&EPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Evaluation of Small System Filtration Technologies
for the Treatment of Color, Disinfection Byproducts,
and Microbial Contaminants in Surface Waters
Office of Research and Development
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EVALUATION OF SMALL SYSTEM FILTRATION TECHNOLOGIES
FOR THE TREATMENT OF COLOR, DISINFECTION BYPRODUCTS AND
MICROBIOLOGICAL CONTAMINANTS IN SURFACE WATERS
Craig L. Patterson, P.E.
Water Supply and Water Resources Division
National Risk Management Research Laboratory
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
Anita Anderson, P.E.
Minnesota Department of Health
Duluth, Minnesota 55802
Rajib Sinha, P.E., Nur Muhammad, Ph.D, P.E., and E. Radha Krishnan, P.E.
Shaw Environmental & Infrastructure, Inc.
Cincinnati, Ohio 45212
This report was compiled in cooperation with Shaw Environmental and Infrastructure, Inc.
Under EPA Contract EP-C-04-034, Work Assignment No. 0-03
Submitted to
National Risk Management Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Cincinnati, OH 45268
November 10, 2012
-------
Notice
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, through its Office of Research and Development, funded and
managed, or partially funded and collaborated in, the research described herein. It has been subjected to
the Agency's peer and administrative review and has been approved for publication. Any opinions expressed
in this report are those of the author (s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Agency, therefore, no
official endorsement should be inferred. Any mention of trade names or commercial products does not
constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.
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Acknowledgements
EPA acknowledges the significant contributions from Ms. Anita Anderson, P.E. of the Minnesota
Department of Health. Her efforts included coordinating and managing the field studies at the Safe Water
for All Minnesota People (SWAMP) training facility on Fall Lake near Ely, Minnesota. Ms. Anderson also
provided an external review and directly contributed to the development of portions of this document.
EPA acknowledges the in-kind support and contributions of Mr. David Pearson with Membrane Systems
Specialists, Inc. in Hamilton, OH. Mr. Pearson loaned Fyne Process pilot-units for the microbial removal
studies in Ely, Minnesota and in Cincinnati, Ohio and provided an external review of this document.
EPA Contributors
Dr. John Ireland served as Project Officer on EPA Contract No. EP-C-04-034 and Mr. Craig L. Patterson
P.E., served as the Work Assignment Manager for this research project.
Mr. Jeffrey Q. Adams and Dr. Jeff Yang, P.E., performed technical reviews of the document.
Mr. John Olszewski and Mr. Stephen M. Harmon were the EPA Quality Assurance Managers, and were
responsible for the quality assurance review of the document.
m
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Abstract
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) National Risk Management Research Laboratory
(NRMRL) evaluated various filtration systems at the EPA T&E Facility in Cincinnati, Ohio and at a field
site in Ely, Minnesota (MN) in collaboration with the Minnesota Department of Health (MDH). Color and
organic matter are often present in lake water and these constituents are difficult to remove using
conventional treatment technologies. The organic matter can also serve as a precursor to the formation of
disinfection byproducts (DBFs). This report documents the results of tests conducted on the following four
filtration systems for the removal of turbidity, color, organic matter, microorganisms and their surrogates
from surface water:
1) Fyne Technology units manufactured by ITT Corporation (Zelienople, PA) that incorporate tubular
membranes which are periodically cleaned by a foam-ball
2) GE Pentair unit that utilizes capillary hollow fiber membranes
3) Virex Pro unit manufactured by Seccua GmbH (Steingaden, Germany) that consists of hollow fiber
membranes in a stainless steel housing.
4) A radial flow fluidized filtration (R3f) unit followed by polishing membrane filters (microfilter and
ultrafilter modules manufactured by NOK).
IV
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Table of Contents
Notice ii
Acknowledgements iii
Abstract iv
Table of Contents v
List of Figures vi
List of Tables vii
Acronyms and Abbreviation ix
1.0 Introduction 1-1
2.0 System Description, Operation and Testing Procedures 2-1
2.1 Field Test Site 2-1
2.2 ITT Fyne Technology Filtration System 2-1
2.3 GE Pentair Filtration System 2-6
2.4 Virex Pro Filtration System 2-7
2.5 Radial Flow Fluidized Filter (R3f) with NOK Membrane Polishing Filters 2-8
2.6 System Operation and Test Conditions 2-9
2.6.1 Turbidity, Color and Microbial Challenges 2-9
2.6.2 Sampling and Analytical Procedures 2-10
3.0 Test Results 3-1
3.1 B. subtilis Field Test Results 3-2
3.1.1 B. subtilis Test Results for the ITT Fyne Technology System 3-3
3.1.2 B. subtilis Test Results for the GE Pentair System 3-7
3.1.3 B. subtilis Tests Results for the Virex Pro System 3-7
3.2 MS2 bacteriophage Field Test Results 3-8
3.2.1 MS2 bacteriophage Results for Virex Pro System 3-8
3.2.2 MS2 bacteriophage Results for ITT Fyne Technology System 3-9
3.3 Microbiological Tests Results at the T&E Facility for the ITT Fyne Technology System 3-10
3.3.1 B. subtilis Test Results for the ITT Fyne Technology System 12-Foot Module 3-11
3.3.2 B. subtilis Test Results for ITT Fyne Technology System 3-Foot Modules 3-12
3.3.3 E. coli Test Results for the ITT Fyne Technology System 12-Foot Module 3-15
3.3.4 E. coli Tests for ITT Fyne Technology System 3-Foot Modules 3-17
3.3.5 PSL Beads Test Results for the ITT Fyne Technology System 12-Foot Module 3-17
3.4 TOC and Color Test Results at the T&E Facility 3-19
3.4.1 TOC and Color Test Results for the ITT Fyne Technology System 12-Foot Module.... 3-19
3.4.2 TOC and Color Test Results for ITT Fyne Technology System 3-Foot Modules 3-21
3.5 Test Results for the R3f System and NOK Polishing Filters 3-25
3.5.1 B. subtilis Test Results 3-25
3.5.2 MS2 bacteriophage Test Results 3-28
3.6 Raw Water and Backwash Samples 3-29
3.7 Particle Count, Turbidity and Color Data from Ely, MN in August, 2008 3-29
3.8 Particle Count, Turbidity and Color Removal Data from Ely, MN in September, 2009 3-33
4.0 Conclusions 4-1
5.0 References 5-1
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List of Figures
Figure 2-1. Process Flow Diagram for the ITT Fyne Technology System 2-2
Figure 2-2. Fyne Technology System Control Panel 3-Foot Module 2-3
Figure 2-3. ITT Fyne Technology System Influent 3-Foot Module 2-4
Figure 2-4. ITT Fyne Technology System Effluent 3-Foot Module 2-4
Figure 2-5. Control Panel for the ITT Fyne Technology 12-Foot Module 2-5
Figure 2-6. ITT Fyne Technology System 12-Foot Module Effluent 2-5
Figure 2-7. GE Pentair Membrane System 2-6
Figure 2-8. Virex Pro Filtration System 2-7
Figure 2-9. Conceptual Flow Diagram of the R3f System 2-8
Figure 2-10. NOK Filters Placed in a 7-Cartridge Shelco Multi-Cartridge Housing Unit 2-9
VI
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List of Tables
Table 3.1. Summary of Challenge Tests Conducted on Different Systems 3-1
Table 3.2. B. subtilis Analytical Results for ITT Fyne Technology System (ES404 and CA2PF) at Ely, MN
in August 2008 3-5
Table 3.3. B. subtilis Analytical Results for ITT Fyne Technology System (ES404 and AFC30) at Ely, MN
in September 2009 3-6
Table 3.4. B. subtilis Analytical Results for GE Pentair System at Ely, MN in August 2008 3-7
Table 3.5. B. subtilis Analytical Results for Virex Pro System at Ely, MN in September 2009 3-8
Table 3.6. MS2 bacteriophage Analytical Results for Virex Pro System at Ely, MN in September 2009 ....3-9
Table 3.7. MS2 bacteriophage Analytical Results for ITT Fyne Technology System (ES404 and AFC30) at
Ely, MN in September 2009 3-10
Table 3.8. B. subtilis Analytical Results for ITT Fyne Technology System 12-Foot Horizontal Module
(CA2PF) at the T&E Facility 3-12
Table 3.9. B. subtilis Analytical Results for ITT Fyne Technology System 3-Foot Modules (ES404 and
CA2PF) at the T&E Facility 3-14
Table 3.10. B. subtilis Analytical Results for ITT Fyne Technology System 3-Foot Vertical Modules (ES404
and AFC30) at the T&E Facility 3-15
Table 3.11. E. coli Analytical Results for ITT Fyne Technology System 12-Foot Horizontal Module
(CA2PF) at the T&E Facility 3-16
Table 3.12. E. coli Analytical Results for ITT Fyne Technology System 3-Foot Vertical Modules (ES404 and
CA2PF) at the T&E Facility 3-17
Table 3.13. PSL Beads Analytical Results for the ITT Fyne Technology System 12-Foot Horizontal Module
(CA2PF) at the T&E Facility 3-18
Table 3.14. TOC Analytical Results for ITT Fyne Technology System 12-Foot Horizontal Module (CA2PF)
at the T&E Facility 3-20
Table 3.15. Color Analytical Results for ITT Fyne Technology System 12-Foot Horizontal Module (CA2PF)
at the T&E Facility 3-21
Table 3.16. TOC Analytical Results for ITT Fyne Technology System 3-Foot Vertical Modules (ES404 and
CA2PF) at the T&E Facility 3-22
Table 3.17. Color Analytical Results for ITT Fyne Technology System 3-Foot Vertical Modules (ES404 and
CA2PF) at the T&E Facility 3-23
Table 3.18. TOC Analytical Results for ITT Fyne Technology System 3-Foot Vertical Modules (ES404 New
and AFC30) at the T&E Facility 3-24
Table 3.19. Color Analytical Results for ITT Fyne Technology System 3-Foot Vertical Modules (ES404
New and AFC30) at the T&E Facility 3-25
Table 3.20. B. subtilis Analytical Results for R3f-NOK Filters at Ely, MN in September 2009 3-26
VII
-------
Table 3.21. Performance of R3f and NOK Filters 3-26
Table 3.22. System Pressure Buildup During the B. subtilis Challenge Tests at Ely, MN in September 2009
3-27
Table 3.23. MS2 bacteriophage Analytical Results for R3f - NOK Filters at Ely, MN in September 20093-28
Table 3.24. System Pressure Buildup During the MS2 bacteriophage Challenge at Ely, MN in September
2009 3-29
Table 3.25. Particle Count Data for the GE Pentair System and the ITT Fyne Technology System at Ely, MN
in August 2008 3-31
Table 3.26. Conductivity, Turbidity, and Color Data for the ITT Fyne Technology System at Ely, MN in
August 2008 3-32
Table 3.27. Conductivity, Turbidity, and Color Data for the ITT Fyne Technology System at Ely, MN in
September 2009 3-34
Table 3.28. Conductivity, Turbidity, and Color Data for the Virex Pro System at Ely, MN in September 2009
3-35
Table 3.29. Conductivity, Turbidity, and Color Data for the R3f System at Ely, MN in September 2009 ..3-36
Table 3.30. Conductivity, Turbidity, and Color Data for the NOK MF System at Ely, MN in September,
2009 3-36
vm
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Acronyms and Abbreviations
APHA American Public Health Association
B. subtilis Bacillus subtilis
CR complete removal
C. parvum Cryptosporidium Parvum
DBF disinfection byproduct
E. coli Escherichia coll
GE General Electric Company (Fairfield, Connecticut)
gpm gallons per minute
ITT ITT Corporation (Zelienople, PA)
L liter
Lpm liters per minute
MDH Minnesota Department of Health
MF microfilter
MS2 MS2 bacteriophage
MWCO molecular weight cutoff
MWE Midwest Water Engineering, LLC (East Bethel, Minnesota)
N/A not available
N/D not detected
NOK NOK Corporation (Tokyo, Japan)
NRMRL National Risk Management Research Laboratory
NTU Nephelometric Turbidity Unit
psi pounds per square inch
PSL polystyrene latex
QA quality assurance
QAPP Quality Assurance Project Plan
R3f Radial Flow Fluidized Filter
SDWA Safe Drinking Water Act
Shaw Shaw Environmental & Infrastructure (E&I), Inc.
Std. Dev. standard deviation
SWAMP Safe Water for All Minnesota People
T&E Test and Evaluation
TOC total organic carbon
UF ultrafilter
ug microgram
jam microns
WSWRD Water Supply and Water Resources Division
IX
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1.0 Introduction
The Water Supply and Water Resources Division (WSWRD) of the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) National Risk Management Research Laboratory (NRMRL) has been
conducting tests on small drinking water treatment systems since 1997 in response to the 1996
Reauthorization of the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA). The SDWA established standards for
drinking water systems and required EPA to assess treatment technologies for small systems
serving fewer than 10,000 people. Initial tests were focused on packaged bag and cartridge
filtration systems. Subsequently, the program has been expanded to test a variety of filtration
systems for the removal of turbidity, chemical contaminants, and microbial contaminants. Under
contract to EPA, Shaw Environmental and Infrastructure (E&I), Inc. (Shaw) has been providing
technical support in the evaluation of various filtration systems at the EPA's T&E Facility in
Cincinnati, OH and at a number of field locations.
Color and organic matter are often present in lake water and these constituents are difficult to
remove using conventional treatment technologies. The organic matter can also serve as a
precursor to the formation of disinfection byproducts (DBFs). This report documents the results
of tests conducted on the following four filtration systems for the removal of turbidity, color,
organic matter, microorganisms and their surrogates from surface water:
5) Fyne Technology units manufactured by ITT Corporation (Zelienople, PA) that
incorporate tubular membranes which are periodically cleaned by a foam-ball
6) GE Pentair unit that utilizes capillary hollow fiber membranes
7) Virex Pro unit manufactured by Seccua GmbH (Steingaden, Germany) that consists of
hollow fiber membranes in a stainless steel housing.
8) A radial flow fluidized filtration (R3f) unit followed by polishing membrane filters
(microfilter and ultrafilter modules manufactured by NOK).
The tests were conducted at the EPA T&E Facility in Cincinnati, OH and at a field site in Ely,
Minnesota (MN) in collaboration with the Minnesota Department of Health (MDH).
