&EPA
United Sates
Enviroimenlal Protection
Agency
Technical Support Document for the Final
Rule on the Control of Emissions from New
Nonroad Spark-Ignition Engines:
Air Quality Modeling Analyses
-------
EPA 454/R-08-005
May 2008
Technical Support Document for the Final Rule
on the Control of Emissions from New Nonroad
Spark-Ignition Engines:
Air Quality Modeling Analyses
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
Air Quality Assessment Division
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
May 2008
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I. Introduction
This document describes the air quality modeling performed by EPA in support of the
final rule to control emissions from new nonroad Spark-Ignition (SI) engines. A national scale
air quality modeling analysis was performed to estimate the effect of the rule on future 8-hour
ozone concentrations, future annual fine particulate matter (PM2.s) concentrations, and future
visibility levels. The inclusion of PM2.5 and visibility impacts represents an improvement on the
modeling that was done for the proposed notice of rulemaking1 which only considered the
impacts on ozone2.
An additional change from the modeling done at proposal was our use of the Community
Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model3. The CMAQ model simulates the multiple physical and
chemical processes involved in the formation, transport, and destruction of fine particulate matter
and ozone. The 2002 version of the CMAQ modeling platform was used. A modeling platform
is a structured system of connected modeling-related tools and data that provide a consistent and
transparent basis for assessing the air quality response to changes in emissions and/or
meteorology. A platform typically consists of a specific air quality model, base year and future
year baseline emissions estimates, and a set of meteorological model inputs. The final
Locomotive/Marine rule modeling analyses4 were also based on the 2002 CMAQ modeling
platform.
II. CMAQ Model Version, Inputs and Configuration
A. Model version
CMAQ is a non-proprietary computer model that simulates the formation and fate of
photochemical oxidants, including PM2.5 and ozone, for given input sets of meteorological
conditions and emissions. This analysis employed a version of CMAQ based on the latest
publicly-released version of CMAQ available at the time of the final SI engine rule modeling
(i.e., version 4.6)5. CMAQ version 4.6 reflects recent updates intended to improve the
underlying science from version 4.5. These model enhancements include:
1 Federal Register, "Control of Emissions from Nonroad Spark-Ignition Engines and Equipment; Proposed Rule",
May 2007, pp 28098-28393.
2 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; Technical Support Document for the Proposed Small Spark Ignition (SI)
and Marine SI Emissions Standards: Ozone Air Quality Modeling; Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards;
EPA-454 / R-07-006, Research Triangle Park, NC; April 2007; 18 pp.
3 Byun, D.W., and K. L. Schere, 2006: Review of the Governing Equations, Computational Algorithms, and Other
Components of the Models-3 Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) Modeling System. Applied Mechanics
Reviews, Volume 59, Number 2 (March 2006), pp. 51-77.
4 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; Technical Support Document for the Final Locomotive/Marine Rule: Air
Quality Modeling Analyses; Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards; EPA-454 / R-08-002; Research Triangle
Park, NC; January 2008; 63 pp.
5 CMAQ version 4.6 was released on September 30, 2006. It is available from the Community Modeling and
Analysis System (CMAS) at: http://www.cmascenter.org .
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1) an updated Carbon Bond chemical mechanism (CB-05) and associated Euler
Backward Iterative (EBI) solver was added;
2) an updated version of the ISORROPIA aerosol thermodynamics module was added;
3) the heterogeneous N2Os reaction probability is temperature- and humidity-dependent;
4) the gas-phase reactions involving N2Os and H^O are now included; and
5) an updated version of the vertical diffusion module was added (ACM2).
Additionally, there were a few minor changes made to the release version of CMAQ v4.6
by the EPA model developers subsequent to its release. The relatively minor changes and new
features of this internal version that was ultimately used in this analysis (version 4.6. li) are
described in a memorandum from EPA's Office of Research and Development.6
B. Model domain and grid resolution
The CMAQ modeling analyses were performed for a domain covering the continental
United States, as shown in Figure II-l. This domain has a parent horizontal grid of 36 km with
two finer-scale 12 km grids over portions of the eastern and western U.S. The model extends
vertically from the surface to 100 millibars using a sigma-pressure coordinate system. Air
quality conditions at the outer boundary of the 36 km domain were taken from a global model
and did not change over the simulations. In turn, the 36 km grid was only used to establish the
incoming air quality concentrations along the boundaries of the 12 km grids. All of the modeling
results assessing the emissions reductions from the small SI engine rule were taken from the 12
km grids. Table II-l provides some basic geographic information regarding the CMAQ domains.
Table II-l. Geographic elements of domains used in the small SI engine rule modeling.
Map Projection
Grid Resolution
Coordinate Center
True Latitudes
Dimensions
Vertical extent
CMAQ Modeling Configuration
National Grid
Western U.S. Fine Grid
Eastern U.S. Fine Grid
Lambert Conformal Projection
36km
12km
12km
97degW, 40degN
33 deg N and 45 deg N
148x112x14
213x192x14
279x240x14
14 Layers: Surface to 100 millibar level (see Table II-2)
6 The document is available from http://www.regulations.gov with the document identification number: EPA-HQ-
OAR-2003-0190-0866.
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Figure II-l. Map of the CMAQ modeling domain. The black outer box denotes the 36 km
national modeling domain; the red inner box is the 12 km western U.S. fine grid; and the
blue inner box is the 12 km eastern U.S. fine grid.
C. Modeling Period / Ozone Episodes
The 36 km and both 12 km CMAQ modeling domains were modeled for the entire year
of 2002.7 All 365 model days were used in the calculations of the impacts of the small SI engine
controls on annual average levels of PM2.5. For the 8-hour ozone results, we only used the
modeling results from the period between May 1 and September 30, 2002. This 153-day period
generally conforms to the ozone season across most parts of the U.S. and contains the majority of
days with observed high ozone concentrations in 2002.
D. Model Inputs: Emissions, Meteorology and Boundary Conditions
1. Base Year and Future Baseline Emissions: As noted in the introduction section, a
2002-based CMAQ platform was used for the final rule modeling. The 2002-based platform
We also modeled 10 days at the end of December 2001 as a modeled "ramp up" period. These days are used to
minimize the effects of initial conditions and are not considered as part of the output analyses.
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builds upon the general concepts, tools and emissions modeling data from the 2001-based
Comprehensive Air Quality Model with Extensions (CAMx) platform used at proposal, while
updating and enhancing many of the emission inputs and tools. A summary of the emissions
inventory development is described below. More detailed documentation on the methods and
data summaries of the 2002-based platform emissions for base and future years is also available
separately.8
We used version 3 of the 2002-based platform which takes emission inventories from the
2002 National Emissions Inventory (NEI) version 3.0. These inventories, with the exception of
California, include monthly onroad and nonroad emissions generated from the National Mobile
Inventory Model (NMEVI) using versions of MOBILE6.0 and NONROAD2005 consistent with
recent national rule analyses.9'1 'u The locomotive and marine inventories are based on national
19
level estimates developed for the recent locomotive and marine rule making. The 2002-based
platform and its associated chemical mechanism (CB05) employs updated speciation profiles
using data included in the SPECIATE4.0 database.13 In addition, the 2002-based platform
incorporates several temporal profile updates for both mobile and stationary sources.
The 2002-based platform includes emissions for a 2002 base year model evaluation case,
a 2002 base case and several projection years. The projection years include 2020 and 2030,
which were used as the future years for the small SI rule analyses. The model evaluation case
uses prescribed burning and wildfire emissions specific to 2002, which were developed and
modeled as day-specific, location-specific emissions using an updated version of Sparse Matrix
Operator Kernel Emissions (SMOKE) system, version 2.3, which computes plume rise and
vertically allocates the fire emissions. It also includes continuous emissions monitoring (CEM)
data for 2002 for electric generating units (EGUs) with CEMs. The 2002 and projection year
baselines include an average fire sector and temporally averaged emissions (i.e., no CEM data)
for EGUs. Projections from 2002 were developed to account for the expected impact of national
8 Technical Support Document: Preparation of Emissions Inventories for the 2002-based Platform, Version 3.0,
Criteria Air Pollutants, January 2008. The document is available from http://www.regulations.gov with the
document identification number: EPA-HQ-OAR-2003-0190-0850.
9 The California Air Resources Board submitted annual emissions for California. These were allocated to monthly
resolution prior to emissions modeling using data from the National Mobile Inventory Model (NMIM).
10 MOBILE6 version was used in the Mobile Source Air Toxics Rule: Regulatory Impact Analysis for Final Rule:
Control of Hazardous Air Pollutants from Mobile Sources, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Transportation and Air Quality, Assessment and Standards Division, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, EPA420-R-07-002,
February 2007.
11 NONROAD2005 version was used in the proposed rule for small spark ignition (SI) and marine SI rule: Draft
Regulatory Impact Analysis: Control of Emissions from Marine SI and Small SI Engines, Vessels, and Equipment,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Transportation and Air Quality, Office of Transportation and Air
Quality, Assessment and Standards Division, Ann Arbor, MI, EPA420-D-07-004, April 2007.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Draft Regulatory Impact Analysis: Control of Emissions of Air
Pollution from Locomotive Engines and Marine Compression-Ignition Engines Less than 30 Liters per
Cylinder, EPA420-D-07-001, January 2007.
13 See http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/software/speciate/index.html for more details.
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regulations, consent decrees or settlements, known plant closures, and, for some sectors, activity
growth. For 2030, stationary sources used 2020 projections (i.e., no activity growth between
2020 and 2030). The 2020 and 2030 control cases from the final Locomotive/Marine
rulemaking were used as the future baselines for the small SI engine analyses.
2. Meteorological Input Data: The gridded meteorological input data for the entire year
of 2002 were derived from simulations of the Pennsylvania State University /National Center for
Atmospheric Research Mesoscale Model. This model, commonly referred to as MM5, is a
limited-area, nonhydrostatic, terrain-following system that solves for the full set of physical and
thermodynamic equations which govern atmospheric motions.14 Meteorological model input
fields were prepared separately for each of the domains shown in Figure II-1. The MM5
simulations were run on the same map projection as CMAQ. The 36 km national domain was
modeled using MM5 v.3.6.0 using land-surface modifications that were added in v3.6.3. The 12
km eastern U.S grid was modeled with MM5 v3.7.2. These two sets of meteorological inputs
were developed by EPA. For the 12 km western U.S. domain, we utilized existing MM5
meteorological model data prepared by the Western Regional Air Partnership (WRAP).15
The three meteorological model runs used similar sets of physics options. All three
simulations used the Pleim-Xiu planetary boundary layer and vertical diffusion scheme, the
RRTM longwave radiation scheme, and the Reisner 1 microphysics scheme. The EPA
simulations used the Kain-Fritsch 2 subgrid convection scheme while the WRAP simulation used
the Berts-Miller scheme for subgrid convection. In the EPA simulations, analysis nudging was
utilized above the boundary layer for temperature and water vapor, and in all locations for the
wind components using relatively weak nudging coefficients. The WRAP runs employed similar
four-dimensional data assimilation, but also included observational nudging of surface winds.
All three sets of model runs were conducted in 5.5 day segments with 12 hours of overlap for
spin-up purposes. All three domains contained 34 vertical layers with an approximately 38m
deep surface layer and a 100 millibar top. The MM5 and CMAQ vertical structures are shown in
Table II-2 and do not vary by horizontal grid resolution.
14 Grell, G., J. Dudhia, and D. Stauffer, 1994: A Description of the Fifth-Generation Penn State/NCAR Mesoscale
Model (MM5), NCAR/TN-398+STR., 138 pp, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder CO.
15 Kemball-Cook, S., Y. Jia, C. Emery, R. Morris, Z. Wang and G. Tonnesen. 2004. 2002 Annual MM5 Simulation
to Support WRAP CMAQ Visibility Modeling for the Section 308 SIP/TIP - MM5 Sensitivity Simulations to
Identify a More Optimal MM5 Configuration for Simulating Meteorology in the Western United States. Western
Regional Air Partnership, Regional Modeling Center. December 10.
(http://pah.cert.ucr.edu/aqm/308/reports/mm5 MM5SensitivityRevRep_Dec_10_2004.pdf)
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Table II-2. Vertical layer structure for MM5 and CMAQ (heights are layer top).
CMAQ Layers
0
1
2
o
J
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
MM5 Layers
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
Sigma P
1.000
0.995
0.990
0.985
0.980
0.970
0.960
0.950
0.940
0.930
0.920
0.910
0.900
0.880
0.860
0.840
0.820
0.800
0.770
0.740
0.700
0.650
0.600
0.550
0.500
0.450
0.400
0.350
0.300
0.250
0.200
0.150
0.100
0.050
0.000
Approximate
Height (m)
0
38
77
115
154
232
310
389
469
550
631
712
794
961
1,130
1,303
1,478
1,657
1,930
2,212
2,600
3,108
3,644
4,212
4,816
5,461
6,153
6,903
7,720
8,621
9,625
10,764
12,085
13,670
15,674
Approximate
Pressure (mb)
1000
995
991
987
982
973
964
955
946
937
928
919
910
892
874
856
838
820
793
766
730
685
640
595
550
505
460
415
370
325
280
235
190
145
100
The meteorological outputs from all three MM5 sets were processed to create model-
ready inputs for CMAQ using the Meteorology-Chemistry Interface Processor (MCIP), version
3.1, to derive the specific inputs to CMAQ.
16
Before initiating the air quality simulations, it is important to identify the biases and
errors associated with the meteorological modeling inputs. The 2002 MM5 model performance
evaluations used an approach which included a combination of qualitative and quantitative
analyses to assess the adequacy of the MM5 simulated fields. The qualitative aspects involved
comparisons of the model-estimated synoptic patterns against observed patterns from historical
16 Byun, D.W., and Ching, J.K.S., Eds, 1999. Science algorithms of EPA Models-3 Community Multiscale Air
Quality (CMAQ modeling system, EPA/600/R-99/030, Office of Research and Development).
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weather chart archives. Qualitatively, the model fields closely matched the observed synoptic
patterns, which is expected given the use of nudging. The operational evaluation included
statistical comparisons of model/observed pairs (e.g., mean normalized bias, mean normalized
error, index of agreement, root mean square errors, etc.) for multiple meteorological parameters.
For this portion of the evaluation, four meteorological parameters were investigated:
temperature, humidity, wind speed, and wind direction. The operational piece of the analyses
focuses on surface parameters. The Atmospheric Model Evaluation Tool (AMET) was used to
conduct the analyses as described in this report.17 The three individual MM5 evaluations are
1 o 1 Q *-\f\
described elsewhere. ' ' It was ultimately determined that the bias and error values associated
with all three sets of 2002 meteorological data were generally within the range of past
meteorological modeling results that have been used for air quality applications.21
3. Initial and Boundary Conditions: The lateral boundary and initial species
concentrations are provided by a three-dimensional global atmospheric chemistry model, the
GEOS-CHEM model.22 The global GEOS-CHEM model simulates atmospheric chemical and
physical processes driven by assimilated meteorological observations from the NASA's Goddard
Earth Observing System (GEOS). This model was run for 2002 with a grid resolution of 2.0
degree x 2.5 degree (latitude-longitude) and 20 vertical layers. The predictions were used to
provide one-way dynamic boundary conditions at three-hour intervals and an initial
concentration field for the CMAQ simulations. More information about the GEOS-CHEM
model and other air quality applications using this tool is available at the following address:
http: //www-as. harvard. edu/chemi stry/trop/geos.
E. CMAQ Base Case Model Performance Evaluation
An operational model performance evaluation for ozone and PM2.5 and its related
speciated components was conducted using 2002 State/local monitoring sites data in order to
estimate the ability of the CMAQ modeling system to replicate the base year concentrations for
17 Gilliam, R. C., W. Appel, and S. Phillips. The Atmospheric Model Evaluation Tool (AMET): Meteorology
Module. Presented at 4th Annual CMAS Models-3 Users Conference, Chapel Hill, NC, September 26 - 28, 2005.
18 Brewer J., P. Dolwick, and R. Gilliam. Regional and Local Scale Evaluation of MM5 Meteorological Fields for
Various Air Quality Modeling Applications, Presented at the 87th Annual American Meteorological Society Annual
Meeting, San Antonio, TX, January 15-18, 2007.
19 Dolwick, P, R. Gilliam, L. Reynolds, and A. Huffman. Regional and Local-scale Evaluation of 2002 MM5
Meteorological Fields for Various Air Quality Modeling Applications, Presented at 6th Annual CMAS Models-3
Users Conference, Chapel Hill, NC, October 1-3, 2007.
20 Kemball-Cook, S., Y. Jia, C. Emery, R. Morris, Z. Wang, and G. Tonnesen. Annual 2002 MM5 Meteorological
Modeling to Support Regional Haze Modeling of the Western United States,
Prepared for The Western Regional Air Partnership (WRAP), 1515 Cleveland Place, Suite 200
Denver, CO 80202, March 2005.
21 Environ, Enhanced Meteorological Modeling and Performance Evaluation for Two Texas Episodes, August 2001.
22 Yantosca, B., 2004. GEOS-CHEMv7-01-02 User's Guide, Atmospheric Chemistry Modeling
Group, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, October 15, 2004.
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the 12-km eastern and western domains. In summary, model performance statistics were
calculated for observed-predicted pairs of daily, monthly, seasonal, and annual concentrations.
Statistics were generated for the following geographic groupings: the entire 12-km Eastern US
domain (EUS), the entire 12-km Western US domain (WUS), and five large subregions:
Midwest, Northeast, Southeast, Central, and West U.S.23 The "acceptability" of model
performance was judged by comparing our CMAQ 2002 performance results to the range of
performance found in the 2001 CMAQ results used in the proposal, as well as recent regional
ozone and PM2.5 model applications (e.g., Clean Air Interstate Rule, Final PMNAAQS Rule).24
These other modeling studies represent a wide range of modeling analyses which cover various
models, model configurations, domains, years and/or episodes, chemical mechanisms, and
aerosol modules.
There are various statistical metrics available and used by the scientific community for
model performance evaluation. The principal evaluation statistics used to evaluate CMAQ
performance were two bias metrics, normalized mean bias and fractional bias; and two error
metrics, normalized mean error and fractional error. Normalized mean bias (NMB) is used as a
normalization to facilitate a range of concentration magnitudes. This statistic averages the
difference (model - observed) over the sum of observed values. NMB is a useful model
performance indicator because it avoids over inflating the observed range of values, especially at
low concentrations. Normalized mean bias is defined as:
NMB = — !— - - *100, where P = predicted concentrations and O = observed
1(0)
i
Normalized mean error (NME) is also similar to NMB, where the performance statistic is used as
a normalization of the mean error. NME calculates the absolute value of the difference (model -
observed) over the sum of observed values. Normalized mean error is defined as:
NME = -^ - *100, where P = predicted concentrations and O = observed
1(0)
23 The subregions are defined by States where: Midwest is IL, IN, MI, OH, and WI; Northeast is CT, DE,
MA, MD, ME, NH, NJ, NY, PA, RI, and VT; Southeast is AL, FL, GA, KY, MS, NC, SC, TN, VA, and
WV; Central is AR, IA, KS, LA, MN, MO, NE, OK, and TX; West is CA, OR, WA, AZ, NM, CO, UT, WY, SD,
ND, MT, ID, and NV.
24 See: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; Technical Support Document for the Final Clean Air Interstate Rule:
Air Quality Modeling; Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards; RTF, NC; March 2005 (CAIR Docket OAR-
2005-0053-2149); and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2006. Technical Support Document for the Final PM
NAAQS Rule: Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC
10
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Fractional bias is defined as:
FB= -
n
v i
*100, where P = predicted concentrations and O = observed
FB is a useful model performance indicator because it has the advantage of equally weighting
positive and negative bias estimates. The single largest disadvantage in this estimate of model
performance is that the estimated concentration (i.e., prediction, P) is found in both the
numerator and denominator.
Fractional error (FE) is similar to fractional bias except the absolute value of the difference is
used so that the error is always positive. Fractional error is defined as:
FE= -
n
i
9
2
*100, where P = predicted concentrations and O = observed
Overall, the bias and error statistics shown in Table 11-3 below indicate that the base case
model ozone and PM2.5 concentrations are within the range or close to that found in recent EPA
applications. The CMAQ model performance results give us confidence that our applications of
CMAQ using this 2002 modeling platform provide a scientifically credible approach for
assessing ozone and PM2.5 concentrations for the purposes of the final small SI engine rule. A
detailed summary of the CMAQ model performance evaluation is available.
PM2.5 and ozone evaluation is presented here.
25
A summary of the
1. PM.2.5'. The PM2.5 evaluation focuses on PM2.5 total mass and its components including
sulfate (SO4), nitrate (NO3), total nitrate (TNO3=NO3+HNO3), ammonium (NH4), elemental
carbon (EC), and organic carbon (OC). The PM2.5 performance statistics were calculated for
each month and season individually and for the entire year, as a whole. Seasons were defined as:
winter (December-January-February), spring (March-April-May), summer (June-July-August),
and fall (September-October-November). PM2.s ambient measurements for 2002 were obtained
from the following networks for model evaluation: Speciation Trends Network (STN- 199
sites), Interagency Monitoring of PROtected Visual Environments (IMPROVE- 150 sites), and
Clean Air Status and Trends Network (CASTNet- 83 sites). For brevity, Table II-3 provides
annual model performance statistics for PM2.s and its component species for the 12-km Eastern
domain, 12-km Western domain, and five subregions defined above (Midwest, Northeast,
Southeast, Central, and West U.S.).
25 Technical Support Document: 2002 CMAQ Model Performance Evaluation for Ozone and Paniculate Matter,
January 2008. This file is available at www.regulations.gov. The document identification number for this file is:
EPA-HQ-0 AR-2003-0190-0851.
11
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Table II-3. Summary of 2002 CMAQ annual PM2.s species model performance statistics.
CMAQ 2002 Annual
PM2.5
Total Mass
Sulfate
Nitrate
STN
IMPROVE
STN
IMPROVE
CASTNet
STN
12-kmEUS
12-kmWUS
Northeast
Midwest
Southeast
Central
West
12-kmEUS
12-kmWUS
Northeast
Midwest
Southeast
Central
West
12-kmEUS
12-kmWUS
Northeast
Midwest
Southeast
Central
West
12-kmEUS
12-kmWUS
Northeast
Midwest
Southeast
Central
West
12-kmEUS
12-kmWUS
Northeast
Midwest
Southeast
Central
West
12-kmEUS
12-kmWUS
No. of Obs.
