of checklists and detailed discussion/case studies
on major environmental areas (including stormwater)
affecting the construction industry. Readers will find an-
swers to many environmental questions and can conduct
self audits by using the self-audit checklists, included in
Part II of the Guide, during the Construction phase.
XVI. Green
Below are examples of successful residential green build-
ing. Although they are not all in Alaska or the Pacific
Northwest, they are useful models that readers might like to
explore before starting their green building project.
the Pacilc Northwest Examples
Alaska's Cold Climate Housing Center
Website: http://www.cchrc.org/sustainable+norther+shel
ter+project.aspx
Description: The sustainable Northern Shelter dem-
onstration house in Anaktuvuk Pass incorporates
sustainable design principles that make it an example
of affordable, energy-efficient, culturally-based, and envi-
ronmentally-appropriate building for northern climates.
City of Taeoma, Washington's EnviroHouse
Website: http://www.cityoftacoma.org/Page.
aspx?hid=2218
Description: The City of Taeoma created a permanent
model house that demonstrates sustainable ideas inside
and outside of the home. The house showcases a num-
ber of ideas that range from flooring options, landscap-
ing, roofing material, art, and much more. It is open to
the public.
City of Issaquah, Washington's zHome
Website: http://z-home.org/
Description: This is a zero-energy home (zero-utility
costs) that is carbon neutral and located in Issaquah,
WA.
Region Green Building Council Stud-
ies
Website: http://casestudies.cascadiagbc.org
Description: Collection of high performance building in-
depth studies from Oregon, Washinton, and British
Columbia.
Nationwide
Duke University Smart House
Website: http://delta.pratt.duke.edu/
Description: This house will act as a "living laboratory"
for Duke University engineering students. Their goals
are to promote the use of residential green building de-
sign, influence the market demand for green residential
technology, foster innovation, and educate students.
Page 21
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Habitat for Humanity Hickory Consortium Projects
http://www.habitat.org/env/projecLexampIes. http://www.hickoryconsortium.org/2___projects/
aspx projects.htm
Description: Habitat for Humanity builds sustainable Description: These projects - Cambridge CoHous-
homes in communities around the world. The website ing, Erie Ellington, Reviviendo Housing, and more - are
has project examples and case studies from the U.S. examples of residential, multi-family greenbuildings.
and around the world.
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United States Environmental Protection Agency
Region 10 Office of Air, Waste and Toxics
1200 Sixth Ave., Suite 900, AWT-122
Seattle, Washington 98101-3140
www.epa.gov/r10earth/greenbuilding/
Official Business
Penalty for Private Use
$300
PRESORTED STANDARD
POSTAGES. FEES PAID
EPA
PERMIT NO. G-35
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vvEPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office of Air, Waste and Toxics, Region 10
EPA910-K-09-006
June 2009
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