1-1
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2.0 System Description, Operation and Testing Procedures
This section provides a summary description of the systems evaluated and the associated
operation and testing procedures employed at the field site in Ely, MN and at the T&E Facility in
Cincinnati, OH. The test procedures employed are presented in the following EPA-endorsed
Quality Assurance Project Plans (QAPPs):
• EPA QA ID No. 627-Q-10-0 (EPA and Shaw, 2007)
• Amendment 1 to EPA QA ID No. 627-Q-10-0 (EPA and Shaw, 2008)
• QA ID No. 627-Q-l 1-0 (EPA and Shaw, 2009)
2.1 Field Test Site
The field test site was located on the grounds of the Outdoor Learning Center just outside the
town of Ely, MN. The learning center also houses the Safe Water for All Minnesota People
(SWAMP) that includes classroom facilities and a laboratory. Color and turbidity measurements
were performed by MDH in this laboratory as a part of this study. The tested units were installed
in the test trailer owned and operated by MDH. Shaw contracted with Midwest Water
Engineering (MWE) to provide power to the test trailer and install the lake water pump to supply
the trailer with test water. MWE also provided services for the installation of the systems and for
the construction of a skid that facilitated the testing of the NOK modules. MDH operated the
systems to gather data for turbidity removal and color removal. EPA and Shaw conducted a
series of tests to evaluate the test systems for the removal of microorganisms.
2.2 ITTFyne Technology Filtration System
The Fyne Process refers to a family of treatment systems that were originally developed in the
United Kingdom to treat waters with high concentrations of organic materials. Membrane
Specialists LLC provides the Fyne Packaged Systems in the US as the exclusive distributor of
ITT PCI Membranes Tubular technology. The ITT Fyne Process uses a tubular semi-permeable
membrane to allow clean filtered water to pass through the membrane while retaining microbial
contaminants and most of the color-producing organic material dissolved in water, thus reducing
the potential for formation of DBFs. Its small footprint and modular construction makes the ITT
Fyne Technology filtration system ideal for many small communities.
One unique aspect of the ITT Fyne Technology System is the use of an automated foam ball
cleaning process to remove accumulated filter cake and organic and inorganic foulants. In this
process, a small foam ball is forced through the tubular filtration elements via water pressure
flowing in the opposite direction of normal flow. The foam ball scours the tubular membrane
surface removing the accumulated foulants. "Filter-catchers" (small, perforated plates installed
2-1
-------
in the module inlet and outlet lines) retain the foam-balls in the system. The cleaning frequency
is adjustable and the entire process is fully automated.
Figure 2-1 shows a process flow diagram for the ITT Fyne Process pilot skid that was employed
at the Ely, MN field site and at the T&E Facility. This unit was fitted with two modules
constructed of ABS plastic in a vertical position. One module contained the PCI Membrane type
ES404 while the other module contained the PCI Membrane type CA2PF for the first series of
tests conducted in 2008. For the tests conducted in 2009, the CA2PF membrane was replaced by
an AFC30 membrane and a new ES404 membrane was installed. The ES404 has a molecular
weight cutoff (MWCO) of approximately 4,000 Daltons, the CA2PF has a MWCO of
approximately 2,000 Daltons, and the AFC30 membrane has a MWCO of 1000 Daltons. Each
module was 3 feet long and contained thirty-six individual membrane tubes. Each membrane
tube was /^ inch in diameter. The 36 membrane tubes were fed in series through the module
with U-Bends linking one tube with the next. One of the particular features of the tubular design
is the lack of need for pre-filtration. A coarse screen is placed before the system to protect both
the pump and membranes from larger materials. The maximum operating pressure of the
module was 175 pounds per square inch (psi) at 70°F. Figures 2-2, 2-3, and 2-4 are photographs
showing various features of the system.
\—^&n
v
Influent Tank
Coarse Influent Pump
Screen
Flow Direction Membrane
Switching Valves Modules
Treated Water
Discharge
Figure 2-1. Process Flow Diagram for the ITT Fyne Technology System
2-2
-------
Flow Meter
Membrane
Influent and
Effluent
Pressure
Gauges
Flow
Direction
Control
Valves
Variable
Speed Drive
Power Supply
and Controller
Figure 2-2. Fyne Technology System Control Panel 3-Foot Module
2-3
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System
Influent
Influent Bag
Filter
Figure 2-3. ITT Fyne Technology System Influent 3-Foot Module
Membrane
Effluent
Effluent
Sampling
Ports
Membrane
Modules
Figure 2-4. ITT Fyne Technology System Effluent 3-Foot Module
In addition to the aforementioned 3-foot vertical module, a 12-foot horizontal module of the ITT
Fyne Technology system was also tested at the T&E Facility. The horizontal module consists of
2-4
-------
CA2PF membrane with a MWCO of 2000 Daltons. Figures 2-5 and 2-6 are photographs
showing the various features of this unit.
Power Supply
Reject Control
Valve
Pump Control
Panel
Pressure Gauge
Pressure Control
Valve
Figure 2-5. Control Panel for the ITT Fyne Technology 12-Foot Module
Effluent Port
12-Feet Mo did e
fr *
Figure 2-6. ITT Fyne Technology System 12-Foot Module Effluent
2-5
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2.3 GE Pentair Filtration System
The GE Pentair membrane unit is an off-the-shelf commercial water filtration unit that consists
of 48.5 square feet of capillary hollow-fiber membrane surface area in a single housing. The
system is operated in a dead-end mode without a reject stream. Any material that does not pass
through the membrane remains accumulated in the housing. The system design incorporates a
timer that shuts off the production water flow at preset intervals and backflushes the membrane
housing to remove the concentrated material accumulated therein. Finished water that has been
accumulated in a tank is used for backwash (or the system can be designed for forward flush
only). The system is designed to operate at standard domestic water pressure of up to 60 psi.
Figure 2-7 shows a photograph of the GE Pentair System.
Membrane
Effluent
Controller/
Timer
Flow Meter
Influent Pre-
Filter
Membrane
Effluent
Sampling Port
/cleaning
connection
Membrane
Module
Figure 2-7. GE Pentair Membrane System
2-6
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2.4 Virex Pro Filtration System
The Virex Pro unit is manufactured by Seccua GmbH in Germany and is a water filtration unit
that consists of dual hollow fiber membrane modules with a nominal pore size of 15 nanometers.
The system is operated in a dead-end mode without a reject stream. The system can be cleaned
at specific intervals, time-of-day or fouling-based frequency. Combinations of forward flushes
with backwashes are possible. The cleaning efficiency can be enhanced by the use of chemicals.
The system is commercially available in two maximum filtration flow rate capacities - 9.7 gpm
and 17.8 gpm. The pilot-scale system was operated between 2.5-3.5 gpm (10 Lpm). Figure 2-8
shows the various features of the system.
Membrane
Modules
Control Panel
Chamber to
Provide
Residence Time
Figure 2-8. Virex Pro Filtration System
2-7
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2.5 Radial Flow Fluidized Filter (R3f) with NOK Membrane Polishing Filters
The radial flow fluidized filtration (R3f) system utilizes radial flow (similar to the flow pattern of
a cartridge filter) through use of non-bonded garnet media that can be fluidized and backwashed.
The technology uses fine garnet media (33 microns) for depth filtration. The filter system
housing consists of an upper chamber and a lower chamber. The upper chamber provides the
necessary head for flow through the media and for backwashing. Water to be treated enters the
system through the annular section at the top of the inner core. The lower chamber contains the
media and water travels radially from the annular section through the media to the bottom inner
core as a plug flow. The treated water then flows out of the system through the pipe connected at
the bottom of the inner core. The plug in the inner core prevents any reverse flow. A typical R3f
system is 150 mm (6 inches) in diameter and 1.8 m (6 feet) high as shown in Figure 2-9. The
media can be fluidized and backwashed very quickly resulting in backwash volumes
significantly lower than other technologies. The R3f system is suitable for small community
potable water systems. It can also serve as pre-filter to membranes or disposable final filtration
system. The R3f system is operated at 5 gpm flow rate as a pre-filter to Shelco NOK membrane
filters in this study.
Filtration
Cycle
From CM
or FwdV
•-...
G
1
"•
1
'
'•
S*
i5
'-• — B
•
I
•
4
•
^—^~
1^-— ^^
• \
Jj
i !
,1 1 i -
^^
CI_L^
> <
> <
> 4
_^
1 1 1
i i i
^
i
4
i
4
*
~~~~— ^^
u^^-^^
*
I '
I '
; ! i
^^
^^
[-:
.'-
,•
<>
'
'
>
t^-
-^
Figure 2-9. Conceptual Flow Diagram of the R3f System
2-8
-------
The NOK polishing filters were tested by placing them in a 7-cartridge Shelco Multifilter
Cartridge Housing (see Figure 2-10). Two Shelco housings were placed in series - the first
housing contained microfilter (MF) cartridges while the second housing contained ultrafilter
(UF) cartridges. The system was configured so that both Shelco housing units could be
backwashed at the same frequency as the R3f system.
Figure 2-10. NOK Filters Placed in a 7-Cartridge Shelco Multi-Cartridge Housing Unit
2.6 System Operation and Test Conditions
2.6.1 Turbidity, Color and Microbial Challenges
Tests were carried out to evaluate the performance of the different systems in removing turbidity,
color, organic matter, bacteria, virus, and protozoa using the following test matrix, organisms or
surrogates:
• For turbidity challenges at the field site, the systems were operated using surface water
from the lake as the feed source with as-received turbidity levels. Samples were
collected for turbidity, total organic carbon (TOC), and color during the operation of the
system.
• At the T&E Facility, the systems were evaluated for color and TOC removal but not for
turbidity removal. For evaluating removal of TOC and color, the systems were
challenged using dechlorinated potable water spiked with Bio-hume to achieve a target
TOC concentration of 10 mg/L.
2-9
-------
• For bacteria removal, the systems were challenged with Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis)
endospores at the T&E Facility and at the field site. Additionally, the ITT system and the
R3f system were tested with Escherichia coli (E. coif) at the T&E Facility.
• For protozoa removal, the systems were challenged with 3.0 jim Polystyrene Latex (PSL)
beads as a surrogate for Cryptosporidium Parvum (C. parvum). These tests were
conducted at the T&E Facility.
• For a preliminary evaluation of virus removal potential, the systems were challenged with
MS2 bacteriophage (a surrogate for enteric viruses) at the field site.
For B. subtilis, E. coli, MS2 bacteriophage and PSL beads, 1 mL of stock suspension with an
approximate concentration of 109 cells/surrogates per mL was mixed with 500 mL of 0.01%
Tween 20 in a 1-L glass beaker. A sub-sample was collected to determine the actual
concentration of the injection suspension. The 500 mL suspension and the rinseate were added
into the influent stream of the system using a peristaltic pump. The total injection time was
approximately 60 minutes. Detailed descriptions of B. subtilis, E. coli and PSL bead stocks and
their suppliers are described in the QAPPs for this project. MS2 bacteriophage stock was
obtained from BioVir laboratory (Benicia, CA).
Tests were conducted on the ITT Fyne Technology system in the recycle mode and in the dead-
end mode of operation. In the recycle mode, the modules were operated with approximately
20% reject water; there was no reject water during the dead-end mode of operation. The
proportion of reject water flow was controlled by a valve. In the tests conducted at Ely, MN
there was no reject stream other than during foam ball cleanings. The reject water valve was
closed during the tests conducted in the dead-end mode of operation at the T&E Facility. The
GE Pentair and the Virex Pro systems were operated in the dead-end mode only.
2.6.2 Sampling and Analytical Procedures
The sampling and analytical procedures are described in project QAPPs. PSL beads samples (1
L) were collected following a grab sampling method instead of the membrane sampling method
because the effluent water pressure was insufficient to allow the water to pass through the
collection membrane.
2-10
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3.0 Test Results
This section summarizes the results of tests conducted on the ITT Fyne, GE Pentair, Virex Pro
and R3f-NOK systems to evaluate the performance in removing different microbiological
contaminants, color, organic matter, particle count, and turbidity. Table 3-1 presents a summary
of the challenge tests that were conducted on the four filtration systems at the T&E Facility and
at the MN field site. In addition to the challenge tests, MDH monitored turbidity, color,
conductivity, and particle count on an ongoing basis for the systems at the field site.