10307
3000
1516
2780
2554
2738
2487
8436
10123
592
2060
1803
1624
9543
10157
2926
1487
2730
2541
2686
2446
8532
10232
597
2070
1805
1671
9645
3173
1158
663
839
1085
229
1118
8770
2726
NMB (%)
10.8
-5.8
14.9
20.5
-3.9
14.5
-7.4
-2.3
-26.4
8.6
21.0
-13.1
-13.1
-27.8
-3.9
-20.6
3.6
-4.3
-7.6
-3.2
-26.1
-10.8
-7.5
-4.9
-12.3
-9.5
-16.1
-5.5
-11.3
-21.3
-8.3
-12.3
-11.2
-20.7
-20.4
18.3
-45.0
NME (%)
42.8
46.9
35.6
48.2
36.0
49.1
46.8
49.0
53.5
41.5
59.4
41.2
49.4
53.1
33.6
41.9
34.9
29.1
33.4
39.2
44.9
33.0
42.4
29.9
30.1
32.9
35.0
43.5
20.5
34.6
19.3
17.9
21.5
27.3
35.3
65.9
63.1
FB (%)
5.4
-3.1
13.2
16.6
-10.0
6.0
-4.5
-5.7
-26.3
2.4
17.4
-19.8
-17.6
-27.1
-9.7
-12.2
-2.9
-8.8
-16.3
-7.2
-15.8
-7.2
7.6
-10.0
-9.9
-16.8
-16.0
8.6
-16.3
-11.2
-16.3
-15.6
-17.8
-27.4
-10.7
-29.1
-70.6
FE (%)
42.6
45.0
34.4
42.6
39.7
49.4
44.8
51.4
57.5
41.0
51.6
49.9
57.0
57.2
38.4
43.5
36.2
33.6
38.8
44.3
44.8
40.6
45.7
35.7
36.1
40.5
42.4
45.9
26.1
35.9
24.3
21.6
27.2
33.6
36.1
84.5
95.0
12
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Total Nitrate
(N03+HN03)
Ammonium
Elemental
Carbon
IMPROVE
CASTNet
STN
CASTNet
STN
IMPROVE
Northeast
Midwest
Southeast
Central
West
12-kmEUS
12-kmWUS
Northeast
Midwest
Southeast
Central
West
12-kmEUS
12-kmWUS
Northeast
Midwest
Southeast
Central
West
12-kmEUS
12-kmWUS
Northeast
Midwest
Southeast
Central
West
12-kmEUS
12-kmWUS
Northeast
Midwest
Southeast
Central
West
12-kmEUS
12-kmWUS
Northeast
Midwest
Southeast
Central
West
12-kmEUS
12-kmWUS
1488
2731
2540
1298
2446
8514
10110
597
2069
1803
1672
9522
3171
1157
662
839
1085
229
1117
10157
2926
1488
2731
2540
2685
2446
3166
1156
661
837
1085
229
1116
10031
2975
1498
2744
2506
2570
2475
8282
10069
17.4
32.7
8.6
12.7
-47.5
48.4
-34.8
43.0
122.2
33.5
18.1
-39.6
24.4
-19.5
20.5
39.1
22.9
6.2
-20.4
11.9
-23.6
16.0
12.3
7.3
15.0
-30.6
5.3
-16.8
15.3
9.8
-7.7
7.4
-21.1
45.0
43.1
37.1
53.1
16.9
91.7
49.0
-15.0
-14.1
59.1
70.4
84.6
52.5
62.8
106.8
80.67
86.0
153.8
112.2
81.0
81.1
37.3
44.2
29.4
46.5
39.5
35.6
45.8
40.6
55.7
39.6
38.4
38.4
46.6
56.7
30.8
42.5
27.6
34.7
30.1
33.1
43.5
78.9
82.6
58.9
76.7
66.0
118.0
86.2
49.2
67.2
-5.0
-10.9
-64.7
-13.4
-73.8
-52.8
-101.0
-37.0
3.5
-78.5
-59.6
-104.0
16.8
-12.0
16.3
29.0
15.8
0.6
-12.1
14.4
7.2
21.8
19.2
6.0
14.3
2.9
2.7
-13.0
13.6
11.9
-9.7
3.0
-14.4
22.1
18.2
24.5
26.3
7.2
41.0
17.1
-23.4
-29.5
67.3
78.1
107.5
69.1
95.4
116.4
130.0
102.8
107.5
130.8
114.1
131.1
35.1
46.0
25.3
39.7
37.2
36.2
46.6
45.2
58.1
42.8
42.4
41.8
52.1
59.7
31.6
41.1
25.2
33.9
33.6
35.6
41.4
56.9
61.3
48.3
54.7
51.7
68.1
62.7
52.8
62.1
13
-------
Organic
Carbon
STN
IMPROVE
Northeast
Midwest
Southeast
Central
West
12-kmEUS
12-kmWUS
Northeast
Midwest
Southeast
Central
West
12-kmEUS
12-kmWUS
Northeast
Midwest
Southeast
Central
West
599
2056
1795
1532
9493
9726
2903
1447
2641
2474
2504
2408
8287
10082
598
2057
1800
1531
9508
-22.6
11.6
-32.4
-24.3
-15.5
-39.9
-37.6
-45.2
-26.5
-47.4
-43.6
-36.3
-32.4
-34.8
-42.4
-6.4
-46.1
-47.9
-34.5
37.5
57.5
44.6
47.6
67.8
58.0
60.3
60.9
61.7
55.3
54.0
61.4
60.5
60.0
54.8
68.2
58.4
61.6
59.6
-27.4
0.5
-42.0
-29.8
-31.3
-41.1
-40.4
-41.6
-19.7
-53.7
-51.3
-37.9
-37.1
-31.2
-40.2
-0.7
-69.7
-61.2
-29.7
46.5
50.8
55.6
55.9
62.7
70.5
69.3
73.1
67.6
70.7
69.7
70.2
67.9
63.0
63.8
60.8
81.3
79.6
61.9
2. Ozone: The ozone evaluation focuses on the observed and predicted hourly ozone
concentrations and eight-hour daily maximum ozone concentrations using a observation
threshold of 40 ppb (i.e., only data pairs in which the observed value was greater than or equal to
40 ppb were considered). This ozone model performance was limited to the period used in the
calculation of projected design values within the analysis: May, June, July, August, and
September. Ozone ambient measurements for 2002 were obtained from the Air Quality System
(AQS) Aerometric Information Retrieval System (AIRS). A total of 1178 ozone measurement
sites were included for evaluation. These ozone data were measured and reported on an hourly
basis.
Table II-4 and II-5 provide hourly and eight-hour daily maximum ozone model
performance statistics, respectively, for the 12-km Eastern and Western U.S. domain and the five
subregions. Generally, hourly and eight-hour ozone model performance are under-predicted in
both the 12-km BUS and WUS when applying a threshold of 40 ppb for the modeled ozone
season (May-September). For the 12-km BUS and WUS domain, the bias and error statistics are
comparable for the aggregate of the ozone season and for each individual ozone month modeled.
14
-------
Table II-4. Summary of CMAQ 2002 hourly ozone model performance statistics
CMAQ 2002 Hourly Ozone:
Threshold of 40 ppb
May
June
July
August
September
Seasonal Aggregate
12-kmEUS
12-kmWUS
Northeast
Midwest
Southeast
Central
West
12-kmEUS
12-kmWUS
Northeast
Midwest
Southeast
Central
West
12-kmEUS
12-kmWUS
Northeast
Midwest
Southeast
Central
West
12-kmEUS
12-kmWUS
Northeast
Midwest
Southeast
Central
West
12-kmEUS
12-kmWUS
Northeast
Midwest
Southeast
Central
West
12-kmEUS
12-kmWUS
No. ofObs.
241185
124931
51055
55859
69073
41728
111385
256263
125662
61354
54515
67867
46026
109157
257076
116785
66774
59360
68619
36021
104321
235090
125575
53837
54179
62506
41456
110225
179156
99710
44678
34285
41627
41549
83921
1168770
592663
NMB (%)
-0.7
-3.7
1.2
3.3
-2.5
-6.4
-3.9
-7.5
-8.4
-8.5
-7.2
-7.2
-10.0
-8.8
-5.3
-12.0
-3.9
-10.5
-3.6
-3.6
-13.6
-8.7
-7.9
-6.4
-10.8
-9.4
-9.3
-8.5
-9.9
-10.7
-8.7
-11.4
-8.2
-12.8
-11.7
-6.4
-8.4
NME (%)
15.9
15.9
17.1
16.2
14.1
17.3
16.1
16.8
17.7
17.3
17.9
15.3
17.5
18.2
17.7
21.5
17.0
19.4
16.5
18.7
21.8
17.8
20.1
16.7
19.1
17.3
18.7
20.6
17.2
19.0
16.3
18.5
16.5
18.8
20.0
17.1
18.8
FB (%)
-2.0
-5.0
-0.3
2.4
-3.1
-9.2
-5.2
-9.0
-9.3
-9.9
-8.3
-7.6
-13.5
-9.9
-6.6
-14.9
-4.8
-12.3
-3.9
-6.3
-16.8
-10.2
-10.2
-7.4
-12.4
-9.9
-12.8
-11.1
-11.8
-12.7
-10.6
-12.9
-9.0
-16.6
-13.8
-7.7
-10.3
FE (%)
17.1
17.3
18.2
16.9
14.8
20.3
17.6
18.6
19.1
19.1
19.6
16.3
21.2
19.7
19.2
24.3
18.0
21.7
17.2
21.1
24.9
19.7
22.1
18.0
21.4
18.5
22.4
22.8
19.5
21.1
18.4
20.4
17.8
22.8
22.1
18.8
20.7
15
-------
Table II-5. Summary of CMAQ 2002 eight-hour daily maximum ozone model
performance statistics.
CMAQ 2002 Eight-Hour Maximum Ozone:
Threshold of 40 ppb
May
June
July
August
September
Seasonal Aggregate
12-kmEUS
12-kmWUS
Northeast
Midwest
Southeast
Central
West
12-kmEUS
12-kmWUS
Northeast
Midwest
Southeast
Central
West
12-kmEUS
12-kmWUS
Northeast
Midwest
Southeast
Central
West
12-kmEUS
12-kmWUS
Northeast
Midwest
Southeast
Central
West
12-kmEUS
12-kmWUS
Northeast
Midwest
Southeast
Central
West
12-kmEUS
12-kmWUS
No. of Obs.
19172
9223
4255
4198
5470
3379
8155
19462
9029
4608
4104
5110
3603
7818
20565
8809
5380
4368
5633
3114
7784
19260
9551
4667
4012
5067
3543
8311
15865
8185
4074
3120
3671
3492
6911
94324
44797
NMB (%)
3.9
0.2
6.7
7.8
0.6
0.3
-0.1
-3.9
-4.9
-5.3
-3.2
-4.8
-4.5
-5.3
-1.6
-7.4
-0.7
-6.5
-0.9
1.3
-9.0
-5.1
-2.8
-2.9
-8.1
-6.4
-4.0
-3.2
-6.2
-6.7
-6.0
-7.2
-4.5
-8.5
-7.3
-2.6
-4.3
NME (%)
12.7
12.6
14.3
13.7
10.9
12.3
12.8
12.3
14.1
12.5
12.7
11.8
12.2
14.5
13.5
17.1
13.0
14.2
13.0
14.4
17.2
13.2
15.8
12.4
13.9
13.4
13.5
16.1
12.6
15.0
11.8
13.3
12.6
13.8
15.9
12.9
14.9
FB (%)
4.3
0.6
6.8
8.2
1.1
0.7
0.3
-3.3
-4.2
-4.7
-2.2
-4.1
-4.4
-4.7
-1.0
-8.1
-0.2
-5.8
-0.1
1.2
-9.9
-4.4
-3.1
-2.2
-7.5
-5.4
-3.9
-3.6
-5.9
-6.9
-6.0
-6.5
-3.8
-8.7
-7.6
-1.9
-4.2
FE (%)
12.6
12.8
14.2
13.5
11.0
12.4
12.9
12.4
14.2
12.7
12.8
11.9
12.7
14.7
13.6
18.0
12.9
14.4
13.0
14.7
18.2
13.4
16.1
12.4
14.2
13.4
14.1
16.5
12.9
15.5
12.3
13.3
12.7
14.5
16.4
13.0
15.3
16
-------
F. CMAQ Small Spark-Ignition Engine Modeling Scenarios
The CMAQ modeling system was used to calculate annual PM2.5 concentrations, daily 8-
hour ozone concentrations, and visibility estimates for each of the following seven emissions
scenarios:
1) 2002 base case
2) 2020 future baseline
3) 2020 future control case - small SI and marine SI controls
4) 2020 future control case - marine SI controls only
5) 2030 future baseline
6) 2030 future control case - small SI and marine SI controls
7) 2030 future control case - marine SI controls only
Appendix A identifies which source classification codes (SCCs) are part of the small SI
subsector and which SCCs are part of the marine SI subsector.
Model predictions are used in a relative sense to estimate scenario-specific, future-year
design values of PM2.5 and ozone. This is done by calculating the simulated air quality ratios
between any particular future year simulation and the 2002 base. These predicted change ratios
are then applied to ambient base year design values. The design value projection methodology
used in this analysis followed EPA guidance for such analyses.26 We used the 5-year weighted
average 2000-2004 design values as the starting point for the projections. Additionally, the raw
model outputs are also used in a relative sense for creating inputs to the health and welfare
impact functions of the benefits analysis.
III. CMAQ Model Results
A. Impacts of the Spark-Ignition Engine Rule on Future 8-Hour Ozone Levels
This section summarizes the results of our modeling of ozone air quality impacts in the
future due to the reductions in small SI and marine SI emissions. Appendix B contains 8-hour
ozone design values by county for each future-year modeling scenario. The modeling results
indicate that the emissions reductions from this rule will contribute appreciably to lower ambient
8-hour ozone design values in future years. Tables III-l and III-2 show the projected
improvements in average 8-hour ozone design values, for various years as a result of the four SI
control scenarios.
26 U.S. EPA, Guidance on the Use of Models and Other Analyses in Attainment Demonstrations for the 8-hour
Ozone NAAQS; EPA-454/R-05-002; Research Triangle Park, NC; October 2005.
17
-------
Table III-l. Model-projected change in average 8-hour ozone design values resulting from
the nonroad spark-ignition emissions reductions for several categories of counties. Units
are ppb.
Average change
Average change in all counties
Average change in counties whose base year
design value is above the NAAQS
Average change in counties whose base year
design value is within 10% of the NAAQS
Average change in counties whose projection year
design value is above the NAAQS
Average change in counties whose projection year
design value is within 10% of the NAAQS
2020
marine SI
controls
only
-0.21
-0.28
-0.20
-0.05
-0.38
2020
small and
marine SI
controls
-0.47
-0.62
-0.42
-0.13
-0.71
2030
marine SI
controls
only
-0.36
-0.47
-0.34
-0.03
-0.64
2030
small and
marine SI
controls
-0.66
-0.88
-0.61
-0.10
-1.05
Table III-2. Model-projected, population-weighted, change in average 8-hour ozone design
values resulting from the nonroad spark-ignition emissions reductions for several
categories of counties. Units are ppb.
Average change
Average change in all counties
Average change in counties whose base year
design value is above the NAAQS
Average change in counties whose base year
design value is within 10% of the NAAQS
Average change in counties whose projection year
design value is above the NAAQS
Average change in counties whose projection year
design value is within 10% of the NAAQS
2020
marine SI
controls
only
-0.23
-0.25
-0.24
-0.06
-0.25
2020
small and
marine SI
controls
-0.57
-0.61
-0.55
-0.17
-0.54
2030
marine SI
controls
only
-0.36
-0.38
-0.41
-0.04
-0.43
2030
small and
marine SI
controls
-0.76
-0.80
-0.78
-0.13
-0.79
The modeling projects that eight counties will have design values greater than 0.08 ppm
in 2020 and 6 counties will exceed that level in 2030. Based on this modeling, over 22 million
people are projected to live in an ozone nonattainment county in 2020. While the controls from
the SI engine rule are not enough to bring any of these counties into attainment by 2020 or 2030,
they do result in lower baseline design values that will make it easier to attain the ozone
standard.
As can be seen from Table III-l, the final spark-ignition engine controls will lower ozone
design values on average by 0.47 ppb in 2020 and by 0.66 ppb in 2030. Unlike past EPA rules
controlling NOx emissions, there are no instances in which the final nonroad SI engine rule
controls are projected to increase ozone levels. The largest decrease in a county-level 8-hour
ozone design values occurs in the Boston area (Barnstable Co.) where the rule is projected to
result in a decrease of 2.0 ppb in 2020 and 3.2 ppb in 2030. The modeling also indicated that
both the small SI and marine SI components of the rule improved air quality relatively equally.
18
-------
Figures III-l through III-4 display the projected county-level, 8-hour ozone design value
changes expected from the final nonroad SI engine control scenarios. The largest impacts tend to
be in areas near water, where marine SI source contributions can be large.
19
-------
Figure III-l. Model-projected change in annual 8-hour ozone design values from the small
SI and marine SI control scenario in 2020. Units are ppb.
Legend Number of c.
^B >-2.0 to-1.0
\^^\ >-1.0 to-0.5 186
| >-0.5 to-0.1 360
I • = 0.0 44
|>0.0
2020cc_bond impact
Figure III-2. Model-projected change in annual 8-hour ozone design values from the
marine SI control scenario in 2020. Units are ppb.
Legend Number of Counties
<=-2.0 0
^B >-2.0 to-1.0 19
| >-1.0 to-0.5 64
| >-0.5 to-0.1 457
\^^\ = 0.0 120
I I > 0.0 0
2020cc_bond_m impact
20
-------
Figure III-3. Model-projected change in annual 8-hour ozone design values from the small
SI and marine SI control scenario in 2030. Units are ppb.
Legend Number of Count!
^B >-2.0to-1.0 108
| >-1.0 to-0.5 262
| >-0.5 to-0.1 227
^H = 0.0 39
|>0.0 0
2030cc_bond impact
Figure III-4. Model-projected change in annual 8-hour ozone design values from the
marine SI control scenario in 2030. Units are ppb.
2030cc_bond_m impact
21
-------
B. Impacts of the Spark-Ignition Engine Rule on Future PMi.s Annual Averages
This section summarizes the results of our modeling of PM2.5 air quality impacts in the
future due to the reductions in small SI and marine SI emissions. Appendix C contains annual
average PM2.5 design values by county for each future modeling scenario. The modeling results
indicate that the emissions reductions from this rule will contribute to lower ambient PM2.5 levels
in future years. Tables III-3 and III-4 show the projected improvements in average annual PM2.5
design values, for various years as a result of the nonroad SI control scenarios discussed in
Section II.F.
Table III-3. Model-projected change in annual average PMi.s design values resulting from
the nonroad spark-ignition emissions reductions for several categories of counties. Units
are ug/m3.
Average change
Average change in all counties
Average change in counties whose base year
design value is above the NAAQS
Average change in counties whose base year
design value is within 10% of the NAAQS
Average change in counties whose projection year
design value is above the NAAQS
Average change in counties whose projection year
design value is within 10% of the NAAQS
2020
marine SI
controls
only
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.00
-0.01
2020
small and
marine SI
controls
-0.02
-0.02
-0.02
-0.01
-0.02
2030
marine SI
controls
only
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.00
-0.01
2030
small and
marine SI
controls
-0.02
-0.02
-0.02
-0.01
-0.03
Table III-4. Model-projected, population-weighted, change in annual average PM2.s design
values resulting from the nonroad spark-ignition emissions reductions for several
categories of counties. Units are ug/m3.
Average change
Average change in all counties
Average change in counties whose base year
design value is above the NAAQS
Average change in counties whose base year
design value is within 10% of the NAAQS
Average change in counties whose projection year
design value is above the NAAQS
Average change in counties whose projection year
design value is within 10% of the NAAQS
2020
marine SI
controls
only
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.00
-0.01
2020
small and
marine SI
controls
-0.02
-0.02
-0.02
-0.01
-0.03
2030
marine SI
controls
only
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.00
-0.02
2030
small and
marine SI
controls
-0.02
-0.02
-0.03
-0.01
-0.03
22
-------
The modeling projects that 11 counties will have design values greater than 15.0 |ig/m3 in
2020 and 10 counties will exceed that threshold in 2030. Over 24 million people are projected to
live in a PM2.5 nonattainment county in the future. The small SI and marine SI controls are not
enough to bring any of these counties into attainment in the future, but they do result in small
improvements in PM2.5 concentrations. As can be seen from Table III-3, the final SI engine rule
controls will lower PM2.5 concentrations on average by 0.01 |ig/m3 in 2020 and 0.02 |ig/m3 in
2030. These improvements in PM2.5 air quality are also projected in areas where present-day and
future-projected PM2.5 levels are above or near the NAAQS. For instance, when considering
only those counties whose future year design values are projected to exceed the NAAQS, the
average improvement resulting from this rule is 0.01 |ig/m3 in 2020 and 0.02 |ig/m3 in 2030.
Additionally, as shown in Table III-4, the improvements resulting from the rule are larger when
population-weighted. The greatest impacts from the final nonroad SI engine rule emissions
reductions tend to occur in areas with high populations. The largest reduction in annual average
PM2.5 occurs in Lake County IL (northern Chicago suburbs) where the rule is projected to result
in a 0.06 |ig/m3 improvement in 2020 and 0.08 |ig/m3 in 2030. The largest reduction in an area
that is projected to exceed the PM2.5 NAAQS in 2020 and 2030 is in the Pittsburgh region
(Allegheny Co.) where the annual average PM2.5 design value is projected to drop from 16.04 to
16.01 |ig/m3 in 2020, and 15.99 to 15.95 |ig/m3 in 2030 as a result of the final nonroad SI engine
rule. The modeling indicated that both the small SI and marine SI components of the rule
improved PM2.5 air quality relatively equally, although slightly more improvement was
attributable to the marine portion of the rule.
Figures III-5 through III-8 display the projected county-level, annual PM2.5 design value
changes expected from various SI control scenarios and years associated with this rule. The
largest impacts tend to be in areas near water, where marine source contributions (i.e., from
pleasure craft) can be large.
23
-------
Figure III-5. Model-projected change in annual PMi.s design values from the small SI and
marine SI control scenario in 2020. Units are ug/m3.
Legend Number of Count!
^^ <=-0.50 0
^^^ >=-0.49 to-0.25 0
^^ >=-0.24 to-0.10 0
^^^^ >= -0.09 to -0.05 3
^^ >=-0.04 to 0.0 553
I I >0.0 0
2020cc_bond impact
Figure III-6. Model-projected change in annual PMi.s design values from the marine SI
control scenario in 2020. Units are ug/m3.
Legend Number of Counties
^^ <=-0.50 0
^^| >=-0.49 to-0.25 0
^^^^ >=-0.24 to-0.10 0
^^ >=-0.09 to-0.05 0
^^^^ >= -0.04 to 0.0 556
I I >0.0 0
2020cc_bond_m impact
24
-------
Figure III-7. Model-projected change in annual PMi.s design values from the small SI and
marine SI control scenario in 2030. Units are ug/m3.
Legend Number of Count!
^^ <=-0.50 0
^^^ >=-0.49 to-0.25 0
^^^^ >=-0.24 to-0.10 0
^^ >=-0.09 to-0.05 23
^^^^ >= -0.04 to 0.0 533
I I >0.0 0
2030cc_bond impact
Figure III-8. Model-projected change in annual PMi.s design values from the marine SI
control scenario in 2030. Units are ug/m3.
Legend Number of Count!
^^^ >=-0.49 to-0.25 0
^^^^ >=-0.24 to-0.10 0
^^ >=-0.09 to-0.05 6
^^^^ >= -0.04 to 0.0 550
I I >0.0 0
2030cc_bond_m impact
25
-------
C. Impacts of the Small Spark-Ignition Engine Rule on Visibility
The modeling conducted for the small SI and marine SI engine rule was also used to
project the impacts of the reductions on visibility conditions over 133 mandatory class I federal
areas across the U.S. in 2020 and 2030. The results indicate that reductions in regional haze
would occur in all 133 of these federal areas as a result of the rule. The model projects that
average visibility on the 20% worst days would improve by 0.01 deciviews in 2020 and 0.02
deciviews in 2030.2T The greatest visibility improvement due to this rule would occur at the
Brigantine Wilderness area in New Jersey where a 0.14 deciview improvement is projected by
2030 as a result of the spark-ignition engine controls in this rule. Appendix D contains the
visibility projections from the final nonroad SI engine rule over 133 Class 1 areas.
27 The level of visibility impairment in an area is based on the light-extinction coefficient and a unit less visibility
index, called a "deciview", which is used in the valuation of visibility. The deciview metric provides a scale for
perceived visual changes over the entire range of conditions, from clear to hazy. Under many scenic conditions, the
average person can generally perceive a change of one deciview. The higher the deciview value, the worse the
visibility. Thus, an improvement in visibility is a decrease in deciview value.
