&EPA United States Environmental Protection Agency Evaluation of Small System Filtration Technologies for the Treatment of Color, Disinfection Byproducts, and Microbial Contaminants in Surface Waters Office of Research and Development ------- EVALUATION OF SMALL SYSTEM FILTRATION TECHNOLOGIES FOR THE TREATMENT OF COLOR, DISINFECTION BYPRODUCTS AND MICROBIOLOGICAL CONTAMINANTS IN SURFACE WATERS Craig L. Patterson, P.E. Water Supply and Water Resources Division National Risk Management Research Laboratory Cincinnati, Ohio 45268 Anita Anderson, P.E. Minnesota Department of Health Duluth, Minnesota 55802 Rajib Sinha, P.E., Nur Muhammad, Ph.D, P.E., and E. Radha Krishnan, P.E. Shaw Environmental & Infrastructure, Inc. Cincinnati, Ohio 45212 This report was compiled in cooperation with Shaw Environmental and Infrastructure, Inc. Under EPA Contract EP-C-04-034, Work Assignment No. 0-03 Submitted to National Risk Management Research Laboratory Office of Research and Development U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Cincinnati, OH 45268 November 10, 2012 ------- Notice The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, through its Office of Research and Development, funded and managed, or partially funded and collaborated in, the research described herein. It has been subjected to the Agency's peer and administrative review and has been approved for publication. Any opinions expressed in this report are those of the author (s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Agency, therefore, no official endorsement should be inferred. Any mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. ------- Acknowledgements EPA acknowledges the significant contributions from Ms. Anita Anderson, P.E. of the Minnesota Department of Health. Her efforts included coordinating and managing the field studies at the Safe Water for All Minnesota People (SWAMP) training facility on Fall Lake near Ely, Minnesota. Ms. Anderson also provided an external review and directly contributed to the development of portions of this document. EPA acknowledges the in-kind support and contributions of Mr. David Pearson with Membrane Systems Specialists, Inc. in Hamilton, OH. Mr. Pearson loaned Fyne Process pilot-units for the microbial removal studies in Ely, Minnesota and in Cincinnati, Ohio and provided an external review of this document. EPA Contributors Dr. John Ireland served as Project Officer on EPA Contract No. EP-C-04-034 and Mr. Craig L. Patterson P.E., served as the Work Assignment Manager for this research project. Mr. Jeffrey Q. Adams and Dr. Jeff Yang, P.E., performed technical reviews of the document. Mr. John Olszewski and Mr. Stephen M. Harmon were the EPA Quality Assurance Managers, and were responsible for the quality assurance review of the document. m ------- Abstract The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) National Risk Management Research Laboratory (NRMRL) evaluated various filtration systems at the EPA T&E Facility in Cincinnati, Ohio and at a field site in Ely, Minnesota (MN) in collaboration with the Minnesota Department of Health (MDH). Color and organic matter are often present in lake water and these constituents are difficult to remove using conventional treatment technologies. The organic matter can also serve as a precursor to the formation of disinfection byproducts (DBFs). This report documents the results of tests conducted on the following four filtration systems for the removal of turbidity, color, organic matter, microorganisms and their surrogates from surface water: 1) Fyne Technology units manufactured by ITT Corporation (Zelienople, PA) that incorporate tubular membranes which are periodically cleaned by a foam-ball 2) GE Pentair unit that utilizes capillary hollow fiber membranes 3) Virex Pro unit manufactured by Seccua GmbH (Steingaden, Germany) that consists of hollow fiber membranes in a stainless steel housing. 4) A radial flow fluidized filtration (R3f) unit followed by polishing membrane filters (microfilter and ultrafilter modules manufactured by NOK). IV ------- Table of Contents Notice ii Acknowledgements iii Abstract iv Table of Contents v List of Figures vi List of Tables vii Acronyms and Abbreviation ix 1.0 Introduction 1-1 2.0 System Description, Operation and Testing Procedures 2-1 2.1 Field Test Site 2-1 2.2 ITT Fyne Technology Filtration System 2-1 2.3 GE Pentair Filtration System 2-6 2.4 Virex Pro Filtration System 2-7 2.5 Radial Flow Fluidized Filter (R3f) with NOK Membrane Polishing Filters 2-8 2.6 System Operation and Test Conditions 2-9 2.6.1 Turbidity, Color and Microbial Challenges 2-9 2.6.2 Sampling and Analytical Procedures 2-10 3.0 Test Results 3-1 3.1 B. subtilis Field Test Results 3-2 3.1.1 B. subtilis Test Results for the ITT Fyne Technology System 3-3 3.1.2 B. subtilis Test Results for the GE Pentair System 3-7 3.1.3 B. subtilis Tests Results for the Virex Pro System 3-7 3.2 MS2 bacteriophage Field Test Results 3-8 3.2.1 MS2 bacteriophage Results for Virex Pro System 3-8 3.2.2 MS2 bacteriophage Results for ITT Fyne Technology System 3-9 3.3 Microbiological Tests Results at the T&E Facility for the ITT Fyne Technology System 3-10 3.3.1 B. subtilis Test Results for the ITT Fyne Technology System 12-Foot Module 3-11 3.3.2 B. subtilis Test Results for ITT Fyne Technology System 3-Foot Modules 3-12 3.3.3 E. coli Test Results for the ITT Fyne Technology System 12-Foot Module 3-15 3.3.4 E. coli Tests for ITT Fyne Technology System 3-Foot Modules 3-17 3.3.5 PSL Beads Test Results for the ITT Fyne Technology System 12-Foot Module 3-17 3.4 TOC and Color Test Results at the T&E Facility 3-19 3.4.1 TOC and Color Test Results for the ITT Fyne Technology System 12-Foot Module.... 3-19 3.4.2 TOC and Color Test Results for ITT Fyne Technology System 3-Foot Modules 3-21 3.5 Test Results for the R3f System and NOK Polishing Filters 3-25 3.5.1 B. subtilis Test Results 3-25 3.5.2 MS2 bacteriophage Test Results 3-28 3.6 Raw Water and Backwash Samples 3-29 3.7 Particle Count, Turbidity and Color Data from Ely, MN in August, 2008 3-29 3.8 Particle Count, Turbidity and Color Removal Data from Ely, MN in September, 2009 3-33 4.0 Conclusions 4-1 5.0 References 5-1 ------- List of Figures Figure 2-1. Process Flow Diagram for the ITT Fyne Technology System 2-2 Figure 2-2. Fyne Technology System Control Panel 3-Foot Module 2-3 Figure 2-3. ITT Fyne Technology System Influent 3-Foot Module 2-4 Figure 2-4. ITT Fyne Technology System Effluent 3-Foot Module 2-4 Figure 2-5. Control Panel for the ITT Fyne Technology 12-Foot Module 2-5 Figure 2-6. ITT Fyne Technology System 12-Foot Module Effluent 2-5 Figure 2-7. GE Pentair Membrane System 2-6 Figure 2-8. Virex Pro Filtration System 2-7 Figure 2-9. Conceptual Flow Diagram of the R3f System 2-8 Figure 2-10. NOK Filters Placed in a 7-Cartridge Shelco Multi-Cartridge Housing Unit 2-9 VI ------- List of Tables Table 3.1. Summary of Challenge Tests Conducted on Different Systems 3-1 Table 3.2. B. subtilis Analytical Results for ITT Fyne Technology System (ES404 and CA2PF) at Ely, MN in August 2008 3-5 Table 3.3. B. subtilis Analytical Results for ITT Fyne Technology System (ES404 and AFC30) at Ely, MN in September 2009 3-6 Table 3.4. B. subtilis Analytical Results for GE Pentair System at Ely, MN in August 2008 3-7 Table 3.5. B. subtilis Analytical Results for Virex Pro System at Ely, MN in September 2009 3-8 Table 3.6. MS2 bacteriophage Analytical Results for Virex Pro System at Ely, MN in September 2009 ....3-9 Table 3.7. MS2 bacteriophage Analytical Results for ITT Fyne Technology System (ES404 and AFC30) at Ely, MN in September 2009 3-10 Table 3.8. B. subtilis Analytical Results for ITT Fyne Technology System 12-Foot Horizontal Module (CA2PF) at the T&E Facility 3-12 Table 3.9. B. subtilis Analytical Results for ITT Fyne Technology System 3-Foot Modules (ES404 and CA2PF) at the T&E Facility 3-14 Table 3.10. B. subtilis Analytical Results for ITT Fyne Technology System 3-Foot Vertical Modules (ES404 and AFC30) at the T&E Facility 3-15 Table 3.11. E. coli Analytical Results for ITT Fyne Technology System 12-Foot Horizontal Module (CA2PF) at the T&E Facility 3-16 Table 3.12. E. coli Analytical Results for ITT Fyne Technology System 3-Foot Vertical Modules (ES404 and CA2PF) at the T&E Facility 3-17 Table 3.13. PSL Beads Analytical Results for the ITT Fyne Technology System 12-Foot Horizontal Module (CA2PF) at the T&E Facility 3-18 Table 3.14. TOC Analytical Results for ITT Fyne Technology System 12-Foot Horizontal Module (CA2PF) at the T&E Facility 3-20 Table 3.15. Color Analytical Results for ITT Fyne Technology System 12-Foot Horizontal Module (CA2PF) at the T&E Facility 3-21 Table 3.16. TOC Analytical Results for ITT Fyne Technology System 3-Foot Vertical Modules (ES404 and CA2PF) at the T&E Facility 3-22 Table 3.17. Color Analytical Results for ITT Fyne Technology System 3-Foot Vertical Modules (ES404 and CA2PF) at the T&E Facility 3-23 Table 3.18. TOC Analytical Results for ITT Fyne Technology System 3-Foot Vertical Modules (ES404 New and AFC30) at the T&E Facility 3-24 Table 3.19. Color Analytical Results for ITT Fyne Technology System 3-Foot Vertical Modules (ES404 New and AFC30) at the T&E Facility 3-25 Table 3.20. B. subtilis Analytical Results for R3f-NOK Filters at Ely, MN in September 2009 3-26 VII ------- Table 3.21. Performance of R3f and NOK Filters 3-26 Table 3.22. System Pressure Buildup During the B. subtilis Challenge Tests at Ely, MN in September 2009 3-27 Table 3.23. MS2 bacteriophage Analytical Results for R3f - NOK Filters at Ely, MN in September 20093-28 Table 3.24. System Pressure Buildup During the MS2 bacteriophage Challenge at Ely, MN in September 2009 3-29 Table 3.25. Particle Count Data for the GE Pentair System and the ITT Fyne Technology System at Ely, MN in August 2008 3-31 Table 3.26. Conductivity, Turbidity, and Color Data for the ITT Fyne Technology System at Ely, MN in August 2008 3-32 Table 3.27. Conductivity, Turbidity, and Color Data for the ITT Fyne Technology System at Ely, MN in September 2009 3-34 Table 3.28. Conductivity, Turbidity, and Color Data for the Virex Pro System at Ely, MN in September 2009 3-35 Table 3.29. Conductivity, Turbidity, and Color Data for the R3f System at Ely, MN in September 2009 ..3-36 Table 3.30. Conductivity, Turbidity, and Color Data for the NOK MF System at Ely, MN in September, 2009 3-36 vm ------- Acronyms and Abbreviations APHA American Public Health Association B. subtilis Bacillus subtilis CR complete removal C. parvum Cryptosporidium Parvum DBF disinfection byproduct E. coli Escherichia coll GE General Electric Company (Fairfield, Connecticut) gpm gallons per minute ITT ITT Corporation (Zelienople, PA) L liter Lpm liters per minute MDH Minnesota Department of Health MF microfilter MS2 MS2 bacteriophage MWCO molecular weight cutoff MWE Midwest Water Engineering, LLC (East Bethel, Minnesota) N/A not available N/D not detected NOK NOK Corporation (Tokyo, Japan) NRMRL National Risk Management Research Laboratory NTU Nephelometric Turbidity Unit psi pounds per square inch PSL polystyrene latex QA quality assurance QAPP Quality Assurance Project Plan R3f Radial Flow Fluidized Filter SDWA Safe Drinking Water Act Shaw Shaw Environmental & Infrastructure (E&I), Inc. Std. Dev. standard deviation SWAMP Safe Water for All Minnesota People T&E Test and Evaluation TOC total organic carbon UF ultrafilter ug microgram jam microns WSWRD Water Supply and Water Resources Division IX ------- 1.0 Introduction The Water Supply and Water Resources Division (WSWRD) of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) National Risk Management Research Laboratory (NRMRL) has been conducting tests on small drinking water treatment systems since 1997 in response to the 1996 Reauthorization of the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA). The SDWA established standards for drinking water systems and required EPA to assess treatment technologies for small systems serving fewer than 10,000 people. Initial tests were focused on packaged bag and cartridge filtration systems. Subsequently, the program has been expanded to test a variety of filtration systems for the removal of turbidity, chemical contaminants, and microbial contaminants. Under contract to EPA, Shaw Environmental and Infrastructure (E&I), Inc. (Shaw) has been providing technical support in the evaluation of various filtration systems at the EPA's T&E Facility in Cincinnati, OH and at a number of field locations. Color and organic matter are often present in lake water and these constituents are difficult to remove using conventional treatment technologies. The organic matter can also serve as a precursor to the formation of disinfection byproducts (DBFs). This report documents the results of tests conducted on the following four filtration systems for the removal of turbidity, color, organic matter, microorganisms and their surrogates from surface water: 5) Fyne Technology units manufactured by ITT Corporation (Zelienople, PA) that incorporate tubular membranes which are periodically cleaned by a foam-ball 6) GE Pentair unit that utilizes capillary hollow fiber membranes 7) Virex Pro unit manufactured by Seccua GmbH (Steingaden, Germany) that consists of hollow fiber membranes in a stainless steel housing. 