Table 3.1. Summary of Challenge Tests Conducted on Different Systems
Date
Test ID
Membrane Configuration
Mode of Operation
Field Study 2008: ITT Fyne 3-Foot Module and GE Pentair Systems
8/20/08
8/20/08
8/20/08
8/20/08
8/21/08
8/21/08
B. subtilis Test 1
B. subtilis Test 2
B. subtilis Test 3
B. subtilis Test 4
B. subtilis Test 5
B. subtilis Test 6
ITT Fyne: ES404 + CA2PF
GE Pentair
ITT Fyne: ES404 + CA2PF
GE Pentair
ITT Fyne: ES404 + CA2PF
ITT Fyne: ES404 + CA2PF
Recycle
Dead-end
Recycle
Dead-end
Dead-end
Dead-end
Field Test 2009: ITT Fyne 3-Foot Module and Virex Pro Systems
9/15/09
9/15/09
9/16/09
9/16/09
9/16/09
9/15/09
9/16/09
9/16/09
9/16/09
B. subtilis Test 1
B. subtilis Test 2
B. subtilis Test 3
B. subtilis Test 4
B. subtilis Test 5
MS2 bacteriophage Test 1
MS2 bacteriophage Test 2
MS2 bacteriophage Test 3
MS2 bacteriophage Test 4
Virex Pro
ITT Fyne: ES404 + AFC30
Virex Pro
ITT Fyne: ES404 + AFC30
ITT Fyne: ES404 + AFC30
Virex Pro
ITT Fyne: ES404 + AFC30
ITT Fyne: ES404 + AFC30
ITT Fyne: ES404 + AFC30
Dead-end
Recycle
Dead-end
Recycle
Recycle
Dead-end
Recycle
Recycle
Recycle
Field Test 2009: R3f-NOK Systems
9/17/09
9/18/09
9/18/09
9/17/09
B. subtilis Test 1
B. subtilis Test 2
B. subtilis Test 3
MS2 bacteriophage Test 1
R3f + NOK MF + NOK UF
R3f + NOK MF + NOK UF
R3f + NOK MF + NOK UF
R3f + NOK MF + NOK UF
-
-
-
-
Pilot Study at the U.S. EPA T&E Facility: ITT Fyne 3-Foot and 12-Foot Modules
5/7/09
5/7/09
5/8/09
6/3/09
6/4/09
6/5/09
B. subtilis Test 1
B. subtilis Test 2
B. subtilis Test 3
B. subtilis Test 4
B. subtilis Test 5
B. subtilis Test 6
CA2PF 12-Foot
CA2PF 12-Foot
CA2PF 12-Foot
ES404 + CA2PF 3 -Foot
ES404 + CA2PF 3 -Foot
ES404 + CA2PF 3 -Foot
Recycle
Dead-end
Recycle
Recycle
Recycle
Dead-end
3-1
-------
6/16/09
6/17/09
6/17/09
6/8/09
7/16/09
7/20/09
7/22/09
8/4/09
8/5/09
8/6/09
6/3/09
6/4/09
6/5/09
6/16/09
6/17/09
6/17/09
7/1/09
7/2/09
7/06/09
B. subtilis Test 7
B. subtilis Test 8
B. subtilis Test 9
E. coll Test 1
E. coll Test 2
E. coll Test 3
E. coll Test 4
PSL Bead Test 1
PSL Bead Test 2
PSL Bead Test 3
TOC & Color Test 1
TOC& Color Test 2
TOC & Color Test 3
TOC & Color Test 4
TOC & Color Test 5
TOC & Color Test 6
TOC & Color Test 7
TOC & Color Test 8
TOC & Color Test 9
ES404 + AFC303-Foot
ES404 + AFC303-Foot
ES404 + AFC303-Foot
ES404 + CA2PF 3 -Foot
ITTFyne:CA2PF 12-Foot
ITTFyne:CA2PF 12-Foot
ITTFyne:CA2PF 12-Foot
ITTFyne:CA2PF 12-Foot
ITTFyne:CA2PF 12-Foot
ITTFyne: CA2PF 12-Foot
ES404 + CA2PF 3 -Foot
ES404 + CA2PF 3 -Foot
ES404 + CA2PF 3 -Foot
ES404 + AFC303-Foot
ES404 + AFC303-Foot
ES404 + AFC303-Foot
CA2PF 12-Foot
CA2PF 12-Foot
CA2PF 12-Foot
Recycle
Recycle
Dead-end
Recycle
Recycle
Recycle
Dead-end
Recycle
Recycle
Dead-end
Recycle
Recycle
Dead-end
Recycle
Recycle
Dead-end
Recycle
Dead-end
Recycle
3.1 B. subtilis Field Test Results
The following test runs were conducted on the 3-foot ITT Fyne Technology system and the GE
Pentair system in 2008 to evaluate the removal of B. subtilis:
• Test 1 - ITT Fyne Technology System (Membrane 1: ES404 and Membrane 2: CA2PF)
in Recycle Mode
• Test 2 - GE Pentair System in Dead-End Mode
• Test 3 - ITT Fyne Technology System (Membrane 1: ES404 and Membrane 2: CA2PF)
in Recycle Mode (Replicate of Test 1)
• Test 4 - GE Pentair System in Dead-End Mode (Replicate of Test 2)
• Test 5 - ITT Fyne Technology System (Membrane 1: ES404 and Membrane 2: CA2PF)
in Dead-End Mode
• Test 6 - ITT Fyne Technology System (Membrane 1: ES404 and Membrane 2: CA2PF)
in Dead-End Mode (Replicate of Test 5)
3-2
-------
The following test runs were conducted on the 3-foot ITT Fyne Technology system and the
Virex Pro system in 2009 to evaluate the removal of B. subtilis:
• Test 1 - Virex Pro System in Dead-End Mode
• Test 2 - ITT Fyne Technology System (Membrane 1: ES404 and Membrane 2: AFC30)
in Recycle Mode
• Test 3 - Virex Pro System in Dead-End Mode (Replicate of Test 1)
• Test 4 - ITT Fyne Technology System (Membrane 1: ES404 and Membrane 2: AFC30)
in Recycle Mode (Replicate of Test 2)
• Test 5 - ITT Fyne Technology System (Membrane 1: ES404 and Membrane 2: AFC30)
in Recycle mode (Replicate of Test 2)
The test results are organized by system in the following sections. The performance of a system
at a particular sampling event was evaluated by comparing the influent and effluent
concentrations of the contaminant and calculating an average log removal value was determined
comparing the average influent and effluent concentrations of the contaminant during a particular
test.
3.1.1 B. subtilis Test Results for the ITT Fyne Technology System
Table 3-2 presents the B. subtilis analytical results for four tests conducted on the 3-foot ITT
Fyne Technology system at Ely, MN in August 2008. For these tests, the B. subtilis suspension
was injected into the system approximately 10 minutes prior to the TO sample (which was
collected when permeate was observed to discharge from the system). Injection was completed
just before the T5 samples were taken (followed by a chaser solution of Tween-20 for another 15
minutes). The system accidentally went into the foam-ball cleaning mode immediately after the
T30 samples had been collected. T60 samples were collected after the system was restarted.
The ES404 and the CA2PF membranes both achieved complete removal of B. subtilis in a
number of sampling events during the challenge tests. The average performance achieved by the
ES404 membrane in the recycle mode ranged from 6.2 log to complete removal (> 6.9 log) and
that in the dead-end mode ranged from 4.3 log to complete removal (> 6.1 log). The average
performance achieved by the CA2PF membrane in the recycle mode was 5.8 log and that in the
dead-end mode ranged from 4.4 log to complete removal (> 6.1 log). Thus, the ES404
membrane performed slightly better in removing B. subtilis than the CA2PF membrane even
though the CA2PF with a MWCO of 2000 Daltons is a tighter membrane than the ES404
membrane (which has a MWCO of 4000 Daltons).
Table 3-3 presents the B. subtilis analytical results for the three tests conducted on the 3-foot ITT
Fyne Technology system in Ely, MN in September 2009. Collection of effluent samples started
at 15 minutes after the start of the injection as there was a lag time of 15 minutes between the
3-3
-------
influent and effluent for filling the system shroud. The ES404 and the CA2PF membranes both
achieved complete removal of B. subtilis in a number of sampling events during the challenge
tests. The average performance of the ES404 membrane in three tests in the recycle mode
ranged from 5.0 log to complete removal (> 5.8 log). The average log removal value achieved
by the AFC30 membrane in three tests in the recycle mode was 4.8. Thus, the ES404 membrane
performed slightly better in removing B. subtilis than the AFC30 membrane even though the
AFC30 with a MWCO of 1000 Daltons is a tighter membrane than the ES404 membrane.
3-4
-------
Table 3.2. R subtilis Analytical Results for ITT Fyne Technology System (ES404 and
CA2PF) at Ely, MN in August 2008
Sampling
Time
(min)
No. Cells/100 ml
IN
Outl
(ES404)
Out 2
(CA2PF)
Log Removal
ES404
CA2PF
Average Log
Removal
Test 1: Recycle Mode
TO
T5
T15
TISDup
T30
T60
N/Ab
7.2 x I0b
7.6 x I0b
7.3 x I0b
7.9 x I0b
3.4 x ios
N/DC
N/DC
N/DC
20
N/DC
N/DC
275
N/DC
10
N/DC
20
20
-
CR (> 6.9)
CR (> 6.9)
5.6
CR (> 6.9)
CR(>5.5)
-
CR (> 6.9)
5.9
CR (> 6.9)
5.6
4.2
ES404: 6.2
CA2PF: 5.8
Test 3: Recycle Mode
TO
T5
T15
TISDup
T30
T60
N/Ab
8.8 x I0b
7.6 x I0b
8.2 x I0b
7.4 x I0b
N/Ab
N/DC
N/DC
N/DC
N/DC
N/DC
N/DC
30
30
10
20
N/DC
N/DC
-
CR (> 6.9)
CR (> 6.9)
CR (> 6.9)
CR (> 6.9)
-
-
5.5
5.9
5.6
CR (> 6.9)
-
ES404:
CR (> 6.9)
CA2PF: 5.7
Test 5: Dead-End Mode
TO
T5
T15
T15Dupa
T30
T60
1.4 x I0b
1.0 x 1Q5
2.5 x I0b
8.0 x 104
8.0 x ios
2.8 x 1Q5
N/DC
N/DC
N/DC
N/DC
100
160
N/DC
200
N/DC
N/DC
N/DC
N/DC
CR (> 6.2)
CR(>5.0)
CR (> 6.4)
CR (> 4.9)
3.9
3.2
CR (> 6.2)
2.7
CR (> 6.4)
CR (> 4.9)
CR(>5.9)
CR(>5.5)
ES404: 4.3
CA2PF: 4.4
Test 6: Dead-End Mode
TO
T5
T15
TISDup
T30
T60a
3.6 x 1Q5
1.9 x I0b
3.6 x ios
3.1 x iob
3.0 x 1Q5
4.0 x 104
N/DC
N/DC
N/DC
N/DC
N/DC
N/DC
N/DC
N/DC
N/DC
N/DC
N/DC
N/DC
CR(>5.6)
CR (> 6.3)
CR(>5.6)
CR (> 6.5)
CR(>5.5)
CR (> 4.6)
CR(>5.6)
CR (> 6.3)
CR(>5.6)
CR (> 6.5)
CR(>5.5)
CR (> 4.6)
ES404:
CR(>6.1)
CA2PF:
CR(>6.1)
aData not considered for performance evaluation due to low influent concentration; ""Not Available, samples were underdiluted;
°Not detected, no plaques were observed on any of the 10 plates for the sample
CR - Complete Removal, log removal value was based on the influent concentration
3-5
-------
Table 3.3. R subtilis Analytical Results for ITT Fyne Technology System (ES404 and
AFC30) at Ely, MN in September 2009
Sampling
Time
(min)
No. Cells/100 ml
IN
Outl
(ES404)
Out 2
(AFC 30)
Log Removal
ES404
AFC30
Average Log
Removal
Test 2: Recycle Mode
T0a
T5
T15
TISDup
T30
T60a
N/DC
1.5 x ios
5.0 x 105
5.9 x 105
1.1 x iob
30
N/DC
N/DC
N/DC
N/DC
N/DC
N/DC
N/DC
N/DC
5
10
20
10
-
CR(>5.2)
CR(>5.7)
CR(>5.8)
CR (> 6.0)
-
CR(>5.2)
5.0
4.8
4.8
ES404:
CR(>5.8)
AFC30: 4.9
Test 4: Recycle Mode
T0a
T5
T15
TISDup
T30
T60
7.0 x 102
2.0 x 104
3.5 x 1Q5
3.9 x ios
3.6 x 1Q5
N/Ab
5
5
N/DC
N/DC
5
N/DC
5
5
10
10
20
10
-
3.6
CR(>5.5)
CR(>5.6)
4.9
-
-
3.6
4.5
4.6
4.3
-
ES404: 5.0
AFC30: 4.4
Test 5: Recycle Mode
T0a
T5
T15
TISDup
T30
T60
1.0 x 1QJ
7.6 x 104
5.3 x 1Q5
5.2 x 1Q5
9.8 x ios
N/Ab
N/DC
N/DC
N/DC
N/DC
N/DC
N/DC
N/DC
5
N/DC
10
5
5
-
CR (> 4.9)
CR(>5.7)
CR(>5.7)
CR (> 6.0)
-
-
4.2
CR(>5.7)
4.7
5.3
-
ES404:
CR(>5.7)
AFC30: 5.0
aData not considered for performance evaluation due to lower influent concentration; 'Not Available, samples were underdiluted;
°Not detected, no plaques were observed on any of the 10 plates for the sample
CR - Complete Removal, log removal value was based on the influent concentration
3-6
-------
3.1.2 B. subtilis Test Results for the GE Pentair System
Table 3-4 presents the B. subtilis analytical results for two tests conducted on the GE Pentair
System at Ely, MN in August 2008. For these tests, the injection was started just prior to taking
the TO sample and completed at T30. The chaser solution was then started and the injection was
completed at T60. The system averaged a log removal of 5.0 based on these two tests.
Table 3.4. B. subtilis Analytical Results for GE Pentair System at Ely, MN in August 2008
Sampling Time
(min)
No. Cells/100 ml
IN
Out
Log Removal
Average Log
Removal
Test 2: Dead-End Mode
TO
T5
T15
TISDup
T30
T60a
N/Ab
7.6 x I0b
3.8 x I0b
7.0 x I0b
3.4 x I0b
2.0 x 1QJ
35
100
300
30
20
N/DC
-
4.9
4.1
5.4
5.2
CR(>3.3)
4.7
Test 4: Dead-End Mode
T0a
T5
T15
TISDup
T30
T60a
8.0 x 104
3.0 x I0b
2.1 x iob
6.4 x I0b
3.0 x I0b
1.6 x 104
N/DC
40
N/DC
10
30
N/DC
CR (> 4.9))
4.9
CR (> 6.3)
5.8
5.0
CR (> 4.2)
5.3
aData not considered for performance evaluation due to low influent concentration' "TSTot Available, sample was underdiluted;
°Not detected, no plaques were observed on any of the 10 plates for the sample
CR - Complete Removal, log removal value was based on the influent concentration
3.1.3 B. subtilis Tests Results for the Virex Pro System
Table 3-5 presents the B. subtilis analytical results for two tests conducted on the Virex Pro
system at Ely, MN in 2009. For these tests, the B. subtilis injection was completed at T30 and
injection of the chaser solution injection completed at T60. The Virex Pro system achieved
complete removal (> 4.7 log) of B. subtilis in two tests conducted in the dead-end mode of
operation.
3-7
-------
Table 3.5. B. subtilis Analytical Results for Virex Pro System at Ely, MN in September
2009
Sampling Time
(min)
No. Cells/100 ml
IN
Out
Log Removal
Average Log
Removal
Test 1: Dead-End Mode
T0a
T5
T15
TISDup
T30
T60a
N/DC
N/Ab
4.0 x 104
4.0 x 104
8.0 x 104
1.6 x 10J
N/DC
N/DC
N/DC
N/DC
N/DC
N/DC
-
-
CR (> 4.6)
CR (> 4.6)
CR (> 4.9)
CR(>3.2)
CR (> 4.7)
Test 3: Dead-End Mode
T0a
T5
T15
TISDup
T30
T60
N/DC
7.5 x 104
8.5 x 104
7.0 x 104
1.2 x 1Q5
2.2 x 104
N/DC
N/DC
N/DC
N/DC
N/DC
N/DC
-
-
CR (> 4.9)
CR (> 4.8)
CR(>5.1)
CR (> 4.3)
CR (> 4.6)
aData not considered for performance evaluation due to low influent concentration; "TSTot Available, sample was overdiluted;
°Not detected, no plaques were observed on any of the 10 plates for the sample
CR - Complete Removal, log removal value was based on the influent concentration.