26
-------
Appendix A: Source Classification Codes (SCCs) that comprise the Small SI
and Marine SI sectors.
sec
2282005010
2282005015
2282010005
2260001060
2260002006
2260002009
2260002021
2260002027
2260002039
2260002054
2260003030
2260003040
2260004015
2260004016
2260004020
2260004021
2260004025
2260004026
2260004030
2260004031
2260004035
2260004036
2260004071
2260005035
2260005050
2260006005
2260006010
2260006015
2260007005
2265001050
2265001060
2265002003
2265002006
2265002009
Subsector
Marine SI
Marine SI
Marine SI
Small SI
Small SI
Small SI
Small SI
Small SI
Small SI
Small SI
Small SI
Small SI
Small SI
Small SI
Small SI
Small SI
Small SI
Small SI
Small SI
Small SI
Small SI
Small SI
Small SI
Small SI
Small SI
Small SI
Small SI
Small SI
Small SI
Small SI
Small SI
Small SI
Small SI
Small SI
SCC Descriptor
Mobile Sources: Pleasure Craft: Gasoline 2-Stroke: Outboard
Mobile Sources: Pleasure Craft: Gasoline 2-Stroke: Personal Water Craft
Mobile Sources: Pleasure Craft: Gasoline 4-Stroke: Inboard/Sterndrive
Mobile Sources: Off-highway Vehicle Gasoline, 2-Stroke: Recreational Equipment: Specialty
Vehicles/Carts
Mobile Sources: Off-highway Vehicle Gasoline, 2-Stroke: Construction and Mining Equipment:
Tampers/Rammers
Mobile Sources: Off-highway Vehicle Gasoline, 2-Stroke: Construction and Mining Equipment: Plate
Compactors
Mobile Sources: Off-highway Vehicle Gasoline, 2-Stroke: Construction and Mining Equipment: Paving
Equipment
Mobile Sources: Off-highway Vehicle Gasoline, 2-Stroke: Construction and Mining Equipment: Signal
Boards/Light Plants
Mobile Sources: Off-highway Vehicle Gasoline, 2-Stroke: Construction and Mining Equipment:
Concrete/Industrial Saws
Mobile Sources: Off-highway Vehicle Gasoline, 2-Stroke: Construction and Mining Equipment:
Crushing/Processing Equipment
Mobile Sources: Off-highway Vehicle Gasoline, 2-Stroke: Industrial Equipment: Sweepers/Scrubbers
Mobile Sources: Off-highway Vehicle Gasoline, 2-Stroke: Industrial Equipment: Other General
Industrial Equipment
Mobile Sources: Off-highway Vehicle Gasoline, 2-Stroke: Lawn and Garden Equipment: Rotary Tillers
< 6 HP (Residential)
Mobile Sources: Off-highway Vehicle Gasoline, 2-Stroke: Lawn and Garden Equipment: Rotary Tillers
< 6 HP (Commercial)
Mobile Sources: Off-highway Vehicle Gasoline, 2-Stroke: Lawn and Garden Equipment: Chain Saws <
6 HP (Residential)
Mobile Sources: Off-highway Vehicle Gasoline, 2-Stroke: Lawn and Garden Equipment: Chain Saws <
6 HP (Commercial)
Mobile Sources: Off-highway Vehicle Gasoline, 2-Stroke: Lawn and Garden Equipment:
Trimmers/Edgers/Brush Cutters (Residential)
Mobile Sources: Off-highway Vehicle Gasoline, 2-Stroke: Lawn and Garden Equipment:
Trimmers/Edgers/Brush Cutters (Commercial)
Mobile Sources: Off-highway Vehicle Gasoline, 2-Stroke: Lawn and Garden Equipment:
Leafblowers/Vacuums (Residential)
Mobile Sources: Off-highway Vehicle Gasoline, 2-Stroke: Lawn and Garden Equipment:
Leafblowers/Vacuums (Commercial)
Mobile Sources: Off-highway Vehicle Gasoline, 2-Stroke: Lawn and Garden Equipment: Snowblowers
(Residential)
Mobile Sources: Off-highway Vehicle Gasoline, 2-Stroke: Lawn and Garden Equipment: Snowblowers
(Commercial)
Mobile Sources: Off-highway Vehicle Gasoline, 2-Stroke: Lawn and Garden Equipment: Turf
Equipment (Commercial)
Mobile Sources: Off-highway Vehicle Gasoline, 2-Stroke: Agricultural Equipment: Sprayers
Mobile Sources: Off-highway Vehicle Gasoline, 2-Stroke: Agricultural Equipment: Hydro-power Units
Mobile Sources: Off-highway Vehicle Gasoline, 2-Stroke: Commercial Equipment: Generator Sets
Mobile Sources: Off-highway Vehicle Gasoline, 2-Stroke: Commercial Equipment: Pumps
Mobile Sources: Off-highway Vehicle Gasoline, 2-Stroke: Commercial Equipment: Air Compressors
Mobile Sources: Off-highway Vehicle Gasoline, 2-Stroke: Logging Equipment: Chain Saws > 6 HP
Mobile Sources: Off-highway Vehicle Gasoline, 4-Stroke: Recreational Equipment: Golf Carts
Mobile Sources: Off-highway Vehicle Gasoline, 4-Stroke: Recreational Equipment: Specialty
Vehicles/Carts
Mobile Sources: Off-highway Vehicle Gasoline, 4-Stroke: Construction and Mining Equipment: Pavers
Mobile Sources: Off-highway Vehicle Gasoline, 4-Stroke: Construction and Mining Equipment:
Tampers/Rammers
Mobile Sources: Off-highway Vehicle Gasoline, 4-Stroke: Construction and Mining Equipment: Plate
Compactors
27
-------
2265002015
2265002021
2265002024
2265002027
2265002030
2265002033
2265002039
2265002042
2265002054
2265002066
2265002072
2265002078
2265003030
2265003040
2265003050
2265003060
2265004010
2265004011
2265004015
2265004016
2265004025
2265004026
2265004030
2265004031
2265004035
2265004036
2265004040
2265004041
2265004046
2265004051
2265004055
2265004056
2265004066
2265004071
2265004075
Small SI
Small SI
Small SI
Small SI
Small SI
Small SI
Small SI
Small SI
Small SI
Small SI
Small SI
Small SI
Small SI
Small SI
Small SI
Small SI
Small SI
Small SI
Small SI
Small SI
Small SI
Small SI
Small SI
Small SI
Small SI
Small SI
Small SI
Small SI
Small SI
Small SI
Small SI
Small SI
Small SI
Small SI
Small SI
Mobile Sources: Off-highway Vehicle Gasoline, 4-Stroke: Construction and Mining Equipment: Rollers
Mobile Sources: Off-highway Vehicle Gasoline, 4-Stroke: Construction and Mining Equipment: Paving
Equipment
Mobile Sources: Off-highway Vehicle Gasoline, 4-Stroke: Construction and Mining Equipment:
Surfacing Equipment
Mobile Sources: Off-highway Vehicle Gasoline, 4-Stroke: Construction and Mining Equipment: Signal
Boards/Light Plants
Mobile Sources: Off-highway Vehicle Gasoline, 4-Stroke: Construction and Mining Equipment:
Trenchers
Mobile Sources: Off-highway Vehicle Gasoline, 4-Stroke: Construction and Mining Equipment:
Bore/Drill Rigs
Mobile Sources: Off-highway Vehicle Gasoline, 4-Stroke: Construction and Mining Equipment:
Concrete/Industrial Saws
Mobile Sources: Off-highway Vehicle Gasoline, 4-Stroke: Construction and Mining Equipment:
Cement and Mortar Mixers
Mobile Sources: Off-highway Vehicle Gasoline, 4-Stroke: Construction and Mining Equipment:
Crushing/Processing Equipment
Mobile Sources: Off-highway Vehicle Gasoline, 4-Stroke: Construction and Mining Equipment:
Tractors/Loaders/Backhoes
Mobile Sources: Off-highway Vehicle Gasoline, 4-Stroke: Construction and Mining Equipment: Skid
Steer Loaders
Mobile Sources: Off-highway Vehicle Gasoline, 4-Stroke: Construction and Mining Equipment:
Dumpers/Tenders
Mobile Sources: Off-highway Vehicle Gasoline, 4-Stroke: Industrial Equipment: Sweepers/Scrubbers
Mobile Sources: Off-highway Vehicle Gasoline, 4-Stroke: Industrial Equipment: Other General
Industrial Equipment
Mobile Sources: Off-highway Vehicle Gasoline, 4-Stroke: Industrial Equipment: Other Material
Handling Equipment
Mobile Sources: Off-highway Vehicle Gasoline, 4-Stroke: Industrial Equipment: AC\Refrigeration
Mobile Sources: Off-highway Vehicle Gasoline, 4-Stroke: Lawn and Garden Equipment: Lawn Mowers
(Residential)
Mobile Sources: Off-highway Vehicle Gasoline, 4-Stroke: Lawn and Garden Equipment: Lawn Mowers
(Commercial)
Mobile Sources: Off-highway Vehicle Gasoline, 4-Stroke: Lawn and Garden Equipment: Rotary Tillers
< 6 HP (Residential)
Mobile Sources: Off-highway Vehicle Gasoline, 4-Stroke: Lawn and Garden Equipment: Rotary Tillers
< 6 HP (Commercial)
Mobile Sources: Off-highway Vehicle Gasoline, 4-Stroke: Lawn and Garden Equipment:
Trimmers/Edgers/Brush Cutters (Residential)
Mobile Sources: Off-highway Vehicle Gasoline, 4-Stroke: Lawn and Garden Equipment:
Trimmers/Edgers/Brush Cutters (Commercial)
Mobile Sources: Off-highway Vehicle Gasoline, 4-Stroke: Lawn and Garden Equipment:
Leafblowers/Vacuums (Residential)
Mobile Sources: Off-highway Vehicle Gasoline, 4-Stroke: Lawn and Garden Equipment:
Leafblowers/Vacuums (Commercial)
Mobile Sources: Off-highway Vehicle Gasoline, 4-Stroke: Lawn and Garden Equipment: Snowblowers
(Residential)
Mobile Sources: Off-highway Vehicle Gasoline, 4-Stroke: Lawn and Garden Equipment: Snowblowers
(Commercial)
Mobile Sources: Off-highway Vehicle Gasoline, 4-Stroke: Lawn and Garden Equipment: Rear Engine
Riding Mowers (Residential)
Mobile Sources: Off-highway Vehicle Gasoline, 4-Stroke: Lawn and Garden Equipment: Rear Engine
Riding Mowers (Commercial)
Mobile Sources: Off-highway Vehicle Gasoline, 4-Stroke: Lawn and Garden Equipment: Front Mowers
(Commercial)
Mobile Sources: Off-highway Vehicle Gasoline, 4-Stroke: Lawn and Garden Equipment: Shredders < 6
HP (Commercial)
Mobile Sources: Off-highway Vehicle Gasoline, 4-Stroke: Lawn and Garden Equipment: Lawn and
Garden Tractors (Residential)
Mobile Sources: Off-highway Vehicle Gasoline, 4-Stroke: Lawn and Garden Equipment: Lawn and
Garden Tractors (Commercial)
Mobile Sources: Off-highway Vehicle Gasoline, 4-Stroke: Lawn and Garden Equipment:
Chippers/Stump Grinders (Commercial)
Mobile Sources: Off-highway Vehicle Gasoline, 4-Stroke: Lawn and Garden Equipment: Turf
Equipment (Commercial)
Mobile Sources: Off-highway Vehicle Gasoline, 4-Stroke: Lawn and Garden Equipment: Other Lawn
28
-------
2265004076
2265005010
2265005015
2265005030
2265005035
2265005040
2265005050
2265006005
2265006010
2265006015
2265006025
2265006030
2265007010
2265007015
2265008005
2265010010
2285004015
Small SI
Small SI
Small SI
Small SI
Small SI
Small SI
Small SI
Small SI
Small SI
Small SI
Small SI
Small SI
Small SI
Small SI
Small SI
Small SI
Small SI
and Garden Equipment (Residential)
Mobile Sources: Off-highway Vehicle Gasoline, 4-Stroke: Lawn and Garden Equipment: Other Lawn
and Garden Equipment (Commercial)
Mobile Sources: Off-highway Vehicle Gasoline, 4-Stroke: Agricultural Equipment: 2-Wheel Tractors
Mobile Sources: Off-highway Vehicle Gasoline, 4-Stroke: Agricultural Equipment: Agricultural
Tractors
Mobile Sources: Off-highway Vehicle Gasoline, 4-Stroke: Agricultural Equipment: Agricultural
Mowers
Mobile Sources: Off-highway Vehicle Gasoline, 4-Stroke: Agricultural Equipment: Sprayers
Mobile Sources: Off-highway Vehicle Gasoline, 4-Stroke: Agricultural Equipment: Tillers > 6 HP
Mobile Sources: Off-highway Vehicle Gasoline, 4-Stroke: Agricultural Equipment: Hydro-power Units
Mobile Sources: Off-highway Vehicle Gasoline, 4-Stroke: Commercial Equipment: Generator Sets
Mobile Sources: Off-highway Vehicle Gasoline, 4-Stroke: Commercial Equipment: Pumps
Mobile Sources: Off-highway Vehicle Gasoline, 4-Stroke: Commercial Equipment: Air Compressors
Mobile Sources: Off-highway Vehicle Gasoline, 4-Stroke: Commercial Equipment: Welders
Mobile Sources: Off-highway Vehicle Gasoline, 4-Stroke: Commercial Equipment: Pressure Washers
Mobile Sources: Off-highway Vehicle Gasoline, 4-Stroke: Logging Equipment: Shredders > 6 HP
Mobile Sources: Off-highway Vehicle Gasoline, 4-Stroke: Logging Equipment: Forest Eqp -
Feller/Bunch/Skidder
Mobile Sources: Off-highway Vehicle Gasoline, 4-Stroke: Airport Ground Support Equipment: Airport
Ground Support Equipment
Mobile Sources: Off-highway Vehicle Gasoline, 4-Stroke: Industrial Equipment: Other Oil Field
Equipment
Mobile Sources: Railroad Equipment: Gasoline, 4-Stroke: Railway Maintenance
29
-------
Appendix B: 8-Hour Ozone Design Values for Small/Marine SI Engine Scenarios (units are ppb)
State Name
Alabama
Alabama
Alabama
Alabama
Alabama
Alabama
Alabama
Alabama
Alabama
Alabama
Alabama
Alabama
Alabama
Arizona
Arizona
Arizona
Arizona
Arizona
Arizona
Arizona
Arkansas
Arkansas
Arkansas
Arkansas
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
County Name
Baldwin
Clay
Elmore
Etowah
Jefferson
Lawrence
Madison
Mobile
Montgomery
Morgan
Shelby
Sumter
Tuscaloosa
Cochise
Coconino
Maricopa
Navajo
Pima
Final
Yavapai
Crittenden
Montgomery
Newton
Pulaski
Alameda
Amador
Butte
Calaveras
Colusa
Contra Costa
El Dorado
Fresno
Glenn
Imperial
Baseline
DV
78.0
79.3
76.7
75.0
83.7
76.3
79.7
79.0
75.0
82.0
88.0
71.7
75.5
71.0
73.7
85.7
66.0
74.0
82.0
78.7
91.0
67.0
77.3
81.7
82.7
85.7
88.7
91.0
73.3
79.3
105.0
110.0
72.3
86.0
2020 Base
65.7
57.3
55.4
54.8
60.3
55.7
58.3
66.2
55.3
61.3
62.1
52.0
52.9
65.6
68.4
71.6
59.0
64.3
66.2
67.3
69.7
52.0
60.8
62.5
72.1
71.0
72.5
76.1
61.1
72.6
85.6
95.6
60.9
74.3
2020 Marine SI
65.1
57.3
55.4
54.8
60.2
55.6
58.2
65.6
55.2
61.2
62.1
51.9
52.8
65.5
68.4
71.5
59.0
64.3
66.2
67.3
69.6
51.9
60.7
62.3
72.1
71.0
72.5
76.1
61.1
72.6
85.6
95.5
60.8
74.2
2020 Small &
Marine SI
64.9
57.1
55.1
54.6
60.0
55.5
58.0
65.4
55.1
61.0
61.8
51.8
52.6
65.5
68.3
70.9
59.0
64.1
65.8
67.3
69.3
51.8
60.6
62.1
72.1
71.0
72.4
76.1
61.1
72.5
85.6
95.5
60.8
74.2
2030 Base
65.9
55.3
52.7
52.8
57.5
53.8
55.7
66.5
52.9
59.2
59.1
50.2
50.5
64.8
67.3
68.6
58.1
62.6
63.9
64.9
67.4
50.6
59.3
59.6
68.8
66.4
67.1
71.6
57.5
70.1
78.9
91.0
57.4
71.5
2030 Marine SI
65.0
55.2
52.5
52.7
57.4
53.6
55.5
65.6
52.8
59.0
59.0
50.1
50.4
64.8
67.3
68.6
58.0
62.6
63.9
64.9
67.2
50.4
59.1
59.3
68.7
66.4
67.0
71.6
57.5
70.0
78.9
91.0
57.4
71.5
2030 Small &
Marine SI
64.8
55.0
52.2
52.6
57.1
53.5
55.3
65.4
52.6
58.8
58.6
50.0
50.2
64.7
67.3
67.9
58.0
62.3
63.4
64.8
66.8
50.2
59.0
59.0
68.7
66.3
67.0
71.6
57.5
70.0
78.9
91.0
57.4
71.4
30
-------
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
Colorado
Inyo
Kern
Kings
Lake
Los Angeles
Madera
Marin
Mariposa
Mendocino
Merced
Monterey
Napa
Nevada
Orange
Placer
Riverside
Sacramento
San Benito
San Bernardino
San Diego
San Francisco
San Joaquin
San Luis Obispo
San Mateo
Santa Barbara
Santa Clara
Santa Cruz
Shasta
Solano
Sonoma
Stanislaus
Sutler
Tehama
Tulare
Tuolumne
Ventura
Yolo
Adams
80.7
114.3
95.7
64.3
121.3
91.0
48.0
89.7
56.7
101.7
66.0
64.7
97.7
85.3
98.3
115.0
99.0
81.0
128.7
92.3
46.0
81.0
73.3
56.7
82.7
84.0
65.0
72.3
70.3
62.0
95.0
87.3
84.0
105.7
91.0
94.7
81.7
65.3
71.1
100.6
81.1
56.1
108.7
79.0
42.1
75.7
47.7
84.4
57.0
53.0
79.7
79.3
80.2
103.5
81.6
69.3
125.1
80.1
45.9
70.5
62.8
52.4
70.9
69.9
56.9
60.4
59.6
50.5
81.5
71.8
69.1
88.4
76.7
80.8
67.9
57.6
71.1
100.6
81.1
56.1
108.7
79.0
42.1
75.7
47.7
84.4
57.0
53.0
79.7
79.3
80.1
103.4
81.6
69.3
125.1
80.1
45.9
70.5
62.8
52.4
70.9
69.9
56.9
60.4
59.6
50.5
81.4
71.7
69.1
88.4
76.7
80.8
67.9
57.6
71.1
100.5
81.1
56.1
108.6
79.0
42.1
75.7
47.6
84.3
57.0
53.0
79.6
79.3
80.1
103.4
81.6
69.3
125.1
80.1
45.9
70.5
62.8
52.4
70.9
69.8
56.9
60.4
59.6
50.5
81.4
71.7
69.1
88.3
76.6
80.7
67.9
57.1
68.6
96.7
76.8
54.0
104.4
75.3
40.8
71.7
45.0
79.2
54.3
50.0
73.8
81.8
73.9
102.4
75.3
65.8
123.4
76.9
45.7
67.3
59.8
51.0
65.9
65.7
54.5
56.6
57.2
47.1
77.1
67.0
64.4
83.4
72.4
76.7
63.6
56.7
68.6
96.7
76.7
54.0
104.4
75.3
40.7
71.6
45.0
79.2
54.3
50.0
73.8
81.8
73.9
102.4
75.3
65.8
123.4
76.9
45.7
67.2
59.8
51.0
65.9
65.6
54.5
56.5
57.1
47.1
77.0
67.0
64.4
83.4
72.3
76.7
63.6
56.7
68.6
96.7
76.7
54.0
104.4
75.3
40.7
71.6
45.0
79.1
54.3
49.9
73.8
81.8
73.8
102.4
75.3
65.7
123.4
76.9
45.7
67.2
59.8
51.0
65.8
65.6
54.5
56.5
57.1
47.1
77.0
66.9
64.4
83.3
72.3
76.6
63.6
56.1
-------
Colorado
Colorado
Colorado
Colorado
Colorado
Colorado
Colorado
Colorado
Colorado
Colorado
Connecticut
Connecticut
Connecticut
Connecticut
Connecticut
Connecticut
Connecticut
Delaware
Delaware
Delaware
D.C.