8) A radial flow fluidized filtration (R3f) unit followed by polishing membrane filters (microfilter and ultrafilter modules manufactured by NOK). The tests were conducted at the EPA T&E Facility in Cincinnati, OH and at a field site in Ely, Minnesota (MN) in collaboration with the Minnesota Department of Health (MDH). 1-1 ------- 2.0 System Description, Operation and Testing Procedures This section provides a summary description of the systems evaluated and the associated operation and testing procedures employed at the field site in Ely, MN and at the T&E Facility in Cincinnati, OH. The test procedures employed are presented in the following EPA-endorsed Quality Assurance Project Plans (QAPPs): • EPA QA ID No. 627-Q-10-0 (EPA and Shaw, 2007) • Amendment 1 to EPA QA ID No. 627-Q-10-0 (EPA and Shaw, 2008) • QA ID No. 627-Q-l 1-0 (EPA and Shaw, 2009) 2.1 Field Test Site The field test site was located on the grounds of the Outdoor Learning Center just outside the town of Ely, MN. The learning center also houses the Safe Water for All Minnesota People (SWAMP) that includes classroom facilities and a laboratory. Color and turbidity measurements were performed by MDH in this laboratory as a part of this study. The tested units were installed in the test trailer owned and operated by MDH. Shaw contracted with Midwest Water Engineering (MWE) to provide power to the test trailer and install the lake water pump to supply the trailer with test water. MWE also provided services for the installation of the systems and for the construction of a skid that facilitated the testing of the NOK modules. MDH operated the systems to gather data for turbidity removal and color removal. EPA and Shaw conducted a series of tests to evaluate the test systems for the removal of microorganisms. 2.2 ITTFyne Technology Filtration System The Fyne Process refers to a family of treatment systems that were originally developed in the United Kingdom to treat waters with high concentrations of organic materials. Membrane Specialists LLC provides the Fyne Packaged Systems in the US as the exclusive distributor of ITT PCI Membranes Tubular technology. The ITT Fyne Process uses a tubular semi-permeable membrane to allow clean filtered water to pass through the membrane while retaining microbial contaminants and most of the color-producing organic material dissolved in water, thus reducing the potential for formation of DBFs. Its small footprint and modular construction makes the ITT Fyne Technology filtration system ideal for many small communities. One unique aspect of the ITT Fyne Technology System is the use of an automated foam ball cleaning process to remove accumulated filter cake and organic and inorganic foulants. In this process, a small foam ball is forced through the tubular filtration elements via water pressure flowing in the opposite direction of normal flow. The foam ball scours the tubular membrane surface removing the accumulated foulants. "Filter-catchers" (small, perforated plates installed 2-1 ------- in the module inlet and outlet lines) retain the foam-balls in the system. The cleaning frequency is adjustable and the entire process is fully automated. Figure 2-1 shows a process flow diagram for the ITT Fyne Process pilot skid that was employed at the Ely, MN field site and at the T&E Facility. This unit was fitted with two modules constructed of ABS plastic in a vertical position. One module contained the PCI Membrane type ES404 while the other module contained the PCI Membrane type CA2PF for the first series of tests conducted in 2008. For the tests conducted in 2009, the CA2PF membrane was replaced by an AFC30 membrane and a new ES404 membrane was installed. The ES404 has a molecular weight cutoff (MWCO) of approximately 4,000 Daltons, the CA2PF has a MWCO of approximately 2,000 Daltons, and the AFC30 membrane has a MWCO of 1000 Daltons. Each module was 3 feet long and contained thirty-six individual membrane tubes. Each membrane tube was /^ inch in diameter. The 36 membrane tubes were fed in series through the module with U-Bends linking one tube with the next. One of the particular features of the tubular design is the lack of need for pre-filtration. A coarse screen is placed before the system to protect both the pump and membranes from larger materials. The maximum operating pressure of the module was 175 pounds per square inch (psi) at 70°F. Figures 2-2, 2-3, and 2-4 are photographs showing various features of the system. \—^&n v Influent Tank Coarse Influent Pump Screen Flow Direction Membrane Switching Valves Modules Treated Water Discharge Figure 2-1. Process Flow Diagram for the ITT Fyne Technology System 2-2 ------- Flow Meter Membrane Influent and Effluent Pressure Gauges Flow Direction Control Valves Variable Speed Drive Power Supply and Controller Figure 2-2. Fyne Technology System Control Panel 3-Foot Module 2-3 ------- System Influent Influent Bag Filter Figure 2-3. ITT Fyne Technology System Influent 3-Foot Module Membrane Effluent Effluent Sampling Ports Membrane Modules Figure 2-4. ITT Fyne Technology System Effluent 3-Foot Module In addition to the aforementioned 3-foot vertical module, a 12-foot horizontal module of the ITT Fyne Technology system was also tested at the T&E Facility. The horizontal module consists of 2-4 ------- CA2PF membrane with a MWCO of 2000 Daltons. Figures 2-5 and 2-6 are photographs showing the various features of this unit. Power Supply Reject Control Valve Pump Control Panel Pressure Gauge Pressure Control Valve Figure 2-5. Control Panel for the ITT Fyne Technology 12-Foot Module Effluent Port 12-Feet Mo did e fr * Figure 2-6. ITT Fyne Technology System 12-Foot Module Effluent 2-5 ------- 2.3 GE Pentair Filtration System The GE Pentair membrane unit is an off-the-shelf commercial water filtration unit that consists of 48.5 square feet of capillary hollow-fiber membrane surface area in a single housing. The system is operated in a dead-end mode without a reject stream. Any material that does not pass through the membrane remains accumulated in the housing. The system design incorporates a timer that shuts off the production water flow at preset intervals and backflushes the membrane housing to remove the concentrated material accumulated therein. Finished water that has been accumulated in a tank is used for backwash (or the system can be designed for forward flush only). The system is designed to operate at standard domestic water pressure of up to 60 psi. Figure 2-7 shows a photograph of the GE Pentair System. Membrane Effluent Controller/ Timer Flow Meter Influent Pre- Filter Membrane Effluent Sampling Port /cleaning connection Membrane Module Figure 2-7. GE Pentair Membrane System 2-6 ------- 2.4 Virex Pro Filtration System The Virex Pro unit is manufactured by Seccua GmbH in Germany and is a water filtration unit that consists of dual hollow fiber membrane modules with a nominal pore size of 15 nanometers. The system is operated in a dead-end mode without a reject stream. The system can be cleaned at specific intervals, time-of-day or fouling-based frequency. Combinations of forward flushes with backwashes are possible. The cleaning efficiency can be enhanced by the use of chemicals. The system is commercially available in two maximum filtration flow rate capacities - 9.7 gpm and 17.8 gpm. The pilot-scale system was operated between 2.5-3.5 gpm (10 Lpm). Figure 2-8 shows the various features of the system. Membrane Modules Control Panel Chamber to Provide Residence Time Figure 2-8. Virex Pro Filtration System 2-7 ------- 2.5 Radial Flow Fluidized Filter (R3f) with NOK Membrane Polishing Filters The radial flow fluidized filtration (R3f) system utilizes radial flow (similar to the flow pattern of a cartridge filter) through use of non-bonded garnet media that can be fluidized and backwashed. The technology uses fine garnet media (33 microns) for depth filtration. The filter system housing consists of an upper chamber and a lower chamber. The upper chamber provides the necessary head for flow through the media and for backwashing. Water to be treated enters the system through the annular section at the top of the inner core. The lower chamber contains the media and water travels radially from the annular section through the media to the bottom inner core as a plug flow. The treated water then flows out of the system through the pipe connected at the bottom of the inner core. The plug in the inner core prevents any reverse flow. A typical R3f system is 150 mm (6 inches) in diameter and 1.8 m (6 feet) high as shown in Figure 2-9. The media can be fluidized and backwashed very quickly resulting in backwash volumes significantly lower than other technologies. The R3f system is suitable for small community potable water systems. It can also serve as pre-filter to membranes or disposable final filtration system. The R3f system is operated at 5 gpm flow rate as a pre-filter to Shelco NOK membrane filters in this study. Filtration Cycle From CM or FwdV •-... G 1 "• 1 ' '• S* i5 '-• — B • I • 4 • ^—^~ 1^-— ^^ • \ Jj i ! ,1 1 i - ^^ CI_L^ > < > < > 4 _^ 1 1 1 i i i ^ i 4 i 4 * ~~~~— ^^ u^^-^^ * I ' I ' ; ! i ^^ ^^ [-: .'