3.2 MS2 bacteriophage Field Test Results
The following test runs were conducted on the 3-foot ITT Fyne Technology system and the
Virex Pro system at the field site in September 2009 to evaluate the removal of MS2
bacteriophage:
• Test 1 - Virex Pro System in Dead-End Mode
• Test 2 - ITT Fyne Technology System (Membrane 1: ES404 and Membrane 2: AFC30)
in Recycle Mode
• Test 3 - ITT Fyne Technology System (Membrane 1: ES404 and Membrane 2: AFC30)
in Recycle Mode (Replicate of Test 2)
• Test 4 - ITT Fyne Technology System (Membrane 1: ES404 and Membrane 2: AFC30)
in Recycle Mode (Replicate of Test 2)
3.2.1 MS2 bacteriophage Results for Virex Pro System
Table 3-6 presents the MS2 bacteriophage analytical results for the single test conducted on the
Virex Pro system at Ely, MN in September 2009. For this test, the MS2 bacteriophage injection
was completed at T30 and injection of the chaser solution injection completed at T60. Complete
3-8
-------
removal (> 4.7 log) of MS2 bacteriophage was achieved by the Virex Pro system in the single
test conducted in the dead-end mode of operation.
Table 3.6. MS2 bacteriophage Analytical Results for Virex Pro System at Ely, MN in
September 2009
Sampling Time
(min)
TO
T5
T15
TISDup
T30
T60a
No. Cells/100 ml
IN
N/Ab
5.0 x 104
5.0 x 104
6.0 x 104
2.0 x 104
6.2 x 1QJ
Out
N/DC
N/DC
N/DC
N/DC
N/DC
N/DC
Log Removal
-
CR (> 4.7)
CR (> 4.7)
CR (> 4.8)
CR (> 4.3)
CR(>3.8)
Average Log
Removal
CR (> 4.7)
aData not considered for performance evaluation due to low influent concentration; ""Not Available, sample was underdiluted;
°Not detected, no plaques were observed on any of the 10 plates for the sample
CR - Complete Removal, log removal value was based on the influent concentration
3.2.2 MS2 bacteriophage Results for ITT Fyne Technology System
Table 3-7 presents the MS2 analytical results for three MS2 bacteriophage tests conducted on the
3-foot ITT Fyne Technology system in September 2009. Collection of effluent samples started
at approximately 15 minutes after the start of the injection as there was a lag time of 15 minutes
between the influent and effluent for filling the system shroud. The average performance of the
ES404 membrane in removing MS2 bacteriophage ranged from 4.1 log to complete removal (>
5.3 log) in the three tests conducted in recycle mode of operation. A small number of MS2
bacteriophage was detected in effluent samples of AFC30 membrane and the average log
removal in three tests was 4.2. Thus, the performance of the ES404 membrane is comparable to
the tighter AFC30 membrane.
3-9
-------
Table 3.7. MS2 bacteriophage Analytical Results for ITT Fyne Technology System (ES404
and AFC30) at Ely, MN in September 2009
Sampling
Time
(min)
No. Cells/100 ml
IN
Outl
(ES404)
Out 2
(AFC30)
Log Removal
ES404
AFC30
Average Log
Removal
Test 2: Recycle Mode
TO
T5a
T15
TISDup
T30
T60
N/Ab
8.0 x 1QJ
1.2 x 1Q5
1.6 x 1Q5
2.8 x 1Q5
N/Ab
N/DC
N/DC
N/DC
N/DC
N/DC
N/DC
N/DC
5
8
6
6
N/DC
-
CR(>3.9)
CR(>5.1)
CR(>5.2)
CR(>5.5)
-
-
3.2
4.2
4.4
4.7
-
ES404:
CR(>5.3)
AFC30: 4.5
Test 3: Recycle Mode
TO
T5
T15
TISDup
T30
T60
N/Ab
2.4 x 104
1.6 x 1Q5
1.9 x 10'
3.9 x 1Q5
N/Ab
18
6
26
18
10
8
16
12
10
22
18
28
-
3.6
3.8
4.0
4.6
-
-
3.3
4.2
3.9
4.4
-
ES404:4.1
AFC30:4.1
Test 4: Recycle Mode
TO
T5
T15
TISDup
T30
T60
N/Ab
1.2 x 104
1.7 x 1Q5
3.7 x 1Q5
4.0 x 10'
N/Ab
-
4
13
-
7
-
-
12
13
-
31
-
-
3.5
4.1
-
4.8
-
-
3.0
4.1
-
4.1
ES404: 4.5
AFC30:4.1
aData not considered for performance evaluation due to lower influent concentration; TSTot available, sample was underdiluted;
°Not detected, no plaques were observed on any of the 10 plates for the sample
CR - Complete Removal, log removal value was based on the influent concentration
3.3 Microbiological Tests Results at the T&E Facility for the ITT Fyne
Technology System
Microbiological tests at the T&E Facility were conducted on the ITT Fyne Technology System
only.
3-10
-------
3.3.1 B. subtilis Test Results for the ITT Fyne Technology System 12-Foot
Module
Table 3-8 presents the B. subtilis test results for the following test runs conducted on the 12-foot
ITT Fyne Technology systems consisting of the CA2PF membrane with a MWCO of 2000
Dal tons at the T&E Facility:
• Test 1 - ITT Fyne Technology System 12-foot horizontal module (Membrane: CA2PF)
in Recycle Mode
• Test 2 - ITT Fyne Technology System 12-foot horizontal module (Membrane: CA2PF)
in Dead-End Mode
• Test 3 - ITT Fyne Technology System 12-foot horizontal module (Membrane: CA2PF)
in Recycle Mode (Replicate of Test 1)
The system was operated at approximately 1.25 gpm in the recycle mode and approximately 1.50
gpm in the dead-end mode. The operating feed and reject pressures were ~ 90 psi and ~ 50 psi,
respectively. For these tests, the B. subtilis injection was completed at T30 and injection of the
chaser solution injection completed at T60. The unit achieved complete removal of B. subtilis in
a number of sampling events during the two tests conducted in recycle mode of operation. The
average log removal achieved by the system in two tests in the recycle mode was 4.8. The log
removal achieved by the system in a single test conducted in the dead-end mode was 4.2.
3-11
-------
Table 3.8. B. subtilis Analytical Results for ITT Fyne Technology System 12-Foot
Horizontal Module (CA2PF) at the T&E Facility
Sampling Time
(min)
No. Cells/100 ml
IN
Out
Log Removal
Average Log
Removal
Test 1: Recycle Mode
T0a
T5
T10
T20
T30
T60a
N/Db
8.0 x ios
1.2 x 10"
7.0 x 1Q5
1.0 x I0b
3.3 x 104
N/Db
70
30
10
30
10
N/A
4.1
4.6
4.9
4.5
3.5
4.4
Test 2: Dead-End Mode
T0a
T5
T10
T20
T30
T60a
N/Db
9.0 x 1Q5
8.0 x 1Q5
1.1 x iob
8.2 x 1Q5
2.5 x 104
N/Db
30
15
90
80
15
N/A
4.5
4.7
4.1
4.0
3.2
4.2
Test 3: Recycle Mode
T0a
T5
T10
T20
T30
T60
15
2.6 x 1Q5
2.3 x 1Q5
3.0 x 1Q5
2.8 x 10'
1.7 x 1Q5
5
5
N/Db
5
N/Db
N/Db
N/A
4.7
CR(>5.4)
4.8
CR(>5.5)
CR(>5.2)
5.1
aData not considered for performance evaluation due to lower influent concentration
'Not detected, no plaques were observed on any of the 10 plates for the sample
CR - Complete Removal, log removal value was based on the influent concentration
3.3.2 B. subtilis Test Results for ITT Fyne Technology System 3-Foot Modules
Table 3-9 presents the B. subtilis analytical results for the following three tests conducted on the
3-foot ITT Fyne Technology system consisting of ES404 membrane with MWCO of 4000
Daltons and CA2PF membrane with a MWCO of 2000 Daltons.
• Test 4 - ITT Fyne Technology 3-foot vertical modules (Membrane 1: ES404 and
Membrane 2: CA2PF) in Recycle mode
• Test 5 - ITT Fyne Technology System 3-foot vertical modules (Membrane 1: ES404 and
Membrane 2: CA2PF) in Recycle Mode (Replicate of Test 4)
• Test 6 - ITT Fyne Technology System 3-foot vertical module (Membrane 1: ES404 and
Membrane 2: CA2PF) in Dead-End Mode
3-12
-------
The system was operated at approximately 0.70 gpm in the recycle mode and approximately 0.90
gpm in the dead-end mode. The operating feed and reject pressures were approximately 80 psi
and approximately 30 psi, respectively. For these tests, the B. subtilis injection was completed at
T30 and injection of the chaser solution injection completed at T60. The CA2PF membrane
(MWCO: 2000 Daltons) in the 3 feet vertical module achieved complete removal of B. subtilis in
both recycle (> 6.2 log) and dead-end (> 5.8 log) modes of operations. The ES404 membrane
(MWCO: 4000 Daltons) achieved an average log removal value of 3.4 in two tests conducted in
the recycle mode of operation. The log removal value achieved by the ES404 membrane in a
single test in the dead-end mode was 4.1.
The poor log removal achieved by the ES404 membrane led to the speculation that the
membrane may have been damaged and the ES404 membrane was replaced with a new
membrane while the CA2PF membrane was replaced with an AFC30 membrane with a MWCO
of 1000 Daltons. Table 3-10 presents the B. subtilis results for the following three tests
conducted with the ES404 membrane and the AFC30 membrane:
• Test 7 - ITT Fyne Technology System 3-foot vertical modules in Recycle Mode
(Membrane 1: ES404 New and Membrane 2: AFC30)
• Test 8 - ITT Fyne Technology System 3-foot vertical modules in Recycle Mode
(Membrane 1: ES404 New and Membrane 2: AFC30) (Replicate of Test 7)
• Test 9 - ITT Fyne Technology System 3-foot vertical modules (Membrane 1: ES 404
New and Membrane 2: AFC30) in Dead-End Mode
The system was operated at approximately 0.42 gpm in the recycle mode and approximately 0.52
gpm in the dead-end mode. The operating feed and reject pressures were approximately 80 psi
and approximately 30 psi, respectively. For these tests, the B. subtilis injection was completed at
T30 and injection of the chaser solution injection completed at T60. Both, the AFC30 membrane
and the ES404 membrane achieved complete removal of B. subtilis in both the recycle (> 6.3
log) and dead-end mode (> 6.0 log) of operations. The results on the new ES404 membrane
confirm that the ES404 membrane used in Test Nos. 4, 5 and 6 had been compromised.
3-13
-------
Table 3.9. R subtilis Analytical Results for ITT Fyne Technology System 3-Foot Modules
(ES404 and CA2PF) at the T&E Facility
Sampling
Time
(min)
No. Cells/100 ml
IN
Outl
(ES404)
Out 2
(CA2PF)
Log Removal
ES404
CA2PF
Average Log
Removal
Test 4: Recycle Mode
T0a
T5
T10
T20
T30
T60a
N/Db
7.0 x ios
1.0 x 10"
1.7 x 10"
2.1 x iob
4.4 x 104
N/Db
2.1 x io2
3.2 x IO2
9.3 x IO2
1.0 x 10J
N/Db
N/Db
N/Db
N/Db
N/Db
N/Db
N/Db
-
3.5
3.5
3.3
3.3
CR (>4.6)
-
CR(>5.9)
CR (>6.0)
CR (>6.2)
CR (>6.3)
CR (>4.6)
ES404: 3.4
CA2PF:
CR (>6.2)
Test 5: Recycle Mode
T0a
T5
T10
T20
T30
T60a
10
3.0 x 1Q5
7.5 x 1Q5
3.0 x I0b
2.0 x I0b
1.1 x io4
10
1.3 x IO2
3.9 x IO2
1.1 x 1QJ
1.3 x 1QJ
2.0 x IO2
N/Db
N/Db
N/Db
N/Db
N/Db
N/Db
-
3.4
3.3
3.4
3.2
1.7
-
CR(>5.5)
CR(>5.9)
CR (>6.5)
CR (>6.3)
CR (>4.0)
ES404: 3.3
CA2PF:
CR (>6.2)
Test 6: Dead-End Mode
T0a
T5
T10
T20
T30
T60a
100
2.1 x iob
1.5 x 10"
4.2 x I0b
4.6 x 10"
1.0 x 104
300
1.2 x IO2
4.5 x IO2
1.7 x IO2
3.6 x IO2
15
N/Db
20
N/Db
N/Db
N/Db
N/Db
-
4.2
3.5
4.4
4.1
2.8
-
5.0
CR (>6.2)
CR (>6.6)
CR (>6.7)
CR (>4.2)
ES404:4.1
CA2PF:
approximately
CR(>5.8)
aData not considered for performance evaluation due to lower influent concentration
'Not detected, no plaques were observed on any of the 10 plates for the sample
CR - Complete Removal, log removal value was based on the influent concentration
3-14
-------
Table 3.10. R subtilis Analytical Results for ITT Fyne Technology System 3-Foot Vertical
Modules (ES404 and AFC30) at the T&E Facility
Sampling
Time
(min)
No. Cells/100 ml
IN
Outl
(ES404)
Out 2
(AFC30)
Log Removal
ES404
AFC30
Average Log
Removal
Test 7: Recycle Mode
T0a
T5
T10
T20
T30
T60a
N/Db
3.0 x ios
9.0 x 1Q5
1.4 x 10"
2.7 x I0b
1.1 x io4
N/Db
10
N/Db
N/Db
N/Db
N/Db
N/Db
5
N/Db
N/Db
N/Db
N/Db
-
4.5
CR (> 6.0)
CR (> 6.2)
CR (> 6.4)
CR (> 4.0)
-
4.8
CR (> 6.0)
CR (> 6.2)
CR (> 6.4)
CR (> 4.0)
ES404:
CR(>5.7)
AFC30:
CR (> 6.0)
Test 8: Recycle Mode
T0a
T5
T10
T20
T30
T60a
5
1.0 x 1Q5
7.0 x 1Q5
3.2 x I0b
4.0 x I0b
N/Db
N/Db
N/Db
N/Db
N/Db
N/Db
N/Db
N/Db
N/Db
N/Db
N/Db
N/Db
N/Db
-
CR(>5.0)
CR(>5.8)
CR (> 6.5)
CR (> 6.6)
-
-
CR(>5.0)
CR(>5.8)
CR (> 6.5)
CR (> 6.6)
-
ES404:
CR (> 6.3)
AFC30:
CR (> 6.3)
Test 9: Dead-End Mode
T0a
T5
T10
T20
T30
T60a
140
1.0 x 1Q5
3.0 x 1Q5
1.3 x I0b
2.0 x 10"
N/Db
N/Db
N/Db
N/Db
N/Db
N/Db
N/Db
N/Db
N/Db
N/Db
N/Db
N/Db
N/Db
-
CR(>5.0)
CR(>5.5)
CR(>6.1)
CR (> 6.3)
-
-
CR(>5.0)
CR(>5.5)
CR(>6.1)
CR (> 6.3)
-
ES404:
CR (> 6.0)
AFC30:
CR (> 6.0)
aData not considered for performance evaluation due to lower influent concentration
'Not detected, no plaques were observed on any of the 10 plates for the sample
CR - Complete Removal, log removal value was based on the influent concentration
3.3.3 E. co/i Test Results for the ITT Fyne Technology System 12-Foot Module
Table 3-11 presents the analytical results for the following three tests conducted on the 12-foot
ITT Fyne Technology system to evaluate the removal of E. coir.