Florida
Florida
Florida
Florida
Florida
Florida
Florida
Florida
Florida
Florida
Florida
Florida
Florida
Florida
Florida
Florida
Florida
Arapahoe
Boulder
Denver
Douglas
El Paso
Jefferson
La Plata
Larimer
Montezuma
Weld
Fairfield
Hartford
Litchfield
Middlesex
New Haven
New London
Tolland
Kent
New Castle
Sussex
Washington
Alachua
Baker
Bay
Brevard
Broward
Collier
Columbia
Duval
Escambia
Highlands
Hillsborough
Holmes
Lake
Lee
Leon
Manatee
Marion
78.7
75.3
74.0
83.0
72.3
84.7
59.0
80.3
68.0
76.7
98.3
88.0
86.0
95.7
98.3
90.0
92.3
88.3
92.7
90.0
92.7
73.0
71.3
79.3
72.7
67.3
68.0
70.5
74.0
81.0
66.5
78.7
71.0
76.0
69.0
71.0
76.3
74.0
70.3
63.7
65.3
73.7
63.0
74.0
52.1
67.6
62.9
64.7
81.5
67.5
66.2
75.2
78.6
70.5
70.1
71.2
71.9
71.5
70.1
57.0
55.2
62.6
52.5
55.5
57.1
53.4
53.6
66.2
54.2
66.9
55.3
56.1
56.9
55.6
62.1
58.7
70.3
63.7
65.3
73.6
63.0
74.0
52.1
67.6
62.9
64.6
80.7
67.1
65.8
74.7
77.8
69.2
69.7
70.6
71.7
71.1
70.0
56.9
55.1
61.9
51.8
55.4
57.0
53.3
53.5
65.2
54.0
66.4
55.2
56.0
56.6
55.5
61.7
58.6
69.7
63.3
64.7
73.0
62.8
73.4
52.1
67.1
62.8
64.3
79.8
66.5
65.1
73.9
77.1
68.6
69.1
70.4
71.4
70.8
69.5
56.8
55.0
61.8
51.5
54.8
56.9
53.2
53.3
65.1
53.9
65.9
55.1
55.5
56.4
55.3
61.3
58.5
69.1
62.4
64.3
72.3
62.1
72.8
51.6
66.3
62.3
64.3
80.7
65.7
65.1
73.8
77.3
69.3
68.1
70.2
70.5
70.4
68.0
55.6
53.6
60.9
50.9
54.3
55.8
51.7
51.9
65.4
53.3
65.7
53.8
55.0
55.7
53.6
60.8
57.4
69.0
62.4
64.3
72.3
62.1
72.7
51.6
66.2
62.3
64.3
79.4
65.1
64.4
72.9
75.9
67.1
67.5
69.1
70.1
69.6
67.8
55.4
53.5
59.8
49.7
54.2
55.7
51.5
51.7
63.8
53.0
64.9
53.6
54.7
55.2
53.5
60.2
57.2
68.3
61.9
63.6
71.5
61.8
72.0
51.6
65.7
62.2
63.9
78.4
64.3
63.6
72.0
75.1
66.5
66.7
68.8
69.7
69.2
67.2
55.2
53.3
59.6
49.4
53.5
55.5
51.4
51.4
63.7
52.8
64.3
53.5
54.2
55.0
53.3
59.7
57.0
32
-------
Florida
Florida
Florida
Florida
Florida
Florida
Florida
Florida
Florida
Florida
Florida
Florida
Florida
Georgia
Georgia
Georgia
Georgia
Georgia
Georgia
Georgia
Georgia
Georgia
Georgia
Georgia
Georgia
Georgia
Georgia
Georgia
Georgia
Georgia
Georgia
Georgia
Georgia
Idaho
Idaho
Idaho
Idaho
Illinois
Miami-Dade
Orange
Osceola
Palm Beach
Pasco
Pinellas
Polk
St Lucie
Santa Rosa
Sarasota
Seminole
Volusia
Wakulla
Bibb
Chatham
Cherokee
Clarke
Cobb
Coweta
Dawson
De Kalb
Douglas
Fayette
Fulton
Glynn
Gwinnett
Henry
Murray
Muscogee
Paulding
Richmond
Rockdale
Sumter
Ada
Butte
Canyon
Elmore
Adams
67.0
76.3
71.0
68.0
76.7
74.7
76.3
67.3
81.3
79.7
77.5
70.3
75.0
88.0
68.3
78.0
78.0
91.0
88.7
80.0
91.0
91.0
85.3
94.3
72.3
87.7
91.7
85.0
75.0
88.0
84.3
91.0
75.0
76.0
67.0
68.0
66.0
75.3
54.3
57.4
54.6
55.8
58.5
61.9
59.4
53.2
65.0
61.7
58.1
52.1
60.0
65.4
53.9
54.4
54.8
64.7
66.1
57.1
68.0
64.8
63.1
71.5
55.3
62.6
65.6
60.3
54.6
61.1
65.0
65.3
54.7
69.8
65.4
59.5
60.5
60.7
54.1
57.2
54.4
55.7
58.4
61.6
59.1
52.9
64.3
61.4
57.9
51.8
59.7
65.4
53.5
54.4
54.7
64.6
66.0
57.0
68.0
64.7
63.0
71.4
54.8
62.5
65.5
60.3
54.5
61.0
64.9
65.2
54.6
69.8
65.4
59.5
60.5
60.5
53.3
56.8
54.1
55.1
58.1
61.1
58.7
52.6
64.1
61.1
57.5
51.6
59.6
65.2
53.4
54.0
54.3
64.0
65.7
56.7
67.5
64.3
62.6
70.9
54.6
61.9
65.1
60.0
54.3
60.6
64.7
64.8
54.5
69.5
65.4
59.3
60.3
60.3
53.1
56.1
53.8
54.7
57.0
60.7
58.1
51.6
64.1
60.6
56.7
50.5
58.7
63.3
52.3
51.3
51.8
61.0
63.6
54.3
65.0
61.6
60.0
68.3
53.6
58.9
62.3
57.9
52.4
58.4
62.6
62.0
52.8
68.4
65.2
57.8
59.4
58.9
52.9
55.9
53.5
54.5
56.8
60.3
57.6
51.1
63.0
59.9
56.4
50.0
58.2
63.2
51.6
51.2
51.7
60.9
63.5
54.2
64.8
61.5
59.9
68.2
52.8
58.8
62.2
57.8
52.3
58.2
62.4
61.9
52.6
68.4
65.2
57.7
59.4
58.6
51.9
55.3
53.0
53.8
56.5
59.8
57.1
50.7
62.8
59.6
55.9
49.8
58.1
62.9
51.4
50.7
51.3
60.1
63.2
53.8
64.2
61.0
59.4
67.5
52.6
58.0
61.7
57.5
52.1
57.7
62.1
61.4
52.5
68.0
65.1
57.5
59.2
58.4
33
-------
Illinois
Illinois
Illinois
Illinois
Illinois
Illinois
Illinois
Illinois
Illinois
Illinois
Illinois
Illinois
Illinois
Illinois
Illinois
Illinois
Illinois
Illinois
Illinois
Illinois
Illinois
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Champaign
Clark
Cook
Du Page
Effing ham
Hamilton
Jersey
Kane
Lake
McHenry
McLean
Macon
Macoupin
Madison
Peoria
Randolph
Rock Island
St Clair
Sangamon
Will
Winnebago
Allen
Boone
Carroll
Clark
Delaware
Elkhart
Floyd
Gibson
Greene
Hamilton
Hancock
Hend ricks
Huntington
Jackson
Johnson
Lake
La Porte
75.0
73.0
85.3
71.7
74.7
79.3
87.7
77.0
84.7
82.0
76.0
75.0
78.0
85.7
78.0
77.7
68.7
83.0
75.3
78.3
75.0
87.0
88.0
83.0
90.0
85.5
87.0
84.3
73.0
87.0
93.7
91.3
84.7
83.3
83.3
85.3
88.3
90.3
59.3
54.0
75.1
62.8
57.9
59.8
68.7
64.7
73.4
69.1
58.9
58.9
58.1
67.3
64.7
60.2
55.8
67.0
54.4
63.4
59.6
68.1
68.9
63.6
69.5
65.6
68.6
67.4
52.1
63.3
71.6
69.0
66.4
65.2
63.4
65.9
78.5
75.8
59.2
53.9
74.6
62.3
57.8
59.7
68.5
64.1
72.5
68.5
58.7
58.8
58.0
67.2
64.5
60.1
55.6
66.9
54.3
63.2
59.5
67.9
68.7
63.5
69.4
65.4
68.3
67.3
52.0
63.2
71.3
68.8
66.2
65.0
63.3
65.7
77.7
75.1
59.1
53.8
74.0
61.9
57.7
59.6
68.2
63.6
72.0
68.0
58.5
58.7
57.8
66.8
64.3
60.0
55.4
66.6
54.2
62.9
59.2
67.6
68.4
63.3
69.2
65.2
68.0
67.0
51.9
63.1
70.9
68.4
65.8
64.8
63.1
65.4
77.3
74.7
57.6
52.9
74.5
61.9
56.3
58.3
66.5
63.2
72.3
67.5
57.1
57.4
56.3
65.2
63.1
58.6
53.8
64.9
52.6
61.8
57.5
65.8
67.1
61.8
67.8
63.5
66.6
65.8
50.7
61.6
69.3
66.6
64.2
63.1
61.7
64.1
77.8
74.6
57.4
52.7
73.7
61.1
56.1
58.2
66.3
62.0
70.9
66.3
56.8
57.2
56.1
65.0
62.8
58.4
53.5
64.8
52.5
61.3
57.2
65.3
66.7
61.5
67.6
63.1
65.9
65.6
50.5
61.4
68.9
66.2
63.8
62.7
61.5
63.6
76.6
73.6
57.2
52.5
73.1
60.5
56.0
58.1
65.9
61.4
70.3
65.7
56.6
57.1
55.9
64.7
62.5
58.3
53.3
64.3
52.3
61.0
57.0
65.0
66.3
61.3
67.3
62.8
65.6
65.3
50.4
61.3
68.3
65.8
63.4
62.5
61.3
63.3
76.1
73.2
34
-------
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Iowa
Iowa
Iowa
Iowa
Iowa
Iowa
Iowa
Iowa
Iowa
Iowa
Iowa
Kansas
Kansas
Kansas
Kansas
Kansas
Kentucky
Kentucky
Kentucky
Kentucky
Kentucky
Kentucky
Kentucky
Kentucky
Kentucky
Kentucky
Kentucky
Kentucky
Madison
Marion
Morgan
Porter
Posey
St Joseph
Shelby
Vanderburgh
Vigo
Warrick
Bremer
Clinton
Harrison
Linn
Montgomery
Palo Alto
Polk
Scott
Story
Van Buren
Warren
Linn
Sedgwick
Sumner
Trego
Wyandotte
Bell
Boone
Boyd
Bullitt
Campbell
Carter
Christian
Daviess
Edmonson
Fayette
Graves
Greenup
91.7
90.0
85.0
86.3
84.0
90.3
91.3
82.7
85.0
84.0
69.3
76.3
75.7
69.0
67.0
63.7
57.3
77.7
60.7
73.3
60.0
74.3
79.0
75.7
63.0
79.0
82.3
83.7
88.3
81.0
90.7
77.0
84.0
75.3
80.3
75.0
79.0
81.3
69.1
70.3
67.0
76.0
62.6
71.8
70.6
61.2
67.5
64.9
59.4
63.6
63.1
58.8
56.7
54.5
47.2
62.4
49.3
60.2
49.6
60.9
64.7
63.3
55.8
63.7
57.0
64.1
72.2
62.6
71.6
59.0
58.5
59.5
59.9
58.1
60.5
66.3
68.8
70.1
66.7
75.4
62.5
71.5
70.3
61.1
67.4
64.8
59.2
63.3
63.0
58.4
56.6
54.3
47.0
62.2
49.1
60.1
49.5
60.8
64.6
63.2
55.8
63.6
56.9
63.9
72.0
62.5
71.4
58.9
58.4
59.4
59.8
58.0
60.3
66.2
68.5
69.6
66.5
75.0
62.4
71.2
70.0
60.9
67.2
64.7
59.1
63.1
62.8
58.3
56.5
54.2
46.8
62.0
48.9
60.0
49.4
60.7
64.4
63.1
55.7
63.3
56.7
63.8
71.9
62.3
71.1
58.7
58.3
59.3
59.7
57.8
60.2
66.1
66.7
68.1
65.1
75.2
60.7
69.8
68.1
59.4
65.9
63.6
57.8
62.0
61.7
57.6
55.4
53.1
45.0
60.4
47.0
58.4
48.2
59.5
62.3
61.5
55.0
61.7
54.5
62.7
71.4
60.9
69.7
58.3
57.2
58.3
58.2
55.8
58.7
65.8
66.3
67.6
64.7
74.3
60.5
69.1
67.7
59.2
65.7
63.4
57.5
61.5
61.5
57.1
55.3
52.9
44.6
60.0
46.7
58.2
48.0
59.4
62.1
61.4
54.9
61.6
54.3
62.4
71.2
60.8
69.5
58.2
57.1
58.1
58.0
55.6
58.5
65.6
65.9
67.1
64.4
73.9
60.3
68.8
67.2
59.0
65.5
63.2
57.4
61.3
61.3
57.0
55.2
52.8
44.4
59.8
46.5
58.0
47.9
59.2
61.9
61.3
54.8
61.2
54.1
62.2
71.0
60.5
69.2
58.0
56.9
58.0
57.9
55.4
58.3
65.4
35
-------
Kentucky
Kentucky
Kentucky
Kentucky
Kentucky
Kentucky
Kentucky
Kentucky
Kentucky
Kentucky
Kentucky
Kentucky
Kentucky
Kentucky
Kentucky
Kentucky
Kentucky
Louisiana
Louisiana
Louisiana
Louisiana
Louisiana
Louisiana
Louisiana
Louisiana
Louisiana
Louisiana
Louisiana
Louisiana
Louisiana
Louisiana
Louisiana
Louisiana
Louisiana
Louisiana
Louisiana
Louisiana
Louisiana
Hancock
Hardin
Henderson
Jefferson
Jessamine
Kenton
Livingston
McCracken
McLean
Oldham
Perry
Pike
Pulaski
Scott
Simpson
Trigg
Warren
Ascension
Beauregard
Bossier
Caddo
Calcasieu
East Baton Rouge
Grant
Iberville
Jefferson
Lafayette
Lafourche
Livingston
Orleans
Ouachita
Pointe Coupee
St Bernard
St Charles
St James
St John The Baptist
St Mary
West Baton Rouge
81.7
78.3
79.3
82.7
76.3
85.0
82.7
79.0
82.0
85.3
75.7
73.3
77.3
68.7
79.7
73.0
82.0
79.3
73.3
79.7
77.3
78.7
87.0
75.0
84.3
83.0
79.3
78.0
79.7
69.7
77.7
73.3
78.0
78.7
74.0
78.7
74.7
84.0
64.2
58.6
61.2
65.8
58.1
66.9
62.5
64.7
60.0
64.2
56.2
55.6
59.4
51.3
57.4
53.8
60.8
69.9
62.7
61.6
59.4
67.3
77.6
60.9
74.0
71.5
66.9
66.5
69.7
59.5
62.0
64.5
65.1
68.4
65.1
69.5
62.5
74.8
64.1
58.5
61.1
65.7
58.1
66.8
62.3
64.5
59.9
64.1
56.1
55.4
59.4
51.2
57.3
53.0
60.7
69.7
62.6
61.6
59.3
67.1
77.5
60.9
73.8
70.1
66.8
66.3
69.5
58.3
61.9
64.5
64.1
67.0
64.9
69.3
62.4
74.7
64.0
58.4
61.0
65.4
57.9
66.4
62.2
64.4
59.8
63.9
56.0
55.3
59.2
51.0
57.1
53.0
60.6
69.6
62.5
61.4
59.2
67.0
77.3
60.8
73.7
69.9
66.7
66.2
69.4
58.1
61.8
64.4
63.9
66.8
64.8
69.2
62.3
74.5
63.0
57.1
59.9
64.2
56.1
65.1
61.0
63.4
58.6
62.5
54.7
54.1
57.7
49.9
55.4
52.3
59.1
68.8
61.7
59.5
57.4
66.4
76.8
59.5
72.9
70.6
66.0
65.5
68.6
58.7
60.2
63.8
64.2
67.7
64.3
68.8
61.4
73.7
62.9
56.9
59.7
64.0
55.9
64.9
60.7
63.1
58.4
62.3
54.6
53.8
57.6
49.8
55.3
51.0
58.9
68.5
61.5
59.3
57.2
65.9
76.6
59.4
72.6
68.3
65.8
65.3
68.4
56.9
60.0
63.7
62.5
65.4
64.0
68.4
61.2
73.5
62.7
56.7
59.6
63.7
55.7
64.6
60.6
62.9
58.2
62.1
54.4
53.6
57.4
49.6
55.1
50.9
58.8
68.4
61.4
59.1
57.0
65.8
76.4
59.3
72.5
68.1
65.6
65.2
68.2
56.7
59.9
63.5
62.3
65.3
63.8
68.3
61.1
73.4
36
-------
Maine
Maine
Maine
Maine
Maine
Maine
Maine
Maine
Maryland
Maryland
Maryland
Maryland
Maryland
Maryland
Maryland
Maryland
Maryland
Maryland
Maryland
Massachusetts
Massachusetts
Massachusetts
Massachusetts
Massachusetts
Massachusetts
Massachusetts
Massachusetts
Massachusetts
Massachusetts
Michigan
Michigan
Michigan
Michigan
Michigan
Michigan
Michigan
Michigan
Michigan
Cumberland
Hancock
Kennebec
Knox
Oxford
Penobscot
Sagadahoc
York
Anne Arundel
Baltimore
Carroll
Cecil
Charles
Frederick
Harford
Kent
Montgomery
Prince Georges
Washington
Barnstable
Berkshire
Bristol
Essex
Hampden
Hampshire
Middlesex
Norfolk
Suffolk
Worcester
Allegan
Benzie
Berrien
Cass
Clinton
Genesee
Huron
Ing ham
Kalamazoo
84.3
91.7
78.0
83.7
60.7
79.0
79.0
88.3
98.3
91.3
88.7
97.7
93.0
87.3
100.3
95.3
86.7
94.0
85.3
92.0
87.0
91.0
90.0
92.0
86.7
85.7
91.0
88.7
85.5
94.0
85.7
88.0
90.7
82.7
86.3
83.0
82.3
82.7
64.9
72.6
61.3
64.6
50.6
65.2
60.9
68.1
73.7
72.1
66.3
72.7
66.3
66.8
78.5
71.2
65.5
70.7
64.9
73.2
70.0
71.5
72.5
69.9
67.8
66.1
76.1
71.4
66.5
76.5
69.2
73.6
71.0
66.2
68.0
70.5
65.5
64.5
64.5
72.3
61.1
64.3
50.5
65.0
60.6
67.7
73.6
71.7
66.2
72.5
66.2
66.6
78.0
71.1
65.3
70.6
64.7
71.8
69.8
70.8
71.4
69.6
67.5
65.8
74.8
70.1
66.3
76.0
68.6
72.5
70.8
66.0
67.7
69.8
65.3
64.3
64.1
72.0
60.7
63.9
50.3
64.7
60.2
67.2
73.2
71.3
65.8
72.2
65.9
66.4
77.6
70.7
64.9
70.1
64.5
71.2
69.5
70.3
70.8
69.0
67.0
65.4
74.2
69.5
65.8
75.6
68.2
72.2
70.5
65.8
67.5
69.5
65.1
64.1
63.3
71.1
59.8
63.2
49.7
63.9
59.6
66.5
71.9
70.7
64.4
70.9
64.2
64.9
77.0
69.5
63.6
68.4
62.8
72.2
68.1
70.4
71.4
68.0
66.1
64.2
74.9
70.4
64.9
74.5
67.5
72.4
68.7
64.3
65.9
69.6
63.5
62.4
62.7
70.6
59.4
62.6
49.4
63.6
59.0
65.8
71.6
70.1
64.2
70.5
64.0
64.6
76.2
69.2
63.4
68.2
62.5
69.7
67.9
69.1
69.7
67.4
65.6
63.8
73.2
68.7
64.5
73.5
66.4
70.4
68.3
63.9
65.4
68.3
63.2
62.0
62.2
70.2
59.0
62.1
49.2
63.3
58.5
65.1
71.1
69.6
63.8
70.1
63.6
64.3
75.7
68.8
62.9
67.7
62.2
69.0
67.4
68.6
68.9
66.7
65.0
63.3
72.4
67.9
64.0
73.1
66.1
70.0
68.0
63.7
65.1
68.0
62.9
61.8
37
-------
Michigan
Michigan
Michigan
Michigan
Michigan
Michigan
Michigan
Michigan
Michigan
Michigan
Michigan
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Mississippi
Mississippi
Mississippi
Mississippi
Mississippi
Mississippi
Mississippi
Mississippi
Mississippi
Mississippi
Missouri
Missouri
Missouri
Missouri
Missouri
Missouri
Missouri
Missouri
Missouri
Missouri
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nebraska
Kent
Lenawee
Macomb
Mason
Missaukee
Muskegon
Oakland
Ottawa
St Clair
Schoolcraft
Washtenaw
Wayne
St Louis
Adams
Bolivar
De Soto
Hancock
Harrison
Hinds
Jackson
Lauderdale
Lee
Madison
Warren
Cass
Cedar
Clay
Greene
Jefferson
Monroe
Platte
St Charles
Ste Genevieve
St Louis
St Louis City
Flathead
Douglas
Lancaster
84.7
85.0
92.3
86.0
78.3
90.0
87.7
86.0
88.0
77.0
87.3
86.0
64.5
77.7
75.0
83.3
81.0
80.3
72.7
80.0
73.3
78.3
74.3
73.7
77.7
79.7
83.7
74.5
84.7
76.7
80.3
90.0
82.7
88.3
87.7
53.7
67.3
55.0
66.9
69.0
76.3
68.3
63.5
72.7
73.9
68.7
72.1
64.6
71.1
72.6
59.5
61.7
58.2
63.2
65.1
64.2
51.4
68.1
51.8
56.8
54.5
53.4
61.5
64.2
66.0
59.3
68.2
61.3
64.5
72.4
66.1
71.8
72.2
52.9
57.0
46.3
66.6
68.4
76.2
67.9
63.2
72.3
73.5
68.4
71.3
64.3
70.6
72.0
59.3
61.6
58.1
63.2
64.4
63.9
51.3
67.9
51.8
56.7
54.4
53.3
61.4
64.1
65.9
59.2
68.1
61.0
64.4
72.2
66.0
71.7
72.0
52.9
56.8
46.2
66.3
68.2
75.7
67.6
63.0
72.0
73.0
68.1
71.0
64.1
70.3
71.6
59.2
61.5
58.0
62.9
64.3
63.8
51.1
67.8
51.6
56.6
54.2
53.2
61.2
64.0
65.6
59.0
67.7
60.9
64.1
71.8
65.9
71.2
71.6
52.9
56.6
46.1
64.8
67.4
74.8
66.1
61.9
70.7
72.6
66.7
70.6
63.3
69.5
71.2
58.7
60.2
56.3
60.8
63.5
62.9
48.3
67.5
49.8
54.7
51.9
51.7
59.7
62.3
63.3
57.4
65.8
59.5
62.6
69.9
64.4
69.4
69.9
52.7
55.7
45.0
64.3
66.5
74.3
65.5
61.3
70.0
71.8
66.2
69.2
62.9
68.6
70.0
58.4
60.0
56.2
60.7
62.3
62.5
48.2
67.0
49.7
54.6
51.7
51.5
59.6
62.0
63.2
57.3
65.6
59.1
62.5
69.7
64.2
69.2
69.7
52.7
55.5
44.9
64.0
66.2
73.7
65.1
61.1
69.6
71.2
65.9
68.7
62.7
68.2
69.5
58.3
59.9
56.0
60.3
62.1
62.4
47.9
66.9
49.5
54.4
51.5
51.4
59.3
61.9
62.7
57.0
65.1
59.0
62.1
69.2
64.0
68.6
69.1
52.7
55.3
44.8
38
-------
Nevada
Nevada
Nevada
Nevada
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Hampshire
New Hampshire
New Hampshire
New Hampshire
New Hampshire
New Hampshire
New Hampshire
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Jersey
New Jersey
New Jersey
New Jersey
New Jersey
New Jersey
New Jersey
New Jersey
New Jersey
New Jersey
New Jersey
New Jersey
New Jersey
New Mexico
New Mexico
New Mexico
New Mexico
New Mexico
New Mexico
New York
New York
New York
New York
Clark
Douglas
Washoe
White Pine
Carson City
Belknap
Carroll
Cheshire
Grafton
Hillsborough
Merrimack
Rockingham
Strafford
Sullivan
Atlantic
Bergen
Camden
Cumberland
Essex
Gloucester
Hudson
Hunterdon
Mercer
Middlesex
Monmouth
Morris
Ocean
Passaic
Bernalillo
Dona Ana
Eddy
Sandoval
San Juan
Valencia
Albany
Bronx
Chautauqua
Chemung
84.7
69.0
73.3
72.3
68.3
76.5
67.0
74.3
70.7
85.3
74.7
83.5
78.5
75.0
88.0
91.3
99.7
94.0
67.0
98.0
84.0
94.7
97.7