- ,• <> ' ' > t^- -^ Figure 2-9. Conceptual Flow Diagram of the R3f System 2-8 ------- The NOK polishing filters were tested by placing them in a 7-cartridge Shelco Multifilter Cartridge Housing (see Figure 2-10). Two Shelco housings were placed in series - the first housing contained microfilter (MF) cartridges while the second housing contained ultrafilter (UF) cartridges. The system was configured so that both Shelco housing units could be backwashed at the same frequency as the R3f system. Figure 2-10. NOK Filters Placed in a 7-Cartridge Shelco Multi-Cartridge Housing Unit 2.6 System Operation and Test Conditions 2.6.1 Turbidity, Color and Microbial Challenges Tests were carried out to evaluate the performance of the different systems in removing turbidity, color, organic matter, bacteria, virus, and protozoa using the following test matrix, organisms or surrogates: • For turbidity challenges at the field site, the systems were operated using surface water from the lake as the feed source with as-received turbidity levels. Samples were collected for turbidity, total organic carbon (TOC), and color during the operation of the system. • At the T&E Facility, the systems were evaluated for color and TOC removal but not for turbidity removal. For evaluating removal of TOC and color, the systems were challenged using dechlorinated potable water spiked with Bio-hume to achieve a target TOC concentration of 10 mg/L. 2-9 ------- • For bacteria removal, the systems were challenged with Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) endospores at the T&E Facility and at the field site. Additionally, the ITT system and the R3f system were tested with Escherichia coli (E. coif) at the T&E Facility. • For protozoa removal, the systems were challenged with 3.0 jim Polystyrene Latex (PSL) beads as a surrogate for Cryptosporidium Parvum (C. parvum). These tests were conducted at the T&E Facility. • For a preliminary evaluation of virus removal potential, the systems were challenged with MS2 bacteriophage (a surrogate for enteric viruses) at the field site. For B. subtilis, E. coli, MS2 bacteriophage and PSL beads, 1 mL of stock suspension with an approximate concentration of 109 cells/surrogates per mL was mixed with 500 mL of 0.01% Tween 20 in a 1-L glass beaker. A sub-sample was collected to determine the actual concentration of the injection suspension. The 500 mL suspension and the rinseate were added into the influent stream of the system using a peristaltic pump. The total injection time was approximately 60 minutes. Detailed descriptions of B. subtilis, E. coli and PSL bead stocks and their suppliers are described in the QAPPs for this project. MS2 bacteriophage stock was obtained from BioVir laboratory (Benicia, CA). Tests were conducted on the ITT Fyne Technology system in the recycle mode and in the dead- end mode of operation. In the recycle mode, the modules were operated with approximately 20% reject water; there was no reject water during the dead-end mode of operation. The proportion of reject water flow was controlled by a valve. In the tests conducted at Ely, MN there was no reject stream other than during foam ball cleanings. The reject water valve was closed during the tests conducted in the dead-end mode of operation at the T&E Facility. The GE Pentair and the Virex Pro systems were operated in the dead-end mode only. 2.6.2 Sampling and Analytical Procedures The sampling and analytical procedures are described in project QAPPs. PSL beads samples (1 L) were collected following a grab sampling method instead of the membrane sampling method because the effluent water pressure was insufficient to allow the water to pass through the collection membrane. 2-10 ------- 3.0 Test Results This section summarizes the results of tests conducted on the ITT Fyne, GE Pentair, Virex Pro and R3f-NOK systems to evaluate the performance in removing different microbiological contaminants, color, organic matter, particle count, and turbidity. Table 3-1 presents a summary of the challenge tests that were conducted on the four filtration systems at the T&E Facility and at the MN field site. In addition to the challenge tests, MDH monitored turbidity, color, conductivity, and particle count on an ongoing basis for the systems at the field site. Table 3.1. Summary of Challenge Tests Conducted on Different Systems Date Test ID Membrane Configuration Mode of Operation Field Study 2008: ITT Fyne 3-Foot Module and GE Pentair Systems 8/20/08 8/20/08 8/20/08 8/20/08 8/21/08 8/21/08 B. subtilis Test 1 B. subtilis Test 2 B. subtilis Test 3 B. subtilis Test 4 B. subtilis Test 5 B. subtilis Test 6 ITT Fyne: ES404 + CA2PF GE Pentair ITT Fyne: ES404 + CA2PF GE Pentair ITT Fyne: ES404 + CA2PF ITT Fyne: ES404 + CA2PF Recycle Dead-end Recycle Dead-end Dead-end Dead-end Field Test 2009: ITT Fyne 3-Foot Module and Virex Pro Systems 9/15/09 9/15/09 9/16/09 9/16/09 9/16/09 9/15/09 9/16/09 9/16/09 9/16/09 B. subtilis Test 1 B. subtilis Test 2 B. subtilis Test 3 B. subtilis Test 4 B. subtilis Test 5 MS2 bacteriophage Test 1 MS2 bacteriophage Test 2 MS2 bacteriophage Test 3 MS2 bacteriophage Test 4 Virex Pro ITT Fyne: ES404 + AFC30 Virex Pro ITT Fyne: ES404 + AFC30 ITT Fyne: ES404 + AFC30 Virex Pro ITT Fyne: ES404 + AFC30 ITT Fyne: ES404 + AFC30 ITT Fyne: ES404 + AFC30 Dead-end Recycle Dead-end Recycle Recycle Dead-end Recycle Recycle Recycle Field Test 2009: R3f-NOK Systems 9/17/09 9/18/09 9/18/09 9/17/09 B. subtilis Test 1 B. subtilis Test 2 B. subtilis Test 3 MS2 bacteriophage Test 1 R3f + NOK MF + NOK UF R3f + NOK MF + NOK UF R3f + NOK MF + NOK UF R3f + NOK MF + NOK UF - - - - Pilot Study at the U.S. EPA T&E Facility: ITT Fyne 3-Foot and 12-Foot Modules 5/7/09 5/7/09 5/8/09 6/3/09 6/4/09 6/5/09 B. subtilis Test 1 B. subtilis Test 2 B. subtilis Test 3 B. subtilis Test 4 B. subtilis Test 5 B. subtilis Test 6 CA2PF 12-Foot CA2PF 12-Foot CA2PF 12-Foot ES404 + CA2PF 3 -Foot ES404 + CA2PF 3 -Foot ES404 + CA2PF 3 -Foot Recycle Dead-end Recycle Recycle Recycle Dead-end 3-1 ------- 6/16/09 6/17/09 6/17/09 6/8/09 7/16/09 7/20/09 7/22/09 8/4/09 8/5/09 8/6/09 6/3/09 6/4/09 6/5/09 6/16/09 6/17/09 6/17/09 7/1/09 7/2/09 7/06/09 B. subtilis Test 7 B. subtilis Test 8 B. subtilis Test 9 E. coll Test 1 E. coll Test 2 E. coll Test 3 E. coll Test 4 PSL Bead Test 1 PSL Bead Test 2 PSL Bead Test 3 TOC & Color Test 1 TOC& Color Test 2 TOC & Color Test 3 TOC & Color Test 4 TOC & Color Test 5 TOC & Color Test 6 TOC & Color Test 7 TOC & Color Test 8 TOC & Color Test 9 ES404 + AFC303-Foot ES404 + AFC303-Foot ES404 + AFC303-Foot ES404 + CA2PF 3 -Foot ITTFyne:CA2PF 12-Foot ITTFyne:CA2PF 12-Foot ITTFyne:CA2PF 12-Foot ITTFyne:CA2PF 12-Foot ITTFyne:CA2PF 12-Foot ITTFyne: CA2PF 12-Foot ES404 + CA2PF 3 -Foot ES404 + CA2PF 3 -Foot ES404 + CA2PF 3 -Foot ES404 + AFC303-Foot ES404 + AFC303-Foot ES404 + AFC303-Foot CA2PF 12-Foot CA2PF 12-Foot CA2PF 12-Foot Recycle Recycle Dead-end Recycle Recycle Recycle Dead-end Recycle Recycle Dead-end Recycle Recycle Dead-end Recycle Recycle Dead-end Recycle Dead-end Recycle 3.1 B. subtilis Field Test Results The following test runs were conducted on the 3-foot ITT Fyne Technology system and the GE Pentair system in 2008 to evaluate the removal of B. subtilis: • Test 1 - ITT Fyne Technology System (Membrane 1: ES404 and Membrane 2: CA2PF) in Recycle Mode • Test 2 - GE Pentair System in Dead-End Mode • Test 3 - ITT Fyne Technology System (Membrane 1: ES404 and Membrane 2: CA2PF) in Recycle Mode (Replicate of Test 1) • Test 4 - GE Pentair System in Dead-End Mode (Replicate of Test 2) • Test 5 - ITT Fyne Technology System (Membrane 1: ES404 and Membrane 2: CA2PF) in Dead-End Mode • Test 6 - ITT Fyne Technology System (Membrane 1: ES404 and Membrane 2: CA2PF) in Dead-End Mode (Replicate of Test 5) 3-2 ------- The following test runs were conducted on the 3-foot ITT Fyne Technology system and the Virex Pro system in 2009 to evaluate the removal of B. subtilis: • Test 1 - Virex Pro System in Dead-End Mode • Test 2 - ITT Fyne Technology System (Membrane 1: ES404 and Membrane 2: AFC30) in Recycle Mode • Test 3 - Virex Pro System in Dead-End Mode (Replicate of Test 1) • Test 4 - ITT Fyne Technology System (Membrane 1: ES404 and Membrane 2: AFC30) in Recycle Mode (Replicate of Test 2) • Test 5 - ITT Fyne Technology System (Membrane 1: ES404 and Membrane 2: AFC30) in Recycle mode (Replicate of Test 2) The test results are organized by system in the following sections. The performance of a system at a particular sampling event was evaluated by comparing the influent and effluent concentrations of the contaminant and calculating an average log removal value was determined comparing the average influent and effluent concentrations of the contaminant during a particular test. 3.1.1 B. subtilis Test Results for the ITT Fyne Technology System Table 3-2 presents the B. subtilis analytical results for four tests conducted on the 3-foot ITT Fyne Technology system at Ely, MN in August 2008. For these tests, the B. subtilis suspension was injected into the system approximately 10 minutes prior to the TO sample (which was collected when permeate was observed to discharge from the system). Injection was completed just before the T5 samples were taken (followed by a chaser solution of Tween-20 for another 15 minutes). The system accidentally went into the foam-ball cleaning mode immediately after the T30 samples had been collected. T60 samples were collected after the system was restarted. The ES404 and the CA2PF membranes both achieved complete removal of B. subtilis in a number of sampling events during the challenge tests. The average performance achieved by the ES404 membrane in the recycle mode ranged from 6.2 log to complete removal (> 6.9 log) and that in the dead-end mode ranged from 4.3 log to complete removal (> 6.1 log). The average performance achieved by the CA2PF membrane in the recycle mode was 5.8 log and that in the dead-end mode ranged from 4.4 log to complete removal (> 6.1 log). Thus, the ES404 membrane performed slightly better in removing B. subtilis than the CA2PF membrane even though the CA2PF with a MWCO of 2000 Daltons is a tighter membrane than the ES404 membrane (which has a MWCO of 4000 Daltons). Table 3-3 presents the B. subtilis analytical results for the three tests conducted on the 3-foot ITT Fyne Technology system in Ely, MN in September 2009. Collection of effluent samples started at 15 minutes after the start of the injection as there was a lag time of 15 minutes between the 3-3 ------- influent and effluent for filling the system shroud. The ES404 and the CA2PF membranes both achieved complete removal of B. subtilis in a number of sampling events during the challenge tests. The average performance of the ES404 membrane in three tests in the recycle mode ranged from 5.0 log to complete removal (> 5.8 log). The average log removal value achieved by the AFC30 membrane in three tests in the recycle mode was 4.8. Thus, the ES404 membrane performed slightly better in removing B. subtilis than the AFC30 membrane even though the AFC30 with a MWCO of 1000 Daltons is a tighter membrane than the ES404 membrane. 