• Test 2 - ITT Fyne Technology System 12-foot horizontal module (Membrane: CA2PF)
in the Recycle Mode
• Test 3 - ITT Fyne Technology System 12-foot horizontal module (Membrane: CA2PF)
in the Recycle Mode (Replicate of Testl)
3-15
-------
• Test 4 - ITT Fyne Technology System 12-foot horizontal module (Membrane: CA2PF)
in the Dead-End Mode
The system was operated at approximately 1.50 gpm in both the recycle mode and the dead-end
mode of operation. The operating feed and reject pressures were approximately 90 psi and
approximately 50 psi, respectively. For these tests, the E. coli injection was completed at T30
and injection of the chaser solution injection completed at T60. The system achieved complete
removal of E. coli in both the recycle mode (>7.4 log) and the dead-end mode (> 6.0 log) of
operations.
Table 3.11. E. coli Analytical Results for ITT Fyne Technology System 12-Foot Horizontal
Module (CA2PF) at the T&E Facility
Sampling Time
(min)
No. Cells/100 ml
IN
Out
Log Removal
Average Log
Removal
Test 2: Recycle Mode
T0a
T5
T10
T20
T30
T60
N/DC
1.4 x 1Q5
N/Ab
8.3 x io5
1.3 x 1Q5
2.4 x 10"
N/DC
N/DC
N/DC
N/DC
N/DC
N/DC
-
CR(>5.2)
-
CR(>5.9)
CR(>5.1)
CR (> 6.4)
CR(>5.9)
Test 3: Recycle Mode
T0a
T5
T10
T20
T30
T60
291
8.7 x I0b
2.4 x 107
2.4 x 107
2.4 x 107
2.4 x 107
N/DC
N/DC
N/DC
N/DC
N/DC
N/DC
-
CR (> 6.9)
CR (> 7.4)
CR (> 7.4)
CR (> 7.4)
CR (> 7.4)
CR (> 7.4)
Test 4: Dead-End Mode
T0a
T5
T10
T20
T30
T60
N/DC
4.7 x 1Q5
1.3 x 10"
1.2 x 10"
1.2 x 10"
4.0 x 1Q5
N/DC
N/DC
N/DC
N/DC
N/DC
N/DC
-
CR(>5.7)
CR(>6.1)
CR(>6.1)
CR(>6.1)
CR(>5.6)
CR (> 6.0)
aData not considered for performance evaluation due to lower influent concentration; "TSTot available, sample spilled during
analysis; °Not detected, no plaques were observed on any of the 10 plates for the sample
CR - Complete Removal, log removal value was based on the influent concentration
3-16
-------
3.3.4 E. co/i Tests for ITT Fyne Technology System 3-Foot Modules
Table 3-12 presents the E. coli analytical results for the single test conducted on the 3-foot ITT
Fyne Technology system with the ES404 membrane and CA2PF membrane. The system was
operated at approximately 0.70 gpm in recycle mode of operation. The operating feed and reject
pressures were approximately 80 psi and approximately 30 psi, respectively. For this test, the E.
coli injection was completed at T30 and injection of the chaser solution injection completed at
T60. The CA2PF in achieved a log removal of 4.2 while the ES404 achieved a log removal of
3.5. This test was conducted on the ES 404 membrane that was suspected faulty during B.
subtilis tests.
Table 3.12. E. coli Analytical Results for ITT Fyne Technology System 3-Foot Vertical
Modules (ES404 and CA2PF) at the T&E Facility
Sampling
Time
(min)
No. Cells/100 ml
IN
Outl
(ES404)
Out 2
(CA2PF)
Log Removal
ES404
CA2PF
Average Log
Removal
Test 1: Recycle Mode
T0a
T5
T10
T20
T30
T60a
N/Db
3.1 x io4
8.2 x 104
3.5 x 104
7.3 x 104
2.4 x 10'
N/Db
1
72
5
1
6
N/Db
11
N/Db
2
1
N/Db
-
4.5
3.1
3.8
4.9
2.6
-
3.5
CR (> 4.9)
4.2
4.9
CR(>3.4)
ES404: 3.5
CA2PF: 4.2
aData not considered for performance evaluation due to lower influent concentration
'Not detected, no plaques were observed on any of the 10 plates for the sample
CR - Complete Removal, log removal value was based on the influent concentration
3.3.5 PSL Beads Test Results for the ITT Fyne Technology System 12-Foot
Module
Table 3-13 presents the analytical results for the following three tests using PSL beads (a non-
biological surrogate for Cryptosporidium) conducted on the 12-foot ITT Fyne Technology
system with the CA2PF membrane:
• Test 1 - ITT Fyne Technology System 12-foot horizontal module (Membrane: CA2PF)
in Recycle Mode
• Test 2 - ITT Fyne Technology System 12-foot horizontal module (Membrane: CA2PF)
in Recycle Mode (Replicate of Testl)
• Test 3 - ITT Fyne Technology System 12-foot horizontal module (Membrane: CA2PF)
in Dead-End Mode
The system was operated at approximately 1.50 gpm in both recycle and dead-end modes of
operation. The operating feed and reject pressures were approximately 90 psi and approximately
3-17
-------
50 psi, respectively. For these tests, the PSL beads injection was completed at T30 and injection
of the chaser solution injection completed at T60. The system achieved complete removal of
PSL beads in a number of sampling events during the two tests conducted in the recycle mode of
operation. The average log removal achieved by the system in the recycle mode was 2.7. The
log removal achieved by the system in a single test in the dead-end mode was 2.2. The relatively
inferior removal of PSL beads may possibly be attributed to the surface characteristics of
membrane as well as solution properties, such as pH and ionic strength, which may impact
removal.
Table 3.13. PSL Beads Analytical Results for the ITT Fyne Technology System 12-Foot
Horizontal Module (CA2PF) at the T&E Facility
Sampling Time
(min)
No. of Beads/1000 ml
IN
Out
Log Removal
Average Log
Removal
Test 1: Recycle Mode
T0a
T5
T15
T30
T60a
1.3 x 104
3.6 x 105
2.8 x 10'
1.9 x 10"
3.2 x 104
5.8 x 102
4.2 x 10J
1.7 x 10J
N/Db
N/Db
1.4
1.9
2.2
CR (> 6.3)
CR (> 4.5)
2.6
Test 2: Recycle Mode
T0a
T5
T15
T30
T60a
8.3 x 102
7.9 x 105
6.5 x 105
2.7 x 105
2.9 x 104
N/Db
2.5 x 10J
N/Db
N/Db
1.7 x 104
CR (> 2.9)
2.5
CR(>5.8)
CR(>5.4)
0.2
2.8
Test 3: Dead-end Mode
T0a
T5
T15
T30
T60a
8.3 x 102
3.5 x 105
9.3 x 105
8.9 x 10'
9.2 x 10'
N/Db
5.8 x 10J
2.5 x 10J
5.0 x 1QJ
1.7 x 10J
CR (> 2.9)
1.8
2.6
2.3
0.7
2.2
aData not considered for performance evaluation due to lower influent concentration
'Not detected, no beads were observed in the sample
CR - Complete Removal, log removal value was based on the influent concentration
3-18
-------
3.4 TOO and Color Test Results at the T&E Facility
The following test runs were conducted on the ITT Fyne Technology systems at the T&E
Facility to evaluate the removal of TOC and Color:
• Test 1 - ITT Fyne Technology 3-foot vertical modules (Membrane 1: ES404 and
Membrane 2: CA2PF) in Recycle Mode
• Test 2 - ITT Fyne Technology System 3-foot vertical modules (Membrane 1: ES404 and
Membrane 2: CA2PF) in Recycle Mode (Replicate of Test 4)
• Test 3 - ITT Fyne Technology System 3-foot vertical module (Membrane 1: ES404 and
Membrane 2: CA2PF) in Dead-End Mode
• Test 4 - ITT Fyne Technology System 3-foot vertical modules in Recycle Mode
(Membrane 1: ES404 New and Membrane 2: AFC30)
• Test 5 - ITT Fyne Technology System 3-foot vertical modules in Recycle Mode
(Membrane 1: ES404 New and Membrane 2: AFC30) (Replicate of Test 7)
• Test 6 - ITT Fyne Technology System 3-foot vertical modules in Recycle Mode
(Membrane 1: ES404 New and Membrane 2: AFC30) in Dead-End Mode
• Test 7 - ITT Fyne Technology System 12-foot horizontal module (Membrane: CA2PF-
2000) in Recycle Mode
• Test 8 - ITT Fyne Technology System 12-foot horizontal module (Membrane: CA2PF)
in Recycle Mode (Replicate of Test 1)
• Test 9 - ITT Fyne Technology System 12-foot horizontal module (Membrane: CA2PF)
in Dead-End Mode
3.4.1 TOC and Color Test Results for the ITT Fyne Technology System 12-Foot
Module
Tables 3-14 and 3-15 present the TOC and Color analytical results, respectively for three tests
conducted on the ITT Fyne Technology system 12-foot horizontal module consisting of the
CA2PF membrane with a MWCO of 2000 Daltons. The system was operated at approximately
1.50 gpm in both recycle and dead-end modes of operation. The operating feed and reject
pressures were approximately 90 psi and approximately 50 psi, respectively. For these tests,
feed water with a target TOC concentration of 10 mg/L was prepared by mixing Bio-hume in
dechlorinated potable water. The system removed 83.6% of the TOC in the recycle mode and
80.8% in the dead-end mode. For color, the system achieved an average percent removal 96.3%
in the recycle mode and 93.4% in the dead-end mode.
3-19
-------
Table 3.14. TOC Analytical Results for ITT Fyne Technology System 12-Foot Horizontal
Module (CA2PF) at the T&E Facility
Sampling Time
(min)
TOC (mg/L)
IN
Out
Percent
Removal
Average Percent
Removal
Test 7: Recycle Mode
T0a
T10a
T30
T60
-1.47
1.54
5.60
5.16
2.46
0.87
0.70
1.03
N/Ab
N/Ab
87.5
80.0
83.8
Test 8: Recycle Mode
TO
T10
T30
T60
9.77
10.40
10.50
10.67
1.57
1.67
1.78
1.90
83.9
83.9
83.0
82.8
83.3
Test 9: Dead-End Mode
TO
T10
T30
T60
9.16
9.13
9.22
9.91
2.20
1.59
1.61
1.76
76.0
82.6
82.5
82.2
80.8
aData not considered for performance evaluation due to lower influent concentration; 'Not Available
3-20
-------
Table 3.15. Color Analytical Results for ITT Fyne Technology System 12-Foot Horizontal
Module (CA2PF) at the T&E Facility
Sampling Time
(min)
Color (Pt-Co Unit)
IN
Out
Percent
Removal
Average Percent
Removal
Test 7: Recycle Mode
T0a
T10a
T30
T60
approximately 2
286
586
546
approximately 2
approximately 2
approximately 2
approximately 2
N/Ab
N/Ab
99.6
99.6
99.6
Test 8: Recycle Mode
TO
T10
T30
T60
736
734
754
796
35
61
67
52
95.2
91.7
91.2
93.5
92.9
Test 9: Dead-End Mode
TO
T10
T30
T60
662
682
736
724
48
47
41
49
92.7
93.2
94.4
93.3
93.4
aData not considered for performance evaluation due to lower influent concentration; 'Not Available
3.4.2 TOC and Color Test Results for ITT Fyne Technology System 3-Foot
Modules
Tables 3-16 and 3-17 present the TOC and color analytical results for three tests conducted on
the 3-foot ITT Fyne Technology system with the ES404 and CA2PF membranes. The system
was operated at approximately 0.70 gpm and approximately 0.90 gpm in recycle and dead-end
modes, respectively. The operating feed and reject pressures were approximately 80 psi and
approximately 30 psi, respectively. The ES404 membrane removed approximately 89% of the
TOC in the recycle mode and 96% in the dead-end mode. The CA2PF membrane removed
approximately 67% of the TOC in the recycle mode and 86% in the dead-end mode. The ES404
and CA2PF membranes both removed approximately 98% of the color.
Tables 3-18 and 3-19 present the TOC and color analytical results for three tests conducted on
the 3-foot ITT Fyne Technology system consisting of the ES404 membrane and the AFC30
membrane. The system was operated at approximately 0.42 gpm and approximately 0.52 gpm in
recycle and dead-end modes, respectively. The operating feed and reject pressures were
approximately 80 psi and approximately 30 psi, respectively. The ES404 removed
approximately 90% of the TOC in both recycle mode and dead-end mode of operations while the
3-21
-------
AFC30 membrane removed approximately 92% of the TOC in the recycle mode and 95% in the
dead-end mode. The ES404 removed approximately 97% of the color while the AFC30
membrane removed approximately 99% of the color in both recycle and dead-end modes.