96.0
95.3
95.3
105.7
86.7
76.3
78.3
70.0
74.0
74.3
67.5
83.0
82.7
93.0
80.3
74.6
60.9
64.9
66.9
63.5
61.2
56.1
58.1
58.6
66.3
58.8
65.5
60.8
61.9
69.2
75.9
78.9
73.0
54.0
77.4
67.7
73.0
77.5
74.9
75.1
72.7
81.3
68.9
66.1
70.0
63.6
64.6
70.3
57.7
65.8
70.9
74.7
62.7
74.6
60.8
64.9
66.9
63.5
60.4
56.0
57.9
58.5
66.2
58.6
64.7
60.5
61.8
68.3
75.5
78.6
72.8
53.7
77.1
67.3
72.8
77.2
74.6
74.6
72.5
81.1
68.6
66.1
70.0
63.6
64.6
70.3
57.7
65.6
70.5
74.1
62.6
73.9
60.8
64.7
66.9
63.4
60.2
55.8
57.5
58.3
65.8
58.4
64.2
60.1
61.6
68.0
74.7
78.2
72.5
53.2
76.8
66.7
72.2
76.7
74.0
73.9
71.9
80.6
67.9
65.8
69.9
63.6
64.3
70.2
57.5
65.3
69.6
73.7
62.4
73.3
58.8
63.1
65.8
62.3
59.8
55.1
56.8
57.5
64.7
57.3
64.3
59.4
60.7
68.0
74.9
77.4
71.7
53.1
76.1
66.7
71.1
75.8
73.1
73.8
70.8
79.3
67.3
63.7
66.2
63.2
62.3
69.7
55.7
63.8
70.2
73.2
60.9
73.3
58.7
63.0
65.8
62.3
58.5
54.9
56.4
57.3
64.3
57.1
62.9
58.8
60.4
66.5
74.3
77.0
71.3
52.7
75.7
66.2
70.8
75.4
72.7
72.8
70.5
78.9
66.9
63.6
66.2
63.2
62.3
69.7
55.7
63.5
69.5
72.1
60.6
72.5
58.7
62.8
65.8
62.2
58.2
54.6
55.9
57.1
63.8
56.7
62.2
58.4
60.2
66.1
73.2
76.5
70.9
52.1
75.3
65.3
70.1
74.7
71.9
72.0
69.8
78.3
66.1
63.3
66.1
63.2
61.9
69.6
55.4
63.1
68.4
71.8
60.3
39
-------
New York
New York
New York
New York
New York
New York
New York
New York
New York
New York
New York
New York
New York
New York
New York
New York
New York
New York
New York
New York
New York
New York
New York
North Carolina
North Carolina
North Carolina
North Carolina
North Carolina
North Carolina
North Carolina
North Carolina
North Carolina
North Carolina
North Carolina
North Carolina
North Carolina
North Carolina
North Carolina
Dutchess
Erie
Essex
Hamilton
Herkimer
Jefferson
Madison
Monroe
Niagara
Oneida
Onondaga
Orange
Oswego
Putnam
Queens
Rensselaer
Richmond
Saratoga
Schenectady
Suffolk
Ulster
Wayne
Westchester
Alexander
Avery
Buncombe
Caldwell
Caswell
Chatham
Cumberland
Da vie
Duplin
Durham
Edgecombe
Forsyth
Franklin
Granville
Guilford
92.0
95.7
89.0
78.7
74.0
91.3
79.7
84.0
91.7
79.7
84.0
84.7
68.0
91.3
84.5
86.0
93.0
87.0
77.7
97.0
81.3
84.0
91.3
87.0
77.7
80.0
83.3
87.7
81.3
86.0
91.3
80.0
88.7
87.3
91.3
89.7
92.3
88.7
70.5
77.0
70.2
64.3
59.9
74.5
63.3
68.5
76.8
64.1
68.5
65.2
54.8
72.9
71.4
68.0
75.2
68.4
62.4
82.0
64.8
67.1
76.0
62.9
59.8
61.3
61.4
61.7
59.6
62.7
65.2
60.3
62.5
64.3
64.5
64.3
65.5
61.0
70.2
76.5
70.1
64.1
59.8
74.1
63.1
67.9
76.2
63.8
68.2
65.0
54.4
72.5
70.9
67.8
74.9
68.2
62.3
81.4
64.7
66.6
75.5
62.8
59.7
61.3
61.4
61.6
59.5
62.6
65.1
60.2
62.4
64.2
64.4
64.2
65.4
60.9
69.6
76.2
69.9
63.9
59.6
73.9
62.9
67.5
76.0
63.6
68.0
64.5
54.2
71.7
70.1
67.5
74.2
67.9
62.1
80.5
64.3
66.2
74.6
62.6
59.6
61.1
61.2
61.4
59.3
62.4
64.9
60.0
62.2
64.0
64.2
64.0
65.2
60.6
69.1
75.5
68.6
62.9
58.6
73.3
61.6
66.7
75.9
62.6
67.0
63.4
53.6
71.7
70.4
65.8
73.8
66.1
60.2
81.3
63.3
65.4
74.9
60.8
57.9
59.3
59.3
59.3
57.7
60.1
62.9
58.3
59.8
61.8
62.1
61.4
63.3
57.9
68.6
74.6
68.3
62.5
58.3
72.6
61.3
65.7
74.7
62.1
66.5
63.1
52.8
71.1
69.7
65.6
73.4
65.8
60.0
80.3
63.0
64.4
74.2
60.6
57.8
59.1
59.2
59.2
57.5
59.9
62.8
58.2
59.7
61.6
61.9
61.2
63.1
57.7
67.9
74.3
68.0
62.3
58.1
72.4
61.0
65.2
74.5
61.8
66.2
62.6
52.6
70.1
68.7
65.2
72.5
65.5
59.7
79.3
62.6
63.9
73.0
60.4
57.6
59.0
59.0
59.0
57.3
59.6
62.5
58.0
59.3
61.4
61.7
60.8
62.8
57.4
40
-------
North Carolina
North Carolina
North Carolina
North Carolina
North Carolina
North Carolina
North Carolina
North Carolina
North Carolina
North Carolina
North Carolina
North Carolina
North Carolina
North Carolina
North Carolina
North Carolina
North Carolina
North Carolina
North Dakota
North Dakota
North Dakota
North Dakota
North Dakota
North Dakota
Ohio
Ohio
Ohio
Ohio
Ohio
Ohio
Ohio
Ohio
Ohio
Ohio
Ohio
Ohio
Ohio
Ohio
Haywood
Jackson
Johnston
Lenoir
Lincoln
Martin
Mecklenburg
New Hanover
Northampton
Person
Pitt
Randolph
Rockingham
Rowan
Swain
Union
Wake
Yancey
Billings
Cass
Dunn
McKenzie
Mercer
Oliver
Allen
Ashtabula
Butler
Clark
Clermont
Clinton
Cuyahoga
Delaware
Franklin
Geauga
Greene
Hamilton
Jefferson
Knox
84.7
86.0
84.3
80.0
90.7
81.0
97.3
77.3
84.0
89.3
82.0
83.5
88.3
97.3
73.0
87.0
92.5
83.0
59.0
62.0
59.0
63.0
60.0
56.0
88.0
95.7
89.7
88.3
89.3
94.3
88.0
89.0
93.0
99.0
87.7
90.3
84.3
87.0
65.5
64.5
61.1
60.9
65.4
61.0
72.7
57.5
62.9
63.8
60.2
58.6
62.7
69.8
54.2
63.2
65.5
63.8
54.4
55.8
54.3
58.3
55.3
51.1
69.2
78.3
69.3
67.6
70.1
70.6
70.1
67.9
70.2
78.9
67.3
70.5
64.5
66.0
65.4
64.4
61.0
60.8
65.3
60.9
72.7
57.3
62.7
63.7
60.1
58.5
62.6
69.7
54.2
63.1
65.4
63.7
54.3
55.7
54.3
58.3
55.3
51.1
69.0
77.1
69.2
67.5
69.9
70.5
68.9
67.7
70.0
77.9
67.2
70.4
64.3
65.8
65.2
64.2
60.7
60.6
65.0
60.7
72.1
57.2
62.6
63.5
59.9
58.2
62.5
69.4
54.0
62.8
65.0
63.6
54.3
55.6
54.2
58.3
55.3
51.1
68.8
76.7
68.9
67.2
69.6
70.2
68.5
67.3
69.6
77.4
66.9
70.0
64.1
65.4
63.6
62.5
58.3
58.9
63.1
59.1
70.1
55.7
61.0
62.4
57.7
55.9
60.9
66.9
52.5
60.3
62.1
61.6
53.5
54.8
53.4
57.5
54.5
50.3
67.4
77.1
67.3
66.0
68.2
68.5
69.2
65.6
67.5
77.0
65.6
68.4
63.3
63.8
63.4
62.2
58.1
58.7
62.9
58.9
69.9
55.3
60.8
62.2
57.6
55.8
60.8
66.8
52.3
60.1
61.9
61.5
53.5
54.6
53.4
57.5
54.5
50.3
67.2
75.0
67.2
65.8
68.0
68.2
67.5
65.3
67.2
75.4
65.3
68.2
62.9
63.5
63.2
62.0
57.8
58.5
62.5
58.7
69.3
55.1
60.6
62.0
57.3
55.5
60.6
66.5
52.1
59.7
61.4
61.3
53.5
54.6
53.4
57.5
54.5
50.3
66.9
74.6
66.8
65.5
67.6
67.9
67.0
64.8
66.7
74.8
65.0
67.8
62.7
63.0
41
-------
Ohio
Ohio
Ohio
Ohio
Ohio
Ohio
Ohio
Ohio
Ohio
Ohio
Ohio
Ohio
Ohio
Ohio
Ohio
Ohio
Ohio
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oklahoma
Oklahoma
Oklahoma
Oklahoma
Oklahoma
Oklahoma
Oklahoma
Oklahoma
Oklahoma
Oregon
Oregon
Oregon
Oregon
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
Lake
Lawrence
Licking
Lorain
Lucas
Madison
Mahoning
Medina
Miami
Montgomery
Portage
Preble
Stark
Summit
Trumbull
Warren
Washington
Wood
Canadian
Cleveland
Comanche
Dewey
Kay
Me Clain
Oklahoma
Ottawa
Pittsburg
Tulsa
Clackamas
Columbia
Jackson
Lane
Marion
Adams
Allegheny
Armstrong
Beaver
Berks
92.7
81.7
88.0
87.0
90.0
88.7
87.0
87.0
87.0
86.5
91.0
80.0
88.3
93.3
92.0
90.7
85.7
87.7
76.0
75.3
77.3
71.0
75.0
77.0
80.3
78.0
73.0
83.0
67.3
60.3
71.0
70.0
62.7
80.0
91.3
90.7
91.3
88.7
75.0
66.6
66.7
69.6
72.5
66.7
66.5
69.2
66.0
67.0
70.4
61.5
67.3
73.1
70.2
69.7
62.5
69.7
57.8
60.9
62.0
59.0
61.2
62.6
62.1
63.1
61.1
67.4
63.9
56.6
62.7
61.0
56.1
60.5
73.3
69.4
72.3
67.0
73.7
66.5
66.5
68.2
71.0
66.5
66.3
68.4
65.9
66.9
69.9
61.4
67.1
72.5
70.0
69.6
62.4
69.2
57.8
60.9
62.0
58.9
61.2
62.5
62.0
63.0
61.0
67.3
63.8
56.5
62.7
61.0
56.0
60.4
73.2
69.2
72.1
66.8
73.2
66.4
66.1
67.9
70.7
66.2
65.9
68.1
65.6
66.6
69.4
61.1
66.7
72.0
69.6
69.3
62.2
69.0
57.5
60.7
61.8
58.8
61.1
62.4
61.7
62.9
60.9
67.0
63.3
56.4
62.5
60.8
55.7
60.2
72.8
68.9
71.9
66.5
74.1
66.1
64.3
68.7
71.1
64.9
64.5
68.0
63.9
65.0
68.3
59.9
65.2
71.2
68.0
67.7
61.3
67.8
55.1
59.4
60.8
58.1
60.1
61.3
58.9
61.5
59.7
64.8
62.9
55.5
60.6
59.0
54.1
58.8
71.8
67.8
71.0
65.1
72.1
65.9
63.9
66.7
68.9
64.6
64.0
66.6
63.8
64.9
67.3
59.7
64.7
70.1
67.7
67.6
61.1
67.0
55.0
59.3
60.7
58.0
60.0
61.2
58.8
61.3
59.4
64.7
62.8
55.4
60.5
58.9
54.0
58.6
71.5
67.5
70.6
64.9
71.6
65.8
63.4
66.3
68.5
64.3
63.6
66.3
63.5
64.5
66.8
59.4
64.3
69.6
67.2
67.2
60.9
66.7
54.7
59.0
60.6
57.9
59.9
61.0
58.4
61.2
59.3
64.3
62.1
55.2
60.4
58.7
53.6
58.3
71.1
67.1
70.3
64.6
42
-------
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
Rhode Island
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Carolina
South Carolina
South Carolina
South Carolina
South Carolina
South Carolina
South Carolina
South Carolina
Blair
Bucks
Cambria
Centre
Chester
Clearfield
Dauphin
Delaware
Erie
Franklin
Greene
Lackawanna
Lancaster
Lawrence
Lehigh
Luzerne
Lycoming
Mercer
Montgomery
Northampton
Perry
Philadelphia
Tioga
Washington
Westmoreland
York
Kent
Providence
Washington
Abbeville
Aiken
Anderson
Barnwell
Berkeley
Charleston
Cherokee
Chester
Chesterfield
83.3
99.0
85.0
84.7
95.0
87.3
86.7
91.7
89.0
90.7
87.7
83.3
91.0
78.3
90.7
83.7
82.0
91.3
92.3
90.0
83.3
96.7
85.0
86.3
88.0
89.0
93.0
92.0
92.7
82.3
82.7
85.3
79.3
71.5
72.5
83.7
82.7
80.0
61.8
80.0
64.5
63.2
72.5
66.1
66.2
72.2
72.5
68.2
64.8
63.0
68.8
58.7
68.2
63.2
62.3
69.4
72.9
67.8
62.7
79.0
66.0
67.8
70.1
68.1
72.0
71.4
73.1
61.2
62.3
64.6
59.6
53.9
55.7
62.0
60.3
59.7
61.6
79.7
64.3
63.0
72.3
66.0
66.0
72.0
71.6
68.1
64.7
62.8
68.6
58.6
68.1
63.0
62.2
69.2
72.7
67.7
62.5
78.7
65.8
67.6
69.9
67.9
71.4
70.8
72.3
61.1
62.3
64.5
59.6
53.7
55.4
61.9
60.2
59.6
61.4
79.1
64.1
62.8
72.0
65.8
65.7
71.7
71.2
67.8
64.5
62.6
68.3
58.4
67.8
62.7
62.0
68.9
72.2
67.3
62.3
78.2
65.6
67.3
69.6
67.6
70.9
70.3
71.7
60.9
62.1
64.2
59.4
53.6
55.2
61.7
59.9
59.4
60.1
78.4
63.0
61.4
70.6
64.6
64.4
71.1
71.2
66.0
63.7
61.1
66.8
57.0
66.3
61.3
60.7
67.3
71.6
65.7
60.8
77.6
64.4
66.5
68.5
66.3
70.7
70.0
71.8
58.7
60.1
61.6
57.5
52.2
54.0
59.8
58.2
57.7
59.8
77.9
62.6
61.1
70.4
64.3
64.0
70.7
69.6
65.7
63.5
60.8
66.4
56.8
66.0
61.1
60.4
67.0
71.1
65.5
60.5
77.1
64.0
66.1
68.2
66.0
69.5
68.9
70.5
58.6
59.9
61.4
57.4
51.9
53.3
59.7
58.0
57.5
59.6
77.3
62.4
60.8
70.0
64.1
63.7
70.3
69.2
65.4
63.3
60.5
66.1
56.5
65.6
60.7
60.2
66.6
70.6
65.1
60.3
76.4
63.8
65.9
67.7
65.6
68.9
68.4
69.8
58.3
59.7
61.1
57.2
51.6
53.1
59.5
57.6
57.2
43
-------
South Carolina
South Carolina
South Carolina
South Carolina
South Carolina
South Carolina
South Carolina
South Carolina
South Carolina
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Tennessee
Tennessee
Tennessee
Tennessee
Tennessee
Tennessee
Tennessee
Tennessee
Tennessee
Tennessee
Tennessee
Tennessee
Tennessee
Tennessee
Tennessee
Tennessee
Texas
Texas
Texas
Texas
Texas
Texas
Texas
Texas
Texas
Texas
Colleton
Darlington
Edgefield
Oconee
Pickens
Richland
Spartanburg
Union
Williamsburg
York
Pennington
Anderson
Blount
Davidson
Hamilton
Haywood
Jefferson
Knox
Lawrence
Meigs
Putnam
Rutherford
Sevier
Shelby
Sullivan
Sumner
Williamson
Wilson
Bexar
Brazoria
Brewster
Cameron
Collin
Dallas
Denton
Ellis
El Paso
Galveston
77.7
82.7
79.7
83.7
83.0
89.3
87.0
79.7
71.7
83.0
68.0
87.0
92.3
77.7
88.3
83.5
91.0
92.0
77.0
89.0
84.0
80.7
92.3
87.7
86.7
85.7
84.3
82.0
88.7
94.0
62.0
65.3
90.0
90.0
97.3
85.0
79.3
89.7
59.1
62.2
60.0
61.5
60.8
67.5
63.4
59.6
53.1
60.6
62.2
59.7
66.1
57.6
63.1
61.0
63.0
62.9
57.3
62.3
62.8
59.1
67.5
67.2
67.0
63.0
61.6
61.2
70.1
78.9
55.0
54.0
71.0
70.2
75.9
64.1
70.3
76.4
59.0
62.1
59.9
61.5
60.7
67.4
63.4
59.5
53.0
60.5
62.2
59.6
66.0
57.5
63.0
60.9
62.9
62.8
57.2
62.2
62.6
59.0
67.3
67.1
66.9
62.9
61.5
61.1
70.1
78.8
55.0
53.9
70.9
70.1
75.8
64.0
70.3
76.2
58.9
61.9
59.7
61.2
60.5
67.1
63.1
59.3
52.8
60.2
62.2
59.4
65.7
57.2
62.8
60.7
62.6
62.5
57.0
62.1
62.5
58.8
67.1
66.9
66.8
62.6
61.2
60.9
69.7
78.5
54.9
53.9
70.4
69.6
75.4
63.8
70.1
76.0
57.3
60.1
57.9
59.1
58.1
64.4
60.6
57.3
51.4
58.4
61.3
56.4
63.0
55.4
59.6
59.1
59.0
58.5
55.6
59.5
60.9
56.9
65.0
64.9
65.1
60.6
59.2
59.1
68.3
77.7
54.3
52.9
69.4
68.8
74.5
62.5
66.5
75.5
57.2
59.9
57.7
59.0
58.0
64.2
60.5
57.2
51.2
58.2
61.3
56.2
62.9
55.2
59.5
58.9
58.8
58.4
55.3
59.3
60.7
56.7
64.7
64.7
65.0
60.4
59.1
59.0
68.2
77.5
54.3
52.8
69.3
68.7
74.4
62.4
66.5
75.2
57.0
59.7
57.5
58.7
57.8
63.8
60.2
56.9
51.0
57.9
61.2
55.9
62.5
54.8
59.2
58.8
58.4
57.9
55.2
59.1
60.5
56.4
64.5
64.4
64.8
60.0
58.7
58.7
67.8
77.2
54.2
52.7
68.7
68.1
74.0
62.1
66.4
75.0
44
-------
Texas
Texas
Texas
Texas
Texas
Texas
Texas
Texas
Texas
Texas
Texas
Texas
Texas
Texas
Texas
Texas
Texas
Texas
Utah
Utah
Utah
Utah
Utah
Utah
Utah
Vermont
Vermont
Virginia
Virginia
Virginia
Virginia
Virginia
Virginia
Virginia
Virginia
Virginia
Virginia
Virginia
Gregg
Harris
Harrison
Hidalgo
Hood
Jefferson
Johnson
Kaufman
Montgomery
Nueces
Orange
Parker
Rockwall
Smith
Tarrant
Travis
Victoria
Webb
Box Elder
Cache
Davis
Salt Lake
San Juan
Utah
Weber
Bennington
Chittenden
Arlington
Caroline
Charles City
Chesterfield
Fairfax
Fauquier
Frederick
Hanover
Henrico
Loudoun
Madison
84.3
102.0
78.5
73.3
83.0
91.0
89.7
72.0
88.3
80.3
81.0
87.0
82.0
82.0
98.7
84.7
77.7
64.7
77.5
69.3
81.0
79.7
71.5
77.7
79.3
79.3
77.0
96.7
82.3
89.3
84.7
96.7
79.3
82.7
92.0
88.3
90.0
84.7
68.6
92.3
62.3
63.6
59.2
77.2
67.0
55.6
76.6
67.8
68.4
64.5
62.9
64.7
76.7
65.2
64.2
54.7
66.7
58.4
72.6
72.4
66.7
69.0
67.8
62.1
64.2
73.8
60.3
69.9
67.4
72.8
59.3
62.8
70.9
68.6
68.1
63.9
68.5
92.1
62.2
63.5
59.2
77.0
66.9
55.6
76.5
67.5
68.3
64.4
62.8
64.6
76.6
65.1
64.1
54.6
66.6
58.4
72.2
71.4
66.7
69.0
67.8
62.0
64.0
73.7
60.2
69.9
67.2
72.7
59.2
62.7
70.8
68.6
68.0
63.7
68.4
91.8
62.1
63.4
58.8
76.9
66.6
55.4
76.1
67.4
68.2
64.1
62.5
64.5
76.2
64.8
64.0
54.5
66.5
58.3
71.9
71.3
66.7
68.7
67.5
61.7
63.8
73.2
60.0
69.6
67.0
72.2
58.9
62.5
70.6
68.3
67.6
63.5
67.2
91.6
60.8
62.7
57.1
76.0
65.1
54.4
75.7
66.7
67.2
62.8
61.3
63.0
75.4
63.3
63.0
53.8
65.2
56.7
70.9
71.2
66.0
67.7
65.9
60.0
63.0
71.6
58.5
68.4
66.0
70.7
57.7
61.0
69.2
67.0
66.3
62.4
67.0
91.4
60.7
62.6
57.0
75.6
64.9
54.3
75.6
66.2
66.9
62.7
61.2
62.9
75.3
63.2
62.9
53.8
65.1
56.6
70.3
69.6
66.0
67.5
65.8
59.7
62.7
71.4
58.3
68.3
65.7
70.5
57.6
60.8
69.1
66.9
66.1
62.1
66.9
91.0
60.5
62.5
56.6
75.4
64.6
54.1
75.2
66.1
66.8
62.2
60.7
62.8
74.7
62.8
62.7
53.7
64.9
56.5
70.0
69.4
66.0
67.2
65.4
59.4
62.5
70.8
58.0
68.0
65.4
69.9
57.3
60.5
68.8
66.6
65.6
61.9
45
-------
Virginia
Virginia
Virginia
Virginia
Virginia
Virginia
Virginia
Virginia
Virginia
Washington
Washington
Washington
Washington
Washington
Washington
Washington
Washington
Washington
West Virginia
West Virginia
West Virginia
West Virginia
West Virginia
West Virginia
West Virginia
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wisconsin
Wisconsin
Wisconsin
Wisconsin
Wisconsin
Wisconsin
Wisconsin
Wisconsin
Wisconsin
Wisconsin
Wisconsin
Page
Prince William
Roanoke
Rockbridge
Stafford
Wythe
Alexandria City
Hampton City
Suffolk City
Clallam
Clark
King
Mason
Pierce
Skagit
Spokane
Thurston
Whatcom
Berkeley
Cabell
Greenbrier
Hancock
Kanawha
Monongalia
Ohio
Wood
Brown
Columbia
Dane
Dodge
Door
Florence
Fond Du Lac
Green
Jefferson
Kenosha
Kewaunee
Manitowoc
79.7
85.0
83.7
76.7
86.0
79.7
90.0
88.3
87.0
43.3
61.0
70.7
58.0
69.3
49.7
72.0
62.3
53.7
83.0
85.7
78.7
84.7
84.0
78.7
83.3
85.7
80.3
76.3
76.0
79.3
91.0
68.0
77.3
73.3
80.0
98.3
89.3
87.0
58.9
64.5
62.8
57.7
64.2
61.1
67.8
72.5
71.6
41.1
62.3
65.5
51.6
67.0
45.8
61.2
60.5
51.6
63.2
70.3
61.0
65.1
63.0
56.4
64.1
63.1
67.5
61.7
62.2
65.3
74.4
59.3
63.4
60.5
64.6
84.7
73.8
71.6
58.8
64.3
62.7
57.6
63.9
61.0
67.7
72.1
71.2
41.1
62.2
65.3
51.5
66.7
45.6
61.2
60.2
51.6
63.1
70.2
60.9
64.9
62.9
56.3
63.9
63.0
66.9
61.3
61.9
64.7
73.9
59.1
62.9
60.4
64.2
83.6
73.1
71.0
58.6
64.0
62.5
57.5
63.5
60.8
67.2
71.9