3-4 ------- Table 3.2. R subtilis Analytical Results for ITT Fyne Technology System (ES404 and CA2PF) at Ely, MN in August 2008 Sampling Time (min) No. Cells/100 ml IN Outl (ES404) Out 2 (CA2PF) Log Removal ES404 CA2PF Average Log Removal Test 1: Recycle Mode TO T5 T15 TISDup T30 T60 N/Ab 7.2 x I0b 7.6 x I0b 7.3 x I0b 7.9 x I0b 3.4 x ios N/DC N/DC N/DC 20 N/DC N/DC 275 N/DC 10 N/DC 20 20 - CR (> 6.9) CR (> 6.9) 5.6 CR (> 6.9) CR(>5.5) - CR (> 6.9) 5.9 CR (> 6.9) 5.6 4.2 ES404: 6.2 CA2PF: 5.8 Test 3: Recycle Mode TO T5 T15 TISDup T30 T60 N/Ab 8.8 x I0b 7.6 x I0b 8.2 x I0b 7.4 x I0b N/Ab N/DC N/DC N/DC N/DC N/DC N/DC 30 30 10 20 N/DC N/DC - CR (> 6.9) CR (> 6.9) CR (> 6.9) CR (> 6.9) - - 5.5 5.9 5.6 CR (> 6.9) - ES404: CR (> 6.9) CA2PF: 5.7 Test 5: Dead-End Mode TO T5 T15 T15Dupa T30 T60 1.4 x I0b 1.0 x 1Q5 2.5 x I0b 8.0 x 104 8.0 x ios 2.8 x 1Q5 N/DC N/DC N/DC N/DC 100 160 N/DC 200 N/DC N/DC N/DC N/DC CR (> 6.2) CR(>5.0) CR (> 6.4) CR (> 4.9) 3.9 3.2 CR (> 6.2) 2.7 CR (> 6.4) CR (> 4.9) CR(>5.9) CR(>5.5) ES404: 4.3 CA2PF: 4.4 Test 6: Dead-End Mode TO T5 T15 TISDup T30 T60a 3.6 x 1Q5 1.9 x I0b 3.6 x ios 3.1 x iob 3.0 x 1Q5 4.0 x 104 N/DC N/DC N/DC N/DC N/DC N/DC N/DC N/DC N/DC N/DC N/DC N/DC CR(>5.6) CR (> 6.3) CR(>5.6) CR (> 6.5) CR(>5.5) CR (> 4.6) CR(>5.6) CR (> 6.3) CR(>5.6) CR (> 6.5) CR(>5.5) CR (> 4.6) ES404: CR(>6.1) CA2PF: CR(>6.1) aData not considered for performance evaluation due to low influent concentration; ""Not Available, samples were underdiluted; °Not detected, no plaques were observed on any of the 10 plates for the sample CR - Complete Removal, log removal value was based on the influent concentration 3-5 ------- Table 3.3. R subtilis Analytical Results for ITT Fyne Technology System (ES404 and AFC30) at Ely, MN in September 2009 Sampling Time (min) No. Cells/100 ml IN Outl (ES404) Out 2 (AFC 30) Log Removal ES404 AFC30 Average Log Removal Test 2: Recycle Mode T0a T5 T15 TISDup T30 T60a N/DC 1.5 x ios 5.0 x 105 5.9 x 105 1.1 x iob 30 N/DC N/DC N/DC N/DC N/DC N/DC N/DC N/DC 5 10 20 10 - CR(>5.2) CR(>5.7) CR(>5.8) CR (> 6.0) - CR(>5.2) 5.0 4.8 4.8 ES404: CR(>5.8) AFC30: 4.9 Test 4: Recycle Mode T0a T5 T15 TISDup T30 T60 7.0 x 102 2.0 x 104 3.5 x 1Q5 3.9 x ios 3.6 x 1Q5 N/Ab 5 5 N/DC N/DC 5 N/DC 5 5 10 10 20 10 - 3.6 CR(>5.5) CR(>5.6) 4.9 - - 3.6 4.5 4.6 4.3 - ES404: 5.0 AFC30: 4.4 Test 5: Recycle Mode T0a T5 T15 TISDup T30 T60 1.0 x 1QJ 7.6 x 104 5.3 x 1Q5 5.2 x 1Q5 9.8 x ios N/Ab N/DC N/DC N/DC N/DC N/DC N/DC N/DC 5 N/DC 10 5 5 - CR (> 4.9) CR(>5.7) CR(>5.7) CR (> 6.0) - - 4.2 CR(>5.7) 4.7 5.3 - ES404: CR(>5.7) AFC30: 5.0 aData not considered for performance evaluation due to lower influent concentration; 'Not Available, samples were underdiluted; °Not detected, no plaques were observed on any of the 10 plates for the sample CR - Complete Removal, log removal value was based on the influent concentration 3-6 ------- 3.1.2 B. subtilis Test Results for the GE Pentair System Table 3-4 presents the B. subtilis analytical results for two tests conducted on the GE Pentair System at Ely, MN in August 2008. For these tests, the injection was started just prior to taking the TO sample and completed at T30. The chaser solution was then started and the injection was completed at T60. The system averaged a log removal of 5.0 based on these two tests. Table 3.4. B. subtilis Analytical Results for GE Pentair System at Ely, MN in August 2008 Sampling Time (min) No. Cells/100 ml IN Out Log Removal Average Log Removal Test 2: Dead-End Mode TO T5 T15 TISDup T30 T60a N/Ab 7.6 x I0b 3.8 x I0b 7.0 x I0b 3.4 x I0b 2.0 x 1QJ 35 100 300 30 20 N/DC - 4.9 4.1 5.4 5.2 CR(>3.3) 4.7 Test 4: Dead-End Mode T0a T5 T15 TISDup T30 T60a 8.0 x 104 3.0 x I0b 2.1 x iob 6.4 x I0b 3.0 x I0b 1.6 x 104 N/DC 40 N/DC 10 30 N/DC CR (> 4.9)) 4.9 CR (> 6.3) 5.8 5.0 CR (> 4.2) 5.3 aData not considered for performance evaluation due to low influent concentration' "TSTot Available, sample was underdiluted; °Not detected, no plaques were observed on any of the 10 plates for the sample CR - Complete Removal, log removal value was based on the influent concentration 3.1.3 B. subtilis Tests Results for the Virex Pro System Table 3-5 presents the B. subtilis analytical results for two tests conducted on the Virex Pro system at Ely, MN in 2009. For these tests, the B. subtilis injection was completed at T30 and injection of the chaser solution injection completed at T60. The Virex Pro system achieved complete removal (> 4.7 log) of B. subtilis in two tests conducted in the dead-end mode of operation. 3-7 ------- Table 3.5. B. subtilis Analytical Results for Virex Pro System at Ely, MN in September 2009 Sampling Time (min) No. Cells/100 ml IN Out Log Removal Average Log Removal Test 1: Dead-End Mode T0a T5 T15 TISDup T30 T60a N/DC N/Ab 4.0 x 104 4.0 x 104 8.0 x 104 1.6 x 10J N/DC N/DC N/DC N/DC N/DC N/DC - - CR (> 4.6) CR (> 4.6) CR (> 4.9) CR(>3.2) CR (> 4.7) Test 3: Dead-End Mode T0a T5 T15 TISDup T30 T60 N/DC 7.5 x 104 8.5 x 104 7.0 x 104 1.2 x 1Q5 2.2 x 104 N/DC N/DC N/DC N/DC N/DC N/DC - - CR (> 4.9) CR (> 4.8) CR(>5.1) CR (> 4.3) CR (> 4.6) aData not considered for performance evaluation due to low influent concentration; "TSTot Available, sample was overdiluted; °Not detected, no plaques were observed on any of the 10 plates for the sample CR - Complete Removal, log removal value was based on the influent concentration. 3.2 MS2 bacteriophage Field Test Results The following test runs were conducted on the 3-foot ITT Fyne Technology system and the Virex Pro system at the field site in September 2009 to evaluate the removal of MS2 bacteriophage: • Test 1 - Virex Pro System in Dead-End Mode • Test 2 - ITT Fyne Technology System (Membrane 1: ES404 and Membrane 2: AFC30) in Recycle Mode • Test 3 - ITT Fyne Technology System (Membrane 1: ES404 and Membrane 2: AFC30) in Recycle Mode (Replicate of Test 2) • Test 4 - ITT Fyne Technology System (Membrane 1: ES404 and Membrane 2: AFC30) in Recycle Mode (Replicate of Test 2) 3.2.1 MS2 bacteriophage Results for Virex Pro System Table 3-6 presents the MS2 bacteriophage analytical results for the single test conducted on the Virex Pro system at Ely, MN in September 2009. For this test, the MS2 bacteriophage injection was completed at T30 and injection of the chaser solution injection completed at T60. Complete 3-8 ------- removal (> 4.7 log) of MS2 bacteriophage was achieved by the Virex Pro system in the single test conducted in the dead-end mode of operation. Table 3.6. MS2 bacteriophage Analytical Results for Virex Pro System at Ely, MN in September 2009 Sampling Time (min) TO T5 T15 TISDup T30 T60a No. Cells/100 ml IN N/Ab 5.0 x 104 5.0 x 104 6.0 x 104 2.0 x 104 6.2 x 1QJ Out N/DC N/DC N/DC N/DC N/DC N/DC Log Removal - CR (> 4.7) CR (> 4.7) CR (> 4.8) CR (> 4.3) CR(>3.8) Average Log Removal CR (> 4.7) aData not considered for performance evaluation due to low influent concentration; ""Not Available, sample was underdiluted; °Not detected, no plaques were observed on any of the 10 plates for the sample CR - Complete Removal, log removal value was based on the influent concentration 3.2.2 MS2 bacteriophage Results for ITT Fyne Technology System Table 3-7 presents the MS2 analytical results for three MS2 bacteriophage tests conducted on the 3-foot ITT Fyne Technology system in September 2009. Collection of effluent samples started at approximately 15 minutes after the start of the injection as there was a lag time of 15 minutes between the influent and effluent for filling the system shroud. The average performance of the ES404 membrane in removing MS2 bacteriophage ranged from 4.1 log to complete removal (> 5.3 log) in the three tests conducted in recycle mode of operation. A small number of MS2 bacteriophage was detected in effluent samples of AFC30 membrane and the average log removal in three tests was 4.2. Thus, the performance of the ES404 membrane is comparable to the tighter AFC30 membrane. 3-9 ------- Table 3.7. MS2 bacteriophage Analytical Results for ITT Fyne Technology System (ES404 and AFC30) at Ely, MN in September 2009 Sampling Time (min) No. Cells/100 ml IN Outl (ES404) Out 2 (AFC30) Log Removal ES404 AFC30 Average Log Removal Test 2: Recycle Mode TO T5a T15 TISDup T30 T60 N/Ab 8.0 x 1QJ 1.2 x 1Q5 1.6 x 1Q5 2.8 x 1Q5 N/Ab N/DC N/DC N/DC N/DC N/DC N/DC N/DC 5 8 6 6 N/DC - CR(>3.9) CR(>5.1) CR(>5.2) CR(>5.5) - - 3.2 4.2 4.4 4.7 - ES404: CR(>5.3) AFC30: 4.5 Test 3: Recycle Mode TO T5 T15 TISDup T30 T60 N/Ab 2.4 x 104 1.6 x 1Q5 1.9 x 10' 3.9 x 1Q5 N/Ab 18 6 26 18 10 8 16 12 10 22 18 28 - 3.6 3.8 4.0 4.6 - - 3.3 4.2 3.9 4.4 - ES404:4.1 AFC30:4.1 Test 4: Recycle Mode TO T5 T15 TISDup T30 T60 N/Ab 1.2 x 104 1.7 x 1Q5 3.7 x 1Q5 4.0 x 10' N/Ab - 4 13 - 7 - - 12 13 - 31 - - 3.5 4.1 - 4.8 - - 3.0 4.1 - 4.1 ES404: 4.5 AFC30:4.1 aData not considered for performance evaluation due to lower influent concentration; TSTot available, sample was underdiluted; °Not detected, no plaques were observed on any of the 10 plates for the sample CR - Complete Removal, log removal value was based on the influent concentration 3.3 Microbiological Tests Results at the T&E Facility for the ITT Fyne Technology System Microbiological tests at the T&E Facility were conducted on the ITT Fyne Technology System only. 3-10 ------- 3.3.1 B. subtilis Test Results for the ITT Fyne Technology System 12-Foot Module Table 3-8 presents the B. subtilis test results for the following test runs conducted on the 12-foot ITT Fyne Technology systems consisting of the CA2PF membrane with a MWCO of 2000 Dal tons at the T&E Facility: • Test 1 - ITT Fyne Technology System 12-foot horizontal module (Membrane: CA2PF) in Recycle Mode • Test 2 - ITT Fyne Technology System 12-foot horizontal module (Membrane: CA2PF) in Dead-End Mode • Test 3 - ITT Fyne Technology System 12-foot horizontal module (Membrane: CA2PF) in Recycle Mode (Replicate of Test 1) The system was operated at approximately 1.25 gpm in the recycle mode and approximately 1.50 gpm in the dead-end mode. The operating feed and reject pressures were ~ 90 psi and ~ 50 psi, respectively. For these tests, the B. subtilis injection was completed at T30 and injection of the chaser solution injection completed at T60. The unit achieved complete removal of B. subtilis in a number of sampling events during the two tests conducted in recycle mode of operation. The average log removal achieved by the system in two tests in the recycle mode was 4.8. The log removal achieved by the system in a single test conducted in the dead-end mode was 4.2. 3-11 ------- Table 3.8. B. subtilis Analytical Results for ITT Fyne Technology System 12-Foot Horizontal Module (CA2PF) at the T&E Facility Sampling Time (min) No. Cells/100 ml IN Out Log Removal Average Log Removal Test 1: Recycle Mode T0a T5 T10 T20 T30 T60a N/Db 8.0 x ios 1.2 x 10" 7.0 x 1Q5 1.0 x I0b 3.3 x 104 N/Db 70 30 10 30 10 N/A 4.1 4.6 4.9 4.5 3.5 4.4 Test 2: Dead-End Mode T0a T5 T10 T20 T30 T60a N/Db 9.0 x 1Q5 8.0 x 1Q5 1.1 x iob 8.2 x 1Q5 2.5 x 104 N/Db 30 15 90 80 15 N/A 4.5 4.7 4.1 4.0 3.2 4.2 Test 3: Recycle Mode T0a T5 T10 T20 T30 T60 15 2.6 x 1Q5 2.3 x 1Q5 3.0 x 1Q5 2.8 x 10' 1.7 x 1Q5 5 5 N/Db 5 N/Db N/Db N/A 4.7 CR(>5.4) 4.8 CR(>5.5) CR(>5.2) 5.1 aData not considered for performance evaluation due to lower influent concentration 'Not detected, no plaques were observed on any of the 10 plates for the sample CR - Complete Removal, log removal value was based on the influent concentration 3.3.2 B. subtilis Test Results for ITT Fyne Technology System 3-Foot Modules Table 3-9 presents the B. subtilis analytical results for the following three tests conducted on the 3-foot ITT Fyne Technology system consisting of ES404 membrane with MWCO of 4000 Daltons and CA2PF membrane with a MWCO of 2000 Daltons. • Test 4 - ITT Fyne Technology 3-foot vertical modules (Membrane 1: ES404 and Membrane 2: CA2PF) in Recycle mode • Test 5 - ITT Fyne Technology System 3-foot vertical modules (Membrane 1: ES404 and Membrane 2: CA2PF) in Recycle Mode (Replicate of Test 4) • Test 6 - ITT Fyne Technology System 3-foot vertical module (Membrane 1: ES404 and Membrane 2: CA2PF) in Dead-End Mode 3-12 ------- The system was operated at approximately 0.70 gpm in the recycle mode and approximately 0.90 gpm in the dead-end mode. The operating feed and reject pressures were approximately 80 psi and approximately 30 psi, respectively. For these tests, the B. subtilis injection was completed at T30 and injection of the chaser solution injection completed at T60. The CA2PF membrane (MWCO: 2000 Daltons) in the 3 feet vertical module achieved complete removal of B. subtilis in both recycle (> 6.2 log) and dead-end (> 5.8 log) modes of operations. The ES404 membrane (MWCO: 4000 Daltons) achieved an average log removal value of 3.4 in two tests conducted in the recycle mode of operation. The log removal value achieved by the ES404 membrane in a single test in the dead-end mode was 4.1. The poor log removal achieved by the ES404 membrane led to the speculation that the membrane may have been damaged and the ES404 membrane was replaced with a new membrane while the CA2PF membrane was replaced with an AFC30 membrane with a MWCO of 1000 Daltons. Table 3-10 presents the B. subtilis results for the following three tests conducted with the ES404 membrane and the AFC30 membrane: • Test 7 - ITT Fyne Technology System 3-foot vertical modules in Recycle Mode (Membrane 1: ES404 New and Membrane 2: AFC30) • Test 8 - ITT Fyne Technology System 3-foot vertical modules in Recycle Mode (Membrane 1: ES404 New and Membrane 2: AFC30) (Replicate of Test 7) • Test 9 - ITT Fyne Technology System 3-foot vertical modules (Membrane 1: ES 404 New and Membrane 2: AFC30) in Dead-End Mode The system was operated at approximately 0.42 gpm in the recycle mode and approximately 0.52 gpm in the dead-end mode. The operating feed and reject pressures were approximately 80 psi and approximately 30 psi, respectively. For these tests, the B. subtilis injection was completed at T30 and injection of the chaser solution injection completed at T60. Both, the AFC30 membrane and the ES404 membrane achieved complete removal of B. subtilis in both the recycle (> 6.3 log) and dead-end mode (> 6.0 log) of operations. The results on the new ES404 membrane confirm that the ES404 membrane used in Test Nos. 4, 5 and 6 had been compromised. 