Table 3.16. TOC Analytical Results for ITT Fyne Technology System 3-Foot Vertical
Modules (ES404 and CA2PF) at the T&E Facility
Sampling
Time
(min)
TOC (mg/L)
IN
Outl
(ES404)
Out 2
(CA2PF)
Percent Removal
ES404
CA2PF
Average
Percent
Removal
Test 1: Recycle Mode
TO
T10
T30
T60
5.12
6.40
5.19
6.07
0.67
0.85
0.83
0.72
1.52
2.28
2.57
2.20
86.9
86.7
84.0
88.1
70.3
64.3
50.5
63.7
ES404: 86.4
CA2PF: 62.2
Test 2: Recycle Mode
TO
T10
T30
T60
5.68
6.82
7.92
6.22
0.53
0.64
0.70
0.55
1.36
-
2.62
1.89
90.7
90.6
91.2
91.2
76.1
N/A
66.9
69.6
ES404: 90.9
CA2PF: 70.8
Test 3: Dead-end Mode
TO
T10
T30
T60
10.33
12.16
15.93
14.25
0.62
0.44
0.57
0.44
1.17
1.92
2.60
1.82
94.0
96.4
96.4
96.9
88.7
84.2
83.6
87.3
ES404: 95.9
CA2PF: 85.9
3-22
-------
Table 3.17. Color Analytical Results for ITT Fyne Technology System 3-Foot Vertical
Modules (ES404 and CA2PF) at the T&E Facility
Sampling
Time
(min)
Color (Pt-Co Unit)
IN
Outl
(ES404)
Out 2
(CA2PF)
Percent Removal
ES404
CA2PF
Average
Percent
Removal
Test 1: Recycle Mode
TO
T10
T30
T60
401
734
888
654
11
approximately
2
33
approximately
2
approximately
2
27
15
approximately
2
97.3
99.7
96.2
99.7
99.5
96.3
98.3
99.7
ES404: 98.3
CA2PF: 98.5
Test 2: Recycle Mode
TO
T10
T30
T60
648
770
770
910
15
4
33
48
approximately
2
58
15
19
97.7
99.5
95.7
94.7
99.6
92.5
98.1
97.8
ES404: 96.9
CA2PF: 97.0
Test 3: Dead-End Mode
TO
T10
T30
T60
586
668
1006
980
40
2
2
33
49
8
40
40
93.2
99.7
99.8
96.7
91.7
98.8
96.0
95.9
ES404: 97.4
CA2PF: 95.9
3-23
-------
Table 3.18. TOC Analytical Results for ITT Fyne Technology System 3-Foot Vertical
Modules (ES404 New and AFC30) at the T&E Facility
Sampling
Time
(min)
TOC (mg/L)
IN
Outl
(ES404)
Out 2
(AFC30)
Percent Removal
ES404
AFC30
Average
Percent
Removal
Test 4: Recycle Mode
TO
T10
T30
T60
5.96
15.77
19.16
13.52
1.03
1.17
1.44
1.22
0.97
0.97
0.88
1.38
82.7
92.6
92.4
90.9
83.7
93.8
95.4
89.8
ES404: 89.7
AFC30: 90.7
Test 5: Recycle Mode
TO
T10
T30
T60
10.90
16.10
18.74
9.72
0.87
1.64
2.03
1.24
0.88
0.82
0.81
0.75
92.0
89.8
89.2
87.3
91.9
94.9
95.7
92.3
ES404: 89.6
AFC30: 93.7
Test 6: Dead-end Mode
TO
T10
T30
T60
9.96
12.91
13.53
14.21
1.22
1.42
1.37
1.15
0.56
0.57
0.51
0.64
87.8
89.0
89.8
91.9
94.4
95.6
96.2
95.5
ES404: 89.6
AFC30: 95.4
3-24
-------
Table 3.19. Color Analytical Results for ITT Fyne Technology System 3-Foot Vertical
Modules (ES404 New and AFC30) at the T&E Facility
Sampling
Time
(min)
Color (Pt-Co Unit)
IN
Outl
(ES404)
Out 2
(AFC30)
Percent Removal
ES404
AFC30
Average
Percent
Removal
Test 4: Recycle Mode
TO
T10
T30
T60
320
942
1400
900
2
5
19
14
2
23
19
2
99.4
99.5
98.6
98.4
99.4
97.6
98.6
99.8
ES404: 98.9
AFC30: 98.9
Test 5: Recycle Mode
TO
T10
T30
T60
640
700
920
524
60
30
39
65
approximately
2
23
7
14
90.6
95.7
95.7
87.6
99.7
96.7
99.3
97.3
ES404: 92.4
AFC30: 98.3
Test 6: Dead-End Mode
TO
T10
T30
T60
688
692
1048
1080
13
22
24
43
2
2
2
14
98.1
96.8
97.7
96.0
99.7
99.7
99.8
98.7
ES404: 97.2
AFC30: 99.5
3.5 Test Results for the R3f System and NOK Polishing Filters
3.5.1 B. subtilis Test Results
Table 3-20 present the results of the three B. subtilis tests conducted on the R3f pre-filters and
NOK post-filters at Ely, MN in September 2009. The corresponding log removal values for the
different sampling locations are summarized in Table 3-21. The lead NOK polishing filter was a
microfilter and the lag NOK polishing filter was an ultrafilter. The R3f-NOK filtration system
achieved complete removal of B. subtilis. The R3f had a 1.0 log removal while the NOK MF
showed an approximately 3.0 log removal. Thus, there was negligible influent B. subtilis
concentration for the final NOK UF. Table 3-22 presents the pressure buildup in the system
during this test.
3-25
-------
Table 3.20. R subtilis Analytical Results for R3f - NOK Filters at Ely, MN in September
2009
Sample ID
B. subtilis Conc./lOO mL
Influent
Outl
(Lead Filter)
Out 2
(Lag Filter)
Out3
(NOK MF)
Out 4
(NOK UF)
Testl
T0a
T5a
T15
TISDup
T30
T60a
20
5.0 x 1QJ
4.6 x 104
5.2 x 104
6.0 x 104
6.0 x 102
1.3 x 102
6.0 x 102
2.0 x 104
3.0 x 104
3.8 x 104
N/Ab
20
70
8.1 x ioj
6.3 x 10J
5.5 x 10'
4.6 x 102
N/DC
N/DC
N/DC
N/DC
N/DC
N/DC
N/DC
N/DC
N/DC
N/DC
N/DC
N/DC
Test 2: Replicate of Test 1
T0a
T5
T15
TISDup
T30
T60a
20
3.6 x 104
3.8 x 104
4.2 x 104
7.0 x 104
1.2 x 102
80
1.6 x 1QJ
3.3 x 104
4.9 x 104
2.2 x 104
9.0 x 102
1.0 x 102
5.2 x 102
1.6 x 1QJ
1.0 x 1QJ
6.6 x 102
1.6 x 102
N/DC
N/DC
N/DC
N/DC
N/DC
N/DC
N/DC
N/DC
N/DC
N/DC
N/DC
N/DC
Test 3: Replicate of Test 1
T0a
T5
T15
TISDup
T30
T60a
50
2.2 x 104
3.2 x 104
3.0 x 104
2.6 x 104
30
3.0 x 102
7.0 x 10'
1.7 x 104
1.7 x 104
1.7 x 104
1.2 x 10'
1.5 xlQ2
1.6 x 102
9.3 x 10J
9.3 x 10'
1.2 x 104
1.1 x io4
N/DC
N/DC
10
5
20
5
N/DC
N/DC
N/DC
N/DC
N/DC
N/DC
"Data not considered for performance evaluation due to low influent concentration
bNot available, colonies were not visible due to turbid materials on the filter
°Not detected, no plaques were observed on any of the 10 plates for the sample
Table 3.21. Performance of R3f and NOK Filters
Test No.
1
2
3
Log Removal
RSfLead
Filter
0.2
0.3
0.3
RSfLag
Filter
0.7
1.4
0.3
NOKMF
3.8
3.0
2.9
NOKNF
-
-
1.0
Overall
CR (> 4.7)
CR (> 4.7)
CR(>4.5)
3-26
-------
Table 3.22. System Pressure Buildup During the B. subtilis Challenge Tests at Ely, MN in
September 2009
Time
Flow
(gpm)
Pressure (psi)
R3f
Inlet
R3f
Lead
Filter
R3F
Lag
Filter
API
AP2
Pressure (psi)
MFin
MF
out
UFin
UF
out
AP
MF
AP
UF
B. Subtilis Test 1
13:58
14:01
14:04
14:07
14:10
14:16
14:20
14:21
14:25
14:28
14:30
14:36
14:37
14:43
2.1
1.4
1.2
1.0
92.8
95.7
96.7
97.1
97.6
45.0
30.0
22.0
19.0
17.5
42.0
28.0
22.0
19.0
18.0
47.8
65.7
74.7
78.1
80.1
3.0
2.0
0
0
-0.5
36.0
28.0
24.0
22.0
18.0
17.5
16.0
14.5
12.5
12.0
36.0
28.0
22.0
21.0
18.0
16.5
15.5
14.0
13.0
12.0
32.0
26.0
22.0
20.0
17.0
16.0
14.5
14.0
12.0
11.0
14.0
11.0
10.0
10.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
8.5
8.5
0
0
2.0
1.0
0
1.0
0.5
0.5
-0.5
0
18.0
15.0
12.0
10.0
8.0
7.0
5.5
5.0
3.5
2.5
B. Subtilis Test 2
14:57
15:15
17:45
17:46
17:51
17:57
18:02
18:09
18:17
18:25
18:38
18:52
Backwash
3.4
2.4
87.7
91.8
80.0
55.0
78.0
53.0
7.7
36.8
2.0
2.0
72.0
47.0
72.0
47.0
69.0
45.0
43.0
26.0
0
0
26.0
19.0
Feed pump started
3.2
3.1
3.0
2.9
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.6
2.5
39.0
40.8
44.3
46.0
48.1
50.8
52.8
56.5
58.0
32.0
32.0
33.0
33.0
34.0
34.0
34.0
34.0
36.0
28.0
28.0
30.0
30.0
31.0
31.0
31.5
32.0
33.0
7.0
8.8
11.3
13.0
14.1
16.8
18.8
22.5
22.0
4.0
4.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
2.5
2.0
3.0
23.0
24.0
24.0
24.5
25.0
26.0
26.0
27.0
28.0
23.0
23.0
24.0
24.0
24.5
26.0
26.0
26.0
28.0
21.0
22.0
22.0
23.0
23.0
24.0
24.0
25.0
26.0
14.0
14.0
14.0
14.0
14.0
14.0
14.0
14.5
13.0
0
1.0
0
0.5
0.5
0
0
1.0
0
7.0
8.0
8.0
9.0
9.0
10.0
10.0
10.5
13.0
B. Subtilis Test 3
9:18
9:30
9:37
9:45
9:48
9:57
10:05
10:15
10:23
10:33
10:42
Backwash R3F
NOK on-line
3.1
66.0
58.0
55.0
8.0
3.0
50.0
50.0
47.0
16.0
0
31.0
Feed pump started
3.1
2.9
2.9
2.6
2.7
2.6
2.4
68.9
71.2
72.6
74.5
75.6
76.9
77.8
58.0
58.0
58.0
58.0
58.0
58.0
58.0
55.0
56.0
56.0
56.0
56.0
56.0
56.0
10.9
13.2
14.6
16.5
17.6
18.9
19.8
3.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
50.0
51.0
51.0
51.5
51.0
51.0
51.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.5
50.0
50.0
47.0
48.0
48.0
48.0
48.5
48.5
48.5
15.0
14.5
14.0
14.0
14.0
14.0
13.5
0
1.0
1.0
1.5
0.5
1.0
1.0
32.0
33.5
34.0
34.0
34.5
34.5
35.5
3-27
-------
3.5.2 MS2 bacteriophage Test Results
A single MS2 bacteriophage test was conducted on the R3f system followed by the NOK
polishing filters at Ely, MN in September 2009 and the results are presented in Table 3-23. The
R3f-NOK filtration system achieved almost complete removal of MS2 bacteriophage with a log
removal value of approximately 3.7. As expected based on filtration capabilities, all the
treatment was provided by the NOK UF system. Table 3-24 presents the pressure buildup in the
system during this test.
Table 3.23. MS2 bacteriophage Analytical Results for R3f - NOK Filters at Ely, MN in
September 2009
Sample ID
MS2 bacteriophage Concentration/100 mL
Influent
Outl
(RSfLead
Filter)
Out 2
(RSfLag
Filter)
Out3
(NOK MF)
Out 4
(NOK UF)
Overall
Log
Removal
Testl
T0a
T5a
T15
TISDup
T30
T60C
2
5.4 x 10'
2.7 x 104
7.3 x 104
2.1 x io4
-
O
2.1 x ioj
4.4 x 104
7.9 x 104
3.6 x 104
-
9
1.0 x 102
7.0 x 104
6.9 x 104
3.9 x 104
-
N/Dd
8
N/Ab
N/Ab
1.6 x 1QJ
-
1
2
9
6
9
-
3.7
aData not considered for performance evaluation due to low influent concentration; "TSTot available, sample was underdiluted;
"Test stopped for backwashing of the R3f filter; dNot detected, no plaques were observed on any of the 10 plates for the sample
3-28
-------
Table 3.24. System Pressure Buildup During the MS2 bacteriophage Challenge at Ely, MN
in September 2009
Time
19:12
19:15
19:20
19:27
19:33
19:41
19:51
20:05
End Test
20:12
Flow
(gpm)
3.3
Feed
pump
started
3.2
3.1
3.0
2.9
2.8
2.6
2.5
R3f Pressure (psi)
R3F
Inlet
62.8
64.2
66.5
68.4
70.6
73.2
76.0
77.0
R3F
Lead
Filter
52.0
52.0
50.0
50.0
48.0
48.0
47.0
46.0
R3F
Lag
Filter
49.0
45.0
45.0
45.0
44.0
44.0
44.0
44.0
API
10.8
12.2
16.5
18.4
22.6
25.2
29.0
31.0
AP2
3.0
7.0
5.0
5.0
4.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
NOK Pressure (psi)
MF
in
43.0
41.0
40.0
40.0
40.0
40.0
40.0
39.0
MF
out
43.0
41.0
40.0
40.0
40.0
39.0
38.5
38.0
UF
in
41.0
38.0
38.0
38.0
38.0
38.0
37.5
37.0
UF
out
21.0
15.0
15.0
14.5
14.0
14.0
14.0
14.0
AP
MF
0
0
0
0
0
1.0
1.5
1.0
AP
UF
20.0
23.0
23.0
23.5
24.0
24.0
23.5
23.0
3.6 Raw Water and Backwash Samples
To confirm that there were negligible B. subtilis spores in the lake water, an untreated lake water
sample was analyzed. The results of analysis on two lake water samples (Sample 1-0 cells/mL;
Sample 2 - 0.2 cells/mL) confirmed that there was negligible B. subtilis in the lake water.
A sample was also collected from the GE Pentair System backflush water. The B. subtilis count
in this sample could not be quantified because they were too many to count (TMTC).
3.7 Particle Count, Turbidity and Color Data from Ely, MN in August, 2008
Table 3-25 presents the removal of particles in the 2 micron (jim) and the 3 jim range, the same
size range as that of B. subtilis and Cryptosporidium, for the two ITT Fyne Technology system
membranes and the GE Pentair system. The influent water had an average particle count of
about 3,450/mL for both size ranges. For this influent water, the GE Pentair system produced
effluent with an average particle count of 75/mL over these two size ranges, or about a 98%
removal. The ES404 membrane of the ITT Fyne Technology system produced effluent with an
average particle count of 14/mL (99.6% removal). The CA2PF membrane of the ITT Fyne
Technology system produced an effluent with an average particle count of 17/mL (99.5%
removal).