70.9
41.0
61.7
64.8
51.2
66.1
45.4
61.0
59.7
51.6
62.9
70.0
60.7
64.7
62.7
56.1
63.7
62.9
66.6
61.1
61.6
64.4
73.6
59.0
62.6
60.3
64.0
83.1
72.7
70.6
57.5
62.6
60.5
56.1
62.1
59.5
65.8
71.6
70.8
40.3
61.5
63.0
51.1
65.8
45.1
58.3
58.7
51.1
61.2
70.4
59.5
63.9
61.8
55.3
63.0
62.0
66.4
60.0
60.5
64.0
72.9
58.3
62.1
58.9
62.9
83.4
72.3
70.2
57.2
62.4
60.4
56.0
61.5
59.4
65.6
70.9
70.1
40.3
61.3
62.7
50.9
65.5
44.7
58.2
58.3
51.0
61.0
70.2
59.3
63.6
61.5
55.2
62.7
61.9
65.2
59.2
59.9
62.9
72.0
58.0
61.3
58.7
62.2
81.7
71.1
69.0
57.0
62.1
60.2
55.8
61.1
59.2
65.1
70.6
69.8
40.3
60.6
62.1
50.6
64.7
44.6
57.9
57.6
51.0
60.7
70.0
59.1
63.3
61.3
55.0
62.5
61.7
64.9
59.0
59.6
62.5
71.5
57.8
60.9
58.5
61.9
81.0
70.7
68.6
46
-------
Wisconsin
Wisconsin
Wisconsin
Wisconsin
Wisconsin
Wisconsin
Wisconsin
Wisconsin
Wisconsin
Wisconsin
Wisconsin
Wisconsin
Wisconsin
Wisconsin
Wisconsin
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Wyoming
Wisconsin
Wisconsin
Wisconsin
Wisconsin
Wisconsin
Wisconsin
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Wyoming
Marathon
Milwaukee
Oneida
Outagamie
Ozaukee
Racine
Rock
St Croix
Sauk
Sheboygan
Vernon
Vilas
Walworth
Washington
Waukesha
Winnebago
Campbell
Teton
Sheboygan
Vernon
Vilas
Walworth
Washington
Waukesha
Winnebago
Campbell
Teton
71.7
91.0
68.0
75.3
93.0
91.7
81.7
71.3
72.0
97.0
70.7
68.0
81.3
80.3
79.0
80.0
70.5
64.3
97.0
70.7
68.0
81.3
80.3
79.0
80.0
70.5
64.3
60.2
76.8
58.1
62.8
77.5
77.7
65.5
61.0
59.0
80.5
60.9
58.5
65.8
67.0
65.6
67.2
67.5
62.7
80.5
60.9
58.5
65.8
67.0
65.6
67.2
67.5
62.7
60.0
76.1
57.9
62.3
76.8
76.8
65.4
60.4
58.7
79.8
60.7
58.3
65.4
66.3
64.9
66.8
67.5
62.7
79.8
60.7
58.3
65.4
66.3
64.9
66.8
67.5
62.7
59.9
75.5
57.8
62.1
76.3
76.3
65.2
60.1
58.6
79.3
60.6
58.2
65.1
66.0
64.5
66.6
67.5
62.7
79.3
60.6
58.2
65.1
66.0
64.5
66.6
67.5
62.7
58.9
75.4
56.8
61.4
75.9
76.4
63.1
60.0
57.6
78.7
59.5
57.3
64.1
65.9
64.4
65.7
66.9
62.5
78.7
59.5
57.3
64.1
65.9
64.4
65.7
66.9
62.5
58.4
74.2
56.5
60.6
74.7
74.9
62.9
59.1
57.0
77.4
59.2
57.0
63.3
64.6
63.0
65.1
66.9
62.5
77.4
59.2
57.0
63.3
64.6
63.0
65.1
66.9
62.5
58.3
73.6
56.4
60.4
74.1
74.3
62.6
58.8
56.8
76.8
59.1
56.8
62.9
64.2
62.7
64.8
66.9
62.5
76.8
59.1
56.8
62.9
64.2
62.7
64.8
66.9
62.5
47
-------
Appendix C: Annual Average PM2.s Design Values for Small/Marine SI Engine Scenarios (units are jig/m )
State Name
Alabama
Alabama
Alabama
Alabama
Alabama
Alabama
Alabama
Alabama
Alabama
Alabama
Alabama
Alabama
Alabama
Alabama
Alabama
Arizona
Arizona
Arizona
Arizona
Arizona
Arizona
Arkansas
Arkansas
Arkansas
Arkansas
Arkansas
Arkansas
Arkansas
Arkansas
Arkansas
Arkansas
Arkansas
Arkansas
California
County Name
Baldwin Co
Clay Co
Colbert Co
DeKalb Co
Escambia Co
Etowah Co
Jefferson Co
Madison Co
Mobile Co
Montgomery Co
Morgan Co
Russell Co
Shelby Co
Sumter Co
Talladega Co
Cochise Co
Gila Co
Maricopa Co
Pima Co
Final Co
Santa Cruz Co
Arkansas Co
Ashley Co
Crittenden Co
Faulkner Co
Mississippi Co
Phillips Co
Polk Co
Pope Co
Pulaski Co
Sebastian Co
Union Co
White Co
Alameda Co
Baseline DV
11.39
13.50
13.02
14.87
12.83
15.70
18.37
14.20
12.80
14.50
13.37
16.05
14.51
12.26
14.96
6.98
9.53
11.46
6.75
8.14
11.74
12.13
12.14
12.91
12.40
11.85
12.17
11.08
12.23
14.12
12.33
12.64
11.64
11.76
2020 Base
9.12
10.41
10.21
11.18
10.46
11.99
14.96
10.73
10.57
11.73
10.33
13.13
11.33
9.75
11.44
6.60
8.88
10.29
6.13
7.43
11.24
10.03
10.25
10.56
10.29
9.61
10.11
9.00
10.10
11.55
10.32
10.98
9.53
10.74
2020 Marine SI
9.11
10.41
10.20
11.17
10.45
11.98
14.95
10.72
10.55
11.71
10.32
13.12
11.32
9.75
11.43
6.58
8.88
10.29
6.13
7.43
11.24
10.02
10.24
10.55
10.28
9.60
10.10
9.00
10.10
11.54
10.31
10.98
9.52
10.74
2020 Small &
Marine SI
9.11
10.40
10.19
11.17
10.45
11.97
14.94
10.72
10.55
11.71
10.31
13.12
11.31
9.74
11.43
6.58
8.88
10.28
6.12
7.42
11.23
10.02
10.24
10.55
10.28
9.60
10.10
9.00
10.09
11.54
10.31
10.97
9.52
10.73
2030 Base
9.15
10.39
10.20
11.15
10.45
11.93
14.88
10.71
10.62
11.69
10.31
13.11
11.32
9.75
11.39
6.61
8.86
10.29
6.10
7.55
11.27
10.00
10.27
10.73
10.26
9.62
10.17
8.99
10.06
11.47
10.29
10.98
9.49
10.60
2030 Marine SI
9.13
10.38
10.18
11.14
10.44
11.91
14.87
10.70
10.60
11.68
10.29
13.10
11.31
9.74
11.37
6.57
8.86
10.29
6.10
7.55
11.27
9.99
10.26
10.72
10.26
9.61
10.16
8.98
10.05
11.46
10.28
10.97
9.48
10.60
2030 Small &
Marine SI
9.12
10.37
10.18
11.13
10.43
11.91
14.86
10.70
10.60
11.67
10.29
13.09
11.30
9.73
11.37
6.57
8.85
10.27
6.09
7.55
11.26
9.99
10.26
10.71
10.25
9.60
10.16
8.98
10.05
11.45
10.28
10.96
9.47
10.60
48
-------
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
Colorado
Butte Co
Calaveras Co
Colusa Co
Contra Costa Co
Fresno Co
Humboldt Co
Imperial Co
Inyo Co
Kern Co
Kings Co
Lake Co
Los Angeles Co
Mendocino Co
Merced Co
Monterey Co
Nevada Co
Orange Co
Placer Co
Riverside Co
Sacramento Co
San Bernardino Co
San Diego Co
San Francisco Co
San Joaquin Co
San Luis Obispo Co
San Mateo Co
Santa Barbara Co
Santa Clara Co
Santa Cruz Co
Shasta Co
Solano Co
Sonoma Co
Stanislaus Co
Sutler Co
Tulare Co
Ventura Co
Yolo Co
Adams Co
13.69
8.85
9.44
11.33
20.03
8.48
14.45
6.17
21.77
18.77
5.03
23.17
8.01
16.48
8.24
7.98
18.27
11.65
27.15
12.56
24.63
15.65
11.58
14.84
9.20
10.58
9.33
11.34
8.18
9.01
12.04
9.91
16.50
11.39
21.33
14.35
10.05
10.29
11.81
7.81
8.77
10.49
17.48
7.33
13.87
5.94
19.21
16.77
4.73
20.62
7.21
15.11
7.73
7.23
15.59
10.17
22.48
11.44
21.66
14.61
10.94
13.52
8.79
9.75
9.05
10.08
7.37
7.73
11.57
9.21
14.51
10.10
18.64
12.45
9.09
8.88
11.81
7.81
8.77
10.49
17.48
7.33
13.87
5.94
19.21
16.77
4.73
20.62
7.21
15.11
7.73
7.23
15.59
10.17
22.48
11.44
21.66
14.61
10.94
13.52
8.79
9.75
9.05
10.08
7.37
7.73
11.57
9.21
14.50
10.10
18.64
12.45
9.09
8.88
11.81
7.81
8.77
10.49
17.47
7.33
13.87
5.94
19.21
16.76
4.73
20.61
7.21
15.11
7.73
7.23
15.58
10.17
22.48
11.43
21.66
14.60
10.93
13.51
8.78
9.74
9.05
10.08
7.37
7.73
11.57
9.21
14.50
10.10
18.63
12.44
9.08
8.86
11.69
7.79
8.72
10.48
16.98
7.34
13.88
5.96
18.70
16.43
4.72
20.73
7.18
15.03
7.73
7.27
15.66
9.97
22.14
11.28
21.72
14.83
11.27
13.41
8.83
9.66
9.09
9.91
7.28
7.74
11.75
9.20
14.14
9.99
18.07
12.38
8.92
8.74
11.69
7.79
8.72
10.48
16.98
7.33
13.88
5.96
18.70
16.43
4.72
20.73
7.18
15.03
7.73
7.27
15.66
9.97
22.14
11.28
21.72
14.83
11.27
13.41
8.83
9.66
9.09
9.91
7.28
7.74
11.74
9.20
14.14
9.98
18.07
12.38
8.92
8.74
11.69
7.79
8.72
10.48
16.97
7.33
13.88
5.96
18.70
16.43
4.72
20.72
7.18
15.02
7.73
7.26
15.65
9.97
22.13
11.27
21.71
14.82
11.26
13.41
8.83
9.65
9.09
9.91
7.28
7.74
11.74
9.20
14.13
9.98
18.07
12.38
8.92
8.72
49
-------
Colorado
Colorado
Colorado
Colorado
Colorado
Colorado
Colorado
Colorado
Colorado
Colorado
Colorado
Colorado
Colorado
Connecticut
Connecticut
Connecticut
Connecticut
Delaware
Delaware
Delaware
District of
Columbia
Florida
Florida
Florida
Florida
Florida
Florida
Florida
Florida
Florida
Florida
Florida
Florida
Florida
Florida
Florida
Florida
Florida
Arapahoe Co
Archuleta Co
Boulder Co
Delta Co
Denver Co
Elbert Co
El Paso Co
Gunnison Co
Larimer Co
Pueblo Co
Routt Co
San Miguel Co
Weld Co
Fairfield Co
Hartford Co
New Haven Co
New London Co
Kent Co
New Castle Co
Sussex Co
District of Columbia
Alachua Co
Bay Co
Brevard Co
Broward Co
Citrus Co
Duval Co
Escambia Co
Hillsborough Co
Lee Co
Leon Co
Manatee Co
Marion Co
Miami-Dade Co
Orange Co
Palm Beach Co
Pinellas Co
Polk Co
8.71
6.00
9.28
8.26
10.59
4.34
7.86
6.70
7.88
7.79
7.40
5.33
9.33
12.86
11.50
13.72
11.58
12.82
15.96
13.66
15.76
10.13
11.04
7.88
8.30
9.14
10.65
11.57
11.26
8.42
12.68
9.31
10.04
9.66
10.19
7.54
10.46
10.37
7.74
5.56
8.17
7.42
9.19
3.91
7.14
6.26
7.20
7.14
6.98
5.00
8.10
11.38
9.84
11.47
9.60
9.52
12.31
10.51
11.70
7.71
8.98
5.65
6.23
6.73
8.43
9.62
8.31
6.11
10.16
6.55
7.56
7.40
7.37
5.75
7.83
7.49
7.74
5.55
8.17
7.42
9.19
3.91
7.14
6.26
7.20
7.14
6.98
4.99
8.10
11.35
9.83
11.45
9.58
9.51
12.29
10.48
11.69
7.71
8.97
5.64
6.23
6.72
8.42
9.61
8.30
6.09
10.16
6.54
7.55
7.39
7.37
5.75
7.82
7.48
7.72
5.55
8.16
7.42
9.17
3.91
7.13
6.26
7.19
7.13
6.98
4.99
8.09
11.33
9.82
11.44
9.57
9.50
12.28
10.48
11.68
7.70
8.96
5.64
6.22
6.72
8.42
9.61
8.29
6.09
10.15
6.54
7.55
7.38
7.36
5.74
7.81
7.48
7.76
5.54
8.14
7.36
9.06
3.95
7.10
6.25
7.13
7.11
6.95
4.98
8.08
11.52
9.85
11.48
9.65
9.56
12.42
10.50
11.70
7.69
8.97
5.65
6.26
6.72
8.48
9.61
8.38
6.08
10.08
6.55
7.54
7.37
7.39
5.79
7.83
7.51
7.76
5.54
8.14
7.36
9.06
3.95
7.10
6.25
7.13
7.11
6.95
4.98
8.08
11.47
9.83
11.45
9.61
9.54
12.40
10.47
11.69
7.69
8.95
5.64
6.26
6.71
8.47
9.59
8.36
6.06
10.07
6.53
7.53
7.36
7.38
5.79
7.81
7.50
7.73
5.54
8.13
7.35
9.04
3.95
7.09
6.25
7.12
7.11
6.94
4.98
8.07
11.45
9.82
11.44
9.60
9.53
12.38
10.46
11.67
7.68
8.95
5.63
6.25
6.71
8.46
9.59
8.35
6.06
10.06
6.53
7.52
7.35
7.37
5.78
7.80
7.49
50
-------
Florida
Florida
Florida
Florida
Georgia
Georgia
Georgia
Georgia
Georgia
Georgia
Georgia
Georgia
Georgia
Georgia
Georgia
Georgia
Georgia
Georgia
Georgia
Georgia
Georgia
Georgia
Georgia
Georgia
Idaho
Idaho
Idaho
Idaho
Idaho
Illinois
Illinois
Illinois
Illinois
Illinois
Illinois
Illinois
Illinois
Illinois
St. Lucie Co
Sarasota Co
Seminole Co
Volusia Co
Bibb Co
Chatham Co
Clarke Co
Clayton Co
Cobb Co
DeKalb Co
Dougherty Co
Floyd Co
Fulton Co
Glynn Co
Gwinnett Co
Hall Co
Houston Co
Lowndes Co
Muscogee Co
Paulding Co
Richmond Co
Walker Co
Washington Co
Wilkinson Co
Ada Co
Bannock Co
Canyon Co
Power Co
Shoshone Co
Adams Co
Champaign Co
Cook Co
DuPage Co
Kane Co
Lake Co
McHenry Co
McLean Co
Macon Co
8.61
9.29
9.31
9.28
15.69
13.87
15.76
16.48
16.30
16.22
14.25
15.71
18.29
11.90
16.20
15.14
13.04
12.14
14.87
14.30
15.05
15.44
14.22
15.15
9.18
8.57
9.26
9.82
12.72
12.88
12.57
17.07
14.37
13.94
12.54
12.74
13.41
13.87
6.26
6.70
6.63
6.73
12.34
11.80
11.50
12.36
12.26
12.42
11.64
11.75
14.19
9.62
12.27
11.70
10.13
9.83
12.14
10.46
12.12
11.75
11.07
11.75
8.54
8.29
8.29
9.51
12.01
10.55
10.21
13.74
11.43
11.19
10.51
10.27
10.74
11.23
6.25
6.69
6.62
6.73
12.34
11.79
11.49
12.35
12.26
12.42
11.63
11.74
14.18
9.61
12.27
11.69
10.13
9.83
12.13
10.45
12.11
11.74
11.06
11.75
8.54
8.29
8.28
9.51
12.01
10.53
10.21
13.72
11.42
11.18
10.47
10.26
10.74
11.23
6.25
6.69
6.62
6.72
12.33
11.78
11.49
12.34
12.24
12.40
11.63
11.73
14.16
9.60
12.25
11.68
10.12
9.82
12.13
10.45
12.11
11.73
11.06
11.74
8.54
8.29
8.28
9.50
12.01
10.52
10.20
13.70
11.40
11.16
10.46
10.24
10.73
11.22
6.26
6.68
6.61
6.72
12.29
11.80
11.43
12.31
12.21
12.45
11.59
11.71
14.21
9.60
12.18
11.68
10.10
9.79
12.12
10.45
12.09
11.71
11.04
11.72
8.49
8.27
8.16
9.49
11.96
10.41
10.11
13.58
11.28
11.04
10.48
10.17
10.62
11.12
6.25
6.67
6.60
6.71
12.28
11.79
11.42
12.30
12.20
12.45
11.58
11.69
14.20
9.58
12.17
11.67
10.09
9.78
12.11
10.44
12.08
11.70
11.03
11.72
8.49
8.27
8.16
9.48
11.95
10.39
10.11
13.55
11.27
11.02
10.41
10.14
10.61
11.11
6.24
6.66
6.59
6.70
12.27
11.78
11.41
12.28
12.18
12.42
11.57
11.69
14.18
9.57
12.15
11.66
10.09
9.77
12.10
10.43
12.08
11.69
11.02
11.71
8.48
8.27
8.15
9.48
11.95
10.38
10.10
13.53
11.25
10.99
10.39
10.13
10.60
11.10
51
-------
Illinois
Illinois
Illinois
Illinois
Illinois
Illinois
Illinois
Illinois
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Iowa
Iowa
Iowa
Iowa
Iowa
Iowa
Iowa
Iowa
Iowa
Iowa
Iowa
Kansas
Madison Co
Peoria Co
Randolph Co
Rock Island Co
St. Clair Co
Sangamon Co
Will Co
Winnebago Co
Allen Co
Clark Co
Delaware Co
Dubois Co
Elkhart Co
Floyd Co
Henry Co
Howard Co
Knox Co
Lake Co
La Porte Co
Madison Co
Marion Co
Porter Co
St. Joseph Co
Spencer Co
Vanderburgh Co
Vigo Co
Black Hawk Co
Clinton Co
Emmet Co
Johnson Co
Linn Co
Muscatine Co
Polk Co
Pottawattamie Co
Scott Co
Van Buren Co
Woodbury Co
Johnson Co
17.27
13.84
12.42
12.05
16.20
13.14
14.51
12.87
14.29
16.33
14.34
15.85
15.00
14.91
13.26
14.55
13.76
15.01
13.25
14.55
16.55
13.75
14.09
14.03
15.29
14.52
11.16
12.07
8.82
11.44
11.01
12.81
10.52
10.43
12.33
10.33
10.07
11.54
14.27
11.29
9.72
9.74
13.25
10.60
11.70
10.51
11.36
12.91
11.03
12.42
12.21
11.30
10.04
11.45
10.54
12.76
10.80
11.17
12.97
11.39
11.38
10.62
11.97
11.44
9.22
9.68
7.28
9.39
9.09
10.50
8.57
8.67
9.94
8.34
8.42
9.54
14.26
11.28
9.71
9.73
13.24
10.59
11.69
10.50
11.35
12.91
11.02
12.41
12.20
11.29
10.04
11.44
10.53
12.74
10.78
11.16
12.96
11.35
11.36
10.62
11.95
11.43
9.20
9.65
7.26
9.38
9.08
10.47
8.56
8.66
9.93
8.32
8.40
9.54
14.25
11.27
9.71
9.72
13.23
10.58
11.67
10.49
11.33
12.90
11.02
12.40
12.19
11.29
10.03
11.43
10.53
12.73
10.77
11.15
12.95
11.34
11.35
10.61
11.95
11.42
9.19
9.64
7.25
9.37
9.07
10.47
8.55
8.65
9.92
8.32
8.40
9.53
14.27
11.15
9.65
9.59
13.25
10.45
11.63
10.34
11.24
13.02
10.92
12.37
12.08
11.34
9.96
11.33
10.47
12.65
10.70
11.05
12.84
11.34
11.26
10.60
11.90
11.30
9.05
9.54
7.14
9.27
8.93
10.35
8.38
8.53
9.78
8.21
8.29
9.41
14.26
11.14
9.64
9.57
13.24
10.43
11.61
10.32
11.22
13.01
10.91
12.36
12.07
11.33
9.94
11.32
10.45
12.62
10.67
11.04
12.82
11.28
11.25
10.59
11.88
11.29
9.03
9.50
7.11
9.24
8.92
10.32
8.37
8.53
9.77
8.20
8.27
9.40
14.25
11.13
9.64
9.56
13.23
10.42
11.59
10.30
11.21
13.00
10.90
12.35
12.05
11.33
9.94
11.31
10.44
12.61
10.66
11.03
12.81
11.27
11.23
10.58
11.87
11.28
9.02
9.49
7.10
9.23
8.91
10.31
8.36
8.52
9.76
8.19
8.26
9.39
52
-------
Kansas
Kansas
Kansas
Kansas
Kansas
Kentucky
Kentucky
Kentucky
Kentucky
Kentucky
Kentucky
Kentucky
Kentucky
Kentucky
Kentucky
Kentucky
Kentucky
Kentucky
Kentucky
Kentucky
Kentucky
Kentucky
Kentucky
Louisiana
Louisiana
Louisiana
Louisiana
Louisiana
Louisiana
Louisiana
Louisiana
Louisiana
Louisiana
Louisiana
Louisiana
Louisiana
Maine
Maine
Linn Co
Sedgwick Co
Shawnee Co
Sumner Co
Wyandotte Co
Bell Co
Boyd Co
Bullitt Co
Campbell Co
Carter Co
Christian Co
Daviess Co
Fayette Co
Franklin Co
Hardin Co
Jefferson Co
Kenton Co
Laurel Co
McCracken Co
Madison Co
Perry Co
Pike Co
Warren Co
Caddo Parish
Calcasieu Parish
Concordia Parish
East Baton Rouge Parish
Iberville Parish
Jefferson Parish
Lafayette Parish
Orleans Parish
Ouachita Parish
St. Bernard Parish
Tangipahoa Parish
Terrebonne Parish
West Baton Rouge Parish
Androscoggin Co
Aroostook Co
10.67
11.06
10.86
10.20
13.56
14.64
14.89
14.89
14.00
12.18
13.48
14.71
15.60
13.67
13.97
16.59
14.88
12.20
13.40
13.54
13.15
13.68
13.82
12.64
11.36
11.11
13.12
12.55
12.17
11.02
12.23
11.47
10.69
11.17
10.40
12.82
10.74
11.29
8.86
9.56
9.11
8.76
11.33
10.95
11.32
11.39
10.16
8.81
10.44
11.48
11.90
9.99
10.47
13.61
10.96
8.86
10.58
9.82
9.59
9.98
10.53
10.74
9.78
9.41
11.71
11.20
10.08
9.37
10.02
9.77
8.66
9.18
8.66
11.45
9.41
10.60
8.86
9.56
9.11
8.76
11.32
10.94
11.31
11.39
10.15
8.80
10.43
11.47
11.89
9.99
10.46
13.61
10.95
8.85
10.57
9.81
9.59
9.98
10.53
10.73
9.78
9.40
11.71
11.19
10.06
9.37
10.01
9.76
8.63
9.17
8.66
11.45
9.40
10.60
8.85
9.55
9.10