3-13 ------- Table 3.9. R subtilis Analytical Results for ITT Fyne Technology System 3-Foot Modules (ES404 and CA2PF) at the T&E Facility Sampling Time (min) No. Cells/100 ml IN Outl (ES404) Out 2 (CA2PF) Log Removal ES404 CA2PF Average Log Removal Test 4: Recycle Mode T0a T5 T10 T20 T30 T60a N/Db 7.0 x ios 1.0 x 10" 1.7 x 10" 2.1 x iob 4.4 x 104 N/Db 2.1 x io2 3.2 x IO2 9.3 x IO2 1.0 x 10J N/Db N/Db N/Db N/Db N/Db N/Db N/Db - 3.5 3.5 3.3 3.3 CR (>4.6) - CR(>5.9) CR (>6.0) CR (>6.2) CR (>6.3) CR (>4.6) ES404: 3.4 CA2PF: CR (>6.2) Test 5: Recycle Mode T0a T5 T10 T20 T30 T60a 10 3.0 x 1Q5 7.5 x 1Q5 3.0 x I0b 2.0 x I0b 1.1 x io4 10 1.3 x IO2 3.9 x IO2 1.1 x 1QJ 1.3 x 1QJ 2.0 x IO2 N/Db N/Db N/Db N/Db N/Db N/Db - 3.4 3.3 3.4 3.2 1.7 - CR(>5.5) CR(>5.9) CR (>6.5) CR (>6.3) CR (>4.0) ES404: 3.3 CA2PF: CR (>6.2) Test 6: Dead-End Mode T0a T5 T10 T20 T30 T60a 100 2.1 x iob 1.5 x 10" 4.2 x I0b 4.6 x 10" 1.0 x 104 300 1.2 x IO2 4.5 x IO2 1.7 x IO2 3.6 x IO2 15 N/Db 20 N/Db N/Db N/Db N/Db - 4.2 3.5 4.4 4.1 2.8 - 5.0 CR (>6.2) CR (>6.6) CR (>6.7) CR (>4.2) ES404:4.1 CA2PF: approximately CR(>5.8) aData not considered for performance evaluation due to lower influent concentration 'Not detected, no plaques were observed on any of the 10 plates for the sample CR - Complete Removal, log removal value was based on the influent concentration 3-14 ------- Table 3.10. R subtilis Analytical Results for ITT Fyne Technology System 3-Foot Vertical Modules (ES404 and AFC30) at the T&E Facility Sampling Time (min) No. Cells/100 ml IN Outl (ES404) Out 2 (AFC30) Log Removal ES404 AFC30 Average Log Removal Test 7: Recycle Mode T0a T5 T10 T20 T30 T60a N/Db 3.0 x ios 9.0 x 1Q5 1.4 x 10" 2.7 x I0b 1.1 x io4 N/Db 10 N/Db N/Db N/Db N/Db N/Db 5 N/Db N/Db N/Db N/Db - 4.5 CR (> 6.0) CR (> 6.2) CR (> 6.4) CR (> 4.0) - 4.8 CR (> 6.0) CR (> 6.2) CR (> 6.4) CR (> 4.0) ES404: CR(>5.7) AFC30: CR (> 6.0) Test 8: Recycle Mode T0a T5 T10 T20 T30 T60a 5 1.0 x 1Q5 7.0 x 1Q5 3.2 x I0b 4.0 x I0b N/Db N/Db N/Db N/Db N/Db N/Db N/Db N/Db N/Db N/Db N/Db N/Db N/Db - CR(>5.0) CR(>5.8) CR (> 6.5) CR (> 6.6) - - CR(>5.0) CR(>5.8) CR (> 6.5) CR (> 6.6) - ES404: CR (> 6.3) AFC30: CR (> 6.3) Test 9: Dead-End Mode T0a T5 T10 T20 T30 T60a 140 1.0 x 1Q5 3.0 x 1Q5 1.3 x I0b 2.0 x 10" N/Db N/Db N/Db N/Db N/Db N/Db N/Db N/Db N/Db N/Db N/Db N/Db N/Db - CR(>5.0) CR(>5.5) CR(>6.1) CR (> 6.3) - - CR(>5.0) CR(>5.5) CR(>6.1) CR (> 6.3) - ES404: CR (> 6.0) AFC30: CR (> 6.0) aData not considered for performance evaluation due to lower influent concentration 'Not detected, no plaques were observed on any of the 10 plates for the sample CR - Complete Removal, log removal value was based on the influent concentration 3.3.3 E. co/i Test Results for the ITT Fyne Technology System 12-Foot Module Table 3-11 presents the analytical results for the following three tests conducted on the 12-foot ITT Fyne Technology system to evaluate the removal of E. coir. • Test 2 - ITT Fyne Technology System 12-foot horizontal module (Membrane: CA2PF) in the Recycle Mode • Test 3 - ITT Fyne Technology System 12-foot horizontal module (Membrane: CA2PF) in the Recycle Mode (Replicate of Testl) 3-15 ------- • Test 4 - ITT Fyne Technology System 12-foot horizontal module (Membrane: CA2PF) in the Dead-End Mode The system was operated at approximately 1.50 gpm in both the recycle mode and the dead-end mode of operation. The operating feed and reject pressures were approximately 90 psi and approximately 50 psi, respectively. For these tests, the E. coli injection was completed at T30 and injection of the chaser solution injection completed at T60. The system achieved complete removal of E. coli in both the recycle mode (>7.4 log) and the dead-end mode (> 6.0 log) of operations. Table 3.11. E. coli Analytical Results for ITT Fyne Technology System 12-Foot Horizontal Module (CA2PF) at the T&E Facility Sampling Time (min) No. Cells/100 ml IN Out Log Removal Average Log Removal Test 2: Recycle Mode T0a T5 T10 T20 T30 T60 N/DC 1.4 x 1Q5 N/Ab 8.3 x io5 1.3 x 1Q5 2.4 x 10" N/DC N/DC N/DC N/DC N/DC N/DC - CR(>5.2) - CR(>5.9) CR(>5.1) CR (> 6.4) CR(>5.9) Test 3: Recycle Mode T0a T5 T10 T20 T30 T60 291 8.7 x I0b 2.4 x 107 2.4 x 107 2.4 x 107 2.4 x 107 N/DC N/DC N/DC N/DC N/DC N/DC - CR (> 6.9) CR (> 7.4) CR (> 7.4) CR (> 7.4) CR (> 7.4) CR (> 7.4) Test 4: Dead-End Mode T0a T5 T10 T20 T30 T60 N/DC 4.7 x 1Q5 1.3 x 10" 1.2 x 10" 1.2 x 10" 4.0 x 1Q5 N/DC N/DC N/DC N/DC N/DC N/DC - CR(>5.7) CR(>6.1) CR(>6.1) CR(>6.1) CR(>5.6) CR (> 6.0) aData not considered for performance evaluation due to lower influent concentration; "TSTot available, sample spilled during analysis; °Not detected, no plaques were observed on any of the 10 plates for the sample CR - Complete Removal, log removal value was based on the influent concentration 3-16 ------- 3.3.4 E. co/i Tests for ITT Fyne Technology System 3-Foot Modules Table 3-12 presents the E. coli analytical results for the single test conducted on the 3-foot ITT Fyne Technology system with the ES404 membrane and CA2PF membrane. The system was operated at approximately 0.70 gpm in recycle mode of operation. The operating feed and reject pressures were approximately 80 psi and approximately 30 psi, respectively. For this test, the E. coli injection was completed at T30 and injection of the chaser solution injection completed at T60. The CA2PF in achieved a log removal of 4.2 while the ES404 achieved a log removal of 3.5. This test was conducted on the ES 404 membrane that was suspected faulty during B. subtilis tests. Table 3.12. E. coli Analytical Results for ITT Fyne Technology System 3-Foot Vertical Modules (ES404 and CA2PF) at the T&E Facility Sampling Time (min) No. Cells/100 ml IN Outl (ES404) Out 2 (CA2PF) Log Removal ES404 CA2PF Average Log Removal Test 1: Recycle Mode T0a T5 T10 T20 T30 T60a N/Db 3.1 x io4 8.2 x 104 3.5 x 104 7.3 x 104 2.4 x 10' N/Db 1 72 5 1 6 N/Db 11 N/Db 2 1 N/Db - 4.5 3.1 3.8 4.9 2.6 - 3.5 CR (> 4.9) 4.2 4.9 CR(>3.4) ES404: 3.5 CA2PF: 4.2 aData not considered for performance evaluation due to lower influent concentration 'Not detected, no plaques were observed on any of the 10 plates for the sample CR - Complete Removal, log removal value was based on the influent concentration 3.3.5 PSL Beads Test Results for the ITT Fyne Technology System 12-Foot Module Table 3-13 presents the analytical results for the following three tests using PSL beads (a non- biological surrogate for Cryptosporidium) conducted on the 12-foot ITT Fyne Technology system with the CA2PF membrane: • Test 1 - ITT Fyne Technology System 12-foot horizontal module (Membrane: CA2PF) in Recycle Mode • Test 2 - ITT Fyne Technology System 12-foot horizontal module (Membrane: CA2PF) in Recycle Mode (Replicate of Testl) • Test 3 - ITT Fyne Technology System 12-foot horizontal module (Membrane: CA2PF) in Dead-End Mode The system was operated at approximately 1.50 gpm in both recycle and dead-end modes of operation. The operating feed and reject pressures were approximately 90 psi and approximately 3-17 ------- 50 psi, respectively. For these tests, the PSL beads injection was completed at T30 and injection of the chaser solution injection completed at T60. The system achieved complete removal of PSL beads in a number of sampling events during the two tests conducted in the recycle mode of operation. The average log removal achieved by the system in the recycle mode was 2.7. The log removal achieved by the system in a single test in the dead-end mode was 2.2. The relatively inferior removal of PSL beads may possibly be attributed to the surface characteristics of membrane as well as solution properties, such as pH and ionic strength, which may impact removal. Table 3.13. PSL Beads Analytical Results for the ITT Fyne Technology System 12-Foot Horizontal Module (CA2PF) at the T&E Facility Sampling Time (min) No. of Beads/1000 ml IN Out Log Removal Average Log Removal Test 1: Recycle Mode T0a T5 T15 T30 T60a 1.3 x 104 3.6 x 105 2.8 x 10' 1.9 x 10" 3.2 x 104 5.8 x 102 4.2 x 10J 1.7 x 10J N/Db N/Db 1.4 1.9 2.2 CR (> 6.3) CR (> 4.5) 2.6 Test 2: Recycle Mode T0a T5 T15 T30 T60a 8.3 x 102 7.9 x 105 6.5 x 105 2.7 x 105 2.9 x 104 N/Db 2.5 x 10J N/Db N/Db 1.7 x 104 CR (> 2.9) 2.5 CR(>5.8) CR(>5.4) 0.2 2.8 Test 3: Dead-end Mode T0a T5 T15 T30 T60a 8.3 x 102 3.5 x 105 9.3 x 105 8.9 x 10' 9.2 x 10' N/Db 5.8 x 10J 2.5 x 10J 5.0 x 1QJ 1.7 x 10J CR (> 2.9) 1.8 2.6 2.3 0.7 2.2 aData not considered for performance evaluation due to lower influent concentration 'Not detected, no beads were observed in the sample CR - Complete Removal, log removal value was based on the influent concentration 3-18 ------- 3.4 TOO and Color Test Results at the T&E Facility The following test runs were conducted on the ITT Fyne Technology systems at the T&E Facility to evaluate the removal of TOC and Color: • Test 1 - ITT Fyne Technology 3-foot vertical modules (Membrane 1: ES404 and Membrane 2: CA2PF) in Recycle Mode • Test 2 - ITT Fyne Technology System 3-foot vertical modules (Membrane 1: ES404 and Membrane 2: CA2PF) in Recycle Mode (Replicate of Test 4) • Test 3 - ITT Fyne Technology System 3-foot vertical module (Membrane 1: ES404 and Membrane 2: CA2PF) in Dead-End Mode • Test 4 - ITT Fyne Technology System 3-foot vertical modules in Recycle Mode (Membrane 1: ES404 New and Membrane 2: AFC30) • Test 5 - ITT Fyne Technology System 3-foot vertical modules in Recycle Mode (Membrane 1: ES404 New and Membrane 2: AFC30) (Replicate of Test 7) • Test 6 - ITT Fyne Technology System 3-foot vertical modules in Recycle Mode (Membrane 1: ES404 New and Membrane 2: AFC30) in Dead-End Mode • Test 7 - ITT Fyne Technology System 12-foot horizontal module (Membrane: CA2PF- 2000) in Recycle Mode • Test 8 - ITT Fyne Technology System 12-foot horizontal module (Membrane: CA2PF) in Recycle Mode (Replicate of Test 1) • Test 9 - ITT Fyne Technology System 12-foot horizontal module (Membrane: CA2PF) in Dead-End Mode 3.4.1 TOC and Color Test Results for the ITT Fyne Technology System 12-Foot Module Tables 3-14 and 