Tests were not specifically conducted by EPA to evaluate the removal of turbidity and color by
the two systems tested. However, the MDH collected this information on an ongoing basis for
the two membranes comprising the ITT Fyne Technology system. This data is summarized in
Table 3-26. The average influent turbidity was 2.18 NTU and the average effluent turbidity for
3-29
-------
ES404 membrane was 0.17 NTU and that for the CA2PF membrane was 0.18 NTU. The
average turbidity removal by the ES404 and CA2PF membranes was 91.8%. Color was
spectrophotometrically measured in terms of the APHA color index. The color index of the
influent water was 85.5 while the color index of the effluent from the ES404 membrane was 1.3
and that from the CA2PF membrane was 11.5 (for reference, the APHA color index for distilled
water is 0). The average color removal by the ES404 membrane was 98.5% while the average
color removal by the CA2PF membrane was 87.0%. The conductivity of the influent water was
57.1 milliSiemens per cm (mS/cm) while that for the effluent from the ES404 membrane was
44.7 mS/cm and 47.3 mS/cm from the CA2PF membrane
The turbidity and particle count data represented here were obtained using grab samples and
bench top instruments. Readings at the low end of the range for the instruments are typically
higher than results obtained from an in-line turbidity meter or particle counter.
3-30
-------
Table 3.25. Particle Count Data for the GE Pentair System and the ITT Fyne Technology
System at Ely, MN in August 2008
Date
7/10/2008
7/11/2008
7/15/2008
7/16/2008
7/17/2008
7/18/2008
7/21/2008
7/22/2008
7/23/2008
7/24/2008
7/25/2008
7/28/2008
7/29/2008
7/30/2008
7/31/2008
8/1/2008
8/4/2008
8/5/2008
8/6/2008
8/7/2008
8/8/2008
8/11/2008
8/12/2008
8/13/2008
8/14/2008
8/15/2008
8/18/2008
8/19/2008
8/20/2008
8/21/2008
8/22/2008
Average
(Std. Dev.)
Particle Counts/mL
Raw
2n
3094
2879
3608
3587
3455
3391
2738
2744
2881
2476
2712
3484
2864
2871
2907
3570
2961
2723
2775
3381
3723
2195
2415
2481
2521
2492
2824
3018
3352
3228
3223
2986
(408)
3n
3650
3272
4783
4657
4558
4725
3396
3771
3563
3021
3378
4909
3632
3876
4332
4961
3441
3405
3964
4654
5067
2489
2988
3119
2785
3024
3564
3945
4421
4997
4321
3893
(738)
GE-Pentair
2n
N/Aa
N/Aa
289
108
75
185
32
41
36
24
37
60
34
61
85
94
106
37
66
48
88
70
126
60
38
84
64
16
21
23
16
70
(57)
3n
N/Aa
N/Aa
519
97
76
208
34
40
35
26
37
79
45
72
106
104
112
33
56
42
85
74
115
58
35
84
81
18
20
21
17
80
(94)
ES404 Membrane
2n
N/Aa
N/Aa
N/Aa
N/Aa
N/Aa
14
83
18
29
34
14
13
7
7
8
10
12
16
16
12
7
13
6
8
8
8
4
6
5
4
7
14
(16)
3n
N/Aa
N/Aa
N/Aa
N/Aa
N/Aa
14
81
21
36
34
15
12
5
8
9
9
11
19
15
12
6
6
5
8
7
8
o
6
6
4
4
5
14
(16)
CA2PF Membrane
2n
N/Aa
N/Aa
N/Aa
N./Aa
N/Aa
12
32
18
61
29
30
14
15
8
7
33
29
23
17
11
8
25
7
9
8
9
8
7
11
12
13
18
(12)
3n
N/Aa
N/Aa
N/Aa
N/Aa
N/Aa
11
40
27
52
14
22
13
15
12
7
41
20
24
16
11
7
11
7
6
7
9
6
7
10
11
13
16
(12)
aNot available, data was not collected
3-31
-------
Table 3.26. Conductivity, Turbidity, and Color Data for the ITT Fyne Technology System
at Ely, MN in August 2008
Influent Water
Date
7/10/2008
7/11/2008
7/15/2008
7/16/2008
7/17/2008
7/18/2008
7/21/2008
7/22/2008
7/23/2008
7/24/2008
7/25/2008
7/28/2008
7/29/2008
7/30/2008
7/31/2008
8/1/2008
8/4/2008
8/5/2008
8/6/2008
8/7/2008
8/8/2008
8/11/2008
8/12/2008
8/13/2008
8/14/2008
8/15/2008
8/18/2008
8/19/2008
8/20/2008
8/21/2008
8/22/2008
8/25/2008
8/26/2008
9/2/2008
9/3/2008
9/4/2008
9/5/2008
9/9/2008
9/10/2008
9/11/2008
Avg/Std Dev
Temp
21.0
20.3
24.1
22.2
23.3
22.8
21.5
21.5
22.0
20.5
22.8
25.7
25.0
23.1
22.1
23.5
23.4
22.6
22.3
22.1
22.3
21.6
21.8
22.8
22.6
23.3
23.7
22.6
21.3
24.7
22.4
22.0
19.2
21.5
N/Aa
19.3
19.4
20.0
17.8
17.2
22.0/2.0
Cond1
58.0
60.0
59.0
59.0
65.0
63.0
58.0
58.0
57.0
55.0
55.0
57.0
56.0
57.0
57.0
57.0
59.0
59.0
55.0
57.0
56.0
56.0
56.0
57.0
59.0
55.0
57.0
58.0
57.0
56.0
54.0
57.0
56.0
55.0
N/Aa
56.0
65.0
49.0
53.0
54.0
57.1/3.0
Color2
89.0
81.0
88.0
98.0
71.0
83.0
78.0
76.0
73.0
87.0
87.0
86.0
81.0
80.0
82.0
91.0
87.0
92.0
83.0
81.0
80.0
74.0
82.0
83.0
80.0
84.0
85.0
72.0
91.0
86.0
95.0
84.0
90.0
105.0
N/Aa
82.0
N/Aa
100.0
101.0
101.0
85.5/8.0
pH
7.64
7.32
7.3
7.29
7.41
7.38
7.35
7.39
6.93
7.15
7.13
7.23
7.15
7.17
7.16
7.17
7.11
7.14
7.11
7.17
7.16
7.62
7.54
7.41
7.38
7.63
6.94
7.78
7.13
7.79
7.57
7.4
7.79
7.28
N/Aa
7.37
7.27
N/Aa
7.91
7.26
7.34/0.30
Turb3
1.85
1.90
2.11
2.20
2.09
2.20
1.99
1.96
1.92
2.06
2.02
2.40
1.96
2.12
2.17
2.12
2.07
2.08
1.94
2.29
2.31
1.63
1.8
1.91
1.73
2.11
3.16
2.31
2.65
2.77
2.58
2.82
2.52
2.59
N/Aa
2.05
2.26
2.05
2.26
2.37
2.18/0.30
ES404 Membrane Effluent
Cond1
N/Aa
N/Aa
N/Aa
N/Aa
N/Aa
N/Aa
N/Aa
N/Aa
N/Aa
N/Aa
N/Aa
N/Aa
N/Aa
N/Aa
N/Aa
N/Aa
43.0
41.0
39.0
44.0
46.0
44.0
43.0
49.0
51.0
48.0
47.0
54.0
50.0
41.0
44.0
41.0
57.0
46.0
47.0
45.0
47.0
43.0
42.0
34.0
44.7/5.6
Color2
N/Aa
N/Aa
N/Aa
N/Aa
N/Aa
N/Aa
N/Aa
N/Aa
N/Aa
0
3.0
0
0
0
2.0
0
0
0
1.0
0
0
0
6.0
0
1.0
0
3.0
12.0
0
0
7.0
0
2.0
-2.0
2.0
-8.0
8.0
6.0
3.0
-1.0
1.3/3.6
Turb3
0.12
0.17
0.17
0.25
0.26
0.18
0.20
0.21
0.23
0.19
0.16
0.12
0.16
0.18
0.17
0.16
0.19
0.17
0.23
0.17
0.19
0.15
0.23
0.21
0.24
0.20
0.23
0.21
0.15
0.13
0.15
0.24
0.18
0.08
0.10
0.12
0.10
0.10
0.09
0.20
0.17/0.05
CA2PF Membrane Effluent
Cond1
N/Aa
N/Aa
N/Aa
N/Aa
N/Aa
N/Aa
N/Aa
N/Aa
N/Aa
N/Aa
N/Aa
N/Aa
N/Aa
N/Aa
N/A
N/Aa
43.0
41.0
39.0
44.0
46.0
44.0
43.0
49.0
51.0
48.0
47.0
54.0
50.0
41.0
44.0
41.0
57.0
56.0
52.0
53.0
54.0
48.0
50.0
44.0
47.3/5.1
Color2
N/Aa
N/Aa
N/Aa
N/Aa
N/Aa
N/Aa
N/Aa
N/Aa
N/Aa
0
12.0
7.0
2.0
3.0
8.0
3.0
1.0
2.0
0
3.0
0
7.0
8.0
4.0
7.0
8.0
3.0
33.0
0
1.0
7.0
2.0
15.0
23.0
30.0
28.0
40.0
49.0
48.0
9.0
11.5/14.2
Turb3
0.12
0.17
0.17
0.25
0.26
0.26
0.25
0.21
0.24
0.23
0.16
0.15
0.18
0.16
0.15
0.16
0.17
0.16
0.19
0.17
0.18
0.21
0.21
0.22
0.21
0.18
0.23
0.20
0.23
0.20
0.22
0.23
0.14
0.06
0.11
0.11
0.12
0.11
0.11
0.14
0.18/0.05
Conductivity,
aNot available,
mS/cm; 2Color measured in accordance with APHA color index; Turbidity measured in NTU
data was not collected
3-32
-------
3.8 Particle Count, Turbidity and Color Removal Data from Ely, MN in
September, 2009
Table 3-27 presents the turbidity, color and conductivity data for the ITT Fyne system. These
data were collected by the MDH on an ongoing basis in 2009. For the ITT Fyne system, the
average influent turbidity was 2.27 NTU. The average effluent turbidity from the ES404
membrane was 0.28 NTU (87.7% removal) and that from the AFC30 membrane was 0.25 NTU
(89.0% removal). The color index of the influent water was 85.4 while the color index of the
effluent from the ES404 membrane was 7.7 (91.0% removal) and that from the AFC30
membrane was 5.5 (93.6%). The conductivity of the influent water for the ITT Fyne system was
57.4 mS/cm while that for the effluent from the ES404 membrane was 52.2 mS/cm and 30.8
mS/cm from the AFC30 membrane.
Table 3-28 presents the turbidity, color and conductivity data for the Virex Pro system. The
average influent turbidity for the Virex Pro system was 2.23 NTU and the average effluent
turbidity was 0.29 NTU (87.0% removal). The color index of the influent water for the Virex
Pro system was 83.4 while the color index of the effluent water was 38.0 (54.4%). The
conductivity of the influent water for the Virex Pro system was 54.9 mS/cm while the
conductivity for the effluent was 72.2 mS/cm.
Tables 3-29 and 3-30 present the conductivity, color and turbidity data for the R3f pre-filtration
system and NOK MF polishing filter, respectively. The average influent turbidity for the R3f
system was 1.88 NTU and the average effluent turbidity for the R3f lead filter was 0.84 NTU
and that for the R3f lag filter was 0.73 NTU, showing an overall 61.1% removal percent removal
of turbidity. The NOK MF filter was used as the polishing filter for the R3f system and the
effluent turbidity achieved by the NOK filter was 0.10 NTU. The R3f and the NOK MF filters
did not achieve any removal of color and conductivity.
3-33
-------
Table 3.27. Conductivity, Turbidity, and Color Data for the ITT Fyne Technology System
at Ely, MN in September 2009
Influent Water
Date
7/31/2009
8/3/2009
8/4/2009
8/5/2009
8/6/2009
8/7/2009
8/8/2009
8/9/2009
8/10/2009
8/11/2009
8/12/2009
8/13/2009
8/14/2009
8/15/2009
8/16/2009
8/17/2009
8/18/2009
8/19/2009
8/20/2009
8/21/2009
8/24/2009
8/25/2009
8/26/2009
8/27/2009
9/2/2009
9/3/2009
9/4/2009
9/7/2009
9/8/2009
9/9/2009
9/15/2009
9/16/2009
9/17/2009
Average
(Std Dev.)