8.76
11.31
10.94
11.31
11.38
10.14
8.80
10.43
11.47
11.88
9.98
10.46
13.60
10.95
8.85
10.56
9.81
9.59
9.98
10.52
10.72
9.77
9.40
11.70
11.19
10.06
9.36
10.00
9.76
8.63
9.17
8.66
11.45
9.39
10.59
8.78
9.47
8.96
8.73
11.32
10.92
11.46
11.44
10.15
8.82
10.43
11.46
11.64
9.97
10.46
13.85
11.01
8.82
10.55
9.85
9.55
9.96
10.51
10.76
9.86
9.50
12.26
11.62
10.36
9.46
10.21
9.78
8.75
9.28
8.78
12.01
9.38
10.59
8.77
9.47
8.95
8.72
11.31
10.91
11.46
11.43
10.14
8.81
10.42
11.45
11.64
9.96
10.45
13.84
11.00
8.81
10.54
9.84
9.54
9.95
10.51
10.75
9.85
9.49
12.26
11.61
10.34
9.46
10.20
9.77
8.71
9.27
8.77
12.01
9.37
10.59
8.77
9.46
8.95
8.72
11.30
10.90
11.45
11.43
10.14
8.81
10.41
11.44
11.63
9.96
10.44
13.83
11.00
8.80
10.53
9.84
9.54
9.95
10.50
10.74
9.85
9.49
12.25
11.61
10.33
9.45
10.19
9.77
8.71
9.27
8.77
12.00
9.36
10.59
53
-------
Maine
Maine
Maine
Maine
Maine
Maryland
Maryland
Maryland
Maryland
Maryland
Maryland
Massachusetts
Massachusetts
Massachusetts
Massachusetts
Michigan
Michigan
Michigan
Michigan
Michigan
Michigan
Michigan
Michigan
Michigan
Michigan
Michigan
Michigan
Michigan
Michigan
Michigan
Michigan
Michigan
Minnesota
Minnesota
Minnesota
Minnesota
Minnesota
Minnesota
Cumberland Co
Hancock Co
Kennebec Co
Oxford Co
Penobscot Co
Anne Arundel Co
Baltimore Co
Harford Co
Montgomery Co
Washington Co
Baltimore city
Berkshire Co
Hampden Co
Plymouth Co
Suffolk Co
Allegan Co
Bay Co
Berrien Co
Chippewa Co
Genesee Co
Ing ham Co
Kalamazoo Co
Kent Co
Macomb Co
Monroe Co
Muskegon Co
Oakland Co
Ottawa Co
Saginaw Co
St. Clair Co
Washtenaw Co
Wayne Co
Dakota Co
Hennepin Co
Mille Lacs Co
Olmsted Co
Ramsey Co
St. Louis Co
11.60
6.25
10.50
10.14
10.07
15.37
15.02
13.02
12.83
14.26
16.63
11.72
13.31
10.86
13.69
12.29
10.94
12.35
8.09
12.37
13.14
14.39
13.55
13.14
15.00
11.99
14.64
13.15
10.70
13.78
14.40
19.32
9.44
10.30
7.12
10.72
11.91
8.14
10.21
5.37
9.12
8.99
8.71
11.85
11.12
9.65
9.37
10.34
13.09
10.44
11.59
9.01
11.77
10.10
9.33
10.03
7.44
10.27
10.73
11.73
10.91
10.66
11.65
10.03
11.70
10.69
9.04
11.62
11.27
16.56
8.02
8.81
6.16
9.11
10.11
7.27
10.19
5.36
9.11
8.98
8.71
11.84
11.11
9.63
9.37
10.34
13.08
10.43
11.57
9.01
11.75
10.08
9.31
10.00
7.44
10.24
10.72
11.70
10.89
10.64
11.63
10.01
11.69
10.67
9.02
11.61
11.26
16.55
8.01
8.79
6.15
9.10
10.09
7.26
10.19
5.36
9.11
8.98
8.70
11.83
11.10
9.63
9.36
10.33
13.07
10.42
11.56
9.00
11.74
10.07
9.30
9.99
7.44
10.23
10.71
11.69
10.88
10.64
11.62
10.00
11.68
10.66
9.02
11.61
11.25
16.54
8.00
8.78
6.14
9.09
10.08
7.26
10.31
5.38
9.10
8.98
8.72
11.92
11.14
9.66
9.36
10.29
13.22
10.44
11.58
9.10
11.78
10.07
9.30
9.96
7.48
10.18
10.68
11.60
10.76
10.61
11.61
9.95
11.63
10.59
9.03
11.62
11.22
16.49
7.91
8.67
6.07
8.94
10.03
7.28
10.28
5.37
9.09
8.96
8.71
11.90
11.12
9.64
9.35
10.29
13.21
10.42
11.56
9.09
11.76
10.03
9.27
9.91
7.47
10.15
10.65
11.56
10.73
10.59
11.58
9.92
11.62
10.56
9.00
11.60
11.20
16.48
7.89
8.66
6.05
8.92
10.00
7.28
10.27
5.37
9.08
8.96
8.71
11.89
11.11
9.63
9.34
10.28
13.20
10.41
11.55
9.08
11.75
10.02
9.27
9.90
7.47
10.14
10.64
11.55
10.71
10.58
11.56
9.91
11.61
10.55
9.00
11.59
11.18
16.47
7.88
8.65
6.05
8.91
9.99
7.27
54
-------
Minnesota
Minnesota
Mississippi
Mississippi
Mississippi
Mississippi
Mississippi
Mississippi
Mississippi
Mississippi
Mississippi
Mississippi
Mississippi
Mississippi
Mississippi
Mississippi
Mississippi
Mississippi
Missouri
Missouri
Missouri
Missouri
Missouri
Missouri
Missouri
Missouri
Missouri
Missouri
Montana
Montana
Montana
Montana
Montana
Montana
Montana
Montana
Montana
Montana
Scott Co
Stearns Co
Adams Co
Bolivar Co
DeSoto Co
Forrest Co
Hancock Co
Harrison Co
Hinds Co
Jackson Co
Jones Co
Lauderdale Co
Lee Co
Lowndes Co
Pearl River Co
Rankin Co
Scott Co
Warren Co
Cass Co
Cedar Co
Clay Co
Greene Co
Jefferson Co
Monroe Co
St. Charles Co
Ste. Genevieve Co
St. Louis Co
St. Louis city
Cascade Co
Flathead Co
Gallatin Co
Lake Co
Lincoln Co
Missoula Co
Rosebud Co
Sanders Co
Silver Bow Co
Yellowstone Co
9.98
9.22
11.21
12.57
12.60
13.38
10.35
11.58
13.39
11.84
14.49
13.17
12.49
13.36
11.70
13.10
11.82
12.26
11.22
11.45
11.73
12.11
14.44
11.04
14.09
13.66
14.02
15.16
5.70
10.01
8.40
9.42
15.85
10.21
6.79
6.49
8.30
7.43
8.45
7.89
9.28
10.72
10.18
11.00
8.31
9.52
11.15
9.66
11.78
10.55
9.95
10.73
9.56
10.90
9.52
10.44
9.27
9.34
9.68
10.04
11.85
8.89
11.37
10.86
11.42
12.35
5.26
9.32
7.96
8.69
14.55
9.39
6.54
6.17
7.61
6.86
8.44
7.88
9.28
10.71
10.17
11.00
8.30
9.51
11.14
9.65
11.77
10.54
9.95
10.72
9.55
10.89
9.52
10.43
9.26
9.33
9.67
10.04
11.85
8.87
11.35
10.85
11.41
12.34
5.26
9.32
7.96
8.68
14.55
9.39
6.54
6.17
7.61
6.86
8.43
7.87
9.28
10.70
10.17
10.99
8.30
9.51
11.14
9.64
11.77
10.54
9.94
10.72
9.54
10.89
9.52
10.43
9.26
9.33
9.66
10.03
11.84
8.86
11.34
10.85
11.40
12.33
5.26
9.32
7.96
8.68
14.54
9.38
6.54
6.16
7.61
6.86
8.32
7.77
9.38
10.74
10.25
10.99
8.36
9.61
11.14
9.76
11.80
10.54
9.94
10.71
9.58
10.89
9.53
10.61
9.18
9.26
9.58
9.97
11.82
8.78
11.31
10.81
11.35
12.34
5.24
9.25
7.94
8.65
14.35
9.36
6.52
6.14
7.59
6.84
8.30
7.76
9.36
10.72
10.24
10.98
8.35
9.60
11.13
9.74
11.79
10.54
9.93
10.70
9.57
10.88
9.52
10.59
9.17
9.25
9.56
9.96
11.81
8.75
11.29
10.79
11.35
12.33
5.24
9.25
7.94
8.64
14.34
9.36
6.52
6.14
7.58
6.84
8.29
7.75
9.36
10.72
10.23
10.98
8.35
9.59
11.13
9.74
11.79
10.53
9.93
10.70
9.56
10.88
9.52
10.59
9.16
9.24
9.55
9.95
11.80
8.75
11.28
10.79
11.33
12.32
5.23
9.24
7.93
8.64
14.33
9.35
6.51
6.14
7.58
6.84
55
-------
Nebraska
Nebraska
Nebraska
Nebraska
Nebraska
Nebraska
Nebraska
Nevada
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Hampshire
New Hampshire
New Hampshire
New Hampshire
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Jersey
New Jersey
New Jersey
New Jersey
New Jersey
New Jersey
New Jersey
New Jersey
New Jersey
New Jersey
New Jersey
New Jersey
New Mexico
New Mexico
New Mexico
New Mexico
New Mexico
New Mexico
New Mexico
New Mexico
New York
New York
Cass Co
Douglas Co
Lancaster Co
Lincoln Co
Sarpy Co
Scotts Bluff Co
Washington Co
Clark Co
Washoe Co
Belknap Co
Cheshire Co
Coos Co
Hillsborough Co
Rockingham Co
Sullivan Co
Atlantic Co
Bergen Co
Camden Co
Essex Co
Gloucester Co
Hudson Co
Mercer Co
Middlesex Co
Morris Co
Ocean Co
Passaic Co
Union Co
Warren Co
Bernalillo Co
Chaves Co
Dona Ana Co
Grant Co
Lea Co
Sandoval Co
San Juan Co
Santa Fe Co
Bronx Co
Chautauqua Co
10.26
10.56
9.58
7.13
10.08
5.96
9.71
9.52
8.86
7.15
11.68
9.68
10.33
9.49
9.86
11.41
13.65
14.31
13.68
13.68
14.93
13.92
12.46
12.38
11.16
13.09
15.66
13.37
6.56
6.71
11.30
6.14
6.75
4.98
6.49
4.93
15.79
10.71
8.56
8.78
8.02
6.17
8.39
5.34
8.10
8.73
8.30
5.96
10.07
8.78
8.77
8.03
8.44
8.78
10.91
11.04
10.71
10.38
12.32
10.71
9.51
9.51
8.57
10.24
12.30
10.02
6.03
6.17
10.24
5.84
6.13
4.59
6.14
4.59
12.98
8.14
8.55
8.78
8.01
6.17
8.38
5.34
8.10
8.73
8.30
5.95
10.06
8.77
8.76
8.02
8.43
8.75
10.90
11.02
10.70
10.37
12.30
10.70
9.50
9.50
8.54
10.23
12.29
10.01
6.03
6.17
10.24
5.84
6.13
4.59
6.14
4.59
12.97
8.14
8.55
8.77
8.01
6.17
8.38
5.34
8.09
8.71
8.29
5.95
10.05
8.77
8.75
8.01
8.43
8.74
10.88
11.01
10.68
10.36
12.28
10.69
9.49
9.49
8.53
10.21
12.27
10.00
6.02
6.17
10.23
5.84
6.13
4.58
6.14
4.59
12.94
8.13
8.47
8.63
7.93
6.06
8.32
5.25
8.00
8.66
8.23
5.96
10.08
8.76
8.76
8.08
8.45
8.84
10.94
11.15
10.75
10.56
12.53
10.82
9.55
9.56
8.61
10.25
12.46
10.02
6.01
6.17
10.06
5.84
6.12
4.57
6.14
4.60
12.98
8.11
8.47
8.62
7.92
6.06
8.32
5.25
7.99
8.66
8.22
5.95
10.06
8.75
8.75
8.06
8.44
8.79
10.92
11.13
10.73
10.54
12.50
10.80
9.53
9.54
8.57
10.23
12.44
10.01
6.01
6.16
10.06
5.84
6.12
4.57
6.13
4.60
12.96
8.09
8.46
8.61
7.92
6.06
8.31
5.25
7.98
8.64
8.21
5.94
10.05
8.74
8.74
8.05
8.43
8.78
10.90
11.11
10.71
10.53
12.48
10.79
9.52
9.53
8.56
10.21
12.42
10.00
6.01
6.16
10.06
5.84
6.12
4.57
6.13
4.60
12.93
8.09
56
-------
New York
New York
New York
New York
New York
New York
New York
New York
New York
New York
New York
New York
New York
New York
North Carolina
North Carolina
North Carolina
North Carolina
North Carolina
North Carolina
North Carolina
North Carolina
North Carolina
North Carolina
North Carolina
North Carolina
North Carolina
North Carolina
North Carolina
North Carolina
North Carolina
North Carolina
North Carolina
North Carolina
North Carolina
North Carolina
North Carolina
North Carolina
Erie Co
Essex Co
Kings Co
Nassau Co
New York Co
Niagara Co
Onondaga Co
Orange Co
Queens Co
Richmond Co
St. Lawrence Co
Steuben Co
Suffolk Co
Westchester Co
Alamance Co
Buncombe Co
Cabarrus Co
Caswell Co
Catawba Co
Chatham Co
Cumberland Co
Davidson Co
Duplin Co
Durham Co
Forsyth Co
Gaston Co
Guilford Co
Haywood Co
Jackson Co
Lenoir Co
McDowell Co
Mecklenburg Co
Mitchell Co
Montgomery Co
Onslow Co
Orange Co
Pitt Co
Robeson Co
13.91
6.40
14.66
12.22
17.16
12.03
10.56
11.51
13.23
12.14
8.50
9.83
12.11
12.34
13.93
13.19
14.68
13.43
15.61
12.35
14.17
15.94
12.09
14.09
14.80
14.24
14.28
13.48
12.28
11.57
14.42
15.19
13.57
12.41
11.27
13.25
12.41
12.70
11.02
5.48
12.02
9.84
14.33
9.84
10.11
9.94
10.75
10.73
7.77
7.42
10.04
10.05
10.14
9.93
10.73
9.60
11.50
9.00
10.79
11.94
9.34
10.44
10.95
10.54
10.24
10.57
9.32
8.83
10.69
12.48
10.20
9.07
8.66
9.81
9.84
10.05
11.02
5.46
12.00
9.83
14.32
9.83
10.10
9.92
10.74
10.71
7.76
7.41
10.02
10.03
10.13
9.93
10.72
9.60
11.50
8.99
10.79
11.93
9.34
10.43
10.95
10.54
10.24
10.56
9.31
8.83
10.69
12.48
10.19
9.07
8.65
9.81
9.84
10.04
11.01
5.46
11.98
9.82
14.29
9.83
10.10
9.91
10.72
10.70
7.76
7.41
10.01
10.01
10.12
9.92
10.72
9.59
11.49
8.99
10.78
11.93
9.33
10.42
10.94
10.53
10.23
10.56
9.31
8.82
10.68
12.47
10.18
9.07
8.65
9.80
9.83
10.04
10.89
5.49
12.11
9.96
14.31
9.90
10.07
10.00
10.93
10.82
7.76
7.42
10.62
10.28
10.10
9.87
10.72
9.59
11.44
9.02
10.75
11.98
9.34
10.36
10.91
10.52
10.20
10.56
9.32
8.85
10.66
12.88
10.18
9.07
8.64
9.80
9.86
10.03
10.87
5.47
12.09
9.94
14.30
9.89
10.06
9.97
10.92
10.79
7.74
7.41
10.60
10.25
10.09
9.86
10.72
9.58
11.43
9.01
10.74
11.97
9.33
10.36
10.90
10.51
10.19
10.54
9.31
8.83
10.65
12.87
10.17
9.06
8.63
9.79
9.85
10.02
10.87
5.47
12.07
9.92
14.26
9.88
10.05
9.96
10.90
10.78
7.73
7.41
10.58
10.23
10.09
9.85
10.71
9.58
11.42
9.01
10.73
11.96
9.33
10.35
10.89
10.51
10.18
10.54
9.31
8.83
10.64
12.86
10.16
9.06
8.63
9.79
9.85
10.02
57
-------
North Carolina
North Carolina
North Carolina
North Carolina
North Dakota
North Dakota
North Dakota
North Dakota
North Dakota
North Dakota
Ohio
Ohio
Ohio
Ohio
Ohio
Ohio
Ohio
Ohio
Ohio
Ohio
Ohio
Ohio
Ohio
Ohio
Ohio
Ohio
Ohio
Ohio
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oklahoma
Oklahoma
Oklahoma
Oklahoma
Oklahoma
Oklahoma
Oklahoma
Oklahoma
Swain Co
Wake Co
Watauga Co
Wayne Co
Billings Co
Burke Co
Burleigh Co
Cass Co
McKenzie Co
Mercer Co
Athens Co
Butler Co
Clark Co
Cuyahoga Co
Franklin Co
Hamilton Co
Jefferson Co
Lake Co
Lawrence Co
Lorain Co
Lucas Co
Mahoning Co
Montgomery Co
Portage Co
Preble Co
Scioto Co
Stark Co
Summit Co
Trumbull Co
Caddo Co
Canadian Co
Carter Co
Cherokee Co
Garfield Co
Kay Co
Lincoln Co
Mayes Co
Muskogee Co
12.68
13.96
11.56
13.76
4.57
5.74
6.64
7.78
5.27
6.20
12.31
16.12
14.69
18.37
16.53
17.76
17.48
13.26
15.71
13.60
14.74
15.11
15.73
14.19
13.34
17.12
17.27
16.43
14.96
8.80
8.97
10.11
11.57
9.86
10.65
9.97
11.87
12.05
9.52
10.85
8.29
10.82
4.24
4.36
5.86
6.62
4.82
4.97
8.67
12.63
11.16
14.40
12.44
13.27
13.31
10.42
12.43
10.36
11.37
11.12
12.05
10.68
10.04
12.98
13.11
12.57
11.36
7.29
7.44
8.25
9.63
8.56
9.41
8.33
10.08
10.21
9.51
10.84
8.29
10.82
4.24
4.36
5.86
6.61
4.82
4.97
8.67
12.62
11.15
14.37
12.43
13.27
13.30
10.39
12.42
10.34
11.35
11.12
12.04
10.67
10.03
12.97
13.10
12.56
11.35
7.29
7.43
8.25
9.62
8.55
9.40
8.32
10.08
10.21
9.51
10.83
8.29
10.81
4.24
4.36
5.86
6.61
4.82
4.97
8.67
12.61
11.15
14.36
12.41
13.25
13.29
10.38
12.41
10.33
11.33
11.11
12.03
10.66
10.03
12.96
13.09
12.55
11.35
7.28
7.43
8.24
9.62
8.55
9.40
8.32
10.07
10.20
9.51
10.96
8.28
10.82
4.20
4.34
5.80
6.49
4.80
4.94
8.68
12.58
11.13
14.34
12.29
13.22
13.29
10.41
12.44
10.38
11.23
11.06
11.94
10.64
10.03
12.96
13.01
12.54
11.31
7.29
7.44
8.25
9.61
8.51
9.39
8.34
10.05
10.18
9.50
10.95
8.27
10.81
4.20
4.33
5.80
6.48
4.79
4.94
8.67
12.56
11.12
14.31
12.28
13.21
13.27
10.36
12.43
10.34
11.19
11.05
11.93
10.63
10.02
12.94
13.00
12.52
11.30
7.28
7.44
8.24
9.60
8.51
9.38
8.33
10.04
10.16
9.49
10.94
8.27
10.80
4.20
4.33
5.80
6.48
4.79
4.94
8.67
12.55
11.11
14.29
12.26
13.19
13.26
10.35
12.42
10.33
11.18
11.04
11.92
10.62
10.02
12.93
12.98
12.51
11.29
7.28
7.43
8.23
9.60
8.51
9.38
8.33
10.03
10.16
58
-------
Oklahoma
Oklahoma
Oklahoma
Oklahoma
Oklahoma
Oregon
Oregon
Oregon
Oregon
Oregon
Oregon
Oregon
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
Oklahoma Co
Ottawa Co
Pittsburg Co
Seminole Co
Tulsa Co
Columbia Co
Jackson Co
Klamath Co
Lane Co
Linn Co
Multnomah Co
Wasco Co
Washington Co
Adams Co
Allegheny Co
Beaver Co
Berks Co
Bucks Co
Cambria Co
Centre Co
Chester Co
Cumberland Co
Dauphin Co
Delaware Co
Erie Co
Lackawanna Co
Lancaster Co
Lehigh Co
Luzerne Co
Mercer Co
Montgomery Co
Northampton Co
Perry Co
Philadelphia Co
Washington Co
Westmoreland Co
York Co
Kent Co
10.44
11.73
11.38
9.65
11.73
6.30
11.39
10.69
13.28
8.24
8.68
7.54
7.78
13.31
21.00
15.79
16.42
14.10
15.63
12.95
14.81
14.93
15.58
15.31
13.14
12.33
16.95
14.22
12.71
14.00
13.75
14.33
12.84
15.98
15.37
15.39
16.93
8.63
8.47
9.63
9.52
8.03
9.85
5.83
10.68
10.07
12.44
7.90
8.24
6.98
7.37
9.35
16.04
11.91
12.21
11.00
11.43
9.36
10.71
10.85
11.12
11.79
10.13
9.16
11.97
10.66
9.44
10.44
10.33
10.84
9.43
12.62
11.08
10.73
12.49
6.98
8.47
9.62
9.51
8.03
9.84
5.83
10.68
10.07
12.44
7.90
8.24
6.98
7.37
9.34
16.02
11.90
12.20
10.99
11.41
9.35
10.69
10.84
11.11
11.77
10.12
9.15
11.96
10.65
9.44
10.44
10.33
10.83
9.42
12.60
11.07
10.72
12.48
6.96
8.46
9.62
9.51
8.02
9.84
5.83
10.68
10.07
12.43
7.90
8.23
6.98
7.37
9.33
16.01
11.89
12.19
10.98
11.41
9.34
10.68
10.83
11.10
11.76
10.11
9.14
11.94
10.64
9.43
10.43
10.31
10.82
9.41
12.59
11.06
10.71
12.47
6.96
8.37
9.58
9.50
8.03
9.80
5.92
10.66
10.03
12.29
7.89
8.35
6.90
7.39
9.32
15.99
11.88
12.17
11.25
11.39
9.32
10.71
10.77
11.02
12.00
10.08
9.11
11.89
10.61
9.40
10.40
10.49
10.79
9.40
12.74
11.18
10.68
12.42
7.02
8.37
9.57
9.49
8.03
9.80
5.91
10.66
10.02
12.29
7.89
8.34
6.90
7.39
9.31
15.97
11.87
12.16
11.24
11.37
9.32
10.69
10.75
11.01
11.97
10.06
9.10
11.88
10.60
9.39
10.39
10.48
10.78
9.39
12.72
11.16
10.68
12.41
7.00
8.36
9.57
9.48
8.03
9.79
5.91
10.66
10.02
12.28
7.89
8.34
6.90
7.39
9.30
15.95
11.86
12.14
11.22
11.36
9.31
10.67
10.74
10.99
11.96
10.05
9.09
11.86
10.58
9.38
10.38
10.46
10.76
9.38
12.71
11.15
10.67
12.39
6.99
59
-------
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Carolina
South Carolina
South Carolina