3-15 present the TOC and Color analytical results, respectively for three tests conducted on the ITT Fyne Technology system 12-foot horizontal module consisting of the CA2PF membrane with a MWCO of 2000 Daltons. The system was operated at approximately 1.50 gpm in both recycle and dead-end modes of operation. The operating feed and reject pressures were approximately 90 psi and approximately 50 psi, respectively. For these tests, feed water with a target TOC concentration of 10 mg/L was prepared by mixing Bio-hume in dechlorinated potable water. The system removed 83.6% of the TOC in the recycle mode and 80.8% in the dead-end mode. For color, the system achieved an average percent removal 96.3% in the recycle mode and 93.4% in the dead-end mode. 3-19 ------- Table 3.14. TOC Analytical Results for ITT Fyne Technology System 12-Foot Horizontal Module (CA2PF) at the T&E Facility Sampling Time (min) TOC (mg/L) IN Out Percent Removal Average Percent Removal Test 7: Recycle Mode T0a T10a T30 T60 -1.47 1.54 5.60 5.16 2.46 0.87 0.70 1.03 N/Ab N/Ab 87.5 80.0 83.8 Test 8: Recycle Mode TO T10 T30 T60 9.77 10.40 10.50 10.67 1.57 1.67 1.78 1.90 83.9 83.9 83.0 82.8 83.3 Test 9: Dead-End Mode TO T10 T30 T60 9.16 9.13 9.22 9.91 2.20 1.59 1.61 1.76 76.0 82.6 82.5 82.2 80.8 aData not considered for performance evaluation due to lower influent concentration; 'Not Available 3-20 ------- Table 3.15. Color Analytical Results for ITT Fyne Technology System 12-Foot Horizontal Module (CA2PF) at the T&E Facility Sampling Time (min) Color (Pt-Co Unit) IN Out Percent Removal Average Percent Removal Test 7: Recycle Mode T0a T10a T30 T60 approximately 2 286 586 546 approximately 2 approximately 2 approximately 2 approximately 2 N/Ab N/Ab 99.6 99.6 99.6 Test 8: Recycle Mode TO T10 T30 T60 736 734 754 796 35 61 67 52 95.2 91.7 91.2 93.5 92.9 Test 9: Dead-End Mode TO T10 T30 T60 662 682 736 724 48 47 41 49 92.7 93.2 94.4 93.3 93.4 aData not considered for performance evaluation due to lower influent concentration; 'Not Available 3.4.2 TOC and Color Test Results for ITT Fyne Technology System 3-Foot Modules Tables 3-16 and 3-17 present the TOC and color analytical results for three tests conducted on the 3-foot ITT Fyne Technology system with the ES404 and CA2PF membranes. The system was operated at approximately 0.70 gpm and approximately 0.90 gpm in recycle and dead-end modes, respectively. The operating feed and reject pressures were approximately 80 psi and approximately 30 psi, respectively. The ES404 membrane removed approximately 89% of the TOC in the recycle mode and 96% in the dead-end mode. The CA2PF membrane removed approximately 67% of the TOC in the recycle mode and 86% in the dead-end mode. The ES404 and CA2PF membranes both removed approximately 98% of the color. Tables 3-18 and 3-19 present the TOC and color analytical results for three tests conducted on the 3-foot ITT Fyne Technology system consisting of the ES404 membrane and the AFC30 membrane. The system was operated at approximately 0.42 gpm and approximately 0.52 gpm in recycle and dead-end modes, respectively. The operating feed and reject pressures were approximately 80 psi and approximately 30 psi, respectively. The ES404 removed approximately 90% of the TOC in both recycle mode and dead-end mode of operations while the 3-21 ------- AFC30 membrane removed approximately 92% of the TOC in the recycle mode and 95% in the dead-end mode. The ES404 removed approximately 97% of the color while the AFC30 membrane removed approximately 99% of the color in both recycle and dead-end modes. Table 3.16. TOC Analytical Results for ITT Fyne Technology System 3-Foot Vertical Modules (ES404 and CA2PF) at the T&E Facility Sampling Time (min) TOC (mg/L) IN Outl (ES404) Out 2 (CA2PF) Percent Removal ES404 CA2PF Average Percent Removal Test 1: Recycle Mode TO T10 T30 T60 5.12 6.40 5.19 6.07 0.67 0.85 0.83 0.72 1.52 2.28 2.57 2.20 86.9 86.7 84.0 88.1 70.3 64.3 50.5 63.7 ES404: 86.4 CA2PF: 62.2 Test 2: Recycle Mode TO T10 T30 T60 5.68 6.82 7.92 6.22 0.53 0.64 0.70 0.55 1.36 - 2.62 1.89 90.7 90.6 91.2 91.2 76.1 N/A 66.9 69.6 ES404: 90.9 CA2PF: 70.8 Test 3: Dead-end Mode TO T10 T30 T60 10.33 12.16 15.93 14.25 0.62 0.44 0.57 0.44 1.17 1.92 2.60 1.82 94.0 96.4 96.4 96.9 88.7 84.2 83.6 87.3 ES404: 95.9 CA2PF: 85.9 3-22 ------- Table 3.17. Color Analytical Results for ITT Fyne Technology System 3-Foot Vertical Modules (ES404 and CA2PF) at the T&E Facility Sampling Time (min) Color (Pt-Co Unit) IN Outl (ES404) Out 2 (CA2PF) Percent Removal ES404 CA2PF Average Percent Removal Test 1: Recycle Mode TO T10 T30 T60 401 734 888 654 11 approximately 2 33 approximately 2 approximately 2 27 15 approximately 2 97.3 99.7 96.2 99.7 99.5 96.3 98.3 99.7 ES404: 98.3 CA2PF: 98.5 Test 2: Recycle Mode TO T10 T30 T60 648 770 770 910 15 4 33 48 approximately 2 58 15 19 97.7 99.5 95.7 94.7 99.6 92.5 98.1 97.8 ES404: 96.9 CA2PF: 97.0 Test 3: Dead-End Mode TO T10 T30 T60 586 668 1006 980 40 2 2 33 49 8 40 40 93.2 99.7 99.8 96.7 91.7 98.8 96.0 95.9 ES404: 97.4 CA2PF: 95.9 3-23 ------- Table 3.18. TOC Analytical Results for ITT Fyne Technology System 3-Foot Vertical Modules (ES404 New and AFC30) at the T&E Facility Sampling Time (min) TOC (mg/L) IN Outl (ES404) Out 2 (AFC30) Percent Removal ES404 AFC30 Average Percent Removal Test 4: Recycle Mode TO T10 T30 T60 5.96 15.77 19.16 13.52 1.03 1.17 1.44 1.22 0.97 0.97 0.88 1.38 82.7 92.6 92.4 90.9 83.7 93.8 95.4 89.8 ES404: 89.7 AFC30: 90.7 Test 5: Recycle Mode TO T10 T30 T60 10.90 16.10 18.74 9.72 0.87 1.64 2.03 1.24 0.88 0.82 0.81 0.75 92.0 89.8 89.2 87.3 91.9 94.9 95.7 92.3 ES404: 89.6 AFC30: 93.7 Test 6: Dead-end Mode TO T10 T30 T60 9.96 12.91 13.53 14.21 1.22 1.42 1.37 1.15 0.56 0.57 0.51 0.64 87.8 89.0 89.8 91.9 94.4 95.6 96.2 95.5 ES404: 89.6 AFC30: 95.4 3-24 ------- Table 3.19. Color Analytical Results for ITT Fyne Technology System 3-Foot Vertical Modules (ES404 New and AFC30) at the T&E Facility Sampling Time (min) Color (Pt-Co Unit) IN Outl (ES404) Out 2 (AFC30) Percent Removal ES404 AFC30 Average Percent Removal Test 4: Recycle Mode TO T10 T30 T60 320 942 1400 900 2 5 19 14 2 23 19 2 99.4 99.5 98.6 98.4 99.4 97.6 98.6 99.8 ES404: 98.9 AFC30: 98.9 Test 5: Recycle Mode TO T10 T30 T60 640 700 920 524 60 30 39 65 approximately 2 23 7 14 90.6 95.7 95.7 87.6 99.7 96.7 99.3 97.3 ES404: 92.4 AFC30: 98.3 Test 6: Dead-End Mode TO T10 T30 T60 688 692 1048 1080 13 22 24 43 2 2 2 14 98.1 96.8 97.7 96.0 99.7 99.7 99.8 98.7 ES404: 97.2 AFC30: 99.5 3.5 Test Results for the R3f System and NOK Polishing Filters 3.5.1 B. subtilis Test Results Table 3-20 present the results of the three B. subtilis tests conducted on the R3f pre-filters and NOK post-filters at Ely, MN in September 2009. The corresponding log removal values for the different sampling locations are summarized in Table 3-21. The lead NOK polishing filter was a microfilter and the lag NOK polishing filter was an ultrafilter. The R3f-NOK filtration system achieved complete removal of B. subtilis. The R3f had a 1.0 log removal while the NOK MF showed an approximately 3.0 log removal. Thus, there was negligible influent B. subtilis concentration for the final NOK UF. Table 3-22 presents the pressure buildup in the system during this test. 3-25 ------- Table 3.20. R subtilis Analytical Results for R3f - NOK Filters at Ely, MN in September 2009 Sample ID B. subtilis Conc./lOO mL Influent Outl (Lead Filter) Out 2 (Lag Filter) Out3 (NOK MF) Out 4 (NOK UF) Testl T0a T5a T15 TISDup T30 T60a 20 5.0 x 1QJ 4.6 x 104 5.2 x 104 6.0 x 104 6.0 x 102 1.3 x 102 6.0 x 102 2.0 x 104 3.0 x 104 3.8 x 104 N/Ab 20 70 8.1 x ioj 6.3 x 10J 5.5 x 10' 4.6 x 102 N/DC N/DC N/DC N/DC N/DC N/DC N/DC N/DC N/DC N/DC N/DC N/DC Test 2: Replicate of Test 1 T0a T5 T15 TISDup T30 T60a 20 3.6 x 104 3.8 x 104 4.2 x 104 7.0 x 104 1.2 x 102 80 1.6 x 1QJ 3.3 x 104 4.9 x 104 2.2 x 104 9.0 x 102 1.0 x 102 5.2 x 102 1.6 x 1QJ 1.0 x 1QJ 6.6 x 102 1.6 x 102 N/DC N/DC N/DC N/DC N/DC N/DC N/DC N/DC N/DC N/DC N/DC N/DC Test 3: Replicate of Test 1 T0a T5 T15 TISDup T30 T60a 50 2.2 x 104 3.2 x 104 3.0 x 104 2.6 x 104 30 3.0 x 102 7.0 x 10' 1.7 x 104 1.7 x 104 1.7 x 104 1.2 x 10' 1.5 xlQ2 1.6 x 102 9.3 x 10J 9.3 x 10' 1.2 x 104 1.1 x io4 N/DC N/DC 10 5 20 5 N/DC N/DC N/DC N/DC N/DC N/DC "Data not considered for performance evaluation due to low influent concentration bNot available, colonies were not visible due to turbid materials on the filter °Not detected, no plaques were observed on any of the 10 plates for the sample Table 3.21. Performance of R3f and NOK Filters Test No. 1 2 3 Log Removal RSfLead Filter 0.2 0.3 0.3 RSfLag Filter 0.7 1.4 0.3 NOKMF 3.8 3.0 2.9 NOKNF - - 1.0 Overall CR (> 4.7) CR (> 4.7) CR(>4.5) 3-26 ------- Table 3.22. System Pressure Buildup During the B. subtilis Challenge Tests at Ely, MN in September 2009 Time Flow (gpm) Pressure (psi) R3f Inlet R3f Lead Filter R3F Lag Filter API AP2 Pressure (psi) MFin MF out UFin UF out AP MF AP UF B. Subtilis Test 1 13:58 14:01 14:04 14:07 14:10 14:16 14:20 14:21 14:25 14:28 14:30 14:36 14:37 14:43 2.1 1.4 1.2 1.0 92.8 95.7 96.7 97.1 97.6 45.0 30.0 22.0 19.0 17.5 42.0 28.0 22.0 19.0 18.0 47.8 65.7 74.7 78.1 80.1 3.0 2.0 0 0 -0.5 36.0 28.0 24.0 22.0 18.0 17.5 16.0 14.5 12.5 12.0 36.0 28.0 22.0 21.0 18.0 16.5 15.5 14.0 13.0 12.0 32.0 26.0 22.0 20.0 17.0 16.0 14.5 14.0 12.0 11.0 14.0 11.0 10.0 10.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 8.5 8.5 0 0 2.0 1.0 0 1.0 0.5 0.5 -0.5 0 18.0 15.0 12.0 10.0 8.0 7.0 5.5 5.0 3.5 2.5 B. Subtilis Test 2 14:57 15:15 17:45 17:46 17:51 17:57 18:02 18:09 18:17 18:25 18:38 18:52 Backwash 3.4 2.4 87.7 91.8 80.0 55.0 78.0 53.0 7.7 36.8 2.0 2.0 72.0 47.0 72.0 47.0 69.0 45.0 43.0 26.0 0 0 26.0 19.0 Feed pump started 3.2 3.1 3.0 2.9 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.6 2.5 39.0 40.8 44.3 46.0 48.1 50.8 52.8 56.5 58.0 32.0 32.0 33.0 33.0 34.0 34.0 34.0 34.0 36.0 28.0 28.0 30.0 30.0 31.0 31.0 31.5 32.0 33.0 7.0 8.8 11.3 13.0 14.1 16.8 18.8 22.5 22.0 4.0 4.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 2.5 2.0 3.0 23.0 24.0 24.0 24.5 25.0 26.0 26.0 27.0 28.0 23.0 23.0 24.0 24.0 24.5 26.0 26.0 26.0 28.0 21.0 22.0 22.0 23.0 23.0 24.0 24.0 25.0 26.0 14.0 14.0 14.0 14.0 14.0 14.0 14.0 14.5 13.0 0 1.0 0 0.5 0.5 0 0 1.0 0 7.0 8.0 8.0 9.0 9.0 10.0 10.0 10.5 13.0 B. Subtilis Test 3 9:18 9:30 9:37 9:45 9:48 9:57 10:05 10:15 10:23 10:33 10:42 Backwash R3F NOK on-line 3.1 66.0 58.0 55.0 8.0 3.0 50.0 50.0 47.0 16.0 0 31.0 Feed pump started 3.1 2.9 2.9 2.6 2.7 2.6 2.4 68.9 71.2 72.6 74.5 75.6 76.9 77.8 58.0 58.0 58.0 58.0 58.0 58.0 58.0 55.0 56.0 56.0 56.0 56.0 56.0 56.0 10.9 13.2 14.6 16.5 17.6 18.9 19.8 3.