Temp
20.0
21.1
21.1
20.0
21.5
20.6
20.2
19.9
21.2
23.0
24.8
24.0
24.4
23.2
22.0
22.6
20.7
20.2
19.9
19.7
21.7
21.2
21.3
21.3
20.2
21.7
20.4
23.8
21.8
20.6
21.6
20.7
21.2
22.0
(1.4)
Cond1
55.0
53.0
58.0
57.0
55.5
53.0
55.0
54.0
56.5
56.5
56.0
56.0
55.0
55.0
56.0
54.0
55.0
56.0
59.0
53.5
56.0
55.0
55.5
55.5
54.0
54.0
56.0
54.0
55.5
57.0
60.0
60.0
56.0
57.4
(1.8)
Color2
66.0
79.0
81.5
79.0
69.5
72.5
85.0
81.0
89.0
81.5
86.0
88.0
95.5
79.0
82.0
93.5
87.0
84.5
72.0
99.0
80.5
91.5
98.5
75.5
90.0
92.0
81.0
82.0
81.0
89.0
67.0
72.0
78.0
85.4
(8.5)
pH
7.13
7.06
7.06
7.11
7.20
7.20
7.10
7.00
N/Aa
N/Aa
N/Aa
N/Aa
N/Aa
N/Aa
N/Aa
N/Aa
N/Aa
N/Aa
7.11
7.26
7.21
7.22
7.25
7.27
7.61
7.42
7.17
7.28
7.23
7.20
7.16
7.37
7.49
7.22
(0.14)
Turb3
2.33
2.49
2.61
2.33
2.11
2.36
2.41
2.22
1.94
1.58
1.79
2.09
2.30
2.50
2.01
2.83
2.88
2.53
2.69
3.45
2.98
3.80
4.00
2.37
2.01
1.95
1.76
1.20
1.39
2.29
1.17
1.17
1.44
2.27
(0.70)
ES404 Membrane Effluent
Cond1
56.0
40.0
58.0
52.5
58.5
51.5
51.0
57.0
53.5
58.0
55.0
54.5
51.0
59.0
55.0
52.5
42.5
54.5
55.5
46.0
51.5
51.5
53.0
52.0
52.0
44.5
47.0
53.0
53.0
57.0
49.0
54.0
42.0
52.2
(4.8)
Color2
0
7.5
8.0
8.5
8.5
0
12.0
4.0
7.0
8.5
18.0
15.0
25.0
13.0
19.0
16.5
5.0
7.5
3.0
8.5
6.5
16.5
12.0
2.5
1.0
3.0
2.0
3.0
5.0
3.0
4.0
1.0
0
7.7
(6.3)
Turb3
0.34
0.40
0.41
0.47
0.32
0.28
0.22
0.34
0.23
0.34
0.22
0.34
0.46
0.60
0.44
0.51
0.38
0.25
0.30
0.34
0.33
0.22
0.28
0.31
0.11
0.18
0.10
0.09
0.09
0.10
0.13
0.09
0.07
0.28
(0.14)
AFC30 Membrane Effluent
Cond1
31.0
36.0
31.5
31.0
29.0
31.0
33.0
31.0
30.5
31.5
32.5
30.0
28.5
30.0
33.0
30.5
29.0
32.5
32.5
26.5
31.0
29.5
34.0
30.5
29.0
26.5
31.0
30.0
33.0
32.0
33.0
32.0
25.0
30.8
(2.2)
Color2
0
5.5
10.5
11.0
3.5
6.5
3.0
0
4.5
10.0
16.5
21.0
14.5
7.0
13.0
11.5
9.0
10.0
0
0
1.5
9.5
5.5
6.0
1.0
0
1.0
0
1.0
0
0
0
0
5.5
(5.7)
Turb3
0.34
0.62
0.38
0.41
0.27
0.30
0.15
0.20
0.23
0.22
0.23
0.35
0.38
0.29
0.20
0.42
0.35
0.38
0.26
0.29
0.26
0.29
0.27
0.27
0.11
0.10
0.09
0.09
0.09
0.09
0.12
0.08
0.06
0.25
(0.13)
Conductivity, mS/cm; Color measured in accordance with APHA color index; Turbidity measured in NTU
aNot available, data was not collected
3-34
-------
Table 3.28. Conductivity, Turbidity, and Color Data for the Virex Pro System at Ely, MN
in September 2009
Date
8/3/2009
8/4/2009
8/5/2009
8/6/2009
8/7/2009
8/10/2009
8/11/2009
8/12/2009
8/13/2009
8/14/2009
8/15/2009
8/16/2009
8/17/2009
8/18/2009
8/19/2009
8/20/2009
8/21/2009
8/24/2009
8/25/2009
8/26/2009
8/27/2009
9/2/2009
9/3/2009
9/4/2009
9/7/2009
9/8/2009
9/9/2009
9/15/2009
9/16/2009
9/17/2009
9/18/2009
9/22/2009
9/23/2009
9/24/2009
9/28/2009
9/29/2009
9/30/2009
Average
(Std. Dev.)
Temp
21.1
21.1
20.0
21.5
20.6
21.2
23.0
24.8
24.0
24.4
23.2
22.0
22.6
20.7
20.2
19.9
19.7
21.7
21.2
21.3
21.3
20.2
21.7
20.4
23.8
21.8
20.6
21.6
20.7
21.2
20.7
21.6
21.1
20.2
16.7
16.1
16.2
21.7
(1.9)
Influent
Cond1
53.0
58.0
57.0
55.5
53.0
56.5
56.5
56.0
56.0
55.0
55.0
56.0
54.0
55.0
56.0
59.0
53.5
56.0
55.0
55.5
55.5
54.0
54.0
56.0
54.0
55.5
57.0
60.0
60.0
56.0
58.0
58.0
60.0
59.0
60.0
60.0
60.0
54.9
(2.2)
Water
Color2
79.0
81.5
79.0
69.5
72.5
89.0
81.5
86.0
88.0
95.5
79.0
82.0
93.5
87.0
84.5
72.0
99.0
80.5
91.5
98.5
75.5
90.0
92.0
81.0
82.0
81.0
89.0
67.0
72.0
78.0
88.0
83.0
81.0
77.0
93.0
96.0
87.0
83.4
(8.1)
PH
7.06
7.06
7.11
7.20
7.20
N/Aa
N/Aa
N/Aa
N/Aa
N/Aa
N/Aa
N/Aa
N/Aa
N/Aa
N/Aa
7.11
7.26
7.21
7.22
7.25
7.27
7.61
7.42
7.17
7.28
7.23
7.20
7.16
7.37
7.49
7.43
7.21
7.46
7.24
7.07
7.03
7.14
7.24
(0.14)
Turb3
2.49
2.61
2.33
2.11
2.36
1.94
1.58
1.79
2.09
2.30
2.50
2.01
2.83
2.88
2.53
2.69
3.45
2.98
3.80
4.00
2.37
2.01
.95
.76
.20
.39
2.29
.17
.17
.44
.34
.49
.82
.66
2.86
2.69
2.44
2.23
(0.70)
Virex Prc
Cond1
83.0
91.5
89.0
55.5
57.0
56.0
62.0
55.0
84.0
87.0
85.0
81.0
69.0
77.5
58.0
58.0
50.5
68.0
81.0
80.0
69.5
71.0
80.5
84.0
75.0
74.5
76.0
62.0
60.0
56.0
79.0
58.0
83.5
84.0
83.0
82.0
80.0
72.2
(12.0)
• Membrant
Color2
25.0
32.0
33.0
22.0
52.0
22.0
30.0
4.0
61.0
38.5
45.0
55.0
43.5
46.5
46.5
34.5
59.0
62.5
44.5
32.5
42.0
36.0
29.5
33.0
34.0
35.0
32.0
51.0
48.0
53.0
40.0
59.0
24.0
27.0
32.0
40.0
30.0
38.0
(12.8)
; Effluent
Turb3
0.38
0.40
0.35
0.28
0.28
0.26
0.34
0.19
0.72
0.44
0.44
0.52
0.44
0.63
0.43
0.36
0.22
0.37
0.42
0.43
0.35
0.12
0.13
0.12
0.12
0.12
0.12
0.12
0.09
0.10
0.09
0.13
0.13
0.19
0.09
0.08
0.06
0.29
(0.17)
'Conductivity, mS/cm; 2Color measured in accordance with APHA color index; Turbidity measured in NTU
aNot available, data was not collected
3-35
-------
Table 3.29. Conductivity, Turbidity, and Color Data for the R3f System at Ely, MN in
September 2009
Influent Water
Date
9/16/2009
9/17/2009
9/18/2009
9/22/2009
9/23/2009
9/24/2009
9/28/2009
9/29/2009
9/30/2009
Average
(Std. Dev.)
Temp
20.7
21.2
20.7
21.6
21.1
20.2
16.7
16.1
16.2
19.4
(2.3)
Cond1
60.0
56.0
58.0
58.0
60.0
59.0
60.0
60.0
60.0
59.0
(1.4)
Color2
72.0
78.0
88.0
83.0
81.0
77.0
93.0
96.0
87.0
83.9
(7.8)
pH
7.37
7.49
7.43
7.21
7.46
7.24
7.07
7.03
7.14
7.27
(0.17)
Turb3
.17
.44
.34
.49
.82
.66
2.86
2.69
2.44
1.88
(0.60)
Lead R3f Filter
Cond1
61.0
57.0
57.0
58.0
59.0
59.0
60.0
60.0
60.0
59.0
(1.4)
Color2
60.0
66.0
74.0
69.0
69.0
66.0
67.0
71.0
67.0
67.7
(3.9)
Turb3
0.70
0.65
0.60
0.69
0.84
0.92
1.06
1.06
1.06
0.84
(0.20)
Lag R3f Filter
Cond1
62.0
56.0
57.0
58.0
59.0
59.0
60.0
60.0
61.0
59.0
(1.9)
Color2
64.0
65.0
71.0
63.0
64.5
59.0
64.0
67.0
63.0
64.5
(3.3)
Turb3
0.79
0.57
0.51
0.61
1.00
0.68
0.85
0.82
0.76
0.73
(0.15)
Conductivity, mS/cm; Color measured in accordance with APHA color index; Turbidity measured in NTU
Table 3.30. Conductivity, Turbidity, and Color Data for the NOK MF System at Ely, MN
in September, 2009
Influent Water (Effluent from R3f Lag Filter)
Date
9/18/2009
9/22/2009
9/23/2009
9/24/2009
9/28/2009
9/29/2009
9/30/2009
Average
(Std. Dev.)
Cond1
57.0
58.0
59.0
59.0
60.0
60.0
61.0
59.1
(1.3)
Color2
71.0
63.0
64.5
59.0
64.0
67.0
63.0
64.5
(3.7)
Turb3
0.51
0.61
1.00
0.68
0.85
0.82
0.76
0.75
(0.16)
NOK MF Effluent
Cond1
57.0
58.0
58.0
61.0
60.0
60.0
61.0
59.3
(1.6)
Color2
61.0
55.0
54.0
68.0
51.0
55.0
48.0
56.0
(6.6)
Turb3
0.07
0.16
0.11
0.14
0.08
0.07
0.07
0.10
(0.04)
Conductivity, mS/cm; Color measured in accordance with APHA color index; Turbidity measured in NTU
3-36
-------
4.0 Conclusions
The field tests on the 3-foot ITT Fyne Technology System performed in Ely, MN showed the
system to be capable of achieving a B. subtilis removal rate ranging from 4.3 log to complete
removal (> 6.9 log). The ES404 membrane with a MWCO of 4000 Daltons showed a very
similar performance to the significantly tighter CA2PF membrane (MWCO of 2000 Daltons) and
the AFC30 membrane (1000 Dalton). Tests conducted at the T&E Facility on the ES404
membrane, the CA2PF membrane and the AFC30 membrane in the 3-foot ITT Fyne Technology
System showed that all membranes have a similar performance with almost complete removal (>
6.0 log) of the B. subtilis. This indicates that the ES404 membrane is sufficient for treating
bacteria down to the size of B. subtilis. The 12-foot ITT Fyne Technology System with the
CA2PF membrane showed a slightly lower removal (approximately 4.7 log) than the
corresponding 3-foot module.
When tested with MS2 bacteriophage in Ely, MN, the 3-foot ITT Fyne Technology System
showed a 4.1 log to complete removal (> 5.3 log) for the ES404 membrane and a 4.2 log removal
for the AFC30 membrane.
The ITT Fyne Technology System demonstrated good removal of color in tests conducted at the
T&E Facility. The 3-foot ES404 membrane achieved approximately 97% color removal in both
recycle and dead-end modes. The 3-foot CA2PF membrane achieved approximately 98% and
approximately 96% of color removal in recycle and dead-end mode, respectively. The 12-foot
CA2PF membrane achieved approximately 96% and approximately 93% of color removal in the
recycle and dead-end modes, respectively. The 3-foot AFC30 membrane achieved
approximately 99% of color removal in both recycle and dead-end modes, respectively.
The GE Pentair system showed an approximately 5.0 log removal and the Virex Pro system
demonstrated complete removal (> 4.7 log) of B. subtilis during the tests conducted at field
location. When tested with MS2 bacteriophage, the Virex Pro system demonstrated complete
removal (> 4.7 log) at field location. The Virex Pro system demonstrated good removal of
turbidity (approximately 87%) and moderate removal (approximately 54%) of color.
The ITT Fyne Technology System demonstrated good removal of E. coli in tests conducted at
the T&E Facility. The 12-foot CA2PF membrane achieved complete removal (> 7.4 log) of E.
coli. The 3-foot ES404 membrane and the CA2PF membrane achieved log removal values of
approximately 4.0 in removing E. coli with both membranes showing almost complete removal
of E. coli.
4-1
-------
The results of PSL beads tests conducted on the 12-foot ITT Fyne Technology System with the
CA2PF membrane at the T&E Facility showed relatively lower log removal (2.5 log) of the
surrogate for Cryptosporidium. The inferior performance was probably attributed to the surface
characteristics of the membrane as well as the solution properties, such as pH and ionic strength.
The ITT Fyne Technology System demonstrated good removal of TOC in tests conducted at the
T&E Facility. The 3-foot ES404 membrane achieved approximately 89% and approximately
93% of TOC removal in recycle and dead-end mode, respectively. The 3-foot CA2PF achieved
approximately 67% and approximately 86% of TOC removal in recycle and dead-end mode,
respectively. The 12-foot CA2PF membrane achieved approximately 83% and approximately
80% of TOC removal in recycle and dead-end mode, respectively. The 3-foot AFC30 membrane
achieved approximately 92% and approximately 95% of TOC removal in recycle and dead-end
mode, respectively.
The ES404 and the CA2PF membranes showed nearly identical performance in turbidity
removal during data collected in 2008, producing water with an average effluent turbidity of 0.17
NTU when treating lake water with an average influent turbidity of 2.18 NTU (a 92% removal of
turbidity). However, the ES404 membrane showed noticeably better performance in color
removal by producing water with an average effluent color of 1.3 APHA color index compared
to the CA2PF membrane which produced water with an average effluent color of 11.5 APHA.
Finally, the ES404 and CA2PF membranes both showed an approximately 99.5% removal
efficiency for particles in the 2 |im and 3 jim size ranges (the size range for B. subtilis and
Cryptosporidium).
The turbidity removals achieved by the ES404 and AFC30 membranes in treating lake water in
2009 were approximately 88% and approximately 89%, respectively. The color removals
achieved by the ES404 and AFC30 membranes in treating lake water in 2009 were
approximately 91% and approximately 94%, respectively.
The R3f-NOK filtration system achieved complete removal of B. subtilis with a calculated log
removal value of approximately > 4.6 based on the influent concentration of B. subtilis. The R3f
had a 1.0 log removal while the NOK MF showed an approximately 3.0 log removal. Thus, there
was negligible influent B. subtilis concentration for the final NOK UF. The R3f-NOK filtration
system achieved almost complete removal of MS2 bacteriophage with a log removal value of
approximately 3.7. The overall turbidity removal achieved by the R3f system in treating lake
water with 1.88 NTU turbidity was 61%. As expected, most of the removal was achieved by the
lead filter. The NOK MF membrane incorporated as a polishing unit produced effluent with 0.10
NTU turbidity. The R3f-NOK system did not achieve any removal of color.
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5.0 References
EPA and Shaw (2007). "Quality Assurance Project Plan for Glass Bead R3f and Multimedia
Systems", EPA QA ID: 627-Q-10-0, EPA T&E Facility, Cincinnati, Ohio.
EPA and Shaw (2008). "Addendum to Quality Assurance Project Plan for Glass Bead R3f and
Multimedia Systems", EPA QA ID: 627-Q-10-1, EPA T&E Facility, Cincinnati, Ohio.
EPA and Shaw (2009). "Quality Assurance Project Plan for Membrane-based Small System
Technologies for the Treatment of Bacteria and Reduction of Color in Surface Waters", EPA QA
ID: 627-Q-ll-O, EPA T&E Facility, Cincinnati, Ohio.
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