South Carolina
South Carolina
South Carolina
South Carolina
South Carolina
South Carolina
South Carolina
South Carolina
South Carolina
South Dakota
South Dakota
South Dakota
South Dakota
South Dakota
South Dakota
Tennessee
Tennessee
Tennessee
Tennessee
Tennessee
Tennessee
Tennessee
Tennessee
Tennessee
Tennessee
Tennessee
Tennessee
Tennessee
Tennessee
Texas
Texas
Texas
Texas
Providence Co
Beaufort Co
Charleston Co
Chesterfield Co
Edgefield Co
Florence Co
Georgetown Co
Greenville Co
Greenwood Co
Horry Co
Lexington Co
Oconee Co
Richland Co
Spartanburg Co
Brookings Co
Brown Co
Jackson Co
Meade Co
Minnehaha Co
Pennington Co
Blount Co
Davidson Co
Dyer Co
Hamilton Co
Knox Co
Lawrence Co
McMinn Co
Maury Co
Montgomery Co
Putnam Co
Roane Co
Shelby Co
Sullivan Co
Sumner Co
Bowie Co
Brewster Co
Cameron Co
Dallas Co
12.61
10.92
11.80
12.37
12.71
12.67
12.75
15.73
13.36
11.22
13.88
10.77
13.86
13.83
9.44
8.23
5.45
6.28
9.85
7.56
14.36
14.44
12.05
16.35
16.67
11.94
14.85
12.90
13.22
13.43
14.32
14.12
14.60
13.59
13.68
4.98
9.89
13.68
10.57
8.51
9.21
9.33
9.56
10.20
10.25
11.93
9.97
8.78
10.61
7.71
10.64
10.29
8.03
7.15
5.05
5.87
8.10
7.05
10.84
11.21
9.73
12.54
12.54
9.11
10.86
10.77
10.38
9.99
10.39
11.56
12.10
10.42
11.56
4.51
8.78
11.34
10.55
8.49
9.20
9.32
9.55
10.19
10.23
11.92
9.96
8.77
10.60
7.70
10.63
10.29
8.03
7.15
5.05
5.87
8.09
7.05
10.83
11.20
9.72
12.53
12.52
9.10
10.86
10.77
10.37
9.98
10.37
11.55
12.10
10.42
11.55
4.51
8.77
11.34
10.54
8.48
9.20
9.32
9.55
10.19
10.23
11.91
9.96
8.77
10.59
7.70
10.63
10.28
8.02
7.15
5.05
5.87
8.08
7.05
10.83
11.19
9.72
12.52
12.51
9.10
10.85
10.76
10.37
9.97
10.37
11.54
12.09
10.41
11.54
4.51
8.77
11.33
10.60
8.51
9.20
9.31
9.54
10.16
10.24
11.87
9.93
8.76
10.54
7.69
10.57
10.26
7.92
7.06
5.03
5.84
7.95
7.02
10.88
11.23
9.73
12.50
12.43
9.13
10.82
10.77
10.38
9.95
10.37
11.59
12.02
10.42
11.51
4.51
8.79
11.41
10.57
8.47
9.19
9.30
9.53
10.15
10.22
11.86
9.92
8.75
10.53
7.68
10.56
10.26
7.91
7.06
5.03
5.84
7.95
7.02
10.87
11.21
9.72
12.49
12.41
9.11
10.81
10.76
10.37
9.94
10.35
11.58
12.02
10.41
11.50
4.51
8.78
11.40
10.56
8.47
9.19
9.30
9.52
10.15
10.21
11.85
9.92
8.74
10.52
7.67
10.55
10.25
7.90
7.05
5.03
5.84
7.94
7.02
10.86
11.20
9.72
12.48
12.40
9.11
10.80
10.76
10.36
9.94
10.34
11.57
12.01
10.40
11.49
4.51
8.77
11.39
60
-------
Texas
Texas
Texas
Texas
Texas
Texas
Texas
Texas
Texas
Texas
Texas
Texas
Utah
Utah
Utah
Utah
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Virginia
Virginia
Virginia
Virginia
Virginia
Virginia
Virginia
Virginia
Virginia
Virginia
Virginia
Virginia
Washington
Washington
Washington
Washington
Washington
Washington
West Virginia
Ector Co
Galveston Co
Gregg Co
Harris Co
Harrison Co
Hidalgo Co
Jefferson Co
Montgomery Co
Nueces Co
Orange Co
Potter Co
Tarrant Co
Box Elder Co
Cache Co
Salt Lake Co
Utah Co
Weber Co
Chittenden Co
Arlington Co
Charles City Co
Chesterfield Co
Fairfax Co
Henrico Co
Loudoun Co
Page Co
Bristol city
Hampton city
Norfolk city
Roanoke city
Salem city
Virginia Beach city
Clark Co
King Co
Pierce Co
Snohomish Co
Spokane Co
Yakima Co
Berkeley Co
7.67
9.80
12.37
14.22
11.47
10.81
11.20
11.24
10.03
11.43
6.18
12.73
9.15
12.83
12.89
10.89
12.81
9.39
14.62
12.80
13.74
14.15
13.80
13.64
12.96
14.51
12.52
12.97
14.37
14.79
12.59
9.75
11.37
10.92
11.21
10.20
10.38
16.23
6.76
7.86
10.34
12.51
9.50
9.67
9.73
9.68
8.50
9.63
5.26
10.60
8.64
11.89
11.79
9.78
11.76
7.96
10.71
9.30
9.70
10.33
10.00
9.69
9.23
10.96
9.72
10.37
10.41
10.87
9.96
8.76
10.71
10.65
11.12
9.07
9.07
12.31
6.76
7.85
10.33
12.50
9.49
9.66
9.73
9.68
8.48
9.63
5.26
10.60
8.63
11.88
11.78
9.78
11.76
7.95
10.70
9.29
9.69
10.32
9.99
9.68
9.22
10.96
9.71
10.36
10.41
10.86
9.94
8.76
10.70
10.64
11.10
9.06
9.07
12.30
6.76
7.85
10.33
12.50
9.49
9.66
9.72
9.68
8.48
9.63
5.26
10.59
8.63
11.88
11.76
9.76
11.74
7.94
10.69
9.29
9.69
10.31
9.98
9.67
9.22
10.96
9.70
10.35
10.40
10.86
9.93
8.75
10.69
10.63
11.09
9.06
9.07
12.30
6.77
7.99
10.36
12.81
9.52
9.65
9.96
9.80
8.51
9.73
5.23
10.61
8.63
11.83
11.55
9.81
11.78
7.90
10.63
9.30
9.67
10.34
9.98
9.71
9.24
10.88
9.76
10.43
10.30
10.80
9.98
8.83
10.80
10.69
11.16
9.03
9.05
12.26
6.76
7.98
10.35
12.80
9.51
9.64
9.96
9.80
8.49
9.73
5.23
10.60
8.62
11.83
11.54
9.80
11.78
7.88
10.62
9.29
9.66
10.33
9.97
9.70
9.23
10.88
9.74
10.41
10.30
10.79
9.95
8.82
10.78
10.68
11.12
9.02
9.04
12.25
6.76
7.98
10.35
12.80
9.51
9.64
9.95
9.79
8.49
9.73
5.23
10.59
8.61
11.82
11.51
9.78
11.75
7.88
10.61
9.28
9.66
10.32
9.96
9.69
9.23
10.87
9.73
10.40
10.29
10.78
9.94
8.82
10.77
10.67
11.11
9.02
9.03
12.24
61
-------
West Virginia
West Virginia
West Virginia
West Virginia
West Virginia
West Virginia
West Virginia
West Virginia
West Virginia
West Virginia
West Virginia
West Virginia
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wisconsin
Wisconsin
Wisconsin
Wisconsin
Wisconsin
Wisconsin
Wisconsin
Wisconsin
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Wyoming
Wyoming
Wyoming
Wyoming
Brooke Co
Cabell Co
Hancock Co
Harrison Co
Kanawha Co
Marion Co
Marshall Co
Mercer Co
Monongalia Co
Ohio Co
Raleigh Co
Summers Co
Wood Co
Brown Co
Dane Co
Dodge Co
Grant Co
Kenosha Co
Manitowoc Co
Milwaukee Co
Outagamie Co
Vilas Co
Waukesha Co
Campbell Co
Converse Co
Fremont Co
Laramie Co
Sheridan Co
16.69
16.54
17.31
14.00
17.08
15.33
15.62
12.68
14.82
15.09
13.06
10.10
16.07
11.27
12.36
11.12
11.37
11.51
9.81
13.10
10.71
6.40
13.12
6.30
3.67
9.13
4.96
10.50
12.64
13.01
13.59
10.27
13.28
11.24
11.41
9.19
10.42
10.97
9.54
7.17
11.75
9.88
10.47
9.20
9.39
9.49
8.23
11.04
9.15
5.61
10.97
6.07
3.49
8.38
4.53
9.80
12.63
13.00
13.58
10.27
13.27
11.23
11.40
9.18
10.41
10.96
9.53
7.17
11.74
9.87
10.46
9.18
9.35
9.47
8.21
11.02
9.13
5.59
10.96
6.07
3.49
8.38
4.53
9.79
12.62
13.00
13.58
10.27
13.26
11.22
11.39
9.18
10.41
10.96
9.53
7.17
11.74
9.86
10.45
9.18
9.35
9.46
8.20
11.01
9.13
5.59
10.94
6.07
3.49
8.38
4.53
9.79
12.61
13.20
13.57
10.27
13.28
11.22
11.41
9.23
10.40
10.94
9.53
7.16
11.76
9.81
10.36
9.11
9.24
9.48
8.17
11.00
9.09
5.57
10.89
6.04
3.47
8.37
4.50
9.70
12.60
13.19
13.55
10.26
13.27
11.20
11.40
9.22
10.39
10.93
9.52
7.16
11.75
9.79
10.34
9.09
9.20
9.44
8.15
10.98
9.07
5.54
10.87
6.04
3.47
8.37
4.50
9.69
12.59
13.19
13.54
10.26
13.25
11.20
11.39
9.22
10.38
10.92
9.52
7.15
11.74
9.78
10.33
9.08
9.19
9.42
8.14
10.96
9.06
5.54
10.85
6.04
3.47
8.37
4.50
9.69
62
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Appendix D: Visibility Levels on 20% Worst Days for Small/Marine SI Engine Scenario (units are deciviews)
Class 1 Area
Sipsey Wilderness
Caney Creek Wilderness
Upper Buffalo Wilderness
Chiricahua NM
Chiricahua Wilderness
Galiuro Wilderness
Grand Canyon NP
Mazatzal Wilderness
Petrified Forest NP
Pine Mountain Wilderness
Saguaro NM
Sierra Ancha Wilderness
Sycamore Canyon Wilderness
Agua Tibia Wilderness
Caribou Wilderness
Cucamonga Wilderness
Desolation Wilderness
Dome Land Wilderness
Emigrant Wilderness
Hoover Wilderness
Joshua Tree NM
Lassen Volcanic NP
Lava Beds NM
Mokelumne Wilderness
Pinnacles NM
Point Reyes NS
Redwood NP
San Gabriel Wilderness
San Gorgonio Wilderness
San Jacinto Wilderness
South Warner Wilderness
State
AL
AR
AR
AZ
AZ
AZ
AZ
AZ
AZ
AZ
AZ
AZ
AZ
CA
CA
CA
CA
CA
CA
CA
CA
CA
CA
CA
CA
CA
CA
CA
CA
CA
CA
Baseline
Visibility
29.03
26.36
26.27
13.43
13.43
13.43
11.66
13.35
13.21
13.35
14.83
13.67
15.25
23.50
14.15
19.94
12.63
19.43
17.63
12.87
19.62
14.15
15.05
12.63
18.46
22.81
18.45
19.94
22.17
22.17
15.05
2020 Base
23.73
22.05
22.35
13.09
13.09
13.07
11.09
12.72
12.83
12.58
14.47
13.20
14.94
21.14
13.60
17.36
12.13
18.34
17.21
12.72
17.93
13.54
14.42
12.30
17.36
21.99
17.86
17.25
20.22
19.87
14.59
2020
Small/Marine
SI Engine
23.72
22.03
22.33
13.09
13.09
13.06
11.09
12.71
12.82
12.56
14.48
13.20
14.93
21.13
13.60
17.38
12.13
18.34
17.20
12.72
17.97
13.54
14.42
12.30
17.34
21.98
17.86
17.25
20.24
19.90
14.59
2030 Base
23.66
21.92
22.19
13.09
13.09
13.09
11.08
12.73
12.75
12.54
14.44
13.15
14.93
20.94
13.51
17.10
12.12
18.11
17.19
12.74
17.71
13.43
14.32
12.31
17.09
21.79
17.79
16.93
19.70
19.55
14.52
2030
Small/Marine
SI Engine
23.64
21.89
22.17
13.09
13.09
13.09
11.08
12.71
12.75
12.53
14.45
13.14
14.93
20.94
13.51
17.10
12.12
18.11
17.19
12.74
17.72
13.43
14.32
12.30
17.09
21.79
17.78
16.93
19.71
19.52
14.52
Natural
Background
10.99
11.58
11.57
7.21
7.21
7.21
7.14
6.68
6.49
6.68
6.46
6.59
6.69
7.64
7.31
7.06
6.12
7.46
7.64
7.91
7.19
7.31
7.86
6.12
7.99
15.77
13.91
7.06
7.30
7.30
7.86
63
-------
Thousand Lakes Wilderness
Ventana Wilderness
Yosemite NP
Black Canyon of the Gunnison NM
Eagles Nest Wilderness
Flat Tops Wilderness
Great Sand Dunes NM
La Garita Wilderness
Maroon Bells-Snowmass Wilderness
Mesa Verde NP
Mount Zirkel Wilderness
Rawah Wilderness
Rocky Mountain NP
Weminuche Wilderness
West Elk Wilderness
Chassahowitzka
Everglades NP
St. Marks
Cohutta Wilderness
Okefenokee
Wolf Island
Craters of the Moon NM
Sawtooth Wilderness
Mammoth Cave NP
Acadia NP
Moosehorn
Roosevelt Campobello International Park
Isle Royale NP
Seney
Voyageurs NP
Hercules-Glades Wilderness
Anaconda-Pintler Wilderness
Bob Marshall Wilderness
Cabinet Mountains Wilderness
Gates of the Mountains Wilderness
Medicine Lake
Mission Mountains Wilderness
Scapegoat Wilderness
CA
CA
CA
CO
CO
CO
CO
CO
CO
CO
CO
CO
CO
CO
CO
FL
FL
FL
GA
GA
GA
ID
ID
KY
ME
ME
ME
Ml
Ml
MN
MO
MT
MT
MT
MT
MT
MT
MT
14.15
18.46
17.63
10.33
9.61
9.61
12.78
10.33
9.61
13.03
10.52
10.52
13.83
10.33
9.61
26.09
22.30
26.03
30.30
27.13
27.13
14.00
13.78
31.37
22.89
21.72
21.72
20.74
24.16
19.27
26.75
13.41
14.48
14.09
11.29
17.72
14.48
14.48
13.52
17.64
17.14
9.79
9.03
9.25
12.35
9.89
9.21
12.39
10.05
10.04
13.08
9.85
9.15
21.94
19.77
21.82
23.33
23.42
23.37
12.97
13.63
25.48
19.77
18.63
18.45
19.10
21.72
17.58
22.93
13.14
14.13
13.54
10.91
16.19
14.04
14.16
13.52
17.63
17.14
9.79
9.03
9.25
12.35
9.89
9.21
12.39
10.05
10.03
13.06
9.85
9.15
21.92
19.76
21.81
23.32
23.41
23.35
12.96
13.63
25.47
19.75
18.62
18.44
19.08
21.70
17.56
22.92
13.13
14.12
13.53
10.91
16.19
14.04
14.15
13.41
17.62
17.11
9.77
8.96
9.24
12.34
9.88
9.20
12.37
10.04
10.04
13.01
9.85
9.14
21.91
19.94
21.83
23.28
23.40
23.32
12.82
13.63
25.44
19.81
18.64
18.47
19.04
21.66
17.43
22.81
13.11
14.08
13.46
10.87
16.09
13.99
14.12
13.40
17.62
17.11
9.77
8.95
9.24
12.34
9.87
9.20
12.37
10.03
10.02
12.99
9.84
9.14
21.88
19.91
21.81
23.26
23.39
23.29
12.80
13.63
25.42
19.78
18.62
18.45
19.01
21.63
17.41
22.78
13.11
14.07
13.44
10.86
16.09
13.99
14.11
7.31
7.99
7.64
6.24
6.54
6.54
6.66
6.24
6.54
6.83
6.44
6.44
7.24
6.24
6.54
11.21
12.15
11.53
11.14
11.44
11.44
7.53
6.43
11.08
12.43
12.01
12.01
12.37
12.65
12.06
11.30
7.43
7.74
7.53
6.45
7.90
7.74
7.74
64
-------
Selway-Bitterroot Wilderness
UL Bend
Linville Gorge Wilderness
Swanquarter
Lostwood
Theodore Roosevelt NP
Great Gulf Wilderness
Presidential Range-Dry River Wilderness
Brigantine
Bandelier NM
Bosque del Apache
Gila Wilderness
Pecos Wilderness
Salt Creek
San Pedro Parks Wilderness
Wheeler Peak Wilderness
White Mountain Wilderness
Jarbidge Wilderness
Wichita Mountains
Crater Lake NP
Diamond Peak Wilderness
Eagle Cap Wilderness
Gearhart Mountain Wilderness
Hells Canyon Wilderness
Kalmiopsis Wilderness
Mount Hood Wilderness
Mount Jefferson Wilderness
Mount Washington Wilderness
Mountain Lakes Wilderness
Strawberry Mountain Wilderness
Three Sisters Wilderness
Cape Romain
Badlands NP
Wind Cave NP
Great Smoky Mountains NP
Joyce-Kilmer-Slickrock Wilderness
Big Bend NP
Carlsbad Caverns NP
MT
MT
NC
NC
ND
ND
NH
NH
NJ
NM
NM
NM
NM
NM
NM
NM
NM
NV
OK
OR
OR
OR
OR
OR
OR
OR
OR
OR
OR
OR
OR
SC
SD
SD
TN
TN
TX
TX
13.41
15.14
28.77
25.49
19.57
17.74
22.82
22.82
29.01
12.22
13.80
13.11
10.41
18.03
10.17
10.41
13.70
12.07
23.81
13.74
13.74
18.57
13.74
18.55
15.51
14.86
15.33
15.33
13.74
18.57
15.33
26.48
17.14
15.84
30.28
30.28
17.30
17.19
13.04
14.64
22.45
21.15
17.70
16.49
19.45
19.45
24.85
11.35
12.85
12.54
9.97
16.59
9.43
9.88
12.88
11.86
20.62
13.27
13.20
17.83
13.37
17.20
14.98
14.13
14.77
14.75
13.24
17.73
14.82
22.74
15.84
14.91
23.93
23.43
16.13
15.89
13.04
14.63
22.44
21.11
17.70
16.48
19.43
19.43
24.75
11.35
12.85
12.54
9.97
16.58
9.43
9.88
12.89
11.85
20.60
13.25
13.19
17.82
13.37
17.19
14.97
14.12
14.76
14.74
13.23
17.72
14.81
22.72
15.83
14.91
23.92
23.42
16.13
15.89
12.99
14.58
22.41
21.15
17.60
16.34
19.46
19.46
24.91
11.29
12.73
12.54
9.97
16.52
9.40
9.87
12.87
11.85
20.55
13.20
13.12
17.71
13.33
17.04
14.93
14.14
14.76
14.72
13.17
17.60
14.79
22.71
15.74
14.87
23.86
23.37
16.15
15.87
12.99
14.57
22.39
21.10
17.60
16.34
19.43
19.43
24.77
11.28
12.73
12.53
9.97
16.52
9.40
9.87
12.86
11.85
20.53
13.18
13.11
17.70
13.33
17.01
14.92
14.12
14.75
14.71
13.16
17.59
14.78
22.68
15.74
14.86
23.85
23.35
16.14
15.87
7.43
8.16
11.22
11.94
8.00
7.79
11.99
11.99
12.24
6.26
6.73
6.69
6.44
6.81
6.08
6.44
6.86
7.87
7.53
7.84
7.84
8.92
7.84
8.32
9.44
8.44
8.79
8.79
7.84
8.92
8.79
12.12
8.06
7.71
11.24
11.24
7.16
6.68
65
-------
Guadalupe Mountains NP
Arches NP
Bryce Canyon NP
Canyonlands NP
Zion NP
James River Face Wilderness
Shenandoah NP
Lye Brook Wilderness
Alpine Lake Wilderness
Glacier Peak Wilderness
Goat Rocks Wilderness
Mount Adams Wilderness
Mount Rainier NP
North Cascades NP
Olympic NP
Pasayten Wilderness
Dolly Sods Wilderness
Otter Creek Wilderness
Bridger Wilderness
Fitzpatrick Wilderness
Grand Teton NP
North Absaroka Wilderness
Red Rock Lakes
Teton Wilderness
Washakie Wilderness
Yellowstone NP
TX
UT
UT
UT
UT
VA
VA
VT
WA
WA
WA
WA
WA
WA
WA
WA
WV
WV
WY
WY
WY
WY
WY
WY
WY
WY
17.19
11.24
11.65
11.24
13.24
29.12
29.31
24.45
17.84
13.96
12.76
12.76
18.24
13.96
16.74
15.23
29.04
29.04
11.12
11.12
11.76
11.45
11.76
11.76
11.45
11.76
15.87
11.11
11.34
10.81
12.92
23.34
22.80
21.08
16.71
13.60
12.05
12.01
17.24
13.57
15.82
14.84
22.35
22.29
10.80
10.85
11.35
11.16
11.43
11.40
11.17
11.38
15.86
11.11
11.34
10.81
12.95
23.31
22.78
21.06
16.69
13.60
12.03
12.00
17.23
13.57
15.82
14.84
22.34
22.28
10.80
10.85
11.35
11.16
11.42
11.39
11.16
11.37
15.84
11.03
11.31
10.82
12.81
23.26
22.76
21.11
16.60
13.67
12.03
11.97
17.21
13.67
15.89
14.81
22.33
22.27
10.79
10.84
11.31
11.13
11.39
11.36
11.14
11.34
15.84
11.01
11.31
10.85
12.83
23.23
22.73
21.08
16.57
13.66
12.02
11.96
17.18
13.66
15.86
14.81
22.31
22.25
10.78
10.84
11.31
11.12
11.39
11.36
11.14
11.33
6.68
6.43
6.86
6.43
6.99
11.13
11.35
11.73
8.43
8.01
8.36
8.36
8.55
8.01
8.44
8.26
10.39
10.39
6.58
6.58
6.51
6.86
6.51
6.51
6.86
6.51
66
-------
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
Air Quality Assessment Division
Research Triangle Park, NC
Publication No. EPA 454/R-08-005
May 2008
67
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