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 50.0 51.0 51.0 51.5 51.0 51.0 51.0 50.0 50.0 50.0 50.0 50.5 50.0 50.0 47.0 48.0 48.0 48.0 48.5 48.5 48.5 15.0 14.5 14.0 14.0 14.0 14.0 13.5 0 1.0 1.0 1.5 0.5 1.0 1.0 32.0 33.5 34.0 34.0 34.5 34.5 35.5 3-27 ------- 3.5.2 MS2 bacteriophage Test Results A single MS2 bacteriophage test was conducted on the R3f system followed by the NOK polishing filters at Ely, MN in September 2009 and the results are presented in Table 3-23. The R3f-NOK filtration system achieved almost complete removal of MS2 bacteriophage with a log removal value of approximately 3.7. As expected based on filtration capabilities, all the treatment was provided by the NOK UF system. Table 3-24 presents the pressure buildup in the system during this test. Table 3.23. MS2 bacteriophage Analytical Results for R3f - NOK Filters at Ely, MN in September 2009 Sample ID MS2 bacteriophage Concentration/100 mL Influent Outl (RSfLead Filter) Out 2 (RSfLag Filter) Out3 (NOK MF) Out 4 (NOK UF) Overall Log Removal Testl T0a T5a T15 TISDup T30 T60C 2 5.4 x 10' 2.7 x 104 7.3 x 104 2.1 x io4 - O 2.1 x ioj 4.4 x 104 7.9 x 104 3.6 x 104 - 9 1.0 x 102 7.0 x 104 6.9 x 104 3.9 x 104 - N/Dd 8 N/Ab N/Ab 1.6 x 1QJ - 1 2 9 6 9 - 3.7 aData not considered for performance evaluation due to low influent concentration; "TSTot available, sample was underdiluted; "Test stopped for backwashing of the R3f filter; dNot detected, no plaques were observed on any of the 10 plates for the sample 3-28 ------- Table 3.24. System Pressure Buildup During the MS2 bacteriophage Challenge at Ely, MN in September 2009 Time 19:12 19:15 19:20 19:27 19:33 19:41 19:51 20:05 End Test 20:12 Flow (gpm) 3.3 Feed pump started 3.2 3.1 3.0 2.9 2.8 2.6 2.5 R3f Pressure (psi) R3F Inlet 62.8 64.2 66.5 68.4 70.6 73.2 76.0 77.0 R3F Lead Filter 52.0 52.0 50.0 50.0 48.0 48.0 47.0 46.0 R3F Lag Filter 49.0 45.0 45.0 45.0 44.0 44.0 44.0 44.0 API 10.8 12.2 16.5 18.4 22.6 25.2 29.0 31.0 AP2 3.0 7.0 5.0 5.0 4.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 NOK Pressure (psi) MF in 43.0 41.0 40.0 40.0 40.0 40.0 40.0 39.0 MF out 43.0 41.0 40.0 40.0 40.0 39.0 38.5 38.0 UF in 41.0 38.0 38.0 38.0 38.0 38.0 37.5 37.0 UF out 21.0 15.0 15.0 14.5 14.0 14.0 14.0 14.0 AP MF 0 0 0 0 0 1.0 1.5 1.0 AP UF 20.0 23.0 23.0 23.5 24.0 24.0 23.5 23.0 3.6 Raw Water and Backwash Samples To confirm that there were negligible B. subtilis spores in the lake water, an untreated lake water sample was analyzed. The results of analysis on two lake water samples (Sample 1-0 cells/mL; Sample 2 - 0.2 cells/mL) confirmed that there was negligible B. subtilis in the lake water. A sample was also collected from the GE Pentair System backflush water. The B. subtilis count in this sample could not be quantified because they were too many to count (TMTC). 3.7 Particle Count, Turbidity and Color Data from Ely, MN in August, 2008 Table 3-25 presents the removal of particles in the 2 micron (jim) and the 3 jim range, the same size range as that of B. subtilis and Cryptosporidium, for the two ITT Fyne Technology system membranes and the GE Pentair system. The influent water had an average particle count of about 3,450/mL for both size ranges. For this influent water, the GE Pentair system produced effluent with an average particle count of 75/mL over these two size ranges, or about a 98% removal. The ES404 membrane of the ITT Fyne Technology system produced effluent with an average particle count of 14/mL (99.6% removal). The CA2PF membrane of the ITT Fyne Technology system produced an effluent with an average particle count of 17/mL (99.5% removal). Tests were not specifically conducted by EPA to evaluate the removal of turbidity and color by the two systems tested. However, the MDH collected this information on an ongoing basis for the two membranes comprising the ITT Fyne Technology system. This data is summarized in Table 3-26. The average influent turbidity was 2.18 NTU and the average effluent turbidity for 3-29 ------- ES404 membrane was 0.17 NTU and that for the CA2PF membrane was 0.18 NTU. The average turbidity removal by the ES404 and CA2PF membranes was 91.8%. Color was spectrophotometrically measured in terms of the APHA color index. The color index of the influent water was 85.5 while the color index of the effluent from the ES404 membrane was 1.3 and that from the CA2PF membrane was 11.5 (for reference, the APHA color index for distilled water is 0). The average color removal by the ES404 membrane was 98.5% while the average color removal by the CA2PF membrane was 87.0%. The conductivity of the influent water was 57.1 milliSiemens per cm (mS/cm) while that for the effluent from the ES404 membrane was 44.7 mS/cm and 47.3 mS/cm from the CA2PF membrane The turbidity and particle count data represented here were obtained using grab samples and bench top instruments. Readings at the low end of the range for the instruments are typically higher than results obtained from an in-line turbidity meter or particle counter. 3-30 ------- Table 3.25. Particle Count Data for the GE Pentair System and the ITT Fyne Technology System at Ely, MN in August 2008 Date 7/10/2008 7/11/2008 7/15/2008 7/16/2008 7/17/2008 7/18/2008 7/21/2008 7/22/2008 7/23/2008 7/24/2008 7/25/2008 7/28/2008 7/29/2008 7/30/2008 7/31/2008 8/1/2008 8/4/2008 8/5/2008 8/6/2008 8/7/2008 8/8/2008 8/11/2008 8/12/2008 8/13/2008 8/14/2008 8/15/2008 8/18/2008 8/19/2008 8/20/2008 8/21/2008 8/22/2008 Average (Std. Dev.) Particle Counts/mL Raw 2n 3094 2879 3608 3587 3455 3391 2738 2744 2881 2476 2712 3484 2864 2871 2907 3570 2961 2723 2775 3381 3723 2195 2415 2481 2521 2492 2824 3018 3352 3228 3223 2986 (408) 3n 3650 3272 4783 4657 4558 4725 3396 3771 3563 3021 3378 4909 3632 3876 4332 4961 3441 3405 3964 4654 5067 2489 2988 3119 2785 3024 3564 3945 4421 4997 4321 3893 (738) GE-Pentair 2n N/Aa N/Aa 289 108 75 185 32 41 36 24 37 60 34 61 85 94 106 37 66 48 88 70 126 60 38 84 64 16 21 23 16 70 (57) 3n N/Aa N/Aa 519 97 76 208 34 40 35 26 37 79 45 72 106 104 112 33 56 42 85 74 115 58 35 84 81 18 20 21 17 80 (94) ES404 Membrane 2n N/Aa N/Aa N/Aa N/Aa N/Aa 14 83 18 29 34 14 13 7 7 8 10 12 16 16 12 7 13 6 8 8 8 4 6 5 4 7 14 (16) 3n N/Aa N/Aa N/Aa N/Aa N/Aa 14 81 21 36 34 15 12 5 8 9 9 11 19 15 12 6 6 5 8 7 8 o 6 6 4 4 5 14 (16) CA2PF Membrane 2n N/Aa N/Aa N/Aa N./Aa N/Aa 12 32 18 61 29 30 14 15 8 7 33 29 23 17 11 8 25 7 9 8 9 8 7 11 12 13 18 (12) 3n N/Aa N/Aa N/Aa N/Aa N/Aa 11 40 27 52 14 22 13 15 12 7 41 20 24 16 11 7 11 7 6 7 9 6 7 10 11 13 16 (12) aNot available, data was not collected 3-31 ------- Table 3.26. Conductivity, Turbidity, and Color Data for the ITT Fyne Technology System at Ely, MN in August 2008 Influent Water Date 7/10/2008 7/11/2008 7/15/2008 7/16/2008 7/17/2008 7/18/2008 7/21/2008 7/22/2008 7/23/2008 7/24/2008 7/25/2008 7/28/2008 7/29/2008 7/30/2008 7/31/2008 8/1/2008 8/4/2008 8/5/2008 8/6/2008 8/7/2008 8/8/2008 8/11/2008 8/12/2008 8/13/2008 8/14/2008 8/15/2008 8/18/2008 8/19/2008 8/20/2008 8/21/2008 8/22/2008 8/25/2008 8/26/2008 9/2/2008 9/3/2008 9/4/2008 9/5/2008 9/9/2008 9/10/2008 9/11/2008 Avg/Std Dev Temp 21.0 20.3 24.1 22.2 23.3 22.8 21.5 21.5 22.0 20.5 22.8 25.7 25.0 23.1 22.1 23.5 23.4 22.6 22.3 22.1 22.3 21.6 21.8 22.8 22.6 23.3 23.7 22.6 21.3 24.7 22.4 22.0 19.2 21.5 N/Aa 19.3 19.4 20.0 17.8 17.2 22.0/2.0 Cond1 58.0 60.0 59.0 59.0 65.0 63.0 58.0 58.0 57.0 55.0 55.0 57.0 56.0 57.0 57.0 57.0 59.0 59.0 55.0 57.0 56.0 56.0 56.0 57.0 59.0 55.0 57.0 58.0 57.0 56.0 54.0 57.0 56.0 55.0 N/Aa 56.0 65.0 49.0 53.0 54.0 57.1/3.0 Color2 89.0 81.0 88.0 98.0 71.0 83.0 78.0 76.0 73.0 87.0 87.0 86.0 81.0 80.0 82.0 91.0 87.0 92.0 83.0 81.0 80.0 74.0 82.0 83.0 80.0 84.0 85.0 72.0 91.0 86.0 95.0 84.0 90.0 105.0 N/Aa 82.0 N/Aa 100.0 101.0 101.0 85.5/8.0 pH 7.64 7.32 7.3 7.29 7.41 7.38 7.35 7.39 6.93 7.15 7.13 7.23 7.15 7.17 7.16 7.17 7.11 7.14 7.11 7.17 7.16 7.62 7.54 7.41 7.38 7.63 6.94 7.78 7.13 7.79 7.57 7.4 7.79 7.28 N/Aa 7.37 7.27 N/Aa 7.91 7.26 7.34/0.30 Turb3 1.85 1.90 2.11 2.20 2.09 2.20 1.99 1.96 1.92 2.06 2.02 2.40 1.96 2.12 2.17 2.12 2.07 2.08 1.94 2.29 2.31 1.63 1.8 1.91 1.73 2.11 3.16 2.31 2.65 2.77 2.58 2.82 2.52 2.59 N/Aa 2.05 2.26 2.05 2.26 2.37 2.18/0.30 ES404 Membrane Effluent Cond1 N/Aa N/Aa N/Aa N/Aa N/Aa N/Aa N/Aa N/Aa N/Aa N/Aa N/Aa N/Aa N/Aa N/Aa N/Aa N/Aa 43.0 41.0 39.0 44.0 46.0 44.0 43.0 49.0 51.0 48.0 47.0 54.0 50.0 41.0 44.0 41.0 57.0 46.0 47.0 45.0 47.0 43.0 42.0 34.0 44.7/5.6 Color2 N/Aa N/Aa N/Aa N/Aa N/Aa N/Aa N/Aa N/Aa N/Aa 0 3.0 0 0 0 2.0 0 0 0 1.0 0 0 0 6.0 0 1.0 0 3.0 12.0 0 0 7.0 0 2.0 -2.0 2.0 -8.0 8.0 6.0 3.0 -1.0 1.3/3.6 Turb3 0.12 0.17 0.17 0.25 0.26 0.18 0.20 0.21 0.23 0.19 0.16 0.12 0.16 0.18 0.17 0.16 0.19 0.17 0.23 0.17 0.19 0.15 0.23 0.21 0.24 0.20 0.23 0.21 0.15 0.13 0.15 0.24 0.18 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.10 0.10 0.09 0.20 0.17/0.05 CA2PF Membrane Effluent Cond1 N/Aa N/Aa N/Aa N/Aa N/Aa N/Aa N/Aa N/Aa N/Aa N/Aa N/Aa N/Aa N/Aa N/Aa N/A N/Aa 43.0 41.0 39.0 44.0 46.0 44.0 43.0 49.0 51.0 48.0 47.0 54.0 50.0 41.0 44.0 41.0 57.0 56.0 52.0 53.0 54.0 48.0 50.0 44.0 47.3/5.1 Color2 N/Aa N/Aa N/Aa N/Aa N/Aa N/Aa N/Aa N/Aa N/Aa 0 12.0 7.0 2.0 3.0 8.0 3.0 1.0 2.0 0 3.0 0 7.0 8.0 4.0 7.0 8.0 3.0 33.0 0 1.0 7.0 2.0 15.0 23.0 30.0 28.0 40.0 49.0 48.0 9.0 11.5/14.2 Turb3 0.12 0.17 0.17 0.25 0.26 0.26 0.25 0.21 0.24 0.23 0.16 0.15 0.18 0.16 0.15 0.16 0.17 0.16 0.19 0.17 0.18 0.21 0.21 0.22 0.21 0.18 0.23 0.20 0.23 0.20 0.22 0.23 0.14 0.06 0.11 0.11 0.12 0.11 0.11 0.14 0.18/0.05 Conductivity, aNot available, mS/cm; 2Color measured in accordance with APHA color index; Turbidity measured in NTU data was not collected 3-32 ------- 3.8 Particle Count, Turbidity and Color Removal Data from Ely, MN in September, 2009 Table 3-27 presents the turbidity, color and conductivity data for the ITT Fyne system. These data were collected by the MDH on an ongoing basis in 2009. For the ITT Fyne system, the average influent turbidity was 2.27 NTU. The average effluent turbidity from the ES404 membrane was 0.28 NTU (87.7% removal) and that from the AFC30 membrane was 0.25 NTU (89.0% removal). The color index of the influent water was 85.4 while the color index of the effluent from the ES404 membrane was 7.7 (91.0% removal) and that from the AFC30 membrane was 5.5 (93.6%). The conductivity of the influent water for the ITT Fyne system was 57.4 mS/cm while that for the effluent from the ES404 membrane was 52.2 mS/cm and 30.8 mS/cm from the AFC30 membrane. Table 3-28 presents the turbidity, color and conductivity data for the Virex Pro system. The average influent turbidity for the Virex Pro system was 2.23 NTU and the average effluent turbidity was 0.29 NTU (87.0% removal). The color index of the influent water for the Virex Pro system was 83.4 while the color index of the effluent water was 38.0 (54.4%). The conductivity of the influent water for the Virex Pro system was 54.9 mS/cm while the conductivity for the effluent was 72.2 mS/cm. Tables 3-29 and 3-30 present the conductivity, color and turbidity data for the R3f pre-filtration system and NOK MF polishing filter, respectively. The average influent turbidity for the R3f system was 1.88 NTU and the average effluent turbidity for the R3f lead filter was 0.84 NTU and that for the R3f lag filter was 0.73 NTU, showing an overall 61.1% removal percent removal of turbidity. The NOK MF filter was used as the polishing filter for the R3f system and the effluent turbidity achieved by the NOK filter was 0.10 NTU. The R3f and the NOK MF filters did not achieve any removal of color and conductivity. 3-33 ------- Table 3.27. Conductivity, Turbidity, and Color Data for the ITT Fyne Technology System at Ely, MN in September 2009 Influent Water Date 7/31/2009 8/3/2009 8/4/2009 8/5/2009 8/6/2009 8/7/2009 8/8/2009 8/9/2009 8/10/2009 8/11/2009 8/12/2009 8/13/2009 8/14/2009 8/15/2009 8/16/2009 8/17/2009 8/18/2009 8/19/2009 8/20/2009 8/21/2009 8/24/2009 8/25/2009 8/26/2009 8/27/2009 9/2/2009 9/3/2009 9/4/2009 9/7/2009 9/8/2009 9/9/2009 9/15/2009 9/16/2009 9/17/2009 Average (Std Dev.) Temp 20.0 21.1 21.1 20.0 21.5 20.6 20.2 19.9 21.2 23.0 24.8 24.0 24.4 23.2 22.0 22.6 20.7 20.2 19.9 19.7 21.7 21.2 21.3 21.3 20.2 21.7 20.4 23.8 21.8 20.6 21.6 20.7 21.2 22.0 (1.4) Cond1 55.0 53.0 58.0 57.0 55.5 53.0 55.0 54.0 56.5 56.5 56.0 56.0 55.0 55.0 56.0 54.0 55.0 56.0 59.0 53.5 56.0 55.0 55.5 55.5 54.0 54.0 56.0 54.0 55.5 57.0 60.0 60.0 56.0 57.4 (1.8) Color2 66.0 79.0 81.5 79.0 69.5 72.5 85.0 81.0 89.0 81.5 86.0 88.0 95.5 79.0 82.0 93.5 87.0 84.5 72.0 99.0 80.5 91.5 98.5 75.5 90.0 92.0 81.0 82.0 81.0 89.0 67.0 72.0 78.0 85.4 (8.5) pH 7.13 7.06 7.06 7.11 7.20 7.20 7.10 7.00 N/Aa N/Aa N/Aa N/Aa N/Aa N/Aa N/Aa N/Aa N/Aa N/Aa 7.11 7.26 7.21 7.22 7.25 7.27 7.61 7.42 7.17 7.28 7.23 7.20 7.16 7.37 7.49 7.22 (0.14) Turb3 2.33 2.49 2.61 2.33 2.11 2.36 2.41 2.22 1.94 1.58 1.79 2.09 2.30 2.50 2.01 2.83 2.88 2.53 2.69 3.45 2.98 3.80 4.00 2.37 2.01 1.95 1.76 1.20 1.39 2.29 1.17 1.17 1.44 2.27 (0.70) ES404 Membrane Effluent Cond1 56.0 40.0 58.0 52.5 58.5 51.5 51.0 57.0 53.5 58.0 55.0 54.5 51.0 59.0 55.0 52.5 42.5 54.5 55.5 46.0 51.5 51.5 53.0 52.0 52.0 44.5 47.0 53.0 53.0 57.0 49.0 54.0 42.0 52.2 (4.8) Color2 0 7.5 8.0 8.5 8.5 0 12.0 4.0 7.0 8.5 18.0 15.0 25.0 13.0 19.0 16.5 5.0 7.5 3.0 8.5 6.5 16.5 12.0 2.5 1.0 3.0 2.0 3.0 5.0 3.0 4.0 1.0 0 7.7 (6.3) Turb3 0.34 0.40 0.41 0.47 0.32 0.28 0.22 0.34 0.23 0.34 0.22 0.34 0.46 0.60 0.44 0.51 0.38 0.25 0.30 0.34 0.33 0.22 0.28 0.31 0.11 0.18 0.10 0.09 0.09 0.10 0.13 0.09 0.07 0.28 (0.14) AFC30 Membrane Effluent Cond1 31.0 36.0 31.5 31.0 29.0 31.0 33.0 31.0 30.5 31.5 32.5 30.0 28.5 30.0 33.0 30.5 29.0 32.5 32.5 26.5 31.0 29.5 34.0 30.5 29.0 26.5 31.0 30.0 33.0 32.0 33.0 32.0 25.0 30.8 (2.2) Color2 0 5.5 10.5 11.0 3.5 6.5 3.0 0 4.5 10.0 16.5 21.0 14.5 7.0 13.0 11.5 9.0 10.0 0 0 1.5 9.5 5.5 6.0 1.0 0 1.0 0 1.0 0 0 0 0 5.5 (5.7) Turb3 0.34 0.62 0.38 0.41 0.27 0.30 0.15 0.20 0.23 0.22 0.23 0.35 0.38 0.29 0.20 0.42 0.35 0.38 0.26 0.29 0.26 0.29 0.27 0.27 0.11 0.10 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.12 0.08 0.06 0.25 (0.13) Conductivity, mS/cm; Color measured in accordance with APHA color index; Turbidity measured in NTU aNot available, data was not collected 3-34 ------- Table 3.28. Conductivity, Turbidity, and Color Data for the Virex Pro System at Ely, MN in September 2009 Date 8/3/2009 8/4/2009 8/5/2009 8/6/2009 8/7/2009 8/10/2009 8/11/2009 8/12/2009 8/13/2009 8/14/2009 8/15/2009 8/16/2009 8/17/2009 8/18/2009 8/19/2009 8/20/2009 8/21/2009 8/24/2009 8/25/2009 8/26/2009 8/27/2009 9/2/2009 9/3/2009 9/4/2009 9/7/2009 9/8/2009 9/9/2009 9/15/2009 9/16/2009 9/17/2009 9/18/2009 9/22/2009 9/23/2009 9/24/2009 9/28/2009 9/29/2009 9/30/2009 Average (Std. Dev.) Temp 21.1 21.1 20.0 21.5 20.6 21.2 23.0 24.8 24.0 24.4 23.2 22.0 22.6 20.7 20.2 19.9 19.7 21.7 21.2 21.3 21.3 20.2 21.7 20.4 23.8 21.8 20.6 21.6 20.7 21.2 20.7 21.6 21.1 20.2 16.7 16.1 16.2 21.7 (1.9) Influent Cond1 53.0 58.0 57.0 55.5 53.0 56.5 56.5 56.0 56.0 55.0 55.0 56.0 54.0 55.0 56.0 59.0 53.5 56.0 55.0 55.5 55.5 54.0 54.0 56.0 54.0 55.5 57.0 60.0 60.0 56.0 58.0 58.0 60.0 59.0 60.0 60.0 60.0 54.9 (2.2) Water Color2 79.0 81.5 79.0 69.5 72.5 89.0 81.5 86.0 88.0 95.5 79.0 82.0 93.5 87.0 84.5 72.0 99.0 80.5 91.5 98.5 75.5 90.0 92.0 81.0 82.0 81.0 89.0 67.0 72.0 78.0 88.0 83.0 81.0 77.0 93.0 96.0 87.0 83.4 (8.1) PH 7.06 7.06 7.11 7.20 7.20 N/Aa N/Aa N/Aa N/Aa N/Aa N/Aa N/Aa N/Aa N/Aa N/Aa 7.11 7.26 7.21 7.22 7.25 7.27 7.61 7.42 7.17 7.28 7.23 7.20 7.16 7.37 7.49 7.43 7.21 7.46 7.24 7.07 7.03 7.14 7.24 (0.14) Turb3 2.49 2.61 2.33 2.11 2.36 1.94 1.58 1.79 2.09 2.30 2.50 2.01 2.83 2.88 2.53 2.69 3.45 2.98 3.80 4.00 2.37 2.01 .95 .76 .20 .39 2.29 .17 .17 .44 .34 .49 .82 .66 2.86 2.69 2.44 2.23 (0.70) Virex Prc Cond1 83.0 91.5 89.0 55.5 57.0 56.0 62.0 55.0 84.0 87.0 85.0 81.0 69.0 77.5 58.0 58.0 50.5 68.0 81.0 80.0 69.5 71.0 80.5 84.0 75.0 74.5 76.0 62.0 60.0 56.0 79.0 58.0 83.5 84.0 83.0 82.0 80.0 72.2 (12.0) • Membrant Color2 25.0 32.0 33.0 22.0 52.0 22.0 30.0 4.0 61.0 38.5 45.0 55.0 43.5 46.5 46.5 34.5 59.0 62.5 44.5 32.5 42.0 36.0 29.5 33.0 34.0 35.0 32.0 51.0 48.0 53.0 40.0 59.0 24.0 27.0 32.0 40.0 30.0 38.0 (12.8) ; Effluent Turb3 0.38 0.40 0.35 0.28 0.28 0.26 0.34 0.19 0.72 0.44 0.44 0.52 0.44 0.63 0.43 0.36 0.22 0.37 0.42 0.43 0.35 0.12 0.13 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.09 0.10 0.09 0.13 0.13 0.19 0.09 0.08 0.06 0.29 (0.17) 'Conductivity, mS/cm; 2Color measured in accordance with APHA color index; Turbidity measured in NTU aNot available, data was not collected 3-35 ------- Table 3.29. Conductivity, Turbidity, and Color Data for the R3f System at Ely, MN in September 2009 Influent Water Date 9/16/2009 9/17/2009 9/18/2009 9/22/2009 9/23/2009 9/24/2009 9/28/2009 9/29/2009 9/30/2009 Average (Std. Dev.) Temp 20.7 21.2 20.7 21.6 21.1 20.2 16.7 16.1 16.2 19.4 (2.3) Cond1 60.0 56.0 58.0 58.0 60.0 59.0 60.0 60.0 60.0 59.0 (1.4) Color2 72.0 78.0 88.0 83.0 81.0 77.0 93.0 96.0 87.0 83.9 (7.8) pH 7.37 7.49 7.43 7.21 7.46 7.24 7.07 7.03 7.14 7.27 (0.17) Turb3 .17 .44 .34 .49 .82 .66 2.86 2.69 2.44 1.88 (0.60) Lead R3f Filter Cond1 61.0 57.0 57.0 58.0 59.0 59.0 60.0 60.0 60.0 59.0 (1.4) Color2 60.0 66.0 74.0 69.0 69.0 66.0 67.0 71.0 67.0 67.7 (3.9) Turb3 0.70 0.65 0.60 0.69 0.84 0.92 1.06 1.06 1.06 0.84 (0.20) Lag R3f Filter Cond1 62.0 56.0 57.0 58.0 59.0 59.0 60.0 60.0 61.0 59.0 (1.9) Color2 64.0 65.0 71.0 63.0 64.5 59.0 64.0 67.0 63.0 64.5 (3.3) Turb3 0.79 0.57 0.51 0.61 1.00 0.68 0.85 0.82 0.76 0.73 (0.15) Conductivity, mS/cm; Color measured in accordance with APHA color index; Turbidity measured in NTU Table 3.30. Conductivity, Turbidity, and Color Data for the NOK MF System at Ely, MN in September, 2009 Influent Water (Effluent from R3f Lag Filter) Date 9/18/2009 9/22/2009 9/23/2009 9/24/2009 9/28/2009 9/29/2009 9/30/2009 Average (Std. Dev.) Cond1 57.0 58.0 59.0 59.0 60.0 60.0 61.0 59.1 (1.3) Color2 71.0 63.0 64.5 59.0 64.0 67.0 63.0 64.5 (3.7) Turb3 0.51 0.61 1.00 0.68 0.85 0.82 0.76 0.75 (0.16) NOK MF Effluent Cond1 57.0 58.0 58.0 61.0 60.0 60.0 61.0 59.3 (1.6) Color2 61.0 55.0 54.0 68.0 51.0 55.0 48.0 56.0 (6.6) Turb3 0.07 0.16 0.11 0.14 0.08 0.07 0.07 0.10 (0.04) Conductivity, mS/cm; Color measured in accordance with APHA color index; Turbidity measured in NTU 3-36 ------- 4.0 Conclusions The field tests on the 3-foot ITT Fyne Technology System performed in Ely, MN showed the system to be capable of achieving a B. subtilis removal rate ranging from 4.3 log to complete removal (> 6.9 log). The ES404 membrane with a MWCO of 4000 Daltons showed a very similar performance to the significantly tighter CA2PF membrane (MWCO of 2000 Daltons) and the AFC30 membrane (1000 Dalton). Tests conducted at the T&E Facility on the ES404 membrane, the CA2PF membrane and the AFC30 membrane in the 3-foot ITT Fyne Technology System showed that all membranes have a similar performance with almost complete removal (> 6.0 log) of the B. subtilis. This indicates that the ES404 membrane is sufficient for treating bacteria down to the size of B. subtilis. The 12-foot ITT Fyne Technology System with the CA2PF membrane showed a slightly lower removal (approximately 4.7 log) than the corresponding 3-foot module. When tested with MS2 bacteriophage in Ely, MN, the 3-foot ITT Fyne Technology System showed a 4.1 log to complete removal (> 5.3 log) for the ES404 membrane and a 4.2 log removal for the AFC30 membrane. The ITT Fyne Technology System demonstrated good removal of color in tests conducted at the T&E Facility. The 3-foot ES404 membrane achieved approximately 97% color removal in both recycle and dead-end modes. The 3-foot CA2PF membrane achieved approximately 98% and approximately 96% of color removal in recycle and dead-end mode, respectively. The 12-foot CA2PF membrane achieved approximately 96% and approximately 93% of color removal in the recycle and dead-end modes, respectively. The 3-foot AFC30 membrane achieved approximately 99% of color removal in both recycle and dead-end modes, respectively. The GE Pentair system showed an approximately 5.0 log removal and the Virex Pro system demonstrated complete removal (> 4.7 log) of B. subtilis during the tests conducted at field location. When tested with MS2 bacteriophage, the Virex Pro system demonstrated complete removal (> 4.7 log) at field location. The Virex Pro system demonstrated good removal of turbidity (approximately 87%) and moderate removal (approximately 54%) of color. The ITT Fyne Technology System demonstrated good removal of E. coli in tests conducted at the T&E Facility. The 12-foot CA2PF membrane achieved complete removal (> 7.4 log) of E. coli. The 3-foot ES404 membrane and the CA2PF membrane achieved log removal values of approximately 4.0 in removing E. coli with both membranes showing almost complete removal of E. coli. 4-1 ------- The results of PSL beads tests conducted on the 12-foot ITT Fyne Technology System with the CA2PF membrane at the T&E Facility showed relatively lower log removal (2.5 log) of the surrogate for Cryptosporidium. The inferior performance was probably attributed to the surface characteristics of the membrane as well as the solution properties, such as pH and ionic strength. The ITT Fyne Technology System demonstrated good removal of TOC in tests conducted at the T&E Facility. The 3-foot ES404 membrane achieved approximately 89% and approximately 93% of TOC removal in recycle and dead-end mode, respectively. The 3-foot CA2PF achieved approximately 67% and approximately 86% of TOC removal in recycle and dead-end mode, respectively. The 12-foot CA2PF membrane achieved approximately 83% and approximately 80% of TOC removal in recycle and dead-end mode, respectively. The 3-foot AFC30 membrane achieved approximately 92% and approximately 95% of TOC removal in recycle and dead-end mode, respectively. The ES404 and the CA2PF membranes showed nearly identical performance in turbidity removal during data collected in 2008, producing water with an average effluent turbidity of 0.17 NTU when treating lake water with an average influent turbidity of 2.18 NTU (a 92% removal of turbidity). However, the ES404 membrane showed noticeably better performance in color removal by producing water with an average effluent color of 1.3 APHA color index compared to the CA2PF membrane which produced water with an average effluent color of 11.5 APHA. Finally, the ES404 and CA2PF membranes both showed an approximately 99.5% removal efficiency for particles in the 2 |im and 3 jim size ranges (the size range for B. subtilis and Cryptosporidium). The turbidity removals achieved by the ES404 and AFC30 membranes in treating lake water in 2009 were approximately 88% and approximately 89%, respectively. The color removals achieved by the ES404 and AFC30 membranes in treating lake water in 2009 were approximately 91% and approximately 94%, respectively. The R3f-NOK filtration system achieved complete removal of B. subtilis with a calculated log removal value of approximately > 4.6 based on the influent concentration of B. subtilis. The R3f had a 1.0 log removal while the NOK MF showed an approximately 3.0 log removal. Thus, there was negligible influent B. subtilis concentration for the final NOK UF. The R3f-NOK filtration system achieved almost complete removal of MS2 bacteriophage with a log removal value of approximately 3.7. The overall turbidity removal achieved by the R3f system in treating lake water with 1.88 NTU turbidity was 61%. As expected, most of the removal was achieved by the lead filter. The NOK MF membrane incorporated as a polishing unit produced effluent with 0.10 NTU turbidity. The R3f-NOK system did not achieve any removal of color. 4-2 ------- 5.0 References EPA and Shaw (2007). "Quality Assurance Project Plan for Glass Bead R3f and Multimedia Systems", EPA QA ID: 627-Q-10-0, EPA T&E Facility, Cincinnati, Ohio. EPA and Shaw (2008). "Addendum to Quality Assurance Project Plan for Glass Bead R3f and Multimedia Systems", EPA QA ID: 627-Q-10-1, EPA T&E Facility, Cincinnati, Ohio. EPA and Shaw (2009). "Quality Assurance Project Plan for Membrane-based Small System Technologies for the Treatment of Bacteria and Reduction of Color in Surface Waters", EPA QA ID: 627-Q-ll-O, EPA T&E Facility, Cincinnati, Ohio. 5-1 ------- |